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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse
François Joseph Paul de Grasse
["1 Early life","2 Marriage and family","3 Naval career","4 American War of Independence","4.1 Battle of the Chesapeake and Yorktown campaign","4.2 Battle of the Saintes","5 Later life","6 Family trials","7 Memorials and honors","7.1 Other vessel names","8 References","9 External links"]
French admiral François Joseph Paul de GrasseNickname(s)Comte de GrasseBorn(1722-09-13)13 September 1722Le Bar-sur-Loup, Provence, FranceDied11 January 1788(1788-01-11) (aged 65)Tilly, Île-de-France, FranceBuriedChurch of Saint-Roch, ParisAllegiance Order of Saint John (1734–1741) Kingdom of France (1741–1784)Service/branch French NavyYears of service1734–1784RankLieutenant général des armées navalesBattles/wars War of the Austrian Succession Battle of Toulon (1744) First Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747) American War of Independence Battle of Ouessant Battle of Grenada Invasion of Dominica Battle of St. Lucia Battle of Martinique (1780) Battle of Fort Royal Invasion of Tobago Battle of the Chesapeake Battle of Yorktown Battle of St. Kitts Siege of Brimstone Hill Battle of the Saintes Signature François Joseph Paul, Comte de Grasse, Marquis of Grasse-Tilly SMOM (13 September 1722 – 11 January 1788) was a career French officer who achieved the rank of admiral. He is best known for his command of the French fleet at the Battle of the Chesapeake in 1781 in the last year of the American Revolutionary War. It led directly to the British surrender at Yorktown and helped gain the rebels' victory. After this action, de Grasse returned with his fleet to the Caribbean. In 1782 British Admiral Rodney decisively defeated and captured de Grasse at the Battle of the Saintes. De Grasse was widely criticised for his loss in that battle. On his return to France in 1784, he blamed his captains for the defeat. A court martial exonerated all of his captains, effectively ending his naval career. Early life François-Joseph de Grasse was born and raised at Bar-sur-Loup in south-eastern France, the last child of Francois de Grasse Rouville, Marquis de Grasse. He earned his title and supported his Provençal family. Marriage and family De Grasse married Antoinette Rosalie Accaron in 1764, and they had six children who survived to adulthood, among them his eldest son Alexandre Francois Auguste de Grasse. Auguste had a career in the French army and inherited his father's title as count in 1788. His younger brother Maxime died young in 1773. They had four sisters: Amélie Rosalie Maxime, Adélaide, Melanie Veronique Maxime, and Silvie de Grasse. Silvie married M. Francis de Pau in Charleston, South Carolina, and raised a family with him in New York City. After his wife Antoinette died young, de Grasse married again, to Catherine Pien, widow of M. de Villeneuve. She also died before him. Thirdly, he married Marie Delphine Lazare de Cibon. In addition, while in service in India during and after the Seven Years' War, de Grasse is believed to have fathered a mixed-race, French-Indian boy with an Indian woman in Calcutta. The boy, born about 1780, was known as Azar Le Guen. De Grasse brought the boy back to Paris with him for his education and formally adopted him, naming him George de Grasse. After his father's death, the young man went to the United States by 1799, where he settled in New York City. He worked for a time for Aaron Burr, likely meeting him through a connection of his father's. Burr gave him two lots of land in Manhattan, and George de Grasse became a naturalized citizen in 1804. George de Grasse married well and educated his three children: his son John van Salee de Grasse was the first African American to graduate from medical school and became a respected physician in Boston; he served as a surgeon in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The eldest son, Isaiah George DeGrasse, became a Protestant Episcopal minister, and daughter Serena married George Downing, who became a renowned restaurant entrepreneur and civil rights activist. Naval career At the age of eleven (1734), de Grasse entered the Order of Saint John as a page of the Grand Master. He served as an ensign on the galleys in battles against the Turks and the Moors. In 1740 at the age of 17, he formally entered the French Navy. He participated in French naval action in India during the Seven Years' War. He was intermittently stationed in Calcutta (now Kolkata), India, from the 1760s to 1781. Following Britain's victory over the French in the Seven Years' War, de Grasse helped rebuild the French navy in the years after the Treaty of Paris (1763). American War of Independence The Battle of the Chesapeake (1781), painting from the collections of the Hampton Roads Naval Museum, Virginia, U.S. In 1775, the American War of Independence broke out when American colonists rebelled against British rule. France supplied the colonists with covert aid, but remained officially neutral until 1778. The Treaty of Alliance established the Franco-American alliance, and France entered the war on behalf of the rebels and against Great Britain. As a commander of a division, Comte de Grasse served under Louis Guillouet, comte d'Orvilliers at the First Battle of Ushant from July 23 to 27, 1778. The battle, fought off Brittany, was indecisive. In 1779, he joined the fleet of Comte d'Estaing in the Caribbean as commander of a squadron; they were operating to counter the Royal Navy of Britain. He contributed to the capture of Grenada that year, and took part in the three actions fought by Guichen against Admiral Rodney in the Battle of Martinique. De Grasse was promoted to lieutenant-general of the Navy (equivalent to vice-admiral) in March 1781, and was successful in defeating Admiral Samuel Hood and taking Tobago. U.S. postage stamp, 1931 issue, honoring Comte de Rochambeau, George Washington, and de Grasse, commemorating the 150th anniversary of the victory at the siege of Yorktown, 1781. Battle of the Chesapeake and Yorktown campaign De Grasse responded to George Washington and Comte de Rochambeau's Expédition Particulière when they appealed for his aid in 1781, setting sail with 3,000 troops from Saint-Domingue, where the French Caribbean fleet was based. De Grasse landed the French reinforcements in Virginia. Immediately afterward he decisively defeated the British fleet in the Battle of the Chesapeake in September 1781. He drew away the British forces and blockaded the coast until Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, ensuring the independence of the new United States of America. Battle of the Saintes De Grasse returned his fleet to the Caribbean. He was less fortunate in 1782 and was defeated at the Battle of St. Kitts by Admiral Hood. Shortly afterward, in April 1782, Admiral de Grasse was again defeated, and taken prisoner by Admiral Rodney at the Battle of the Saintes. He initially sailed with the British fleet to Port Royal, Jamaica but after a period of only around one week was permitted to leave on the first convoy to England. Here he was landed on Southsea beach, allegedly to much applause. In August he was granted an audience with King George III and was re-presented with his own sword, surrendered to Rodney at The Saintes. He was taken to London for a time. While there, he briefly took part in the negotiations that laid the foundations for the Peace of Paris (1783), which brought the American Revolutionary War to an end. It also realigned control of some of the Caribbean islands. De Grasse was released to return to France, where he was strongly criticized for his defeat in the Caribbean. He published a Mémoire justificatif and demanded a court-martial. An inquiry into the events of the battle started in 1783, ending in 1784 in acquittal for most of the officers involved, including de Grasse. Later life De Grasse was a Commander of the Order of St. Louis and a Knight of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. He was also a member of the American Society of the Cincinnati. Admiral de Grasse died at Tilly (Yvelines) in 1788; his tomb is in the church of Saint-Roch in Paris. Family trials His grown children from his marriages all emigrated to Saint-Domingue. His eldest son, Auguste de Grasse, inherited the title of Comte de Grasse-Tilly. He was stationed in Saint-Domingue in 1789 as a naval officer, and acquired a large plantation and 200 slaves. He was joined by his stepmother and sisters. After the Royal Navy defeated the French fleet there in 1793, during the Haitian Revolution, Auguste de Grasse was among the officers who surrendered and were allowed to leave. He migrated with his family (including his four sisters, who had joined him) and settled for several years in Charleston, South Carolina. Two sisters died there of yellow fever in 1799. Silvie, the youngest, married and moved with her husband to New York City. After returning to France in the early 1800s after Napoleon came to power, Auguste de Grasse resumed his military career, this time in the army. In his later years, he wrote a memoir about his father and his own travels in the New World, published in 1840 as Notice biographique sur l'amiral comte de Grasse d'après les documents inédits. Memorials and honors Tomb of de Grasse in the Church of Saint-Roch, Paris A monument was installed to commemorate Admiral de Grasse and his sailors at the Cape Henry Memorial, Joint Expeditionary Base East, Virginia Beach, Virginia. It is maintained by the Colonial National Historical Park of the National Park Service. A statue of Admiral de Grasse was installed at the riverwalk landing in Yorktown, Virginia. A statue of Admiral de Grasse is in the Place de la Tour of Le Bar-sur-Loup, the French village where he was born and grew up. Sometime between 1829 and 1839, Heman Allen, a former U.S. Representative and Ambassador to Chile, named the Grasse Mount estate in Burlington, Vermont after de Grasse. A. Kingsley Macomber, an American resident of France since the end of World War I, commissioned a monument of Admiral de Grasse in 1931 to be placed at the Trocadero Palace in Paris. The Grasse River, which flows through St. Lawrence County, New York, and the hamlet of Degrasse in the Town of Russell, New York, are named for him. De Grasse was the name of two medium-sized French Line passenger ships, one built in 1924 in Scotland, and the other formally the 1956-built Bergensfjord of Norwegian America Lines, which was introduced in 1971. The first ship was famous world-wide, serving the transatlantic route; it later was used by the Allies as a troop ship in World War II. Grasse Mount in Burlington, Vermont, named for Admiral de Grasse The second De Grasse served the Le Havre–Southampton–West Indies service with little success, as ships were being replaced by the airlines. She was sold off in 1973. Other vessel names The French Navy has named two vessels in his honour: An anti-aircraft cruiser (in service from 1956 to 1973). A first-rank frigate of the F67 type. The United States Navy has had three vessels named in his honour: USS Comte de Grasse (DD-974), a large multi-role destroyer of the Spruance class. (commissioned 1978, decommissioned 1998). USS De Grasse (AP-164/AK-223), a Crater-class cargo ship used during World War II (1943–1946). USS De Grasse (ID-1217), a patrol boat used in 1918. United States portalNorth America portalFrance portalBiography portal References Citations ^ Shea, John Gilmary (1864). "The Operations of the French Fleet Under the Count de Grasse in 1781-2: As ... - Google Books". Retrieved 15 January 2017. ^ Shea, John Gilmary (1864). Notice+biographique+sur+l'amiral+comte+de+Grasse+d'apr%C3%A8s+les+documents+in%C3%A9dits.&pg=PA24 The Operations of the French Fleet Under the Count de Grasse in 1781-2: As Described in Two Contemporaneous Journals. Bradford Club. ^ John Gilmary Shea, The Operations of the French Fleet Under the Count de Grasse in 1781-2: As Described in Two Contemporaneous Journals, Bradford Club, 1864, pp. 22-23 ^ a b P. Kanakamedala, "George DeGrasse a South Asian in Early African America", in India in the American Imaginary, 1780s–1880s, ed. by Anupama Arora & Rajender Kaur; Springer, 2017, pp. 228-243 ^ a b Stewart (2008), p.95. ^ "François-Joseph-Paul Grasse". newadvent.org. Retrieved 19 May 2015. ^ a b c d "François-Joseph-Paul, count de Grasse", Encyclopædia Britannica online, 2003/2018 ^ London magazine - August 1782 ^ Miles, A. H. (January 1929). "A Great Forgotten Man". Proceedings, U.S. Naval Institute. ^ Burridge, Pauline E. (3 December 1930). "Glimpses of Grasse Mount, Part II". Vermont Alumni Weekly, Vol. X, No. 10. ^ "Herbert Hoover: Message to Dedication Ceremonies for a Monument of Admiral Comte de Grasse at the Trocadero Palace in Paris, France". Presidency.ucsb.edu. 4 May 1931. Retrieved 15 January 2017. ^ William H. Miller Jr., Picture History of the French Line, Dover Publishing, 1997. References Lacour-Gayet, Georges, La Marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XV (Paris, 1902). Lewis, Charles Lee. Admiral de Grasse and American independence. Arno Press, 1980. Stewart, William (2009) Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present. (McFarland). ISBN 9780786482887 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to François Joseph Paul de Grasse. "Francois Joseph Paul de Grasse", Catholic Encyclopedia Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Grasse, François Joseph Paul, Comte de" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 369. "1782 Caricature of De Grasse, Admiral Rodney and King George III" by James Gillray Spanish and Latin American assistance to de Grasse in the Yorktown Campaign, Our American History "Admiral Comte de Grasse Memorial", National Park Service, Cape Henry, Yorktown, VA William Cowper poem, "The Colubriad", published 1806 vteAmerican Revolutionary WarOrigins of the American RevolutionPhilosophy American Enlightenment John Locke Colonial history Liberalism Republicanism Freedom of religion Rights of Englishmen No taxation without representation Common Sense Spirit of '76 "All men are created equal" "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" "Consent of the governed" Expansionism Settler colonialism Royalists Pitt–Newcastle ministry Bute ministry Grenville ministry First Rockingham ministry Chatham ministry Grafton ministry North ministry Second Rockingham ministry Shelburne ministry Fox–North coalition Loyalists Black Loyalist Related BritishActs of Parliament Navigation Iron Molasses 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SMOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"British surrender at Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown"},{"link_name":"Admiral Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Saintes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes"},{"link_name":"court martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_martial"}],"text":"François Joseph Paul, Comte de Grasse, Marquis of Grasse-Tilly SMOM (13 September 1722 – 11 January 1788) was a career French officer who achieved the rank of admiral. He is best known for his command of the French fleet at the Battle of the Chesapeake in 1781 in the last year of the American Revolutionary War. It led directly to the British surrender at Yorktown and helped gain the rebels' victory.After this action, de Grasse returned with his fleet to the Caribbean. In 1782 British Admiral Rodney decisively defeated and captured de Grasse at the Battle of the Saintes. De Grasse was widely criticised for his loss in that battle. On his return to France in 1784, he blamed his captains for the defeat. A court martial exonerated all of his captains, effectively ending his naval career.","title":"François Joseph Paul de Grasse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bar-sur-Loup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-sur-Loup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Provençal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"}],"text":"François-Joseph de Grasse was born and raised at Bar-sur-Loup in south-eastern France, the last child of Francois de Grasse Rouville, Marquis de Grasse.[1] He earned his title[clarification needed] and supported his Provençal family.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandre Francois Auguste de Grasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Francois_Auguste_de_Grasse"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shea-3"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"mixed-race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-race"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"Aaron Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanaka-4"},{"link_name":"John van Salee de Grasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_van_Salee_de_Grasse"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Isaiah George DeGrasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_DeGrasse"},{"link_name":"George Downing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_T._Downing"}],"text":"De Grasse married Antoinette Rosalie Accaron in 1764, and they had six children who survived to adulthood, among them his eldest son Alexandre Francois Auguste de Grasse. Auguste had a career in the French army and inherited his father's title as count in 1788. His younger brother Maxime died young in 1773. They had four sisters: Amélie Rosalie Maxime, Adélaide, Melanie Veronique Maxime, and Silvie de Grasse. Silvie married M. Francis de Pau in Charleston, South Carolina, and raised a family with him in New York City.[2]After his wife Antoinette died young, de Grasse married again, to Catherine Pien, widow of M. de Villeneuve. She also died before him. Thirdly, he married Marie Delphine Lazare de Cibon.[3]In addition, while in service in India during and after the Seven Years' War, de Grasse is believed to have fathered a mixed-race, French-Indian boy with an Indian woman in Calcutta. The boy, born about 1780, was known as Azar Le Guen. De Grasse brought the boy back to Paris with him for his education and formally adopted him, naming him George de Grasse. After his father's death, the young man went to the United States by 1799, where he settled in New York City. He worked for a time for Aaron Burr, likely meeting him through a connection of his father's. Burr gave him two lots of land in Manhattan, and George de Grasse became a naturalized citizen in 1804.[4]George de Grasse married well and educated his three children: his son John van Salee de Grasse was the first African American to graduate from medical school and became a respected physician in Boston; he served as a surgeon in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The eldest son, Isaiah George DeGrasse, became a Protestant Episcopal minister, and daughter Serena married George Downing, who became a renowned restaurant entrepreneur and civil rights activist.","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of Saint John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_(servant)"},{"link_name":"ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(rank)"},{"link_name":"galleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart-5"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kanaka-4"},{"link_name":"Britain's victory over the French in the Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years_War"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris (1763)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)"}],"text":"At the age of eleven (1734), de Grasse entered the Order of Saint John as a page of the Grand Master. He served as an ensign on the galleys in battles against the Turks and the Moors.[5][6] In 1740 at the age of 17, he formally entered the French Navy.[5]He participated in French naval action in India during the Seven Years' War. He was intermittently stationed in Calcutta (now Kolkata), India, from the 1760s to 1781.[4]Following Britain's victory over the French in the Seven Years' War, de Grasse helped rebuild the French navy in the years after the Treaty of Paris (1763).","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads Naval Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Naval_Museum"},{"link_name":"American War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)"},{"link_name":"Franco-American alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-American_alliance"},{"link_name":"Louis Guillouet, comte d'Orvilliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Guillouet,_comte_d%27Orvilliers"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Ushant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ushant"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Comte d'Estaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector_d%27Estaing"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-7"},{"link_name":"capture of Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada"},{"link_name":"Guichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Urbain_de_Bouexic,_comte_de_Guichen"},{"link_name":"Admiral Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney"},{"link_name":"Battle of Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1780)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hood,_viscount_Hood"},{"link_name":"Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobago"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yorktown_1931_Issue-2c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Comte de Rochambeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"siege of Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown"}],"text":"The Battle of the Chesapeake (1781), painting from the collections of the Hampton Roads Naval Museum, Virginia, U.S.In 1775, the American War of Independence broke out when American colonists rebelled against British rule. France supplied the colonists with covert aid, but remained officially neutral until 1778. The Treaty of Alliance established the Franco-American alliance, and France entered the war on behalf of the rebels and against Great Britain.As a commander of a division, Comte de Grasse served under Louis Guillouet, comte d'Orvilliers at the First Battle of Ushant from July 23 to 27, 1778. The battle, fought off Brittany, was indecisive.In 1779, he joined the fleet of Comte d'Estaing in the Caribbean as commander of a squadron;[7] they were operating to counter the Royal Navy of Britain. He contributed to the capture of Grenada that year, and took part in the three actions fought by Guichen against Admiral Rodney in the Battle of Martinique. De Grasse was promoted to lieutenant-general of the Navy (equivalent to vice-admiral) in March 1781, and was successful in defeating Admiral Samuel Hood and taking Tobago.[7]U.S. postage stamp, 1931 issue, honoring Comte de Rochambeau, George Washington, and de Grasse, commemorating the 150th anniversary of the victory at the siege of Yorktown, 1781.","title":"American War of Independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Comte de Rochambeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comte_de_Rochambeau"},{"link_name":"Expédition Particulière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_Particuli%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Saint-Domingue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-7"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake"},{"link_name":"Charles Cornwallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis"},{"link_name":"United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-7"}],"sub_title":"Battle of the Chesapeake and Yorktown campaign","text":"De Grasse responded to George Washington and Comte de Rochambeau's Expédition Particulière when they appealed for his aid in 1781, setting sail with 3,000 troops from Saint-Domingue, where the French Caribbean fleet was based.[7] De Grasse landed the French reinforcements in Virginia. Immediately afterward he decisively defeated the British fleet in the Battle of the Chesapeake in September 1781. He drew away the British forces and blockaded the coast until Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, ensuring the independence of the new United States of America.[7]","title":"American War of Independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of St. Kitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_St._Kitts"},{"link_name":"Admiral Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hood,_Viscount_Hood"},{"link_name":"Admiral Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Saintes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes"},{"link_name":"Port Royal, Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Royal,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Southsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southsea"},{"link_name":"King George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_III"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Peace of Paris (1783)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)"},{"link_name":"court-martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Battle of the Saintes","text":"De Grasse returned his fleet to the Caribbean. He was less fortunate in 1782 and was defeated at the Battle of St. Kitts by Admiral Hood. Shortly afterward, in April 1782, Admiral de Grasse was again defeated, and taken prisoner by Admiral Rodney at the Battle of the Saintes. He initially sailed with the British fleet to Port Royal, Jamaica but after a period of only around one week was permitted to leave on the first convoy to England. Here he was landed on Southsea beach, allegedly to much applause. In August he was granted an audience with King George III and was re-presented with his own sword, surrendered to Rodney at The Saintes.[8]He was taken to London for a time. While there, he briefly took part in the negotiations that laid the foundations for the Peace of Paris (1783), which brought the American Revolutionary War to an end. It also realigned control of some of the Caribbean islands.De Grasse was released to return to France, where he was strongly criticized for his defeat in the Caribbean. He published a Mémoire justificatif and demanded a court-martial. An inquiry into the events of the battle started in 1783, ending in 1784 in acquittal for most of the officers involved, including de Grasse.[9]","title":"American War of Independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Order of St. John of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._John_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Society of the Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Tilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilly,_Yvelines"},{"link_name":"Yvelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines"},{"link_name":"church of Saint-Roch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint-Roch,_Paris"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"text":"De Grasse was a Commander of the Order of St. Louis and a Knight of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. He was also a member of the American Society of the Cincinnati.Admiral de Grasse died at Tilly (Yvelines) in 1788; his tomb is in the church of Saint-Roch in Paris.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint-Domingue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue"},{"link_name":"Auguste de Grasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Francois_Auguste_de_Grasse"},{"link_name":"Haitian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"yellow fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"}],"text":"His grown children from his marriages all emigrated to Saint-Domingue. His eldest son, Auguste de Grasse, inherited the title of Comte de Grasse-Tilly. He was stationed in Saint-Domingue in 1789 as a naval officer, and acquired a large plantation and 200 slaves. He was joined by his stepmother and sisters.After the Royal Navy defeated the French fleet there in 1793, during the Haitian Revolution, Auguste de Grasse was among the officers who surrendered and were allowed to leave. He migrated with his family (including his four sisters, who had joined him) and settled for several years in Charleston, South Carolina. Two sisters died there of yellow fever in 1799. Silvie, the youngest, married and moved with her husband to New York City.After returning to France in the early 1800s after Napoleon came to power, Auguste de Grasse resumed his military career, this time in the army.In his later years, he wrote a memoir about his father and his own travels in the New World, published in 1840 as Notice biographique sur l'amiral comte de Grasse d'après les documents inédits.","title":"Family trials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_Grasse_in_Saint_Roch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Church of Saint-Roch, Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint-Roch,_Paris"},{"link_name":"Cape Henry Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Henry_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Joint Expeditionary Base East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Expeditionary_Base_East"},{"link_name":"Virginia Beach, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Colonial National Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_National_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"Yorktown, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Heman Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heman_Allen_(of_Colchester)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Ambassador to Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Chile"},{"link_name":"Grasse Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasse_Mount"},{"link_name":"Burlington, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"A. Kingsley Macomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Kingsley_Macomber"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Trocadero Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro,_Paris"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Grasse River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasse_River"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Degrasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell,_New_York#Communities_and_locations_in_Russell"},{"link_name":"Russell, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell,_New_York"},{"link_name":"French Line passenger ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_De_Grasse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrasseMount_20160508.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grasse Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasse_Mount"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Tomb of de Grasse in the Church of Saint-Roch, ParisA monument was installed to commemorate Admiral de Grasse and his sailors at the Cape Henry Memorial, Joint Expeditionary Base East, Virginia Beach, Virginia. It is maintained by the Colonial National Historical Park of the National Park Service.\nA statue of Admiral de Grasse was installed at the riverwalk landing in Yorktown, Virginia.\nA statue of Admiral de Grasse is in the Place de la Tour of Le Bar-sur-Loup, the French village where he was born and grew up.\nSometime between 1829 and 1839, Heman Allen, a former U.S. Representative and Ambassador to Chile, named the Grasse Mount estate in Burlington, Vermont after de Grasse.[10]\nA. Kingsley Macomber, an American resident of France since the end of World War I, commissioned a monument of Admiral de Grasse in 1931 to be placed at the Trocadero Palace in Paris.[11]\nThe Grasse River, which flows through St. Lawrence County, New York, and the hamlet of Degrasse in the Town of Russell, New York, are named for him.\nDe Grasse was the name of two medium-sized French Line passenger ships, one built in 1924 in Scotland, and the other formally the 1956-built Bergensfjord of Norwegian America Lines, which was introduced in 1971. The first ship was famous world-wide, serving the transatlantic route; it later was used by the Allies as a troop ship in World War II.Grasse Mount in Burlington, Vermont, named for Admiral de GrasseThe second De Grasse served the Le Havre–Southampton–West Indies service with little success, as ships were being replaced by the airlines. She was sold off in 1973.[12]","title":"Memorials and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_De_Grasse_(C610)"},{"link_name":"first-rank frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_frigate_De_Grasse_(D_612)"},{"link_name":"F67 type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourville-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"USS Comte de Grasse (DD-974)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Comte_de_Grasse"},{"link_name":"Spruance class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruance-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"USS De Grasse (AP-164/AK-223)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_De_Grasse_(AK-223)"},{"link_name":"Crater-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater-class_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"USS De Grasse (ID-1217)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_De_Grasse_(ID-1217)"},{"link_name":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"link_name":"North America portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:North_America"},{"link_name":"France portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:France"},{"link_name":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"}],"sub_title":"Other vessel names","text":"The French Navy has named two vessels in his honour:An anti-aircraft cruiser (in service from 1956 to 1973).\nA first-rank frigate of the F67 type.The United States Navy has had three vessels named in his honour:USS Comte de Grasse (DD-974), a large multi-role destroyer of the Spruance class. (commissioned 1978, decommissioned 1998).\nUSS De Grasse (AP-164/AK-223), a Crater-class cargo ship used during World War II (1943–1946).\nUSS De Grasse (ID-1217), a patrol boat used in 1918.United States portalNorth America portalFrance portalBiography portal","title":"Memorials and honors"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Shea, John Gilmary (1864). \"The Operations of the French Fleet Under the Count de Grasse in 1781-2: As ... - Google Books\". Retrieved 15 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aO0_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA19","url_text":"\"The Operations of the French Fleet Under the Count de Grasse in 1781-2: As ... - Google Books\""}]},{"reference":"Shea, John Gilmary (1864). Notice+biographique+sur+l'amiral+comte+de+Grasse+d'apr%C3%A8s+les+documents+in%C3%A9dits.&pg=PA24 The Operations of the French Fleet Under the Count de Grasse in 1781-2: As Described in Two Contemporaneous Journals. Bradford Club.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hkNHAQAAMAAJ&q=","url_text":"Notice+biographique+sur+l'amiral+comte+de+Grasse+d'apr%C3%A8s+les+documents+in%C3%A9dits.&pg=PA24 The Operations of the French Fleet Under the Count de Grasse in 1781-2: As Described in Two Contemporaneous Journals"}]},{"reference":"\"François-Joseph-Paul Grasse\". newadvent.org. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06728a.htm","url_text":"\"François-Joseph-Paul Grasse\""}]},{"reference":"Miles, A. H. (January 1929). \"A Great Forgotten Man\". Proceedings, U.S. Naval Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1929/january/great-forgotten-man","url_text":"\"A Great Forgotten Man\""}]},{"reference":"Burridge, Pauline E. (3 December 1930). \"Glimpses of Grasse Mount, Part II\". Vermont Alumni Weekly, Vol. X, No. 10.","urls":[{"url":"http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/item/vermontalumniweeklyv10n10","url_text":"\"Glimpses of Grasse Mount, Part II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Herbert Hoover: Message to Dedication Ceremonies for a Monument of Admiral Comte de Grasse at the Trocadero Palace in Paris, France\". Presidency.ucsb.edu. 4 May 1931. Retrieved 15 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=22644","url_text":"\"Herbert Hoover: Message to Dedication Ceremonies for a Monument of Admiral Comte de Grasse at the Trocadero Palace in Paris, France\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Grasse, François Joseph Paul, Comte de\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 369.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Grasse,_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul,_Comte_de","url_text":"\"Grasse, François Joseph Paul, Comte de\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Straub
Sarah Straub
["1 Music","2 Psychology","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]
German musician and psychologist Straub live in Mühldorf 2015 Sarah Straub (born Lauingen a.d.Donau, 1 July 1986), married name Anderl-Straub, is a German singer, songwriter, musician, and psychologist. From a family of musicians, she followed in the footsteps of her father Helmut, a conductor and instrument teacher. At the age of six, she began playing the piano, then from the age of eight she studied clarinet and saxophone. At the age of twelve, Straub wrote her first songs. She was educated at St. Bonaventura Gymnasium in Dillingen a.d. Donau, a diocesan high school in the Franciscan tradition. From there she continued her studies at the University of Regensburg, graduating with a bachelor's degree in Psychology in 2011, obtaining her doctorate in 2015 from the University of Ulm. Music As a singer-songwriter, supported by guest musicians, for about six years she mainly performed solo. For her debut album Say What You're Missing released in 2011, she searched an individual line up for the style of music for each song. She presented the album with its rock, pop, jazz and soul elements in June 2011 as part of a sold-out concert in the Dillinger Stadhalle, the city's multi-purpose indoor arena and convention center. Straub's musical breakthrough came with her first professional album Red, which was released on 30 May 2014 and was funded in 2014 by the Initiative Music, the German government funding agency that provides grants to the rock, pop, and jazz industry; and BY-on, a Bavarian government financed program for pop and rock musicians. The album was produced by Adrian Winkler and Uli Fiedler of Leider Fett. Among the studio musicians were Jörg Hartl from La Brass Banda and Daniel Mark Eberhard. Songs from the album ran several times on Bayern 3 and other radio stations. Throughout Germany, the media became aware of the upcoming artist and in December 2014 she received three German Rock & Pop Awards. As part of her Red tour, Straub played over 150 concerts in Germany, Austria and Italy. In 2015 she appeared as support for Lionel Richie UNHEILIG, Spandau Ballet, Gentleman, and Joe Cocker. Straub sings together with former Toto singer Bobby Kimball on the Siggi Schwarz 2015 CD Milestones of Rock . In June 2014 she made her first television appearance in the Abendschau the evening show on de:Bayerischen Fernsehen, the Bavarian television network. In addition to her own headlining tour, she also gave several live concerts in 2015 together with her cellist Deborah Finck and the Vivid Curls. As a pianist, Straub presents digital pianos and synthesizers for YAMAHA Music Europe. Psychology From 2005 to 2010 as a scholarship holder of the Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, she studied psychology at the University of Regensburg. She lives in Gundelfingen on the Danube and is employed as a psychologist in the Department of Neurology of the University Clinic Ulm. Straub obtained her PhD from the University of Ulm in July 2015. Her doctoral thesis entitled Die Einschätzung von Vertrauenswürdigkeit und der Persönliche Raum be der Verhaltensvariate der Frontotemporalen Demenz researched a form of dementia. Discography Albums 2011: Say What You’re Missing (CreativeJam) 2014: Red (Donnerwetter Musik/Cargo) 2017: Love Is Quiet (Pastel Pink Records) Singles/EPs 2014: Red (Donnerwetter Musik/Cargo) 2014: Pieces (Donnerwetter Musik/Cargo) 2015: Let You Go (Bonus-Track: Moving Mountains feat. Siggi Schwarz) 2017: Do You Mean Yes (Pastel Pink Records) Other 2012: My Own Tragedy on Moodorama vs. 2015: Siggi Schwarz CD Milestones Of Rock. (Schwarz Music & Schickle – 234030) References ^ a b PDF PhD thesis University of Ulm 2015 ^ "Religion". St. Bonaventura Gymnasium. Retrieved 1 April 2018. ^ Sartor, Stephanie (11 November 2013). "Sarah Straub – Musik für die Seele". Augsburger Allegemeine (in German). Presse-Druck- und Verlags-GmbH. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ Mayer, Florian (28 June 2011). "Sarah Straub: Sag', was du vermisst …". Augsburger Allegemeine (in German). Presse-Druck- und Verlags-GmbH. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ "Artist Grants: A-Z". Initiative Musik. Initiative Musik gGmbH. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ "Gigs 2014". BYon (in German). Verband für Popkultur in Bayern e.V. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ a b "NEUES ALBUM in der Abendschau vorgestellt: "RED" von Sarah Straub". DWM. Munich: Donnerwetter Musik GmbH. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ a b c Braun, Alois C. (30 June 2015). "Die Lady in Red eröffnet Bluetone". Mittlebayerische (in German). Mittelbayerischer Verlag KG. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ "Siggi Schwarz – Milestones Of Rock". Discogs. Zink Media, LLC. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ "Sarah Straub". vpby. Verband für Popkultur in Bayern. e,V. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ "AG – Otto - Neurochemistry and Neurodegeneration". Klinik für Neurologie. Universitâtklinikum Ulm. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ 2015 Doctoral research paper OPARU 18 August 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2018 Music portalPsychology portal External links Official web site Tonträger von Sarah Straub in the German National Library catalogue Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Artists MusicBrainz
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At the age of twelve, Straub wrote her first songs. She was educated at St. Bonaventura Gymnasium in Dillingen a.d. Donau, a diocesan high school in the Franciscan tradition.[2] From there she continued her studies at the University of Regensburg, graduating with a bachelor's degree in Psychology in 2011, obtaining her doctorate in 2015 from the University of Ulm.[1]","title":"Sarah Straub"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AA-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AA2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IM-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWM-7"},{"link_name":"Bayern 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern_3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MB-8"},{"link_name":"Lionel Richie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Richie"},{"link_name":"UNHEILIG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNHEILIG&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spandau Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandau_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Joe Cocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cocker"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MB-8"},{"link_name":"Toto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toto_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Kimball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Kimball"},{"link_name":"Siggi Schwarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siggi_Schwarz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MB-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discogs-9"},{"link_name":"Abendschau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abendschau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de:Bayerischen Fernsehen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerischen_Fernsehen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWM-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vpby-10"}],"text":"As a singer-songwriter, supported by guest musicians, for about six years she mainly performed solo. For her debut album Say What You're Missing released in 2011, she searched an individual line up for the style of music for each song. She presented the album with its rock, pop, jazz and soul elements in June 2011 as part of a sold-out concert in the Dillinger Stadhalle, the city's multi-purpose indoor arena and convention center.[3]\n[4]\nStraub's musical breakthrough came with her first professional album Red, which was released on 30 May 2014 and was funded in 2014 by the Initiative Music, the German government funding agency that provides grants to the rock, pop, and jazz industry; and BY-on, a Bavarian government financed program for pop and rock musicians.[5]\n[6]\n[7] The album was produced by Adrian Winkler and Uli Fiedler of Leider Fett. Among the studio musicians were Jörg Hartl from La Brass Banda and Daniel Mark Eberhard. Songs from the album ran several times on Bayern 3 and other radio stations. Throughout Germany, the media became aware of the upcoming artist and in December 2014 she received three German Rock & Pop Awards.[8]As part of her Red tour, Straub played over 150 concerts in Germany, Austria and Italy. In 2015 she appeared as support for Lionel Richie UNHEILIG, Spandau Ballet, Gentleman, and Joe Cocker.[8]\nStraub sings together with former Toto singer Bobby Kimball on the Siggi Schwarz 2015 CD Milestones of Rock .[8][9] In June 2014 she made her first television appearance in the Abendschau the evening show on de:Bayerischen Fernsehen, the Bavarian television network.[7] In addition to her own headlining tour, she also gave several live concerts in 2015 together with her cellist Deborah Finck and the Vivid Curls.[10] As a pianist, Straub presents digital pianos and synthesizers for YAMAHA Music Europe.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"From 2005 to 2010 as a scholarship holder of the Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, she studied psychology at the University of Regensburg. She lives in Gundelfingen on the Danube and is employed as a psychologist in the Department of Neurology of the University Clinic Ulm.[11]\nStraub obtained her PhD from the University of Ulm in July 2015. Her doctoral thesis entitled Die Einschätzung von Vertrauenswürdigkeit und der Persönliche Raum be der Verhaltensvariate der Frontotemporalen Demenz researched a form of dementia.[12]","title":"Psychology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cargo_Records_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Siggi Schwarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siggi_Schwarz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moodorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodorama"},{"link_name":"Siggi Schwarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siggi_Schwarz&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Albums2011: Say What You’re Missing (CreativeJam)\n2014: Red (Donnerwetter Musik/Cargo)\n2017: Love Is Quiet (Pastel Pink Records)Singles/EPs2014: Red (Donnerwetter Musik/Cargo)\n2014: Pieces (Donnerwetter Musik/Cargo)\n2015: Let You Go (Bonus-Track: Moving Mountains feat. Siggi Schwarz)\n2017: Do You Mean Yes (Pastel Pink Records)Other2012: My Own Tragedy on Moodorama vs.\n2015: Siggi Schwarz CD Milestones Of Rock. (Schwarz Music & Schickle – 234030)","title":"Discography"}]
[{"image_text":"Straub live in Mühldorf 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SarahStraubLive.JPG/250px-SarahStraubLive.JPG"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bheemunipatnam
Bheemunipatnam
["1 Geography","2 History","2.1 Buddhism","2.2 Narasimha temple","2.3 Dutch settlements","2.4 East India Company","2.5 Bheemunipatnam Port Trust","3 Demographics","4 Landmarks","5 Politics","6 Bheemili Municipality (GVMC)","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 17°53′04″N 83°26′22″E / 17.884560°N 83.439342°E / 17.884560; 83.439342 Place in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaBheemunipatnam BheemiliHill-top view of Bheemunipatnam townNickname: భీమునిపట్నంBheemunipatnamLocation in VisakhapatnamCoordinates: 17°53′04″N 83°26′22″E / 17.884560°N 83.439342°E / 17.884560; 83.439342CountryIndiaStateAndhra PradeshDistrictVisakhapatnamCityVisakhapatnamNamed forBhimaGovernment • TypeMunicipal corporation • BodyGreater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation • MLAMuttamsetti Srinivasa RaoArea • Total18.90 km2 (7.30 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total55,082 • Density2,900/km2 (7,500/sq mi)Languages • OfficialTeluguTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN531163/62Vehicle RegistrationAP31 (Former) AP39 (from 30 January 2019)Vidhan SabhaBheemiliLok Sabha constituencyVisakhapatnam Bheemunipatnam (also known as Bheemili), is a suburb of Visakhapatnam, India. The town was named after Bhima, a character in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. It formerly administered under the Bheemunipatnam municipality, but merged into GVMC in 2017. It is currently under the administration of Bheemunipatnam revenue division and the headquarters is located at Bheemunipatnam. Geography Bheemunipatnam is located about 40 km from Visakhapatnam Airport, about 31 km from Visakhapatnam railway station and 29 km from Visakhapatnam city central bus station. It lies to the north of Visakhapatnam City and is loosely bordered by Rushikonda to the south and Bay of Bengal to the east, Madhurawada to the west, Bhogapuram to the north. History Buddhism Buddha Statue at Bheemunipatnam Beach Road Historical evidences of Buddhist Culture have been noticed at Bheemunipatnam dating back to 3rd century BCE on the hillock Pavurallakonda (also known as Narsimhaswami Konda locally) in the town. Buddhist remains were found during the excavations here along with Relic caskets. Both the schools of Buddhism Hinayana and Mahayana were propagated in this land and also to the far east lands from the port of River Gosthani. See pavurallakonda page for more details. Narasimha temple Galigopuram of Narasimha temple There is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Narasimha on the eastern side of Pavurallakonda facing the sea. As per the historical evidences the temple is constructed around 14th century by Mindi Kings. There are two more temples in the town of Bhimili, which date back to the times of Chola's as Bheemeswaralayam and Choleswaralayam. Dutch settlements A Dutch map of Bheemunipatnam by Coenraad Pieter Keller with the projected new fort from 1756. Known to the Dutch as Bimilipatnam, Bheemunipatnam was one among the major Dutch settlements of the Dutch Coromandel coast in the 17th century. There are remnants of the Dutch East India Company trading post when the town was a port. The town contains one of the oldest Christian cemeteries on the coast. Bhimili also had a currency mint during the times of Dutch. Portuguese also visited bhimili in the same time as the dutch. St.Peter's church is a historical monument which signifies the ancient architecture. After Bheemunipatnam was plundered by Maratha troops in 1754, the local regent permitted the Dutch East India Company to construct a fort in the village, for which military engineer Coenraad Pieter Keller drew up plans. The fort that was constructed subsequently collapsed twice, for which Keller had to defend himself in front of his superiors in Batavia. East India Company The British East India Company made Bheemunipatnam their main trading base of the east coast. The Bhimili port used to operate passenger vessels to Madras and Calcutta during the British Raj. The big clock tower in the town was built by the British. Bheemunipatnam Port Trust Bheemunipatnam (Bheemili ) was one of ancient Dutch harbour Town. European merchants disembarked from the ships and made it their port. It was a Major port and Europeans resided here during East India Company regime. Until 1958, huge ships from Malaysia and Singapore arrived at this port. Perfumes, textiles etc were exported to other countries from here. There was a huge coco plantation spread across the local beaches that were also exported. Bheemunipatnam Port Trust was closed during British rule in India to Develop Visakhapatnam Port Trust and avoid other invaders entering the country. However, the lighthouse constructed by the British at Bheemunipatnam port stands as a witness to the European regime. Nowadays Andhra Pradesh Government Wants to open the port again. Demographics According to Imperial Gazetteer of India, It was entirely Zamindari land belonging to the Vizianagram estate. As of 2001 India census, it had a population of 44,156. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Bheemunipatnam has an average literacy rate of 60%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 67% and female literacy of 54%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Landmarks Panoramic view of River Gosthani confluence into Bay of Bengal at Bhimili The lighthouse dated to 1868 was built during Dutch settlement on the shores of Bheemili Beach. Some of the Buddhist sites are Bojjannakonda, Bavikonda, Lingalakonda, Pavurallakonda, Salihundam and Thotlakonda. Politics Year Candidate Party 1951 Kaligotla Suryanarayana 1955 Gottumukkala Jagannadha Raju 1972 Raja Sagi Soma Sundara Suryanarayana Raju INC 1978 Datla Jagannadha Raju INC(I) 1983 Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju TDP 1985 Raja Sagi Devi Prasanna Appala Narasimha Raju TDP 1989 Raja Sagi Devi Prasanna Appala Narasimha Raju TDP 1994 Raja Sagi Devi Prasanna Appala Narasimha Raju TDP 1999 Raja Sagi Devi Prasanna Appala Narasimha Raju TDP 2004 Karri Seetharamu INC 2009 Muttamsetti Srinivasa Rao PRP 2014 Ganta Srinivasa Rao TDP 2019 Muttamsetti Srinivasa Rao YSRCP Bheemili Municipality (GVMC) Year Candidate Ward Party 2021 Akramani Padmavati Naidu 1 Tagarapuvalasa BML Urban YSRCP 2021 Gadu Chinni Kumari Laxmi Appalanaidu (Ex Chairman BMC) 2 Sangivalasa BML Urban TDP 2021 Ganta Appalakonda Nookaraju 3 Bheemili Town TDP 2021 D Konda Babu 4 Bheemili Rural YSRCP Notes ^ "Statistical Abstract of Andhra Pradesh, 2015" (PDF). Directorate of Economics & Statistics. Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019. ^ "New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched". The New Indian Express. Vijayawada. 31 January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "103 objections received against ward delimitation". The New Indian Express. Visakhapatnam. 30 May 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019. ^ "Dept. of Archaeology & Museums". Museums.ap.nic.in. Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012. ^ Sudhakar (25 June 2008). "Incredible India: Bhimili". Vishakapatnamonline.blogspot.in. Retrieved 24 October 2012. ^ "It is a ruin of colonial legacy | BayNews | The New Voice of Vizag". Baynews.in. 24 September 2010. Archived from the original on 29 December 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2012. ^ "Andhra Pradesh / Visakhapatnam News : Bhimili: lost in time and tide". The Hindu. 12 April 2007. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2012. ^ Ramani M. "The History of Vizag: copper coins". Heavydutytravel.blogspot.in. Retrieved 24 October 2012. ^ Ganguly, Nivedita (3 October 2018). "Bheemunipatnam: This Dutch township is full of history". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 April 2020. ^ Bos 2019. ^ Bimlipatnam tahsil in Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 8; pp: 238. ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008. ^ "Bhimili lighthouse to be demolished". The Hindu. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2016. References Bos, J. (2019). "A Disastrous Project: C. P. Keller and the Fortification (Plans) of Bimilipatnam". In Storms, M.; Cams, M.; Demhardt, I.; Ormeling, F. (eds.). Mapping Asia: Cartographic Encounters Between East and West. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography. Springer. pp. 219–228. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90406-1_15. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bheemunipatnam. vteVisakhapatnamHistoryEarly history (before 1800 AD) Satavahanas Pallavas Eastern Chalukyas Chola dynasty Kakatiya dynasty Vijayanagara Empire Qutb Shahi dynasty Nizam of Hyderabad Colonial period (1800-1947) Dutch East India Company East India Company French East India Company Battle of Vizagapatam Northern Circars Company Raj After independence (1947- ) Visakhapatnam gas leak Administration Andhra Pradesh Eastern Power Distribution Company Limited Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation Visakhapatnam City Police Visakhapatnam District Collectorate Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Development Authority Geography and wildlife Bay of Bengal Dolphin's Nose Eastern Ghats Erra Matti Dibbalu Gosthani River Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary Kanithi Balancing Reservoir Kondakarla Ava Meghadri Gedda Reservoir Mudasarlova Reservoir Raiwada Reservoir Simhachalam Hill Range Tatipudi Reservoir Yarada Hills Economy Andhra Pradesh Medtech Zone Andhra Pradesh SEZ Coromandel Fertilizers Dredging Corporation of India Essar Pellet Plant Fintech Valley Vizag Gangavaram Port Hindustan Shipyard Jawaharlal Nehru Pharma City Millennium IT Towers Naval Dockyard NTPC Simhadri Visakha Dairy Visakhapatnam–Chennai Industrial Corridor Visakhapatnam Port Visakhapatnam Refinery Visakhapatnam SEZ Visakhapatnam Steel Plant Vizag back-to-back HVDC converter station Vizag Thermal Power Station TransportAir Bhogapuram Airport Visakhapatnam Airport Rail Duvvada railway station Duvvada–Vijayawada section KK line Simhachalam railway station South Coast Railway zone Visakhapatnam Metro Visakhapatnam railway station Waltair railway division Road APSRTC Dwaraka bus station Maddilapalem bus station MVP Colony bus station NAD X Road NH 16 Nowroji Road Raipur–Visakhapatnam Expressway Rama Talkies Road Sankara Matam Road Simhachalam bus station SH 38 SH 39 Telugu Thalli Flyover Town Kotha Road Visakhapatnam BRTS VIP Road Waltair Main Road Water Visakhapatnam Port Culture and recreationLanguage Telugu (Uttarandhra dialect) Heritage Bavikonda Bojjannakonda Hawa Mahal Pavurallakonda Thotlakonda Beaches Beach Road Bheemili Beach RK Beach Rushikonda Beach Yarada Beach Malls CMR Central Visakhapatnam Central Parks and themeparks Biodiversity Park City Central Park Indira Gandhi Zoological Park Mudasarlova Park Sivaji Park Kailasagiri Shilparamam Jathara Tenneti Park VMRDA Health Arena VUDA Park Museums and memorials INS Kursura Submarine Museum Queen Victoria Pavilion Telugu Samskruthika Niketanam TU 142 Aircraft Museum Victory at Sea Memorial Visakha Museum Events Araku balloon festival International Fleet Review Navy Day Visakha Utsav Vizag Navy Marathon Venues AU Convention Center Children's Arena Gurajada Kalakshetram Kala Bharati Rajiv Smruthi Bhavan Town Hall Turner's Choultry SportsTeams Telugu Titans Vizag Warriors Stadiums Dr. Y. S. Rajashekar Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium East Point Golf Club Hindustan Zinc Limited Ground Indira Priyadarshini Stadium Port Trust Diamond Jubilee Stadium South Coast Railway Stadium Swarna Bharathi Indoor Stadium Ukku Stadium PoliticsAndhra Pradesh Assembly constituencies Anakapalle Bheemili Gajuwaka Pendurthi Visakhapatnam East Visakhapatnam North Visakhapatnam South Visakhapatnam West Lok Sabha constituencies Visakhapatnam Anakapalli Educational institutionsUniversities Andhra University Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management Indian Maritime University Engineering Andhra University College of Engineering Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology and Sciences Chaitanya Engineering College Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy Raghu Engineering College Pydah College of Engineering and Technology Vignan's Institute of Information Technology Medicine Andhra Medical College GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Arts and sciences Dr. V. S. Krishna Govt. Degree & P.G College Dr. Lankapalli Bullayya College Mrs. A. V. N. College St.Joseph's College For Women Visakha Govt. Degree College For Women Business IIM Visakhapatnam Law Dr. B. R. Ambedkar College of Law GITAM School of Law Visakha Law College Others Kalam Institute of Health Technology Schools DPS Visakhapatnam Oakridge International School Srikrishna Vidya Mandir St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School Timpany School Visakha Valley School HospitalsGovernment Government ENT Hospital Government Hospital For Mental Care Government Regional Eye Hospital Government TB and Chest Hospital Government Victoria Hospital Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital & Research Centre King George Hospital Rani Chandramani Devi Government Hospital Visakha Institute of Medical Sciences Others Apollo Hospitals L. V. Prasad Eye Institute SevenHills Hospital Places of worshipTemples Devipuram Temple ISKCON Temple Kali Temple Nookambika Temple Simhachalam Temple Sri Kanaka Maha Lakshmi Temple Sri Sampath Vinayagar Temple Sri Someswara Swamy Temple Others Quirk Memorial Baptist Church St. Stephen's Orthodox Church Other topics People from Visakhapatnam List of cities in India by population List of largest cities Category Commons vteNeighbourhoods of Visakhapatnam List of neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam Abidnagar Achutapuram Adarsh Nagar Adavivaram Aganampudi Akkayyapalem Akkireddypalem Allipuram Anakapalle Anandapuram Appikonda Arilova Asilmetta Balayya Sastri Layout Beach Road, Visakhapatnam Bheemunipatnam BHPV Burujupeta CBM Compound Chengal Rao Peta Chinagantyada Chinna Gadhili Chinnamushidiwada Chinna Waltair Chintalagraharam Daba Gardens Daspalla Hills Dayalnagar Desapatrunipalem Devada Dibbapalem Dondaparthi Dosuru Duppituru Duvvada Dwaraka Nagar Gajuwaka Gambhiram Gandhigram Gangavaram Gidijala Gnanapuram Gopalapatnam Gudilova Hanumanthawaka HB Colony Isukathota Jagadamba Centre Jalari Peta Jodugullapalem Kailasapuram Kakani Nagar Kancharapalem Kapuluppada Kirlampudi Layout Kommadi Kurmannapalem Lankelapalem Lawsons Bay Colony Maddilapalem Madhavadhara Madhurawada Maharanipeta Malkapuram Mangamaripeta Marripalem Mindi Mulagada Muralinagar MVP Colony NAD Kotha Road Nadupuru Narasimha Nagar Narava Nathayyapalem Naidu Thota Nidigattu One Town Padmanabham Pandurangapuram Parawada Pedagantyada Pedamadaka Pedda Waltair Pendurthi Pineapple Colony Pithapuram Colony Poorna Market Pothinamallayya Palem Prahaladapuram Prakashraopeta Pudimadaka Ramnagar Railway New Colony Ravada Ravindra Nagar Relli Veedhi Resapuvanipalem Rushikonda Sabbavaram Sagar Nagar Salipeta Santhipuram Scindia Seethammadhara Seethammapeta Sheela Nagar Simhachalam Siripuram Sivajipalem Soldierpet Sontyam Sriharipuram Sujatha Nagar Suryabagh Thatichetlapalem Thagarapuvalasa Thimmapuram Town Kotha Road Tunglam Ukkunagaram Vadlapudi Velampeta Vellanki Venkojipalem Vepagunta Visalakshi Nagar Waltair Uplands Yarada Yendada vteFeudal Estates of the Indian EmpireMadras PresidencyMadras estates Ramnad estate Sivaganga estate Arni estate Paralakhemundi Urlam Markundapadu Nuzvid Anakapalle Bheemunipatnam Bobbili Gajapathinagaram Gunupur Kotpad Malkangiri Nabarangpur Rayagada Salur Visakhapatnam Vizianagaram Bengal PresidencyEstates in Bengal and Bihar Dhaka Bhawal Burdwan Darbhanga Dighapatia Dulai Gunahar Haturia Karatia Mahipur Natore Prithimpassa Padamdi Rajshahi Puthia Singranatore Munshibari (Comilla) Munshibari (Ulipur) Murshidabad Mallick Bari (Midnapore) Surul Andul Hetampur United Provinces ofAgra and Oudh Mahmudabad Benares Bombay PresidencyZamindaris in Bombay Paigah family of Hyderabad State Gadwal Wanaparthy Veepanagandla Palwancha
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Visakhapatnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnam"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Bhima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhima"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"GVMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GVMC"},{"link_name":"Bheemunipatnam revenue division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bheemunipatnam_revenue_division&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Place in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaBheemunipatnam (also known as Bheemili[3]), is a suburb of Visakhapatnam, India. The town was named after Bhima, a character in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. It formerly administered under the Bheemunipatnam municipality, but merged into GVMC in 2017. It is currently under the administration of Bheemunipatnam revenue division and the headquarters is located at Bheemunipatnam.","title":"Bheemunipatnam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Visakhapatnam City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnam_City"}],"text":"Bheemunipatnam is located about 40 km from Visakhapatnam Airport, about 31 km from Visakhapatnam railway station and 29 km from Visakhapatnam city central bus station. It lies to the north of Visakhapatnam City and is loosely bordered by Rushikonda to the south and Bay of Bengal to the east, Madhurawada to the west, Bhogapuram to the north.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha_Statue_at_Bheemili_beach_Road.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"BCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCE"},{"link_name":"Pavurallakonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavurallakonda"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hinayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinayana"},{"link_name":"Mahayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana"},{"link_name":"River Gosthani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Gosthani"},{"link_name":"pavurallakonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavurallakonda"}],"sub_title":"Buddhism","text":"Buddha Statue at Bheemunipatnam Beach RoadHistorical evidences of Buddhist Culture have been noticed at Bheemunipatnam dating back to 3rd century BCE on the hillock Pavurallakonda[4] (also known as Narsimhaswami Konda locally) in the town. Buddhist remains were found during the excavations here along with Relic caskets. Both the schools of Buddhism Hinayana and Mahayana were propagated in this land and also to the far east lands from the port of River Gosthani. See pavurallakonda page for more details.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gali_Gopuram_of_Sri_Lakshmi_Narasimha_Swami_Temple,_Bheemili_(Cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lord Narasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Narasimha"},{"link_name":"Pavurallakonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavurallakonda"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Narasimha temple","text":"Galigopuram of Narasimha templeThere is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Narasimha on the eastern side of Pavurallakonda facing the sea. As per the historical evidences the temple is constructed around 14th century by Mindi[5] Kings. There are two more temples in the town of Bhimili, which date back to the times of Chola's as Bheemeswaralayam and Choleswaralayam.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C.P._Keller_-_Plaan_van_het_dorp_Bimelepatnam_en_%27SEComps._loge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dutch Coromandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Coromandel"},{"link_name":"Dutch East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Maratha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBos2019-10"}],"sub_title":"Dutch settlements","text":"A Dutch map of Bheemunipatnam by Coenraad Pieter Keller with the projected new fort from 1756.Known to the Dutch as Bimilipatnam, Bheemunipatnam was one among the major Dutch settlements[6] of the Dutch Coromandel coast in the 17th century. There are remnants of the Dutch East India Company trading post when the town was a port. The town contains one of the oldest Christian cemeteries on the coast.[7] Bhimili also had a currency mint[8] during the times of Dutch. Portuguese also visited bhimili in the same time as the dutch. St.Peter's church is a historical monument which signifies the ancient architecture.[9]After Bheemunipatnam was plundered by Maratha troops in 1754, the local regent permitted the Dutch East India Company to construct a fort in the village, for which military engineer Coenraad Pieter Keller drew up plans. The fort that was constructed subsequently collapsed twice, for which Keller had to defend himself in front of his superiors in Batavia.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"}],"sub_title":"East India Company","text":"The British East India Company made Bheemunipatnam their main trading base of the east coast. The Bhimili port used to operate passenger vessels to Madras and Calcutta during the British Raj. The big clock tower in the town was built by the British.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bheemunipatnam Port Trust","text":"Bheemunipatnam (Bheemili ) was one of ancient Dutch harbour Town. European merchants disembarked from the ships and made it their port. It was a Major port and Europeans resided here during East India Company regime. Until 1958, huge ships from Malaysia and Singapore arrived at this port. Perfumes, textiles etc were exported to other countries from here. There was a huge coco plantation spread across the local beaches that were also exported. Bheemunipatnam Port Trust was closed during British rule in India to Develop Visakhapatnam Port Trust and avoid other invaders entering the country. However, the lighthouse constructed by the British at Bheemunipatnam port stands as a witness to the European regime.\nNowadays Andhra Pradesh Government Wants to open the port again.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial Gazetteer of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bheemunipatnam&action=edit"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"According to Imperial Gazetteer of India,[11] It was entirely Zamindari land belonging to the Vizianagram estate. As of 2001[update] India census,[12] it had a population of 44,156. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Bheemunipatnam has an average literacy rate of 60%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 67% and female literacy of 54%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panoramic_view_of_Gosthani_confluence_BayofBengal_Bhimili.JPG"},{"link_name":"River Gosthani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Gosthani"},{"link_name":"Bay of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"Bheemili Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bheemili_Beach"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lighthouse-13"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Bojjannakonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojjannakonda"},{"link_name":"Bavikonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavikonda"},{"link_name":"Pavurallakonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavurallakonda"}],"text":"Panoramic view of River Gosthani confluence into Bay of Bengal at BhimiliThe lighthouse dated to 1868 was built during Dutch settlement on the shores of Bheemili Beach.[13] Some of the Buddhist sites are Bojjannakonda, Bavikonda, Lingalakonda, Pavurallakonda, Salihundam and Thotlakonda.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bheemili Municipality (GVMC)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stats_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Statistical Abstract of Andhra Pradesh, 2015\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190714020914/https://desap.cgg.gov.in/jsp/website/gallery/Statistical%20Abstract%202015.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//desap.cgg.gov.in/jsp/website/gallery/Statistical%20Abstract%202015.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"103 objections received against ward delimitation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/may/30/103-objections-received-against-ward-delimitation-1983515.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Dept. of Archaeology & Museums\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120209160246/http://museums.ap.nic.in/b-sites.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//museums.ap.nic.in/b-sites.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Incredible India: Bhimili\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//vishakapatnamonline.blogspot.in/2008/06/one-of-finest-sea-resorts-in-country.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"It is a ruin of colonial legacy | BayNews | The New Voice of Vizag\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131229033838/http://www.baynews.in/vizag-special/it-is-a-ruin-of-colonial-legacy"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.baynews.in/vizag-special/it-is-a-ruin-of-colonial-legacy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Andhra Pradesh / Visakhapatnam News : Bhimili: lost in time and tide\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080220113242/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/12/stories/2007041209870200.htm"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hindu.com/2007/04/12/stories/2007041209870200.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"The History of Vizag: copper coins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//heavydutytravel.blogspot.in/search/label/copper%20coins"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Bheemunipatnam: This Dutch township is full of history\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/the-17th-century-dutch-township-of-bheemunipatnam-is-awash-with-history-but-one-that-is-slowly-vanishing-in-the-face-of-neglect/article25111473.ece"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0971-751X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBos2019_10-0"},{"link_name":"Bos 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBos2019"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Bimlipatnam tahsil in Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 8; pp: 238.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_244.gif"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lighthouse_13-0"},{"link_name":"\"Bhimili lighthouse to be demolished\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/bhimili-lighthouse-to-be-demolished/article4368697.ece"}],"text":"^ \"Statistical Abstract of Andhra Pradesh, 2015\" (PDF). Directorate of Economics & Statistics. Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.\n\n^ \"New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched\". The New Indian Express. Vijayawada. 31 January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.\n\n^ \"103 objections received against ward delimitation\". The New Indian Express. Visakhapatnam. 30 May 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.\n\n^ \"Dept. of Archaeology & Museums\". Museums.ap.nic.in. Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.\n\n^ Sudhakar (25 June 2008). \"Incredible India: Bhimili\". Vishakapatnamonline.blogspot.in. Retrieved 24 October 2012.\n\n^ \"It is a ruin of colonial legacy | BayNews | The New Voice of Vizag\". Baynews.in. 24 September 2010. Archived from the original on 29 December 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2012.\n\n^ \"Andhra Pradesh / Visakhapatnam News : Bhimili: lost in time and tide\". The Hindu. 12 April 2007. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2012.\n\n^ Ramani M. \"The History of Vizag: copper coins\". Heavydutytravel.blogspot.in. Retrieved 24 October 2012.\n\n^ Ganguly, Nivedita (3 October 2018). \"Bheemunipatnam: This Dutch township is full of history\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 April 2020.\n\n^ Bos 2019.\n\n^ Bimlipatnam tahsil in Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 8; pp: 238.\n\n^ \"Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)\". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.\n\n^ \"Bhimili lighthouse to be demolished\". The Hindu. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2016.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Buddha Statue at Bheemunipatnam Beach Road","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Buddha_Statue_at_Bheemili_beach_Road.jpg/220px-Buddha_Statue_at_Bheemili_beach_Road.jpg"},{"image_text":"Galigopuram of Narasimha temple","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gali_Gopuram_of_Sri_Lakshmi_Narasimha_Swami_Temple%2C_Bheemili_%28Cropped%29.jpg/220px-Gali_Gopuram_of_Sri_Lakshmi_Narasimha_Swami_Temple%2C_Bheemili_%28Cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Dutch map of Bheemunipatnam by Coenraad Pieter Keller with the projected new fort from 1756.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/C.P._Keller_-_Plaan_van_het_dorp_Bimelepatnam_en_%27SEComps._loge.jpg/220px-C.P._Keller_-_Plaan_van_het_dorp_Bimelepatnam_en_%27SEComps._loge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Panoramic view of River Gosthani confluence into Bay of Bengal at Bhimili","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Panoramic_view_of_Gosthani_confluence_BayofBengal_Bhimili.JPG/800px-Panoramic_view_of_Gosthani_confluence_BayofBengal_Bhimili.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Statistical Abstract of Andhra Pradesh, 2015\" (PDF). Directorate of Economics & Statistics. Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190714020914/https://desap.cgg.gov.in/jsp/website/gallery/Statistical%20Abstract%202015.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Abstract of Andhra Pradesh, 2015\""},{"url":"https://desap.cgg.gov.in/jsp/website/gallery/Statistical%20Abstract%202015.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched\". The New Indian Express. Vijayawada. 31 January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html","url_text":"\"New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched\""},{"url":"http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"103 objections received against ward delimitation\". The New Indian Express. Visakhapatnam. 30 May 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/may/30/103-objections-received-against-ward-delimitation-1983515.html","url_text":"\"103 objections received against ward delimitation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dept. of Archaeology & Museums\". Museums.ap.nic.in. Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120209160246/http://museums.ap.nic.in/b-sites.htm","url_text":"\"Dept. of Archaeology & Museums\""},{"url":"http://museums.ap.nic.in/b-sites.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sudhakar (25 June 2008). \"Incredible India: Bhimili\". Vishakapatnamonline.blogspot.in. Retrieved 24 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://vishakapatnamonline.blogspot.in/2008/06/one-of-finest-sea-resorts-in-country.html","url_text":"\"Incredible India: Bhimili\""}]},{"reference":"\"It is a ruin of colonial legacy | BayNews | The New Voice of Vizag\". Baynews.in. 24 September 2010. Archived from the original on 29 December 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131229033838/http://www.baynews.in/vizag-special/it-is-a-ruin-of-colonial-legacy","url_text":"\"It is a ruin of colonial legacy | BayNews | The New Voice of Vizag\""},{"url":"http://www.baynews.in/vizag-special/it-is-a-ruin-of-colonial-legacy","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Andhra Pradesh / Visakhapatnam News : Bhimili: lost in time and tide\". The Hindu. 12 April 2007. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080220113242/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/12/stories/2007041209870200.htm","url_text":"\"Andhra Pradesh / Visakhapatnam News : Bhimili: lost in time and tide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/12/stories/2007041209870200.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ramani M. \"The History of Vizag: copper coins\". Heavydutytravel.blogspot.in. Retrieved 24 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://heavydutytravel.blogspot.in/search/label/copper%20coins","url_text":"\"The History of Vizag: copper coins\""}]},{"reference":"Ganguly, Nivedita (3 October 2018). \"Bheemunipatnam: This Dutch township is full of history\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/the-17th-century-dutch-township-of-bheemunipatnam-is-awash-with-history-but-one-that-is-slowly-vanishing-in-the-face-of-neglect/article25111473.ece","url_text":"\"Bheemunipatnam: This Dutch township is full of history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)\". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999","url_text":"\"Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)\""},{"url":"http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bhimili lighthouse to be demolished\". The Hindu. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/bhimili-lighthouse-to-be-demolished/article4368697.ece","url_text":"\"Bhimili lighthouse to be demolished\""}]},{"reference":"Bos, J. (2019). \"A Disastrous Project: C. P. Keller and the Fortification (Plans) of Bimilipatnam\". In Storms, M.; Cams, M.; Demhardt, I.; Ormeling, F. (eds.). Mapping Asia: Cartographic Encounters Between East and West. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography. Springer. pp. 219–228. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90406-1_15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-90406-1_15","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-90406-1_15"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Trade_and_Industry_v_Bottrill
Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Bottrill
["1 Facts","2 Judgment","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]
Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v BottrillCourtCourt of Appeal of England and WalesDecided12 February 1999Citations EWCA Civ 781, BCC 177, ICR 592Court membershipJudges sittingLord Woolf MR, Peter Gibson LJ and Mantell LJKeywordsLifting the corporate veil, employee Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Bottrill EWCA Civ 781 is a UK company law and UK labour law case, which relates to issues such as lifting the corporate veil and the definition of "employee". Facts Mr Bottrill was the managing director of the insolvent Magnatech UK Ltd, the fact that he was the only shareholder did not preclude his claim for unpaid wages (£346.15 a week) from the National Insurance Fund. Mr Bottrill’s sole shareholding was merely a temporary measure before the American Magnatech Group would take over ownership. Judgment Lord Woolf MR held that Mr Bottrill was an "employee" for the purpose of access to the statutory compensation fund. The gloss sought to be given by Mummery P to “employee” in the ERA, based as it is on the ability of the controlling shareholder to prevent his dismissal, is all the more surprising when applied to a case such as the present when Mr. Bottrill was powerless to prevent his actual dismissal which triggered his claim… We recognise the attractions of having in relation to the ERA a simple and clear test which will determine whether a shareholder or a director is an employee for the purposes of the Act or not. However, the Act does not provide such a test and it is far from obvious what Parliament would have intended the test to be. We do not find any justification for departing from the well-established position in the law of employment generally. That is whether or not an employer or employee relationship exists can only be decided by having regard to all the relevant facts. If an individual has a controlling shareholding that is certainly a fact which is likely to be significant in all situations and in some cases it may prove to be decisive. However, it is only one of the factors which are relevant and certainly is not to be taken as determinative without considering all the relevant circumstances. See also vteEmployees and insolvencyILO Employer's Insolvency Convention 1992 C 173Insolvency Protection Directive 2008/94/ECFrancovich v Italy (1990) C-6/90Employment Rights Act 1996 ss 166-170 and 182-190McMeechan v Secretary of State for Employment ICR 549Buchan v SS for Trade and Industry IRLR 80SS for Trade and Industry v Bottrill EWCA Civ 781Regeling v Bedrijfsverg de Metaalnijverheid (1999) C-125/97Mann v Secretary of State for Employment IRLR 566Robins v SS for Work and Pensions (2007) C-278/05Insolvency Act 1986 s 176ZA and Sch B1, para 99Re Allders Department Stores Ltd BCC 289Krasner v McMath EWCA Civ 1072see UK labour law and UK insolvency law UK insolvency law UK labour law Notes References
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EWCA Civ 781","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1999/781.html"},{"link_name":"UK company law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_company_law"},{"link_name":"UK labour law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_labour_law"},{"link_name":"lifting the corporate veil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting_the_corporate_veil"},{"link_name":"employee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee"}],"text":"Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Bottrill [1999] EWCA Civ 781 is a UK company law and UK labour law case, which relates to issues such as lifting the corporate veil and the definition of \"employee\".","title":"Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Bottrill"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mr Bottrill was the managing director of the insolvent Magnatech UK Ltd, the fact that he was the only shareholder did not preclude his claim for unpaid wages (£346.15 a week) from the National Insurance Fund. Mr Bottrill’s sole shareholding was merely a temporary measure before the American Magnatech Group would take over ownership.","title":"Facts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Woolf MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Woolf_MR"}],"text":"Lord Woolf MR held that Mr Bottrill was an \"employee\" for the purpose of access to the statutory compensation fund.The gloss sought to be given by Mummery P to “employee” in the ERA, based as it is on the ability of the controlling shareholder to prevent his dismissal, is all the more surprising when applied to a case such as the present when Mr. Bottrill was powerless to prevent his actual dismissal which triggered his claim… We recognise the attractions of having in relation to the ERA a simple and clear test which will determine whether a shareholder or a director is an employee for the purposes of the Act or not. However, the Act does not provide such a test and it is far from obvious what Parliament would have intended the test to be. We do not find any justification for departing from the well-established position in the law of employment generally. That is whether or not an employer or employee relationship exists can only be decided by having regard to all the relevant facts. If an individual has a controlling shareholding that is certainly a fact which is likely to be significant in all situations and in some cases it may prove to be decisive. However, it is only one of the factors which are relevant and certainly is not to be taken as determinative without considering all the relevant circumstances.","title":"Judgment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Clist_labour_insolvency"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Clist_labour_insolvency"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clist_labour_insolvency"},{"title":"ILO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILO"},{"title":"Employer's Insolvency Convention 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employer%27s_Insolvency_Convention_1992"},{"title":"C 173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312318"},{"title":"Insolvency Protection Directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolvency_Protection_Directive"},{"title":"2008/94/EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:283:0036:01:EN:HTML"},{"title":"Francovich v Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francovich_v_Italy"},{"title":"C-6/90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61990CJ0006:EN:HTML"},{"title":"Employment Rights Act 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_Rights_Act_1996"},{"title":"166-170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/18/part/XI/chapter/VI"},{"title":"182-190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/18/part/XII"},{"title":"McMeechan v Secretary of State for Employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMeechan_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Employment"},{"title":"Buchan v SS for Trade and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchan_v_SS_for_Trade_and_Industry"},{"title":"SS for Trade and Industry v Bottrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_for_Trade_and_Industry_v_Bottrill"},{"title":"Regeling v Bedrijfsverg de Metaalnijverheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeling_v_Bedrijfsverg_de_Metaalnijverheid"},{"title":"C-125/97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61997J0125:EN:HTML"},{"title":"Mann v Secretary of State for Employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mann_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Employment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Robins v SS for Work and Pensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robins_v_SS_for_Work_and_Pensions"},{"title":"C-278/05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62005J0278:EN:HTML"},{"title":"Insolvency Act 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolvency_Act_1986"},{"title":"176ZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1986/45/section/176ZA"},{"title":"Sch B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1986/45/schedule/B1"},{"title":"Re Allders Department Stores Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Re_Allders_Department_Stores_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Krasner v McMath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasner_v_McMath"},{"title":"EWCA Civ 1072","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2005/1072.html"},{"title":"UK labour law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_labour_law"},{"title":"UK insolvency law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_insolvency_law"},{"title":"UK insolvency law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_insolvency_law"},{"title":"UK labour law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_labour_law"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Port_to_Warrington_Line
Hooton–Helsby line
["1 History","2 Passenger services","2.1 Former services","2.2 Hooton–Ellesmere Port","2.3 Ellesmere Port–Helsby","3 Freight services","4 Stations","5 References","6 External links"]
Hooton–Helsby lineWirral Line train (left) and train to Helsby (right) at Ellesmere Port.OverviewStatusOperationalOwnerNetwork RailELRHHJLocaleCheshireNorth West EnglandTerminiHootonHelsbyServiceSystemNational RailServices Wirral Line Ellesmere Port–Helsby(–Warrington) Operator(s) Merseyrail Northern Trains HistoryOpened1863TechnicalTrack gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge Route map (Click to expand) vteHooton South Jn–Helsby Jn Legend Chester and Birkenhead Railwayto Rock Ferry North Jn Hooton 0 02 Hooton South Jn Chester and Birkenhead Railwayto Chester West Jn 1 47 Little Sutton 2 28 Overpool West End Sidings,Eastham Oil Terminal 3 44 Ellesmere Port East End Sidings 5 67 Stanlow & Thornton 6 66 Ince & Elton West Cheshire Railwayto Northwich Chester–Warrington lineto Chester 8 60 Helsby 8 67 Helsby Jn Chester–Warrington lineto Warrington Bank Quay vteEllesmere Portto Warrington Line Legend Wirral Lineto Hooton 0:00 Ellesmere Port M53 motorway 0:02 Ellesmere PortEast Sidings 0:04 Stanlow and Thornton 0:07 Ince and Elton M56 motorway West Cheshire Railwayto Mouldsworth Chester to Manchester Lineto Chester 0:10 Helsby 0:15 Frodsham Halton Curve to Runcorn Sutton Tunnel 1565 yd1431 m 0:20 Runcorn East West Coast Main Lineto Crewe 0:28 Warrington Bank Quay West Coast Main Lineto Carlisle Timings are from Ellesmere Port The Hooton–Helsby line is a railway line in the north-west of England that runs from Hooton on the Chester–Birkenhead line to the village and junction station at Helsby where it joins the Chester–Warrington line. History Hooton–Helsby line and surrounding lines in 1886 Helsby station on a 1914 Railway Clearing House map The line from Hooton to Helsby was opened in 1863. The line was built by the Birkenhead Railway which had been taken over by the LNWR and the Great Western Railway (GWR) jointly in 1860. The section west of Ellesmere Port has been part of the Merseyrail network since 1994. This part of the line is electrified. There are no longer through train services to Liverpool's city centre via Birkenhead. A branch at Helsby connected the line to the former West Cheshire Railway to Northwich via Mouldsworth Junction. The line closed in 1991 and tracks were lifted in 1995. Passenger services Former services Services previously used to operate from Hooton to Helsby. This service was relatively frequent (every half-hour until 1993), operating via Ellesmere Port. It was withdrawn after the line was electrified west of Ellesmere Port. Station signs at Ince and Elton railway station still display signage relating to services to/from Hooton. Hooton–Ellesmere Port Services are operated by Merseyrail as part of the Wirral Line network with trains running every 30 minutes. From Hooton services continue to Liverpool via the Chester–Birkenhead line. Ellesmere Port–Helsby Northern did, until May 2019, operate a Department for Transport-set minimum service of three trains daily in each direction between Ellesmere Port and Helsby, Cheshire. There were 6 passenger services each day (except Sunday): 05:10 Liverpool Lime Street to Ellesmere Port 06:33 Helsby to Ellesmere Port 18:50 Helsby to Ellesmere Port 06:19 Ellesmere Port to Helsby 06:53 Ellesmere Port to Warrington Bank Quay 19:10 Ellesmere Port to Manchester Victoria In previous years, services have operated towards Hooton via Ellesmere Port and Liverpool Lime Street via Warrington Bank Quay. A Class 142 Pacer train terminates at Ellesmere Port from Helsby. Since the May 2019 and the introduction of the "Northern Connect" Chester to Leeds services the Ellesmere Port line timetable was altered. There still are 6 services per day excluding Sunday. Services are: 05:10 Liverpool Lime Street to Ellesmere Port 06:17 Ellesmere Port to Helsby 06:34 Helsby to Ellesmere Port 07:15 Ellesmere Port to Leeds All of the above are operated by the same unit. Another unit operates the below services: 15:38 Leeds to Ellesmere Port 18:23 Ellesmere Port to Manchester Victoria - Unit then goes to Newton Heath Depot just north of Manchester Victoria. Freight services This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2020) Ellesmere Port saw frequent freight traffic until 1996 with branches to several wharves as well as Eastham Oil Terminal. In 2005 a single track line to Manisty Wharf in Ellesmere Port was reopened for a regular coal flow to Fiddlers Ferry power station. This freight route enters Ellesmere Port from Helsby. Freightliner Heavy Haul currently operates the service, with two trains per day. In 2008 Quinn Glass was planning expansion and wanted to serve their 205 acres (0.83 km2; 0.320 sq mi) site at Elton which outputs 1.2 billion glass containers per year for the food and beverage industry near the Ince & Elton railway station by rail. Network Rail Route Strategy states that Quinn Glass is interested in additional passenger and freight services on this line. It is also thought that planning permission requires Quinn Glass to maximise upon existing public transport links. A trial service ran on 7 April 2011 and a twice-weekly service every Wednesday and Friday commenced on 13 April 2011. Those services were operated by Freightliner Heavy Haul and transported sand from Sibelco's Middleton Towers Quarry in Middleton, Norfolk. Stanlow and Thornton, one of the intermediate stops on the line At present the sand is transported by road the final five miles to the Quinn Glass plant from a former Cawoods siding in Ellesmere Port beside the Manchester Ship Canal, south of Manisty Wharf, but from November 2011 trains were due to begin using a dedicated terminal at the plant itself. It was announced during this month that construction work had been delayed due to the discovery of a badger sett on the proposed site. Completion of the new line was set back to the end of June 2012 with a reported total cost of more than £2 million. In November 2012 it emerged that Quinn Glass had broken a planning condition requiring the rail terminal to be operational by November 2011. The company cited additional demands by Network Rail and the Environment Agency's decision to switch off the Frodsham Marshes pumping stations as causes of delay. Quinn Glass have since been granted an extended period by Cheshire West and Chester council during which to complete the project. Stations Hooton; opened October or November 1840; still open; Sutton; opened 1 July 1863; renamed Little Sutton 1886; still open; Overpool; opened 15 August 1988; still open; Whitby Locks; opened 1 July 1863; renamed Ellesmere Port 1870; still open; Stanlow & Thornton; opened 23 December 1940 for refinery workers; opened to public 24 February 1941; (service suspended since 3 February 2022) Ince; opened 1 July 1863; renamed Ince and Elton 1884; still open; West Cheshire Junction; divergence of line to Mouldsworth; Helsby; opened September 1852; still open; Three of the four stations between Helsby and Ellesmere Port are unstaffed. Two of them, Ellesmere Port and Ince and Elton, are accessible for those in wheelchairs. Stanlow and Thornton and Helsby both have footbridges as their only means of exit. Facilities at Ince and Elton and Stanlow and Thornton are basic, comprising little more than covered waiting areas and timetable information. Ellesmere Port has full ticket-selling capabilities, including a Ticket Vending Machine and a staffed ticket office, along with real-time information displays and help points. Helsby has real-time information displays and a Ticket Vending Machine. References ^ "Train times. Wirral Line. Valid from 15 December 2019 to 16 May 2020" (PDF). Retrieved 19 November 2020. ^ "Northern TSR Table. December 2017 Monday to Friday". gov.uk. Retrieved 5 September 2023. ^ Timetables Summer 2018 rackcdn.com ^ a b Brightley, John (29 July 2010). "Manchester Ship Canal Railway at Ellesmere Port". Geograph Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 6 August 2010. ^ a b "Route Plan O - Merseyside" (PDF). Route Plans 2010. Network Rail. 30 March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2011. ^ "Route Plan N West Coast" (PDF). Route Plans 2010. Network Rail. 1 April 2010. p. 9. Retrieved 29 May 2011. ^ "Network Capability – Baseline Declaration : (1) Line-speeds : (2) London North Western Route (North)" (PDF). Network Rail. 31 March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2010. ^ "Manisty Wharf, Ellesmere Port - Film & TV Locations". MediaCityUK. 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ "Quinn Glass Bottle Production Facility, Elton, Cheshire". Packaging Gateway. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ "Quinn Glass Planning Application" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2008. ^ a b "Peel Ports and Quality Freight Re-open Ellesmere Port Rail Head" (Press release). Manchester: The Peel Group. 20 April 2011. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ Hulme, Charlie (11 April 2011). "Notice Board". North Wales Coast Railway. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ "Freightliner begin new contract with Quinn Glass". The Aggregates & Recycling Information Network. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ "Ellesmere Port rail head re-opens". Rail Professional. 2 May 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ Hodgson, Neil (27 April 2011). "Peel Ports Mersey joint venture re-opens Ellesmere Port rail facility". Liverpool Daily Post. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ Stocks-Moore, Laurie (27 April 2011). "Peel Ports and Quality Freight Group reopens rail tracks in Ellesmere Port after 20 years". Ellesmere Port Pioneer. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ Samuel, A. (14 April 2011). "Freightliner Heavy Haul wins transportation contract". Rail.co. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ "Freightliner Heavy Haul begins new contract with Quinn Glass". Multimodal. 15 April 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ O'Boyle, Mary-Clare (14 April 2011). "Freightliner Heavy Haul new contract with Quinn glass" (Press release). Freightliner Group. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ "New glass flow for Freightliner". Norfolk Railway Society. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ Flint, Rachel (23 November 2011). "Quinn Glass starts work on long-awaited railway line in Helsby". Ellesmere Port Pioneer. Retrieved 23 June 2012. ^ Holmes, David (22 November 2012). "Boss at Elton-based Quinn Glass admits rail head 'not ready'". Chester Chronicle. Retrieved 7 April 2013. ^ "Cheshire glass firm gets more time to open rail link". Ellesmere Port Pioneer. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2013. External links Media related to Hooton–Helsby line at Wikimedia Commons vteRailway lines in the North WestPrimary to London West Coast Main Line OtherInter-regional Buxton line Calder Valley line Chester–Warrington line Crewe–Derby line Glossop line Hope Valley line Huddersfield line Leeds–Morecambe line Mid-Cheshire line Morecambe branch line Ribble Valley line Stafford–Manchester line Tyne Valley line Weaver Junction–Liverpool line Intra-regional Blackpool branch lines Borderlands line Chester–Birkenhead line Crewe–Manchester line Cumbrian Coast line East Lancashire line Furness line Hooton–Helsby line Kirkby branch line Liverpool–Manchester lines Liverpool–Wigan line Manchester–Preston line Manchester–Southport line Northern line Ormskirk branch line Settle–Carlisle line Stockport–Stalybridge line Styal line Windermere branch line Wirral line Heritage East Lancashire Railway Eden Valley Railway Lakeside & Haverthwaite Railway Ribble Steam Railway
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Hooton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Chester–Birkenhead line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_and_Birkenhead_Railway"},{"link_name":"Helsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsby"},{"link_name":"Chester–Warrington line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%E2%80%93Manchester_line"}],"text":"The Hooton–Helsby line is a railway line in the north-west of England that runs from Hooton on the Chester–Birkenhead line to the village and junction station at Helsby where it joins the Chester–Warrington line.","title":"Hooton–Helsby line"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chester_%26_Birk_1886.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frodsham_%26_Helsby_Dolgelley_%26_Middle_Wood_RJD_106.jpg"},{"link_name":"Railway Clearing House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Clearing_House"},{"link_name":"Hooton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Helsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsby_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Birkenhead Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead,_Lancashire_and_Cheshire_Junction_Railway"},{"link_name":"Great Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Port_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Merseyrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyrail"},{"link_name":"electrified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Birkenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"West Cheshire Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Cheshire_Railway"},{"link_name":"Northwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwich_railway_station"}],"text":"Hooton–Helsby line and surrounding lines in 1886Helsby station on a 1914 Railway Clearing House mapThe line from Hooton to Helsby was opened in 1863. The line was built by the Birkenhead Railway which had been taken over by the LNWR and the Great Western Railway (GWR) jointly in 1860.The section west of Ellesmere Port has been part of the Merseyrail network since 1994. This part of the line is electrified. There are no longer through train services to Liverpool's city centre via Birkenhead.A branch at Helsby connected the line to the former West Cheshire Railway to Northwich via Mouldsworth Junction. The line closed in 1991 and tracks were lifted in 1995.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Passenger services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hooton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Helsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsby_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Port_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ince and Elton railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ince_and_Elton_railway_station"}],"sub_title":"Former services","text":"Services previously used to operate from Hooton to Helsby. This service was relatively frequent (every half-hour until 1993), operating via Ellesmere Port. It was withdrawn after the line was electrified west of Ellesmere Port. Station signs at Ince and Elton railway station still display signage relating to services to/from Hooton.","title":"Passenger services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merseyrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyrail"},{"link_name":"Wirral Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirral_Line"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Chester–Birkenhead line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%E2%80%93Birkenhead_line"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Hooton–Ellesmere Port","text":"Services are operated by Merseyrail as part of the Wirral Line network with trains running every 30 minutes. From Hooton services continue to Liverpool via the Chester–Birkenhead line.[1]","title":"Passenger services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_(train_operating_company)"},{"link_name":"Department for Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Transport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Port_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Helsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsby_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Lime Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ellesmereporttrain.jpg"},{"link_name":"Class 142 Pacer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_142"}],"sub_title":"Ellesmere Port–Helsby","text":"Northern did, until May 2019, operate a Department for Transport-set minimum service[2] of three trains daily in each direction between Ellesmere Port and Helsby, Cheshire.There were 6 passenger services each day (except Sunday):[3]05:10 Liverpool Lime Street to Ellesmere Port\n06:33 Helsby to Ellesmere Port\n18:50 Helsby to Ellesmere Port06:19 Ellesmere Port to Helsby\n06:53 Ellesmere Port to Warrington Bank Quay\n19:10 Ellesmere Port to Manchester VictoriaIn previous years, services have operated towards Hooton via Ellesmere Port and Liverpool Lime Street via Warrington Bank Quay.A Class 142 Pacer train terminates at Ellesmere Port from Helsby.Since the May 2019 and the introduction of the \"Northern Connect\" Chester to Leeds services the Ellesmere Port line timetable was altered.There still are 6 services per day excluding Sunday.Services are:05:10 Liverpool Lime Street to Ellesmere Port06:17 Ellesmere Port to Helsby06:34 Helsby to Ellesmere Port07:15 Ellesmere Port to LeedsAll of the above are operated by the same unit.Another unit operates the below services:15:38 Leeds to Ellesmere Port18:23 Ellesmere Port to Manchester Victoria - Unit then goes to Newton Heath Depot just north of Manchester Victoria.","title":"Passenger services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellesmere Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Port"},{"link_name":"Eastham Oil Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastham_Oil_Terminal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geograph_Manisty_Wharf-4"},{"link_name":"Fiddlers Ferry power station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddlers_Ferry_power_station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Route_Plan_21-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geograph_Manisty_Wharf-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LNW_BD-7"},{"link_name":"Freightliner Heavy Haul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freightliner_Group"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Route_Plan_21-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Quinn Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventas_group"},{"link_name":"Elton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peel_Sand-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Freightliner Heavy Haul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freightliner_Group"},{"link_name":"Sibelco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sibelco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Middleton, Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleton,_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanlow_and_Thornton_on_08-03-2020.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stanlow and Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanlow_and_Thornton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Manchester Ship Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peel_Sand-11"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"sett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sett"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Environment Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Agency"},{"link_name":"Cheshire West and Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Ellesmere Port saw frequent freight traffic until 1996 with branches to several wharves as well as Eastham Oil Terminal.[4] In 2005 a single track line to Manisty Wharf in Ellesmere Port was reopened for a regular coal flow to Fiddlers Ferry power station.[5][4][6] This freight route enters Ellesmere Port from Helsby.[7] Freightliner Heavy Haul currently operates the service, with two trains per day.[5][8]In 2008 Quinn Glass was planning expansion and wanted to serve their 205 acres (0.83 km2; 0.320 sq mi) site at Elton which outputs 1.2 billion glass containers per year for the food and beverage industry[9] near the Ince & Elton railway station by rail. Network Rail Route Strategy states that Quinn Glass is interested in additional passenger and freight services on this line. It is also thought that planning permission requires Quinn Glass to maximise upon existing public transport links.[10] A trial service ran on 7 April 2011 and a twice-weekly service every Wednesday and Friday commenced on 13 April 2011.[11][12] Those services were operated by Freightliner Heavy Haul and transported sand from Sibelco's Middleton Towers Quarry in Middleton, Norfolk.[13][14][15][16][17][18]Stanlow and Thornton, one of the intermediate stops on the lineAt present the sand is transported by road the final five miles to the Quinn Glass plant from a former Cawoods siding in Ellesmere Port beside the Manchester Ship Canal, south of Manisty Wharf, but from November 2011 trains were due to begin using a dedicated terminal at the plant itself.[11][19][20] It was announced during this month that construction work had been delayed due to the discovery of a badger sett on the proposed site. Completion of the new line was set back to the end of June 2012 with a reported total cost of more than £2 million.[21] In November 2012 it emerged that Quinn Glass had broken a planning condition requiring the rail terminal to be operational by November 2011.[22] The company cited additional demands by Network Rail and the Environment Agency's decision to switch off the Frodsham Marshes pumping stations as causes of delay. Quinn Glass have since been granted an extended period by Cheshire West and Chester council during which to complete the project.[23]","title":"Freight services"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hooton; opened October or November 1840; still open;\nSutton; opened 1 July 1863; renamed Little Sutton 1886; still open;\nOverpool; opened 15 August 1988; still open;\nWhitby Locks; opened 1 July 1863; renamed Ellesmere Port 1870; still open;\nStanlow & Thornton; opened 23 December 1940 for refinery workers; opened to public 24 February 1941; (service suspended since 3 February 2022)\nInce; opened 1 July 1863; renamed Ince and Elton 1884; still open;\nWest Cheshire Junction; divergence of line to Mouldsworth;\nHelsby; opened September 1852; still open;Three of the four stations between Helsby and Ellesmere Port are unstaffed. Two of them, Ellesmere Port and Ince and Elton, are accessible for those in wheelchairs. Stanlow and Thornton and Helsby both have footbridges as their only means of exit. Facilities at Ince and Elton and Stanlow and Thornton are basic, comprising little more than covered waiting areas and timetable information. Ellesmere Port has full ticket-selling capabilities, including a Ticket Vending Machine and a staffed ticket office, along with real-time information displays and help points. Helsby has real-time information displays and a Ticket Vending Machine.","title":"Stations"}]
[{"image_text":"Hooton–Helsby line and surrounding lines in 1886","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Chester_%26_Birk_1886.png/220px-Chester_%26_Birk_1886.png"},{"image_text":"Helsby station on a 1914 Railway Clearing House map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Frodsham_%26_Helsby_Dolgelley_%26_Middle_Wood_RJD_106.jpg/220px-Frodsham_%26_Helsby_Dolgelley_%26_Middle_Wood_RJD_106.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Class 142 Pacer train terminates at Ellesmere Port from Helsby.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ellesmereporttrain.jpg/220px-Ellesmereporttrain.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stanlow and Thornton, one of the intermediate stops on the line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Stanlow_and_Thornton_on_08-03-2020.jpg/220px-Stanlow_and_Thornton_on_08-03-2020.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Train times. Wirral Line. Valid from 15 December 2019 to 16 May 2020\" (PDF). Retrieved 19 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merseyrail.org/media/1295978/wirral-line-from-15th-december-2019-to-16th-may-2020-website.pdf","url_text":"\"Train times. Wirral Line. Valid from 15 December 2019 to 16 May 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northern TSR Table. December 2017 Monday to Friday\". gov.uk. Retrieved 5 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/431054/northern-tsr-table-december-2017-monday-to-friday.xlsx","url_text":"\"Northern TSR Table. December 2017 Monday to Friday\""}]},{"reference":"Brightley, John (29 July 2010). \"Manchester Ship Canal Railway at Ellesmere Port\". Geograph Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 6 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geograph.org.uk/snippet/1732","url_text":"\"Manchester Ship Canal Railway at Ellesmere Port\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograph_Britain_and_Ireland","url_text":"Geograph Britain and Ireland"}]},{"reference":"\"Route Plan O - Merseyside\" (PDF). Route Plans 2010. Network Rail. 30 March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121001084558/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/StrategicBusinessPlan/RoutePlans/2010/Route%20O%20-%20Merseyside.pdf","url_text":"\"Route Plan O - Merseyside\""},{"url":"http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/StrategicBusinessPlan/RoutePlans/2010/Route%20O%20-%20Merseyside.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Route Plan N West Coast\" (PDF). Route Plans 2010. Network Rail. 1 April 2010. p. 9. Retrieved 29 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/strategicbusinessplan/routeplans/2010/route%20n%20-%20west%20coast.pdf","url_text":"\"Route Plan N West Coast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Network Capability – Baseline Declaration : (1) Line-speeds : (2) London North Western Route (North)\" (PDF). Network Rail. 31 March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160118053107/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/baseline%20capability/track%20and%20route%20mileage,%20permissible%20line%20speeds/table%20a_track_and_route%20miles_linespeed_lnw_%20n%20route.pdf","url_text":"\"Network Capability – Baseline Declaration : (1) Line-speeds : (2) London North Western Route (North)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Rail","url_text":"Network Rail"},{"url":"http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/baseline%20capability/track%20and%20route%20mileage,%20permissible%20line%20speeds/table%20a_track_and_route%20miles_linespeed_lnw_%20n%20route.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Manisty Wharf, Ellesmere Port - Film & TV Locations\". MediaCityUK. 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmandtvlocations.co.uk/locations/manistywharf","url_text":"\"Manisty Wharf, Ellesmere Port - Film & TV Locations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quinn Glass Bottle Production Facility, Elton, Cheshire\". Packaging Gateway. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.packaging-gateway.com/projects/quinn/","url_text":"\"Quinn Glass Bottle Production Facility, Elton, Cheshire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quinn Glass Planning Application\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071027044710/http://www.chester.gov.uk/PDF/Planning-quinn-glass.pdf","url_text":"\"Quinn Glass Planning Application\""},{"url":"http://www.chester.gov.uk/PDF/Planning-quinn-glass.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Peel Ports and Quality Freight Re-open Ellesmere Port Rail Head\" (Press release). Manchester: The Peel Group. 20 April 2011. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720124523/http://www.peel.co.uk/news/peelportsandqualityfreightreopenellesmereportrailhead","url_text":"\"Peel Ports and Quality Freight Re-open Ellesmere Port Rail Head\""},{"url":"http://www.peel.co.uk/news/peelportsandqualityfreightreopenellesmereportrailhead","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hulme, Charlie (11 April 2011). \"Notice Board\". North Wales Coast Railway. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nwrail.org.uk/nw1104c.htm","url_text":"\"Notice Board\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freightliner begin new contract with Quinn Glass\". The Aggregates & Recycling Information Network. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.agg-net.com/news/freightliner-begin-new-contract-with-quinn-glass","url_text":"\"Freightliner begin new contract with Quinn Glass\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ellesmere Port rail head re-opens\". Rail Professional. 2 May 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railpro.co.uk/news/?idArticles=845","url_text":"\"Ellesmere Port rail head re-opens\""}]},{"reference":"Hodgson, Neil (27 April 2011). \"Peel Ports Mersey joint venture re-opens Ellesmere Port rail facility\". Liverpool Daily Post. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/ldpbusiness/business-local/2011/04/27/peel-ports-mersey-joint-venture-re-opens-ellesmere-port-rail-facility-92534-28587982/","url_text":"\"Peel Ports Mersey joint venture re-opens Ellesmere Port rail facility\""}]},{"reference":"Stocks-Moore, Laurie (27 April 2011). \"Peel Ports and Quality Freight Group reopens rail tracks in Ellesmere Port after 20 years\". Ellesmere Port Pioneer. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ellesmereportpioneer.co.uk/ellesmere-port-news/local-ellesmere-port-news/2011/04/27/peel-ports-and-quality-freight-group-reopens-rail-tracks-in-ellesmere-port-after-20-years-55940-28587047/","url_text":"\"Peel Ports and Quality Freight Group reopens rail tracks in Ellesmere Port after 20 years\""}]},{"reference":"Samuel, A. (14 April 2011). \"Freightliner Heavy Haul wins transportation contract\". Rail.co. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rail.co/2011/04/14/freightliner-heavy-haul-wins-transportation-contract/","url_text":"\"Freightliner Heavy Haul wins transportation contract\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freightliner Heavy Haul begins new contract with Quinn Glass\". Multimodal. 15 April 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324081807/http://www.multimodal.org.uk/htm/n20110415.442021.htm","url_text":"\"Freightliner Heavy Haul begins new contract with Quinn Glass\""},{"url":"http://www.multimodal.org.uk/htm/n20110415.442021.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"O'Boyle, Mary-Clare (14 April 2011). \"Freightliner Heavy Haul new contract with Quinn glass\" (Press release). Freightliner Group. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freightliner.co.uk/en/med-centre/press-office/?page_nr=5#ar-2","url_text":"\"Freightliner Heavy Haul new contract with Quinn glass\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freightliner_Group","url_text":"Freightliner Group"}]},{"reference":"\"New glass flow for Freightliner\". Norfolk Railway Society. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.norfolkrailwaysociety.org.uk/archive-may---june-2011.html","url_text":"\"New glass flow for Freightliner\""}]},{"reference":"Flint, Rachel (23 November 2011). \"Quinn Glass starts work on long-awaited railway line in Helsby\". Ellesmere Port Pioneer. Retrieved 23 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ellesmereportpioneer.co.uk/ellesmere-port-news/local-ellesmere-port-news/2011/11/23/quinn-glass-starts-work-on-long-awaited-railway-line-in-helsby-55940-29821892/","url_text":"\"Quinn Glass starts work on long-awaited railway line in Helsby\""}]},{"reference":"Holmes, David (22 November 2012). \"Boss at Elton-based Quinn Glass admits rail head 'not ready'\". Chester Chronicle. Retrieved 7 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/chester-news/local-chester-news/2012/11/22/boss-at-elton-based-quinn-glass-admits-rail-head-not-ready-59067-32280847/","url_text":"\"Boss at Elton-based Quinn Glass admits rail head 'not ready'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cheshire glass firm gets more time to open rail link\". Ellesmere Port Pioneer. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ellesmereportpioneer.co.uk/ellesmere-port-news/business-news/2012/12/19/cheshire-glass-firm-gets-more-time-to-open-rail-link-55940-32451985/","url_text":"\"Cheshire glass firm gets more time to open rail link\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moel_T%C5%B7_Uchaf
Moel Tŷ Uchaf
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 52°55′24″N 3°24′20″W / 52.92335°N 3.40545°W / 52.92335; -3.40545Moel Tŷ Uchaf stone circle, above the village of Llandrillo, Denbighshire. Moel Tŷ Uchaf is a stone circle (but most likely a ring cairn) near the village of Llandrillo, Denbighshire, north Wales. It is a collection of 41 stones with a cist in the centre and an outlying stone to the north-north-east. The circle is 12 metres in diameter. Moel Tŷ Uchaf is also the name of the hill on which the circle is located. References ^ Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust website. vteEuropean megalithsArmenia Metsamor Zorats Karer Azerbaijan Gobustan Rocks Bulgaria Beglik Tash Garlo France Barnenez Tumulus of Bougon Caixa de Rotllan Carnac Menhir de Champ-Dolent Dolmen de Bagneux Broken Menhir of Er Grah Dolmen de Mané-Kerioned Filitosa Gallardet Dolmen Gavrinis Harrespil Hotié de Viviane Kerzérho Locmariaquer megaliths Mane Braz Paddaghju Peyre-Brune Tombeau de Merlin Tremeca Verziau of Gargantua Germany Altendorf Denghoog Fraubillen cross Harhoog Lancken-Granitz dolmens Lohra Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Niedertiefenbach Oldendorfer Totenstatt Riesenstein Route of Megalithic Culture Sieben Steinhäuser Wotanstein Züschen Guernsey Castel Menhir Le Creux ès Faïes Déhus Dolmen Les Fouillages La Gran'mère du Chimquière Le Trépied La Varde Ireland List of five-stone circles List of multiple-stone circles Ardgroom Ardristan standing stones Beltany stone circle Bohonagh Brownshill dolmen Brú na Bóinne Carrigagulla Carrowmore Castlenalacht Stone Row Castlestrange Stone Creevykeel Court Tomb Drombeg Gaulstown Portal Tomb Glantane East Grange stone circle High cross Kealkill Knocknakilla Meehambee Dolmen Piper's Stones Poulnabrone dolmen Reask Templebryan Stone Circle Turoe Stone Uragh Stone Circle Jersey Jersey dolmens La Hougue Bie Malta Megalithic Temples (Borġ l-Imramma Borġ in-Nadur Buġibba Debdieba Ġgantija Ħaġar Qim Ħal Ġinwi Kordin Mnajdra Qortin l-Imdawwar Santa Verna Skorba Ta' Ħaġrat Ta' Marżiena Ta' Raddiena Tal-Qadi Tarxien Tas-Silġ Xemxija Xrobb l-Għaġin) Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum Xagħra Stone Circle Netherlands Hunebed Poland Brąchnówko Grzybnica Odry Węsiory Portugal Almendres Cromlech Anta de Adrenunes Anta de Agualva Anta do Alto da Toupeira‎ Antas do Barrocal Anta de Carcavelos Anta da Estria Antas da Valeira Anta do Monte Abraão Antas do Olival da Pêga Anta da Pedra dos Mouros Anta das Pedras Grandes Anta da Vidigueira Great Dolmen of Zambujeiro Barreira Megalithic Complex Dolmen of Cunha Baixa Dolmen of Carapito I Great Dolmen of Comenda da Igreja Menhir of Outeiro Menhir of Bulhoa Vale Maria do Meio Cromlech Xerez Cromlech Russia Dolmens of North Caucasus Thunder Stone Megaliths in the Urals Russian geoglyph Scandinavia Picture stones Runestones Stone circles Stone ships Spain Antequera Dolmens Site La chabola de la Hechicera Cova d'en Daina Dolmen de Axeitos Dolmen of Guadalperal Dolmen of Menga Dolmen de la Pastora Dolmen del prado de Lácara Dolmen de Soto Dolmen de Viera La Torre–La Janera Son Matge Turkey Obelisk of Theodosius Ukraine Boundary Stones UnitedKingdomEngland Arbor Low Avebury Barbrook One Birkrigg Boscawen-Un Boskednan Bridestones Brown Willy Cairns Bull Ring Burnmoor stone circles Castlerigg Craddock Moor Devil's Arrows Doll Tor Drizzlecombe Duloe Fernacre Five Wells Gardom's Edge Goodaver Grey Wethers Hoarstones Hordron Edge Hurlers Leper Stone Long Meg and Her Daughters Mên-an-Tol Merry Maidens Mitchell's Fold Mulfra Quoit Nine Ladies Nine Stones, Altarnun Nine Stones Close Pipers Rollright Rudston Monolith Scorhill Stannon Stanton Drew Stonehenge Stripple Swinside Trethevy Quoit Trippet Northern Ireland Aughlish Ballynoe Beaghmore Corick Drumskinny Legananny Giant's Ring Scotland List of recumbent stone circles Auld Bourtreebush Balquhain Callanish I II III IV VIII X Carlin Cat Stane Clach an Trushal Colmeallie Dunnideer Drybridge Easter Aquhorthies Kirkton of Bourtie Loanhead of Daviot Lochmaben Stone Pictish Ring of Brodgar Sheldon Stenness Steinacleit Strichen Sunhoney Tomnaverie Tyrebagger Yonder Bognie Wales Barclodiad y Gawres Bedd Arthur Bedd Taliesin Bodowyr Bryn Cader Faner Bryn Celli Ddu Bryn Gwyn stones Capel Garmon Carreg Coetan Arthur Carreg Samson Coetan Arthur Foel Chwern Llanfechell Lligwy Burial Chamber Maen Llia Maen Madoc Meini Hirion Moel Tŷ Uchaf Parc Cwm long cairn Penrhos Feilw Pentre Ifan St Lythans burial chamber Trefignath Tinkinswood Tŷ Newydd Burial Chamber Whetstones Isle of Man Manx runestones General Axial stone circle Chambered cairn Concentric stone circle Dolmen Henge Harrespil Menhir Standing stone Stone circle Stone row Recumbent stone circle Photographs of stone circles Middle Eastern megaliths 52°55′24″N 3°24′20″W / 52.92335°N 3.40545°W / 52.92335; -3.40545
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stone_circle_on_Moel_Ty-uchaf_-_geograph.org.uk_-_385370.jpg"},{"link_name":"Llandrillo, Denbighshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandrillo,_Denbighshire"},{"link_name":"ring cairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_cairn"},{"link_name":"Llandrillo, Denbighshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandrillo,_Denbighshire"},{"link_name":"north Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"cist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Moel Tŷ Uchaf stone circle, above the village of Llandrillo, Denbighshire.Moel Tŷ Uchaf is a stone circle (but most likely a ring cairn) near the village of Llandrillo, Denbighshire, north Wales. It is a collection of 41 stones with a cist in the centre and an outlying stone to the north-north-east. The circle is 12 metres in diameter.[1]Moel Tŷ Uchaf is also the name of the hill on which the circle is located.","title":"Moel Tŷ Uchaf"}]
[{"image_text":"Moel Tŷ Uchaf stone circle, above the village of Llandrillo, Denbighshire.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Stone_circle_on_Moel_Ty-uchaf_-_geograph.org.uk_-_385370.jpg/240px-Stone_circle_on_Moel_Ty-uchaf_-_geograph.org.uk_-_385370.jpg"}]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Yanowsky
Yury Yanowsky
["1 Early life and training","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References"]
Spanish ballet dancer and choreographer Yury YanowskyYury Yanowsky in 2016Born1972Lyon, FranceNationalitySpanishOccupation(s)Ballet dancer, choreographerSpouseKathleen Breen CombesChildren3 Yury Yanowsky (born 1972 in Lyon, France) is a French-born Spanish ballet dancer and choreographer. He was a principal dancer with the Boston Ballet. Early life and training Yury Yanowsky was born in Lyon, France to Russian ballet dancer Anatol Yanowsky and Spanish ballet dancer Carmen Robles, whom were both dancers with the Lyon Opera Ballet. He is the older brother of former Royal Ballet principal dancer Zenaida Yanowsky and Royal New Zealand Ballet dancer Nadia Yanowsky. As a child he lived in Lyon for four years before moving to Rome, then Madrid, and then Las Palmas, Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands. Yanowsky began training in ballet, along with his sisters, at a dance school which was run by their parents. He was the recipient of the first prize at the Prix de Lausanne in Lausanne, Switzerland and won silver medals at the Varna International Ballet Competition in Varna, Bulgaria and the International Ballet Competition in Jackson, Mississippi. Career Yanowsky joined the corps de ballet at Boston Ballet in 1993 after seeing the company perform on tour in Spain. He was promoted to the rank of principal dancer in 1999. Throughout his career at Boston Ballet, Yanowsky danced many lead roles including Prince Siegfried in Swan Lake, Duke Albrecht of Silesia in Giselle, Basilio in Don Quixote, Oberon in A Midsummer Night's Dream, Count Dracula in Dracula, and Franz in Coppélia. He also danced secondary roles including Hilarion in Giselle, Lensky in Onegin, Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet, and Pinkerton in Madame Butterfly. He danced with the Boston Ballet for twenty-two years before retiring from dancing to focus on his work as a choreographer. Yanowsky has choreographed numerous ballets for the Boston Ballet, Boston Ballet II, Bundes Jugend Ballet Hamburg, Ballet RI, Carlos Acosta's Premiere's Plus, and for international galas. In 2015 he was awarded the Choreographic Prize at the Erik Bruhn Competition for his ballet, District. He was the guest choreographer for the Opening Night Gala for the Ballet Program at Jacob's Pillow Dance in 2016. Yanowsky serves on the faculty at Centro Coreographico and Las Palmas Spain and has as taught at Boston Ballet, Joffrey Ballet, Harvard University, and Colby College. Personal life Yanowsky married fellow Boston Ballet principal dancer Kathleen Breen Combes in 2010 at ceremony in the Canary Islands. The couple has one daughter, Cora, and a son born in 2020. Yanowsky also has a son born in 1995, Yuri, who is a chef in Berlin References ^ "The Yanowsky family ballet". Timeout.com. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2017. ^ a b "Dancer Yury Yanowsky to retire from Boston Ballet". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 17 September 2017. ^ Mackrell, Judith (27 June 2013). "MoveTube: meet ballet's brilliant Yanowskys". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017. ^ "Youri Yanowsky - Prix de Lausanne". Prixdelausanne.org. Retrieved 17 September 2017. ^ "'Smoke And Mirrors' — Yury Yanowsky Returns To Boston Ballet As Choreographer". Wbur.org. Retrieved 17 September 2017. ^ "Yury Yanowsky". ofa.fas.harvard.edu. Retrieved 17 September 2017. ^ "Boston's Most Stylish Couples". Bostoncommon-magazine.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyon, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon,_France"},{"link_name":"Boston Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Ballet"}],"text":"Yury Yanowsky (born 1972 in Lyon, France) is a French-born Spanish ballet dancer and choreographer. He was a principal dancer with the Boston Ballet.","title":"Yury Yanowsky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyon, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon,_France"},{"link_name":"Lyon Opera Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_Opera_Ballet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Zenaida Yanowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenaida_Yanowsky"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Nadia Yanowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Yanowsky"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Las Palmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Palmas"},{"link_name":"Gran Canaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Canaria"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bostonglobe.com-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Prix de Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_de_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"Lausanne, Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Varna International Ballet Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna_International_Ballet_Competition"},{"link_name":"Varna, Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"International Ballet Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ballet_Competition_in_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Jackson, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Yury Yanowsky was born in Lyon, France to Russian ballet dancer Anatol Yanowsky and Spanish ballet dancer Carmen Robles, whom were both dancers with the Lyon Opera Ballet.[1] He is the older brother of former Royal Ballet principal dancer Zenaida Yanowsky and Royal New Zealand Ballet dancer Nadia Yanowsky. As a child he lived in Lyon for four years before moving to Rome, then Madrid, and then Las Palmas, Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands.[2]Yanowsky began training in ballet, along with his sisters, at a dance school which was run by their parents.[3] He was the recipient of the first prize at the Prix de Lausanne in Lausanne, Switzerland and won silver medals at the Varna International Ballet Competition in Varna, Bulgaria and the International Ballet Competition in Jackson, Mississippi.[4]","title":"Early life and training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Ballet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bostonglobe.com-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jacob's Pillow Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_Pillow_Dance"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Joffrey Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joffrey_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Colby College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colby_College"}],"text":"Yanowsky joined the corps de ballet at Boston Ballet in 1993 after seeing the company perform on tour in Spain. He was promoted to the rank of principal dancer in 1999. Throughout his career at Boston Ballet, Yanowsky danced many lead roles including Prince Siegfried in Swan Lake, Duke Albrecht of Silesia in Giselle, Basilio in Don Quixote, Oberon in A Midsummer Night's Dream, Count Dracula in Dracula, and Franz in Coppélia. He also danced secondary roles including Hilarion in Giselle, Lensky in Onegin, Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet, and Pinkerton in Madame Butterfly.[2] He danced with the Boston Ballet for twenty-two years before retiring from dancing to focus on his work as a choreographer.[5]Yanowsky has choreographed numerous ballets for the Boston Ballet, Boston Ballet II, Bundes Jugend Ballet Hamburg, Ballet RI, Carlos Acosta's Premiere's Plus, and for international galas. In 2015 he was awarded the Choreographic Prize at the Erik Bruhn Competition for his ballet, District. He was the guest choreographer for the Opening Night Gala for the Ballet Program at Jacob's Pillow Dance in 2016.[6]Yanowsky serves on the faculty at Centro Coreographico and Las Palmas Spain and has as taught at Boston Ballet, Joffrey Ballet, Harvard University, and Colby College.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kathleen Breen Combes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Breen_Combes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Yanowsky married fellow Boston Ballet principal dancer Kathleen Breen Combes in 2010 at ceremony in the Canary Islands.[7] The couple has one daughter, Cora, and a son born in 2020. Yanowsky also has a son born in 1995, Yuri, who is a chef in Berlin","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_tender
Diving support vessel
["1 Description","2 History","2.1 Modern diving support vessels","3 Special features","3.1 Dynamic positioning","3.2 Saturation system","3.3 Diving bell","3.4 Moon pool","4 Diving from a DSV","4.1 Hazards","4.2 Equipment","4.3 Procedures","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Ship used as a floating base for professional diving projects This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Diving support vessel" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) CSV Skandi Singapore departing Fremantle, Australia A diving support vessel is a ship that is used as a floating base for professional diving projects. Basic requirements are the ability to keep station accurately and reliably throughout a diving operation, often in close proximity to drilling or production platforms, for positioning to degrade slowly enough in deteriorating conditions to recover divers without excessive risk, and to carry the necessary support equipment for the mode of diving to be used. Recent offshore diving support vessels tend to be dynamically positioned (DP) and double as remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) support vessels, and also be capable of supporting seismic survey operations and cable-laying operations. DP makes a wider range of operations possible, but the platform presents some inherent hazards, particularly the thrusters, making launch and recovery by diving bell widespread. They may use a moonpool to shelter the position where the bell or ROV enters and exits the water, and the launch and recovery system may also use a bell cursor to constrain relative movement through the splash zone, and heave compensation to minimise depth variation of the bell during the dive. Accommodations must be provided for the teams supporting whichever functions the vessel is contracted for. DSVs for inshore operations tend to be much smaller, and may operate while moored for shallow work. Live-boating operations are considered unacceptably hazardous for surface supplied diving unless a stage or bell is used to keep the divers' umbilicals clear of the vessel's thrusters Description A diving support vessel is a ship that is used as a floating base for professional diving projects. Basic requirements are the ability to keep station accurately and reliably throughout a diving operation, often in close proximity to drilling or production platforms, for positioning to degrade slowly enough in deteriorating conditions to recover divers without excessive risk, and to carry the necessary support equipment for the mode of diving to be used. History Commercial diving support vessels emerged during the 1960s and 1970s, when the need arose for offshore diving operations to be performed below and around oil production platforms and associated installations in open water in the North Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Until that point, most diving operations were from mobile oil drilling platforms, pipe-lay, or crane barges. The diving system tended to be modularised and craned on and off the vessels as a package. As permanent oil and gas production platforms emerged, the owners and operators were not keen to give over valuable deck space to diving systems because after they came on-line the expectation of continuing diving operations was low. However, equipment fails or gets damaged, and there was a regular if not continuous need for diving operations in and around oil fields. The solution was to put diving packages on ships. Initially these tended to be oilfield supply ships or fishing vessels; however, keeping this kind of ship 'on station', particularly during uncertain weather, made the diving dangerous, problematic and seasonal. Furthermore, seabed operations usually entailed the raising and lowering of heavy equipment, and most such vessels were not equipped for this task. This is when the dedicated commercial diving support vessel emerged. These were often built from scratch or heavily converted pipe carriers or other utility ships. The key components of the diving support vessel are: Dynamic Positioning – Controlled by a computer with input from position reference systems (DGPS, Transponders, Light Taut Wires or RadaScan), it will maintain the ship's position over a dive site by using multi-directional thrusters, other sensors would compensate for swell, tide and prevailing wind. Saturation diving system – For diving operations below 50 m, a mixture of helium and oxygen (heliox) is required to eliminate the narcotic effect of nitrogen under pressure. For extended diving operations at depth, saturation diving is the preferred approach. A saturation system would be installed within the ship. A diving bell would transport the divers between the saturation system and the work site lowered through a 'moon pool' in the bottom of the ship, usually with a support structure 'cursor' to support the diving bell through the turbulent waters near the surface. There are a number of support systems for the saturation system on a diving support vessel, usually including a remotely operated vehicle ROV and heavy lifting equipment. Modern diving support vessels The 2015 launched DSV Curtis Marshall Gulmar Da Vinci in Albert Dock The Skandi Arctic supply vessel in Leith docks Most of the vessels currently in the North Sea have been built in the 1980s. The semi-submersible fleet, the Uncle John and similar, have proven to be too expensive to maintain and too slow to move between fields. Therefore, most existing designs are monohull vessels with either a one or a twin bell dive system. There has been little innovation since the 1980s. However, driven by high oil prices since 2004, the market for subsea developments in the North Sea has grown significantly. This has led to a scarcity of diving support vessels and has driven the price up. Thus, contractors have ordered a number of newbuild vessels which are expected to enter the market in 2008. More recent vessels are designed and built to support both diving activities and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) operations with dedicated hangar and LARS for ROV's, and to support seismic survey operations and cable-laying operations. They may carry 80 to 150 project personnel on board, including divers, diving supervisors and superintendents, dive technicians, life support technicians and supervisors, ROV pilots, ROV superintendents, survey team, clients personnel, etc. For all these personnel to carry out their contracted job with an oil and gas company, a professional crew navigate and operate the vessel according to the contract requirements and instructions of project superintendents. However, ultimate responsibility lies on the master of the vessel for the safety of every person on board. In expanding the utility of the vessel, these vessels provide, in addition to the usual domestic facilities, specialised diving mixed gas compressors and reclaim systems, gas storage and blending facilities, and saturation diving accommodation systems where the divers live under compression. These vessels are available to be hired by diving contractors or directly by oil and gas contractors who then will subcontract a specialist service-provider to use the vessel as a platform to carry out their activities. Special features Dynamic positioning Main article: Dynamic positioning Dynamic positioning (DP) is a computer-controlled system to automatically maintain a vessel's position and heading by using its own propellers and thrusters. Position reference sensors, combined with wind sensors, motion sensors and gyrocompasses, provide information to the computer pertaining to the vessel's position and the magnitude and direction of environmental forces affecting its position. Dynamic positioning is a great advantage for saturation diving operations as the risk to the divers and the work area from anchor patterns is reduced, and the vessel can be positioned more quickly. Saturation system See also: Saturation diving § Architecture of a surface saturation facility The "saturation system", "saturation complex" or "saturation spread" typically comprises a surface complex made up of a living chamber, transfer chamber and submersible decompression chamber, which is commonly referred to in commercial diving and military diving as the diving bell, PTC (personnel transfer capsule) or SDC (submersible decompression chamber). The system can be permanently installed on the ship or can be capable of being moved from one vessel to another by crane. The entire system is managed from a control room ("van"), where depth, chamber atmosphere and other system parameters are monitored and controlled. The diving bell is the elevator or lift that transfers divers from the system to the work site. Typically, it is mated to the system utilizing a removable clamp and is separated from the system tankage bulkhead by a trunking space, a kind of tunnel, through which the divers transfer to and from the bell. At the completion of work or a mission, the saturation diving team is decompressed gradually back to atmospheric pressure by the slow venting of system pressure, at an average of 15 metres (49 ft) to 30 metres (98 ft) per day (schedules vary). The process involves only one decompression, thereby avoiding the time-consuming and comparatively risky process of in-water, staged decompression or sur-D O2 operations normally associated with non-saturation mixed gas diving. More than one living chamber can be linked to the transfer chamber through trunking so that diving teams can be stored at different depths where this is a logistical requirement. An extra chamber can be fitted to transfer personnel into and out of the system while under pressure and to treat divers for decompression sickness if this should be necessary. The divers use surface supplied umbilical diving equipment, utilizing deep diving breathing gas, such as helium and oxygen mixtures, stored in large capacity, high pressure cylinders. The gas supplies are plumbed to the control room, where they are routed to supply the system components. The bell is fed via a large, multi-part umbilical that supplies breathing gas, electricity, communications and hot water. The bell also is fitted with exterior mounted breathing gas cylinders for emergency use. While in the water the divers will often use a hot water suit to protect against the cold. The hot water comes from boilers on the surface and is pumped down to the diver via the bell's umbilical and then through the diver's umbilical. The transfer chamber is where the bell is mated to the surface saturation system for transfer under pressure (TUP). It is a wet surface chamber where divers prepare for a dive and strip off and clean their gear after return. Connection to the bell may be overhead, through the bottom hatch of the bell, or lateral, through a side door. Accommodation chamber of a saturation spread The accommodation chambers may be as small as 100 square feet. This part is generally made of multiple compartments, including living, sanitation, and rest facilities, each a separate unit, joined by short lengths of cylindrical trunking. It is usually possible to isolate each compartment from the others using internal pressure doors. Diving bell A closed diving bell, also known as personnel transfer capsule or submersible decompression chamber, is used to transport divers between the workplace and the accommodations chambers. The bell is a cylindrical or spherical pressure vessel with a hatch at the bottom, and may mate with the surface transfer chamber at the bottom hatch or at a side door. Bells are usually designed to carry two or three divers, one of whom, the bellman, stays inside the bell at the bottom and is stand-by diver to the working divers. Each diver is supplied by an umbilical from inside the bell. The bell has a set of high pressure gas storage cylinders mounted on the outside containing on-board reserve breathing gas. The on-board gas and main gas supply are distributed from the bell gas panel, which is controlled by the bellman. The bell may have viewports and external lights. The divers' umbilicals are stored on racks inside the bell during transfer, and are tended by the bellman during the dive.: ch.13  The bell handling system lowers the diving bell of the US Navy's saturation fly-away diving system into the water. The bell is deployed from a gantry or A-frame, also known as a bell launch and recovery system (LARS),: ch.13  on the vessel or platform, using a winch. Deployment may be over the side or through a moon pool. The handling system must be able to support the dynamic loads imposed by operating in a range of weather conditions. It must be able to move the bell through the air/water interface (splash zone) in a controlled way, fast enough to avoid excessive movement caused by wave action. A bell cursor may be used to limit lateral motion through and above the splash zone. It must keep the bell clear of the vessel or platform to prevent impact damage or injury. It must have sufficient power for fast retrieval of the bell in an emergency, and fine control to facilitate mating of the bell and transfer flange, and to accurately place the bell at the bottom. It must include a system to move the bell between the mating flange of the transfer chamber and the launch/retrieval position. See also: Diving bell § Deployment of a modern diving bell Diving bells are deployed over the side of the vessel or platform using a gantry or A-frame from which the clump weight and the bell are suspended. On dive support vessels with in-built saturation systems the bell may be deployed through a moon pool. The bell handling system is also known as the launch and recovery system (LARS). This is also used to move the bell from the position where it is locked on to the chamber system into the water, lower it to the working depth and hold it at that depth without excessive movement, for which heave compensation equipment may be fitted to the winch, and recover it to the chamber system. The system used to transfer the bell on deck may be a deck trolley system, an overhead gantry or a swinging A-frame. The system must constrain movement of the supported bell sufficiently to allow accurate location on the chamber trunking even in bad weather. A bell cursor may be used to control movement through and above the splash zone, and heave compensation gear may be used to limit vertical movement when in the water and clear of the cursor, particularly at working depth when the diver may be locked out and the bell is open to ambient pressure. Cross-hauling gear may be useful to place the bell closer to the worksite if the ship cannot safely approach it to a convenient distance Moon pool Main article: Moon pool A moon pool is an opening in the base of the hull, giving access to the water below, which allows divers, diving bells, remotely operated underwater vehicles or other equipment to enter or leave the water easily and in a relatively protected environment. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2022) Diving from a DSV Diving from a DSV makes a wider range of operations possible, but the platform presents some inherent hazards, and equipment and procedures must be adopted to manage these hazards as well as the hazards of the environment and diving tasks. Hazards Hazards of the positioning system Anchor patterns Dynamic positioning thrusters Dynamic positioning runout Hazards of the diver deployment system This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2020) Equipment See also: Surface supplied diving § Equipment, and Saturation diving § Auxiliary and support equipment On board recompression facilities or saturation system Equipment to transport the diver through high risk zones: Stages, wet and dry bells, bell cursors and launch and recovery systems. Cross-hauling gear. Equipment to limit access to known hazards Hyperbaric evacuation facilities Breathing gas storage, gas blending, distribution and helium reclaim systems. Associated equipment: Remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) Rigging and lifting gear Tools and equipment for underwater work Tools and equipment for maintenance and repair of diving systems This section needs expansion with: expand list items. You can help by adding to it. (July 2020) Procedures See also: Surface-supplied diving § Diving procedures, and Saturation diving § Operating procedures Standard practices for diving from a DSV include the use of stages, wet and dry bells to transport the diver through the interface between air and water, to avoid hazards, and for decompression. When using dynamic positioning, a surface supplied mode is used, and the length and routing of the diver's umbilical is used to prevent the diver from closely approaching known high risk hazards like thrusters. Underwater umbilical tending may be by passing the umbilical through the stage frame, tended from the surface, or from a bell, tended by the bellman. Additional underwater tending points may be needed, and one of the methods used is for the diver to pass through a heavy hoop, which may be deployed by crane to a specific position on or near the bottom, The reach of the umbilical beyond each tending point should not allow the diver close approach to known high risk hazards. See also Dive boat – Boat used for the support of scuba diving operations Commercial offshore diving – Professional diving in support of the oil and gas industry Saturation diving – Diving decompression technique Professional diving – Underwater diving where divers are paid for their work Dynamic positioning – Automatic ship station- and heading-holding systems Diving bell – Chamber for transporting divers vertically through the water References ^ a b US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. 2006. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2011. ^ a b c Beyerstein, G. (2006). Lang, M.A.; Smith, N.E. (eds.). Commercial Diving: Surface-Mixed Gas, Sur-D-O2, Bell Bounce, Saturation. Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. ^ Lettnin, Heinz (1999). International textbook of Mixed Gas Diving. Flagstaff, AZ: Best Publishing Company. ISBN 0-941332--50-0. ^ Bevan, J. (1999). "Diving bells through the centuries". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 29 (1). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. ^ a b c d e Crawford, J. (2016). "8.5.1 Helium recovery systems". Offshore Installation Practice (revised ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 150–155. ISBN 9781483163192. ^ Mekjavić, B.; Golden, F. S.; Eglin, M.; Tipton, M. J. (2001). "Thermal status of saturation divers during operational dives in the North Sea". Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine. 28 (3): 149–55. PMID 12067151. ^ "The Saturation Diver Interview: Fredoon Kapadia – The Underwater Centre Blog". The Underwater Centre Blog. 22 May 2017. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2018. ^ a b US Navy (2006). "15". US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2008. ^ a b c d "13 - Closed bell diving". Guidance for diving supervisors IMCA D 022 (Revision 1 ed.). London, UK: International Marine Contractors Association. August 2016. pp. 13–5. ^ Bevan, John, ed. (2005). "Section 5.1". The Professional Divers's Handbook (second ed.). Gosport, UK: Submex Ltd. p. 200. ISBN 978-0950824260. ^ Cross-Hauling of Bells: IMCA D023 (PDF). London, UK: IMCA. July 2003. ^ IMCA (October 2007). IMCA International Code of Practice for Offshore Diving (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-24. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diving support vessels. vteModern merchant shipsOverviews Ship Cargo ship Cargo Maritime transport Freight transport Merchant marine Maritime history Shipping line Dry cargo Barge Bulk carrier Car float Chain boat Coastal trading vessel Collier Container ship Heavy-lift ship Hopper barge Lake freighter Lighter aboard ship Livestock carrier Reefer ship Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) Train ferry Tankers Chemical tanker Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) Gas carrier Hydrogen tanker LNG carrier Oil tanker Passenger Cable ferry Cargo liner Cruise ship Cruiseferry Ferry Narrowboat Ocean liner Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) Train ferry Support Anchor handling tug supply vessel Diving support vessel Emergency tow vessel Fireboat Platform supply vessel Pusher Salvage tug Tender Tugboat Other types Cable layer Crane vessel Dredger Drillship Fishing vessel Floating restaurant Icebreaker Merchant submarine Narco-submarine Pipe-laying ship Research vessel Riverboat Semi-submersible Snagboat Related Nautical operations Affreightment Admiralty law International Chamber of Shipping List of merchant navy capacity by country vteUnderwater diving Diving activities Diving modes Atmospheric pressure diving Freediving Saturation diving Scuba diving Snorkeling Surface oriented diving Surface-supplied diving Unmanned diving Diving equipment Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment Human factors in diving equipment design Basic equipment Diving mask Snorkel Swimfin Breathing gas Bailout gas Bottom gas Breathing air Decompression gas Emergency gas supply Heliox Hydreliox Hydrox Nitrox Oxygen Travel gas Trimix Buoyancy andtrim equipment Buoyancy compensator Power inflator Dump valve Variable buoyancy pressure vessel Diving weighting system Ankle weights Integrated weights Trim weights Weight belt Decompressionequipment Decompression buoy Decompression chamber Decompression cylinder Decompression trapeze Dive computer Diving bell Diving shot Diving stage Jersey upline Jonline Diving suit Atmospheric diving suit JIM suit Newtsuit Dry suit Sladen suit Standard diving suit Rash vest Wetsuit Dive skins Hot-water suit Helmetsand masks Anti-fog Diving helmet Free-flow helmet Lightweight demand helmet Orinasal mask Reclaim helmet Shallow water helmet Standard diving helmet Diving mask Band mask Full-face mask Half mask Instrumentation Bottom timer Depth gauge Dive computer Dive timer Diving watch Helium release valve Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Pneumofathometer Submersible pressure gauge Mobilityequipment Diver propulsion vehicle Diving bell Closed bell Wet bell Diving stage Swimfin Monofin PowerSwim Towboard Wet sub Safetyequipment Alternative air source Octopus regulator Pony bottle Bolt snap Buddy line Dive light Diver's cutting tool Diver's knife Diver's telephone Through-water communications Underwater acoustic communication Diving bell Diving safety harness Emergency gas supply Bailout block Bailout bottle Lifeline Screw gate carabiner Emergency locator beacon Rescue tether Safety helmet Shark-proof cage Snoopy loop Navigation equipment Distance line Diving compass Dive reel Line marker Surface marker buoy Silt screw Underwaterbreathingapparatus Atmospheric diving suit Diving cylinder Burst disc Scuba cylinder valve Diving helmet Reclaim helmet Diving regulator Mechanism of diving regulators Regulator malfunction Regulator freeze Single-hose regulator Twin-hose regulator Full-face diving mask Open-circuitscuba Scuba set Bailout bottle Decompression cylinder Independent doubles Manifolded twin set Scuba manifold Pony bottle Scuba configuration Sidemount Sling cylinder Diving rebreathers Carbon dioxide scrubber Carleton CDBA Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment Cryogenic rebreather CUMA DSEA Dolphin Halcyon PVR-BASC Halcyon RB80 IDA71 Interspiro DCSC LAR-5 LAR-6 LAR-V LARU Mark IV Amphibian Porpoise Ray Siebe Gorman CDBA Salvus Siva Surface-supplieddiving equipment Air line Diver's umbilical Diving air compressor Gas panel Hookah Scuba replacement Snuba Standard diving dress Divingequipmentmanufacturers AP Diving Apeks Aqua Lung America Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique Beuchat René Cavalero Cis-Lunar Cressi-Sub Dacor DESCO Dive Xtras Divex Diving Unlimited International Drägerwerk Fenzy Maurice Fernez Technisub Oscar Gugen Heinke HeinrichsWeikamp Johnson Outdoors Mares Morse Diving Nemrod Oceanic Worldwide Porpoise Shearwater Research Siebe Gorman Submarine Products Suunto Diving support equipmentAccess equipment Boarding stirrup Diver lift Diving bell Diving ladder Diving platform (scuba) Diving stage Downline Jackstay Launch and recovery system Messenger line Moon pool Breathing gashandling Air filtration Activated carbon Hopcalite Molecular sieve Silica gel Booster pump Carbon dioxide scrubber Cascade filling system Diver's pump Diving air compressor Diving air filter Water separator High pressure breathing air compressor Low pressure breathing air compressor Gas blending Gas blending for scuba diving Gas panel Gas reclaim system Gas storage bank Gas storage quad Gas storage tube Helium analyzer Nitrox production Membrane gas separation Pressure swing adsorption Oxygen analyser Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Oxygen compatibility Decompressionequipment Air-lock Built-in breathing system Decompression tables Diving bell Bell cursor Closed bell Clump weight Launch and recovery system Wet bell Diving chamber Diving stage Recreational Dive Planner Saturation system Platforms Dive boat Canoe and kayak diving Combat Rubber Raiding Craft Liveaboard Subskimmer Diving support vessel HMS Challenger (K07) Underwaterhabitat Aquarius Reef Base Continental Shelf Station Two Helgoland Habitat Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station SEALAB Tektite habitat Remotely operatedunderwater vehicles 8A4-class ROUV ABISMO Atlantis ROV Team CURV Deep Drone Épaulard Global Explorer ROV Goldfish-class ROUV Kaikō ROV Kaşif ROUV Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System Mini Rover ROV OpenROV ROV KIEL 6000 ROV PHOCA Scorpio ROV Sea Dragon-class ROV Seabed tractor Seafox drone SeaPerch SJT-class ROUV T1200 Trenching Unit VideoRay UROVs Safety equipment Diver down flag Diving shot ENOS Rescue-System Hyperbaric lifeboat Hyperbaric stretcher Jackstay Jonline Reserve gas supply General Diving spread Air spread Saturation spread Hot water system Sonar Underwater acoustic positioning system Underwater acoustic communication FreedivingActivities Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Haenyeo Pearl hunting Ama Snorkeling Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Underwater target shooting Competitions Nordic Deep Vertical Blue Disciplines Constant weight (CWT) Constant weight bi-fins (CWTB) Constant weight without fins (CNF) Dynamic apnea (DYN) Dynamic apnea without fins (DNF) Free immersion (FIM) No-limits apnea (NLT) Static apnea (STA) Skandalopetra diving Variable weight apnea (VWT) Variable weight apnea without fins Equipment Diving mask Diving suit Hawaiian sling Polespear Snorkel (swimming) Speargun Swimfins Monofin Water polo cap Freedivers Deborah Andollo Simone Arrigoni Peppo Biscarini Michael Board Sara Campbell Derya Can Göçen Goran Čolak Carlos Coste Robert Croft Mandy-Rae Cruickshank Yasemin Dalkılıç Leonardo D'Imporzano Flavia Eberhard Şahika Ercümen Emma Farrell Francisco Ferreras Pierre Frolla Flavia Eberhard Mehgan Heaney-Grier Elisabeth Kristoffersen Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych Loïc Leferme Enzo Maiorca Jacques Mayol Audrey Mestre Karol Meyer Kate Middleton Stéphane Mifsud Alexey Molchanov Natalia Molchanova Dave Mullins Patrick Musimu Guillaume Néry Herbert Nitsch Umberto Pelizzari Liv Philip Annelie Pompe Stig Severinsen Tom Sietas Aharon Solomons Martin Štěpánek Walter Steyn Tanya Streeter William Trubridge Devrim Cenk Ulusoy Fatma Uruk Danai Varveri Alessia Zecchini Nataliia Zharkova Hazards Barotrauma Drowning Freediving blackout Deep-water blackout Shallow-water blackout Hypercapnia Hypothermia Historical Ama Octopus wrestling Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming Organisations AIDA International Scuba Schools International Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins Performance Freediving International Professional divingOccupations Ama Commercial diver Commercial offshore diver Hazmat diver Divemaster Diving instructor Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Haenyeo Media diver Police diver Public safety diver Scientific diver Underwater archaeologist Militarydiving Army engineer diver Canadian Armed Forces Divers Clearance diver Frogman Minentaucher Royal Navy ships diver United States military divers U.S. Navy diver U.S.Navy master diver Militarydivingunits Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) Commando Hubert Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei Decima Flottiglia MAS Frogman Corps (Denmark) Fuerzas Especiales Fukuryu GRUMEC Grup Gerak Khas Jagdkommando JW Formoza JW GROM JW Komandosów Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine KOPASKA MARCOS Marine Commandos Marinejegerkommandoen Marine Raider Regiment Minedykkerkommandoen Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) Naval Service Diving Section Naval Special Operations Command Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) Royal Engineers Russian commando frogmen Sappers Divers Group Shayetet 13 Special Air Service Special Air Service Regiment Special Actions Detachment Special Boat Service Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) Special Forces Command (Turkey) Special Forces Group (Belgium) Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) Special Service Group (Navy) Special Warfare Diving and Salvage Tactical Divers Group US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions US Navy SEALs Underwater Construction Teams Underwater Demolition Command Underwater Demolition Team Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) UNGERIN Underwaterwork Commercial offshore diving Dive leader Diver training Recreational diver training Hazmat diving Hyperbaric welding Marine construction Offshore construction Underwater construction Media diving Nondestructive testing Pearl hunting Police diving Potable water diving Public safety diving Scientific diving Ships husbandry Sponge diving Submarine pipeline Underwater archaeology Archaeology of shipwrecks Underwater cutting and welding Underwater demolition Underwater inspection Underwater logging Underwater photography Underwater search and recovery Underwater searches Underwater videography Underwater survey Salvage diving SS Egypt Kronan La Belle SS Laurentic RMS Lusitania Mars Mary Rose USS Monitor HMS Royal George Vasa Divingcontractors COMEX Helix Energy Solutions Group International Marine Contractors Association Tools andequipment Abrasive waterjet Airlift Baited remote underwater video In-water surface cleaning Brush cart Cavitation cleaning Pressure washing Pigging Lifting bag Remotely operated underwater vehicle Thermal lance Tremie Water jetting Underwaterweapons Limpet mine Speargun Hawaiian sling Polespear Underwaterfirearm Gyrojet Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun Powerhead Underwater pistols Heckler & Koch P11 SPP-1 underwater pistol Underwater revolvers AAI underwater revolver Underwater rifles ADS amphibious rifle APS underwater rifle ASM-DT amphibious rifle QBS-06 Recreational diving Recreational dive sites Index of recreational dive sites List of wreck diving sites Outline of recreational dive sites Specialties Altitude diving Cave diving Deep diving Ice diving Muck diving Open-water diving Rebreather diving Sidemount diving Solo diving Technical diving Underwater photography Wreck diving Diverorganisations British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS) Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP) Diving tourismindustry Dive center Diving in East Timor Diving in the Maldives Environmental impact of recreational diving Scuba diving tourism Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands Shark tourism Sinking ships for wreck diving sites Underwater diving on Guam Diving eventsand festivals Diversnight Underwater Bike Race Diving safety Human factors in diving equipment design Human factors in diving safety Life-support system Safety-critical system Scuba diving fatalities Underwater diving emergency Water safety Water surface searches Divinghazards List of diving hazards and precautions Environmental Current Delta-P Entanglement hazard Overhead Silt out Wave action Equipment Freeflow Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus Single point of failure Physiological Cold shock response Decompression Nitrogen narcosis Oxygen toxicity Seasickness Uncontrolled decompression Diver behaviour and competence Lack of competence Overconfidence effect Panic Task loading Trait anxiety Willful violation Consequences Barotrauma Decompression sickness Drowning Hypothermia Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hyperthermia Non-freezing cold injury Divingprocedures Ascending and descending Emergency ascent Boat diving Canoe and kayak diving Buddy diving buddy check Decompression Decompression practice Pyle stop Ratio decompression Dive briefing Dive log Dive planning Rule of thirds Scuba gas planning Diver communications Diver rescue Diver training Doing It Right Drift diving Gas blending for scuba diving Night diving Rebreather diving Scuba gas management Solo diving Riskmanagement Checklist Hazard identification and risk assessment Hazard analysis Job safety analysis Risk assessment Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue Risk control Hierarchy of hazard controls Incident pit Lockout–tagout Permit To Work Redundancy Safety data sheet Situation awareness Diving team Bellman Chamber operator Diver medical technician Diver's attendant Diving supervisor Diving systems technician Gas man Life support technician Stand-by diver Equipmentsafety Breathing gas quality Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Hydrostatic test Sustained load cracking Diving regulator Breathing performance of regulators Occupationalsafety andhealth Association of Diving Contractors International International Marine Contractors Association Code of practice Contingency plan Diving regulations Emergency response plan Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Operations manual Standard operating procedure Diving medicineDivingdisorders List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramp Motion sickness Surfer's ear Pressurerelated Alternobaric vertigo Barostriction Barotrauma Air embolism Aerosinusitis Barodontalgia Dental barotrauma Middle ear barotrauma Pulmonary barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dysbarism Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis Inner ear decompression sickness Isobaric counterdiffusion Taravana High-pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Nitrogen narcosis Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Breathing gascontaminants Carbon monoxide poisoning Immersionrelated Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming-induced pulmonary edema Treatment Demand valve oxygen therapy First aid Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In-water recompression Oxygen therapy Therapeutic recompression Personnel Diving Medical Examiner Diving Medical Practitioner Diving Medical Technician Hyperbaric nursing Screening Atrial septal defect Effects of drugs on fitness to dive Fitness to dive Psychological fitness to dive ResearchResearchers indiving physiologyand medicine Arthur J. Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Peter B. Bennett Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Alf O. Brubakk Albert A. Bühlmann John R. Clarke Guybon Chesney Castell Damant Kenneth William Donald William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr. Henry Valence Hempleman Leonard Erskine Hill Brian Andrew Hills Felix Hoppe-Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen Neal W. Pollock John Rawlins Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jacques Triger Diving medicalresearchorganisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network (DAN) Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC) Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC) European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC) European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS) National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS) Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) Law Civil liability in recreational diving Diving regulations Duty of care List of legislation regulating underwater diving Investigation of diving accidents Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage History of underwater diving History of decompression research and development History of Diving Museum History of scuba diving List of researchers in underwater diving Lyons Maritime Museum Man in the Sea Museum Timeline of diving technology Pearling in Western Australia US Navy decompression models and tables Archeologicalsites SS Commodore USS Monitor Queen Anne's Revenge Whydah Gally Underwater artand artists The Diver Jason deCaires Taylor Engineersand inventors Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont William Beebe Georges Beuchat Giovanni Alfonso Borelli Joseph-Martin Cabirol John R. Clarke Jacques Cousteau Charles Anthony Deane John Deane Louis de Corlieu Auguste Denayrouze Ted Eldred Henry Fleuss Émile Gagnan Karl Heinrich Klingert Peter Kreeft Christian J. Lambertsen Yves Le Prieur John Lethbridge Ernest William Moir Joseph Salim Peress Auguste Piccard Joe Savoie Willard Franklyn Searle Gordon Smith Augustus Siebe Pierre-Marie Touboulic Jacques Triger Historicalequipment Aqua-Lung RV Calypso SP-350 Denise Magnesium torch Nikonos Porpoise regulator Standard diving dress Sub Marine Explorer Vintage scuba Diverpropulsionvehicles Advanced SEAL Delivery System Cosmos CE2F series Dry Combat Submersible Human torpedo Motorised Submersible Canoe Necker Nymph R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle SEAL Delivery Vehicle Shallow Water Combat Submersible Siluro San Bartolomeo Welfreighter Wet Nellie Military andcovert operations Raid on Alexandria (1941) Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior Scientific projects 1992 cageless shark-diving expedition Mission 31 Awards and events Hans Hass Award International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures NOGI Awards Women Divers Hall of Fame IncidentsDive boat incidents Sinking of MV Conception Diver rescues Alpazat cave rescue Tham Luang cave rescue Early diving John Day (carpenter) Charles Spalding Ebenezer Watson Freediving fatalities Loïc Leferme Audrey Mestre Nicholas Mevoli Natalia Molchanova Offshorediving incidents Byford Dolphin diving bell accident Drill Master diving accident Star Canopus diving accident Stena Seaspread diving accident Venture One diving accident Waage Drill II diving accident Wildrake diving accident Professionaldiving fatalities Roger Baldwin John Bennett Victor F. Guiel Jr. Francis P. Hammerberg Craig M. Hoffman Peter Henry Michael Holmes Johnson Sea Link accident Edwin Clayton Link Gerard Anthony Prangley Per Skipnes Robert John Smyth Albert D. Stover Richard A. Walker Lothar Michael Ward Joachim Wendler Bradley Westell Arne Zetterström Scuba divingfatalities 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident Ricardo Armbruster Allan Bridge David Bright Berry L. Cannon Cotton Coulson Cláudio Coutinho E. Yale Dawson Deon Dreyer Milan Dufek Sheck Exley Maurice Fargues Fernando Garfella Palmer Guy Garman Steve Irwin death Jim Jones Henry Way Kendall Artur Kozłowski Yuri Lipski Kirsty MacColl Agnes Milowka François de Roubaix Chris and Chrissy Rouse Dave Shaw Wesley C. Skiles Dewey Smith Rob Stewart Esbjörn Svensson Josef Velek PublicationsManuals NOAA Diving Manual U.S. Navy Diving Manual Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival Underwater Handbook Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving The new science of skin and scuba diving Professional Diver's Handbook Basic Scuba Standards andCodes of Practice Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) DIN 7876 IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers General non-fiction The Darkness Beckons Goldfinder The Last Dive Shadow Divers The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure Research List of Divers Alert Network publications Dive guides Training and registrationDivertraining Competence and assessment Competency-based learning Refresher training Skill assessment Diver training standard Diving instructor Diving school Occupational diver training Commercial diver training Military diver training Public safety diver training Scientific diver training Recreational diver training Introductory diving Teaching method Muscle memory Overlearning Stress exposure training Skills Combat sidestroke Diver navigation Diver trim Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Finning techniques Scuba skills Buddy breathing Low impact diving Diamond Reef System Surface-supplied diving skills Underwater searches RecreationalscubacertificationlevelsCore diving skills Advanced Open Water Diver Autonomous diver CMAS* scuba diver CMAS** scuba diver Introductory diving Low Impact Diver Master Scuba Diver Open Water Diver Supervised diver Leadership skills Dive leader Divemaster Diving instructor Master Instructor Specialist skills Rescue Diver Solo diver Diver trainingcertificationand registrationorganisations European Underwater Federation (EUF) International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum (IDRCF) International Diving Schools Association (IDSA) International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) List of diver certification organizations National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Nautical Archaeology Society Universal Referral Program World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC) Commercial divercertificationauthorities Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS) Commercial diver registration in South Africa Divers Institute of Technology Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Department of Employment and Labour Commercial divingschools Divers Academy International Norwegian diver school Free-divingcertificationagencies AIDA International (AIDA) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Performance Freediving International (PI) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Recreationalscubacertificationagencies American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC) American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) International Life Saving Federation (ILS) Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF) National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Sub-Aqua Association (SAA) Scuba Diving International (SDI) Scuba Educators International (SEI) Scottish Sub Aqua Club (ScotSAC) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF) United Diving Instructors (UDI) YMCA SCUBA Program Scientific divercertificationauthorities American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) CMAS Scientific Committee Technical divercertificationagencies American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Diving Science and Technology (DSAT) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Trimix Scuba Association (TSA) Technical Extended Range (TXR) Cavediving Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Technical Diving International (TDI) Military divertraining centres Defence Diving School Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center Underwater Escape Training Unit Military divertraining courses United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course Underwater sportsSurface snorkeling Finswimming Snorkeling/breath-hold Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Australia Turkey Underwater rugby Colombia United States Underwater target shooting Breath-hold Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Open Circuit Scuba Immersion finswimming Sport diving Underwater cycling Underwater orienteering Underwater photography Rebreather Underwater photography Sports governingorganisations and federations International AIDA International Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques) National AIDA Hellas Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association British Octopush Association British Underwater Sports Association Comhairle Fo-Thuinn Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins South African Underwater Sports Federation Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Underwater Society of America) Competitions 14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship Underwater Hockey World Championships Underwater Orienteering World Championships Underwater Rugby World Championships Underwater diversPioneersof diving Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro Aquanaut Mary Bonnin Amelia Behrens-Furniss James F. Cahill Jacques Cousteau Billy Deans Dottie Frazier Trevor Hampton Hans Hass Dick Rutkowski Teseo Tesei Arne Zetterström Underwaterscientistsarchaeologists andenvironmentalists Michael Arbuthnot Robert Ballard George Bass Mensun Bound Louis Boutan Hugh Bradner Cathy Church Eugenie Clark James P. Delgado Sylvia Earle John Christopher Fine George R. Fischer Anders Franzén Honor Frost Fernando Garfella Palmer David Gibbins Graham Jessop Swietenia Puspa Lestari Pilar Luna Robert F. Marx Anna Marguerite McCann Innes McCartney Charles T. Meide Mark M. Newell Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova John Peter Oleson Mendel L. Peterson Richard Pyle Andreas Rechnitzer William R. Royal Margaret Rule Gunter Schöbel Stephanie Schwabe Myriam Seco E. Lee Spence Robert Sténuit Peter Throckmorton Cristina Zenato Scuba recordholders Pascal Bernabé Jim Bowden Mark Ellyatt Sheck Exley Nuno Gomes Claudia Serpieri Krzysztof Starnawski Underwaterfilmmakersand presenters Samir Alhafith David Attenborough Ramón Bravo Jean-Michel Cousteau Richie Kohler Paul Rose Andy Torbet Ivan Tors Andrew Wight Underwaterphotographers Doug Allan Tamara Benitez Georges Beuchat Adrian Biddle Jonathan Bird Eric Cheng Neville Coleman Jacques Cousteau John D. Craig Ben Cropp Bernard Delemotte David Doubilet Candice Farmer John Christopher Fine Rodney Fox Ric Frazier Stephen Frink Peter Gimbel Monty Halls Hans Hass Henry Way Kendall Rudie Kuiter Joseph B. MacInnis Luis Marden Agnes Milowka Noel Monkman Pete Oxford Steve Parish Zale Parry Pierre Petit Leni Riefenstahl Peter Scoones Brian Skerry Wesley C. Skiles E. Lee Spence Philippe Tailliez Ron Taylor Valerie Taylor Albert Tillman John Veltri Stan Waterman Michele Westmorland John Ernest Williamson J. Lamar Worzel Underwaterexplorers Caves Graham Balcombe Sheck Exley Martyn Farr Jochen Hasenmayer Jill Heinerth Jarrod Jablonski William Hogarth Main Tom Mount Jack Sheppard Bill Stone Reefs Arthur C. Clarke Wrecks Leigh Bishop John Chatterton Clive Cussler Bill Nagle Valerie van Heest Aristotelis Zervoudis Aquanauts Andrew Abercromby Joseph M. Acaba Clayton Anderson Richard R. Arnold Serena Auñón-Chancellor Michael Barratt (astronaut) Robert A. Barth Robert L. Behnken Randolph Bresnik Timothy J. Broderick Justin Brown Berry L. Cannon Scott Carpenter Gregory Chamitoff Steve Chappell Catherine Coleman Robin Cook Craig B. Cooper Fabien Cousteau Philippe Cousteau Timothy Creamer Jonathan Dory Pedro Duque Sylvia Earle Jeanette Epps Sheck Exley Albert Falco Andrew J. Feustel Michael Fincke Satoshi Furukawa Ronald J. Garan Jr. Michael L. Gernhardt Christopher E. Gerty David Gruber Chris Hadfield Jeremy Hansen José M. Hernández John Herrington Paul Hill Akihiko Hoshide Mark Hulsbeck Emma Hwang Norishige Kanai Les Kaufman Scott Kelly Karen Kohanowich Timothy Kopra Dominic Landucci Jon Lindbergh Kjell N. Lindgren Michael López-Alegría Joseph B. MacInnis Sandra Magnus Thomas Marshburn Matthias Maurer K. Megan McArthur Craig McKinley Jessica Meir Simone Melchior Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger Andreas Mogensen Karen Nyberg John D. Olivas Takuya Onishi Luca Parmitano Nicholas Patrick Tim Peake Thomas Pesquet Marc Reagan Garrett Reisman Kathleen Rubins Dick Rutkowski Tara Ruttley David Saint-Jacques Josef Schmid Robert Sheats Dewey Smith Steve Squyres Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper Robert Sténuit Hervé Stevenin Nicole Stott James Talacek Daniel M. Tani Robert Thirsk Bill Todd Mark T. Vande Hei Koichi Wakata Rex J. Walheim Shannon Walker John Morgan Wells Joachim Wendler Douglas H. Wheelock Peggy Whitson Dafydd Williams Jeffrey Williams Sunita Williams Reid Wiseman Kimiya Yui Writers and journalists Michael C. Barnette Victor Berge Philippe Diolé Gary Gentile Bret Gilliam Bob Halstead Hillary Hauser Trevor Jackson Steve Lewis John Mattera Rescuers Craig Challen Richard Harris Rick Stanton John Volanthen Frogmen Lionel Crabb Ian Edward Fraser Sydney Knowles James Joseph Magennis Commercial salvors Keith Jessop Science of underwater diving List of researchers in underwater diving Divingphysics Metre sea water Neutral buoyancy Underwater acoustics Modulated ultrasound Underwater vision Underwater computer vision Divingphysiology Blood shift Cold shock response Diving reflex Equivalent narcotic depth Maximum operating depth Physiological response to water immersion Thermal balance of the underwater diver Underwater vision Work of breathing Decompressiontheory Decompression models: Bühlmann decompression algorithm Haldane's decompression model Reduced gradient bubble model Thalmann algorithm Thermodynamic model of decompression Varying Permeability Model Equivalent air depth Oxygen window Physiology of decompression Divingenvironment Underwater exploration Deep-sea exploration Classification List of diving environments by type Altitude diving Benign water diving Confined water diving Deep diving Inland diving Inshore diving Muck diving Night diving Open-water diving Black-water diving Blue-water diving Penetration diving Cave diving Torricellian chamber Ice diving Wreck diving Recreational dive sites Underwater environment Underwater diving environment Impact Environmental impact of recreational diving Low impact diving Other Bathysphere Defense against swimmer incursions Diver detection sonar Offshore survey Rugged compact camera Underwater domain awareness Underwater vehicle Deep-submergencevehicle Aluminaut DSV Alvin American submarine NR-1 Bathyscaphe Archimède FNRS-2 FNRS-3 Harmony class bathyscaphe Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe Trieste II Deepsea Challenger Ictineu 3 JAGO Jiaolong Konsul-class submersible Limiting Factor Russian submarine Losharik Mir Nautile Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle DSV Sea Cliff DSV Shinkai DSV Shinkai 2000 DSV Shinkai 6500 DSV Turtle DSV-5 Nemo Submarine rescue International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy) McCann Rescue Chamber Submarine rescue ship Deep-submergencerescue vehicle LR5 LR7 MSM-1 Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle DSRV-1 Mystic DSRV-2 Avalon NATO Submarine Rescue System Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 Russian submarine AS-34 ASRV Remora SRV-300 Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System Type 7103 DSRV URF (Swedish Navy) Submarine escape Escape trunk Submarine escape training facility Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) Escape set Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus Momsen lung Steinke hood Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment Specialinterestgroups Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia CMAS Europe Coral Reef Alliance Divers Alert Network Green Fins Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association Karst Underwater Research Nautical Archaeology Program Nautical Archaeology Society Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Life Survey Rubicon Foundation Save Ontario Shipwrecks SeaKeys Sea Research Society Society for Underwater Historical Research Society for Underwater Technology Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command Neutral buoyancyfacilities forAstronaut training Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory Neutral buoyancy pool Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid Neutral Buoyancy Simulator Space Systems Laboratory Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center Other Nautilus Productions Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device Scuba diving therapy Seabed mining Category Commons Glossary Indexes: Dive sites Divers Diving Outline Portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skandi_Singapore,_Fremantle,_2018_(04).jpg"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle"},{"link_name":"ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship"},{"link_name":"professional diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_diving"},{"link_name":"dynamically positioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamically_positioned"},{"link_name":"remotely operated underwater vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle"},{"link_name":"seismic survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_survey"},{"link_name":"thrusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_thruster"},{"link_name":"diving bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bell"},{"link_name":"moonpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonpool"},{"link_name":"launch and recovery system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)"},{"link_name":"bell cursor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_cursor"},{"link_name":"heave compensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heave_compensation"},{"link_name":"inshore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_H%E2%80%93O#inshore_diving"},{"link_name":"Live-boating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_H%E2%80%93O#Live-boating"},{"link_name":"divers' umbilicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diver%27s_umbilical"}],"text":"CSV Skandi Singapore departing Fremantle, AustraliaA diving support vessel is a ship that is used as a floating base for professional diving projects. Basic requirements are the ability to keep station accurately and reliably throughout a diving operation, often in close proximity to drilling or production platforms, for positioning to degrade slowly enough in deteriorating conditions to recover divers without excessive risk, and to carry the necessary support equipment for the mode of diving to be used.Recent offshore diving support vessels tend to be dynamically positioned (DP) and double as remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) support vessels, and also be capable of supporting seismic survey operations and cable-laying operations. DP makes a wider range of operations possible, but the platform presents some inherent hazards, particularly the thrusters, making launch and recovery by diving bell widespread. They may use a moonpool to shelter the position where the bell or ROV enters and exits the water, and the launch and recovery system may also use a bell cursor to constrain relative movement through the splash zone, and heave compensation to minimise depth variation of the bell during the dive. Accommodations must be provided for the teams supporting whichever functions the vessel is contracted for.DSVs for inshore operations tend to be much smaller, and may operate while moored for shallow work. Live-boating operations are considered unacceptably hazardous for surface supplied diving unless a stage or bell is used to keep the divers' umbilicals clear of the vessel's thrusters","title":"Diving support vessel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship"},{"link_name":"professional diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_diving"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usn-1"}],"text":"A diving support vessel is a ship that is used as a floating base for professional diving projects.[1] Basic requirements are the ability to keep station accurately and reliably throughout a diving operation, often in close proximity to drilling or production platforms, for positioning to degrade slowly enough in deteriorating conditions to recover divers without excessive risk, and to carry the necessary support equipment for the mode of diving to be used.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"offshore diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diving"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dynamic Positioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_positioning"},{"link_name":"DGPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGPS"},{"link_name":"Transponders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder"},{"link_name":"Saturation diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_diving"},{"link_name":"helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"heliox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliox"},{"link_name":"diving bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beyerstein_2006-2"},{"link_name":"moon pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_pool"},{"link_name":"ROV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle"}],"text":"Commercial diving support vessels emerged during the 1960s and 1970s, when the need arose for offshore diving operations to be performed below and around oil production platforms and associated installations in open water in the North Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Until that point, most diving operations were from mobile oil drilling platforms, pipe-lay, or crane barges. The diving system tended to be modularised and craned on and off the vessels as a package.[citation needed]As permanent oil and gas production platforms emerged, the owners and operators were not keen to give over valuable deck space to diving systems because after they came on-line the expectation of continuing diving operations was low.[citation needed]However, equipment fails or gets damaged, and there was a regular if not continuous need for diving operations in and around oil fields. The solution was to put diving packages on ships. Initially these tended to be oilfield supply ships or fishing vessels; however, keeping this kind of ship 'on station', particularly during uncertain weather, made the diving dangerous, problematic and seasonal. Furthermore, seabed operations usually entailed the raising and lowering of heavy equipment, and most such vessels were not equipped for this task.[citation needed]This is when the dedicated commercial diving support vessel emerged. These were often built from scratch or heavily converted pipe carriers or other utility ships. The key components of the diving support vessel are:Dynamic Positioning – Controlled by a computer with input from position reference systems (DGPS, Transponders, Light Taut Wires or RadaScan), it will maintain the ship's position over a dive site by using multi-directional thrusters, other sensors would compensate for swell, tide and prevailing wind.\nSaturation diving system – For diving operations below 50 m, a mixture of helium and oxygen (heliox) is required to eliminate the narcotic effect of nitrogen under pressure. For extended diving operations at depth, saturation diving is the preferred approach. A saturation system would be installed within the ship. A diving bell[2] would transport the divers between the saturation system and the work site lowered through a 'moon pool' in the bottom of the ship, usually with a support structure 'cursor' to support the diving bell through the turbulent waters near the surface. There are a number of support systems for the saturation system on a diving support vessel, usually including a remotely operated vehicle ROV and heavy lifting equipment.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSV_Curtis_Marshall.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulmar_Da_Vinci_in_Albert_Dock.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Skandi_Arctic_supply_vessel_in_Leith_docks.jpg"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"monohull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monohull"},{"link_name":"bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bell"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Modern diving support vessels","text":"The 2015 launched DSV Curtis MarshallGulmar Da Vinci in Albert DockThe Skandi Arctic supply vessel in Leith docksMost of the vessels currently in the North Sea have been built in the 1980s. The semi-submersible fleet, the Uncle John and similar, have proven to be too expensive to maintain and too slow to move between fields.[citation needed] Therefore, most existing designs are monohull vessels with either a one or a twin bell dive system. There has been little innovation since the 1980s. However, driven by high oil prices since 2004, the market for subsea developments in the North Sea has grown significantly.[citation needed] This has led to a scarcity of diving support vessels and has driven the price up. Thus, contractors have ordered a number of newbuild vessels which are expected to enter the market in 2008.[citation needed]More recent vessels are designed and built to support both diving activities and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) operations with dedicated hangar and LARS for ROV's, and to support seismic survey operations and cable-laying operations. They may carry 80 to 150 project personnel on board, including divers, diving supervisors and superintendents, dive technicians, life support technicians and supervisors, ROV pilots, ROV superintendents, survey team, clients personnel, etc. For all these personnel to carry out their contracted job with an oil and gas company, a professional crew navigate and operate the vessel according to the contract requirements and instructions of project superintendents. However, ultimate responsibility lies on the master of the vessel for the safety of every person on board. In expanding the utility of the vessel, these vessels provide, in addition to the usual domestic facilities, specialised diving mixed gas compressors and reclaim systems, gas storage and blending facilities, and saturation diving accommodation systems where the divers live under compression. These vessels are available to be hired by diving contractors or directly by oil and gas contractors who then will subcontract a specialist service-provider to use the vessel as a platform to carry out their activities.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Special features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dynamic positioning","text":"Dynamic positioning (DP) is a computer-controlled system to automatically maintain a vessel's position and heading by using its own propellers and thrusters. Position reference sensors, combined with wind sensors, motion sensors and gyrocompasses, provide information to the computer pertaining to the vessel's position and the magnitude and direction of environmental forces affecting its position. Dynamic positioning is a great advantage for saturation diving operations as the risk to the divers and the work area from anchor patterns is reduced, and the vessel can be positioned more quickly.","title":"Special features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saturation diving § Architecture of a surface saturation facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_diving#Architecture_of_a_surface_saturation_facility"},{"link_name":"decompression chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_chamber"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MGD-3"},{"link_name":"commercial diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_diving"},{"link_name":"military diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_diving"},{"link_name":"diving bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bevan_1999-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usn-1"},{"link_name":"decompressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)"},{"link_name":"atmospheric pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure"},{"link_name":"sur-D O2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_decompression"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beyerstein_2006-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford_2016-5"},{"link_name":"surface supplied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_diving"},{"link_name":"breathing gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing_gas"},{"link_name":"cylinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_cylinder"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beyerstein_2006-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford_2016-5"},{"link_name":"hot water suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_suit#Hot_water_suits"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mecjavic_et_al_2001-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford_2016-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford_2016-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pressurised_Chambers_for_Divers.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interview_2017-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford_2016-5"}],"sub_title":"Saturation system","text":"See also: Saturation diving § Architecture of a surface saturation facilityThe \"saturation system\", \"saturation complex\" or \"saturation spread\" typically comprises a surface complex made up of a living chamber, transfer chamber and submersible decompression chamber,[3] which is commonly referred to in commercial diving and military diving as the diving bell,[4] PTC (personnel transfer capsule) or SDC (submersible decompression chamber).[1] The system can be permanently installed on the ship or can be capable of being moved from one vessel to another by crane. The entire system is managed from a control room (\"van\"), where depth, chamber atmosphere and other system parameters are monitored and controlled. The diving bell is the elevator or lift that transfers divers from the system to the work site. Typically, it is mated to the system utilizing a removable clamp and is separated from the system tankage bulkhead by a trunking space, a kind of tunnel, through which the divers transfer to and from the bell. At the completion of work or a mission, the saturation diving team is decompressed gradually back to atmospheric pressure by the slow venting of system pressure, at an average of 15 metres (49 ft) to 30 metres (98 ft) per day (schedules vary). The process involves only one decompression, thereby avoiding the time-consuming and comparatively risky process of in-water, staged decompression or sur-D O2 operations normally associated with non-saturation mixed gas diving.[2] More than one living chamber can be linked to the transfer chamber through trunking so that diving teams can be stored at different depths where this is a logistical requirement. An extra chamber can be fitted to transfer personnel into and out of the system while under pressure and to treat divers for decompression sickness if this should be necessary.[5]The divers use surface supplied umbilical diving equipment, utilizing deep diving breathing gas, such as helium and oxygen mixtures, stored in large capacity, high pressure cylinders.[2] The gas supplies are plumbed to the control room, where they are routed to supply the system components. The bell is fed via a large, multi-part umbilical that supplies breathing gas, electricity, communications and hot water. The bell also is fitted with exterior mounted breathing gas cylinders for emergency use.[5]While in the water the divers will often use a hot water suit to protect against the cold.[6] The hot water comes from boilers on the surface and is pumped down to the diver via the bell's umbilical and then through the diver's umbilical.[5]The transfer chamber is where the bell is mated to the surface saturation system for transfer under pressure (TUP). It is a wet surface chamber where divers prepare for a dive and strip off and clean their gear after return. Connection to the bell may be overhead, through the bottom hatch of the bell, or lateral, through a side door.[5]Accommodation chamber of a saturation spreadThe accommodation chambers may be as small as 100 square feet.[7] This part is generally made of multiple compartments, including living, sanitation, and rest facilities, each a separate unit, joined by short lengths of cylindrical trunking. It is usually possible to isolate each compartment from the others using internal pressure doors.[5]","title":"Special features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"closed diving bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bell#Structure_of_a_typical_closed_bell"},{"link_name":"bellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_A%E2%80%93C#bellman"},{"link_name":"stand-by diver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_P%E2%80%93S#stand-by_diver"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usn_ch15-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMCA_D022_2016-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_101116-N-XXXXX-003_The_bell_handling_system_lowers_the_diving_bell_into_the_water_during_manned_testing_of_the_Saturation_Fly-Away_Diving_S.jpg"},{"link_name":"gantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantry_crane"},{"link_name":"A-frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-frame"},{"link_name":"launch and recovery system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMCA_D022_2016-9"},{"link_name":"platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_platform"},{"link_name":"winch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winch"},{"link_name":"moon pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_pool"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usn_ch15-8"},{"link_name":"bell cursor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_cursor"},{"link_name":"Diving bell § Deployment of a modern diving bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bell#Deployment_of_a_modern_diving_bell"},{"link_name":"dive support vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_support_vessel"},{"link_name":"moon pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_pool"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P_D_Handbook-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMCA_D022_2016-9"},{"link_name":"Cross-hauling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_A%E2%80%93C#Cross-hauling"}],"sub_title":"Diving bell","text":"A closed diving bell, also known as personnel transfer capsule or submersible decompression chamber, is used to transport divers between the workplace and the accommodations chambers. The bell is a cylindrical or spherical pressure vessel with a hatch at the bottom, and may mate with the surface transfer chamber at the bottom hatch or at a side door. Bells are usually designed to carry two or three divers, one of whom, the bellman, stays inside the bell at the bottom and is stand-by diver to the working divers. Each diver is supplied by an umbilical from inside the bell. The bell has a set of high pressure gas storage cylinders mounted on the outside containing on-board reserve breathing gas. The on-board gas and main gas supply are distributed from the bell gas panel, which is controlled by the bellman. The bell may have viewports and external lights.[8] The divers' umbilicals are stored on racks inside the bell during transfer, and are tended by the bellman during the dive.[9]: ch.13The bell handling system lowers the diving bell of the US Navy's saturation fly-away diving system into the water.The bell is deployed from a gantry or A-frame, also known as a bell launch and recovery system (LARS),[9]: ch.13  on the vessel or platform, using a winch. Deployment may be over the side or through a moon pool.[8]The handling system must be able to support the dynamic loads imposed by operating in a range of weather conditions.\nIt must be able to move the bell through the air/water interface (splash zone) in a controlled way, fast enough to avoid excessive movement caused by wave action.\nA bell cursor may be used to limit lateral motion through and above the splash zone.\nIt must keep the bell clear of the vessel or platform to prevent impact damage or injury.\nIt must have sufficient power for fast retrieval of the bell in an emergency, and fine control to facilitate mating of the bell and transfer flange, and to accurately place the bell at the bottom.\nIt must include a system to move the bell between the mating flange of the transfer chamber and the launch/retrieval position.See also: Diving bell § Deployment of a modern diving bellDiving bells are deployed over the side of the vessel or platform using a gantry or A-frame from which the clump weight and the bell are suspended. On dive support vessels with in-built saturation systems the bell may be deployed through a moon pool. The bell handling system is also known as the launch and recovery system (LARS).[10] This is also used to move the bell from the position where it is locked on to the chamber system into the water, lower it to the working depth and hold it at that depth without excessive movement, for which heave compensation equipment may be fitted to the winch, and recover it to the chamber system. The system used to transfer the bell on deck may be a deck trolley system, an overhead gantry or a swinging A-frame. The system must constrain movement of the supported bell sufficiently to allow accurate location on the chamber trunking even in bad weather. A bell cursor may be used to control movement through and above the splash zone, and heave compensation gear may be used to limit vertical movement when in the water and clear of the cursor, particularly at working depth when the diver may be locked out and the bell is open to ambient pressure.[9] Cross-hauling gear may be useful to place the bell closer to the worksite if the ship cannot safely approach it to a convenient distance","title":"Special features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Moon pool","text":"A moon pool is an opening in the base of the hull, giving access to the water below, which allows divers, diving bells, remotely operated underwater vehicles or other equipment to enter or leave the water easily and in a relatively protected environment.","title":"Special features"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Diving from a DSV makes a wider range of operations possible, but the platform presents some inherent hazards, and equipment and procedures must be adopted to manage these hazards as well as the hazards of the environment and diving tasks.","title":"Diving from a DSV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anchor patterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_pattern"},{"link_name":"Dynamic positioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_positioning"},{"link_name":"thrusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_thruster"},{"link_name":"Dynamic positioning runout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_positioning_runout"},{"link_name":"diver deployment system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_D%E2%80%93G#diver_deployment_system"}],"sub_title":"Hazards","text":"Hazards of the positioning system\nAnchor patterns\nDynamic positioning thrusters\nDynamic positioning runout\nHazards of the diver deployment system","title":"Diving from a DSV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surface supplied diving § Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_diving#Equipment"},{"link_name":"Saturation diving § Auxiliary and support equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_diving#Auxiliary_and_support_equipment"},{"link_name":"recompression facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_decompression_chamber"},{"link_name":"saturation system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_system"},{"link_name":"Stages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_stage"},{"link_name":"wet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_bell"},{"link_name":"dry bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_bell"},{"link_name":"bell cursors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_cursor"},{"link_name":"launch and recovery systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)"},{"link_name":"Cross-hauling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_A%E2%80%93C#Cross-hauling"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMCA_D032-11"},{"link_name":"Hyperbaric evacuation facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_evacuation_facilities"},{"link_name":"gas blending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_blending"},{"link_name":"helium reclaim systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_reclaim_system"},{"link_name":"Remotely operated underwater vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Rigging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigging_(industrial)"},{"link_name":"lifting gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting_gear"},{"link_name":"underwater work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_work"},{"link_name":"diving systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_D%E2%80%93G#diving_system"}],"sub_title":"Equipment","text":"See also: Surface supplied diving § Equipment, and Saturation diving § Auxiliary and support equipmentOn board recompression facilities or saturation system\nEquipment to transport the diver through high risk zones: Stages, wet and dry bells, bell cursors and launch and recovery systems.\nCross-hauling gear.[11]\nEquipment to limit access to known hazards\nHyperbaric evacuation facilities\nBreathing gas storage, gas blending, distribution and helium reclaim systems.\nAssociated equipment:\nRemotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs)\nRigging and lifting gear\nTools and equipment for underwater work\nTools and equipment for maintenance and repair of diving systems","title":"Diving from a DSV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surface-supplied diving § Diving procedures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving#Diving_procedures"},{"link_name":"Saturation diving § Operating procedures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_diving#Operating_procedures"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMCA_D014-12"},{"link_name":"underwater tending points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_tending_point"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMCA_D022_2016-9"}],"sub_title":"Procedures","text":"See also: Surface-supplied diving § Diving procedures, and Saturation diving § Operating proceduresStandard practices for diving from a DSV include the use of stages, wet and dry bells to transport the diver through the interface between air and water, to avoid hazards, and for decompression.When using dynamic positioning, a surface supplied mode is used, and the length and routing of the diver's umbilical is used to prevent the diver from closely approaching known high risk hazards like thrusters.[12]Underwater umbilical tending may be by passing the umbilical through the stage frame, tended from the surface, or from a bell, tended by the bellman. Additional underwater tending points may be needed, and one of the methods used is for the diver to pass through a heavy hoop, which may be deployed by crane to a specific position on or near the bottom, The reach of the umbilical beyond each tending point should not allow the diver close approach to known high risk hazards.[9]","title":"Diving from a DSV"}]
[{"image_text":"CSV Skandi Singapore departing Fremantle, Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Skandi_Singapore%2C_Fremantle%2C_2018_%2804%29.jpg/220px-Skandi_Singapore%2C_Fremantle%2C_2018_%2804%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 2015 launched DSV Curtis Marshall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DSV_Curtis_Marshall.JPG/220px-DSV_Curtis_Marshall.JPG"},{"image_text":"Gulmar Da Vinci in Albert Dock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gulmar_Da_Vinci_in_Albert_Dock.jpg/220px-Gulmar_Da_Vinci_in_Albert_Dock.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Skandi Arctic supply vessel in Leith docks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_Skandi_Arctic_supply_vessel_in_Leith_docks.jpg/220px-The_Skandi_Arctic_supply_vessel_in_Leith_docks.jpg"},{"image_text":"Accommodation chamber of a saturation spread","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pressurised_Chambers_for_Divers.jpg/220px-Pressurised_Chambers_for_Divers.jpg"},{"image_text":"The bell handling system lowers the diving bell of the US Navy's saturation fly-away diving system into the water.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/US_Navy_101116-N-XXXXX-003_The_bell_handling_system_lowers_the_diving_bell_into_the_water_during_manned_testing_of_the_Saturation_Fly-Away_Diving_S.jpg/220px-US_Navy_101116-N-XXXXX-003_The_bell_handling_system_lowers_the_diving_bell_into_the_water_during_manned_testing_of_the_Saturation_Fly-Away_Diving_S.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Dive boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_boat"},{"title":"Commercial offshore diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diving"},{"title":"Saturation diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_diving"},{"title":"Professional diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_diving"},{"title":"Dynamic positioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_positioning"},{"title":"Diving bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bell"}]
[{"reference":"US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. 2006. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080502023541/http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageId=3.9","url_text":"US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision"},{"url":"http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageID=3.9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beyerstein, G. (2006). Lang, M.A.; Smith, N.E. (eds.). Commercial Diving: Surface-Mixed Gas, Sur-D-O2, Bell Bounce, Saturation. Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lettnin, Heinz (1999). International textbook of Mixed Gas Diving. Flagstaff, AZ: Best Publishing Company. ISBN 0-941332--50-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941332--50-0","url_text":"0-941332--50-0"}]},{"reference":"Bevan, J. (1999). \"Diving bells through the centuries\". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 29 (1). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0813-1988","url_text":"0813-1988"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16986801","url_text":"16986801"}]},{"reference":"Crawford, J. (2016). \"8.5.1 Helium recovery systems\". Offshore Installation Practice (revised ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 150–155. ISBN 9781483163192.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483163192","url_text":"9781483163192"}]},{"reference":"Mekjavić, B.; Golden, F. S.; Eglin, M.; Tipton, M. J. (2001). \"Thermal status of saturation divers during operational dives in the North Sea\". Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine. 28 (3): 149–55. PMID 12067151.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12067151","url_text":"12067151"}]},{"reference":"\"The Saturation Diver Interview: Fredoon Kapadia – The Underwater Centre Blog\". The Underwater Centre Blog. 22 May 2017. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170820080105/http://blog.theunderwatercentre.com/2017/05/saturation-diver-interview-fredoon-kapadia/","url_text":"\"The Saturation Diver Interview: Fredoon Kapadia – The Underwater Centre Blog\""},{"url":"https://blog.theunderwatercentre.com/2017/05/saturation-diver-interview-fredoon-kapadia/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"US Navy (2006). \"15\". US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080502023541/http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageId=3.9","url_text":"\"15\""},{"url":"http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageID=3.9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"13 - Closed bell diving\". Guidance for diving supervisors IMCA D 022 (Revision 1 ed.). London, UK: International Marine Contractors Association. August 2016. pp. 13–5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bevan, John, ed. (2005). \"Section 5.1\". The Professional Divers's Handbook (second ed.). Gosport, UK: Submex Ltd. p. 200. ISBN 978-0950824260.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0950824260","url_text":"978-0950824260"}]},{"reference":"Cross-Hauling of Bells: IMCA D023 (PDF). London, UK: IMCA. July 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trauma-training.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Cross-hauling-of-bells-IMCA-D-032.pdf","url_text":"Cross-Hauling of Bells: IMCA D023"}]},{"reference":"IMCA (October 2007). IMCA International Code of Practice for Offshore Diving (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110815121128/http://www.imca-int.com/documents/divisions/diving/docs/IMCAD014.pdf","url_text":"IMCA International Code of Practice for Offshore Diving"},{"url":"http://www.imca-int.com/documents/divisions/diving/docs/IMCAD014.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRH
Royal Highness
["1 Origin","2 African usage","3 Denmark","4 Holy Roman Empire","5 Burma","6 Netherlands","7 Norway","8 Spain","9 Sweden","10 Saudi Arabia","11 United Kingdom","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References"]
Style of address "His Royal Highness" redirects here. For other uses, see His Royal Highness (disambiguation). "HRH" redirects here. For other uses, see HRH (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Royal Highness (novel). Royal Highness is a style used to address or refer to some members of royal families, usually princes or princesses. Kings and their female consorts, as well as queens regnant, are usually styled Majesty. When used as a direct form of address, spoken or written, it takes the form Your Royal Highness. When used as a third-person reference, it is gender-specific (His Royal Highness or Her Royal Highness, both abbreviated HRH) and in plural, Their Royal Highnesses (TRH). Origin By the 17th century, all local rulers in Italy adopted the style Highness, which was once used by kings and emperors only. According to Denis Diderot's Encyclopédie, the style of Royal Highness was created on the insistence of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, Cardinal-Infante of Spain, a younger son of King Philip III of Spain. The archduke was travelling through Italy on his way to the Low Countries and, upon meeting Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy, refused to address him as Highness unless the Duke addressed him as Royal Highness. Thus, the first use of the style Royal Highness was recorded in 1633. Gaston, Duke of Orléans, younger son of King Henry IV of France, encountered the style in Brussels and assumed it himself. His children later used the style, considering it their prerogative as grandchildren of France. By the 18th century, Royal Highness had become the prevalent style for members of a continental reigning dynasty whose head bore the hereditary title of king or queen. The titles of family members of non-hereditary rulers (e.g., the Holy Roman Emperor, King of Poland, Princes of Moldavia and Wallachia—and even the kin of the Princes of Orange who held hereditary leadership though not monarchical position in much of the Netherlands, etc.) were less clear, varying until rendered moot in the 19th century. After dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, several of Germany's prince-electors and other now sovereign rulers assumed the title of grand duke and with it, for themselves, their eldest sons and consorts, the style of Royal Highness (Baden, Hesse, Mecklenburg, Saxe-Weimar). African usage The vast majority of African royalty that make use of titles such as prince, chief and sheikh, eschew the attendant styles often encountered in Europe. Even in the cases of the aforesaid titles, they usually only exist as courtesies and may or may not have been recognised by a reigning fons honorum. However, some traditional leaders and their family members use royal styles when acting in their official roles as representatives of sovereign or constituent states, distinguishing their status from others who may use or claim traditional titles. For example, the Nigerian traditional rulers of the Yoruba are usually styled using the HRH The X of Y method, even though they are confusingly known as kings in English and not the princes that the HRH style usually suggests. The chiefly appellation "Kabiyesi" (lit. He (or She) whose words are beyond question) is likewise used as the equivalent of the HRH and other such styles by this class of royalty when rendering their full titles in the Yoruba language. Furthermore, the wives of the king of the Zulu peoples, although all entitled to the title of queen, do not share their husband's style of Majesty but instead are each addressed as Royal Highness, with the possible exception of the great wife. Another example, The Zosimli Naa is a female chieftaincy title in Ghana. The first Zosimli was Her Royal Highness, Naa Dr. Susan J Herlin. In 2022, a new Zosimli Naa, HRH Naa Ife Bell was enskinned at a colorful ceremony. Denmark In contrast to some other European kingdoms, the kingdom of Denmark reserves the superior style of Royal Highness only to the children of the monarch and the children of the crown prince; other grandchildren of a Danish monarch enjoy the style of Your Excellency, e.g. Count Nikolai of Monpezat. Holy Roman Empire The title of Archduke or Archduchess of Austria was known to be complemented with the style of Royal Highness for all non-reigning members of the House of Habsburg and later the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Even though the Habsburgs held the Imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire, it was nominally an elective office that could not be hereditarily transmitted, so the non-reigning family members adopted the style of members of the hereditary Royal family of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, etc. This changed when Francis I of Austria dissolved the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, as the Archduchy of Austria was elevated to an Empire in 1804; the members of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine abandoned the style of Royal Highness in favour of the style of Imperial and Royal Highness to reflect the creation of the Empire of Austria. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the former empress Marie Louise of France was restored to her Imperial and Royal style and granted the title of Duchess of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, as well as being restored to her premarital title of Archduchess and Imperial Princess of Austria, Royal Princess of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia. Burma The title of "Prince/Princess of the Burma with the accompanying style of HRH; direct translation of Burmese: Myint Myat Taw Mu Hla Thaw. In Burmese Royal order called for Prince: Shwe Ko Daw Gyi Phaya; Taw Phya. For Princess: Hteik Su Gyi Phaya or Hteik Su Myat Phaya; Su Phya. That title used for Royal descendants of King Thibaw use that royal title. Another Kongbaung Dynasty King's Descendants Prince and Princess are use His/ Her Imperial Highness (Royal title). A former monarch upon abdication. The heir apparent to the throne. Netherlands The title of "Prince/Princess of the Netherlands" with the accompanying style of HRH is or may be granted by law to the following classes of persons: A former monarch upon abdication. The heir apparent to the throne. The husband of a female monarch. The spouse of the heir apparent. The legitimate children of the monarch and the wife of any legitimate son of the monarch. The legitimate children of the heir apparent. A separate title of "Prince/Princess of Orange-Nassau" may be granted by law to members of the Dutch royal house or, as a personal and non-hereditary title to former members of the royal house within three months of loss of membership. A Prince/Princess of Orange-Nassau who is not also a Prince/Princess of the Netherlands is addressed as "His/Her Highness" without the predicate "royal". That is the case for example of the children of Princess Margriet, younger daughter of the late Queen Juliana. Finally, members of the royal house or former members of the royal house within three months of loss of their membership may be also inducted by royal decree into the Dutch nobility with a rank lower than prince/princess and, generally, the accompanying style of "His/Her Highborn Lord/Lady". That is the case for example of the children of the younger brother of King Willem-Alexander, Prince Constantijn, who were given the titles of "Count/Countess of Orange-Nassau" and the honorific predicate of "Jonkheer/Jonkvrouw van Amsberg", both hereditary in the male line. Norway In Norway the style of Royal Highness is reserved for the children of the monarch and the eldest child of the heir apparent. Other children of the heir apparent have the style Highness, e.g. Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway. Spain In Spain, the prince or princess of Asturias, his or her spouse and the infantes of Spain bear the style of Royal Highness. The infantes are the children of the monarch and the children of the prince or princess of Asturias. Their spouses are not infantes by marriage and do not bear the style of Royal Highness, although they usually bear the ducal title of their spouse along with the style of The Most Excellent, also used by the children of the infantes and the grandees of Spain. The consort of a queen regnant bears the title of prince and the style of Royal Highness, although the last male consort, spouse of Queen Isabella II, was elevated to the dignity of king consort with the style of Majesty. Finally, a regent designated outside of the royal family in the cases provided by law would bear the simpler style of Highness. Sweden When Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden married commoner Olof Daniel Westling in 2010, the Swedish Royal Court announced that Westling would become "Prince Daniel" and "Duke of Västergötland", corresponding in form to the style used by Swedish princes of royal birth, including Victoria's younger brother Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland, i.e. Prince + Given name + Duke of . Thus Westling was made a prince of Sweden and was granted the style Royal Highness, making him an official member of the Swedish royal family. Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland married the commoner British-American banker Christopher O'Neill in 2013, but she did not adopt the surname O'Neill and instead retained the Bernadotte surname as do her children, and retained the style of Royal Highness. Christopher O'Neill kept his own name, unlike his brother-in-law Prince Daniel (above). O'Neill was not granted royal status and has remained a private citizen, since he wished to retain his British and United States citizenships and his business. He declined Swedish citizenship and for that reason could not be a member of the Swedish Royal Family or Duke of Hälsingland and Gästrikland (his wife's titles). To remain Swedish royalty and have succession rights to the Swedish throne, the couple's children will have to be raised in Sweden and as members of the Church of Sweden. Three of the sisters of King Carl XVI Gustaf were granted honorary titles of Princess (without nationality) when they married commoners but lost their Royal Highness status, as did two of his uncles earlier in the 20th century. In October 2019, the grandchildren of King Carl XVI Gustaf retained the titles of Prince or Princess but lost the style of Royal Highness, except for the children of the Crown Princess Victoria. Saudi Arabia Sons, daughters, patrilineal grandsons and granddaughters of Ibn Saud are referred to by the style "His/Her Royal Highness" (HRH), differing from those belonging to the cadet branches, who are called "His/Her Highness" (HH) and in addition to that a reigning king has the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. United Kingdom In British constitutional law, use of the style HRH or simply "Royal Highness" may only be conferred by letters patent. Since 1917, the style has usually been restricted to children of the monarch, or to male-line grandchildren (i.e., the children of the monarch's sons). It is typically associated with the rank of prince or princess (although this has not always applied, an exception being Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who received the style in 1947 prior to his marriage to Princess Elizabeth but was not formally created a British prince until 1957). When a prince has another title such as Duke (or a princess the title of Duchess), they may be called HRH The Duke of .... For instance HRH The Duke of Connaught was a prince and a member of the royal family, while a non-royal duke such as the Duke of Devonshire is not a member of the royal family, but is a member of the peerage. When Edward VIII abdicated the throne in 1936 he was granted the style and title, HRH The Duke of Windsor. The woman he then married became the Duchess of Windsor, but she was denied the style HRH . Edward for much of the rest of his life attempted unsuccessfully to persuade the crown to grant her the style. According to letters patent issued by King George V in 1917, the sons and daughters of sovereigns and the male-line grandchildren of sovereigns are entitled to the style. It is for this reason that the daughters of the Duke of York, Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie, carry the HRH status, but the children of Anne, Princess Royal, Peter Phillips and Zara Tindall, do not. James Mountbatten-Windsor and Lady Louise, the grandchildren of Queen Elizabeth II, at the request of their parents, Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh and Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh, are styled as the children of a duke, and thus are known as Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor and Earl of Wessex. Under George V's letters patent, only the eldest son of the eldest living son of the Prince of Wales was also entitled to the style, but not younger sons or daughters of the eldest living son of the Prince of Wales. Queen Elizabeth II changed this in 2012 prior to the birth of Prince George so that all children of the eldest living son of the Prince of Wales would bear the style, returning to the position Queen Victoria had instituted in 1898. There is no mention of younger living sons of a Prince of Wales, as a result of which the children of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, Archie and Lilibet, were not automatically a prince and princess with the HRH prefix. After the death of Queen Elizabeth II, both children became entitled to the HRH style and the title of Prince and Princess respectively. The Duke and Duchess of Sussex confirmed their children would use those titles in March 2023. On 18 January 2020, Queen Elizabeth II announced that Harry and Meghan, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, would no longer use the style of His/Her Royal Highness due to their decision to step down as working members of the royal family, though they are still legally entitled to the style. On 13 January 2022, it was announced that Prince Andrew, Duke of York would no longer use the style, following a notorious lawsuit against him. Letters patent dated 21 August 1996 stated that the wife of a member of the royal family loses the right to the style of HRH in the event of their divorce. Examples include HRH The Princess of Wales and HRH The Duchess of York whose styles changed to become Diana, Princess of Wales and Sarah, Duchess of York, respectively. These styles are in line with those of a divorced peeress. See also British prince and British princess Forms of address in the United Kingdom Royal and noble styles Table of Ranks (Russian) Notes ^ "The children of sons of any Sovereign of Great Britain and Ireland are entitled to the style of "Royal Highness", this privilege having been conferred upon them by letters patent. References ^ "Royal Styles and the uses of "Highness"". heraldica.org. ^ Alhassan, Zakaria (2014-11-11). ""Tamale loses 'development chief'"". Graphic Online. p. 1. Retrieved 2014-11-11. ^ "Dr Susan Herlin: An Embodiment of True Friendship Dr Susan Herlin: An Embodiment of True Friendship | GhHeadlines Total News Total Information". www.ghheadlines.com. 2014-05-13. Retrieved 2023-05-25. ^ GNA (2022-10-15). "Tamale, Louisville Cities strengthen relationship with enskinment of Zosimli-Naa". Ghana News Agency. Retrieved 2023-05-25. ^ a b "Wet lidmaatschap koninklijk huis". overheid.nl. ^ a b "Titels". koninklijkhuis.nl. Archived from the original on 2013-08-06. ^ "Wet op de adeldom". wetten.nl. ^ "The Royal Family". kongehuset.no. ^ a b "BOE.es - BOE-A-1987-25284 Real Decreto 1368/1987, de 6 de noviembre, sobre régimen de títulos, tratamientos y honores de la Familia Real y de los Regentes: Art. 3". www.boe.es. Retrieved 2021-10-26. ^ "BOE.es - BOE-A-1987-25284 Real Decreto 1368/1987, de 6 de noviembre, sobre régimen de títulos, tratamientos y honores de la Familia Real y de los Regentes: Art. 4". www.boe.es. Retrieved 2021-10-26. ^ "BOE.es - BOE-A-1987-25284 Real Decreto 1368/1987, de 6 de noviembre, sobre régimen de títulos, tratamientos y honores de la Familia Real y de los Regentes: Art. 1". www.boe.es. Retrieved 2021-10-26. ^ "Persona - Borbón, Francisco de Asís (1822-1902, rey consorte de España)". pares.mcu.es. ^ "BOE.es - BOE-A-1987-25284 Real Decreto 1368/1987, de 6 de noviembre, sobre régimen de títulos, tratamientos y honores de la Familia Real y de los Regentes: Cap. II". www.boe.es. Retrieved 2021-10-26. ^ "Engagement between Crown Princess Victoria and Daniel Westling" (Press release). Royal Court of Sweden. 24 February 2009. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2010. ^ "No O'Neill name change for Princess Madeleine". The Local. 4 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013. ^ "No O'Neill name change for Princess Madeleine Princess Estelle skirts Swedish naming laws". The Local. 24 March 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2013. ^ Adams, Rebecca (20 May 2013). "Christopher O'Neill Declines Title Before Wedding To Princess Madeleine Of Sweden". Huffington Post. Retrieved 6 June 2013. ^ Törnkvist, Ann (17 May 2013). "American 'prince' says no to Swedish citizenship". The Local. Retrieved 8 June 2013. ^ "'New York princess' risks heirs' right to the throne". The Local. 27 February 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013. ^ Swedish royals: Five of King's grandchildren no longer official members ^ "Swedish King Carl Gustaf removes grandchildren from royal house". BBC News. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019. ^ Amos, Deborah (1991). "Sheikh to Chic". Mother Jones. p. 28. Retrieved 12 July 2016. ^ "Saudi Arabia: HRH or HH?". American Bedu. 23 March 2010. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016 – via Internet Archive. ^ Owen Hood Phillips (1957). The Constitutional Law of Great Britain and the Commonwealth. Sweet & Maxwell. p. 370. ^ Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, Privy Council, and Order of Preference. Burke's Peerage Limited. 1963. p. XXIX. ^ London Gazette, issue 41009, 22 February 1957 p.209 ^ Cadbury, Deborah (2015). Princes at War. New York: Perseus Books Group: PublicAffairs. pp. 35–40. ISBN 978-1-61039-403-1. OCLC 890181198. ^ Rodger, James; Sloper, Rachel (15 October 2018). "Will Prince Harry and Meghan's children be princes and princesses?". Leicester Mercury. Retrieved 18 January 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Styles of the members of the British royal family: Documents". Heraldica. Retrieved 25 January 2022. ^ "Prince Archie and Princess Lilibet: royal titles for Prince Harry's kids". Reuters. Reuters. Retrieved 12 January 2024. ^ "Harry and Meghan will not use HRH titles – palace". BBC News. 18 January 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020. ^ "Prince Andrew loses military titles and patronages". BBC News. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022. ^ "No. 54510". The London Gazette. 30 August 1996. p. 11603. vteImperial, royal, and noble stylesForms of address for popes, royalty, and nobilityAfrica Nəgusä Nägäst Nkosi Pharaoh Western Holiness Imperial and Royal Majesty (HI&RM) Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty Imperial Majesty (HIM) Apostolic Majesty (HAM) Catholic Monarchs Catholic Majesty (HCM) Most Christian Majesty (HMCM) Most Faithful Majesty (HFM) Orthodox Majesty (HOM) Britannic Majesty (HBM) Most Excellent Majesty Most Gracious Majesty Royal Majesty (HRM) Majesty (HM) Grace (HG) Royal Highness (HRH) Monseigneur (Msgr) Most Eminent Highness (HMEH) Exalted Highness (HEH) Highness (HH) Serene Highness (HSH) Illustrious Highness (HIll.H) Excellency (HE) Most Excellent Most Illustrious Hochgeboren Hochwohlgeboren Wohlgeboren Much Honoured (The Much Hon.) Milord (Millourt) AntiquityAncient Rome Pater Patriae Augustus Sebastos Dominus Georgia Mepe Middle Ages Imperial and Royal Highness (HI&RH) Imperial Highness (HIH) Royal Highness (HRH) Grand Ducal Highness (HGDH) Highness (HH) Ducal Serene Highness (HDSH) Serene Highness (HSH) Serenity (HS) Illustrious Highness (HIll.H) Grace (HG) Excellency (HE) Specific culture Don Senhor Asian Baghatur Duli Yang Maha Mulia Great king Khan Khagan King of Kings Maharaja Mikado Shah Shogun Son of Heaven Islamic Amir al-Mu'minin Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Hadrat Sharif Sultanic Highness Countries France Georgia Netherlands Portugal Serbia Sweden United Kingdom Canada Scotland See also By the Grace of God Divine right of kings Defender of the Faith (Fidei defensor) Defender of the Holy Sepulchre Great Catholic Monarch List of current sovereign monarchs List of current constituent monarchs Sacred king Translatio imperii Victory title Wikipedia:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"His Royal Highness (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Royal_Highness_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"HRH (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRH_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Royal Highness (novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Highness_(novel)"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)"},{"link_name":"royal families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_families"},{"link_name":"princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince"},{"link_name":"princesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess"},{"link_name":"Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King"},{"link_name":"consorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort"},{"link_name":"queens regnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_regnant"},{"link_name":"Majesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majesty"},{"link_name":"third-person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_person"}],"text":"\"His Royal Highness\" redirects here. For other uses, see His Royal Highness (disambiguation).\"HRH\" redirects here. For other uses, see HRH (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Royal Highness (novel).Royal Highness is a style used to address or refer to some members of royal families, usually princes or princesses. Kings and their female consorts, as well as queens regnant, are usually styled Majesty.When used as a direct form of address, spoken or written, it takes the form Your Royal Highness. When used as a third-person reference, it is gender-specific (His Royal Highness or Her Royal Highness, both abbreviated HRH) and in plural, Their Royal Highnesses (TRH).","title":"Royal Highness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highness"},{"link_name":"Denis Diderot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Diderot"},{"link_name":"Encyclopédie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Philip III of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_I,_Duke_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Gaston, Duke of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Henry IV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"grandchildren of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandchildren_of_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"King of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Princes of Moldavia and Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubian_Principalities"},{"link_name":"Princes of Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Orange"},{"link_name":"prince-electors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-elector"},{"link_name":"grand duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_duke"}],"text":"By the 17th century, all local rulers in Italy adopted the style Highness, which was once used by kings and emperors only. According to Denis Diderot's Encyclopédie, the style of Royal Highness was created on the insistence of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, Cardinal-Infante of Spain, a younger son of King Philip III of Spain. The archduke was travelling through Italy on his way to the Low Countries and, upon meeting Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy, refused to address him as Highness unless the Duke addressed him as Royal Highness. Thus, the first use of the style Royal Highness was recorded in 1633. Gaston, Duke of Orléans, younger son of King Henry IV of France, encountered the style in Brussels and assumed it himself. His children later used the style, considering it their prerogative as grandchildren of France.[1]By the 18th century, Royal Highness had become the prevalent style for members of a continental reigning dynasty whose head bore the hereditary title of king or queen. The titles of family members of non-hereditary rulers (e.g., the Holy Roman Emperor, King of Poland, Princes of Moldavia and Wallachia—and even the kin of the Princes of Orange who held hereditary leadership though not monarchical position in much of the Netherlands, etc.) were less clear, varying until rendered moot in the 19th century. After dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, several of Germany's prince-electors and other now sovereign rulers assumed the title of grand duke and with it, for themselves, their eldest sons and consorts, the style of Royal Highness (Baden, Hesse, Mecklenburg, Saxe-Weimar).","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"royalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_family"},{"link_name":"prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince"},{"link_name":"chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chief"},{"link_name":"sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh"},{"link_name":"courtesies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_title"},{"link_name":"reigning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign"},{"link_name":"fons honorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fount_of_honour"},{"link_name":"traditional leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chief"},{"link_name":"sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nigerian traditional rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_traditional_rulers"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"Yoruba language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Zulu peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_people"},{"link_name":"great wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wife"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Zosimli Naa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosimli_Naa"},{"link_name":"chieftaincy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chieftaincy_institution_(Ghana)"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Her Royal Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The vast majority of African royalty that make use of titles such as prince, chief and sheikh, eschew the attendant styles often encountered in Europe. Even in the cases of the aforesaid titles, they usually only exist as courtesies and may or may not have been recognised by a reigning fons honorum. However, some traditional leaders and their family members use royal styles when acting in their official roles as representatives of sovereign or constituent states, distinguishing their status from others who may use or claim traditional titles.[citation needed]For example, the Nigerian traditional rulers of the Yoruba are usually styled using the HRH The X of Y method, even though they are confusingly known as kings in English and not the princes that the HRH style usually suggests. The chiefly appellation \"Kabiyesi\" (lit. He (or She) whose words are beyond question) is likewise used as the equivalent of the HRH and other such styles by this class of royalty when rendering their full titles in the Yoruba language. [citation needed]Furthermore, the wives of the king of the Zulu peoples, although all entitled to the title of queen, do not share their husband's style of Majesty but instead are each addressed as Royal Highness, with the possible exception of the great wife.[citation needed]Another example, The Zosimli Naa is a female chieftaincy title in Ghana. The first Zosimli was Her Royal Highness, Naa Dr. Susan J Herlin.[2][3] In 2022, a new Zosimli Naa, HRH Naa Ife Bell was enskinned at a colorful ceremony.[4]","title":"African usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"how?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"crown prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_prince"},{"link_name":"Your Excellency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Excellency"},{"link_name":"Count Nikolai of Monpezat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Nikolai_of_Monpezat"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In contrast to some other European kingdoms, the kingdom of Denmark reserves[how?] the superior style of Royal Highness only to the children of the monarch and the children of the crown prince; other grandchildren of a Danish monarch enjoy the style of Your Excellency, e.g. Count Nikolai of Monpezat.[citation needed]","title":"Denmark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg-Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Francis I of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Archduchy of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Imperial and Royal Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Highness"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"the former empress Marie Louise of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The title of Archduke or Archduchess of Austria was known to be complemented with the style of Royal Highness for all non-reigning members of the House of Habsburg and later the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Even though the Habsburgs held the Imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire, it was nominally an elective office that could not be hereditarily transmitted, so the non-reigning family members adopted the style of members of the hereditary Royal family of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, etc.[citation needed]This changed when Francis I of Austria dissolved the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, as the Archduchy of Austria was elevated to an Empire in 1804; the members of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine abandoned the style of Royal Highness in favour of the style of Imperial and Royal Highness to reflect the creation of the Empire of Austria.[citation needed]At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the former empress Marie Louise of France was restored to her Imperial and Royal style and granted the title of Duchess of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, as well as being restored to her premarital title of Archduchess and Imperial Princess of Austria, Royal Princess of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia.[citation needed]","title":"Holy Roman Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"}],"text":"The title of \"Prince/Princess of the Burma with the accompanying style of HRH; direct translation of Burmese: Myint Myat Taw Mu Hla Thaw.In Burmese Royal order called for Prince: Shwe Ko Daw Gyi Phaya; Taw Phya. For Princess: Hteik Su Gyi Phaya or Hteik Su Myat Phaya; Su Phya.\nThat title used for Royal descendants of King Thibaw use that royal title.Another Kongbaung Dynasty King's Descendants Prince and Princess are use His/ Her Imperial Highness (Royal title).A former monarch upon abdication.\nThe heir apparent to the throne.","title":"Burma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wetten.overheid.nl-5"},{"link_name":"Dutch royal house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_royal_house"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wetten.overheid.nl-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koninklijkhuis.nl-6"},{"link_name":"Dutch nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_nobility"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Prince Constantijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Constantijn_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koninklijkhuis.nl-6"}],"text":"The title of \"Prince/Princess of the Netherlands\" with the accompanying style of HRH is or may be granted by law to the following classes of persons:[5]A former monarch upon abdication.\nThe heir apparent to the throne.\nThe husband of a female monarch.\nThe spouse of the heir apparent.\nThe legitimate children of the monarch and the wife of any legitimate son of the monarch.\nThe legitimate children of the heir apparent.A separate title of \"Prince/Princess of Orange-Nassau\" may be granted by law to members of the Dutch royal house[5] or, as a personal and non-hereditary title to former members of the royal house within three months of loss of membership. A Prince/Princess of Orange-Nassau who is not also a Prince/Princess of the Netherlands is addressed as \"His/Her Highness\" without the predicate \"royal\". That is the case for example of the children of Princess Margriet, younger daughter of the late Queen Juliana.[6]Finally, members of the royal house or former members of the royal house within three months of loss of their membership may be also inducted by royal decree into the Dutch nobility[7] with a rank lower than prince/princess and, generally, the accompanying style of \"His/Her Highborn Lord/Lady\". That is the case for example of the children of the younger brother of King Willem-Alexander, Prince Constantijn, who were given the titles of \"Count/Countess of Orange-Nassau\" and the honorific predicate of \"Jonkheer/Jonkvrouw van Amsberg\", both hereditary in the male line.[6]","title":"Netherlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highness"},{"link_name":"Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Sverre_Magnus_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In Norway the style of Royal Highness is reserved for the children of the monarch and the eldest child of the heir apparent. Other children of the heir apparent have the style Highness, e.g. Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway.[8]","title":"Norway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"prince or princess of Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"his or her spouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_(by_marriage)"},{"link_name":"infantes of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x5-9"},{"link_name":"ducal title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantive_title"},{"link_name":"The Most Excellent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Excellent"},{"link_name":"grandees of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandees_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x5-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Queen Isabella II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Isabella_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Majesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majesty"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_royal_family"},{"link_name":"Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highness"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In Spain, the prince or princess of Asturias, his or her spouse and the infantes of Spain bear the style of Royal Highness.[9] The infantes are the children of the monarch and the children of the prince or princess of Asturias. Their spouses are not infantes by marriage and do not bear the style of Royal Highness, although they usually bear the ducal title of their spouse along with the style of The Most Excellent, also used by the children of the infantes and the grandees of Spain.[9][10]The consort of a queen regnant bears the title of prince and the style of Royal Highness,[11] although the last male consort, spouse of Queen Isabella II, was elevated to the dignity of king consort with the style of Majesty.[12]Finally, a regent designated outside of the royal family in the cases provided by law would bear the simpler style of Highness.[13]","title":"Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Crown_Princess_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Olof Daniel Westling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Daniel,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Victoria,_Crown_Princess_of_Sweden,_and_Daniel_Westling"},{"link_name":"Duke of Västergötland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RoyalCourt090224-14"},{"link_name":"Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Carl_Philip,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4rmland"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince"},{"link_name":"Given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Duke of [province]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Swedish_provinces"},{"link_name":"Swedish royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_royal_family"},{"link_name":"Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Madeleine,_Duchess_of_H%C3%A4lsingland_and_G%C3%A4strikland"},{"link_name":"Christopher O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Church of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"King Carl XVI Gustaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Carl_XVI_Gustaf"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"When Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden married commoner Olof Daniel Westling in 2010, the Swedish Royal Court announced that Westling would become \"Prince Daniel\" and \"Duke of Västergötland\",[14] corresponding in form to the style used by Swedish princes of royal birth, including Victoria's younger brother Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland, i.e. Prince + Given name + Duke of [province]. Thus Westling was made a prince of Sweden and was granted the style Royal Highness, making him an official member of the Swedish royal family.Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland married the commoner British-American banker Christopher O'Neill in 2013, but she did not adopt the surname O'Neill and instead retained the Bernadotte surname as do her children, and retained the style of Royal Highness. Christopher O'Neill kept his own name, unlike his brother-in-law Prince Daniel (above).[15][16] O'Neill was not granted royal status and has remained a private citizen, since he wished to retain his British and United States citizenships and his business. He declined Swedish citizenship and for that reason could not be a member of the Swedish Royal Family or Duke of Hälsingland and Gästrikland (his wife's titles).[17][18] To remain Swedish royalty and have succession rights to the Swedish throne, the couple's children will have to be raised in Sweden and as members of the Church of Sweden.[19]Three of the sisters of King Carl XVI Gustaf were granted honorary titles of Princess (without nationality) when they married commoners but lost their Royal Highness status, as did two of his uncles earlier in the 20th century.[citation needed]In October 2019, the grandchildren of King Carl XVI Gustaf retained the titles of Prince or Princess but lost the style of Royal Highness, except for the children of the Crown Princess Victoria.[20][21]","title":"Sweden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patrilineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineal"},{"link_name":"Ibn Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud"},{"link_name":"cadet branches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_branch"},{"link_name":"His/Her Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highness"},{"link_name":"Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheikh_to_Chic-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Sons, daughters, patrilineal grandsons and granddaughters of Ibn Saud are referred to by the style \"His/Her Royal Highness\" (HRH), differing from those belonging to the cadet branches, who are called \"His/Her Highness\" (HH) and in addition to that a reigning king has the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.[22][23]","title":"Saudi Arabia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British constitutional law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_constitutional_law"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_prince"},{"link_name":"princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_princess"},{"link_name":"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Princess Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke"},{"link_name":"The Duke of Connaught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn"},{"link_name":"royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_royal_family"},{"link_name":"the Duke of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_Cavendish,_12th_Duke_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Edward VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Windsor"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V"},{"link_name":"Duke of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York"},{"link_name":"Princess Beatrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_York"},{"link_name":"Princess Eugenie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Eugenie_of_York"},{"link_name":"Anne, Princess Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal"},{"link_name":"Peter Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Zara Tindall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_Tindall"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie,_Duchess_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Louise_Mountbatten-Windsor"},{"link_name":"Earl of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James,_Earl_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Prince George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Archie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Mountbatten-Windsor"},{"link_name":"Lilibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilibet_Mountbatten-Windsor"},{"link_name":"prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_prince"},{"link_name":"princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_princess"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Prince Andrew, Duke of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York"},{"link_name":"a notorious lawsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Giuffre_v._Prince_Andrew"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Diana, Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Sarah, Duchess of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah,_Duchess_of_York"},{"link_name":"divorced peeress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_titles_in_the_United_Kingdom#Divorced_wives_and_widows_who_remarry"}],"text":"In British constitutional law, use of the style HRH or simply \"Royal Highness\" may only be conferred by letters patent. Since 1917, the style has usually been restricted to children of the monarch, or to male-line grandchildren (i.e., the children of the monarch's sons). [a][25] It is typically associated with the rank of prince or princess (although this has not always applied, an exception being Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who received the style in 1947 prior to his marriage to Princess Elizabeth but was not formally created a British prince until 1957).[26] When a prince has another title such as Duke (or a princess the title of Duchess), they may be called HRH The Duke of .... For instance HRH The Duke of Connaught was a prince and a member of the royal family, while a non-royal duke such as the Duke of Devonshire is not a member of the royal family, but is a member of the peerage. When Edward VIII abdicated the throne in 1936 he was granted the style and title, HRH The Duke of Windsor. The woman he then married became the Duchess of Windsor, but she was denied the style HRH .\nEdward for much of the rest of his life attempted unsuccessfully to persuade the crown to grant her the style.[27]According to letters patent issued by King George V in 1917, the sons and daughters of sovereigns and the male-line grandchildren of sovereigns are entitled to the style. It is for this reason that the daughters of the Duke of York, Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie, carry the HRH status, but the children of Anne, Princess Royal, Peter Phillips and Zara Tindall, do not. James Mountbatten-Windsor and Lady Louise, the grandchildren of Queen Elizabeth II, at the request of their parents, Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh and Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh, are styled as the children of a duke, and thus are known as Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor and Earl of Wessex. Under George V's letters patent, only the eldest son of the eldest living son of the Prince of Wales was also entitled to the style, but not younger sons or daughters of the eldest living son of the Prince of Wales. Queen Elizabeth II changed this in 2012 prior to the birth of Prince George so that all children of the eldest living son of the Prince of Wales would bear the style,[28] returning to the position Queen Victoria had instituted in 1898.[29] There is no mention of younger living sons of a Prince of Wales, as a result of which the children of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, Archie and Lilibet, were not automatically a prince and princess with the HRH prefix. After the death of Queen Elizabeth II, both children became entitled to the HRH style and the title of Prince and Princess respectively. The Duke and Duchess of Sussex confirmed their children would use those titles in March 2023.[30] On 18 January 2020, Queen Elizabeth II announced that Harry and Meghan, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, would no longer use the style of His/Her Royal Highness due to their decision to step down as working members of the royal family, though they are still legally entitled to the style.[31] On 13 January 2022, it was announced that Prince Andrew, Duke of York would no longer use the style, following a notorious lawsuit against him.[32]Letters patent dated 21 August 1996 stated that the wife of a member of the royal family loses the right to the style of HRH in the event of their divorce.[33] Examples include HRH The Princess of Wales and HRH The Duchess of York whose styles changed to become Diana, Princess of Wales and Sarah, Duchess of York, respectively. These styles are in line with those of a divorced peeress.","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phillips1957-24"}],"text":"^ \"The children of sons of any Sovereign of Great Britain and Ireland are entitled to the style of \"Royal Highness\", this privilege having been conferred upon them by letters patent.[24]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"British prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_prince"},{"title":"British princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_princess"},{"title":"Forms of address in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forms_of_address_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Royal and noble styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles"},{"title":"Table of Ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_Ranks"}]
[{"reference":"\"Royal Styles and the uses of \"Highness\"\". heraldica.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldica.org/topics/royalty/highness.htm","url_text":"\"Royal Styles and the uses of \"Highness\"\""}]},{"reference":"Alhassan, Zakaria (2014-11-11). \"\"Tamale loses 'development chief'\"\". Graphic Online. p. 1. Retrieved 2014-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/tamale-loses-development-chief.html","url_text":"\"\"Tamale loses 'development chief'\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Susan Herlin: An Embodiment of True Friendship Dr Susan Herlin: An Embodiment of True Friendship | GhHeadlines Total News Total Information\". www.ghheadlines.com. 2014-05-13. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Kappler
August Kappler
["1 Selected publications","2 References"]
August Kappler August Kappler (11 November 1815 – 20 October 1887) was a German researcher, naturalist and explorer who was a native of Mannheim. He is credited as the founder of Albina, Suriname. From January 1836, Kappler was stationed in Suriname as a soldier and member of the Dutch colonial service. Here he had the opportunity to explore the country, and in the process, amass a large collection of insects and plants. In 1854 he published a book involving his experiences in the Dutch colony during time spent as a member of the colonial service. After his military duties were finished, he spent the years 1842 to 1846 based in Paramaribo, from where he sold butterflies that were collected locally. In latter part of 1846, he had earned enough money to purchase a plot of land near the Marowijne River. Here he would spend the next 33 years of his life, working as a trader, farmer, postal official, among other occupations. He called his homestead "Albina", after his fiancé Albina Josefine Liezenmaier. Within the decade, Albina would become a small settlement with a handful of European settlers. In 1879 Kappler left Suriname and returned to Germany, subsequently publishing two more books on his experiences in the Dutch colony. He died in Stuttgart at the age of 71, and at his funeral, his coffin was covered with the flag of the Netherlands. The standard author abbreviation Kappl. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. Selected publications Sechs Jahre in Surinam oder Bilder aus dem militärischen Leben dieser Kolonie und Skizzen zur Kenntnis seiner sozialen und naturwissenschaftlichen Verhältnisse, (Six years in Suriname or images from the military life of this colony and sketches to its social and scientific conditions); Stuttgart 1854. Holländisch-Guiana; Erlebnisse und Erfahrungen während eines 34 jährigen Aufenthalts in der Kolonie Surinam, (Dutch Guiana; Experiences during a 34-year stay in the colony of Surinam); Stuttgart 1881. Surinam, sein Land, seine Natur, Bevölkerung und seine Kultur-Verhältnisse mit Bezug auf Kolonisation, (Suriname, The country, its nature, population and cultural conditions with respect to colonization); Stuttgart 1887. References Germany and the Americas By Thomas Adam ^ International Plant Names Index.  Kappl. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Netherlands Poland Academics International Plant Names Index People Netherlands Deutsche Biographie
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat%C3%B8y
Flatøy
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 60°32′05″N 5°15′34″E / 60.5346°N 5.2595°E / 60.5346; 5.2595Island in Norway FlatøyFlatøyLocation of the islandShow map of VestlandFlatøyFlatøy (Norway)Show map of NorwayGeographyLocationVestland, NorwayCoordinates60°32′05″N 5°15′34″E / 60.5346°N 5.2595°E / 60.5346; 5.2595Area2.2 km2 (0.85 sq mi)Length2.8 km (1.74 mi)Width1.6 km (0.99 mi)Highest elevation171 m (561 ft)Highest pointHåøytoppenAdministrationNorwayCountyVestlandMunicipalityAlver Municipality Flatøy is an island in Alver Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The 2.2-square-kilometre (0.85 sq mi) island lies in the district of Nordhordland, just north of the city of Bergen. The main village on the island is Krossneset on the southern part of the island. The northern part of the island, on the southwest shore of Kvernafjord, is very sparsely inhabited. Historically, the island was one of the two main islands of the old Meland Municipality. The island is strategically located at a major transportation crossroads. It lies between the Salhus neighborhood in the city of Bergen (to the south), the island of Holsnøy (to the west), and the village of Knarvik to the east. The island is connected to these larger communities by three bridges: Nordhordland Bridge connects it to Salhus, the Krossnessundet Bridge connects it to Holsnøy, and the Hagelsund Bridge connects it to Knarvik. Since the only road connection from Bergen to Nordhordland is via the Nordhordland Bridge, Flatøy serves as the entry point to the whole Norhordland district. The island is the home to approximately 500 inhabitants, mostly in Krossneset, and was served by a local elementary school, Flatøy Skule until it closed in 2010. The students now go to Frekhaug on Holsnøy for school. Flatøy is also home to the music festival Flatøy Rock. References ^ a b Store norske leksikon. "Flatøy" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2014-04-16. External links Flatøy Skule Frank Mohn Flatøy AS Norwegian Wikipedia Entry This article about an island in Vestland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_of_Luxembourg
Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
["1 Early life and tenure as Grand Duchess","2 Reign","3 Abdication and later life","4 Marriage and children","5 Honours","6 Gallery","7 Notes and references","8 External links"]
Grand Duchess of Luxembourg from 1919 to 1964 CharlotteThe Grand Duchess in 1942Grand Duchess of LuxembourgReign14 January 1919 – 12 November 1964PredecessorMarie-AdélaïdeSuccessorJeanPrime ministers See List Émile ReuterPierre PrümJoseph BechPierre DupongPierre FriedenPierre Werner Born(1896-01-23)23 January 1896Berg Castle, LuxembourgDied9 July 1985(1985-07-09) (aged 89)Fischbach Castle, Fischbach, LuxembourgBurialNotre-Dame CathedralSpousePrince Félix of Bourbon-Parma (m. 1919; died 1970)Issue Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Hohenberg Princess Marie Adelaide Princess Marie Gabrielle Prince Charles Alix, Princess of Ligne NamesCharlotte Adelgonde Elisabeth Marie WilhelmineHouseNassau-WeilburgFatherWilliam IV, Grand Duke of LuxembourgMotherInfanta Marie Anne of PortugalReligionCatholicism Charlotte (Charlotte Adelgonde Elisabeth Marie Wilhelmine; 23 January 1896 – 9 July 1985) was Grand Duchess of Luxembourg from 14 January 1919 until her abdication on 12 November 1964. She acceded to the throne on 14 January 1919 following the abdication of her sister, Marie-Adélaïde, due to political pressure over Marie-Adélaïde's role during the German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I. A referendum retained the monarchy with Charlotte as grand duchess. She married Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma on 6 November 1919. They had six children. Following the 1940 German invasion of Luxembourg during World War II, Charlotte went into exile: first in France, then Portugal, Great Britain, and North America. While in Britain, she made broadcasts to the people of Luxembourg. She returned to Luxembourg in April 1945. She abdicated in 1964, and was succeeded by her son Jean. Charlotte died from cancer on 9 July 1985. She was the last agnatic member of the House of Nassau. She was the last personal recipient of the Golden Rose and since her death there are no living personal recipients of that honour, which in modern times has been awarded only to churches and shrines. She is to date the last Grand Duchess of Luxembourg. Early life and tenure as Grand Duchess A private portrait in 1921 Born in Berg Castle, Charlotte of Nassau-Weilburg, Princess of Luxembourg, was the second daughter of Grand Duke William IV and his wife, Marie Anne of Portugal. Her older sister, Marie-Adélaide, had succeeded their father. However, Marie-Adélaïde's actions had become controversial, and she was seen as friendly to the German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I. There were calls in parliament for her abdication, and she was forced to abdicate on 14 January 1919. Luxembourg adopted a new constitution that year. In a referendum on 28 September 1919, 77.8% of the Luxembourgish people voted for the continuation of the monarchy with Grand Duchess Charlotte as head of state. However, in the new constitution, the powers of the monarch were severely restricted, thus codifying actual practices dating from the end of the personal union with the Netherlands in 1890. Reign By 1935, Charlotte had sold her German properties, the former residential palaces of the Dukes of Nassau, Biebrich Palace and Schloss Weilburg, to the State of Prussia. During World War II the grand ducal family left Luxembourg shortly before the arrival of Nazi troops. Luxembourg's neutrality was violated on 9 May 1940, while the Grand Duchess and her family were in residence at Colmar-Berg. That day she called an extraordinary meeting of her leading ministers, and they all decided to place themselves under the protection of France, described by the Grand Duchess as a difficult but necessary decision. Initially the family took up residence at the Château de Montastruc in south-western France, but the rapid advance of the German forces into France followed by French capitulation the next month caused the French government to refuse any guarantee of security to the exiled Luxembourg government. Permission was received to cross Spain provided they did not stop en route, and the Grand Duchess with her ministers moved on to Portugal. The Germans proposed to restore the Grand Duchess to her functions, but Charlotte refused, mindful of her sister's experiences of remaining in Luxembourg under German occupation during the First World War. By 29 August 1940 Grand Duchess Charlotte was in London where she began to make supportive broadcasts to her homeland using the BBC. Later she travelled to the United States and to Canada. Her children continued their schooling in Montreal while she had several meetings with President Roosevelt who encouraged her itinerant campaigning across the country in support of his own opposition to isolationism which was a powerful political current until the Pearl Harbor attacks. In the meantime Luxembourg, along with the adjacent French Moselle department, found itself integrated into an expanded Germany under the name Heim ins Reich, which left Luxembourgers required to speak German and liable for conscription into the German army. In 1943 Grand Duchess Charlotte and the Luxembourg government established themselves in London: her broadcasts became a more regular feature of the BBC schedules, establishing her as a focus for the resistance movements in Luxembourg. Charlotte's younger sister Antonia and brother-in-law Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, were exiled from Germany in 1939. In 1944, living now in Hungary, Crown Princess Antonia was captured when the Germans invaded Hungary and found herself deported to the concentration camp at Dachau, being later transferred to Flossenbürg where she survived torture but only with her health badly impaired. Meanwhile, from 1942 Grand Duchess Charlotte's eldest son, Jean, served as a volunteer in the British Army's Irish Guards, after the war becoming its Honorary Colonel-in-chief (1984-2000). In the years after the war, Charlotte showed a lot of public activity which contributed to raising Luxembourg's profile on the international stage, by hosting visits from foreign heads of state and other dignitaries, such as Eleanor Roosevelt (1950), Queen Juliana of the Netherlands (1951), René Coty (1957), King Baudouin of Belgium (1959), King Bhumibol of Thailand (1961), and King Olav V of Norway (1964). Likewise, she visited Pope Pius XII (1950), Charles de Gaulle (1961), and John F. Kennedy (1963). In 1951 Charlotte and her prime minister Pierre Dupong admitted by decree three Swedish relatives into the nobility of Luxembourg who were not allowed to use their birth titles in Sweden. They were then named as Sigvard Prince Bernadotte, Carl Johan Prince Bernadotte and Lennart Prince Bernadotte and also, with their legitimate descendants, were given the hereditary titles of Counts and Countesses of Wisborg there. Abdication and later life Charlotte of Luxembourg and Prince Felix before her abdication, 11 November 1964 On 12 November 1964, she abdicated in favour of her son Jean, who then reigned until his abdication in 2000. Charlotte died at Schloss Fischbach on 9 July 1985, from cancer. She was interred in the Ducal Crypt of the Notre-Dame Cathedral in the city of Luxembourg. A statue of the Grand Duchess is in Place Clarefontaine in the city of Luxembourg. Marriage and children On 6 November 1919 in Luxembourg, she married Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma, a first cousin on her mother's side. (Both Charlotte and Felix were grandchildren of King Miguel of Portugal, through his daughters Maria Anna and Maria Antonia, respectively). With the marriage, their lineal descent was raised in style from Grand Ducal Highness to Royal Highness. The couple had six children: Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1921–2019), who married HRH Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium (1927–2005) and had issue. Princess Elisabeth of Luxembourg (1922–2011), who married HSH Franz, Duke of Hohenberg (1927–1977) and had issue. Princess Marie Adelaide of Luxembourg (1924–2007), who married Count Karl Josef Henckel von Donnersmarck (1928–2008) and had issue. Princess Marie Gabrielle of Luxembourg (1925–2023), who married Knud Johan, Count of Holstein-Ledreborg (1919–2001) and had issue. Prince Charles of Luxembourg (1927–1977), who married Joan Douglas Dillon (born 1935), the former wife of James Brady Moseley, and had issue. Princess Alix of Luxembourg (1929–2019), who married HH Antoine, 13th Prince of Ligne (1925–2005), and had issue. Honours National honours  Luxembourg: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau Recipient of the Luxembourg War Cross Foreign honours Albanian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Fidelity (1931) Austria Austrian Imperial and Royal Family: Dame of the Order of the Starry Cross Austrian Republic: Grand Cross of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria  Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant – 21 March 1955  France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour – 22 June 1923  Holy See: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX Cross of Honour of the "Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice" The Golden Rose Italy: Parmese Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George  Monaco: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles – 20 January 1949  Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of the Netherlands  Norway: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav – 1964  Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword – 29 September 1933 Grand Cross of the Sash of the Two Orders – 23 January 1949 Spain : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Carlos III  Sweden: Member Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Seraphim – 14 April 1939  Thailand: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri – 17 October 1965 Gallery The old Berg Castle (demolished 1906), Mersch, central Luxembourg, ducal residence where Charlotte was born Fischbach Castle, Mersch, Charlotte's residence, and where she died Statue of Grand-Duchess Charlotte in Clairefontaine square, side view Notes and references ^ a b "H.R.H. Grand Duchess Charlotte | Cour grand-ducale". www.monarchie.lu. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "H.R.H. Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde | Cour grand-ducale". www.monarchie.lu. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "Charlotte". WW2DB. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "'Léif Lëtzebuerger' Grand Duchess Charlotte's defiant WWII broadcasts". Luxembourg Times. 16 January 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ Bernier Arcand, Philippe (2010). "L'exil québécois du gouvernement du Luxembourg" (PDF). Histoire Québec. 15 (3): 19–26 – via Erudit. ^ "Grand Duchess Charlotte's US Good-Will-Tours". Luxembourg Times. 14 April 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2019. ^ Waller, George Platt (2012). Fletcher, Willard Allen; Fletcher, Jean Tucker (eds.). Defiant Diplomat: George Platt Waller, American consul in Nazi-occupied Luxembourg 1939–1941. Newark: University of Delaware Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-61149-398-6. ^ "World War II". Allo Expat: Luxembourg. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2013. ^ "No. 36191". The London Gazette (2nd supplement). 1 October 1943. p. 4352. ^ Kreins, Jean-Marie. Histoire du Luxembourg. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2010. 5th edition. p. 105 ^ "Mémorial A n° 48 de 1951 - Legilux" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2016. ^ "Commemoration to mark return of Luxembourg monarch". Luxembourg Times. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2023. ^ "H.R.H. Grand Duchess Charlotte". Cour Grand-Ducale. Retrieved 10 September 2022. ^ "H.R.H. Prince Félix of Bourbon-Parma". Cour Grand-Ducale. Retrieved 10 September 2022. ^ http://www.luxcentral.com/art/rulers/Charlotte.gif ^ Albanian Royal Court ^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 466. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2. ^ M. & B. Wattel (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. pp. 21, 489, 615. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9. ^ https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/481fcbccfcc1a320d5df3aa68661fe82.pdf ^ "Het Geheugen". geheugen.delpher.nl. ^ "Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden", Norges Statskalender for Aaret 1970 (in Norwegian), Oslo: Forlagt av H. Aschehoug & Co. (w. Nygaard), 1970, pp. 1240–1241 – via runeberg.org ^ "Banda da Grã-Cruz das Duas Ordens: Carlota Aldegundes Elisa Maria Guilhermina (Grã-Duquesa do Luxemburgo e Duquesa de Nassau)" (in Portuguese), Arquivo Histórico da Presidência da República. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), vol. II, 1940, p. 8, retrieved 2 April 2020 – via runeberg.org ^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (28 December 1964). "แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี พระราชทานเครื่องขัตติยราชอิสริยาภรณ์มหาจักรีบรมราชวงศ์" (PDF). www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2019. External links Media related to Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg at Wikimedia Commons Charlotte's page on the official website of the Grand-Ducal House of Luxembourg Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg House of Nassau-WeilburgCadet branch of the House of NassauBorn: 23 January 1896 Died: 6 July 1985 Regnal titles Preceded byMarie-Adélaïde Grand Duchess of Luxembourg 1919–1964 Succeeded byJean vtePrincesses of Luxembourg by birthGenerations are numbered from the ascension of Adolphe as Grand Duke of Luxembourg in 1890.1st generation Hilda, Grand Duchess of Baden 2nd generation Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde Grand Duchess Charlotte Hilda, Princess of Schwarzenberg Antoinette, Crown Princess of Bavaria Princess Elisabeth of Thurn and Taxis Princess Sophie of Saxony 3rd generation Elisabeth, Duchess of Hohenberg* Marie Adelaide, Countess Henckel von Donnersmarck* Marie Gabrielle, Countess af Holstein-Ledreborg* Alix, Princess of Ligne* 4th generation Archduchess Marie-Astrid of Austria* Princess Margaretha of Liechtenstein* 5th generation Princess Alexandra, Mrs. Bagory* 6th generation none All princesses of Luxembourg are also princesses of Nassau.*also a princess of Bourbon-Parma by birth vtePrincesses of Nassau by birthThe generations are numbered from the ascension of William as Duke of Nassau in 1816.1st generation Duchess Therese of Oldenburg Marie, Princess of Wied Helena, Princess of Waldeck and Pyrmont Sophia, Queen of Sweden and Norway 2nd generation Hilda, Grand Duchess of Baden* 3rd generation Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde* Grand Duchess Charlotte* Hilda, Princess of Schwarzenberg* Antoinette, Crown Princess of Bavaria* Princess Elisabeth of Thurn and Taxis* Princess Sophie of Saxony* 4th generation Elisabeth, Duchess of Hohenberg*^ Marie-Adélaïde, Countess of Donnersmarck*^ Marie Gabrielle, Countess af Holstein-Ledreborg*^ Alix, Princess of Ligne*^ 5th generation Archduchess Marie-Astrid of Austria*^ Princess Margaretha of Liechtenstein*^ 6th generation Princess Alexandra, Mrs. Bagory* *also a princess of Luxembourg by birth^also a princess of Bourbon-Parma by birth vtePrincesses of Parma by marriageGenerations are numbered from the daughter-in-law of Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma, onwards1st generation Margaret of Austria* 2nd generation Infanta Maria of Portugal 5th generation None 6th generation Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg 7th generation None 8th generation None 10th generation Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca 11th generation Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy 12th generation Princess Louise of France 13th generation Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarães 14th generation Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg Princess Margaret of Denmark Princess Maria Francesca of Savoy 15th generation Princess Irene of the Netherlands# Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium^¤ Joan Douglas Dillon*^¤ Princess Maria Pia of Savoy 16th generation Annemarie Gualthérie van Weezel* Viktória Cservenyák* *did not have a royal or noble title by birth^also princess of Luxembourg by marriage¤also princess of Nassau by marriage#title lost due to divorce vteDukes and Duchesses of NassauTitular Henri* (2000–) Jean* (1964–2000) Charlotte* (1919–1964) Marie-Adélaïde*'(1912–1919) William IV* (1905–1912) Adolphe* (1866–1905) Monarchs(duchy of Nassau) Adolphe* (1839–1866) William# (1816–1839) Frederick Augustus¶ (1806–1816) *also Grand Duke (Duchess) of Luxembourg# Also Prince of Nassau-Weilburg ¶ Also Prince of Nassau-Usingen vteMonarchs of LuxembourgCounty of Luxemburg (963–1354)Elder House of Luxembourg (963–1136) Siegfried (963–998) Henry I (998–1026) Henry II (1026–1047) Giselbert (1047–1059) Conrad I (1059–1086) Henry III (1086–1096) William I (1096–1131) Conrad II (1131–1136) House of Namur (1136–1189) Henry IV (1136–1189) House of Hohenstaufen (1196–1197) Otto (1196–1197) House of Namur (1197–1247) Ermesinde (1197–1247), with Theobald (1197–1214), and then Waleran (1214–1226) House of Limburg (1247–1354) Henry V (1247–1281) Henry VI (1281–1288) Henry VII (1288–1313) John I (1313–1346) Charles I (1346–1353) Wenceslaus I (1353–1354) Duchy of Luxemburg (1354–1794)House of Limburg (1354–1443) Wenceslaus I (1354–1383) Wenceslaus II (1383–1388) Jobst (1388–1411) Elisabeth (1411–1443) with Anthony (1411–1415), and then John II (1418–1425) House of Valois-Burgundy (1443–1482) Philip I (1443–1467) Charles II (1467–1477) Mary I (1477–1482) and Maximilian I (1477–1482) House of Habsburg (1482–1700) Philip II (1482–1506) Charles III (1506–1556) Philip III (1556–1598) Isabella Clara Eugenia (1598–1621) and Albert (1598–1621) Philip IV (1621–1665) Charles IV (1665–1700) House of Bourbon (1700–1712) Philip V (1700–1712) House of Wittelsbach (1712–1713) Maximilian II (1712–1713) House of Habsburg (1713–1780) Charles V (1713–1740) Mary II (1740–1780) House of Habsburg-Lorraine (1780–1794) Joseph (1780–1790) Leopold (1790–1792) Francis (1792–1794) Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (since 1815)House of Orange-Nassau (1815–1890) William I (1815–1840) William II (1840–1849) William III (1849–1890) House of Nassau-Weilburg (1890–present) Adolphe (1890–1905) William IV (1905–1912) Marie-Adélaïde (1912–1919) Charlotte (1919–1964) Jean (1964–2000) Henri (since 2000) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Duchess of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"abdication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdication"},{"link_name":"Marie-Adélaïde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Felix_of_Bourbon-Parma"},{"link_name":"German invasion of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"her son Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"agnatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatic"},{"link_name":"House of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"Golden Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rose"}],"text":"Charlotte (Charlotte Adelgonde Elisabeth Marie Wilhelmine; 23 January 1896 – 9 July 1985) was Grand Duchess of Luxembourg from 14 January 1919 until her abdication on 12 November 1964.She acceded to the throne on 14 January 1919 following the abdication of her sister, Marie-Adélaïde, due to political pressure over Marie-Adélaïde's role during the German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I. A referendum retained the monarchy with Charlotte as grand duchess.She married Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma on 6 November 1919. They had six children. Following the 1940 German invasion of Luxembourg during World War II, Charlotte went into exile: first in France, then Portugal, Great Britain, and North America. While in Britain, she made broadcasts to the people of Luxembourg. She returned to Luxembourg in April 1945.She abdicated in 1964, and was succeeded by her son Jean. Charlotte died from cancer on 9 July 1985. She was the last agnatic member of the House of Nassau. She was the last personal recipient of the Golden Rose and since her death there are no living personal recipients of that honour, which in modern times has been awarded only to churches and shrines. She is to date the last Grand Duchess of Luxembourg.","title":"Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CharlotteLuxembourg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berg Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg_Castle"},{"link_name":"Nassau-Weilburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau-Weilburg"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke William IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Marie Anne of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Marie_Anne_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Marie-Adélaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"abdication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdication"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"a referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Luxembourg_referendum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"A private portrait in 1921Born in Berg Castle, Charlotte of Nassau-Weilburg, Princess of Luxembourg, was the second daughter of Grand Duke William IV and his wife, Marie Anne of Portugal.[1]Her older sister, Marie-Adélaide, had succeeded their father. However, Marie-Adélaïde's actions had become controversial, and she was seen as friendly to the German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I. There were calls in parliament for her abdication, and she was forced to abdicate on 14 January 1919.[2]Luxembourg adopted a new constitution that year. In a referendum on 28 September 1919, 77.8% of the Luxembourgish people voted for the continuation of the monarchy with Grand Duchess Charlotte as head of state.[1] However, in the new constitution, the powers of the monarch were severely restricted, thus codifying actual practices dating from the end of the personal union with the Netherlands in 1890.","title":"Early life and tenure as Grand Duchess"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dukes of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"Biebrich Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biebrich_Palace"},{"link_name":"Schloss Weilburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Weilburg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Colmar-Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg_Castle"},{"link_name":"Château de Montastruc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Montastruc"},{"link_name":"rapid advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"President Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"isolationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism#Non-interventionism_shortly_before_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Moselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle_(department)"},{"link_name":"Heim ins Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPW102-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AEL1-8"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Antonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Antonia_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupprecht,_Crown_Prince_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Dachau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Flossenbürg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Irish Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Guards"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Colonel-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel-in-chief"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Juliana of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"René Coty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Coty"},{"link_name":"Baudouin of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bhumibol of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumibol_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Olav V of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav_V_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Pierre Dupong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Dupong"},{"link_name":"Sigvard Prince Bernadotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigvard_Bernadotte"},{"link_name":"Carl Johan Prince Bernadotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Johan_Bernadotte"},{"link_name":"Lennart Prince Bernadotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennart_Bernadotte"},{"link_name":"Counts and Countesses of Wisborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Wisborg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"By 1935, Charlotte had sold her German properties, the former residential palaces of the Dukes of Nassau, Biebrich Palace and Schloss Weilburg, to the State of Prussia. During World War II the grand ducal family left Luxembourg shortly before the arrival of Nazi troops. Luxembourg's neutrality was violated on 9 May 1940, while the Grand Duchess and her family were in residence at Colmar-Berg. That day she called an extraordinary meeting of her leading ministers, and they all decided to place themselves under the protection of France, described by the Grand Duchess as a difficult but necessary decision. Initially the family took up residence at the Château de Montastruc in south-western France, but the rapid advance of the German forces into France followed by French capitulation the next month caused the French government to refuse any guarantee of security to the exiled Luxembourg government. Permission was received to cross Spain provided they did not stop en route, and the Grand Duchess with her ministers moved on to Portugal.[3]The Germans proposed to restore the Grand Duchess to her functions, but Charlotte refused, mindful of her sister's experiences of remaining in Luxembourg under German occupation during the First World War. By 29 August 1940 Grand Duchess Charlotte was in London where she began to make supportive broadcasts to her homeland using the BBC.[4] Later she travelled to the United States and to Canada. Her children continued their schooling in Montreal[5] while she had several meetings with President Roosevelt who encouraged her itinerant campaigning across the country in support of his own opposition to isolationism which was a powerful political current until the Pearl Harbor attacks.[6] In the meantime Luxembourg, along with the adjacent French Moselle department, found itself integrated into an expanded Germany under the name Heim ins Reich, which left Luxembourgers required to speak German and liable for conscription into the German army.[7][8]In 1943 Grand Duchess Charlotte and the Luxembourg government established themselves in London: her broadcasts became a more regular feature of the BBC schedules, establishing her as a focus for the resistance movements in Luxembourg.Charlotte's younger sister Antonia and brother-in-law Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, were exiled from Germany in 1939. In 1944, living now in Hungary, Crown Princess Antonia was captured when the Germans invaded Hungary and found herself deported to the concentration camp at Dachau, being later transferred to Flossenbürg where she survived torture but only with her health badly impaired. Meanwhile, from 1942 Grand Duchess Charlotte's eldest son, Jean, served as a volunteer in the British Army's Irish Guards,[9] after the war becoming its Honorary Colonel-in-chief (1984-2000).In the years after the war, Charlotte showed a lot of public activity which contributed to raising Luxembourg's profile on the international stage, by hosting visits from foreign heads of state and other dignitaries, such as Eleanor Roosevelt (1950), Queen Juliana of the Netherlands (1951), René Coty (1957), King Baudouin of Belgium (1959), King Bhumibol of Thailand (1961), and King Olav V of Norway (1964). Likewise, she visited Pope Pius XII (1950), Charles de Gaulle (1961), and John F. Kennedy (1963).[10]In 1951 Charlotte and her prime minister Pierre Dupong admitted by decree three Swedish relatives into the nobility of Luxembourg who were not allowed to use their birth titles in Sweden. They were then named as Sigvard Prince Bernadotte, Carl Johan Prince Bernadotte and Lennart Prince Bernadotte and also, with their legitimate descendants, were given the hereditary titles of Counts and Countesses of Wisborg there.[11]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_abdicatie_en_opvolging_in_Luxemburg,_op_het_balkon_van_het_Paleis_Groothertog,_Bestanddeelnr_934-6443.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prince Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Felix_of_Bourbon-Parma"},{"link_name":"Schloss Fischbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Fischbach"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"Notre-Dame Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_Cathedral,_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"city of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Charlotte of Luxembourg and Prince Felix before her abdication, 11 November 1964On 12 November 1964, she abdicated in favour of her son Jean, who then reigned until his abdication in 2000.Charlotte died at Schloss Fischbach on 9 July 1985, from cancer. She was interred in the Ducal Crypt of the Notre-Dame Cathedral in the city of Luxembourg.A statue of the Grand Duchess is in Place Clarefontaine in the city of Luxembourg.[12]","title":"Abdication and later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_(city)"},{"link_name":"Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Felix_of_Bourbon-Parma"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Miguel of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Grand Ducal Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Highness"},{"link_name":"Royal Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Highness"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Jos%C3%A9phine-Charlotte_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Princess Elisabeth of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth,_Duchess_of_Hohenberg"},{"link_name":"Franz, Duke of Hohenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz,_Duke_of_Hohenberg"},{"link_name":"Princess Marie Adelaide of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marie_Adelaide_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Count Karl Josef Henckel von Donnersmarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Josef_Henckel_von_Donnersmarck"},{"link_name":"Princess Marie Gabrielle of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marie_Gabrielle_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Prince Charles of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charles_of_Luxembourg_(1927%E2%80%931977)"},{"link_name":"Joan Douglas Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Dillon"},{"link_name":"Princess Alix of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alix,_Princess_of_Ligne"},{"link_name":"Antoine, 13th Prince of Ligne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine,_13th_Prince_of_Ligne"}],"text":"On 6 November 1919 in Luxembourg, she married Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma, a first cousin on her mother's side.[13] (Both Charlotte and Felix were grandchildren of King Miguel of Portugal, through his daughters Maria Anna and Maria Antonia, respectively). With the marriage, their lineal descent was raised in style from Grand Ducal Highness to Royal Highness.The couple had six children:[14]Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1921–2019), who married HRH Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium (1927–2005) and had issue.\nPrincess Elisabeth of Luxembourg (1922–2011), who married HSH Franz, Duke of Hohenberg (1927–1977) and had issue.\nPrincess Marie Adelaide of Luxembourg (1924–2007), who married Count Karl Josef Henckel von Donnersmarck (1928–2008) and had issue.\nPrincess Marie Gabrielle of Luxembourg (1925–2023), who married Knud Johan, Count of Holstein-Ledreborg (1919–2001) and had issue.\nPrince Charles of Luxembourg (1927–1977), who married Joan Douglas Dillon (born 1935), the former wife of James Brady Moseley, and had issue.\nPrincess Alix of Luxembourg (1929–2019), who married HH Antoine, 13th Prince of Ligne (1925–2005), and had issue.","title":"Marriage and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Gold_Lion_of_the_House_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg War Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_War_Cross"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"Albanian Royal Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Zogu"},{"link_name":"Royal Order of Fidelity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Fidelity_(Albania)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austrian Imperial and Royal Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Starry Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Starry_Cross"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Austrian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Republic"},{"link_name":"Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoration_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Order of the Elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Order of Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Ecclesia_et_Pontifice"},{"link_name":"Golden Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rose"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Parmese Royal Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon-Parma"},{"link_name":"Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Military_Constantinian_Order_of_Saint_George"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint-Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint-Charles"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Order of the Lion of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Olav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norges1-21"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Order of the Tower and Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword"},{"link_name":"Sash of the Two Orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sash_of_the_Two_Orders"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honours_of_Spain_awarded_to_heads_of_state_and_royals"},{"link_name":"Order of Carlos III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Order of the Seraphim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Order of the Royal House of Chakri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"National honoursLuxembourg:\nKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau[15]\nRecipient of the Luxembourg War Cross[citation needed]Foreign honoursAlbanian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Fidelity (1931)[16]\nAustria\n Austrian Imperial and Royal Family: Dame of the Order of the Starry Cross\n Austrian Republic: Grand Cross of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria\n Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant – 21 March 1955[17]\n France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour – 22 June 1923[18]\n Holy See:\nKnight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX\nCross of Honour of the \"Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice\"\nThe Golden Rose\nItaly:\n Parmese Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George\n Monaco: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles – 20 January 1949[19]\n Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of the Netherlands[20]\n Norway: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav – 1964[21]\n Portugal:\nGrand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword – 29 September 1933\nGrand Cross of the Sash of the Two Orders – 23 January 1949[22]\n Spain : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Carlos III\n Sweden: Member Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Seraphim – 14 April 1939[23]\n Thailand: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri – 17 October 1965[24]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pg406_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Berg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mersch, central Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersch_(canton)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-Clement_N-Liez_vue-de-fischbach.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Duchesse_Charlotte_square.JPG"}],"text":"The old Berg Castle (demolished 1906), Mersch, central Luxembourg, ducal residence where Charlotte was born\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFischbach Castle, Mersch, Charlotte's residence, and where she died\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatue of Grand-Duchess Charlotte in Clairefontaine square, side view","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"H.R.H. Grand Duchess Charlotte | Cour grand-ducale\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.monarchie.lu/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"H.R.H. Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde | Cour grand-ducale\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.monarchie.lu/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Charlotte\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=235"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"'Léif Lëtzebuerger' Grand Duchess Charlotte's defiant WWII broadcasts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.luxtimes.lu/en/culture/leif-letzebuerger-grand-duchess-charlotte-s-defiant-wwii-broadcasts-602d6700de135b9236a5948c"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"L'exil québécois du gouvernement du Luxembourg\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.erudit.org/fr/revues/hq/2010-v15-n3-hq034/66123ac.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Grand Duchess Charlotte's US Good-Will-Tours\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.luxtimes.lu/en/culture/grand-duchess-charlotte-s-us-good-will-tours-602d32afde135b92361fea6a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GPW102_7-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-61149-398-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61149-398-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AEL1_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"World War II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20150220180233/http://www.luxembourg.alloexpat.com/luxembourg_information/history_of_luxembourg.php?page=0,5"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.luxembourg.alloexpat.com/luxembourg_information/history_of_luxembourg.php?page=0%2C5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"No. 36191\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36191/supplement/4352"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Mémorial A n° 48 de 1951 - Legilux\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150721210710/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1951/0048/a048.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1951/0048/a048.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Commemoration to mark return of Luxembourg monarch\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.luxtimes.lu/en/luxembourg/commemoration-to-mark-return-of-luxembourg-monarch-602d32c4de135b9236202f43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"H.R.H. Grand Duchess Charlotte\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//monarchie.lu/en/monarchy/former-sovereigns/hrh-grand-duchess-charlotte"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"H.R.H. Prince Félix of Bourbon-Parma\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//monarchie.lu/en/monarchy/former-sovereigns/la-grande-duchesse-charlotte/hrh-prince-felix-bourbon-parma"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"http://www.luxcentral.com/art/rulers/Charlotte.gif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.luxcentral.com/art/rulers/Charlotte.gif"},{"link_name":"bare URL image file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Albanian Royal Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//albanianroyalcourt.al/communique-de-la-maison-royale/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-87-7674-434-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-35077-135-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/481fcbccfcc1a320d5df3aa68661fe82.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/481fcbccfcc1a320d5df3aa68661fe82.pdf"},{"link_name":"bare URL PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Het Geheugen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geheugen.delpher.nl/nl"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-norges1_21-0"},{"link_name":"\"Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//runeberg.org/norkal/1970/0798.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Banda da Grã-Cruz das Duas Ordens: Carlota Aldegundes Elisa Maria Guilhermina (Grã-Duquesa do Luxemburgo e Duquesa de Nassau)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//arquivo.presidencia.pt/details?id=39613"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Sveriges statskalender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//runeberg.org/statskal/1940bih/0008.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Royal Thai Government Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Government_Gazette"},{"link_name":"\"แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี พระราชทานเครื่องขัตติยราชอิสริยาภรณ์มหาจักรีบรมราชวงศ์\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304215817/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2508/D/113/3337.PDF"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2508/D/113/3337.PDF"}],"text":"^ a b \"H.R.H. Grand Duchess Charlotte | Cour grand-ducale\". www.monarchie.lu. Retrieved 26 December 2022.\n\n^ \"H.R.H. Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde | Cour grand-ducale\". www.monarchie.lu. Retrieved 26 December 2022.\n\n^ \"Charlotte\". WW2DB. Retrieved 26 December 2022.\n\n^ \"'Léif Lëtzebuerger' Grand Duchess Charlotte's defiant WWII broadcasts\". Luxembourg Times. 16 January 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2022.\n\n^ Bernier Arcand, Philippe (2010). \"L'exil québécois du gouvernement du Luxembourg\" (PDF). Histoire Québec. 15 (3): 19–26 – via Erudit.\n\n^ \"Grand Duchess Charlotte's US Good-Will-Tours\". Luxembourg Times. 14 April 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2019.\n\n^ Waller, George Platt (2012). Fletcher, Willard Allen; Fletcher, Jean Tucker (eds.). Defiant Diplomat: George Platt Waller, American consul in Nazi-occupied Luxembourg 1939–1941. Newark: University of Delaware Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-61149-398-6.\n\n^ \"World War II\". Allo Expat: Luxembourg. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2013.\n\n^ \"No. 36191\". The London Gazette (2nd supplement). 1 October 1943. p. 4352.\n\n^ Kreins, Jean-Marie. Histoire du Luxembourg. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2010. 5th edition. p. 105\n\n^ \"Mémorial A n° 48 de 1951 - Legilux\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2016.\n\n^ \"Commemoration to mark return of Luxembourg monarch\". Luxembourg Times. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2023.\n\n^ \"H.R.H. Grand Duchess Charlotte\". Cour Grand-Ducale. Retrieved 10 September 2022.\n\n^ \"H.R.H. Prince Félix of Bourbon-Parma\". Cour Grand-Ducale. Retrieved 10 September 2022.\n\n^ http://www.luxcentral.com/art/rulers/Charlotte.gif [bare URL image file]\n\n^ Albanian Royal Court\n\n^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 466. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.\n\n^ M. & B. Wattel (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. pp. 21, 489, 615. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.\n\n^ https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/481fcbccfcc1a320d5df3aa68661fe82.pdf [bare URL PDF]\n\n^ \"Het Geheugen\". geheugen.delpher.nl.\n\n^ \"Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden\", Norges Statskalender for Aaret 1970 (in Norwegian), Oslo: Forlagt av H. Aschehoug & Co. (w. Nygaard), 1970, pp. 1240–1241 – via runeberg.org\n\n^ \"Banda da Grã-Cruz das Duas Ordens: Carlota Aldegundes Elisa Maria Guilhermina (Grã-Duquesa do Luxemburgo e Duquesa de Nassau)\" (in Portuguese), Arquivo Histórico da Presidência da República. Retrieved 2 April 2020.\n\n^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), vol. II, 1940, p. 8, retrieved 2 April 2020 – via runeberg.org\n\n^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (28 December 1964). \"แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี พระราชทานเครื่องขัตติยราชอิสริยาภรณ์มหาจักรีบรมราชวงศ์\" (PDF). www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2019.","title":"Notes and references"}]
[{"image_text":"A private portrait in 1921","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/CharlotteLuxembourg.jpg/220px-CharlotteLuxembourg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charlotte of Luxembourg and Prince Felix before her abdication, 11 November 1964","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/De_abdicatie_en_opvolging_in_Luxemburg%2C_op_het_balkon_van_het_Paleis_Groothertog%2C_Bestanddeelnr_934-6443.jpg/220px-De_abdicatie_en_opvolging_in_Luxemburg%2C_op_het_balkon_van_het_Paleis_Groothertog%2C_Bestanddeelnr_934-6443.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"H.R.H. Grand Duchess Charlotte | Cour grand-ducale\". www.monarchie.lu. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monarchie.lu/","url_text":"\"H.R.H. Grand Duchess Charlotte | Cour grand-ducale\""}]},{"reference":"\"H.R.H. Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde | Cour grand-ducale\". www.monarchie.lu. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monarchie.lu/","url_text":"\"H.R.H. Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde | Cour grand-ducale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charlotte\". WW2DB. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=235","url_text":"\"Charlotte\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Léif Lëtzebuerger' Grand Duchess Charlotte's defiant WWII broadcasts\". Luxembourg Times. 16 January 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.luxtimes.lu/en/culture/leif-letzebuerger-grand-duchess-charlotte-s-defiant-wwii-broadcasts-602d6700de135b9236a5948c","url_text":"\"'Léif Lëtzebuerger' Grand Duchess Charlotte's defiant WWII broadcasts\""}]},{"reference":"Bernier Arcand, Philippe (2010). \"L'exil québécois du gouvernement du Luxembourg\" (PDF). Histoire Québec. 15 (3): 19–26 – via Erudit.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/hq/2010-v15-n3-hq034/66123ac.pdf","url_text":"\"L'exil québécois du gouvernement du Luxembourg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Duchess Charlotte's US Good-Will-Tours\". Luxembourg Times. 14 April 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.luxtimes.lu/en/culture/grand-duchess-charlotte-s-us-good-will-tours-602d32afde135b92361fea6a","url_text":"\"Grand Duchess Charlotte's US Good-Will-Tours\""}]},{"reference":"Waller, George Platt (2012). Fletcher, Willard Allen; Fletcher, Jean Tucker (eds.). Defiant Diplomat: George Platt Waller, American consul in Nazi-occupied Luxembourg 1939–1941. Newark: University of Delaware Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-61149-398-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61149-398-6","url_text":"978-1-61149-398-6"}]},{"reference":"\"World War II\". Allo Expat: Luxembourg. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20150220180233/http://www.luxembourg.alloexpat.com/luxembourg_information/history_of_luxembourg.php?page=0,5","url_text":"\"World War II\""},{"url":"http://www.luxembourg.alloexpat.com/luxembourg_information/history_of_luxembourg.php?page=0%2C5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 36191\". The London Gazette (2nd supplement). 1 October 1943. p. 4352.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36191/supplement/4352","url_text":"\"No. 36191\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Mémorial A n° 48 de 1951 - Legilux\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150721210710/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1951/0048/a048.pdf","url_text":"\"Mémorial A n° 48 de 1951 - Legilux\""},{"url":"http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1951/0048/a048.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Commemoration to mark return of Luxembourg monarch\". Luxembourg Times. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.luxtimes.lu/en/luxembourg/commemoration-to-mark-return-of-luxembourg-monarch-602d32c4de135b9236202f43","url_text":"\"Commemoration to mark return of Luxembourg monarch\""}]},{"reference":"\"H.R.H. Grand Duchess Charlotte\". Cour Grand-Ducale. Retrieved 10 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://monarchie.lu/en/monarchy/former-sovereigns/hrh-grand-duchess-charlotte","url_text":"\"H.R.H. Grand Duchess Charlotte\""}]},{"reference":"\"H.R.H. Prince Félix of Bourbon-Parma\". Cour Grand-Ducale. Retrieved 10 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://monarchie.lu/en/monarchy/former-sovereigns/la-grande-duchesse-charlotte/hrh-prince-felix-bourbon-parma","url_text":"\"H.R.H. Prince Félix of Bourbon-Parma\""}]},{"reference":"Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 466. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2","url_text":"978-87-7674-434-2"}]},{"reference":"M. & B. Wattel (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. pp. 21, 489, 615. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9","url_text":"978-2-35077-135-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Het Geheugen\". geheugen.delpher.nl.","urls":[{"url":"https://geheugen.delpher.nl/nl","url_text":"\"Het Geheugen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden\", Norges Statskalender for Aaret 1970 (in Norwegian), Oslo: Forlagt av H. Aschehoug & Co. (w. Nygaard), 1970, pp. 1240–1241 – via runeberg.org","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/norkal/1970/0798.html","url_text":"\"Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden\""}]},{"reference":"Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), vol. II, 1940, p. 8, retrieved 2 April 2020 – via runeberg.org","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/statskal/1940bih/0008.html","url_text":"Sveriges statskalender"}]},{"reference":"Royal Thai Government Gazette (28 December 1964). \"แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี พระราชทานเครื่องขัตติยราชอิสริยาภรณ์มหาจักรีบรมราชวงศ์\" (PDF). www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Government_Gazette","url_text":"Royal Thai Government Gazette"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215817/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2508/D/113/3337.PDF","url_text":"\"แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี พระราชทานเครื่องขัตติยราชอิสริยาภรณ์มหาจักรีบรมราชวงศ์\""},{"url":"http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2508/D/113/3337.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokio_ya_no_nos_quiere
Tokio ya no nos quiere
["1 Plot summary","2 Major themes","3 Footnotes"]
1999 novel by Ray Loriga This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Tokio ya no nos quiere" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tokio ya no nos quiere (English: Tokyo Doesn't Love Us Anymore) is a novel published in 1999 by Spanish author Ray Loriga. It was published in English in 2003 by Canongate, in a translation by John King. Plot summary It is a first-person account of a travelling drug salesman. He goes to different places around the world, peddling a memory erasing drug. Various minor characters act as outlets for the authors musings on memory. Told through a mental haze of pretty much every drug ever invented and smattered with promiscuous sexual encounters of all varieties, the protagonist eventually begins sampling his own product. Pages of deja vu and disjointed thought lead him to meet with the inventor of the drug in Arizona. The author is an epileptic and took his seizures and temporary memory loss as part of his inspiration for the book. The memory loss also gives him an interesting transitional device for forwarding the plot without having to get caught up in details he wishes to omit. Major themes The author was trying to provoke the question to the reader, "What does it mean to be human?". There are definitely religious ideas here, and it is important to note that Loriga was raised Catholic. Memory is linked to sin, both original and individual. Almost reminiscent of Dr. Heidegger's Experiment by Nathaniel Hawthorne, each character is to some extent doomed to make the same mistakes they did before. Therefore, one could draw the conclusion that our sins are a part of us, inseparable and thus uncontrollable. The novel can be described as very European because it reflects the pain of the Second World War and its extension into the future. The author once said in an interview that, "...we Europeans are so divided amongst ourselves, but we have so much in common -- a common history and a heavy past that we carry, and at some point you feel we look back more than we look forwards. Whereas in America it's the other way around. It doesn't mean whatever they're saying or whatever they're seeing is better than what we're doing. It's not a good thing in itself. But it's true: Americans are more like little kids in a way, they predict themselves in the future. We're the old people now." This is clearly shown towards the end of the book when the inventor, K.L. Krumper, talks about being injured and in a hospital, watching reconstruction work and thinking. "Now seeing absolutely clearly the feeling of peace sweeping through those labourers as they finished their job, I decided to place all my faith in the demolition of the past...You have to remember that in those days I was just one more of the millions of soldiers surviving from a vanquished army. Belonging to a dead Germany, defeated by shame...We came back to Germany in the slow trains defeated, like strangers ejected from paradise by strangers. The destruction of the past then seemed to me to be the only possible hope." At the same time then, the book jumps to the opposite position and reflects a Nietzschean concept found throughout the writings of modern authors like Chuck Palahniuk. The idea being that you have to break societies (or people) down before they can become something better. Footnotes ^ "Freedom & Memory: The Ray Loriga Interview". 3:AM magazine. 2004. Retrieved 2006-09-05. ^ "Freedom & Memory: The Ray Loriga Interview". 3:AM magazine. 2004. Retrieved 2006-09-05.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_David_Weatherall
David Weatherall
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Awards and honours","4 References","5 External links"]
British physician and researcher (1933–2018) This article is about the medic. For the footballer, see David Wetherall. SirDavid WeatherallGBE FRSWeatherall (left) and Jeremy Farrar (right) in 2014BornDavid John Weatherall(1933-03-09)9 March 1933Liverpool, England, United KingdomDied8 December 2018(2018-12-08) (aged 85)Oxford, England, United KingdomAlma materUniversity of LiverpoolAwards GBE (2017) Knight Bachelor (1987) FRS (1977) Manson Medal (1988) William Allan Award (2003) Mendel Medal (2006) Lasker Award (2010) Scientific careerInstitutions University of Oxford Johns Hopkins University Keele University Sir David John Weatherall, GBE, FRS (9 March 1933 – 8 December 2018) was a British physician and researcher in molecular genetics, haematology, pathology and clinical medicine. Early life and education David Weatherall was born in Liverpool. He was educated at Calday Grange Grammar School and then attended Medical School at the University of Liverpool where he served as Treasurer of the Liverpool Medical Students Society in 1954. He graduated from medical school in 1956. After house staff training, he joined the Army for 2 years, as part of the national service and was stationed in Singapore. There he treated the daughter of a Gurkha soldier with thalassemia, which sparked a lifelong interest in this disease. He used car batteries and filter paper for electrophoresis while there. Career Returning from military service, he took a fellowship at Johns Hopkins University. He returned to Liverpool, where he rose to the rank of Professor of Haematology. His research concentrated on the genetics of the haemoglobinopathies and, in particular, a group of inherited haematological disorders known as the thalassemias that are associated with abnormalities in the production of globin, the protein component of haemoglobin. Weatherall was one of the world's experts on the clinical and molecular basis of the thalassemias and the application for their control and prevention in developing countries. In 1974, Weatherall moved to Oxford, as he was appointed Nuffield Professor of Clinical Medicine at the University of Oxford. He worked with the biochemist John Clegg until his retirement in 2000. They were able to separate the α and β chains of haemoglobin and to demonstrate that the relative lack of production of these proteins resulted in α and β thalassaemia. In 1989, Weatherall founded the Institute of Molecular Medicine at Oxford, which was renamed the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine in his honour in 2000 upon his retirement. From 1991 to 1996 he was a member of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics. In 1992, he assumed the most prestigious chair, that of Regius Professor of Medicine, which he held until retirement. He was a member of the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education that published an influential report in 1997. In 2002, Weatherall wrote a major report on the application of genomics for global health for the World Health Organization. During this year, he also became Chancellor of Keele University.. Weatherall was a Distinguished Supporter of Humanists UK. In 2009, a working group report under Weatherall's Chairmanship concluded that there was a strong scientific case to maintain biomedical research activities using non-human primates in carefully selected areas. Awards and honours He was knighted in 1987 and appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to medicine. In 1989 he was awarded the Royal Medal by the Royal Society for his work on the thalassaemias. In 1995 he was awarded the Fothergillian prize by the London Medical Society. In 1998 he was awarded the Manson Medal by the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene for his contributions to the field of tropical medicine and hygiene. In 2005 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. In 2010 he was awarded a Lasker Award, the most significant US prize for medical research with many past award winners subsequently going on to receive Nobel prizes. He was the only person outside America to win the award that year. In 2012, Keele University named the Medical School building on the Keele Campus the David Weatherall Building in honour of Sir David. The MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM) is named in his honour. He was an honorary member of the British Society for Immunology. References ^ a b "WEATHERALL, Sir David (John)". Who's Who. Vol. 2014 (online edition via Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Higgs, Douglas R. (2023). "Sir David John Weatherall. 9 March 1933—8 December 2018". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 76. ^ "Professor Sir David Weatherall obituary: 'iconic' scientist dies - BioNews". www.bionews.org.uk. 10 December 2018. ^ Murray, C. J. L.; Vos, T.; Lozano, R.; Naghavi, M.; Flaxman, A. D.; Michaud, C.; Ezzati, M.; Shibuya, K.; Salomon, J. A.; Abdalla, S.; Aboyans, V.; Abraham, J.; Ackerman, I.; Aggarwal, R.; Ahn, S. Y.; Ali, M. K.; Almazroa, M. A.; Alvarado, M.; Anderson, H. R.; Anderson, L. M.; Andrews, K. G.; Atkinson, C.; Baddour, L. M.; Bahalim, A. N.; Barker-Collo, S.; Barrero, L. H.; Bartels, D. H.; Basáñez, M. G.; Baxter, A.; et al. (2012). "Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". The Lancet. 380 (9859): 2197–223. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4. PMID 23245608. S2CID 205967479. ^ David Weatherall's publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database. (subscription required) ^ Vos, T; Flaxman, A. D.; Naghavi, M; Lozano, R; Michaud, C; Ezzati, M; Shibuya, K; Salomon, J. A.; Abdalla, S; Aboyans, V; Abraham, J; Ackerman, I; Aggarwal, R; Ahn, S. Y.; Ali, M. K.; Alvarado, M; Anderson, H. R.; Anderson, L. M.; Andrews, K. G.; Atkinson, C; Baddour, L. M.; Bahalim, A. N.; Barker-Collo, S; Barrero, L. H.; Bartels, D. H.; Basáñez, M. G.; Baxter, A; Bell, M. L.; Benjamin, E. J.; et al. (2012). "Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". The Lancet. 380 (9859): 2163–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2. PMC 6350784. PMID 23245607. ^ "burkes-peerage.net - This website is for sale! - burke Resources and Information". www.burkes-peerage.net. 23 January 2023. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help) ^ a b c Geoff Watts. David John Weatherall. Obituary. The Lancet| Volume 393, ISSUE 10169, P314, January 26, 2019, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30113-8 ^ Watts, G (2010). "David Weatherall: Lasker Award for pioneer in molecular medicine". The Lancet. 376 (9751): 1457. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61981-2. PMID 21036263. S2CID 34967961. ^ Weatherall, D (2006). "Sir David Weatherall reflects on genetics and personalized medicine. Interviewed by Ulrike Knies-Bamforth". Drug Discovery Today. 11 (13–14): 576–9. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2006.05.007. PMID 16862731. ^ Kan, Y. (2004). "Introductory Speech for Sir David Weatherall". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 382–384. doi:10.1086/381938. PMC 1182249. ^ Weatherall, D (2004). "2003 William Allan Award address. The Thalassemias: The role of molecular genetics in an evolving global health problem". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 385–92. doi:10.1086/381402. PMC 1182250. PMID 15053011. ^ "Higher Education in the learning society: Main Report". Education England. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015. ^ CMH ^ NHP Study Archived 6 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ "No. 61962". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 June 2017. p. B7. ^ "List of past medal holders". Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 28 May 2021. ^ "Homepage — MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine". www.imm.ox.ac.uk. ^ "Honorary members - British Society for Immunology". www.immunology.org. External links Hemoglobal: A Charitable Organization that Sir David Weatherall provides aid to children with Thalassemia David Weatherall on the History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group website Portraits of David Weatherall at the National Portrait Gallery, London |title=David Weatherall interviewed on Web of Stories Academic offices Preceded byBaron Moser Chancellor of Keele University 2002—2012 Succeeded byJonathon Porritt Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Academics CiNii Scopus Other SNAC IdRef
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For the footballer, see David Wetherall.Sir David John Weatherall, GBE, FRS[2] (9 March 1933 – 8 December 2018)[3] was a British physician and researcher in molecular genetics, haematology, pathology and clinical medicine.[4][5][6][7]","title":"David Weatherall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lancet-8"},{"link_name":"Calday Grange Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calday_Grange_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"University of Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Medical Students Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Medical_Students_Society"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gurkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurkha"},{"link_name":"thalassemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassemia"},{"link_name":"electrophoresis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophoresis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lancet-8"}],"text":"David Weatherall was born in Liverpool.[8] \nHe was educated at Calday Grange Grammar School and then attended Medical School at the University of Liverpool where he served as Treasurer of the Liverpool Medical Students Society in 1954.[citation needed]He graduated from medical school in 1956. After house staff training, he joined the Army for 2 years, as part of the national service and was stationed in Singapore. There he treated the daughter of a Gurkha soldier with thalassemia, which sparked a lifelong interest in this disease. He used car batteries and filter paper for electrophoresis while there.[8]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"thalassemias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassemia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nuffield Professor of Clinical Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuffield_Professor_of_Clinical_Medicine"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"John Clegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Clegg_(molecular_biologist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lancet-8"},{"link_name":"Molecular Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherall_Institute_of_Molecular_Medicine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nuffield Council on Bioethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuffield_Council_on_Bioethics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Regius Professor of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Medicine_(Oxford)"},{"link_name":"National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Committee_of_Inquiry_into_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"genomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(education)"},{"link_name":"Keele University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keele_University"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Humanists UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanists_UK"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Returning from military service, he took a fellowship at Johns Hopkins University.[citation needed] He returned to Liverpool, where he rose to the rank of Professor of Haematology.\nHis research concentrated on the genetics of the haemoglobinopathies and, in particular, a group of inherited haematological disorders known as the thalassemias that are associated with abnormalities in the production of globin, the protein component of haemoglobin. Weatherall was one of the world's experts on the clinical and molecular basis of the thalassemias and the application for their control and prevention in developing countries.[9]\n[10]\n[11]\n[12]In 1974, Weatherall moved to Oxford, as he was appointed Nuffield Professor of Clinical Medicine at the University of Oxford. He worked with the biochemist John Clegg until his retirement in 2000. They were able to separate the α and β chains of haemoglobin and to demonstrate that the relative lack of production of these proteins resulted in α and β thalassaemia.[8]In 1989, Weatherall founded the Institute of Molecular Medicine at Oxford, which was renamed the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine in his honour in 2000 upon his retirement.[citation needed]\nFrom 1991 to 1996 he was a member of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics.[citation needed] \nIn 1992, he assumed the most prestigious chair, that of Regius Professor of Medicine, which he held until retirement.He was a member of the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education that published an influential report[which?] in 1997.[13]In 2002, Weatherall wrote a major report on the application of genomics for global health for the World Health Organization.[14] During this year, he also became Chancellor of Keele University.[when?]. Weatherall was a Distinguished Supporter of Humanists UK.[citation needed]In 2009, a working group report under Weatherall's Chairmanship concluded that there was a strong scientific case to maintain biomedical research activities using non-human primates in carefully selected areas.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whoswho-1"},{"link_name":"Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"2017 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Royal Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Medal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Fothergillian prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fothergillian_prize"},{"link_name":"London Medical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Medical_Society"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Manson Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manson_Medal"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Tropical_Medicine_and_Hygiene"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Lasker Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasker_Award"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Keele University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keele_University"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"British Society for Immunology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Society_for_Immunology"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"He was knighted in 1987[1] and appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to medicine.[16]In 1989 he was awarded the Royal Medal by the Royal Society for his work on the thalassaemias.[citation needed]In 1995 he was awarded the Fothergillian prize by the London Medical Society.[citation needed]In 1998 he was awarded the Manson Medal by the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene for his contributions to the field of tropical medicine and hygiene.[17]In 2005 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[18]In 2010 he was awarded a Lasker Award, the most significant US prize for medical research with many past award winners subsequently going on to receive Nobel prizes.[citation needed] He was the only person outside America to win the award that year.[citation needed]In 2012, Keele University named the Medical School building on the Keele Campus the David Weatherall Building in honour of Sir David. The MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM) is named in his honour.[19]He was an honorary member of the British Society for Immunology.[20]","title":"Awards and honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"WEATHERALL, Sir David (John)\". Who's Who. Vol. 2014 (online edition via Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U39125","url_text":"\"WEATHERALL, Sir David (John)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Higgs, Douglas R. (2023). \"Sir David John Weatherall. 9 March 1933—8 December 2018\". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 76.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.2023.0031","url_text":"\"Sir David John Weatherall. 9 March 1933—8 December 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Sir David Weatherall obituary: 'iconic' scientist dies - BioNews\". www.bionews.org.uk. 10 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bionews.org.uk/page_140400","url_text":"\"Professor Sir David Weatherall obituary: 'iconic' scientist dies - BioNews\""}]},{"reference":"Murray, C. J. L.; Vos, T.; Lozano, R.; Naghavi, M.; Flaxman, A. D.; Michaud, C.; Ezzati, M.; Shibuya, K.; Salomon, J. A.; Abdalla, S.; Aboyans, V.; Abraham, J.; Ackerman, I.; Aggarwal, R.; Ahn, S. Y.; Ali, M. K.; Almazroa, M. A.; Alvarado, M.; Anderson, H. R.; Anderson, L. M.; Andrews, K. G.; Atkinson, C.; Baddour, L. M.; Bahalim, A. N.; Barker-Collo, S.; Barrero, L. H.; Bartels, D. H.; Basáñez, M. G.; Baxter, A.; et al. (2012). \"Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010\". The Lancet. 380 (9859): 2197–223. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4. PMID 23245608. S2CID 205967479.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961689-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23245608","url_text":"23245608"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205967479","url_text":"205967479"}]},{"reference":"Vos, T; Flaxman, A. D.; Naghavi, M; Lozano, R; Michaud, C; Ezzati, M; Shibuya, K; Salomon, J. A.; Abdalla, S; Aboyans, V; Abraham, J; Ackerman, I; Aggarwal, R; Ahn, S. Y.; Ali, M. K.; Alvarado, M; Anderson, H. R.; Anderson, L. M.; Andrews, K. G.; Atkinson, C; Baddour, L. M.; Bahalim, A. N.; Barker-Collo, S; Barrero, L. H.; Bartels, D. H.; Basáñez, M. G.; Baxter, A; Bell, M. L.; Benjamin, E. J.; et al. (2012). \"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010\". The Lancet. 380 (9859): 2163–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2. PMC 6350784. PMID 23245607.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6350784","url_text":"\"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961729-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6350784","url_text":"6350784"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23245607","url_text":"23245607"}]},{"reference":"\"burkes-peerage.net - This website is for sale! - burke Resources and Information\". www.burkes-peerage.net. 23 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.burkes-peerage.net/familyhomepage.aspx?FID=0&FN=WEATHERALLDAVID","url_text":"\"burkes-peerage.net - This website is for sale! - burke Resources and Information\""}]},{"reference":"Watts, G (2010). \"David Weatherall: Lasker Award for pioneer in molecular medicine\". The Lancet. 376 (9751): 1457. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61981-2. PMID 21036263. S2CID 34967961.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2810%2961981-2","url_text":"\"David Weatherall: Lasker Award for pioneer in molecular medicine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2810%2961981-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61981-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21036263","url_text":"21036263"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34967961","url_text":"34967961"}]},{"reference":"Weatherall, D (2006). \"Sir David Weatherall reflects on genetics and personalized medicine. Interviewed by Ulrike Knies-Bamforth\". Drug Discovery Today. 11 (13–14): 576–9. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2006.05.007. PMID 16862731.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.drudis.2006.05.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.drudis.2006.05.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16862731","url_text":"16862731"}]},{"reference":"Kan, Y. (2004). \"Introductory Speech for Sir David Weatherall\". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 382–384. doi:10.1086/381938. PMC 1182249.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182249","url_text":"\"Introductory Speech for Sir David Weatherall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F381938","url_text":"10.1086/381938"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182249","url_text":"1182249"}]},{"reference":"Weatherall, D (2004). \"2003 William Allan Award address. The Thalassemias: The role of molecular genetics in an evolving global health problem\". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 385–92. doi:10.1086/381402. PMC 1182250. PMID 15053011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182250","url_text":"\"2003 William Allan Award address. The Thalassemias: The role of molecular genetics in an evolving global health problem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F381402","url_text":"10.1086/381402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182250","url_text":"1182250"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15053011","url_text":"15053011"}]},{"reference":"\"Higher Education in the learning society: Main Report\". Education England. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150211022652/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/dearing1997/dearing1997.html","url_text":"\"Higher Education in the learning society: Main Report\""},{"url":"http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/dearing1997/dearing1997.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 61962\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 June 2017. p. B7.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61962/supplement/B7","url_text":"\"No. 61962\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"List of past medal holders\". Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110910123308/http://www.rstmh.org/awards/medals/list-past-medal-holders#Manson","url_text":"\"List of past medal holders\""},{"url":"http://www.rstmh.org/awards/medals/list-past-medal-holders#Manson","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 28 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=David+J.+Weatherall&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Homepage — MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine\". www.imm.ox.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imm.ox.ac.uk/","url_text":"\"Homepage — MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honorary members - British Society for Immunology\". www.immunology.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.immunology.org/about-us/our-people/our-members/honorary-members","url_text":"\"Honorary members - British Society for Immunology\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_National_Golf_Club_Los_Angeles
Trump National Golf Club, Los Angeles
["1 History","2 Media","3 Scorecard","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 33°44′N 118°21′W / 33.73°N 118.35°W / 33.73; -118.35Public golf club in Rancho Palos Verdes, California Trump National Golf Club (Los Angeles)Club informationCoordinates33°44′N 118°21′W / 33.73°N 118.35°W / 33.73; -118.35LocationRancho Palos Verdes, California, U.S.EstablishedJanuary 20, 2006TypePublicOwned byThe Trump OrganizationTotal holes18WebsiteTrumpnationallosangeles.comDesigned byPete Dye and Donald TrumpPar71Length7,242-yard (6,622 m) Trump National Golf Club, Los Angeles is a public golf club in Rancho Palos Verdes, California with a 7,242-yard (6,622 m) course designed by Pete Dye and Donald J. Trump Signature Design. It is owned by The Trump Organization. Trump National Golf Club Los Angeles was formerly known as Ocean Trails Golf Club, an 18–hole course designed by Pete Dye, which was about to open when a landslide occurred in June 1999, and the 18th hole slid toward the Pacific Ocean. The Ocean Trails Golf Club subsequently went into bankruptcy, and on November 26, 2002, Trump bought the property for $27 million, intending to redesign the course. It includes a 45,000 sq ft (4,200 m2) clubhouse. It is ranked among the Top 100 Courses You Can Play by Golf Magazine. The club is known for its views of the Pacific Ocean and Catalina Island. The course featured three artificial waterfalls until they were removed during the 2011–2017 drought. The Michael Douglas Pro-Celebrity and Friends Golf Tournament takes place there annually, in April. At a total cost of $264 million, it would be the most expensive golf course ever constructed. Trump's representatives claimed the course was worth $10 million in dealing with the L.A. County property tax assessor two years after the course opened. History Trump National's predecessor, the Ocean Trails Golf Club, was part of a 150-acre (0.61 km2) property owned by developer Edward Zuckerman and a partner. Prior to the Zuckerman purchase, the property was used as a farm. The golf course is on the Palos Verdes Peninsula known for its landslides. The height of the peninsula of 370 meters (1,210 ft) above sea level and the action of the waves are two main contributing factors for the landslides. The stratification of the sedimentary rock below the course is visible in the high cliffs of the area as it gradually slopes seaward. The sloping and stratification create favorable conditions for the generation of landslides. As a result, homes and roads have been lost to the ocean in that area. In the area occupied by the golf course and its vicinity, there are three ancient landslides which have been named by geologists as A, B and C respectively. The green of the Ocean Trails golf course 18th hole and half of its fairway were on top of ancient landslide C. On June 2, 1999 the construction on the $126 million Ocean Trails golf course was almost complete and the course was close to its scheduled opening when a landslide unexpectedly occurred, caused by the sudden reactivation of ancient landslide C, and 300 meters (980 ft) of the 18th hole fairway disappeared under the ocean when a fissure parallel to the cliff appeared and subsequently collapsed. A 215 meters (705 ft) long island was created due to the landslide, temporarily trapping a local resident. The landslide caused most of the 496 yard par 4 18th hole to slide 50-foot (15 m) toward the ocean, including the fairway and green. Also due to the slide, bike paths, walking paths, the edge of the bluffs and a segment of an LA County sewer line disappeared. It is believed that fluid discharge from the sewer line, probably leaking before the slide, acted as a lubricant on the thin underlying layer of bentonite, which became saturated with liquid sewage in turn, and this acted as a facilitator for the stratified geological accumulations to slide relative to each other. Bentonite, a form of clay, exhibits a low frictional coefficient when wet, i.e. it becomes slippery. The golf course opened with only 15 holes because of the landslide. The landslide caused the Ocean Trails Golf Course construction project to go into bankruptcy. Covered by insurance funds, a massive geotechnical project was launched to reconstruct the 18th hole using 1,250,000 cubic yards of earth to fill it. The stabilization work and the slide caused cosmetic damage to the course. At the time, golf course historian Geoff Shackelford said that at the then projected cost of repair of more than $20 million, the 18th hole would have been "the most expensive single hole in history". After three years, legal issues between the involved banks and developers caused the geological stabilization work to stop. In 2002 Donald Trump stepped in and bought the 300-acre (1.2 km2) property, including the golf course, with the intention of finalizing construction and repairs by the summer of 2003. On January 20, 2006 the 18-hole Trump National Golf Club opened in Los Angeles. The reinforcement fill designed to stabilize the area affected by the slide is located under holes 17 and 18. During the massive geological stabilization process the golf course was open for business. The geological stabilization process was based on a geotechnical design involving the use of geosynthetic materials designed to enhance the cohesion and strength of the landslide fill. Asked about the safety of the work, Trump said: "If I'm ever in California for an earthquake, this is where I want to be standing". In 2008 Trump sued the city of Rancho Palos Verdes for $100 million, alleging that the city did not allow him to make the improvements needed to maintain the Trump image. The lawsuit was settled in 2012 for undisclosed terms. In 2015, the course was to have become the host of the PGA Grand Slam of Golf. The tournament was cancelled due to Trump's comments about illegal immigrants. Sports teams and charities continued to move their charity-golf tournaments to other venues during his presidency. Media The Trump National Los Angeles was the setting for the filming of Golf Channel's The Big Break VI: Trump National. The Trump National Los Angeles was also the setting for the golf course shots in "50 First Dates", with Catalina Island clearly seen in some of the shots. In the 2008 film Step Brothers, the course was used for the "Catalina Wine Mixer" scenes, doubling as Catalina Island. In the 2014 film Horrible Bosses 2, the 'cancel the order' scene was filmed at the golf course. The Modern Family 2014 episode The Wedding (Part 2) was filmed at the golf course. In 2016 it was the filming location for and the subject of the Adult Swim special The Adult Swim Golf Classic which depicted Trump National Los Angeles hosting a golf tournament in 1966 sponsored by the fictional cigarette company Portnoy 100s. Scorecard Trump National Golf Club Los Angeles Tee Rating/Slope 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total Black 74.6 / 144 379 504 403 169 467 461 573 230 496 3682 440 223 531 441 491 167 338 240 503 3374 7056 Blue 71.9 / 136 334 452 362 150 439 405 544 199 462 3347 330 191 504 413 481 143 300 201 392 2955 6302 White 69.9 / 130 328 425 336 136 388 388 508 168 432 3109 307 135 478 386 461 130 289 183 367 2736 5845 SI Men's 5 17 13 15 1 11 9 7 3 14 6 12 2 10 16 18 8 4 Par 4 5 4 3 4 4 5 3 4 36 4 3 5 4 5 3 4 3 4 35 71 SI Women's 5 15 9 17 7 1 3 11 13 10 16 6 2 8 18 14 12 4 Red 67.1 / 121 302 403 276 116 315 358 448 147 398 2763 284 98 457 330 454 114 266 159 334 2496 5259 Gold 63.6 / 111 233 319 224 95 287 328 399 102 355 2362 230 98 416 258 412 91 204 135 301 2135 4497 See also Donald Trump and golf List of things named after Donald Trump References ^ "trumpnationallosangeles.com FAQ". Archived from the original on September 20, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2011. ^ a b c David R. Holland, Senior Writer (April 29, 2010). "Brash, bold and built by a billionaire: Trump National Golf Club Los Angeles". travelgolf.com. Retrieved September 18, 2011. ^ "Trump National Golf Club, Los Angeles". Golf.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2011. ^ Donald Trump (2008). Trump never give up: how I turned my biggest challenges into success. Wiley. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-470-19084-5. Retrieved September 18, 2011. Trump National Golf Club (Los Angeles) Michael Douglas. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rich Sack (2005). "Golfing atop a landslide. A signature hole is born at Trump National Golf" (PDF). GFR Magazine, Volume 23, No. 6, reprinted by permission of Industrial Fabrics Association International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-16. Retrieved September 20, 2011. ^ "Trump National Golf Club". worldgolf.com. Retrieved September 18, 2011. ^ Links Magazine. "Destination: Santa Monica". pgatour.com. Retrieved September 19, 2011. Trump National Golf Club Located on the tip of the Palos Verdes Peninsula, each hole on the clifftop design, the most expensive course ever built, features views of the Pacific Ocean. ^ a b Maddaus, Gene (June 9, 2016). "Donald Trump's California Golf Course Valued Far Lower Than He Said". Variety. Retrieved 10 June 2016. ^ a b c d e Steve Sailer (June 12, 2001). "A Golf Course 30 Years in the Making: Golf, the Environment, and Politics". UPI. Archived from the original on July 14, 2006. Retrieved September 20, 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bernard W. Pipkin; D. D. Trent; Richard Hazlett; Paul Bierman (August 2012). Geology and the Environment. Cengage Learning. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-538-73755-5. Retrieved September 18, 2011. ^ earthconsultants.com. "Ocean Trails Landslides Peer Review Panel for Landslide Mitigation at the Ocean Trails Golf Course Rancho Palos Verdes, California". Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved September 20, 2011. ^ Wallace, John (2005). "The Ocean Trails Landslide: Defining safe zones along high coastal bluffs, Rancho Palos Verdes, California". Abstracts with Programs. 37 (4). Geological Society of America: 100. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2011-09-22. ^ a b Stephen Foley (December 22, 2008). "Another round of trouble as Trump sues for $100m". The Independent UK. Retrieved September 20, 2011. ^ Victoria Kim (December 20, 2008). "Trump sues city for $100 million". LA Times. Retrieved September 20, 2011. ^ Mary Scott. "Rancho Palos Verdes, Trump settle differences, including $100M lawsuit". Daily Breeze. ^ "33rd PGA Grand Slam of Golf to be Hosted by Trump National Golf Club Los Angeles". PGA.com. PGA of America. Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2015-03-10. ^ "PGA can't find replacement course, cancels Grand Slam of Golf". ESPN. Associated Press. September 3, 2015. ^ Fahrenthold, David A.; O'Connell, Jonathan (2019-04-05). "Trump dinner comes at a pivotal time for Rancho Palos Verdes golf club". Daily Breeze. Retrieved 2019-04-13. ^ "Horrible Bosses 2 Filming Locations | filming.90210locations.info". ^ ""Modern Family" the Wedding, Part 2 (TV Episode 2014)". IMDb. ^ The Adult Swim Golf Classic (Retrieved from the adultswim.com website on 09 June) External links Official website vtePalos Verdes PeninsulaGeographyMunicipalities Palos Verdes Estates Rancho Palos Verdes Rolling Hills Rolling Hills Estates EducationPrimary and secondary schools Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District Palos Verdes Peninsula High School Palos Verdes High School Rancho Del Mar High School Chadwick School Rolling Hills Country Day SchoolClosed Miraleste HS International Bilingual Colleges and universities Marymount California University (closed) OtherLandmarks Del Cerro Park Palos Verdes Golf Club Point Vicente Light Portuguese Bend South Coast Botanic Garden Trump National Golf Club Wayfarers Chapel Marineland of the Pacific (closed) Transportation Palos Verdes Peninsula Transit Authority Animals Palos Verdes blue (butterfly) This list is incomplete. vteBusinesses of Donald Trump The Trump Organization Donald Trump Jr. Eric Trump Allen Weisselberg Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump List of things named after Donald Trump NYC properties The Trump Building (40 Wall Street) Trump Parc and Trump Parc East Trump Park Avenue Trump Tower Trump World Tower Hotels and resorts Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago Las Vegas New York City Mar-a-Lago Golf coursesU.S. Bedminster, NJ "Doral" Miami, FL Jupiter, FL Los Angeles, CA Pine Hill, NJ Washington, D.C. Westchester, NY West Palm Beach, FL Europe Balmedie, Scotland wind farm dispute Doonbeg, Ireland Turnberry, Scotland Other current ventures Never Surrender High-Top Trump Media & Technology Group Truth Social Trump Winery Name licensing Trump Bay Street Trump Palace Condominiums Jersey City, NJ New Rochelle, NY New York City, NY Trump Tower Istanbul, Turkey Manila, Philippines Pune, India Punta del Este, Uruguay Sunny Isles Beach, FL Former properties GM Building Hyatt Grand Central New York JW Marriott Panama Ka Laʻi Waikiki Beach Hotel LSH Hotel (Brazil) Old Post Office (Washington, D.C.) Paradox Hotel Vancouver Park Tower Stamford Plaza Hotel The Dominick (Trump SoHo) The Plaza (West Palm Beach, FL) The St. Regis Toronto The Tower at City Place (White Plains, NY) Cancelled realestate projects Russian projects Trump Tower Moscow Trump International Hotel and Tower Baku, Azerbaijan Dubai, UAE Fort Lauderdale, FL New Orleans, LA Phoenix, AZ Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico Trump Tower Brazil Germany Israel Tampa, FL Twin Towers 2 Former ventures Central Park Carousel Donald Trump dolls Donald J. Trump Foundation GoTrump.com Lasker Rink Miss Universe Miss USA Miss Teen USA New Jersey Generals Paris Is Out! Tour de Trump Trump Home Trump Entertainment Resorts Trump's Castle / Trump Marina Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino Trump Taj Mahal Trump World's Fair Trump Casino Indiana Trump magazines Trump Model Management Trump Mortgage Trump Network Trump Oil Corporation Trump Productions Trump Shuttle Trump Steaks Trump University Trump Vodka Trump Ice Trump Village Wollman Rink
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County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._County"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-8"}],"text":"Public golf club in Rancho Palos Verdes, CaliforniaTrump National Golf Club, Los Angeles is a public golf club in Rancho Palos Verdes, California with a 7,242-yard (6,622 m) course designed by Pete Dye and Donald J. Trump Signature Design.[1] It is owned by The Trump Organization.Trump National Golf Club Los Angeles was formerly known as Ocean Trails Golf Club, an 18–hole course designed by Pete Dye, which was about to open when a landslide occurred in June 1999, and the 18th hole slid toward the Pacific Ocean. The Ocean Trails Golf Club subsequently went into bankruptcy, and on November 26, 2002, Trump bought the property for $27 million, intending to redesign the course.[2] It includes a 45,000 sq ft (4,200 m2) clubhouse.[2]It is ranked among the Top 100 Courses You Can Play by Golf Magazine.[3]The club is known for its views of the Pacific Ocean and Catalina Island. The course featured three artificial waterfalls[2] until they were removed during the 2011–2017 drought. The Michael Douglas Pro-Celebrity and Friends Golf Tournament takes place there annually, in April.[4]At a total cost of $264 million, it would be the most expensive golf course ever constructed.[5][6][7] Trump's representatives claimed the course was worth $10 million in dealing with the L.A. County property tax assessor two years after the course opened.[8]","title":"Trump National Golf Club, Los Angeles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPI-9"},{"link_name":"Palos Verdes Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palos_Verdes_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_and_the_Environment-10"},{"link_name":"peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"stratification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratification_(archeology)"},{"link_name":"sedimentary rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_and_the_Environment-10"},{"link_name":"geologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-earthconsultants.com-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GFR_Magazine-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GFR_Magazine-5"},{"link_name":"fairway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairway_(golf)"},{"link_name":"fissure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_and_the_Environment-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_and_the_Environment-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPI-9"},{"link_name":"green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_(golf)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GFR_Magazine-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPI-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_and_the_Environment-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSA-12"},{"link_name":"bluffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bluff#Etymology_2"},{"link_name":"LA County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_County"},{"link_name":"sewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewerage"},{"link_name":"lubricant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricant"},{"link_name":"bentonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentonite"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GFR_Magazine-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_and_the_Environment-10"},{"link_name":"frictional coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictional_coefficient"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GFR_Magazine-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_and_the_Environment-10"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPI-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_and_the_Environment-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPI-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_and_the_Environment-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_and_the_Environment-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GFR_Magazine-5"},{"link_name":"geotechnical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical"},{"link_name":"geosynthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynthetic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GFR_Magazine-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GFR_Magazine-5"},{"link_name":"Rancho Palos Verdes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Palos_Verdes"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Independent-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Times-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Breeze-15"},{"link_name":"PGA Grand Slam of Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Grand_Slam_of_Golf"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cancel-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Trump National's predecessor, the Ocean Trails Golf Club, was part of a 150-acre (0.61 km2) property owned by developer Edward Zuckerman and a partner. Prior to the Zuckerman purchase, the property was used as a farm.[9] The golf course is on the Palos Verdes Peninsula known for its landslides.[10] The height of the peninsula of 370 meters (1,210 ft) above sea level and the action of the waves are two main contributing factors for the landslides. The stratification of the sedimentary rock below the course is visible in the high cliffs of the area as it gradually slopes seaward. The sloping and stratification create favorable conditions for the generation of landslides. As a result, homes and roads have been lost to the ocean in that area.[10] In the area occupied by the golf course and its vicinity, there are three ancient landslides which have been named by geologists as A, B and C respectively.[11] The green of the Ocean Trails golf course 18th hole and half of its fairway were on top of ancient landslide C.[5]On June 2, 1999 the construction on the $126 million Ocean Trails golf course was almost complete and the course was close to its scheduled opening when a landslide unexpectedly occurred, caused by the sudden reactivation of ancient landslide C,[5] and 300 meters (980 ft) of the 18th hole fairway disappeared under the ocean when a fissure parallel to the cliff appeared and subsequently collapsed.[10] A 215 meters (705 ft) long island was created due to the landslide, temporarily trapping a local resident.[10] The landslide caused most of the 496 yard par 4 18th hole to slide 50-foot (15 m) toward the ocean,[9] including the fairway and green.[5][9][10][12]Also due to the slide, bike paths, walking paths, the edge of the bluffs and a segment of an LA County sewer line disappeared. It is believed that fluid discharge from the sewer line, probably leaking before the slide, acted as a lubricant on the thin underlying layer of bentonite, which became saturated with liquid sewage in turn, and this acted as a facilitator for the stratified geological accumulations to slide relative to each other.[5][10] Bentonite, a form of clay, exhibits a low frictional coefficient when wet, i.e. it becomes slippery.[5] The golf course opened with only 15 holes because of the landslide.[10]The landslide caused the Ocean Trails Golf Course construction project to go into bankruptcy. Covered by insurance funds, a massive geotechnical project was launched to reconstruct the 18th hole using 1,250,000 cubic yards of earth to fill it.[9] The stabilization work and the slide caused cosmetic damage to the course.[10] At the time, golf course historian Geoff Shackelford said that at the then projected cost of repair of more than $20 million, the 18th hole would have been \"the most expensive single hole in history\".[9]After three years, legal issues between the involved banks and developers caused the geological stabilization work to stop.[10] In 2002 Donald Trump stepped in and bought the 300-acre (1.2 km2) property,[13] including the golf course, with the intention of finalizing construction and repairs by the summer of 2003. On January 20, 2006 the 18-hole Trump National Golf Club opened in Los Angeles. The reinforcement fill designed to stabilize the area affected by the slide is located under holes 17 and 18.[10] During the massive geological stabilization process the golf course was open for business.[5]The geological stabilization process was based on a geotechnical design involving the use of geosynthetic materials designed to enhance the cohesion and strength of the landslide fill.[5] Asked about the safety of the work, Trump said: \"If I'm ever in California for an earthquake, this is where I want to be standing\".[5]In 2008 Trump sued the city of Rancho Palos Verdes for $100 million, alleging that the city did not allow him to make the improvements needed to maintain the Trump image.[13][14] The lawsuit was settled in 2012 for undisclosed terms.[8][15]In 2015, the course was to have become the host of the PGA Grand Slam of Golf.[16] The tournament was cancelled due to Trump's comments about illegal immigrants.[17] Sports teams and charities continued to move their charity-golf tournaments to other venues during his presidency.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Big Break VI: Trump National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Break_VI:_Trump_National"},{"link_name":"Step Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_Brothers_(film)"},{"link_name":"Horrible Bosses 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrible_Bosses_2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Modern Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Family"},{"link_name":"The Wedding (Part 2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wedding_(Modern_Family)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Adult Swim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Swim"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The Trump National Los Angeles was the setting for the filming of Golf Channel's The Big Break VI: Trump National.The Trump National Los Angeles was also the setting for the golf course shots in \"50 First Dates\", with Catalina Island clearly seen in some of the shots.In the 2008 film Step Brothers, the course was used for the \"Catalina Wine Mixer\" scenes, doubling as Catalina Island.In the 2014 film Horrible Bosses 2, the 'cancel the order' scene was filmed at the golf course.[19]The Modern Family 2014 episode The Wedding (Part 2) was filmed at the golf course.[20]In 2016 it was the filming location for and the subject of the Adult Swim special The Adult Swim Golf Classic which depicted Trump National Los Angeles hosting a golf tournament in 1966 sponsored by the fictional cigarette company Portnoy 100s.[21]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Scorecard"}]
[]
[{"title":"Donald Trump and golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_golf"},{"title":"List of things named after Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Donald_Trump"}]
[{"reference":"\"trumpnationallosangeles.com FAQ\". Archived from the original on September 20, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920005635/http://www.trumpnationallosangeles.com/Default.aspx?p=DynamicModule&pageid=288158&ssid=166810&vnf=1","url_text":"\"trumpnationallosangeles.com FAQ\""},{"url":"http://www.trumpnationallosangeles.com/Default.aspx?p=DynamicModule&pageid=288158&ssid=166810&vnf=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David R. Holland, Senior Writer (April 29, 2010). \"Brash, bold and built by a billionaire: Trump National Golf Club Los Angeles\". travelgolf.com. Retrieved September 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelgolf.com/articles/trump-national-golf-club-los-angeles-california-11273.htm","url_text":"\"Brash, bold and built by a billionaire: Trump National Golf Club Los Angeles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trump National Golf Club, Los Angeles\". Golf.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110904034053/http://www.golf.com/golf/courses_travel/coursefinder/course/0,28290,1647306,00.html","url_text":"\"Trump National Golf Club, Los Angeles\""},{"url":"http://www.golf.com/golf/courses_travel/coursefinder/course/0,28290,1647306,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Donald Trump (2008). Trump never give up: how I turned my biggest challenges into success. Wiley. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-470-19084-5. Retrieved September 18, 2011. Trump National Golf Club (Los Angeles) Michael Douglas.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/trumpnevergiveup00trum","url_text":"Trump never give up: how I turned my biggest challenges into success"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/trumpnevergiveup00trum/page/156","url_text":"156"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-19084-5","url_text":"978-0-470-19084-5"}]},{"reference":"Rich Sack (2005). \"Golfing atop a landslide. A signature hole is born at Trump National Golf\" (PDF). GFR Magazine, Volume 23, No. 6, reprinted by permission of Industrial Fabrics Association International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-16. Retrieved September 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140816234830/http://www.tencate.com/amer/Images/ip_landslide%20gfr_tcm29-9126.pdf","url_text":"\"Golfing atop a landslide. A signature hole is born at Trump National Golf\""},{"url":"http://www.tencate.com/amer/Images/ip_landslide%20gfr_tcm29-9126.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Trump National Golf Club\". worldgolf.com. Retrieved September 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldgolf.com/courses/usa/california/ranchopalosverdes/trump-national-golf-club.html","url_text":"\"Trump National Golf Club\""}]},{"reference":"Links Magazine. \"Destination: Santa Monica\". pgatour.com. Retrieved September 19, 2011. Trump National Golf Club Located on the tip of the Palos Verdes Peninsula, each hole on the clifftop design, the most expensive course ever built, features views of the Pacific Ocean.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/2010/tourlife/travel/01/29/destination_santamonica/index.html","url_text":"\"Destination: Santa Monica\""}]},{"reference":"Maddaus, Gene (June 9, 2016). \"Donald Trump's California Golf Course Valued Far Lower Than He Said\". Variety. Retrieved 10 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/tv/global/donald-trump-national-golf-club-palos-verdes-golf-course-value-1201791482/","url_text":"\"Donald Trump's California Golf Course Valued Far Lower Than He Said\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Steve Sailer (June 12, 2001). \"A Golf Course 30 Years in the Making: Golf, the Environment, and Politics\". UPI. Archived from the original on July 14, 2006. Retrieved September 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060714092058/http://www.isteve.com/Golf_Course_30_Years.htm","url_text":"\"A Golf Course 30 Years in the Making: Golf, the Environment, and Politics\""},{"url":"http://www.isteve.com/Golf_Course_30_Years.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bernard W. Pipkin; D. D. Trent; Richard Hazlett; Paul Bierman (August 2012). Geology and the Environment. Cengage Learning. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-538-73755-5. Retrieved September 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TbGOhr9Po9IC&q=trump+national+golf+club+los+angeles&pg=PA201","url_text":"Geology and the Environment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-538-73755-5","url_text":"978-0-538-73755-5"}]},{"reference":"earthconsultants.com. \"Ocean Trails Landslides Peer Review Panel for Landslide Mitigation at the Ocean Trails Golf Course Rancho Palos Verdes, California\". Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved September 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425052954/http://www.earthconsultants.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=169:ocean-trails-landslides&catid=44:projects&Itemid=69&lang=en","url_text":"\"Ocean Trails Landslides Peer Review Panel for Landslide Mitigation at the Ocean Trails Golf Course Rancho Palos Verdes, California\""},{"url":"http://www.earthconsultants.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=169%3Aocean-trails-landslides&catid=44%3Aprojects&Itemid=69&lang=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wallace, John (2005). \"The Ocean Trails Landslide: Defining safe zones along high coastal bluffs, Rancho Palos Verdes, California\". Abstracts with Programs. 37 (4). Geological Society of America: 100. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2011-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171227022337/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2005CD/finalprogram/abstract_85433.htm","url_text":"\"The Ocean Trails Landslide: Defining safe zones along high coastal bluffs, Rancho Palos Verdes, California\""},{"url":"http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2005CD/finalprogram/abstract_85433.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stephen Foley (December 22, 2008). \"Another round of trouble as Trump sues for $100m\". The Independent UK. Retrieved September 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/another-round-of-trouble-as-trump-sues-for-100m-1207397.html","url_text":"\"Another round of trouble as Trump sues for $100m\""}]},{"reference":"Victoria Kim (December 20, 2008). \"Trump sues city for $100 million\". LA Times. Retrieved September 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/dec/20/local/me-trump20","url_text":"\"Trump sues city for $100 million\""}]},{"reference":"Mary Scott. \"Rancho Palos Verdes, Trump settle differences, including $100M lawsuit\". Daily Breeze.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailybreeze.com/general-news/20120913/rancho-palos-verdes-trump-settle-differences-including-100m-lawsuit","url_text":"\"Rancho Palos Verdes, Trump settle differences, including $100M lawsuit\""}]},{"reference":"\"33rd PGA Grand Slam of Golf to be Hosted by Trump National Golf Club Los Angeles\". PGA.com. PGA of America. Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2015-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181215204930/http://www.pga.com/grandslam/news/pga-grand-slam-golf-moves-trump-national-los-angeles","url_text":"\"33rd PGA Grand Slam of Golf to be Hosted by Trump National Golf Club Los Angeles\""},{"url":"http://www.pga.com/grandslam/news/pga-grand-slam-golf-moves-trump-national-los-angeles","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PGA can't find replacement course, cancels Grand Slam of Golf\". ESPN. Associated Press. September 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/golf/story/_/id/13571464/pga-cancels-grand-slam-golf-trump-national-los-angeles","url_text":"\"PGA can't find replacement course, cancels Grand Slam of Golf\""}]},{"reference":"Fahrenthold, David A.; O'Connell, Jonathan (2019-04-05). \"Trump dinner comes at a pivotal time for Rancho Palos Verdes golf club\". Daily Breeze. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1893
Australian cricket team in England in 1893
["1 Test series summary","1.1 First Test","1.2 Second Test","1.3 Third Test","2 Ceylon","3 References","4 External links","5 Annual reviews","6 Further reading"]
International cricket tour 1893 Australian national cricket team The Australian cricket team played 31 first-class matches in England in 1893, including 3 Tests. One of the first-class matches was against the Oxford and Cambridge Universities Past and Present team in Portsmouth. In their first innings, the Australians scored 843 runs, with eight of their batsmen scoring half-centuries. This is the only instance in first-class cricket with eight half-centuries being scored in the same innings. Test series summary England won the Test series 1–0 with two matches drawn. First Test 17–19 July 1893 Scorecard England  v  Australia 334 (125 overs)A Shrewsbury 106CTB Turner 6/67 (36 overs) 269 (114.1 overs)H Graham 107WH Lockwood 6/101 (45 overs) 234/8 (116.4 overs)A Shrewsbury 81G Giffen 5/43 (26.4 overs) Match drawnLord's, London Umpires: W Hearn (ENG) and J Phillips (AUS) England won the toss and elected to bat. FS Jackson, E Wainwright, WH Lockwood, AW Mold (all ENG), and H Graham (AUS) made their Test debuts. Second Test 14–16 August 1893 Scorecard England  v  Australia 483 (187 overs)FS Jackson 103G Giffen 7/128 (54 overs) 91 (37.3 overs)JJ Lyons 19J Briggs 5/34 (14.3 overs) 349 (f/o) (98 overs)GHS Trott 92J Briggs 5/114 (35 overs) England won by an innings and 43 runsThe Oval, London Umpires: CK Pullin (ENG) and H Draper (ENG) England won the toss and elected to bat. A Ward (ENG) made his Test debut. Third Test 24–26 August 1893 Scorecard Australia  v  England 204 (96.4 overs)W Bruce 68T Richardson 5/49 (23.4 overs) 243 (140.2 overs)W Gunn 102*G Giffen 4/113 (67 overs) 236 (95.3 overs)AC Bannerman 60T Richardson 5/107 (44 overs) 118/4 (63 overs)WG Grace 45H Trumble 3/49 (25 overs) Match drawnOld Trafford, Manchester Umpires: C Clements (ENG) and J Phillips (AUS) Australia won the toss and elected to bat. W Brockwell and T Richardson (both ENG) made their Test debuts. Ceylon As on previous voyages to England, the Australians had a stopover in Colombo and played a match on 5 April against a Ceylon team, which was drawn. References ^ "Oxford and Cambridge Universities Past and Present v Australians". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 1 February 2022. ^ "Is Heather Knight's 168 the highest score by an England women's captain in a Test?". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 1 February 2022. ^ "Ceylon v Australians 1893". CricketArchive. Retrieved 24 June 2014. External links CricketArchive – tour summaries Annual reviews James Lillywhite's Cricketers' Annual (Red Lilly) 1894 Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1894 Further reading Bill Frindall, The Wisden Book of Test Cricket 1877-1978, Wisden, 1979 Chris Harte, A History of Australian Cricket, Andre Deutsch, 1993 Ray Robinson, On Top Down Under, Cassell, 1975 vte The Ashes List of Ashes series1850 1884 1886 1888 1890 1893 1896 1899 1882–83 1884–85 1886–87 1887–88 1891–92 1894–95 1897–98 1900 1902 1905 1909 1912 World War I 1921 1926 1930 1934 1938 World War II 1948 1901–02 1903–04 1907–08 1911–12 1920–21 1924–25 1928–29 1932–33 1936–37 1946–47 1950 1953 1956 1961 1964 1968 1972 1975 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 1950–51 1954–55 1958–59 1962–63 1965–66 1970–71 1974–75 1978–79 1982–83 1986–87 1990–91 1994–95 1998–99 2000 2001 2005 2009 2013 2015 2019 2023 2002–03 2006–07 2010–11 2013–14 2017–18 2021–22 Non-Ashes Australia v England Test series 1876–77 1878–79 1880 1881–82 1882 1945 1976–77 1979–80 1980 1987–88 2027 Matches in white background were played in England, yellow – in Australia. vteEngland squad – Ashes 1893 (9th series win) Grace (c) Briggs Brockwell Flowers Gunn Jackson Lockwood MacGregor (†) Mold Peel M. Read W. Read Richardson Shrewbury Stoddart (c)* Wainwright Ward (c)* denotes acting captain for 1st test vteAustralia squad – Ashes 1893 Blackham (c) (†) Bannerman Bruce Giffen Graham Gregory Lyons McLeod Trott Trumble Turner vteInternational cricket tours of EnglandTest and LOI toursAustralia 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1893 1896 1899 1902 1905 1909 1912 1921 1926 1930 1934 1938 1948 1953 1956 1961 1964 1968 1972 1975 1977 1980 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2010 2012 2013 2015 2018 2019 2020 2023 2024 Bangladesh 2005 2010 India 1932 1936 1946 1952 1959 1967 1971 1974 1979 1982 1986 1990 1996 2002 2004 2007 2011 2014 2018 2021 2022 Ireland 2017 2019 2020 2023 New Zealand 1931 1937 1949 1958 1965 1969 1973 1978 1983 1986 1990 1994 1999 2004 2008 2013 2015 2021 2022 2023 Pakistan 1954 1962 1967 1971 1974 1978 1982 1987 1992 1996 2001 2003 2006 2010 2016 2018 2019 2020 2021 2024 South Africa 1907 1912 1924 1929 1935 1947 1951 1955 1960 1965 1970 (cancelled) 1994 1998 2003 2008 2012 2017 2022 Sri Lanka 1984 1988 1991 1998 2002 2006 2011 2014 2016 2021 West Indies 1928 1933 1939 1950 1957 1963 1966 1969 1973 1976 1980 1984 1988 1991 1995 2000 2004 2007 2009 2011 2012 2017 2020 Zimbabwe 2000 2003 2025 Major tournaments hostedMultiple teams 1912 1975 1979 1983 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2004 2005 2009 2013 2017 2019 Other toursAustralian 1868 1878 1919 1945 1988 2009 2018 Canadian 1954 Indian 1911 Multi-team 1932 1970 1972 1975 1987 New Zealand 1927 1945 Parsis 1886 1888 Philadelphian 1884 1889 1897 1903 1908 South African 1894 1901 1904 1961 Sri Lankan 1968 (cancelled) 1975 1979 1981 1990 West Indian 1900 1906 1923 1964 Zimbabwean 1982 1985 1986 1990 1993 Other tournaments hostedMultiple teams 1979 1982 1986 2018 vteInternational cricket tours of Sri LankaTest and LOI toursAfghanistan 2022-23 2023–24 Australia 1982–83 1992 1999 2003–04 2011 2016 2022 Bangladesh 2002 2005 2007 2012–13 2016–17 2019 2020–21 England 1981–82 1992–93 2000–01 2003–04 2007–08 2011–12 2014–15 2018–19 2020–21 India 1985 1993 1997 2001 2006 2008 2008–09 2010 2012 2015 2017 2021 2024 Ireland 2022–23 New Zealand 1983–84 1984–85 1986–87 1992–93 1998 2003 2009 2012–13 2013–14 2019 Pakistan 1985–86 1994 1996–97 2000 2005–06 2009 2012 2014 2015 2022 2023 South Africa 1993 2000 2004 2006 2013 2014 2018 2021–22 West Indies 1993–94 2001–02 2005 2010–11 2015-16 2019–20 2021–22 Zimbabwe 1983–84 1996–97 1997–98 2001–02 2017 2020–21 2021–22 2023–24 Tournaments hostedMultiple teams 1986 1986 1994 1996 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2001–02 2001–02 2002 2004 2009 2010 2010 2010 2011 2012 2018 Other toursAfghan 2009–10 2024 Australian 1884 1890 1893 1896 1912 1926 1930 1934 1935–36 1938 1945 1948 1953 1961 1964 1969 1981 Bangladeshi 1985–86 Canadian 2000–01 2009–10 2011–12 English 1882–83 1889–90 1891–92 1892–93 1894–95 1911–12 1920–21 1922–23 1924–25 1926–27 1928–29 1929–30 1932–33 1933–34 1935–36 1936–37 1936–37 1950–51 1951–52 1954–55 1958–59 1961–62 1962–63 1965–66 1968–69 1969–70 1972–73 1976–77 1977–78 1984–85 2000–01 Indian 1925–26 1944–45 1956–57 1973–74 1975–76 Kenyan 2001–02 2013–14 Malaysian 1893–94 1971–72 Multi-national 1930–31 1949–50 1950–51 1967–68 New Zealand 1927 1937–38 Pakistani 1948–49 1972–73 1975–76 1978–79 Scottish 2011–12 2013–14 West Indian 1948–49 1966–67 1974–75 1978–79 Irish 2020–21 South Africa A 2023 This article about an international cricket tour of England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Test","text":"24–26 August 1893 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nAustralia \n\nv\n\n England\n\n\n204 (96.4 overs)W Bruce 68T Richardson 5/49 (23.4 overs)\n\n\n\n243 (140.2 overs)W Gunn 102*G Giffen 4/113 (67 overs)\n\n\n236 (95.3 overs)AC Bannerman 60T Richardson 5/107 (44 overs)\n\n\n\n118/4 (63 overs)WG Grace 45H Trumble 3/49 (25 overs)\n\n\n\nMatch drawnOld Trafford, Manchester Umpires: C Clements (ENG) and J Phillips (AUS) \n\n\nAustralia won the toss and elected to bat.\nW Brockwell and T Richardson (both ENG) made their Test debuts.","title":"Test series summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"As on previous voyages to England, the Australians had a stopover in Colombo and played a match on 5 April against a Ceylon team, which was drawn.[3]","title":"Ceylon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisden Cricketers' Almanack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisden_Cricketers%27_Almanack"}],"text":"James Lillywhite's Cricketers' Annual (Red Lilly) 1894\nWisden Cricketers' Almanack 1894","title":"Annual reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Frindall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Frindall"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ashes_Test_series"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ashes_Test_series"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ashes_Test_series"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"The Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ashes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"List of Ashes 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me":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._L._Wadekar%27s_cricket_team_in_Sri_Lanka_in_1975%E2%80%9376&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyan_cricket_team_in_Sri_Lanka_in_2001%E2%80%9302"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenyan_cricket_team_in_Sri_Lanka_in_2013%E2%80%9314&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1893–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Straits_Settlements_cricket_team_in_Ceylon_in_1893%E2%80%9394&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1971–72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_cricket_team_in_Ceylon_in_1971%E2%80%9372&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1930–31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharajkumar_of_Vizianagram%27s_cricket_team_in_India_and_Ceylon_in_1930%E2%80%9331"},{"link_name":"1949–50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_XI_cricket_team_in_India,_Pakistan_and_Ceylon_in_1949%E2%80%9350"},{"link_name":"1950–51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_XI_cricket_team_in_India_and_Ceylon_in_1950%E2%80%9351"},{"link_name":"1967–68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_XI_cricket_team_in_Pakistan,_India_and_Ceylon_in_1967%E2%80%9368"},{"link_name":"1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_cricket_team_in_England_in_1927"},{"link_name":"1937–38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_cricket_team_in_Australia_and_Ceylon_in_1937%E2%80%9338"},{"link_name":"1948–49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cricket_team_in_Ceylon_in_1948%E2%80%9349"},{"link_name":"1972–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_1972%E2%80%9373"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cricket_team_in_Sri_Lanka_in_1975%E2%80%9376"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_1978%E2%80%9379"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_cricket_team_in_Sri_Lanka_in_2011%E2%80%9312&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_cricket_team_in_Sri_Lanka_in_2013%E2%80%9314&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1948–49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_cricket_team_in_India,_Pakistan_and_Ceylon_in_1948%E2%80%9349"},{"link_name":"1966–67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_cricket_team_in_India_and_Ceylon_in_1966%E2%80%9367"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_cricket_team_in_India,_Pakistan_and_Sri_Lanka_in_1974%E2%80%9375"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_cricket_team_in_India_and_Sri_Lanka_in_1978%E2%80%9379"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_cricket_team_in_Sri_Lanka_in_2020%E2%80%9321&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_A_cricket_team_in_Sri_Lanka_in_2023"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1893&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:England-cricket-tour-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:England-cricket-tour-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England-cricket-tour-stub"}],"text":"Bill Frindall, The Wisden Book of Test Cricket 1877-1978, Wisden, 1979\nChris Harte, A History of Australian Cricket, Andre Deutsch, 1993\nRay Robinson, On Top Down Under, Cassell, 1975vte The Ashes List of Ashes series1850\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1884\n\n1886\n\n\n\n1888\n\n1890\n\n1893\n\n1896\n\n1899\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1882–83\n\n1884–85\n\n1886–87\n\n1887–88\n\n\n\n1891–92\n\n1894–95\n\n1897–98\n\n\n\n1900\n\n\n\n\n1902\n\n1905\n\n1909\n\n1912\n\nWorld War I\n\n\n\n1921\n\n1926\n\n1930\n\n1934\n\n1938\n\nWorld War II\n\n\n\n1948\n\n\n1901–02\n\n1903–04\n\n1907–08\n\n1911–12\n\n\n\n1920–21\n\n1924–25\n\n1928–29\n\n1932–33\n\n1936–37\n\n\n\n1946–47\n\n\n\n1950\n\n\n\n\n1953\n\n1956\n\n1961\n\n1964\n\n1968\n\n1972\n\n1975\n\n1977\n\n1981\n\n1985\n\n1989\n\n1993\n\n1997\n\n\n\n\n1950–51\n\n1954–55\n\n1958–59\n\n1962–63\n\n1965–66\n\n1970–71\n\n1974–75\n\n\n\n1978–79\n\n1982–83\n\n1986–87\n\n1990–91\n\n1994–95\n\n1998–99\n\n2000\n\n\n\n\n2001\n\n2005\n\n2009\n\n2013\n\n2015\n\n2019\n\n2023\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2002–03\n\n2006–07\n\n2010–11\n\n2013–14\n\n2017–18\n\n2021–22\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNon-Ashes Australia v England Test series\n1876–77\n1878–79\n1880\n1881–82\n1882\n1945\n1976–77\n1979–80\n1980\n1987–88\n2027\n\nMatches in white background were played in England, yellow – in Australia.vteEngland squad – Ashes 1893 (9th series win)\nGrace (c)\nBriggs\nBrockwell\nFlowers\nGunn\nJackson\nLockwood\nMacGregor (†)\nMold\nPeel\nM. Read\nW. Read\nRichardson\nShrewbury\nStoddart (c)*\nWainwright\nWard\n(c)* denotes acting captain for 1st testvteAustralia squad – Ashes 1893\nBlackham (c) (†)\nBannerman\nBruce\nGiffen\nGraham\nGregory\nLyons\nMcLeod\nTrott\nTrumble\nTurnervteInternational cricket tours of EnglandTest and LOI toursAustralia\n1880\n1882\n1884\n1886\n1888\n1890\n1893\n1896\n1899\n1902\n1905\n1909\n1912\n1921\n1926\n1930\n1934\n1938\n1948\n1953\n1956\n1961\n1964\n1968\n1972\n1975\n1977\n1980\n1981\n1985\n1989\n1993\n1997\n2001\n2005\n2009\n2010\n2012\n2013\n2015\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2023\n2024\nBangladesh\n2005\n2010\nIndia\n1932\n1936\n1946\n1952\n1959\n1967\n1971\n1974\n1979\n1982\n1986\n1990\n1996\n2002\n2004\n2007\n2011\n2014\n2018\n2021\n2022\nIreland\n2017\n2019\n2020\n2023\nNew Zealand\n1931\n1937\n1949\n1958\n1965\n1969\n1973\n1978\n1983\n1986\n1990\n1994\n1999\n2004\n2008\n2013\n2015\n2021\n2022\n2023\nPakistan\n1954\n1962\n1967\n1971\n1974\n1978\n1982\n1987\n1992\n1996\n2001\n2003\n2006\n2010\n2016\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2024\nSouth Africa\n1907\n1912\n1924\n1929\n1935\n1947\n1951\n1955\n1960\n1965\n1970 (cancelled)\n1994\n1998\n2003\n2008\n2012\n2017\n2022\nSri Lanka\n1984\n1988\n1991\n1998\n2002\n2006\n2011\n2014\n2016\n2021\nWest Indies\n1928\n1933\n1939\n1950\n1957\n1963\n1966\n1969\n1973\n1976\n1980\n1984\n1988\n1991\n1995\n2000\n2004\n2007\n2009\n2011\n2012\n2017\n2020\nZimbabwe\n2000\n2003\n2025\nMajor tournaments hostedMultiple teams\n1912\n1975\n1979\n1983\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2004\n2005\n2009\n2013\n2017\n2019\nOther toursAustralian\n1868\n1878\n1919\n1945\n1988\n2009\n2018\nCanadian\n1954\nIndian\n1911\nMulti-team\n1932\n1970\n1972\n1975\n1987\nNew Zealand\n1927\n1945\nParsis\n1886\n1888\nPhiladelphian\n1884\n1889\n1897\n1903\n1908\nSouth African\n1894\n1901\n1904\n1961\nSri Lankan\n1968 (cancelled)\n1975\n1979\n1981\n1990\nWest Indian\n1900\n1906\n1923\n1964\nZimbabwean\n1982\n1985\n1986\n1990\n1993\nOther tournaments hostedMultiple teams\n1979\n1982\n1986\n2018vteInternational cricket tours of Sri LankaTest and LOI toursAfghanistan\n2022-23\n2023–24\nAustralia\n1982–83\n1992\n1999\n2003–04\n2011\n2016\n2022\nBangladesh\n2002\n2005\n2007\n2012–13\n2016–17\n2019\n2020–21\nEngland\n1981–82\n1992–93\n2000–01\n2003–04\n2007–08\n2011–12\n2014–15\n2018–19\n2020–21\nIndia\n1985\n1993\n1997\n2001\n2006\n2008\n2008–09\n2010\n2012\n2015\n2017\n2021\n2024\nIreland\n2022–23\nNew Zealand\n1983–84\n1984–85\n1986–87\n1992–93\n1998\n2003\n2009\n2012–13\n2013–14\n2019\nPakistan\n1985–86\n1994\n1996–97\n2000\n2005–06\n2009\n2012\n2014\n2015\n2022\n2023\nSouth Africa\n1993\n2000\n2004\n2006\n2013\n2014\n2018\n2021–22\nWest Indies\n1993–94\n2001–02\n2005\n2010–11\n2015-16\n2019–20\n2021–22\nZimbabwe\n1983–84\n1996–97\n1997–98\n2001–02\n2017\n2020–21\n2021–22\n2023–24\nTournaments hostedMultiple teams\n1986\n1986\n1994\n1996\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2001–02\n2001–02\n2002\n2004\n2009\n2010\n2010\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2018\nOther toursAfghan\n2009–10\n2024\nAustralian\n1884\n1890\n1893\n1896\n1912\n1926\n1930\n1934\n1935–36\n1938\n1945\n1948\n1953\n1961\n1964\n1969\n1981\nBangladeshi\n1985–86\nCanadian\n2000–01\n2009–10\n2011–12\nEnglish\n1882–83\n1889–90\n1891–92\n1892–93\n1894–95\n1911–12\n1920–21\n1922–23\n1924–25\n1926–27\n1928–29\n1929–30\n1932–33\n1933–34\n1935–36\n1936–37\n1936–37\n1950–51\n1951–52\n1954–55\n1958–59\n1961–62\n1962–63\n1965–66\n1968–69\n1969–70\n1972–73\n1976–77\n1977–78\n1984–85\n2000–01\nIndian\n1925–26\n1944–45\n1956–57\n1973–74\n1975–76\nKenyan\n2001–02\n2013–14\nMalaysian\n1893–94\n1971–72\nMulti-national\n1930–31\n1949–50\n1950–51\n1967–68\nNew Zealand\n1927\n1937–38\nPakistani\n1948–49\n1972–73\n1975–76\n1978–79\nScottish\n2011–12\n2013–14\nWest Indian\n1948–49\n1966–67\n1974–75\n1978–79\nIrish\n2020–21\nSouth Africa A\n2023This article about an international cricket tour of England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"1893 Australian national cricket team","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/1893_Australian_national_cricket_team.jpg/220px-1893_Australian_national_cricket_team.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Oxford and Cambridge Universities Past and Present v Australians\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 1 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1890S/1893/AUS_IN_ENG/AUS_OX+CAMB-PP_31JUL-02AUG1893.html","url_text":"\"Oxford and Cambridge Universities Past and Present v Australians\""}]},{"reference":"\"Is Heather Knight's 168 the highest score by an England women's captain in a Test?\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 1 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ask-steven-is-heather-knight-168-the-highest-score-by-an-england-womens-captain-in-a-test-1299380","url_text":"\"Is Heather Knight's 168 the highest score by an England women's captain in a Test?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ceylon v Australians 1893\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 24 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134942.html","url_text":"\"Ceylon v Australians 1893\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/4/4000.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/4/4028.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/4/4040.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1890S/1893/AUS_IN_ENG/AUS_OX+CAMB-PP_31JUL-02AUG1893.html","external_links_name":"\"Oxford and Cambridge Universities Past and Present v Australians\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ask-steven-is-heather-knight-168-the-highest-score-by-an-england-womens-captain-in-a-test-1299380","external_links_name":"\"Is Heather Knight's 168 the highest score by an England women's captain in a Test?\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134942.html","external_links_name":"\"Ceylon v Australians 1893\""},{"Link":"http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/Tours_1893.html","external_links_name":"CricketArchive – tour summaries"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1893&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Judaea
Alexander of Judaea
["1 References"]
1st-century BC Jewish noble and rebel against Rome Alexander II (Gr. Ἀλέξανδρος, died 48 or 47 BC), or Alexander Maccabeus, was the eldest son of Aristobulus II, king of Judaea. He married his cousin Alexandra Maccabeus, daughter of his uncle, Hyrcanus II. Their grandfather was Alexander Jannaeus, the second eldest son of John Hyrcanus. Mariamne, the daughter of Alexander and Alexandra, was Herod the Great's second wife and Hasmonean queen of the Jewish kingdom. Alexander was taken prisoner, with his father and his brother Antigonus, by the Roman general Pompey, on the capture of Jerusalem in 63 BC, but escaped his captors as they were being conveyed to Rome. In 57 he appeared in Judaea, raised an army of 10,000 infantry and 1500 cavalry, and fortified Alexandrium and other strong posts. Alexander's uncle Hyrcanus (with whom Alexander's father Aristobulus had clashed) applied for aid to Aulus Gabinius, the Roman proconsul of Syria, who brought a large army against Alexander, and sent one of his cavalry commanders, the young Mark Antony in his first military command, with a body of troops in advance. In a decisive battle near Jerusalem, Alexander was soundly defeated, and took refuge in the fortress of Alexandrium. Through the mediation of his mother, he was permitted to depart, on condition of surrendering all the fortresses still in his power. In the following year, during the expedition of Gabinius into Egypt, Alexander again incited the Jews to revolt, and collected an army. He massacred all the Romans who fell in his way and besieged the rest, who had taken refuge on Mount Gerizim. After rejecting the terms of peace which were offered to him by Gabinius, he was defeated near Mount Tabor with the loss of 10,000 men. The spirit of his adherents, however, was not entirely crushed, for in 53, on the death of Marcus Licinius Crassus, he again collected some forces, but was compelled to come to terms by Cassius in 52. Three years later, in 49 BC, Caesar's Civil War broke out, and Julius Caesar set Alexander's father Aristobulus II free, and sent him to Judaea to further his interests there. He was poisoned on the journey, and Alexander, who was preparing to support him, was seized at the command of Pompey, and beheaded by Scipio at Antioch. References ^ Alexander II of Judea at the Jewish Encyclopedia ^ Giovanni Boccaccio’s Famous Women translated by Virginia Brown 2001, page 175; Harvard University Press; ISBN 0-674-01130-9 ^ Singer, Isidore; Alder, Cyrus; (eds.) et al. (1901–1906) The Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, New York. LCCN:16014703 ^ Mason, Charles Peter (1867). "Alexander". In William Smith (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 114. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews xiv. 5—7 ^ Josephus, The Wars of the Jews i. 8, 9  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). "Alexander". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. p. 114.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Alexander II of Judea". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 343–344.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Aristobulus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristobulus_II"},{"link_name":"Judaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Maccabeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Maccabeus"},{"link_name":"Hyrcanus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrcanus_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alexander Jannaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus"},{"link_name":"John Hyrcanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hyrcanus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mariamne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariamne_(second_wife_of_Herod)"},{"link_name":"Herod the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Hasmonean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean"},{"link_name":"Antigonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias"},{"link_name":"Pompey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM-4"},{"link_name":"Alexandrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrium"},{"link_name":"Hyrcanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrcanus_II"},{"link_name":"Aulus Gabinius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Gabinius"},{"link_name":"proconsul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul"},{"link_name":"Mark Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mount Gerizim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gerizim"},{"link_name":"Mount Tabor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tabor"},{"link_name":"Marcus Licinius Crassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus"},{"link_name":"Cassius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus"},{"link_name":"Caesar's Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Aristobulus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristobulus_II"},{"link_name":"Judaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea"},{"link_name":"Scipio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Pius_Scipio"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Alexander II (Gr. Ἀλέξανδρος, died 48 or 47 BC), or Alexander Maccabeus, was the eldest son of Aristobulus II, king of Judaea.[1] He married his cousin Alexandra Maccabeus, daughter of his uncle, Hyrcanus II.[2] Their grandfather was Alexander Jannaeus, the second eldest son of John Hyrcanus.[3] Mariamne, the daughter of Alexander and Alexandra, was Herod the Great's second wife and Hasmonean queen of the Jewish kingdom.Alexander was taken prisoner, with his father and his brother Antigonus, by the Roman general Pompey, on the capture of Jerusalem in 63 BC, but escaped his captors as they were being conveyed to Rome.[4] In 57 he appeared in Judaea, raised an army of 10,000 infantry and 1500 cavalry, and fortified Alexandrium and other strong posts. Alexander's uncle Hyrcanus (with whom Alexander's father Aristobulus had clashed) applied for aid to Aulus Gabinius, the Roman proconsul of Syria, who brought a large army against Alexander, and sent one of his cavalry commanders, the young Mark Antony in his first military command, with a body of troops in advance. In a decisive battle near Jerusalem, Alexander was soundly defeated, and took refuge in the fortress of Alexandrium. Through the mediation of his mother, he was permitted to depart, on condition of surrendering all the fortresses still in his power. In the following year, during the expedition of Gabinius into Egypt, Alexander again incited the Jews to revolt, and collected an army. He massacred all the Romans who fell in his way and besieged the rest, who had taken refuge on Mount Gerizim. After rejecting the terms of peace which were offered to him by Gabinius, he was defeated near Mount Tabor with the loss of 10,000 men. The spirit of his adherents, however, was not entirely crushed, for in 53, on the death of Marcus Licinius Crassus, he again collected some forces, but was compelled to come to terms by Cassius in 52. Three years later, in 49 BC, Caesar's Civil War broke out, and Julius Caesar set Alexander's father Aristobulus II free, and sent him to Judaea to further his interests there. He was poisoned on the journey, and Alexander, who was preparing to support him, was seized at the command of Pompey, and beheaded by Scipio at Antioch.[5][6]","title":"Alexander of Judaea"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Mason, Charles Peter (1867). \"Alexander\". In William Smith (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 114. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606005906/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0123.html","url_text":"\"Alexander\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)","url_text":"William Smith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology","url_text":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company","url_text":"Little, Brown and Company"},{"url":"http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0123.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, William, ed. (1870). \"Alexander\". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. p. 114.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)","url_text":"Smith, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology","url_text":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology"}]},{"reference":"Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). \"Alexander II of Judea\". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 343–344.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer","url_text":"Singer, Isidore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Jewish Encyclopedia"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xin_River
Xin River
["1 Geography","2 Climate","3 Economy","4 Cities along the river","5 Dams","6 Environmental protection","7 Endangered species","8 See also","9 References"]
Coordinates: 28°36′40″N 116°40′35″E / 28.61111°N 116.67639°E / 28.61111; 116.67639River in People's Republic of China XinKuiwen Pagoda and Xin River in ShangraoNative name信江 (Chinese)LocationCountryChinaRegionJiangxi ProvinceCityShangrao, YingtanPhysical characteristicsSourceYushan River • locationHuaiyu Mountains, Sanqing, Yushan • coordinates28°59′N 118°05′E / 28.983°N 118.083°E / 28.983; 118.083 2nd sourceFeng River • locationTongbo Mountain, Pucheng 3rd source  • locationXinzhou District, Shangrao • coordinates28°26′24″N 117°57′40″E / 28.44000°N 117.96111°E / 28.44000; 117.96111 Mouth  • locationYugan • coordinates28°36′40″N 116°40′35″E / 28.61111°N 116.67639°E / 28.61111; 116.67639Length360.5 km (224.0 mi)Basin size17,600 km2 (6,800 sq mi)Basin featuresRiver systemYangtze River-Poyang Lake The Xin River (Chinese: 信江; pinyin: Xīn Jiāng; Wade–Giles: Hsin Jiang) flows in Yushan County from the eastern edge of Jiangxi Province of central China into Poyang Lake. Some Wikipedia maps appear to call this the Xiao River. Geography The headwaters at 28°59'N 118°05'E are in the Huai Shan mountains in the north and eastern boundaries of its watershed from which the river flows west. Tributaries include the Yu Ya River, Rao River North, Feng River, Stone River (Lu River), smaller mountain streams, the Ge River and the Baita River. The lower Xin River accepts the Le-an River which joins it as a tributary and both contribute water to Poyang Lake at 28°36'40"N 116°40'35"E and ultimately the Yangtze River. It is 360.5 km (580 miles) long and drains an area of 17,600 km2 (6,795 sq. mi.) with a heavy sediment load. The Xin River Basin is bounded by the Huaiyu Mountains to the north and east and by the Wuyi Shan to the south and east. Huanggang Shan is 2,158 m tall, the highest mountain in Jiangxi Province, on the southern edge of the basin. The mountain passes of Fenshui Guan and Fengling Guan are on the southeastern edge of the Xin River Basin. Shan (山) and guan (关) mean mountain and pass in Chinese, respectively. The Xin River can be divided into upstream, midstream and downstream sections. The upper reaches of river are in mountainous, undulating terrain. The middle reaches of the river basin gradually reduce in slope as the river flows west. In the Poyang Lake area downstream the river enters a flat open alluvial plain. Likewise, 40% of the Xin River basin, in the east end, is mountainous and the rest of the area is hills (35%) and plains (25%). Climate The Xin River Basin has a sub-tropical monsoon climate. Rainfall generally begins in April and gradually increases with some areas receiving up to 2000 mm or more annually. In July to September the weather is often controlled by a subtropical high, with local thunderstorms and rain, and eventually rain becomes scarce. The basin's average annual temperature in 18°C; annual average rainfall is 1845 mm with less in the eastern mountains than in the west. Economy The area of Poyang Lake is a major rice growing area while wheat and tea are grown in the upper reaches of the Xin River. The Xin River basin has a human population of more than 4 million. About 83% of the arable land in the basin is used for paddy fields. Cities along the river From its headwaters the Xin River flows south from the vicinity of the city of Yushan, east through or near towns of Shangrao, Yanshan, Yiyang, Guixi, and Yingtan, Yujiang, Yugan, and then northeast into Poyang Lake east of the city of Nanchang. Dams The Xin River has three large reservoirs, the Jiepai Navigation and Hydropower Plant at Yingtan City and on its tributaries the Jin Shaxi Yushan Qiyi Reservoir, the largest of the Xin River Basin reservoirs, and the Luxi River Shangrao Da'ao Reservoir. A river diversion project has a flow of 19 cubic meters per second use to irrigate rice fields. Environmental protection Local governments are working together to address significant environmental problems. The Xin River Basin has had industrial pollution including from the Kanayama Guixi Yongping Copper Mine as the largest source of pollution. In recent years, with the economic development of the basin, addressing the pollution of the river channel has become increasingly important. In 2005, Zhejiang Province ordered heavy polluters to clean up and worked with local officials providing incentives to resolve pollution issues. The enterprises of the watershed included mostly papermaking, metallurgy, chemical, and pharmaceutical companies, with the most serious hazardous chemicals being fluoride and fluorine. Many companies do not have sewage treatment facilities, so that sewage is discarded into the river without any treatment. In 2012, water pollution, low water levels, and human activities had been negatively impacting scaly-sided merganser, an endangered species which uses the river, although closure of a sand mine had had positive effects. Endangered species Scaly-sided merganser, a species endemic to East Asia and listed as endangered by the IUCN, was first reported for Jiangxi Province in 1992, with a 2012 publication reports 3-32 birds in the winter of 2010-2011 in three sections of the Xin River. See also List of rivers in China References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Xin River. ^ a b c d 2010. The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Chicago, US. Vol. 6, p. 101. ^ a b 2007. Oxford Atlas of the World. Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, New York, US. ^ a b 2005. National Geographic Atlas of the World. 8th ed. National Geographic. Washington, DC. ^ a b c d 2003. Hammond World Atlas. Hammond World Atlas Corp. Italy. ^ a b c d e f g h Tong XiaoFeng. 2009. Xin River Water District Fisheries and Resources Protection Strategy. Jiangxi Fishery Science and Technology: (3): 9-11, in Chinese (童晓峰. 信江水域渔业现状及资源保护策略. 江西水产科技. (3): 9-11.) ^ a b 2000. Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. Columbia University Press. New York, New York. ^ a b Shao, Mingqin; Zeng, Binbin; Tim, Hounsome; Chen, Lixin; You, Chaying; Wang, Hongbin; Dai, Nianhua. 2012. Winter Ecology and Conservation Threats of Scaly-sided Merganser Mergus squamatus in Poyang Lake Watershed, China. Pakistan J. Zool. 44(2): 503-510. vte Major rivers of ChinaYangtze system Tuotuo Dangqu Chumar Tongtian Jinsha Yalong Baishui Min Dadu Qingyi (Sichuan) Tuo Qi (Chongqing) Jialing Bailong Fu (Sichuan) Qu Wu Qingshui Hanshui Muma Chi Du Bao Qing Chishui Xiang Xiao Lei Qi (Hunan) Mi Zi Yuan Lishui Miluo Gan Fu (Jiangxi) Xin Qingyi (Anhui) Qinhuai Xitiao Huangpu Suzhou Creek Yellow system Kariqu Yuegu Zonglie Daxia Tao Huangshui Datong Wuding Fen Wei Jing Luo (Shaanxi) Luo (Henan) Qin Mouwen Dawen Pearl system North East West Yujiang Yong Xun Qian Hongshui Nanpan Beipan Rong Li (Guangxi) Gui Liu Heilongjiang system Songhua 2nd Songhua Nen Mudan Ussuri Argun Kherlen Woken Huifa Huai system Guo Ying Shiguan Quan Hui Hong Hai system Chaobai Yongding Hutuo Ziya Daqing Wenyu Juma Sanggan Fuyang Wei Ju Jiyunhe Liao system Hun Taizi Xar Moron Xinkai Western Liao Eastern Liao Other major rivers Tarim Ejin Karatash Ili Shule Dang Tumen Yalu Luan Red Minjiang Longjiang Lancang Beilun Nujiang Lion Spring Elephant Spring Yarlung Tsangpo Nyang Subansiri Irtysh Suifen Qiantang Puyang Jiao (Shandong) Dai Si Shu Cao'e Jiao (Zhejiang) Ou Mulan Jin (Fujian) Han (Guangdong) Mei Ting Nandu Wanquan Taping Xiaoqing Major canals Grand Canal Lingqu North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal Eastern Zhejiang Canal Red Flag Zhengguo
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yushan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yushan_County"},{"link_name":"Jiangxi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxi_Province"},{"link_name":"Poyang Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poyang_Lake"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britt-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxford-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natgeo-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hammond-4"},{"link_name":"Xiao River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_River"}],"text":"River in People's Republic of ChinaThe Xin River (Chinese: 信江; pinyin: Xīn Jiāng; Wade–Giles: Hsin Jiang) flows in Yushan County from the eastern edge of Jiangxi Province of central China into Poyang Lake.[1][2][3][4] Some Wikipedia maps appear to call this the Xiao River.","title":"Xin River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huai Shan mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huai_Shan_mountains&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xinriver-5"},{"link_name":"Le-an River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le-an_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poyang Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poyang_Lake"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-columbia-6"},{"link_name":"Yangtze River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britt-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xinriver-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britt-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xinriver-5"},{"link_name":"Huaiyu Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaiyu_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Wuyi Shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuyi_Shan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hammond-4"},{"link_name":"Jiangxi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxi_Province"},{"link_name":"山","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hammond-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xinriver-5"}],"text":"The headwaters at 28°59'N 118°05'E are in the Huai Shan mountains in the north and eastern boundaries of its watershed from which the river flows west. Tributaries include the Yu Ya River, Rao River North, Feng River, Stone River (Lu River), smaller mountain streams, the Ge River and the Baita River.[5] The lower Xin River accepts the Le-an River which joins it as a tributary and both contribute water to Poyang Lake[6] at 28°36'40\"N 116°40'35\"E and ultimately the Yangtze River.[1][5] It is 360.5 km (580 miles) long and drains an area of 17,600 km2 (6,795 sq. mi.) with a heavy sediment load.[1][5] The Xin River Basin is bounded by the Huaiyu Mountains to the north and east and by the Wuyi Shan to the south and east. Huanggang Shan is 2,158 m tall,[4] the highest mountain in Jiangxi Province, on the southern edge of the basin. The mountain passes of Fenshui Guan and Fengling Guan are on the southeastern edge of the Xin River Basin. Shan (山) and guan (关) mean mountain and pass in Chinese, respectively.[4]The Xin River can be divided into upstream, midstream and downstream sections. The upper reaches of river are in mountainous, undulating terrain. The middle reaches of the river basin gradually reduce in slope as the river flows west. In the Poyang Lake area downstream the river enters a flat open alluvial plain. Likewise, 40% of the Xin River basin, in the east end, is mountainous and the rest of the area is hills (35%) and plains (25%).[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xinriver-5"}],"text":"The Xin River Basin has a sub-tropical monsoon climate. Rainfall generally begins in April and gradually increases with some areas receiving up to 2000 mm or more annually. In July to September the weather is often controlled by a subtropical high, with local thunderstorms and rain, and eventually rain becomes scarce. The basin's average annual temperature in 18°C; annual average rainfall is 1845 mm with less in the eastern mountains than in the west.[5]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britt-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-columbia-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xinriver-5"}],"text":"The area of Poyang Lake is a major rice growing area while wheat and tea are grown in the upper reaches of the Xin River.[1][6] The Xin River basin has a human population of more than 4 million. About 83% of the arable land in the basin is used for paddy fields.[5]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yushan_County"},{"link_name":"Shangrao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangrao"},{"link_name":"Yanshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanshan_County,_Jiangxi"},{"link_name":"Yiyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiyang_County,_Jiangxi"},{"link_name":"Guixi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guixi"},{"link_name":"Yingtan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingtan"},{"link_name":"Yujiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yujiang_County"},{"link_name":"Yugan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugan_County"},{"link_name":"Poyang Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poyang_Lake"},{"link_name":"Nanchang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanchang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxford-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natgeo-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hammond-4"}],"text":"From its headwaters the Xin River flows south from the vicinity of the city of Yushan, east through or near towns of Shangrao, Yanshan, Yiyang, Guixi, and Yingtan, Yujiang, Yugan, and then northeast into Poyang Lake east of the city of Nanchang.[2][3][4]","title":"Cities along the river"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jiepai Navigation and Hydropower Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiepai_Navigation_and_Hydropower_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Qiyi Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qiyi_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Da'ao Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Da%27ao_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xinriver-5"}],"text":"The Xin River has three large reservoirs, the Jiepai Navigation and Hydropower Plant at Yingtan City and on its tributaries the Jin Shaxi Yushan Qiyi Reservoir, the largest of the Xin River Basin reservoirs, and the Luxi River Shangrao Da'ao Reservoir. A river diversion project has a flow of 19 cubic meters per second use to irrigate rice fields.[5]","title":"Dams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xinriver-5"},{"link_name":"scaly-sided merganser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaly-sided_merganser"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scaly-7"}],"text":"Local governments are working together to address significant environmental problems. The Xin River Basin has had industrial pollution including from the Kanayama Guixi Yongping Copper Mine as the largest source of pollution. In recent years, with the economic development of the basin, addressing the pollution of the river channel has become increasingly important. In 2005, Zhejiang Province ordered heavy polluters to clean up and worked with local officials providing incentives to resolve pollution issues. The enterprises of the watershed included mostly papermaking, metallurgy, chemical, and pharmaceutical companies, with the most serious hazardous chemicals being fluoride and fluorine. Many companies do not have sewage treatment facilities, so that sewage is discarded into the river without any treatment.[5] In 2012, water pollution, low water levels, and human activities had been negatively impacting scaly-sided merganser, an endangered species which uses the river, although closure of a sand mine had had positive effects.[7]","title":"Environmental protection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scaly-sided merganser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaly-sided_merganser"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scaly-7"}],"text":"Scaly-sided merganser, a species endemic to East Asia and listed as endangered by the IUCN, was first reported for Jiangxi Province in 1992, with a 2012 publication reports 3-32 birds in the winter of 2010-2011 in three sections of the Xin River.[7]","title":"Endangered species"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of rivers in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_China"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikko_Patrelakis
Nikko Patrelakis
["1 Biography","2 External links"]
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Nikko Patrelakis" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nikos "Nikko" Patrelakis (Greek: Νίκος Πατρελάκης) is a Greek musician. As a DJ he has contributed to the evolution of the Greek club scene, participating in the initiation of clubs like X-club, Factory, +Soda in Athens and Cavo Paradiso Club Mykonos in Mykonos as a resident DJ. Biography He was born in Athens, Greece. He studied music at the National Conservatoire and mathematics at the University of Athens. In 1999 he co-wrote "Voice" with Paul McCartney which was presented by Heather Mills for the support of people with kinetic disabilities. That year he released 'Habitat' his first solo album, introducing his unique sound, followed up two years later by "Elements", a continuous play release in the form of a soundtrack, with guests like famous Greek journalist Malvina Karali narrating, and Stamatis Kraounakis, one of the most important Greek contemporary songwriters, improvising on a piano. In 2003 he released the album TIME, which stayed for 9 weeks in the official IFPI national top 50. He also composed and produced three themes for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympic Games in Athens 2004, performed by him and London Philharmonic Orchestra, for the parade of the Greek flag and the Greek team, in the opening ceremonies, and for the entrance of the athletes of the world in the Olympic Stadium, for the closing ceremonies. That year he also composed and produced the soundtrack of “Hostage”, directed by Constantine Giannaris, which was the official Greek participation in the Panorama of the Berlinale 2005. The film won the prize for the best direction in the Thessaloniki Film Festival 2005 and was nominated for the Helix Award of the European Film Academy. His last album Echo was released worldwide in 2007 and gathered excellent reviews from the press. It included a variety of sounds, from 'Magnet', a fully arranged piece performed by him and the Symphonic Orchestra of the Greek National Television, to "Shortcut", a collaboration with K.Bhta, to "Voyage" including the narration of French radio producer Louis Bozon. Cinematic ambiances, orchestral elements, deep rhythms and dreamy electric guitars produce a nu-jazz aroma with an electronic accent, that is the characteristic sound of Nikko Patrelakis. He has participated in several exhibitions as a visual artist and in 2008 he made his first personal photography exhibition in Athens under the title "Ec(h)o". External links Official website Nikko Patrelakis at IMDb Berlin 2005, Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz This Greek biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Eagle_(U.S._coin)
Double eagle
["1 Regular issue","1.1 Liberty Head","1.2 Saint-Gaudens","2 1933 double eagle","3 Quintuple Stella","4 Known specimens","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Bibliography","7 External links"]
Gold $20 coin of the United States For other uses, see Double eagle (disambiguation). For the device in heraldry, see Double-headed eagle. The 1849 Liberty Head design by James B. Longacre The 1907 high relief double eagle designed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens A double eagle is a gold coin of the United States with a denomination of $20. (Its gold content of 0.9675 troy ounces was worth $20 at the 1849 official price of $20.67/ozt.) The coins are 34 mm × 2 mm and are made from a 90% gold (0.900 fine or 21.6 kt) and 10% copper alloy and have a total weight of 1.0750 troy ounces (1.1794 oz; 33.44 g). The eagle, half eagle, and quarter eagle were defined by name in the Act of Congress originally authorizing them. Likewise, the double eagle was created by the Coinage Act of 1849. Since the $20 gold piece had twice the value of the eagle, these coins were designated "double eagles". Before, the most valuable American coin was the $10 gold eagle, first produced in 1795, two years after the United States Mint opened. The production of the first double eagle coincided with the 1849 California Gold Rush. In that year, the mint produced two pieces in proof. In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt sought to beautify American coinage, and proposed Augustus Saint-Gaudens as an artist capable of the task. Although the sculptor had poor experiences with the Mint and its chief engraver, Charles E. Barber, Saint-Gaudens accepted Roosevelt's call. The work was subject to considerable delays, due to Saint-Gaudens's declining health and difficulties because of the high relief of his design. Saint-Gaudens died in 1907, after designing the eagle and double eagle, but before the designs were finalized for production. The new coin became known as the Saint-Gaudens double eagle. Regular production continued until 1933, when the official price of gold was changed to $35/ozt by the Gold Reserve Act. Regular issue Regular issue double eagles come in two major types and six minor varieties as follows: Liberty Head (Coronet) 1849–1907 Liberty Head, no motto, value "TWENTY D." 1849–1866 Liberty Head, with motto, value "TWENTY D." 1866–1876 Liberty Head, with motto, value "TWENTY DOLLARS" 1877–1907 Saint-Gaudens 1907–1933 Saint-Gaudens, high relief, Roman numerals, no motto 1907 Saint-Gaudens, low relief, Arabic numerals, no motto 1907–1908 Saint-Gaudens, low relief, Arabic numerals, with motto 1908–1933 Liberty Head Main article: Liberty Head double eagle Liberty Head 1866 motto (top) and 1877 "dollars" (bottom) design changes Due to the less desirable artwork and therefore lower demand, Liberty Head (Coronet) $20 gold pieces are less often encountered, and the common subtype commands less than the Saint-Gaudens type. In 1866, the motto "In God We Trust" was added to the double eagle, creating a second subtype. In 1877, the coin's denomination design on the reverse was changed from "TWENTY D." to "TWENTY DOLLARS" creating a third and final subtype for the series. An 1879 pattern coin was made for the quintuple Stella using a design combining features of the Liberty Head double eagle and Stella pattern coin and using the same alloy as the Stella (90 parts gold, three parts silver, and seven parts copper); this coin was stolen in July 2008. Saint-Gaudens Main article: Saint-Gaudens double eagle Saint-Gaudens 1907 Arabic numbers, "High relief", no motto (top), 1907 "Ultra high relief" (middle), 1908 Arabic numbers, motto (bottom) design changes Side of the 1907 "high relief" double eagle showing edge lettering and surface detail The Saint-Gaudens double eagle is named for the designer, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, one of the premier sculptors in American history. Theodore Roosevelt imposed upon him in his last few years to redesign the nation's coinage at the beginning of the 20th century. Saint-Gaudens' work on the high-relief $20 gold piece is considered to be one of the most extraordinary pieces of art on any American coin. The mint eventually insisted on a low-relief version, as the high-relief coin took up to eleven strikes to bring up the details which was harder for the older die presses. This high-relief also caused irregular stacking for banking purposes. Only 12,367 of these coins were struck in 1907. These coins easily top the $10,000 price in circulated grades, but can reach nearly a half million dollars in the best states of preservation. There were several changes in the early years of this design. The first coins issued in 1907 design featured a date in Roman numerals, but this was changed later that year to the more convenient Arabic numerals. The motto "In God We Trust" was omitted from the initial design, as Roosevelt felt that putting the name of God on money that could be used for immoral purposes was inappropriate. By act of Congress, the motto was added in mid-1908. The design of the Saint-Gaudens coin was slightly changed once more when New Mexico and Arizona became states in 1912, and the number of stars along the rim was accordingly increased from 46 to 48. Double eagles were routinely minted through 1933, although few of the very last years' coinages were released before the gold recall legislation of that year. Accordingly, these issues (when the U.S. Treasury permits individuals to own them) bring very high prices. The Saint-Gaudens obverse design was reused in the American eagle gold bullion coins that were instituted in 1986. The early 1907 double eagles and the 1986–1991 gold American eagles are the only instances of Roman numerals denoting the date on American coinage. The 2009 ultra-high relief American Eagle also used Roman numerals. On January 22, 2009, the U.S. Mint released ultra-high relief double eagles using the deep design that Saint-Gaudens envisioned, so that the U.S. Mint could, as its web site states "fulfill Augustus Saint-Gaudens' vision of an ultra high relief coin that could not be realized in 1907 with his legendary Double Eagle liberty design." Despite that claim, however, the mint actually reaffirmed just what doomed the first attempts in 1907. The coin's highly abradable 0.9999 fine gold composition and the multiple strikes required to bring up the design are not practical for business strikes. Because of their higher gold content, and greater striking pressure, the coins are 27 mm wide and 4 mm deep (the same diameter as a gold eagle), rather than the 34 mm × 2 mm that had been established for U.S. $20 gold coins. The initial selling price was $1239. With the rising price of gold by June it had climbed to $1339, and by December to $1489. There was no limit on the coinage of these one time uncirculated issues, which bear the date "MMIX". In September, the one coin per person ordering restriction was removed. The final mintage was 115,178. These coins were minted at the West Point Mint, but none of them bear the "W" mint mark, making them particularly unusual. 1933 double eagle Main article: 1933 double eagle The Smithsonian specimen of the 1933 Saint-Gaudens double eagle In 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt stopped the coinage of gold and made it illegal to own the metal (although coin collectors could retain their pieces). With one exception, no 1933 double eagles were ever legally released, although some were stolen from the government, and over the years several were recovered. In the summer of 2002, a 1933 double eagle was auctioned off for US$7,590,020 which shattered the old record of $4,140,000 paid at a public auction for an 1804 silver dollar. This piece is unique as the only 1933 double eagle the U.S. government has deemed legal for its citizens to own (having been negotiated as such through terms of a U.S. treaty with a foreign government). Even illegal instances of the 1933 double eagle could be worth hundreds of thousands of dollars, but it would be illegal for a U.S. coin dealer to broker a deal with one of these coins. There is no other date of Saint-Gaudens double eagle that is worth a significant fraction of this extraordinary coin. A complete uncirculated set of all other Saint-Gaudens double eagles could be put together for just over three million dollars (less than half the price paid for the 1933), including the extremely rare, ultra-high relief, proof pattern. Without the rare pattern, the set would be less than $750,000. In August 2005, the United States Mint recovered ten 1933 double eagle coins from a private collector who had contacted the United States Mint to ascertain their authenticity. Joan S. Langbord claimed that she inherited the coins from her father, a suspect in their original theft in 1933, and had found them in a safe deposit box in 2003. The Mint announced that it would consider saving the coins for display. Meanwhile, Langbord filed a federal suit to recover the coins after her hopes of receiving monetary compensation from the federal government were not realized. In September 2009, a federal judge ruled that the government had until the end of the month to return the confiscated coins to the Langbord family, or to prove that they had indeed been stolen. On July 20, 2011, a civil-court jury awarded ownership of the ten coins to the U.S. government on grounds that the coins were stolen from the mint. However, on April 17, 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Philadelphia overturned the jury's decision and ruled that the ten 1933 double eagles did indeed belong to Joan S. Langbord and that they must be returned to her family by the U.S. Mint. The appeals court returned the coins to the Langbords because U.S. officials had not responded within a 90-day limit to the family's seized-property claim. On August 1, 2016, the full appeals court reversed its earlier ruling and allowed the government to keep the coins. Quintuple Stella Quintuple Stella pattern In response to international monetary conferences held in Europe, the United States Mint struck patterns of various gold coins for use as an international currency in the late 1870s and early 1880s. The double eagle was one such coin, struck with a modified Liberty Head design featuring "★30★G★1.5★S★3.5★C★35★G★R★A★M★S★" on the obverse in 1879, similar to the Stella pattern. Five of the resulting "Quintuple Stella" coins are known to exist in gold, plus about a dozen in copper, some of which have been plated in gold. The period in the "3.5" was omitted in error on the first copper coin struck. Known specimens The production of the first double eagle coincided with the 1849 California Gold Rush. In that year, the mint produced two pieces in proof. The first now resides in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. The second was presented to Treasury Secretary William M. Meredith and was later sold as part of his estate—the present location of this coin remains unknown. The 1933 double eagle is among the most valuable of U.S. coins, with the sole example currently known to be in private hands–the King Farouk specimen, which was purchased by King Farouk of Egypt in 1944–selling in 2002 for $7,590,020 and resold to an unknown buyer in 2021 for $18.8 million. Twelve other specimens exist, two of which are held in the National Numismatic Collection and the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox. In July 2023, over 700 gold coins dated from 1840 to 1863, including Double Eagles, were unearthed at a corn field in Kentucky, dubbed the Great Kentucky Hoard. Finder and location remain anonymous. See also Money portalNumismatics portalUnited States portal 20 yen coin Double sovereign Commemorative coin Gold as an investment References ^ a b c Berman & Guth 2011, p. 178 ^ "Mint Act of 1792". U.S. Mint. April 6, 2017. ^ "An Act to Authorize the Coinage of Gold Dollars and Double Eagles". 30th Congress, 2d Session, Ch. 109. 9 Stat. 397. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved September 3, 2018. ^ Bressett 1991, p. 85. ^ Bowers 2004, p. 221. ^ Bowers 2004, p. 223. ^ Burdette 2006, p. 72. ^ Taxay 1983, pp. 315–316. ^ Bowers 2004, p. 273. ^ "Premier Coin Galleries » Liberty Double Eagle". premiercoingalleries.com. Retrieved April 30, 2023. ^ Yeoman 2014, p. 359. ^ "Welcome to the 2009 Ultra High Relief Gold Coin Exhibit". The United States Mint. ^ a b "Premier Coin Galleries » The Story Behind The 1933 Double Eagle". premiercoingalleries.com. Retrieved April 30, 2023. ^ Nissen, Beth (July 30, 2002). "Auction brings $7.6 million for 'Double Eagle'". CNN. Archived from the original on January 14, 2013 ^ Stempel, Jonathan (August 1, 2016). "U.S. wins ownership of rare 'double eagle' gold coins". Reuters. Retrieved April 30, 2023. ^ a b Dale, Maryclaire. "Family wins back seized gold coins that could be worth $80M". Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2016 ^ "U.S. Mint confiscates 10 rare gold coins". USA Today. August 25, 2005. Archived from the original on January 9, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2007 ^ Schwartz, John (September 15, 2009). "Rare Coins: Family Treasure or Ill-Gotten Goods?". New York Times. ^ Loftus, Peter (July 21, 2011). "Family Loses Coins Worth Millions in Dispute With U.S." Wall Street Journal. ^ Guarino, Ben (August 2, 2016). "'A high-stakes dispute over ten pieces of gold': Court reclaims priceless Double Eagle coins for U.S. government". Washington Post. ^ "Patterns for an International Coinage". uspatterns.com. Retrieved July 27, 2019. ^ a b "J1642/P1842". uspatterns.com. Retrieved July 27, 2019. ^ Bowers 2004, pp. 67–68. ^ Bowers 2004, p. 284. ^ Oscar Holland (June 9, 2021). "Rare 'Double Eagle' gold coin sells for a record $18.9M". CNN. Retrieved June 9, 2021. ^ "American gold coin is aucutioned for 18.8 million". June 8, 2021. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. ^ Hunderte historische Goldmünzen in Kentucky entdeckt orf.at, 14 July 2023, retrieved 14 July 2023 (in German). Bibliography Berman, Neil S.; Guth, Ron (2011). Coin Collecting For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118052181. Bowers, Q. David (2004). A Guide Book of Double Eagle Gold Coins. Atlanta, GA: Whitman Publishing. ISBN 9780794817848. Bressett, Kenneth (1991). Collectible American Coins. Crescent Books. ISBN 9780517035870. Burdette, Roger W. (2006). Renaissance of American Coinage, 1905–1908. Great Falls, Va.: Seneca Mill Press. ISBN 9780976898610. Taxay, Don (1983). The U.S. Mint and Coinage (reprint of 1966 ed.). New York, N.Y.: Sanford J. Durst Numismatic Publications. ISBN 9780915262687. Yeoman, R.S. (2014). Bressett, Kenneth (ed.). A Guide Book of United States Coins 2015 (68th ed.). Atlanta, Georgia: Whitman Publishing. ISBN 978-079484215-4. OCLC 875521690. OL 28306197M. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Double Eagle (United States). All US Gold Double Eagles – by year and type – histories, photos, and more Pictures of Gold Double Eagles Modern double eagles Archived April 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine vteCirculating coinage of the United StatesHalf cent (5₥) Nova Constellatiox (1783) Liberty Cap (1793–1797) Draped Bust (1800–1808) Classic Head (1809–1836) Braided Hair (1840–1857) Large cent andpenny (1¢) Fugio (Franklin) (1787) Silver centerx (1792) Chain (1793) Wreath (1793) Liberty Cap (1793–1796) Draped Bust (1796–1807) Classic Head (1808–1814) Matron Head (1816–1839) Braided Hair (1839–1857, 1868) Ringx (1850–1851, 1853, 1884–1885) Flying Eagle (1856–1858, patterns struck in 1854–1855) Indian Head (1859–1909, patterns struck in 1858) Lincoln (1909–present) Two cents (2¢) Billonx (1836) Bronze (1864–1873, patterns struck in 1863) Three cents (3¢) Silver (1851–1873) Bronze (Coronet Head)x (1863) Nickel (Liberty Head) (1865–1889) Half dime and nickel (5¢) Half disme (1792) Flowing Hair (1794–1795) Draped Bust (1796–1797, 1800–1805) Capped Bust (1829–1837) Washingtonx (1866; 1909–1910) Seated Liberty (1837–1873) Shield (1866–1883) Liberty Head (1883–1913) Buffalo (Indian Head) (1913–1938) Jefferson (1938–present) Dime (10¢) Nova Constellatiox (1783) Dismex (1792) Draped Bust (1796–1807) Capped Bust (1809–1837) Seated Liberty (1837–1891) Barber (1892–1916) Mercury (1916–1945) Roosevelt (1946–present) Twenty cents (20¢) Seated Liberty (1875–1878) Quarter (25¢) Draped Bust (1796–1807) Capped Bust (1815–1838) Seated Liberty (1838–1891) Barber (1892–1916) Standing Liberty (1916–1930) Washington (eagle reverse) (1932–1998) Washington (bicentennial) (1975–1976) Washington (50 State) (1999–2008) Washington (D.C. and U.S. Territories) (2009) Washington (America the Beautiful) (2010–2021) Washington (crossing the Delaware reverse) (2021) Washington (American Women) (2022–2025) Washington (Semiquincentennial) (2026) Washington (youth sports) (2027–2030) Half dollar (50¢) Nova Constellatiox (1783) Flowing Hair (1794–1795) Draped Bust (1796–1807) Capped Bust (1807–1839) Seated Liberty (1839–1891) Barber (1892–1915) Walking Liberty (1916–1947) Franklin (1948–1963) Kennedyc (1964–present) Kennedy (bicentennial) (1975–1976) Dollar ($1) Continental Currency (Fugio or Franklin)x (1776) Nova Constellatiox (1783) Flowing Hair (1794–1795) Draped Bust (1795–1804) Gobrechtx (1836–1839) Seated Liberty (1840–1873) Trade (1873–1885) Morgan (1878–1904; 1921; 2021–present) Peace (1921–1935; 2021–present; patterns struck in 1964) Eisenhower (1971–1978) Eisenhower (bicentennial) (1975–1976) Susan B. Anthony (1979–1981; 1999) Sacagaweac (2000–present) Presidentialc (2007–2016; 2020) American Innovationc (2018–2032) GoldGold dollar ($1) Liberty Head (1849–1854) Indian Princess (1854–1889) Quarter eagle ($2.50) Draped Bust (1796–1807) Capped Bust (1808–1834) Classic Head (1834–1839) Liberty Head (1840–1907) Indian Head (1908–1929) Three dollars ($3) Indian Princess (1854–1889) Half eagle ($5) Draped Bust (1795–1807) Capped Bust (1808–1834) Classic Head (1834–1838) Liberty Head (1839–1908) Indian Head (1908–1929) Eagle ($10) Capped Bust (1795–1804) Liberty Head (1838–1907) Indian Head (1907–1933) Double eagle ($20) Liberty Head (1850–1907, pattern struck in 1849) Quintuple Stellax (1879) Saint-Gaudens (1907–1933) Other canceleddenominations Two and a half cent piece (2.5¢)x (not minted) Two dollar piece ($2)x (not minted) Stella ($4)x (1879–1880) Half union ($50)x (1877) Union ($100)x (not minted) (italics) Obsolete x Canceled (bold) Currently in production c Currently produced for collectors only (bold and italics) Planned but production not commenced vteObsolete United States currency and coinageTopics United States coinage United States dollar History of the United States dollar Canceled denominations of United States currency Coins Half disme (1792) Half cent (1793–1857) Large cent (1793–1857) Two-cent piece (1864–1873) Three-cent nickel (1865–1889) Three-cent silver (1851–1873) Half dime (1792–1873) Twenty-cent piece (1875–1878) Gold coins Gold dollar (1849–1889) Quarter eagle (1796–1929) Three-dollar piece (1854–1889) Half eagle (1795–1929) Eagle (1795–1933) Double eagle (1850–1933; 2009) CurrencyDiscontinued denominations Fractional currency Large denominations of currency Discontinued currency types Early American currency Continental currency Compound interest treasury note Demand Note Federal Reserve Bank Note Gold certificate Hawaii overprint note Interest bearing note National Bank Note National Gold Bank Note Refunding Certificate Silver certificate Treasury or Coin Note Treasury Note (19th century) United States Note United States postal notes Related Brasher Doubloon (1787) vteCoinage of the United StatesCirculating 1¢ 5¢ 10¢ 25¢ 50¢ $1 Obsolete 1⁄2¢ 1¢ (large size) 2¢ 3¢ (silver) 3¢ (nickel) 5¢ (silver) 20¢ $1 (gold) $2.5 $3 $5 $10 $20 Canceled 2¢ (billon) 2+1⁄2¢ 3¢ (bronze) $2 $4 $50 $100 Commemorative 1800s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Bullion Silver Eagle (1986–present) Gold Eagle (1986–present) Platinum Eagle (1997–present) Gold Buffalo (2006–present) First Spouse (gold) (2007–2016; 2020) Palladium Eagle (2017–present) America the Beautiful silver bullion coins (2010–2021) American Liberty high relief gold coin (2015–present) Special sets Proof Set (1936–present) Mint Set (1947–present) Special Mint Set (1964–1967) Souvenir Set (1972–1998) Silver Proof Set (1976, 1992–present) Prestige Set (1983–1997) vteAugustus Saint-GaudensSculptures Hiawatha (1872–1874) Statue of David Farragut (1881) Robert Gould Shaw Memorial (1884) Abraham Lincoln: The Man (1887) The Puritan (1887) Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer (Mariana Griswold) (1890) Adams Memorial (1891) Diana (1893) James Garfield Memorial (1896) General John Logan Memorial (1897) William Tecumseh Sherman and Victory (1902) Henry W. Maxwell Memorial (1903) The Children of Prescott Hall Butler (1907) Philip Brooks (c. 1907-1910) Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State (1908) Christopher Lyman Magee Memorial (1908) Coins Indian Head eagle Saint-Gaudens double eagle 1933 double eagle American Gold Eagle Related Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park Homer Saint-Gaudens (son) Louis Saint-Gaudens (brother) Cornish Art Colony National Sculpture Society SS Augustus Saint-Gaudens
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Longacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Longacre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NNC-US-1907-G$20-Saint_Gaudens_(Roman,_high_relief).jpg"},{"link_name":"Augustus Saint-Gaudens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens"},{"link_name":"gold coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_coin"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForDummies-1"},{"link_name":"troy ounces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_ounce"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram"},{"link_name":"eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_(United_States_coin)"},{"link_name":"half eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_eagle"},{"link_name":"quarter eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_eagle"},{"link_name":"Act of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Coinage Act of 1849","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1849"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"United States Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Mint"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBressett1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailscollectibleameri0000bres_d2s5page85_85]-4"},{"link_name":"California Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"proof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_coinage"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Augustus Saint-Gaudens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowers2004221-5"},{"link_name":"Charles E. Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Barber"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowers2004223-6"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurdette200672-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaxay1983315%E2%80%93316-8"},{"link_name":"Saint-Gaudens double eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gaudens_double_eagle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowers2004273-9"},{"link_name":"Gold Reserve Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Act"}],"text":"For other uses, see Double eagle (disambiguation).For the device in heraldry, see Double-headed eagle.The 1849 Liberty Head design by James B. LongacreThe 1907 high relief double eagle designed by Augustus Saint-GaudensA double eagle is a gold coin of the United States with a denomination of $20.[1] (Its gold content of 0.9675 troy ounces [30.09 g] was worth $20 at the 1849 official price of $20.67/ozt.) The coins are 34 mm × 2 mm and are made from a 90% gold (0.900 fine or 21.6 kt) and 10% copper alloy and have a total weight of 1.0750 troy ounces (1.1794 oz; 33.44 g).The eagle, half eagle, and quarter eagle were defined by name in the Act of Congress originally authorizing them.[2] Likewise, the double eagle was created by the Coinage Act of 1849.[3] Since the $20 gold piece had twice the value of the eagle, these coins were designated \"double eagles\". Before, the most valuable American coin was the $10 gold eagle, first produced in 1795, two years after the United States Mint opened.[4]The production of the first double eagle coincided with the 1849 California Gold Rush. In that year, the mint produced two pieces in proof. \nIn 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt sought to beautify American coinage, and proposed Augustus Saint-Gaudens as an artist capable of the task.[5] Although the sculptor had poor experiences with the Mint and its chief engraver, Charles E. Barber, Saint-Gaudens accepted Roosevelt's call.[6] The work was subject to considerable delays, due to Saint-Gaudens's declining health and difficulties because of the high relief of his design.[7] Saint-Gaudens died in 1907, after designing the eagle and double eagle, but before the designs were finalized for production.[8] The new coin became known as the Saint-Gaudens double eagle. Regular production continued until 1933,[9] when the official price of gold was changed to $35/ozt by the Gold Reserve Act.","title":"Double eagle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Head_double_eagle"},{"link_name":"Saint-Gaudens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gaudens_double_eagle"}],"text":"Regular issue double eagles come in two major types and six minor varieties as follows:Liberty Head (Coronet) 1849–1907\nLiberty Head, no motto, value \"TWENTY D.\" 1849–1866\nLiberty Head, with motto, value \"TWENTY D.\" 1866–1876\nLiberty Head, with motto, value \"TWENTY DOLLARS\" 1877–1907\nSaint-Gaudens 1907–1933\nSaint-Gaudens, high relief, Roman numerals, no motto 1907\nSaint-Gaudens, low relief, Arabic numerals, no motto 1907–1908\nSaint-Gaudens, low relief, Arabic numerals, with motto 1908–1933","title":"Regular issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NNC-US-1866-G$20-Liberty_Head_(motto).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NNC-US-1877-G$20-Liberty_Head_(Twenty_Dollars_%26_motto).jpg"},{"link_name":"In God We Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust"},{"link_name":"Stella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_(United_States_coin)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Liberty Head","text":"Liberty Head 1866 motto (top) and 1877 \"dollars\" (bottom) design changesDue to the less desirable artwork and therefore lower demand, Liberty Head (Coronet) $20 gold pieces are less often encountered, and the common subtype commands less than the Saint-Gaudens type. In 1866, the motto \"In God We Trust\" was added to the double eagle, creating a second subtype. In 1877, the coin's denomination design on the reverse was changed from \"TWENTY D.\" to \"TWENTY DOLLARS\" creating a third and final subtype for the series. An 1879 pattern coin was made for the quintuple Stella using a design combining features of the Liberty Head double eagle and Stella pattern coin and using the same alloy as the Stella (90 parts gold, three parts silver, and seven parts copper); this coin was stolen in July 2008.[10]","title":"Regular issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NNC-US-1907-G$20-Saint_Gaudens_(Arabic).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NNC-US-1907-G$20-Saint_Gaudens_(Roman,_ultra_high_relief,_wire_edge).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NNC-US-1908-D-G$20-Saint_Gaudens_(Arabic_%26_motto).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NNC-US-1907-G$20-Saint_Gaudens_(Roman,_high_relief)_%E2%80%93_edge_detail.jpg"},{"link_name":"Augustus Saint-Gaudens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"American eagle gold bullion coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gold_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeoman2014359-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Saint-Gaudens","text":"Saint-Gaudens 1907 Arabic numbers, \"High relief\", no motto (top), 1907 \"Ultra high relief\" (middle), 1908 Arabic numbers, motto (bottom) design changesSide of the 1907 \"high relief\" double eagle showing edge lettering and surface detailThe Saint-Gaudens double eagle is named for the designer, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, one of the premier sculptors in American history. Theodore Roosevelt imposed upon him in his last few years to redesign the nation's coinage at the beginning of the 20th century. Saint-Gaudens' work on the high-relief $20 gold piece is considered to be one of the most extraordinary pieces of art on any American coin. The mint eventually insisted on a low-relief version, as the high-relief coin took up to eleven strikes to bring up the details which was harder for the older die presses. This high-relief also caused irregular stacking for banking purposes. Only 12,367 of these coins were struck in 1907. These coins easily top the $10,000 price in circulated grades, but can reach nearly a half million dollars in the best states of preservation.There were several changes in the early years of this design. The first coins issued in 1907 design featured a date in Roman numerals, but this was changed later that year to the more convenient Arabic numerals. The motto \"In God We Trust\" was omitted from the initial design, as Roosevelt felt that putting the name of God on money that could be used for immoral purposes was inappropriate. By act of Congress, the motto was added in mid-1908.The design of the Saint-Gaudens coin was slightly changed once more when New Mexico and Arizona became states in 1912, and the number of stars along the rim was accordingly increased from 46 to 48.Double eagles were routinely minted through 1933, although few of the very last years' coinages were released before the gold recall legislation of that year. Accordingly, these issues (when the U.S. Treasury permits individuals to own them) bring very high prices.The Saint-Gaudens obverse design was reused in the American eagle gold bullion coins that were instituted in 1986.[11] The early 1907 double eagles and the 1986–1991 gold American eagles are the only instances of Roman numerals denoting the date on American coinage. The 2009 ultra-high relief American Eagle also used Roman numerals.On January 22, 2009, the U.S. Mint released ultra-high relief double eagles using the deep design that Saint-Gaudens envisioned, so that the U.S. Mint could, as its web site states \"fulfill Augustus Saint-Gaudens' vision of an ultra high relief coin that could not be realized in 1907 with his legendary Double Eagle liberty design.\" Despite that claim, however, the mint actually reaffirmed just what doomed the first attempts in 1907. The coin's highly abradable 0.9999 fine gold composition and the multiple strikes required to bring up the design are not practical for business strikes. Because of their higher gold content, and greater striking pressure, the coins are 27 mm wide and 4 mm deep (the same diameter as a gold eagle), rather than the 34 mm × 2 mm that had been established for U.S. $20 gold coins. The initial selling price was $1239. With the rising price of gold by June it had climbed to $1339, and by December to $1489. There was no limit on the coinage of these one time uncirculated issues, which bear the date \"MMIX\".[12] In September, the one coin per person ordering restriction was removed. The final mintage was 115,178. These coins were minted at the West Point Mint, but none of them bear the \"W\" mint mark, making them particularly unusual.","title":"Regular issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NNC-US-1933-G$20-Saint_Gaudens.jpg"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"U.S. government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._government"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-familywins-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-familywins-16"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The Smithsonian specimen of the 1933 Saint-Gaudens double eagleIn 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt stopped the coinage of gold and made it illegal to own the metal (although coin collectors could retain their pieces). With one exception, no 1933 double eagles were ever legally released, although some were stolen from the government, and over the years several were recovered.[13]In the summer of 2002, a 1933 double eagle was auctioned off for US$7,590,020[14] which shattered the old record of $4,140,000 paid at a public auction for an 1804 silver dollar. This piece is unique as the only 1933 double eagle the U.S. government has deemed legal for its citizens to own (having been negotiated as such through terms of a U.S. treaty with a foreign government).[15] Even illegal instances of the 1933 double eagle could be worth hundreds of thousands of dollars, but it would be illegal for a U.S. coin dealer to broker a deal with one of these coins. There is no other date of Saint-Gaudens double eagle that is worth a significant fraction of this extraordinary coin. A complete uncirculated set of all other Saint-Gaudens double eagles could be put together for just over three million dollars (less than half the price paid for the 1933), including the extremely rare, ultra-high relief, proof pattern. Without the rare pattern, the set would be less than $750,000.[13]In August 2005, the United States Mint recovered ten 1933 double eagle coins from a private collector who had contacted the United States Mint to ascertain their authenticity. Joan S. Langbord claimed that she inherited the coins from her father, a suspect in their original theft in 1933, and had found them in a safe deposit box in 2003.[16] The Mint announced that it would consider saving the coins for display. Meanwhile, Langbord filed a federal suit to recover the coins after her hopes of receiving monetary compensation from the federal government were not realized.[17] In September 2009, a federal judge ruled that the government had until the end of the month to return the confiscated coins to the Langbord family, or to prove that they had indeed been stolen.[18] On July 20, 2011, a civil-court jury awarded ownership of the ten coins to the U.S. government on grounds that the coins were stolen from the mint.[19] However, on April 17, 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Philadelphia overturned the jury's decision and ruled that the ten 1933 double eagles did indeed belong to Joan S. Langbord and that they must be returned to her family by the U.S. Mint. The appeals court returned the coins to the Langbords because U.S. officials had not responded within a 90-day limit to the family's seized-property claim.[16] On August 1, 2016, the full appeals court reversed its earlier ruling and allowed the government to keep the coins.[20]","title":"1933 double eagle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NNC-US-1879-G$20-Quintuple_Stella_Pattern.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Mint"},{"link_name":"patterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_coin"},{"link_name":"Stella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_(United_States_coin)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J1642/P1842-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J1642/P1842-22"}],"text":"Quintuple Stella patternIn response to international monetary conferences held in Europe, the United States Mint struck patterns of various gold coins for use as an international currency in the late 1870s and early 1880s. The double eagle was one such coin, struck with a modified Liberty Head design featuring \"★30★G★1.5★S★3.5★C★35★G★R★A★M★S★\" on the obverse in 1879, similar to the Stella pattern.[21] Five of the resulting \"Quintuple Stella\" coins are known to exist in gold, plus about a dozen in copper, some of which have been plated in gold.[22] The period in the \"3.5\" was omitted in error on the first copper coin struck.[22]","title":"Quintuple Stella"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForDummies-1"},{"link_name":"proof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_coinage"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForDummies-1"},{"link_name":"William M. Meredith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Meredith"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowers200467%E2%80%9368-23"},{"link_name":"King Farouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Farouk"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowers2004284-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"National Numismatic Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Numismatic_Collection"},{"link_name":"United States Bullion Depository","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bullion_Depository"},{"link_name":"Fort Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Knox"},{"link_name":"Great Kentucky Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Kentucky_Hoard"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The production of the first double eagle coincided with the 1849 California Gold Rush.[1] In that year, the mint produced two pieces in proof. The first now resides in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.[1] The second was presented to Treasury Secretary William M. Meredith and was later sold as part of his estate—the present location of this coin remains unknown.[23]The 1933 double eagle is among the most valuable of U.S. coins, with the sole example currently known to be in private hands–the King Farouk specimen, which was purchased by King Farouk of Egypt in 1944–selling in 2002 for $7,590,020[24] and resold to an unknown buyer in 2021 for $18.8 million.[25][26] Twelve other specimens exist, two of which are held in the National Numismatic Collection and the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox.In July 2023, over 700 gold coins dated from 1840 to 1863, including Double Eagles, were unearthed at a corn field in Kentucky, dubbed the Great Kentucky Hoard. Finder and location remain anonymous.[27]","title":"Known specimens"}]
[{"image_text":"The 1849 Liberty Head design by James B. Longacre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NNC-US-1849-G%2420-Liberty_Head_%28Twenty_D.%29.jpg/300px-NNC-US-1849-G%2420-Liberty_Head_%28Twenty_D.%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 1907 high relief double eagle designed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/NNC-US-1907-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Roman%2C_high_relief%29.jpg/300px-NNC-US-1907-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Roman%2C_high_relief%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Side of the 1907 \"high relief\" double eagle showing edge lettering and surface detail","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/NNC-US-1907-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Roman%2C_high_relief%29_%E2%80%93_edge_detail.jpg/220px-NNC-US-1907-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Roman%2C_high_relief%29_%E2%80%93_edge_detail.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Smithsonian specimen of the 1933 Saint-Gaudens double eagle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NNC-US-1933-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens.jpg/250px-NNC-US-1933-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens.jpg"},{"image_text":"Quintuple Stella pattern","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/NNC-US-1879-G%2420-Quintuple_Stella_Pattern.jpg/220px-NNC-US-1879-G%2420-Quintuple_Stella_Pattern.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Money portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Money"},{"title":"Numismatics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Numismatics"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"20 yen coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_yen_coin"},{"title":"Double sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_sovereign"},{"title":"Commemorative coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_coin"},{"title":"Gold as an investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_as_an_investment"}]
[{"reference":"\"Mint Act of 1792\". U.S. Mint. April 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usmint.gov/learn/history/historical-documents/coinage-act-of-april-2-1792","url_text":"\"Mint Act of 1792\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Mint","url_text":"U.S. Mint"}]},{"reference":"\"An Act to Authorize the Coinage of Gold Dollars and Double Eagles\". 30th Congress, 2d Session, Ch. 109. 9 Stat. 397. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved September 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/1094","url_text":"\"An Act to Authorize the Coinage of Gold Dollars and Double Eagles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis","url_text":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis"}]},{"reference":"\"Premier Coin Galleries » Liberty Double Eagle\". premiercoingalleries.com. Retrieved April 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://premiercoingalleries.com/liberty-double-eagle/","url_text":"\"Premier Coin Galleries » Liberty Double Eagle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the 2009 Ultra High Relief Gold Coin Exhibit\". The United States Mint.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/ultrahigh/index.cfm?action=UHRCHome","url_text":"\"Welcome to the 2009 Ultra High Relief Gold Coin Exhibit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Premier Coin Galleries » The Story Behind The 1933 Double Eagle\". premiercoingalleries.com. Retrieved April 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://premiercoingalleries.com/the-story-behind-the-1933-double-eagle/","url_text":"\"Premier Coin Galleries » The Story Behind The 1933 Double Eagle\""}]},{"reference":"Nissen, Beth (July 30, 2002). \"Auction brings $7.6 million for 'Double Eagle'\". CNN. Archived from the original on January 14, 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130114232039/http://articles.cnn.com/2002-07-30/us/double.eagle_1_coin-mint-pure-gold/2?_s=PM%3AUS","url_text":"\"Auction brings $7.6 million for 'Double Eagle'\""},{"url":"http://articles.cnn.com/2002-07-30/us/double.eagle_1_coin-mint-pure-gold?_s=PM:US","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stempel, Jonathan (August 1, 2016). \"U.S. wins ownership of rare 'double eagle' gold coins\". Reuters. Retrieved April 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-doubleeagle-coins-idUSL1N1AI1GQ","url_text":"\"U.S. wins ownership of rare 'double eagle' gold coins\""}]},{"reference":"Dale, Maryclaire. \"Family wins back seized gold coins that could be worth $80M\". Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150418164646/http://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/offbeat/family-wins-back-seized-gold-coins-that-could-be-worth-dollar80m/ar-AAba6Hl","url_text":"\"Family wins back seized gold coins that could be worth $80M\""},{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/offbeat/family-wins-back-seized-gold-coins-that-could-be-worth-dollar80m/ar-AAba6Hl","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Mint confiscates 10 rare gold coins\". USA Today. August 25, 2005. Archived from the original on January 9, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2007","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070109153333/https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-08-25-double-eagles_x.htm","url_text":"\"U.S. Mint confiscates 10 rare gold coins\""},{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-08-25-double-eagles_x.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, John (September 15, 2009). \"Rare Coins: Family Treasure or Ill-Gotten Goods?\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/16/us/16coin.html","url_text":"\"Rare Coins: Family Treasure or Ill-Gotten Goods?\""}]},{"reference":"Loftus, Peter (July 21, 2011). \"Family Loses Coins Worth Millions in Dispute With U.S.\" Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903461104576458423819724978","url_text":"\"Family Loses Coins Worth Millions in Dispute With U.S.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Guarino, Ben (August 2, 2016). \"'A high-stakes dispute over ten pieces of gold': Court reclaims priceless Double Eagle coins for U.S. government\". Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/08/02/a-high-stakes-dispute-over-ten-pieces-of-gold-court-reclaims-priceless-double-eagle-coins-for-us-government/","url_text":"\"'A high-stakes dispute over ten pieces of gold': Court reclaims priceless Double Eagle coins for U.S. government\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Patterns for an International Coinage\". uspatterns.com. Retrieved July 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://uspatterns.com/patforincoin.html","url_text":"\"Patterns for an International Coinage\""}]},{"reference":"\"J1642/P1842\". uspatterns.com. Retrieved July 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://uspatterns.com/j1642p1842.html","url_text":"\"J1642/P1842\""}]},{"reference":"Oscar Holland (June 9, 2021). \"Rare 'Double Eagle' gold coin sells for a record $18.9M\". CNN. Retrieved June 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/style/article/double-eagle-coin-auction-record/index.html","url_text":"\"Rare 'Double Eagle' gold coin sells for a record $18.9M\""}]},{"reference":"\"American gold coin is aucutioned for 18.8 million\". June 8, 2021. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210925193620/https://primetimezone.com/world/american-gold-coin-is-auctioned-for-18-8-million-zap/","url_text":"\"American gold coin is aucutioned for 18.8 million\""},{"url":"https://primetimezone.com/world/american-gold-coin-is-auctioned-for-18-8-million-zap/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Berman, Neil S.; Guth, Ron (2011). Coin Collecting For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118052181.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-ceRKqjyfxcC&pg=PA178","url_text":"Coin Collecting For Dummies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118052181","url_text":"9781118052181"}]},{"reference":"Bowers, Q. David (2004). A Guide Book of Double Eagle Gold Coins. Atlanta, GA: Whitman Publishing. ISBN 9780794817848.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q._David_Bowers","url_text":"Bowers, Q. David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780794817848","url_text":"9780794817848"}]},{"reference":"Bressett, Kenneth (1991). Collectible American Coins. Crescent Books. ISBN 9780517035870.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/collectibleameri0000bres_d2s5","url_text":"Collectible American Coins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780517035870","url_text":"9780517035870"}]},{"reference":"Burdette, Roger W. (2006). Renaissance of American Coinage, 1905–1908. Great Falls, Va.: Seneca Mill Press. ISBN 9780976898610.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780976898610","url_text":"9780976898610"}]},{"reference":"Taxay, Don (1983). The U.S. Mint and Coinage (reprint of 1966 ed.). New York, N.Y.: Sanford J. Durst Numismatic Publications. ISBN 9780915262687.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780915262687","url_text":"9780915262687"}]},{"reference":"Yeoman, R.S. (2014). Bressett, Kenneth (ed.). A Guide Book of United States Coins 2015 (68th ed.). Atlanta, Georgia: Whitman Publishing. ISBN 978-079484215-4. OCLC 875521690. OL 28306197M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Yeoman","url_text":"Yeoman, R.S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Bressett","url_text":"Bressett, Kenneth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guide_Book_of_United_States_Coins","url_text":"A Guide Book of United States Coins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia","url_text":"Atlanta, Georgia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-079484215-4","url_text":"978-079484215-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/875521690","url_text":"875521690"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28306197M","url_text":"28306197M"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_the_Stone_Age
Back to the Stone Age
["1 Plot summary","2 Copyright","3 References","4 External links"]
1937 Book by Edgar Rice Burroughs For other uses, see Back to the Stone Age (disambiguation). Back to the Stone Age Dust-jacket illustration of Back to the Stone AgeAuthorEdgar Rice BurroughsIllustratorJohn Coleman BurroughsCover artistJohn Coleman BurroughsLanguageEnglishSeriesPellucidar seriesGenreadventurePublisherEdgar Rice Burroughs, Inc.Publication date1937Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hardback)Pages318Preceded byTarzan at the Earth's Core Followed byLand of Terror  Back to the Stone Age is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the fifth in his series set in the lost world of Pellucidar. It first appeared as a six-part serial in Argosy Weekly from January 9 to February 13, 1937, under the title Seven Worlds to Conquer. It was first published in book form in hardcover by Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc. in September, 1937 under the present title, and has been reissued a number of times since by various publishers. Plot summary The story reveals the fate of Wilhelm von Horst, the lost member of the previous book's outer world expedition to Pellucidar, which had been led by Jason Gridley and Tarzan to rescue Pellucidarian emperor David Innes from the Korsars. The action begins by recapping the incident in which Gridley, von Horst, and Tarzan's Waziri warriors, led by Muviro, are caught up in and separated by a horde of saber-toothed tigers’ cooperative hunt. Now on his own, von Horst quickly becomes lost, links up again with the Waziri by accident, and gets lost again when he foolishly goes out hunting on his own. First paperback edition of Back to the Stone Age In the most powerful sequence in the book, von Horst becomes prey himself when a Trodon, or a pterodactyl-like Dragon, carries him off to its nest in the crater of a dead volcano. The explorer is left poisoned and paralyzed together with other victims, all of them intended as a living larder to feed the creature's young as its eggs hatch. Von Horst passes the time by getting to know a fellow paralytic, the native warrior Dangar of Sari, a member-tribe of Innes' empire. From him, the outer worlder gradually learns the Pellucidarian language. Von Horst's clothing prevented him from receiving a full dose of venom, and he recovers from his paralysis in time to save Dangar from the next hatchling. Shooting the immature trodon, he makes a long strap from its hide, lassos the parent on its next return, and after allowing it to fly off just past the lip of the crater, shoots it in turn. After securing the free end of the strap to the still paralyzed Dangar, he uses it to climb out of the trap, pulling his companion up after him. In the forest at the foot of the mountain he constructs a treehouse to serve them as a secure base while Dangar recovers. Subsequently, von Horst rescues another native, Skruf of Basti, from a jalok (hyaenodon); Skruf is on a quest to kill a tarag (saber-toothed tiger), the head of which he needs as bride-price to secure a mate. As he knows the country, von Horst and Dangar accompany him once the latter has recovered. In due course they encounter the desired beast, from which Skruf hides in fear while his companions make the kill. Despite his cowardice Skruf takes the trophy, and the three continue on to the cliff-village of Basti. But once there he turns traitor, not only claiming the deed as his own but betraying his companions into slavery. Von Horst and Dangar are put to work with other slaves of Basti digging new caves into the cliff. Von Horst becomes enamored of La-ja of Lo-har, a fellow captive, and in defending her touches off a general slave revolt. He leads all the slaves to freedom, whereupon they separate to return to their native tribes. Von Horst elects to accompany La-ja to Lo-har rather than continue to Sari with Dangar. The plot of the novel continues to unfold in its pattern of liberty, capture and escape, with the protagonist's goal imperceptibly altering from rejoining his outer world comrades to romance with La-ja. The feelings of the principals, while plain to the reader, are masked from their objects of affection by culturally-based misunderstanding, as is typical of Burroughs’ novels, postponing the ultimate resolution nearly to the end of the story. The initial path of von Horst and La-ja takes them through the ill-reputed Forest of Death they encounter a juvenile zarith (Tyrannosaurus) until von Horst killed it. Within the forest are the labyrinthine caves of the Gorbuses, cannibalistic albinos who, in an eerie touch, are intimated to be murderers from the outer world, reincarnated in Pellucidar and consigned to this place as punishment. This is Burroughs’ sole nod toward the notion that his interior world might relate in any way to the concept of a subterranean hell. Falling prey to the Gorbuses, von Horst and La-ja are soon joined as captives by the Bastians Skruf and Frug, who have been trailing them. The four set aside their differences to effect their escape, but afterwards the Bastians betray the others’ trust, kidnapping La-ja. Von Horst pursues the kidnappers, incidentally coming to the aid of a tandor (Woolly Mammoth) wounded by sharp stakes of bamboo, which, Androcles-like, he removes. He overtakes his quarry, but before matters can be settled, he and Frug are taken by the Mammoth Men, a native tribe utilizing mammoths as mounts; Skruf and La-ja elude the interlopers. Boarded on the family of a tribal warrior, von Horst once again commences plotting to escape, aided by dissatisfied locals, whose support he enlists, and the friendship of Thorek, a member of the tribe who had shared his earlier captivity in Basti. His opportunity comes when he and other prisoners are pitted against each other, sabertooths, and mammoths in a gladiatorial-like contest. One of the mammoths proves to be Old White, the beast he had aided previously; joining forces, they survive the melee and make a successful break for freedom. Once again von Horst happens on Skruf and La-ja, intervening as they are attacked by the Ganaks, or bison-men. While able to kill a few of these he ultimately falls captive to them, this time in the company of La-ja. Their escape is aided by Old White, after which they are separated again, but von Horst falls in with another from La-ja's country, Gaj, a fellow former-prisoner of the Mammoth Men. Gaj's guidance enables him to follow La-ja to Lo-har. There he saves her from Gaz, an unwanted suitor, and he and La-ja finally acknowledge their love for each other. Their union results in him becoming chief of Lo-har, his new bride being the daughter of the Lo-harians’ former ruler Brun, who is absent searching for her. The remaining plot threads are tied up by the arrival of a party from Sari led by David Innes, accompanied by Brun. Innes, it turns out, has taken up the pledge of Jason Gridley at the end of the previous book to rescue the missing von Horst—Gridley himself, anti-climatically, is revealed to have let himself be persuaded by other members of the expedition from the outer world to leave Pellucidar with them instead. Von Horst declines Innes’ offer take him back to Sari and what passes for civilization in the inner world, electing to remain in Lo-har with La-ja. Copyright The copyright for this story has expired in Australia, and thus now resides in the public domain there. The text is available via Project Gutenberg Australia. References Bleiler, Everett (1948). The Checklist of Fantastic Literature. Chicago: Shasta Publishers. Preceded byTarzan at the Earth's Core Pellucidar series Back to the Stone Age Succeeded byLand of Terror External links Free Ebook from Project Gutenberg of Australia Edgar Rice Burroughs Summary Project Page for Back to the Stone Age vteEdgar Rice Burroughs (works)Tarzan novels Tarzan of the Apes (1912) The Return of Tarzan (1913) The Beasts of Tarzan (1914) The Son of Tarzan (1915) Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar (1916) Tarzan the Terrible (1921) Tarzan and the Golden Lion (1922/23) Tarzan and the Ant Men (1924) Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle (1927/28) Tarzan and the Lost Empire (1928/29) Tarzan at the Earth's Core (1929/30) Tarzan the Invincible (1930/31) Tarzan Triumphant (1931/32) Tarzan and the City of Gold (1932) Tarzan and the Lion Man (1933/34) Tarzan and the Leopard Men (1932/33) Tarzan's Quest (1935/36) Tarzan and the Forbidden City (1938) Tarzan and the Foreign Legion (1947) Tarzan and the Madman (1964) Tarzan: The Lost Adventure (1995) Tarzan collections Jungle Tales of Tarzan (1919) Tarzan the Untamed (1920) Tarzan the Magnificent (1939) Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins (1963) Tarzan and the Castaways (1965) Tarzanshort stories Tarzan's First Love (1916) The Capture of Tarzan (1916) The Fight for the Balu (1916) The God of Tarzan (1916) Tarzan and the Black Boy (1917) The Witch-Doctor Seeks Vengeance (1917) The End of Bukawai (1917) The Lion (1917) The Nightmare (1917) The Battle for Teeka (1917) A Jungle Joke (1917) Tarzan Rescues the Moon (1917) Tarzan the Untamed (1919) Tarzan and the Valley of Luna (1920) The Tarzan Twins (1927) Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins with Jad-Bal-Ja the Golden Lion (1936) Tarzan and the Magic Men (1936) Tarzan and the Elephant Men (1937/38) Tarzan and the Champion (1940) Tarzan and the Jungle Murders (1940) Tarzan and the Castaways (1941) Other jungleadventures The Man-Eater (1915) The Cave Girl (1925) The Eternal Lover (1925) Jungle Girl (1932) The Lad and the Lion (1938) Martian series A Princess of Mars (1917) The Gods of Mars (1918) The Warlord of Mars (1919) Thuvia, Maid of Mars (1920) The Chessmen of Mars (1922) The Master Mind of Mars (1928) A Fighting Man of Mars (1931) Swords of Mars (1936) Synthetic Men of Mars (1940) Llana of Gathol (1948) John Carter of Mars (1964) Pellucidar series At the Earth's Core (1914) Pellucidar (1915) Tanar of Pellucidar (1929) Tarzan at the Earth's Core (1929) Back to the Stone Age (1937) Land of Terror (1944) Savage Pellucidar (1963) Venus series Pirates of Venus (1934) Lost on Venus (1935) Carson of Venus (1939) Escape on Venus (1946) The Wizard of Venus (1964) Caspak series The Land That Time Forgot (1918) The People That Time Forgot (1918) Out of Time's Abyss (1918) Otherspeculative fiction Beyond Thirty (1915) The Moon Maid (1926) The Monster Men (1929) "The Resurrection of Jimber-Jaw" (1937) Beyond the Farthest Star (1941) Tales of Three Planets (1964) Westerns The Bandit of Hell's Bend (1926) The War Chief (1927) Apache Devil (1933) The Deputy Sheriff of Comanche County (1940) Historical novels The Outlaw of Torn (1914/1927) I Am a Barbarian (1967) Ruritanian romances The Rider (1918) The Mad King (1926) Contemporarynovels The Mucker (1914/16) The Girl from Farris's (1916) The Oakdale Affair (1918) The Efficiency Expert (1921) The Girl from Hollywood (1923) Pirate Blood (1970) Marcia of the Doorstep (1999) Other works The Oakdale Affair and The Rider (1937) Beyond Thirty and The Man-Eater (1957) Minidoka: 937th Earl of One Mile Series M (1998) You Lucky Girl! (1999) Forgotten Tales of Love and Murder (2001) Brother Men (2005) Related Florence Gilbert (second wife) John Coleman Burroughs (son) Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc. Tarzana, Los Angeles Tarzan, Texas
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It first appeared as a six-part serial in Argosy Weekly from January 9 to February 13, 1937, under the title Seven Worlds to Conquer. 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The action begins by recapping the incident in which Gridley, von Horst, and Tarzan's Waziri warriors, led by Muviro, are caught up in and separated by a horde of saber-toothed tigers’ cooperative hunt. Now on his own, von Horst quickly becomes lost, links up again with the Waziri by accident, and gets lost again when he foolishly goes out hunting on his own.First paperback edition of Back to the Stone AgeIn the most powerful sequence in the book,[citation needed] von Horst becomes prey himself when a Trodon, or a pterodactyl-like Dragon, carries him off to its nest in the crater of a dead volcano. The explorer is left poisoned and paralyzed together with other victims, all of them intended as a living larder to feed the creature's young as its eggs hatch. Von Horst passes the time by getting to know a fellow paralytic, the native warrior Dangar of Sari, a member-tribe of Innes' empire. From him, the outer worlder gradually learns the Pellucidarian language. Von Horst's clothing prevented him from receiving a full dose of venom, and he recovers from his paralysis in time to save Dangar from the next hatchling. Shooting the immature trodon, he makes a long strap from its hide, lassos the parent on its next return, and after allowing it to fly off just past the lip of the crater, shoots it in turn. After securing the free end of the strap to the still paralyzed Dangar, he uses it to climb out of the trap, pulling his companion up after him. In the forest at the foot of the mountain he constructs a treehouse to serve them as a secure base while Dangar recovers.Subsequently, von Horst rescues another native, Skruf of Basti, from a jalok (hyaenodon); Skruf is on a quest to kill a tarag (saber-toothed tiger), the head of which he needs as bride-price to secure a mate. As he knows the country, von Horst and Dangar accompany him once the latter has recovered. In due course they encounter the desired beast, from which Skruf hides in fear while his companions make the kill. Despite his cowardice Skruf takes the trophy, and the three continue on to the cliff-village of Basti. But once there he turns traitor, not only claiming the deed as his own but betraying his companions into slavery.Von Horst and Dangar are put to work with other slaves of Basti digging new caves into the cliff. Von Horst becomes enamored of La-ja of Lo-har, a fellow captive, and in defending her touches off a general slave revolt. He leads all the slaves to freedom, whereupon they separate to return to their native tribes. Von Horst elects to accompany La-ja to Lo-har rather than continue to Sari with Dangar. The plot of the novel continues to unfold in its pattern of liberty, capture and escape, with the protagonist's goal imperceptibly altering from rejoining his outer world comrades to romance with La-ja. The feelings of the principals, while plain to the reader, are masked from their objects of affection by culturally-based misunderstanding, as is typical of Burroughs’ novels, postponing the ultimate resolution nearly to the end of the story.The initial path of von Horst and La-ja takes them through the ill-reputed Forest of Death they encounter a juvenile zarith (Tyrannosaurus) until von Horst killed it. Within the forest are the labyrinthine caves of the Gorbuses, cannibalistic albinos who, in an eerie touch, are intimated to be murderers from the outer world, reincarnated in Pellucidar and consigned to this place as punishment. This is Burroughs’ sole nod toward the notion that his interior world might relate in any way to the concept of a subterranean hell. Falling prey to the Gorbuses, von Horst and La-ja are soon joined as captives by the Bastians Skruf and Frug, who have been trailing them. The four set aside their differences to effect their escape, but afterwards the Bastians betray the others’ trust, kidnapping La-ja.Von Horst pursues the kidnappers, incidentally coming to the aid of a tandor (Woolly Mammoth) wounded by sharp stakes of bamboo, which, Androcles-like, he removes. He overtakes his quarry, but before matters can be settled, he and Frug are taken by the Mammoth Men, a native tribe utilizing mammoths as mounts; Skruf and La-ja elude the interlopers. Boarded on the family of a tribal warrior, von Horst once again commences plotting to escape, aided by dissatisfied locals, whose support he enlists, and the friendship of Thorek, a member of the tribe who had shared his earlier captivity in Basti. His opportunity comes when he and other prisoners are pitted against each other, sabertooths, and mammoths in a gladiatorial-like contest. One of the mammoths proves to be Old White, the beast he had aided previously; joining forces, they survive the melee and make a successful break for freedom.Once again von Horst happens on Skruf and La-ja, intervening as they are attacked by the Ganaks, or bison-men. While able to kill a few of these he ultimately falls captive to them, this time in the company of La-ja. Their escape is aided by Old White, after which they are separated again, but von Horst falls in with another from La-ja's country, Gaj, a fellow former-prisoner of the Mammoth Men. Gaj's guidance enables him to follow La-ja to Lo-har. There he saves her from Gaz, an unwanted suitor, and he and La-ja finally acknowledge their love for each other. Their union results in him becoming chief of Lo-har, his new bride being the daughter of the Lo-harians’ former ruler Brun, who is absent searching for her.The remaining plot threads are tied up by the arrival of a party from Sari led by David Innes, accompanied by Brun. Innes, it turns out, has taken up the pledge of Jason Gridley at the end of the previous book to rescue the missing von Horst—Gridley himself, anti-climatically, is revealed to have let himself be persuaded by other members of the expedition from the outer world to leave Pellucidar with them instead. Von Horst declines Innes’ offer take him back to Sari and what passes for civilization in the inner world, electing to remain in Lo-har with La-ja.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Project Gutenberg Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Australia"}],"text":"The copyright for this story has expired in Australia, and thus now resides in the public domain there. The text is available via Project Gutenberg Australia.","title":"Copyright"}]
[{"image_text":"First paperback edition of Back to the Stone Age","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e3/Back_to_the_Stone_Age_1stpb.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulini
Shulini
["1 Structure and Lakshana","2 Janya rāgams","3 Compositions","4 Related rāgams","5 Notes","6 References"]
Carnatic musicTanjavur-style tambura Concepts Śruti Svara Rāga Tāḷa Mēḷakarta Asaṃpūrṇa Mēḷakarta Compositions Gītaṃ Svarajati Varṇaṃ Kr̥ti Kīrtana Rāgaṃ Tānaṃ Pallavi Tillana Instruments Melody Sarasvati Vīṇā Veṇu Nādasvaraṃ Goṭṭuvādyaṃ (Citra Vīṇā) Violin Percussion Mr̥daṅgaṃ Ghaṭaṃ Morsing Kanjira Thavil Drone Tambura Shruti box Composers Glossaryvte ShuliniArohanamS R₃ G₃ M₁ P D₂ N₃ ṠAvarohanamṠ N₃ D₂ P M₁ G₃ R₃ S Shulini (pronounced shūlini) is a ragam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the 35th melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music. It is also spelled as Sulini, Shoolini or Soolini. It is called Shailadesākshi or Shailadaeshi in Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music. Structure and Lakshana Shulini scale with shadjam at C It is the 5th rāgam in the 6th chakra Rutu. The mnemonic name is Rutu-Ma. The mnemonic phrase is sa ru gu ma pa dhi nu. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music for details on below notation and terms): ārohaṇa: S R₃ G₃ M₁ P D₂ N₃ Ṡ avarohaṇa: Ṡ N₃ D₂ P M₁ G₃ R₃ S The notes used in this scale are shatsruthi rishabham, antara gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, chathusruthi dhaivatham and kakali nishadham. As it is a melakarta rāgam, by definition it is a sampoorna rāgam (has all seven notes in ascending and descending scale). It is the shuddha madhyamam equivalent of Kosalam, which is the 71st melakarta scale. Janya rāgams Shulini has a couple of minor janya rāgams (derived scales) associated with it. See List of janya rāgams for list of scales associated with Shulini. Compositions A few compositions set to Shulini are: Prana natha by Thyagaraja Paramukhamadeno by Koteeswara Iyer Nalinanarayani by Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna Paalayaashumaam Shulini by Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna Related rāgams This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam. Shulini's notes when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields 3 other melakarta rāgams, namely, Shanmukhapriya, Dhenuka and Chitrambari. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the shadjam to the next note in the rāgam. For further details and an illustration refer Graha bhedam on Shanmukhapriya. Notes ^ Alternate notations:Hindustani: S G̱ G M P D N ṠWestern: C D♯ E F G A B C ^ Alternate notations:Hindustani: Ṡ N D P M G G̱ SWestern: C B A G F E D♯ C References ^ Sri Muthuswami Dikshitar Keertanaigal by Vidwan A Sundaram Iyer, Pub. 1989, Music Book Publishers, Mylapore, Chennai ^ a b Ragas in Carnatic music by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications ^ Raganidhi by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras vteMelakarta RagasShuddhaMadhyamaRagasIndu chakra 1. Kanakangi 2. Ratnangi 3. Ganamurti 4. Vanaspati 5. Manavati 6. Tanarupi Netra chakra 7. Senavati 8. Hanumatodi 9. Dhenuka 10. Natakapriya 11. Kokilapriya 12. Rupavati Agni chakra 13. Gayakapriya 14. Vakulabharanam 15. Mayamalavagowla 16. Chakravakam 17. Suryakantam 18. Hatakambari Veda chakra 19. Jhankaradhvani 20. Natabhairavi 21. Keeravani 22. Kharaharapriya 23. Gourimanohari 24. Varunapriya Bana chakra 25. Mararanjani 26. Charukesi 27. Sarasangi 28. Harikambhoji 29. Sankarabharanam 30. Naganandini Ritu chakra 31. Yagapriya 32. Ragavardhini 33. Gangeyabhushani 34. Vagadheeswari 35. Shulini 36. Chalanata PratiMadhyamaRagasRishi chakra 37. Salagam 38. Jalarnavam 39. Jhalavarali 40. Navaneetam 41. Pavani 42. Raghupriya Vasu chakra 43. Gavambhodi 44. Bhavapriya 45. Shubhapantuvarali 46. Shadvidamargini 47. Suvarnangi 48. Divyamani Brahma chakra 49. Dhavalambari 50. Namanarayani 51. Kamavardani 52. Ramapriya 53. Gamanashrama 54. Vishwambari Disi chakra 55. Shamalangi 56. Shanmukhapriya 57. Simhendramadhyamam 58. Hemavati 59. Dharmavati 60. Neetimati Rudra chakra 61. Kantamani 62. Rishabhapriya 63. Latangi 64. Vachaspati 65. Mechakalyani 66. Chitrambari Aditya chakra 67. Sucharitra 68. Jyoti swarupini 69. Dhatuvardani 70. Nasikabhushani 71. Kosalam 72. Rasikapriya Carnatic music Swaras Ragas Asampurna Melakarta Ragas Janya ragas List of Janya ragas vteJanya ragasA-B Abheri Abhogi Ahiri Amritavarshini Amritha Kalyani Anandabhairavi Andolika Arabhi Asaveri Atana Bageshri Bahudari Bhairavi Bhimsen Bhupalam Bilahari Bowli D-J Darbar Darbari Kanada Devagandhari Dhanyasi Gambhiranata Garudadhvani Gaula Hamsadhvani Hamsanadam Hamsanandi Hindolam Jana Ranjani Jaunpuri K-L Kalavati Kalyanavasantam Kambhoji Kāpi Karnataka Shuddha Saveri Kathanakuthuhalam Kedaragaula Kedaram Khamas Lalitha Lavangi M Mahati Madhuvanti Madhyamavati Malahari Malayamarutam Mohanakalyani Mohanam Mukhari N-R Nada Kalyani Nagasvaravali Nata Nattakurinji Navarasa kannada Niroshta Pharaju Poornachandrika Punnagavarali Ranjani Reethigowla Revagupti Revati S Sahana Salaga Bhairavi Saramati Saveri Shivaranjani Sri Tyagaraja Shree ragam Shree ranjani Shuddha Saveri Sindhu Bhairavi Sunadavinodini Surutti T-V Thyagaraja Mangalam Tilang Udayaravichandrika (Shuddha Dhanyasi) Valaji Varali Vasantha Yadukulakamboji Yamunakalyani Carnatic music Swaras Melakarta ragas Asampurna Melakarta ragas List of Janya ragas
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ragam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raga"},{"link_name":"Carnatic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_music"},{"link_name":"melakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melakarta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dikshitar-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ragas-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raganidhi-3"},{"link_name":"Muthuswami Dikshitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muthuswami_Dikshitar"}],"text":"Shulini (pronounced shūlini) is a ragam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the 35th melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music. It is also spelled as Sulini, Shoolini or Soolini. It is called Shailadesākshi[1] or Shailadaeshi[2][3] in Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music.","title":"Shulini"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shoolini_scale.svg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ragas-2"},{"link_name":"swaras in Carnatic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swara#Svaras_in_Carnatic_music"},{"link_name":"ārohaṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arohana"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"avarohaṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarohana"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"sampoorna rāgam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampoorna_raga"},{"link_name":"Kosalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosalam"}],"text":"Shulini scale with shadjam at CIt is the 5th rāgam in the 6th chakra Rutu. The mnemonic name is Rutu-Ma. The mnemonic phrase is sa ru gu ma pa dhi nu.[2] Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music for details on below notation and terms):ārohaṇa: S R₃ G₃ M₁ P D₂ N₃ Ṡ[a]\navarohaṇa: Ṡ N₃ D₂ P M₁ G₃ R₃ S[b]The notes used in this scale are shatsruthi rishabham, antara gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, chathusruthi dhaivatham and kakali nishadham.As it is a melakarta rāgam, by definition it is a sampoorna rāgam (has all seven notes in ascending and descending scale). It is the shuddha madhyamam equivalent of Kosalam, which is the 71st melakarta scale.","title":"Structure and Lakshana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"janya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janya"},{"link_name":"List of janya rāgams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Janya_ragas#Shulini"}],"text":"Shulini has a couple of minor janya rāgams (derived scales) associated with it. See List of janya rāgams for list of scales associated with Shulini.","title":"Janya rāgams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thyagaraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyagaraja"},{"link_name":"Koteeswara Iyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koteeswara_Iyer"},{"link_name":"M. Balamuralikrishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Balamuralikrishna"},{"link_name":"M. Balamuralikrishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Balamuralikrishna"}],"text":"A few compositions set to Shulini are:Prana natha by Thyagaraja\nParamukhamadeno by Koteeswara Iyer\nNalinanarayani by Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna\nPaalayaashumaam Shulini by Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna","title":"Compositions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graha bhedam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graha_bhedam"},{"link_name":"Shanmukhapriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanmukhapriya"},{"link_name":"Dhenuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhenuka_(raga)"},{"link_name":"Chitrambari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitrambari"},{"link_name":"Graha bhedam on Shanmukhapriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graha_bhedam#Shanmukhapriya"}],"text":"This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.Shulini's notes when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields 3 other melakarta rāgams, namely, Shanmukhapriya, Dhenuka and Chitrambari. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the shadjam to the next note in the rāgam. For further details and an illustration refer Graha bhedam on Shanmukhapriya.","title":"Related rāgams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ Alternate notations:Hindustani: S G̱ G M P D N ṠWestern: C D♯ E F G A B C\n\n^ Alternate notations:Hindustani: Ṡ N D P M G G̱ SWestern: C B A G F E D♯ C","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Shulini scale with shadjam at C","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Shoolini_scale.svg/300px-Shoolini_scale.svg.png"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansjoachim_von_der_Esch
Hansjoachim von der Esch
["1 Career as explorer","1.1 Later expeditions","2 Career as ambassador and later life","3 References"]
German explorer and diplomat (1899–1976) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hansjoachim von der Esch" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hansjoachim von der Esch (6 October 1899 in Mülheim, Germany – 10 May 1976 in La Tour-de-Peilz, Switzerland) was a German explorer in Egypt and Sudan, as well as German ambassador to Syria and Morocco. Career as explorer After having served as officer during the First World War, Esch studied mechanical engineering and Arabic. From 1929 to 1939 he represented a German company in Egypt. During this time he made several expeditions into the Libyan Desert, and from 1934 to 1935, he accompanied the Hungarian explorer Laszlo Almasy on his motorized expeditions, who called him his "navigator". In 1934, Esch led a section of Almásy's expedition in the Gilf Kebir to the Uweinat mountain. Somewhat before, he discovered the Magyarab tribe, that claim to be of Hungarian origin, in Wadi Halfa, Sudan. Esch also undertook several expeditions on his own, both by car and by camel train. His interest focussed not only on geographical measurements and cartography, but also on archaeology. North of Wadi Halfa he discovered ancient amethyst mines and interpreted nearby rock carvings and a series of ancient stone heaps as traces of the use of a dioptra for geodetics. Howard Carter acknowledged these discoveries, but disagreed with Esch's interpretation of early geodetics. Later expeditions Later on, Esch tried to trace the route taken by the Persian king Cambyses II during his attempt to conquer the oasis of Siwa. He discovered a series of big stone heaps which he attributed to the Persian army and interpreted the remains of thousands of jars at the "pottery hill" of Abu Ballas, discovered in 1917, as a water depot for the army. Somewhat later, he tried to explore the zone with a camel train. After a successful test expedition with Senussi nomads, accompanied by the English explorer E. E. Evans-Pritchard, he learned that the British authorities of Egypt, in the wake of growing tensions between the UK and Germany, had issued orders to the Senussi not to put camels at the disposal of foreigners. That put an end to his expeditions in Egypt. In 1941 he published his experiences as an explorer and his archaeological findings and theories in the book Weenak – die Karawane ruft (Leipzig, 1941). The title, a combination of Arabic and German, means, "Wherever you are, the caravan calls." He also edited Almásy's books for publication in Germany. Career as ambassador and later life From 1952 to 1957, Esch served as ambassador of the Federal Republic of Germany in Syria, and from 1957 to 1960, he was ambassador in Morocco. He died in 1976. References ^ a b "Hansjoachim von der Esch - Munzinger Biographie". www.munzinger.de (in German). Retrieved 11 April 2022. ^ Bak, Marcin (30 March 2020). "WHERE THE DANUBE MEETS THE NILE, OR A FEW WORDS ABOUT THE MAGYARABS | Instytut Felczaka Intézet". kurier.plus. Retrieved 11 April 2022. ^ a b Hansjoachim von der Esch: Weenak – die Karawane ruft (Brockhaus 1941) ^ "Kabinettsprotokolle Online "Esch, Hansjoachim von der" (5.57:)". www.bundesarchiv.de. Retrieved 11 April 2022. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Mile_River_(California)
Ten Mile River (California)
["1 History","2 Ecology","3 Watershed","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°33′10″N 123°46′01″W / 39.55278°N 123.76694°W / 39.55278; -123.76694River in Mendocino County, California (USA), north of Fort Bragg Ten Mile River (California)Ten Mile Creek, TenmileTen Mile River, looking north from California 1LocationCountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaRegionMendocinoPhysical characteristicsSourceConfluence of North Fork Ten Mile Creek and Middle Fork Ten Mile Creek • coordinates39°33′10″N 123°46′01″W / 39.55278°N 123.76694°W / 39.55278; -123.76694 • elevation49 ft (15 m) MouthPacific Ocean • coordinates39°33′10″N 123°46′01″W / 39.55278°N 123.76694°W / 39.55278; -123.76694 • elevation0 ft (0 m)Basin featuresTributaries  • leftMiddle Fork Ten Mile Creek, Mill Creek, California, South Fork Ten Mile Creek • rightNorth Fork Ten Mile Creek Ten Mile River (also known as Ten Mile Creek) is in northern Mendocino County, California, United States. It is named for the fact that its mouth is 10 miles (16 km) north of the mouth of the Noyo River. The lands around lower Ten Mile River provide valuable freshwater and saltwater marsh habitat for a variety of birds. The Ten Mile River Estuary, Ten Mile Beach, and Ten Mile State Marine Reserve together form a marine protected area that extends from the estuary out to 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi). Ten Mile Beach is also part of MacKerricher State Park, which extends approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) southward from the mouth of the river to Cleone and includes approximately 1,300 acres (526 ha) of the "most pristine stretch of sand dunes ." History The Ten Mile River basin has been logged continuously since the early 1870s. At first, trees were cut using single-bladed axes and dragged by oxen to mills at Fort Bragg, 10 miles (16 km) to the south. Railroad lines were introduced on the South Fork in 1910 and on the other parts of the river in the 1920s. In the 1930s, the railroads were replaced by tractor roads; after the passage of the California Forest Practice Act in 1973, tractor logging on steeper slopes was supplanted by more environmentally friendly practices such as the use of cables. The timber on both sides of the river was logged by the Georgia Pacific Company until 1999, when Georgia-Pacific's holdings in the area were acquired by the Hawthorne Timber Company. Timber in the area is logged on a 60-year rotation. An 1861 story in Harper's Monthly includes a passage recounting the crossing of Ten Mile River: "We found the crossing a little dangerous on account of the tide, which sometimes renders it impassable for several hours, except by swimming. With some plunging, spurring, and kicking, the opposite side was gained in due time". Later, the river was spanned near its mouth by a bridge on California State Route 1, north of the community of Inglenook. A concrete beam bridge replaced an older wooden deck truss bridge in 1954. After studies found that the 1954 bridge was insufficiently earthquake-safe, a new concrete box girder bridge on Highway 1 was constructed in 2009. The new bridge is 45 feet (14 m) wide and 1,479 feet (451 m) long; it cost $43.5 million to construct. In 2012, the Ten Mile River Estuary was designated as a State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) under the Marine Life Protection Act. At the same time, Ten Mile Beach SMCA and Ten Mile State State Marine Reserve were established, creating a continuous Marine Protected Area (MPA) zone that extends from the upper limit of the estuary out to 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi). The MPA zone complements the protections for neighboring lands, including MacKerricher State Park and Inglenook Fen-Ten Mile Dunes Natural Preserve. Ecology The Ten Mile River has intermittent ocean connectivity, so that the estuary effectively becomes a freshwater lagoon in some years. As a result, seasonal use by anadromous and marine fishes varies significantly from year to year. When the mouth is open, Ten Mile River Estuary serves as a migration corridor for anadromous salmonids and a rearing area for juvenile coastal fishes, including flatfish and surfperch. In summer, juvenile shiner surfperch (Cymatogaster aggregata) will flock to the highly productive salt marshes when tidally flooded. This changes in years when the mouth is closed - salinities are reduced, slack tides can persist for hours, and the winter fish community of sculpins and Three-spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) continues to dominate through summer. Lagoon conditions are ideal for the endangered Tidewater goby (Eucyclogobius newberryi), which prefers slow-moving habitats. The goby is found in the estuary and several miles upstream in areas impounded by California Golden beavers (Castor canadensis subauratus). The dunes surrounding the estuary are home to rare plant species, while the freshwater and saltwater marshes along the estuary provide critical bird habitat. The area is popular for paddle sports and birding. Historically, the Ten Mile River had an important Coho Salmon population, but it has since been surpassed by Steelhead. The river provides cold freshwater habitat for fish migration and spawning, but is environmentally impacted by logging like many rivers in the area. A United States Environmental Protection Agency study reported that "Sediment was determined to be impacting the cold water fishery, a beneficial use of the Ten Mile River watershed, including the migration, spawning, reproduction, and early development of cold water fish such as coho salmon and steelhead trout. Cold freshwater and estuarine habitats are also designated beneficial uses of the Ten Mile River watershed." The spawning population of coho salmon in Ten Mile River has been observed to decrease from an estimate of 6000 fish in the early 1960s to much lower numbers ranging from 14 to 250 in the 1990s. Contributing factors to this decline include natural variability, excessive sedimentation from logging, increased water temperatures due to the removal of riparian vegetation, and reduced woody debris in salmon habitats. As a result of these impacts, the river was listed as sediment impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean water Act in 1998. Improved timber harvest practices and regular road maintenance have reduced sedimentation and allowed continued active management for timber harvest in 45% of the Ten Mile River watershed. Watershed The Ten Mile River mainstem begins at the confluence of North Fork Ten Mile River and Middle Fork Ten Mile River, flows southwest then northwest to the Pacific Ocean 5.7 miles (9.2 km) south of Westport. The North Fork Ten Mile River begins at elevation 2,400 feet (732 m). The Middle Fork Ten Mile River begins at elevation 2,460 feet (750 m) on the north side of Sherwood Peak. The middle and north forks of the river are each 15 miles (24 km) long, and the river extends 7 miles (11 km) longer from their confluence to its mouth at the Pacific Ocean. The watershed drains approximately 120 square miles (310 km2) and is neighbored to the south by the Noyo River watershed and to the east and north by the South Fork Eel River watershed. River flow is precipitation-driven. Annual rainfall averages 40 inches (1,000 mm) on the coast and 51 inches (1,300 mm) inland. Under low flow conditions, sand bars constrict the narrow river mouth, often blocking it entirely in summer. When this occurs, the estuarine portion of the Ten Mile River temporarily becomes a freshwater lagoon, where salinity and tidal influence are both reduced. Estuarine conditions return when large storm events re-establish ocean connectivity. See also List of rivers of California References ^ a b c d "Ten Mile River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ a b c Durham, David L. (1998), California's geographic names: a gazetteer of historic and modern names of the state, Quill Driver Books, p. 155, ISBN 978-1-884995-14-9. ^ Palmer, Lyman L. (1967), History of Mendocino County, California, comprising its geography, geology, topography, climatography, springs and timber, Mendocino County Historical Society, p. 423. ^ a b Franks, Jonathan (1996), Exploring the North Coast, Raincoast Books, p. 149, ISBN 0-8118-0910-2. ^ a b California Department of Fish and Wildlife (2013). Guide to the Northern California Marine Protected Areas: California-Oregon Border to Point Arena (Report). ^ Hall, Carl T. (June 16, 2005), "A little something for fans of sand: California home to some of most impressive dunes", San Francisco Chronicle. ^ a b Timber Harvest in KRIS Ten Mile, Klamath Resource Information System, retrieved 2010-08-21. ^ Sediment Information in KRIS Ten Mile River, Klamath Resource Information System, retrieved 2010-08-25. ^ Browne, J. Ross (August 1861), "Coast Rangers Of California", Harper's New Monthly Magazine, 23 (135): 306–316. ^ a b Ten Mile River Bridge, California Department of Transportation, retrieved 2010-08-21. ^ Old Ten Mile River Bridge, Historic Brides of the United States, retrieved 2010-08-21. ^ Hymon, Steve (August 5, 2008), "Road Sage: Many bridges are too shaky for extreme quakes", Los Angeles Times. ^ Hartzell, Frank (November 23, 2005), "New Ten Mile Bridge design challenged", Mendocino Beacon. ^ "Coastal Commission to hold Ten Mile Bridge hearing in Santa Rosa", Mendocino Beacon, June 8, 2006. ^ "Ten Mile River Bridge almost completed", Fort Bragg Advocate-News, April 2, 2009. ^ Reed, Tony (May 14, 2009), "Ten Mile River bridged", Mendocino Beacon. ^ a b c Osborn, Katherine (December 2017). Seasonal fish and invertebrate communities in three northern California estuaries (M.S. thesis). Humboldt State University. ^ Recovery Plan for the Tidewater Goby (Eucyclogobius newberryi) (PDF) (Report). Portland, Oregon: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005. p. 199. Retrieved 2010-12-03. ^ a b North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (2005). Watershed Planning Chapter, Section 2.3.4. Ten Mile River Watershed (PDF) (Report). Santa Rosa, CA. ^ State of California Water Quality Control Plan North Coastal Basin 1B July 1975 p.13 ^ Sediment Information in KRIS Ten Mile River, Klamath Resource Information System, retrieved 2010-08-21. ^ Working Hypotheses Concerning Salmon and Steelhead Limiting Factors, Klamath Resource Information System, retrieved 2010-08-21. ^ Graham Matthews and Associates (2000). Sediment Source Analysis and Preliminary Sediment Budget for the Ten Mile River, Mendocino County, California (PDF) (Report). Prepared for Tetra Tech Inc. ^ "North Fork Ten Mile River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ "Middle Fork Ten Mile River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ten Mile River (California). KRIS Ten Mile project, Klamath Resource Information System. California Watershed Browser - Ten Mile River
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mendocino County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendocino_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Noyo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyo_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-durham-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-franks-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"MacKerricher State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacKerricher_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Cleone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleone,_California"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"River in Mendocino County, California (USA), north of Fort BraggTen Mile River (also known as Ten Mile Creek) is in northern Mendocino County, California, United States. It is named for the fact that its mouth is 10 miles (16 km) north of the mouth of the Noyo River.[2][3] The lands around lower Ten Mile River provide valuable freshwater and saltwater marsh habitat for a variety of birds.[4] The Ten Mile River Estuary, Ten Mile Beach, and Ten Mile State Marine Reserve together form a marine protected area that extends from the estuary out to 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi).[5] Ten Mile Beach is also part of MacKerricher State Park, which extends approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) southward from the mouth of the river to Cleone and includes approximately 1,300 acres (526 ha) of the \"most pristine stretch of sand dunes [in California].\"[6]","title":"Ten Mile River (California)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"logged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging"},{"link_name":"oxen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxen"},{"link_name":"Fort Bragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bragg,_California"},{"link_name":"California Forest Practice Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Forest_Practice_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krislog-7"},{"link_name":"Georgia Pacific Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia-Pacific"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-franks-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krislog-7"},{"link_name":"Harper's Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"California State Route 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Inglenook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglenook,_California"},{"link_name":"deck truss bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_truss_bridge"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caltrans-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"earthquake-safe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_engineering_structures"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"box girder bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_girder_bridge"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caltrans-10"},{"link_name":"Marine Life Protection Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Life_Protection_Act"},{"link_name":"Ten Mile State State Marine Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Mile_State_Marine_Protected_Areas"},{"link_name":"Marine Protected Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_protected_area"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"MacKerricher State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacKerricher_State_Park"}],"text":"The Ten Mile River basin has been logged continuously since the early 1870s. At first, trees were cut using single-bladed axes and dragged by oxen to mills at Fort Bragg, 10 miles (16 km) to the south. Railroad lines were introduced on the South Fork in 1910 and on the other parts of the river in the 1920s. In the 1930s, the railroads were replaced by tractor roads; after the passage of the California Forest Practice Act in 1973, tractor logging on steeper slopes was supplanted by more environmentally friendly practices such as the use of cables.[7] The timber on both sides of the river was logged by the Georgia Pacific Company until 1999, when Georgia-Pacific's holdings in the area were acquired by the Hawthorne Timber Company.[4][8] Timber in the area is logged on a 60-year rotation.[7]An 1861 story in Harper's Monthly includes a passage recounting the crossing of Ten Mile River: \"We found the crossing a little dangerous on account of the tide, which sometimes renders it impassable for several hours, except by swimming. With some plunging, spurring, and kicking, the opposite side was gained in due time\".[9] Later, the river was spanned near its mouth by a bridge on California State Route 1, north of the community of Inglenook. A concrete beam bridge replaced an older wooden deck truss bridge in 1954.[10][11] After studies found that the 1954 bridge was insufficiently earthquake-safe,[12] a new concrete box girder bridge on Highway 1 was constructed in 2009.[13][14][15][16] The new bridge is 45 feet (14 m) wide and 1,479 feet (451 m) long; it cost $43.5 million to construct.[10]In 2012, the Ten Mile River Estuary was designated as a State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) under the Marine Life Protection Act. At the same time, Ten Mile Beach SMCA and Ten Mile State State Marine Reserve were established, creating a continuous Marine Protected Area (MPA) zone that extends from the upper limit of the estuary out to 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi).[5] The MPA zone complements the protections for neighboring lands, including MacKerricher State Park and Inglenook Fen-Ten Mile Dunes Natural Preserve.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"shiner surfperch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiner_perch"},{"link_name":"salt marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh"},{"link_name":"Three-spined Stickleback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-spined_stickleback"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"Tidewater goby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_goby"},{"link_name":"California Golden beavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_beaver"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RecoveryPlan-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"coho salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coho_salmon"},{"link_name":"sedimentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The Ten Mile River has intermittent ocean connectivity, so that the estuary effectively becomes a freshwater lagoon in some years.[17] As a result, seasonal use by anadromous and marine fishes varies significantly from year to year. When the mouth is open, Ten Mile River Estuary serves as a migration corridor for anadromous salmonids and a rearing area for juvenile coastal fishes, including flatfish and surfperch. In summer, juvenile shiner surfperch (Cymatogaster aggregata) will flock to the highly productive salt marshes when tidally flooded. This changes in years when the mouth is closed - salinities are reduced, slack tides can persist for hours, and the winter fish community of sculpins and Three-spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) continues to dominate through summer.[17] Lagoon conditions are ideal for the endangered Tidewater goby (Eucyclogobius newberryi), which prefers slow-moving habitats. The goby is found in the estuary and several miles upstream in areas impounded by California Golden beavers (Castor canadensis subauratus).[18] The dunes surrounding the estuary are home to rare plant species, while the freshwater and saltwater marshes along the estuary provide critical bird habitat. The area is popular for paddle sports and birding.Historically, the Ten Mile River had an important Coho Salmon population, but it has since been surpassed by Steelhead.[19] The river provides cold freshwater habitat for fish migration and spawning,[20] but is environmentally impacted by logging like many rivers in the area. A United States Environmental Protection Agency study reported that \"Sediment was determined to be impacting the cold water fishery, a beneficial use of the Ten Mile River watershed, including the migration, spawning, reproduction, and early development of cold water fish such as coho salmon and steelhead trout. Cold freshwater and estuarine habitats are also designated beneficial uses of the Ten Mile River watershed.\"[21] The spawning population of coho salmon in Ten Mile River has been observed to decrease from an estimate of 6000 fish in the early 1960s to much lower numbers ranging from 14 to 250 in the 1990s. Contributing factors to this decline include natural variability, excessive sedimentation from logging, increased water temperatures due to the removal of riparian vegetation, and reduced woody debris in salmon habitats.[22] As a result of these impacts, the river was listed as sediment impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean water Act in 1998.[19] Improved timber harvest practices and regular road maintenance have reduced sedimentation and allowed continued active management for timber harvest in 45% of the Ten Mile River watershed.[23]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-durham-2"},{"link_name":"Noyo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyo_River"},{"link_name":"South Fork Eel River watershed.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Fork_Eel_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-durham-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"}],"text":"The Ten Mile River mainstem begins at the confluence of North Fork Ten Mile River and Middle Fork Ten Mile River, flows southwest then northwest to the Pacific Ocean 5.7 miles (9.2 km) south of Westport. The North Fork Ten Mile River begins at elevation 2,400 feet (732 m).[24] The Middle Fork Ten Mile River begins at elevation 2,460 feet (750 m) on the north side of Sherwood Peak.[25] The middle and north forks of the river are each 15 miles (24 km) long, and the river extends 7 miles (11 km) longer from their confluence to its mouth at the Pacific Ocean.[2] The watershed drains approximately 120 square miles (310 km2) and is neighbored to the south by the Noyo River watershed and to the east and north by the South Fork Eel River watershed.[2]River flow is precipitation-driven. Annual rainfall averages 40 inches (1,000 mm) on the coast and 51 inches (1,300 mm) inland. Under low flow conditions, sand bars constrict the narrow river mouth, often blocking it entirely in summer. When this occurs, the estuarine portion of the Ten Mile River temporarily becomes a freshwater lagoon, where salinity and tidal influence are both reduced. Estuarine conditions return when large storm events re-establish ocean connectivity.[17]","title":"Watershed"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of rivers of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_California"}]
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(1998), California's geographic names: a gazetteer of historic and modern names of the state, Quill Driver Books, p. 155, ISBN 978-1-884995-14-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884995-14-9","url_text":"978-1-884995-14-9"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Lyman L. (1967), History of Mendocino County, California, comprising its geography, geology, topography, climatography, springs and timber, Mendocino County Historical Society, p. 423","urls":[]},{"reference":"Franks, Jonathan (1996), Exploring the North Coast, Raincoast Books, p. 149, ISBN 0-8118-0910-2","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/exploringnorthco00fran/page/149","url_text":"Exploring the North Coast"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/exploringnorthco00fran/page/149","url_text":"149"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8118-0910-2","url_text":"0-8118-0910-2"}]},{"reference":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife (2013). Guide to the Northern California Marine Protected Areas: California-Oregon Border to Point Arena (Report).","urls":[{"url":"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=58020&inline","url_text":"Guide to the Northern California Marine Protected Areas: California-Oregon Border to Point Arena"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Carl T. (June 16, 2005), \"A little something for fans of sand: California home to some of most impressive dunes\", San Francisco Chronicle","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sfgate.com/2005-06-16/sports/17377002_1_sand-dunes-death-valley-main-dune","url_text":"\"A little something for fans of sand: California home to some of most impressive dunes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Browne, J. Ross (August 1861), \"Coast Rangers Of California\", Harper's New Monthly Magazine, 23 (135): 306–316","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=harp;cc=harp;rgn=full%20text;idno=harp0023-3;didno=harp0023-3;view=image;seq=00316;node=harp0023-3%3A1","url_text":"\"Coast Rangers Of California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine","url_text":"Harper's New Monthly Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Hymon, Steve (August 5, 2008), \"Road Sage: Many bridges are too shaky for extreme quakes\", Los Angeles Times","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/05/local/me-roadsage5","url_text":"\"Road Sage: Many bridges are too shaky for extreme quakes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Hartzell, Frank (November 23, 2005), \"New Ten Mile Bridge design challenged\", Mendocino Beacon","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendocino_Beacon","url_text":"Mendocino Beacon"}]},{"reference":"\"Coastal Commission to hold Ten Mile Bridge hearing in Santa Rosa\", Mendocino Beacon, June 8, 2006","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendocino_Beacon","url_text":"Mendocino Beacon"}]},{"reference":"\"Ten Mile River Bridge almost completed\", Fort Bragg Advocate-News, April 2, 2009","urls":[]},{"reference":"Reed, Tony (May 14, 2009), \"Ten Mile River bridged\", Mendocino Beacon","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendocino_Beacon","url_text":"Mendocino Beacon"}]},{"reference":"Osborn, Katherine (December 2017). Seasonal fish and invertebrate communities in three northern California estuaries (M.S. thesis). Humboldt State University.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/etd/101/","url_text":"Seasonal fish and invertebrate communities in three northern California estuaries"}]},{"reference":"Recovery Plan for the Tidewater Goby (Eucyclogobius newberryi) (PDF) (Report). Portland, Oregon: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005. p. 199. Retrieved 2010-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fws.gov/pacific/ecoservices/endangered/recovery/documents/TidewaterGobyFinalRecoveryPlan.pdf","url_text":"Recovery Plan for the Tidewater Goby (Eucyclogobius newberryi)"}]},{"reference":"North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (2005). Watershed Planning Chapter, Section 2.3.4. Ten Mile River Watershed (PDF) (Report). Santa Rosa, CA.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/northcoast/water_issues/programs/wpc/wpc.pdf","url_text":"Watershed Planning Chapter, Section 2.3.4. Ten Mile River Watershed"}]},{"reference":"Graham Matthews and Associates (2000). Sediment Source Analysis and Preliminary Sediment Budget for the Ten Mile River, Mendocino County, California (PDF) (Report). Prepared for Tetra Tech Inc.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.krisweb.com/biblio/noyo_tetratech_matthewsetal_1999.pdf","url_text":"Sediment Source Analysis and Preliminary Sediment Budget for the Ten Mile River, Mendocino County, California"}]},{"reference":"\"North Fork Ten Mile River\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/254986","url_text":"\"North Fork Ten Mile River\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Middle Fork Ten Mile River\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/228604","url_text":"\"Middle Fork Ten Mile River\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_Express
Sangam Express
["1 Coaches","2 Service","3 Routeing","4 Traction","5 Timings","6 References","7 External links"]
Train in India Sangam ExpressSangam Express standing at Meerut City.OverviewService typeExpressFirst service1 May 1976; 48 years ago (1976-05-01)Current operator(s)North Central RailwayRouteTerminiSubedarganj (SFG)Meerut City (MTC)Stops21Distance travelled637 km (396 mi)Average journey time12 hours 35 minutesService frequencyDailyTrain number(s)14163 / 14164On-board servicesClass(es)Ac first, Ac 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General UnreservedSeating arrangementsYesSleeping arrangementsYesCatering facilitiesOn-board catering, E-cateringObservation facilitiesLarge windowsBaggage facilitiesAvailableOther facilitiesBelow the seatsTechnicalRolling stockLHB coachTrack gauge1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)Operating speed51 km/h (32 mph) average including halts. The 14163 / 14164 Sangam Express is an Express train belonging to Indian Railways – North Central Railway zone that runs between Subedarganj and Meerut City in India. It operates as train number 14163 from Subedarganj to Meerut City and as train number 14164 in the reverse direction, serving the state of Uttar Pradesh. Coaches The 14163 / 14164 Sangam Express has one AC 2 tier, one AC 3 tier, four Sleeper Class, four General Unreserved and one SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches. It does not carry a pantry car. As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand. Service The 14163 Sangam Express covers the distance of 637 kilometres in 12 hours 35 minutes (51 km/h) and in 12 hours 35 minutes as 14164 Sangam Express (51 km/h). As the average speed of the train is below 55 km/h (34 mph), as per Indian Railways rules, its fare does not include a superfast surcharge. Routeing The 14163 / 14164 Sangam Express runs from Subedarganj via Kanpur Central, Etawah, Tundla Junction, Aligarh Junction, Khurja Junction, Bulandshahr to Meerut City. Traction It is now hauled by a Kanpur Loco Shed-based WAP-7 electric locomotive on its entire journey. Timings 14163 Sangam Express leaves Prayagraj Junction on a daily basis at 17:45 hrs IST and reaches Meerut City at 06:40 hrs IST the next day. 14164 Sangam Express leaves Meerut City on a daily basis at 19:00 hrs IST and reaches Prayagraj Junction at 08:10 hrs IST the next day. References http://www.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/4-grp-personnel-hide-in-sangam-express-trains-toilet-as-robbers-loot-kill-passengers-413959.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wgVuqhcdeo https://www.flickr.com/photos/50628848@N07/6173261286/ http://www.bhaskar.com/article/UP-KAN-three-robbers-arrested-sangam-express-robbery-latest-hindi-news-4629272-PHO.html External links "Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry". indianrail.gov.in. Retrieved 5 April 2014. "IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System". irctc.co.in. Retrieved 5 April 2014. " Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet". IRFCA. Retrieved 5 April 2014. vteRailways in Northern IndiaNational network/trunk lines Howrah–Delhi main line New Delhi–Chennai main line New Delhi–Mumbai main line Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line Delhi–Jaipur line Jaipur–Ahmedabad line Branch lines/ sections Agra–Bhopal section Ahmedabad–Udaipur line Allahabad–Mau–Gorakhpur main line Ambala–Attari line Amritsar–Khem Karan line Amritsar–Pathankot line Aunrihar–Jaunpur line Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines Bathinda–Rewari line Bathinda–Rajpura line Bikaner–Rewari line Bhanupli–Leh line Chandigarh–Sahnewal line Delhi–Fazilka line Delhi–Kalka line Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line Delhi–Moradabad line Jalandhar–Firozpur line Jalandhar–Jammu line Jammu–Baramulla line Jodhpur–Bathinda line Jodhpur–Jaisalmer line Kanpur–Delhi section Laksar–Dehradun line Lucknow–Gorakhpur line Lucknow–Moradabad line Ludhiana–Fazilka line Ludhiana–Jakhal line Marwar Junction–Munabao line Mathura–Vadodara section Mau–Ghazipur–Dildarnagar main line Merta Road–Rewari line Moradabad–Ambala line Mughalsarai–Kanpur section Rewari–Rohtak line Shri Ganganagar–Sadulpur line Suratgarh–Bathinda line Varanasi–Chhapra line Varanasi–Lucknow main line Varanasi–Rae Bareli–Lucknow line Varanasi–Sultanpur–Lucknow line Urban and suburbanrail transport Delhi Suburban Railway Delhi Metro (Blue Green Grey Magenta Orange Pink Red Violet Yellow) Rapid Metro Gurgaon Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway Delhi–Meerut RRTS Heritage railways Kalka–Shimla Railway Monorails Patiala State Monorail Trainways Defunct lines Jammu–Sialkot line Manufacturing unitsand workshops Banaras Locomotive Works Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli Railway companies Northern Railway North Eastern Railway North Central Railway North Western Railway East Indian Railway Company Kangra Valley Railway Rajputana–Malwa Railway Tirhut Railway Oudh and Tirhut Railway Indian Branch Railway Company Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway Cawnpore–Burhwal Railway Cawnpore–Barabanki Railway Lucknow–Bareilly Railway Bengal and North Western Railway Rohilkund and Kumaon Railway Mashrak–Thawe Extension Railway Lucknow–Sitapur–Seramow Provincial State Railway Bareilly–Pilibheet Provincial State Railway Segowlie–Raxaul Railway Delhi Metro Rail Corporation National Capital Region Transport Corporation See also Indian Railways Bholu (mascot) 1974 railway strike in India Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Express_trains_in_India"},{"link_name":"Indian Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways"},{"link_name":"North Central Railway zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Railway_zone"},{"link_name":"Subedarganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subedarganj_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Meerut City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerut_City_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"}],"text":"The 14163 / 14164 Sangam Express is an Express train belonging to Indian Railways – North Central Railway zone that runs between Subedarganj and Meerut City in India.It operates as train number 14163 from Subedarganj to Meerut City and as train number 14164 in the reverse direction, serving the state of Uttar Pradesh.","title":"Sangam Express"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pantry car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantry_car"}],"text":"The 14163 / 14164 Sangam Express has one AC 2 tier, one AC 3 tier, four Sleeper Class, four General Unreserved and one SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches. It does not carry a pantry car.As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.","title":"Coaches"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The 14163 Sangam Express covers the distance of 637 kilometres in 12 hours 35 minutes (51 km/h) and in 12 hours 35 minutes as 14164 Sangam Express (51 km/h).As the average speed of the train is below 55 km/h (34 mph), as per Indian Railways rules, its fare does not include a superfast surcharge.","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kanpur Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpur_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Etawah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etawah_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tundla Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundla_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Aligarh Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Khurja Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurja_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bulandshahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulandshahr"}],"text":"The 14163 / 14164 Sangam Express runs from Subedarganj via Kanpur Central, Etawah, Tundla Junction, Aligarh Junction, Khurja Junction, Bulandshahr to Meerut City.","title":"Routeing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kanpur Loco Shed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Loco_Shed,_Kanpur"},{"link_name":"WAP-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAP-7"}],"text":"It is now hauled by a Kanpur Loco Shed-based WAP-7 electric locomotive on its entire journey.","title":"Traction"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"14163 Sangam Express leaves Prayagraj Junction on a daily basis at 17:45 hrs IST and reaches Meerut City at 06:40 hrs IST the next day.14164 Sangam Express leaves Meerut City on a daily basis at 19:00 hrs IST and reaches Prayagraj Junction at 08:10 hrs IST the next day.","title":"Timings"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry\". indianrail.gov.in. Retrieved 5 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indianrail.gov.in/","url_text":"\"Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry\""}]},{"reference":"\"IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System\". irctc.co.in. Retrieved 5 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irctc.co.in/","url_text":"\"IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System\""}]},{"reference":"\"[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet\". IRFCA. Retrieved 5 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irfca.org/","url_text":"\"[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/4-grp-personnel-hide-in-sangam-express-trains-toilet-as-robbers-loot-kill-passengers-413959.html","external_links_name":"http://www.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/4-grp-personnel-hide-in-sangam-express-trains-toilet-as-robbers-loot-kill-passengers-413959.html"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wgVuqhcdeo","external_links_name":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wgVuqhcdeo"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/50628848@N07/6173261286/","external_links_name":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/50628848@N07/6173261286/"},{"Link":"http://www.bhaskar.com/article/UP-KAN-three-robbers-arrested-sangam-express-robbery-latest-hindi-news-4629272-PHO.html","external_links_name":"http://www.bhaskar.com/article/UP-KAN-three-robbers-arrested-sangam-express-robbery-latest-hindi-news-4629272-PHO.html"},{"Link":"http://www.indianrail.gov.in/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry\""},{"Link":"http://www.irctc.co.in/","external_links_name":"\"IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System\""},{"Link":"http://www.irfca.org/","external_links_name":"\"[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlear_labyrinth
Inner ear
["1 Structure","1.1 Bony and membranous labyrinths","1.2 Vestibular and cochlear systems","1.3 Development","1.4 Microanatomy","1.5 Blood supply","2 Function","3 Disorders","4 Other animals","4.1 Cochlear system","4.2 Vestibular system","4.3 Equilibrium","5 Additional images","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Innermost part of the vertebrate ear Inner earDetailsArteryLabyrinthine arteryIdentifiersLatinauris internaMeSHD007758TA98A15.3.03.001TA26935FMA60909Anatomical terminology This article is one of a series documenting the anatomy of theHuman ear Outer ear Auricle Ear canal Middle ear Tympanic membrane Ossicles Malleus Incus Stapes Inner ear Vestibules Utricle Saccule Cochlea Semicircular canals vte Inner ear The inner ear (internal ear, auris interna) is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear. In vertebrates, the inner ear is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance. In mammals, it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts: The cochlea, dedicated to hearing; converting sound pressure patterns from the outer ear into electrochemical impulses which are passed on to the brain via the auditory nerve. The vestibular system, dedicated to balance. The inner ear is found in all vertebrates, with substantial variations in form and function. The inner ear is innervated by the eighth cranial nerve in all vertebrates. Structure The cochlea and vestibule, viewed from above. The labyrinth can be divided by layer or by region. Bony and membranous labyrinths The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The three major parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The membranous labyrinth runs inside of the bony labyrinth, and creates three parallel fluid filled spaces. The two outer are filled with perilymph and the inner with endolymph. Vestibular and cochlear systems In the middle ear, the energy of pressure waves is translated into mechanical vibrations by the three auditory ossicles. Pressure waves move the tympanic membrane which in turns moves the malleus, the first bone of the middle ear. The malleus articulates to incus which connects to the stapes. The footplate of the stapes connects to the oval window, the beginning of the inner ear. When the stapes presses on the oval window, it causes the perilymph, the liquid of the inner ear to move. The middle ear thus serves to convert the energy from sound pressure waves to a force upon the perilymph of the inner ear. The oval window has only approximately 1/18 the area of the tympanic membrane and thus produces a higher pressure. The cochlea propagates these mechanical signals as waves in the fluid and membranes and then converts them to nerve impulses which are transmitted to the brain. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea. The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in view when the head is moved. Joint and muscle receptors are also important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from all these systems to create the sensation of balance. The vestibular system of the inner ear is responsible for the sensations of balance and motion. It uses the same kinds of fluids and detection cells (hair cells) as the cochlea uses, and sends information to the brain about the attitude, rotation, and linear motion of the head. The type of motion or attitude detected by a hair cell depends on its associated mechanical structures, such as the curved tube of a semicircular canal or the calcium carbonate crystals (otolith) of the saccule and utricle. Development The human inner ear develops during week 4 of embryonic development from the auditory placode, a thickening of the ectoderm which gives rise to the bipolar neurons of the cochlear and vestibular ganglions. As the auditory placode invaginates towards the embryonic mesoderm, it forms the auditory vesicle or otocyst. The auditory vesicle will give rise to the utricular and saccular components of the membranous labyrinth. They contain the sensory hair cells and otoliths of the macula of utricle and of the saccule, respectively, which respond to linear acceleration and the force of gravity. The utricular division of the auditory vesicle also responds to angular acceleration, as well as the endolymphatic sac and duct that connect the saccule and utricle. Beginning in the fifth week of development, the auditory vesicle also gives rise to the cochlear duct, which contains the spiral organ of Corti and the endolymph that accumulates in the membranous labyrinth. The vestibular wall will separate the cochlear duct from the perilymphatic scala vestibuli, a cavity inside the cochlea. The basilar membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani, a cavity within the cochlear labyrinth. The lateral wall of the cochlear duct is formed by the spiral ligament and the stria vascularis, which produces the endolymph. The hair cells develop from the lateral and medial ridges of the cochlear duct, which together with the tectorial membrane make up the organ of Corti. Microanatomy A cross-section of the cochlea showing the organ of Corti. Cross-section through the spiral organ of Corti at greater magnification. Rosenthal's canal or the spiral canal of the cochlea is a section of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear that is approximately 30 mm long and makes 2¾ turns about the modiolus, the central axis of the cochlea that contains the spiral ganglion. Specialized inner ear cell include: hair cells, pillar cells, Boettcher's cells, Claudius' cells, spiral ganglion neurons, and Deiters' cells (phalangeal cells). The hair cells are the primary auditory receptor cells and they are also known as auditory sensory cells, acoustic hair cells, auditory cells or cells of Corti. The organ of Corti is lined with a single row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells. The hair cells have a hair bundle at the apical surface of the cell. The hair bundle consists of an array of actin-based stereocilia. Each stereocilium inserts as a rootlet into a dense filamentous actin mesh known as the cuticular plate. Disruption of these bundles results in hearing impairments and balance defects. Inner and outer pillar cells in the organ of Corti support hair cells. Outer pillar cells are unique because they are free standing cells which only contact adjacent cells at the bases and apices. Both types of pillar cell have thousands of cross linked microtubules and actin filaments in parallel orientation. They provide mechanical coupling between the basement membrane and the mechanoreceptors on the hair cells. Boettcher's cells are found in the organ of Corti where they are present only in the lower turn of the cochlea. They lie on the basilar membrane beneath Claudius' cells and are organized in rows, the number of which varies between species. The cells interdigitate with each other, and project microvilli into the intercellular space. They are supporting cells for the auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti. They are named after German pathologist Arthur Böttcher (1831–1889). Claudius' cells are found in the organ of Corti located above rows of Boettcher's cells. Like Boettcher's cells, they are considered supporting cells for the auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti. They contain a variety of aquaporin water channels and appear to be involved in ion transport. They also play a role in sealing off endolymphatic spaces. They are named after the German anatomist Friedrich Matthias Claudius (1822–1869). Deiters' cells (phalangeal cells) are a type of neuroglial cell found in the organ of Corti and organised in one row of inner phalangeal cells and three rows of outer phalangeal cells. They are the supporting cells of the hair cell area within the cochlea. They are named after the German pathologist Otto Deiters (1834–1863) who described them. Hensen's cells are high columnar cells that are directly adjacent to the third row of Deiters' cells. Hensen's stripe is the section of the tectorial membrane above the inner hair cell. Nuel's spaces refer to the fluid-filled spaces between the outer pillar cells and adjacent hair cells and also the spaces between the outer hair cells. Hardesty's membrane is the layer of the tectoria closest to the reticular lamina and overlying the outer hair cell region. Reissner's membrane is composed of two cell layers and separates the scala media from the scala vestibuli. Huschke's teeth are the tooth-shaped ridges on the spiral limbus that are in contact with the tectoria and separated by interdental cells. Blood supply The bony labyrinth receives its blood supply from three arteries: 1 – Anterior tympanic branch (from maxillary artery). 2 – Petrosal branch (from middle meningeal artery). 3 – Stylomastoid branch (from posterior auricular artery). The membranous labyrinth is supplied by the labyrinthine artery. Venous drainage of the inner ear is through the labyrinthine vein, which empties into the sigmoid sinus or inferior petrosal sinus. Function Neurons within the ear respond to simple tones, and the brain serves to process other increasingly complex sounds. An average adult is typically able to detect sounds ranging between 20 and 20,000 Hz. The ability to detect higher pitch sounds decreases in older humans. The human ear has evolved with two basic tools to encode sound waves; each is separate in detecting high and low-frequency sounds. Georg von Békésy (1899–1972) employed the use of a microscope in order to examine the basilar membrane located within the inner-ear of cadavers. He found that movement of the basilar membrane resembles that of a traveling wave; the shape of which varies based on the frequency of the pitch. In low-frequency sounds, the tip (apex) of the membrane moves the most, while in high-frequency sounds, the base of the membrane moves most. Disorders Main article: Vestibulopathy Interference with or infection of the labyrinth can result in a syndrome of ailments called labyrinthitis. The symptoms of labyrinthitis include temporary nausea, disorientation, vertigo, and dizziness. Labyrinthitis can be caused by viral infections, bacterial infections, or physical blockage of the inner ear. Another condition has come to be known as autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED). It is characterized by idiopathic, rapidly progressive, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. It is a fairly rare disorder while at the same time, a lack of proper diagnostic testing has meant that its precise incidence cannot be determined. Other animals Birds have an auditory system similar to that of mammals, including a cochlea. Reptiles, amphibians, and fish do not have cochleas but hear with simpler auditory organs or vestibular organs, which generally detect lower-frequency sounds than the cochlea. The cochlea of birds is also similar to that of crocodiles, consisting of a short, slightly curved bony tube within which lies the basilar membrane with its sensory structures. Cochlear system See also: Evolution of the cochlea In reptiles, sound is transmitted to the inner ear by the stapes (stirrup) bone of the middle ear. This is pressed against the oval window, a membrane-covered opening on the surface of the vestibule. From here, sound waves are conducted through a short perilymphatic duct to a second opening, the round window, which equalizes pressure, allowing the incompressible fluid to move freely. Running parallel with the perilymphatic duct is a separate blind-ending duct, the lagena, filled with endolymph. The lagena is separated from the perilymphatic duct by a basilar membrane, and contains the sensory hair cells that finally translate the vibrations in the fluid into nerve signals. It is attached at one end to the saccule. In most reptiles the perilymphatic duct and lagena are relatively short, and the sensory cells are confined to a small basilar papilla lying between them. However, in mammals, birds, and crocodilians, these structures become much larger and somewhat more complicated. In birds, crocodilians, and monotremes, the ducts are simply extended, together forming an elongated, more or less straight, tube. The endolymphatic duct is wrapped in a simple loop around the lagena, with the basilar membrane lying along one side. The first half of the duct is now referred to as the scala vestibuli, while the second half, which includes the basilar membrane, is called the scala tympani. As a result of this increase in length, the basilar membrane and papilla are both extended, with the latter developing into the organ of Corti, while the lagena is now called the cochlear duct. All of these structures together constitute the cochlea. In therian mammals, the lagena is extended still further, becoming a coiled structure (cochlea) in order to accommodate its length within the head. The organ of Corti also has a more complex structure in mammals than it does in other amniotes. The arrangement of the inner ear in living amphibians is, in most respects, similar to that of reptiles. However, they often lack a basilar papilla, having instead an entirely separate set of sensory cells at the upper edge of the saccule, referred to as the papilla amphibiorum, which appear to have the same function. Although many fish are capable of hearing, the lagena is, at best, a short diverticulum of the saccule, and appears to have no role in sensation of sound. Various clusters of hair cells within the inner ear may instead be responsible; for example, bony fish contain a sensory cluster called the macula neglecta in the utricle that may have this function. Although fish have neither an outer nor a middle ear, sound may still be transmitted to the inner ear through the bones of the skull, or by the swim bladder, parts of which often lie close by in the body. Vestibular system By comparison with the cochlear system, the vestibular system varies relatively little between the various groups of jawed vertebrates. The central part of the system consists of two chambers, the saccule and utricle, each of which includes one or two small clusters of sensory hair cells. All jawed vertebrates also possess three semicircular canals arising from the utricle, each with an ampulla containing sensory cells at one end. An endolymphatic duct runs from the saccule up through the head and ending close to the brain. In cartilaginous fish, this duct actually opens onto the top of the head, and in some teleosts, it is simply blind-ending. In all other species, however, it ends in an endolymphatic sac. In many reptiles, fish, and amphibians this sac may reach considerable size. In amphibians the sacs from either side may fuse into a single structure, which often extends down the length of the body, parallel with the spinal canal. The primitive lampreys and hagfish, however, have a simpler system. The inner ear in these species consists of a single vestibular chamber, although in lampreys, this is associated with a series of sacs lined by cilia. Lampreys have only two semicircular canals, with the horizontal canal being absent, while hagfish have only a single, vertical, canal. Equilibrium The inner ear is primarily responsible for balance, equilibrium and orientation in three-dimensional space. The inner ear can detect both static and dynamic equilibrium. Three semicircular ducts and two chambers, which contain the saccule and utricle, enable the body to detect any deviation from equilibrium. The macula sacculi detects vertical acceleration while the macula utriculi is responsible for horizontal acceleration. These microscopic structures possess stereocilia and one kinocilium which are located within the gelatinous otolithic membrane. The membrane is further weighted with otoliths. Movement of the stereocilia and kinocilium enable the hair cells of the saccula and utricle to detect motion. The semicircular ducts are responsible for detecting rotational movement. Additional images Human ear anatomy.  Brown is outer ear.   Red is middle ear.   Purple is inner ear. Ear labyrinth Inner ear Temporal bone Right human membranous labyrinth, removed from its bony enclosure and viewed from the antero-lateral aspect Frequency coding in the cochlea See also Hearing Outer ear Tip link References ^ Torres, M., Giráldez, F. (1998) The development of the vertebrate inner ear. Mechanisms of Development 71 (1–2) pp. 5–21 ^ J.M. Wolfe et al. (2009). Sensation & Perception. 2nd ed. Sunderland: Sinauer Associated Inc ^ Rask-Andersen, Helge; Liu, Wei; Erixon, Elsa; Kinnefors, Anders; Pfaller, Kristian; Schrott-Fischer, Annelies; Glueckert, Rudolf (November 2012). "Human Cochlea: Anatomical Characteristics and their Relevance for Cochlear Implantation". The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology. 295 (11): 1791–1811. doi:10.1002/ar.22599. PMID 23044521. S2CID 25472441. ^ Jan Schnupp, Israel Nelken and Andrew King (2011). Auditory Neuroscience. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262113182. Archived from the original on 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2011-04-13. ^ Hyman, Libbie Henrietta (1992). Hyman's comparative vertebrate anatomy (3 ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 634. ISBN 0226870138. Retrieved 2011-05-14. ^ a b Brauer, Philip R. (2003). Human embryology: the ultimate USMLE step 1 review. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 61. ISBN 156053561X. Retrieved 2011-05-14. ^ Schacter, Daniel (2012). Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-1464135606. ^ Labyrinthine dysfunction during diving. 1st Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society Workshop. Vol. UHMS Publication Number WS6-15-74. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. 1973. p. 11. Archived from the original on 2009-07-03. Retrieved 2009-03-11.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Kennedy RS (March 1974). "General history of vestibular disorders in diving". Undersea Biomedical Research. 1 (1): 73–81. PMID 4619861. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2009-03-11.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Ruckenstein, M. J. (2004). "Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease". Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, 12(5), pp. 426-430. ^ "Bird cochlea". ^ a b c d e f g h Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 476–489. ISBN 003910284X. ^ Anatomy & Physiology The Unity of Form and Function. N.p.: McGraw-Hill College, 2011. Print. Ruckenstein, M. J. (2004). "Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease". Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, 12(5), pp. 426–430. Saladin, Anatomy and Physiology 6th ed., print American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, "The Middle Ear", External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inner ear. Anatomy photo:30:05-0101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center vteAnatomy of hearing and balanceOuter ear Auricle helix antihelix tragus antitragus intertragic notch earlobe Ear canal Auricular muscles Eardrum umbo pars flaccida Middle earTympanic cavity Medial structures oval window round window secondary tympanic membrane prominence of facial canal promontory of tympanic cavity Posterior structures mastoid cells aditus to mastoid antrum pyramidal eminence Ossicles Malleus superior ligament lateral ligament anterior ligament Incus superior ligament posterior ligament Stapes annular ligament Muscles stapedius tensor tympani Auditory tube /Eustachian tube Torus tubarius Inner earLabyrinths membranous bony Auditory systemGeneral Cochlea Vestibular duct Helicotrema Tympanic duct Modiolus Cochlear cupula Perilymphatic space Perilymph Cochlear aqueduct Cells Claudius Boettcher Cochlear duct /scala media Reissner's/vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Reticular membrane Endolymph Stria vascularis Spiral ligament Organ of Corti stereocilia tip links Tectorial membrane Sulcus spiralis externus internus Spiral limbus Vestibular systemVestibule Utricle macula Saccule macula Kinocilium Otolith Otolithic membrane Vestibular aqueduct endolymphatic duct endolymphatic sac Ductus reuniens Semicircular canals Superior Posterior Horizontal Ampullary cupula Ampullae crista ampullaris Authority control databases National Germany Latvia Czech Republic Other Terminologia Anatomica
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray920.png"},{"link_name":"ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear"},{"link_name":"vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"bony labyrinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_labyrinth"},{"link_name":"temporal bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_bone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"cochlea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlea"},{"link_name":"auditory nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_nerve"},{"link_name":"vestibular system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_system"},{"link_name":"balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_(ability)"},{"link_name":"cranial nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerve"}],"text":"Inner earThe inner ear (internal ear, auris interna) is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear. In vertebrates, the inner ear is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance.[1] In mammals, it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts:[2]The cochlea, dedicated to hearing; converting sound pressure patterns from the outer ear into electrochemical impulses which are passed on to the brain via the auditory nerve.\nThe vestibular system, dedicated to balance.The inner ear is found in all vertebrates, with substantial variations in form and function. The inner ear is innervated by the eighth cranial nerve in all vertebrates.","title":"Inner ear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray923.png"},{"link_name":"cochlea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlea"},{"link_name":"vestibule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibule_of_the_ear"}],"text":"The cochlea and vestibule, viewed from above.The labyrinth can be divided by layer or by region.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bony labyrinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_labyrinth"},{"link_name":"periosteum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periosteum"},{"link_name":"vestibule of the ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibule_of_the_ear"},{"link_name":"semicircular canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicircular_canals"},{"link_name":"cochlea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlea"},{"link_name":"membranous labyrinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranous_labyrinth"},{"link_name":"perilymph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilymph"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Bony and membranous labyrinths","text":"The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The three major parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The membranous labyrinth runs inside of the bony labyrinth, and creates three parallel fluid filled spaces. The two outer are filled with perilymph and the inner with endolymph.[3]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"middle ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_ear"},{"link_name":"pressure waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_pressure"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"hair cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_cells"},{"link_name":"otolith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otolith"},{"link_name":"saccule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccule"},{"link_name":"utricle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utricle_(ear)"}],"sub_title":"Vestibular and cochlear systems","text":"In the middle ear, the energy of pressure waves is translated into mechanical vibrations by the three auditory ossicles. Pressure waves move the tympanic membrane which in turns moves the malleus, the first bone of the middle ear. The malleus articulates to incus which connects to the stapes. The footplate of the stapes connects to the oval window, the beginning of the inner ear. When the stapes presses on the oval window, it causes the perilymph, the liquid of the inner ear to move. The middle ear thus serves to convert the energy from sound pressure waves to a force upon the perilymph of the inner ear. The oval window has only approximately 1/18 the area of the tympanic membrane and thus produces a higher pressure. The cochlea propagates these mechanical signals as waves in the fluid and membranes and then converts them to nerve impulses which are transmitted to the brain.[4]The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea. The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in view when the head is moved. Joint and muscle receptors are also important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from all these systems to create the sensation of balance.The vestibular system of the inner ear is responsible for the sensations of balance and motion. It uses the same kinds of fluids and detection cells (hair cells) as the cochlea uses, and sends information to the brain about the attitude, rotation, and linear motion of the head. The type of motion or attitude detected by a hair cell depends on its associated mechanical structures, such as the curved tube of a semicircular canal or the calcium carbonate crystals (otolith) of the saccule and utricle.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"embryonic development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_development"},{"link_name":"auditory placode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_placode"},{"link_name":"ectoderm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoderm"},{"link_name":"bipolar neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_neuron"},{"link_name":"cochlear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarpa%27s_ganglion"},{"link_name":"vestibular ganglions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_ganglion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"mesoderm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoderm"},{"link_name":"auditory vesicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_vesicle"},{"link_name":"membranous labyrinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranous_labyrinth"},{"link_name":"otoliths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otolith"},{"link_name":"macula of utricle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macula_of_utricle"},{"link_name":"of the saccule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macula_of_saccule"},{"link_name":"linear acceleration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_acceleration"},{"link_name":"gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity"},{"link_name":"angular acceleration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_acceleration"},{"link_name":"endolymphatic sac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endolymphatic_sac"},{"link_name":"duct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endolymphatic_duct"},{"link_name":"cochlear duct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlear_duct"},{"link_name":"organ of Corti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_of_Corti"},{"link_name":"endolymph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endolymph"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USMLE-6"},{"link_name":"vestibular wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reissner%27s_membrane"},{"link_name":"scala vestibuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_vestibuli"},{"link_name":"basilar membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilar_membrane"},{"link_name":"scala tympani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_tympani"},{"link_name":"spiral ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_ligament"},{"link_name":"stria vascularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stria_vascularis"},{"link_name":"endolymph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endolymph"},{"link_name":"hair cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_cells"},{"link_name":"tectorial membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectorial_membrane"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USMLE-6"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"The human inner ear develops during week 4 of embryonic development from the auditory placode, a thickening of the ectoderm which gives rise to the bipolar neurons of the cochlear and vestibular ganglions.[5] As the auditory placode invaginates towards the embryonic mesoderm, it forms the auditory vesicle or otocyst.The auditory vesicle will give rise to the utricular and saccular components of the membranous labyrinth. They contain the sensory hair cells and otoliths of the macula of utricle and of the saccule, respectively, which respond to linear acceleration and the force of gravity. The utricular division of the auditory vesicle also responds to angular acceleration, as well as the endolymphatic sac and duct that connect the saccule and utricle.Beginning in the fifth week of development, the auditory vesicle also gives rise to the cochlear duct, which contains the spiral organ of Corti and the endolymph that accumulates in the membranous labyrinth.[6] The vestibular wall will separate the cochlear duct from the perilymphatic scala vestibuli, a cavity inside the cochlea. The basilar membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani, a cavity within the cochlear labyrinth. The lateral wall of the cochlear duct is formed by the spiral ligament and the stria vascularis, which produces the endolymph. The hair cells develop from the lateral and medial ridges of the cochlear duct, which together with the tectorial membrane make up the organ of Corti.[6]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cochlea-crosssection.svg"},{"link_name":"cochlea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlea"},{"link_name":"organ of Corti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_of_Corti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Organ_of_corti.svg"},{"link_name":"modiolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modiolus_(cochlea)"},{"link_name":"spiral ganglion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_ganglion"},{"link_name":"organ of Corti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_of_Corti"},{"link_name":"microtubules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule"},{"link_name":"actin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin"},{"link_name":"basement membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement_membrane"},{"link_name":"mechanoreceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanoreceptor"},{"link_name":"Boettcher's cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boettcher_cell"},{"link_name":"microvilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microvillus"},{"link_name":"Arthur Böttcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_B%C3%B6ttcher"},{"link_name":"Claudius' cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_cell"},{"link_name":"aquaporin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaporin"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Matthias Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Matthias_Claudius"},{"link_name":"Deiters' cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiters_cell"},{"link_name":"neuroglial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroglia"},{"link_name":"Hensen's cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hensen_cell"},{"link_name":"Hensen's stripe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hensen%27s_stripe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nuel's spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuel%27s_spaces&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hardesty's membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hardesty%27s_membrane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reissner's membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reissner%27s_membrane"},{"link_name":"Huschke's teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huschke%27s_teeth&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Microanatomy","text":"A cross-section of the cochlea showing the organ of Corti.Cross-section through the spiral organ of Corti at greater magnification.Rosenthal's canal or the spiral canal of the cochlea is a section of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear that is approximately 30 mm long and makes 2¾ turns about the modiolus, the central axis of the cochlea that contains the spiral ganglion.Specialized inner ear cell include: hair cells, pillar cells, Boettcher's cells, Claudius' cells, spiral ganglion neurons, and Deiters' cells (phalangeal cells).The hair cells are the primary auditory receptor cells and they are also known as auditory sensory cells, acoustic hair cells, auditory cells or cells of Corti. The organ of Corti is lined with a single row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells. The hair cells have a hair bundle at the apical surface of the cell. The hair bundle consists of an array of actin-based stereocilia. Each stereocilium inserts as a rootlet into a dense filamentous actin mesh known as the cuticular plate. Disruption of these bundles results in hearing impairments and balance defects.Inner and outer pillar cells in the organ of Corti support hair cells. Outer pillar cells are unique because they are free standing cells which only contact adjacent cells at the bases and apices. Both types of pillar cell have thousands of cross linked microtubules and actin filaments in parallel orientation. They provide mechanical coupling between the basement membrane and the mechanoreceptors on the hair cells.Boettcher's cells are found in the organ of Corti where they are present only in the lower turn of the cochlea. They lie on the basilar membrane beneath Claudius' cells and are organized in rows, the number of which varies between species. The cells interdigitate with each other, and project microvilli into the intercellular space. They are supporting cells for the auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti. They are named after German pathologist Arthur Böttcher (1831–1889).Claudius' cells are found in the organ of Corti located above rows of Boettcher's cells. Like Boettcher's cells, they are considered supporting cells for the auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti. They contain a variety of aquaporin water channels and appear to be involved in ion transport. They also play a role in sealing off endolymphatic spaces. They are named after the German anatomist Friedrich Matthias Claudius (1822–1869).Deiters' cells (phalangeal cells) are a type of neuroglial cell found in the organ of Corti and organised in one row of inner phalangeal cells and three rows of outer phalangeal cells. They are the supporting cells of the hair cell area within the cochlea. They are named after the German pathologist Otto Deiters (1834–1863) who described them.Hensen's cells are high columnar cells that are directly adjacent to the third row of Deiters' cells.Hensen's stripe is the section of the tectorial membrane above the inner hair cell.Nuel's spaces refer to the fluid-filled spaces between the outer pillar cells and adjacent hair cells and also the spaces between the outer hair cells.Hardesty's membrane is the layer of the tectoria closest to the reticular lamina and overlying the outer hair cell region.Reissner's membrane is composed of two cell layers and separates the scala media from the scala vestibuli.Huschke's teeth are the tooth-shaped ridges on the spiral limbus that are in contact with the tectoria and separated by interdental cells.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"membranous labyrinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranous_labyrinth"},{"link_name":"labyrinthine artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinthine_artery"},{"link_name":"sigmoid sinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_sinus"},{"link_name":"inferior petrosal sinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_petrosal_sinus"}],"sub_title":"Blood supply","text":"The bony labyrinth receives its blood supply from three arteries:\n1 – Anterior tympanic branch (from maxillary artery).\n2 – Petrosal branch (from middle meningeal artery).\n3 – Stylomastoid branch (from posterior auricular artery).\nThe membranous labyrinth is supplied by the labyrinthine artery.\nVenous drainage of the inner ear is through the labyrinthine vein, which empties into the sigmoid sinus or inferior petrosal sinus.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georg von Békésy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Neurons within the ear respond to simple tones, and the brain serves to process other increasingly complex sounds. An average adult is typically able to detect sounds ranging between 20 and 20,000 Hz. The ability to detect higher pitch sounds decreases in older humans.The human ear has evolved with two basic tools to encode sound waves; each is separate in detecting high and low-frequency sounds. Georg von Békésy (1899–1972) employed the use of a microscope in order to examine the basilar membrane located within the inner-ear of cadavers. He found that movement of the basilar membrane resembles that of a traveling wave; the shape of which varies based on the frequency of the pitch. In low-frequency sounds, the tip (apex) of the membrane moves the most, while in high-frequency sounds, the base of the membrane moves most.[7]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"labyrinthitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinthitis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid4619861-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Interference with or infection of the labyrinth can result in a syndrome of ailments called labyrinthitis. The symptoms of labyrinthitis include temporary nausea, disorientation, vertigo, and dizziness. Labyrinthitis can be caused by viral infections, bacterial infections, or physical blockage of the inner ear.[8][9]Another condition has come to be known as autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED). It is characterized by idiopathic, rapidly progressive, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. It is a fairly rare disorder while at the same time, a lack of proper diagnostic testing has meant that its precise incidence cannot be determined.[10]","title":"Disorders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Birds have an auditory system similar to that of mammals, including a cochlea. Reptiles, amphibians, and fish do not have cochleas but hear with simpler auditory organs or vestibular organs, which generally detect lower-frequency sounds than the cochlea. The cochlea of birds is also similar to that of crocodiles, consisting of a short, slightly curved bony tube within which lies the basilar membrane with its sensory structures.[11]","title":"Other animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evolution of the cochlea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_cochlea"},{"link_name":"reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"stapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapes"},{"link_name":"oval window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_window"},{"link_name":"round window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_window"},{"link_name":"endolymph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endolymph"},{"link_name":"basilar membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilar_membrane"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VB-12"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"crocodilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilian"},{"link_name":"monotremes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotreme"},{"link_name":"scala vestibuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_vestibuli"},{"link_name":"scala tympani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_tympani"},{"link_name":"organ of Corti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_of_Corti"},{"link_name":"cochlear duct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlear_duct"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VB-12"},{"link_name":"therian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria"},{"link_name":"amniotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniote"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VB-12"},{"link_name":"amphibians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VB-12"},{"link_name":"bony fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes"},{"link_name":"swim bladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swim_bladder"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VB-12"}],"sub_title":"Cochlear system","text":"See also: Evolution of the cochleaIn reptiles, sound is transmitted to the inner ear by the stapes (stirrup) bone of the middle ear. This is pressed against the oval window, a membrane-covered opening on the surface of the vestibule. From here, sound waves are conducted through a short perilymphatic duct to a second opening, the round window, which equalizes pressure, allowing the incompressible fluid to move freely. Running parallel with the perilymphatic duct is a separate blind-ending duct, the lagena, filled with endolymph. The lagena is separated from the perilymphatic duct by a basilar membrane, and contains the sensory hair cells that finally translate the vibrations in the fluid into nerve signals. It is attached at one end to the saccule.[12]In most reptiles the perilymphatic duct and lagena are relatively short, and the sensory cells are confined to a small basilar papilla lying between them. However, in mammals, birds, and crocodilians, these structures become much larger and somewhat more complicated. In birds, crocodilians, and monotremes, the ducts are simply extended, together forming an elongated, more or less straight, tube. The endolymphatic duct is wrapped in a simple loop around the lagena, with the basilar membrane lying along one side. The first half of the duct is now referred to as the scala vestibuli, while the second half, which includes the basilar membrane, is called the scala tympani. As a result of this increase in length, the basilar membrane and papilla are both extended, with the latter developing into the organ of Corti, while the lagena is now called the cochlear duct. All of these structures together constitute the cochlea.[12]In therian mammals, the lagena is extended still further, becoming a coiled structure (cochlea) in order to accommodate its length within the head. The organ of Corti also has a more complex structure in mammals than it does in other amniotes.[12]The arrangement of the inner ear in living amphibians is, in most respects, similar to that of reptiles. However, they often lack a basilar papilla, having instead an entirely separate set of sensory cells at the upper edge of the saccule, referred to as the papilla amphibiorum, which appear to have the same function.[12]Although many fish are capable of hearing, the lagena is, at best, a short diverticulum of the saccule, and appears to have no role in sensation of sound. Various clusters of hair cells within the inner ear may instead be responsible; for example, bony fish contain a sensory cluster called the macula neglecta in the utricle that may have this function. Although fish have neither an outer nor a middle ear, sound may still be transmitted to the inner ear through the bones of the skull, or by the swim bladder, parts of which often lie close by in the body.[12]","title":"Other animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cochlear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlea"},{"link_name":"vestibular system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_system"},{"link_name":"jawed vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostome"},{"link_name":"ampulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osseous_ampullae"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VB-12"},{"link_name":"endolymphatic duct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endolymphatic_duct"},{"link_name":"cartilaginous fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilaginous_fish"},{"link_name":"teleosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost"},{"link_name":"endolymphatic sac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endolymphatic_sac"},{"link_name":"spinal canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_canal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VB-12"},{"link_name":"lampreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamprey"},{"link_name":"hagfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagfish"},{"link_name":"cilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VB-12"}],"sub_title":"Vestibular system","text":"By comparison with the cochlear system, the vestibular system varies relatively little between the various groups of jawed vertebrates. The central part of the system consists of two chambers, the saccule and utricle, each of which includes one or two small clusters of sensory hair cells. All jawed vertebrates also possess three semicircular canals arising from the utricle, each with an ampulla containing sensory cells at one end.[12]An endolymphatic duct runs from the saccule up through the head and ending close to the brain. In cartilaginous fish, this duct actually opens onto the top of the head, and in some teleosts, it is simply blind-ending. In all other species, however, it ends in an endolymphatic sac. In many reptiles, fish, and amphibians this sac may reach considerable size. In amphibians the sacs from either side may fuse into a single structure, which often extends down the length of the body, parallel with the spinal canal.[12]The primitive lampreys and hagfish, however, have a simpler system. The inner ear in these species consists of a single vestibular chamber, although in lampreys, this is associated with a series of sacs lined by cilia. Lampreys have only two semicircular canals, with the horizontal canal being absent, while hagfish have only a single, vertical, canal.[12]","title":"Other animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"semicircular ducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicircular_ducts"},{"link_name":"saccule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccule"},{"link_name":"utricle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utricle_(ear)"},{"link_name":"macula utriculi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macula_utriculi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Equilibrium","text":"The inner ear is primarily responsible for balance, equilibrium and orientation in three-dimensional space. The inner ear can detect both static and dynamic equilibrium. Three semicircular ducts and two chambers, which contain the saccule and utricle, enable the body to detect any deviation from equilibrium. The macula sacculi detects vertical acceleration while the macula utriculi is responsible for horizontal acceleration. These microscopic structures possess stereocilia and one kinocilium which are located within the gelatinous otolithic membrane. The membrane is further weighted with otoliths. Movement of the stereocilia and kinocilium enable the hair cells of the saccula and utricle to detect motion. The semicircular ducts are responsible for detecting rotational movement.[13]","title":"Other animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg"},{"link_name":"outer ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_ear"},{"link_name":"middle ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_ear"},{"link_name":"inner ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ear_labyrinth.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oreille_Interne.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temporal_bone2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray925.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1408_Frequency_Coding_in_The_Cochlea.jpg"}],"text":"Human ear anatomy.  Brown is outer ear.\n  Red is middle ear.\n  Purple is inner ear.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEar labyrinth\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInner ear\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTemporal bone\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRight human membranous labyrinth, removed from its bony enclosure and viewed from the antero-lateral aspect\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrequency coding in the cochlea","title":"Additional images"}]
[{"image_text":"Inner ear","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray920.png/220px-Gray920.png"},{"image_text":"The cochlea and vestibule, viewed from above.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray923.png/220px-Gray923.png"},{"image_text":"A cross-section of the cochlea showing the organ of Corti.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cochlea-crosssection.svg/220px-Cochlea-crosssection.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Cross-section through the spiral organ of Corti at greater magnification.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Organ_of_corti.svg/220px-Organ_of_corti.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Hearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing"},{"title":"Outer ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_ear"},{"title":"Tip link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_link"}]
[{"reference":"Rask-Andersen, Helge; Liu, Wei; Erixon, Elsa; Kinnefors, Anders; Pfaller, Kristian; Schrott-Fischer, Annelies; Glueckert, Rudolf (November 2012). \"Human Cochlea: Anatomical Characteristics and their Relevance for Cochlear Implantation\". The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology. 295 (11): 1791–1811. doi:10.1002/ar.22599. PMID 23044521. S2CID 25472441.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anatomical_Record:_Advances_in_Integrative_Anatomy_and_Evolutionary_Biology","url_text":"The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.22599","url_text":"10.1002/ar.22599"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23044521","url_text":"23044521"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25472441","url_text":"25472441"}]},{"reference":"Jan Schnupp, Israel Nelken and Andrew King (2011). Auditory Neuroscience. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262113182. Archived from the original on 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2011-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120307161941/https://mustelid.physiol.ox.ac.uk/drupal/?q=ear","url_text":"Auditory Neuroscience"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262113182","url_text":"978-0262113182"},{"url":"https://mustelid.physiol.ox.ac.uk/drupal/?q=ear","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hyman, Libbie Henrietta (1992). Hyman's comparative vertebrate anatomy (3 ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 634. ISBN 0226870138. Retrieved 2011-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VKlWjdOkiMwC","url_text":"Hyman's comparative vertebrate anatomy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago","url_text":"University of Chicago"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226870138","url_text":"0226870138"}]},{"reference":"Brauer, Philip R. (2003). Human embryology: the ultimate USMLE step 1 review. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 61. ISBN 156053561X. Retrieved 2011-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_Cb_XXR5HCQC","url_text":"Human embryology: the ultimate USMLE step 1 review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier","url_text":"Elsevier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/156053561X","url_text":"156053561X"}]},{"reference":"Schacter, Daniel (2012). Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-1464135606.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worth_Publishers","url_text":"Worth Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1464135606","url_text":"978-1464135606"}]},{"reference":"Labyrinthine dysfunction during diving. 1st Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society Workshop. Vol. UHMS Publication Number WS6-15-74. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. 1973. p. 11. Archived from the original on 2009-07-03. Retrieved 2009-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090703203756/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4291","url_text":"Labyrinthine dysfunction during diving"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society","url_text":"Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy RS (March 1974). \"General history of vestibular disorders in diving\". Undersea Biomedical Research. 1 (1): 73–81. PMID 4619861. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2009-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100615051951/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2663","url_text":"\"General history of vestibular disorders in diving\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4619861","url_text":"4619861"}]},{"reference":"\"Bird cochlea\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/science/sound-reception/Hearing-in-birds","url_text":"\"Bird cochlea\""}]},{"reference":"Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 476–489. ISBN 003910284X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/003910284X","url_text":"003910284X"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia-inducible_factors
Hypoxia-inducible factor
["1 Discovery","2 Structure","3 Members","4 Function","5 Mechanism","5.1 Repair, regeneration and rejuvenation","6 As a therapeutic target","6.1 Anemia","6.2 Inflammation and cancer","6.3 Neurology","6.4 von Hippel–Lindau disease-associated renal cell carcinoma","7 References","8 External links"]
Protein that responds to low oxygen hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunitIdentifiersSymbolHIF1ANCBI gene3091HGNC4910OMIM603348RefSeqNM_001530UniProtQ16665Other dataLocusChr. 14 q21-q24Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocatorIdentifiersSymbolARNTAlt. symbolsHIF1B, bHLHe2NCBI gene405HGNC700OMIM126110RefSeqNM_001668UniProtP27540Other dataLocusChr. 1 q21Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro endothelial PAS domain protein 1IdentifiersSymbolEPAS1Alt. symbolsHIF2A, MOP2, PASD2, HLFNCBI gene2034HGNC3374OMIM603349RefSeqNM_001430UniProtQ99814Other dataLocusChr. 2 p21-p16Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro aryl-hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2IdentifiersSymbolARNT2Alt. symbolsHIF2B, KIAA0307, bHLHe1NCBI gene9915HGNC16876OMIM606036RefSeqNM_014862UniProtQ9HBZ2Other dataLocusChr. 1 q24Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro hypoxia-inducible factor 3, alpha subunitIdentifiersSymbolHIF3ANCBI gene64344HGNC15825OMIM609976RefSeqNM_152794UniProtQ9Y2N7Other dataLocusChr. 19 q13Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that respond to decreases in available oxygen in the cellular environment, or hypoxia. They also respond to instances of pseudohypoxia, such as thiamine deficiency. Both hypoxia and pseudohypoxia leads to impairment of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production by the mitochondria. Discovery The HIF transcriptional complex was discovered in 1995 by Gregg L. Semenza and postdoctoral fellow Guang Wang. In 2016, William Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza were presented the Lasker Award for their work in elucidating the role of HIF-1 in oxygen sensing and its role in surviving low oxygen conditions. In 2019, the same three individuals were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in elucidating how HIF senses and adapts cellular response to oxygen availability. Structure Oxygen-breathing species express the highly conserved transcriptional complex HIF-1, which is a heterodimer composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, the latter being a constitutively-expressed aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT). HIF-1 belongs to the PER-ARNT-SIM (PAS) subfamily of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors. The alpha and beta subunit are similar in structure and both contain the following domains: N-terminus – a bHLH domain for DNA binding central region – Per-ARNT-Sim (PAS) domain, which facilitates heterodimerization C-terminus – recruits transcriptional coregulatory proteins Hypoxia-inducible factor-1Structure of a HIF-1a-pVHL-ElonginB-ElonginC Complex.IdentifiersSymbolHIF-1PfamPF11413Available protein structures:Pfam  structures / ECOD  PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBjPDBsumstructure summary HIF-1 alpha C terminal transactivation domainStructure of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha subunit.IdentifiersSymbolHIF-1a_CTADPfamPF08778InterProIPR014887SCOP21l3e / SCOPe / SUPFAMAvailable protein structures:Pfam  structures / ECOD  PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBjPDBsumstructure summaryPDB1h2k​, 1h2l​, 1l3e​, 1l8c​ Members The following are members of the human HIF family: Member Gene Protein HIF-1α HIF1A hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit HIF-1β ARNT aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator HIF-2α EPAS1 endothelial PAS domain protein 1 HIF-2β ARNT2 aryl-hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 HIF-3α HIF3A hypoxia inducible factor 3, alpha subunit HIF-3β ARNT3 aryl-hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 3 Function HIF1α expression in haematopoietic stem cells explains the quiescence nature of stem cells for being metabolically maintaining at a low rate so as to preserve the potency of stem cells for long periods in a life cycle of an organism. The HIF signaling cascade mediates the effects of hypoxia, the state of low oxygen concentration, on the cell. Hypoxia often keeps cells from differentiating. However, hypoxia promotes the formation of blood vessels, and is important for the formation of a vascular system in embryos and tumors. The hypoxia in wounds also promotes the migration of keratinocytes and the restoration of the epithelium. It is therefore not surprising that HIF-1 modulation was identified as a promising treatment paradigm in wound healing. In general, HIFs are vital to development. In mammals, deletion of the HIF-1 genes results in perinatal death. HIF-1 has been shown to be vital to chondrocyte survival, allowing the cells to adapt to low-oxygen conditions within the growth plates of bones. HIF plays a central role in the regulation of human metabolism. Mechanism Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019: How Cells Sense and Adapt to Oxygen Availability. Under normoxic conditions, Hif-1 alpha is hydroxylated at two proline residues. It then associates with VHL and is tagged with ubiquitin resulting in proteasomal degradation. Under hypoxic conditions, Hif-1 alpha translocates to the cell nucleus and associates with Hif-1 beta. This complex then binds to the HRE region of the DNA resulting in the transcription of genes that are involved in a multitude of processes including erythropoesis, glycolysis, and angiogenesis. The alpha subunits of HIF are hydroxylated at conserved proline residues by HIF prolyl-hydroxylases, allowing their recognition and ubiquitination by the VHL E3 ubiquitin ligase, which labels them for rapid degradation by the proteasome. This occurs only in normoxic conditions. In hypoxic conditions, HIF prolyl-hydroxylase is inhibited, since it utilizes oxygen as a cosubstrate. Inhibition of electron transfer in the succinate dehydrogenase complex due to mutations in the SDHB or SDHD genes can cause a build-up of succinate that inhibits HIF prolyl-hydroxylase, stabilizing HIF-1α. This is termed pseudohypoxia. HIF-1, when stabilized by hypoxic conditions, upregulates several genes to promote survival in low-oxygen conditions. These include glycolysis enzymes, which allow ATP synthesis in an oxygen-independent manner, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which promotes angiogenesis. HIF-1 acts by binding to hypoxia-responsive elements (HREs) in promoters that contain the sequence 5'-RCGTG-3' (where R is a purine, either A or G). Studies demonstrate that hypoxia modulates histone methylation and reprograms chromatin. This paper was published back-to-back with that of 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner for Medicine William Kaelin Jr. This work was highlighted in an independent editorial. It has been shown that muscle A kinase–anchoring protein (mAKAP) organized E3 ubiquitin ligases, affecting stability and positioning of HIF-1 inside its action site in the nucleus. Depletion of mAKAP or disruption of its targeting to the perinuclear (in cardiomyocytes) region altered the stability of HIF-1 and transcriptional activation of genes associated with hypoxia. Thus, "compartmentalization" of oxygen-sensitive signaling components may influence the hypoxic response. The advanced knowledge of the molecular regulatory mechanisms of HIF1 activity under hypoxic conditions contrast sharply with the paucity of information on the mechanistic and functional aspects governing NF-κB-mediated HIF1 regulation under normoxic conditions. However, HIF-1α stabilization is also found in non-hypoxic conditions through an unknown mechanism. It was shown that NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) is a direct modulator of HIF-1α expression in the presence of normal oxygen pressure. siRNA (small interfering RNA) studies for individual NF-κB members revealed differential effects on HIF-1α mRNA levels, indicating that NF-κB can regulate basal HIF-1α expression. Finally, it was shown that, when endogenous NF-κB is induced by TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) treatment, HIF-1α levels also change in an NF-κB-dependent manner. HIF-1 and HIF-2 have different physiological roles. HIF-2 regulates erythropoietin production in adult life. Repair, regeneration and rejuvenation In normal circumstances after injury HIF-1a is degraded by prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). In June 2015, scientists found that the continued up-regulation of HIF-1a via PHD inhibitors regenerates lost or damaged tissue in mammals that have a repair response; and the continued down-regulation of Hif-1a results in healing with a scarring response in mammals with a previous regenerative response to the loss of tissue. The act of regulating HIF-1a can either turn off, or turn on the key process of mammalian regeneration. One such regenerative process in which HIF1A is involved is skin healing. Researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine demonstrated that HIF1A activation was able to prevent and treat chronic wounds in diabetic and aged mice. Not only did the wounds in the mice heal more quickly, but the quality of the new skin was even better than the original. Additionally the regenerative effect of HIF-1A modulation on aged skin cells was described and a rejuvenating effect on aged facial skin was demonstrated in patients. HIF modulation has also been linked to a beneficial effect on hair loss. The biotech company Tomorrowlabs GmbH, founded in Vienna in 2016 by the physician Dominik Duscher and pharmacologist Dominik Thor, makes use of this mechanism. Based on the patent-pending HSF ("HIF strengthening factor") active ingredient, products have been developed that are supposed to promote skin and hair regeneration. As a therapeutic target Anemia Several drugs that act as selective HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors have been developed. The most notable compounds are: Roxadustat (FG-4592); Vadadustat (AKB-6548), Daprodustat (GSK1278863), Desidustat (ZYAN-1), and Molidustat (Bay 85-3934), all of which are intended as orally acting drugs for the treatment of anemia. Other significant compounds from this family, which are used in research but have not been developed for medical use in humans, include MK-8617, YC-1, IOX-2, 2-methoxyestradiol, GN-44028, AKB-4924, Bay 87-2243, FG-2216 and FG-4497. By inhibiting prolyl-hydroxylase enzyme, the stability of HIF-2α in the kidney is increased, which results in an increase in endogenous production of erythropoietin. Both FibroGen compounds made it through to Phase II clinical trials, but these were suspended temporarily in May 2007 following the death of a trial participant taking FG-2216 from fulminant hepatitis (liver failure), however it is unclear whether this death was actually caused by FG-2216. The hold on further testing of FG-4592 was lifted in early 2008, after the FDA reviewed and approved a thorough response from FibroGen. Roxadustat, vadadustat, daprodustat and molidustat have now all progressed through to Phase III clinical trials for treatment of renal anemia. Inflammation and cancer In other scenarios and in contrast to the therapy outlined above, research suggests that HIF induction in normoxia is likely to have serious consequences in disease settings with a chronic inflammatory component. It has also been shown that chronic inflammation is self-perpetuating and that it distorts the microenvironment as a result of aberrantly active transcription factors. As a consequence, alterations in growth factor, chemokine, cytokine, and ROS balance occur within the cellular milieu that in turn provide the axis of growth and survival needed for de novo development of cancer and metastasis. These results have numerous implications for a number of pathologies where NF-κB and HIF-1 are deregulated, including rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. Therefore, it is thought that understanding the cross-talk between these two key transcription factors, NF-κB and HIF, will greatly enhance the process of drug development. HIF activity is involved in angiogenesis required for cancer tumor growth, so HIF inhibitors such as phenethyl isothiocyanate and Acriflavine are (since 2006) under investigation for anti-cancer effects. 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External links Hypoxia-Inducible+Factor+1 at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Hypoxia-inducible factor 3-alpha short scientific animation visualises the crystal structure of the Heterodimeric HIF-1a:ARNT Complex with HRE DNA vteTranscription factors and intracellular receptors(1) Basic domains(1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) Activating transcription factor AATF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 AP-1 c-Fos FOSB FOSL1 FOSL2 JDP2 c-Jun JUNB JunD BACH 1 2 BATF BLZF1 C/EBP α β γ δ ε ζ CREB 1 3 L1 CREM DBP DDIT3 GABPA GCN4 HLF MAF B F G K NFE 2 L1 L2 L3 NFIL3 NRL NRF 1 2 3 XBP1 (1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)Group A AS-C ASCL1 ASCL2 ATOH1 HAND 1 2 MESP2 Myogenic regulatory factors MyoD Myogenin MYF5 MYF6 NeuroD 1 2 Neurogenins 1 2 3 OLIG 1 2 Paraxis TCF15 Scleraxis SLC LYL1 TAL 1 2 Twist Group B FIGLA Myc c-Myc l-Myc n-Myc MXD4 TCF4 Group CbHLH-PAS AhR AHRR ARNT ARNTL ARNTL2 CLOCK HIF 1A EPAS1 3A NPAS 1 2 3 PER 1 2 3 Period SIM 1 2 Group D BHLH 2 3 9 Pho4 ID 1 2 3 4 Group E HES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 HEY 1 2 L Group FbHLH-COE EBF1 (1.3) bHLH-ZIP AP-4 MAX MXD1 MXD3 MITF MNT MLX MLXIPL MXI1 Myc SREBP 1 2 USF1 (1.4) NF-1 NFI A B C X SMAD R-SMAD 1 2 3 5 9 I-SMAD 6 7 4) (1.5) RF-X RFX 1 2 3 4 5 6 ANK (1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH) AP-2 α β γ δ ε (2) Zinc finger DNA-binding domains(2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys4)subfamily 1 Thyroid hormone α β CAR FXR LXR α β PPAR α β/δ γ PXR RAR α β γ ROR α β γ Rev-ErbA α β VDR subfamily 2 COUP-TF (I II Ear-2 HNF4 α γ PNR RXR α β γ Testicular receptor 2 4 TLX subfamily 3 Steroid hormone Androgen Estrogen α β Glucocorticoid Mineralocorticoid Progesterone Estrogen related α β γ subfamily 4 NUR NGFIB NOR1 NURR1 subfamily 5 LRH-1 SF1 subfamily 6 GCNF subfamily 0 DAX1 SHP (2.2) Other Cys4 GATA 1 2 3 4 5 6 MTA 1 2 3 TRPS1 (2.3) Cys2His2 General transcription factors TFIIA TFIIB TFIID TFIIE 1 2 TFIIF 1 2 TFIIH 1 2 4 2I 3A 3C1 3C2 ATBF1 BCL 6 11A 11B CTCF E4F1 EGR 1 2 3 4 ERV3 GFI1 GLI family 1 2 3 REST S1 S2 YY1 HIC 1 2 HIVEP 1 2 3 IKZF 1 2 3 ILF 2 3 Sp/KLF family KLF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 SP 1 2 4 7 8 MTF1 MYT1 OSR1 PRDM9 SALL 1 2 3 4 TSHZ3 WT1 Zbtb7 7A 7B ZBTB 11 16 17 20 21 32 33 40 zinc finger 3 7 9 10 19 22 24 33B 34 35 41 43 44 51 74 143 146 148 165 202 217 219 238 239 259 267 268 281 300 318 330 346 350 365 366 384 423 451 452 471 593 638 644 649 655 804A (2.4) Cys6 HIVEP1 (2.5) Alternating composition AIRE DIDO1 GRLF1 ING 1 2 4 JARID 1A 1B 1C 1D 2 JMJD1B (2.6) WRKY WRKY (3) Helix-turn-helix domains(3.1) HomeodomainAntennapediaANTP classprotoHOXHox-like ParaHox Gsx 1 2 Xlox PDX1 Cdx 1 2 4 extended Hox: Evx1 Evx2 MEOX1 MEOX2 Homeobox A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A7 A9 A10 A11 A13 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B13 C4 C5 C6 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 D1 D3 D4 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 GBX1 GBX2 MNX1 metaHOXNK-like BARHL1 BARHL2 BARX1 BARX2 BSX DBX 1 2 DLX 1 2 3 4 5 6 EMX 1 2 EN 1 2 HHEX HLX LBX1 LBX2 MSX 1 2 NANOG NKX 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-5 3-1 3-2 HMX1 HMX2 HMX3 6-1 6-2 NATO TLX1 TLX2 TLX3 VAX1 VAX2 other ARX CRX CUTL1 FHL 1 2 3 HESX1 HOPX LMX 1A 1B NOBOX TALE IRX 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKX MEIS 1 2 PBX 1 2 3 PKNOX 1 2 SIX 1 2 3 4 5 PHF 1 3 6 8 10 16 17 20 21A POU domain PIT-1 BRN-3: A B C Octamer transcription factor: 1 2 3/4 6 7 11 SATB2 ZEB 1 2 (3.2) Paired box PAX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 PRRX 1 2 PROP1 PHOX 2A 2B RAX SHOX SHOX2 VSX1 VSX2 Bicoid GSC BICD2 OTX 1 2 PITX 1 2 3 (3.3) Fork head / winged helix E2F 1 2 3 4 5 FOX proteins A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 D3 D4 D4L1 D4L3 D4L4 D4L5 D4L6 E1 E3 F1 F2 G1 H1 I1 I2 I3 J1 J2 J3 K1 K2 L1 L2 M1 N1 N2 N3 N4 O1 O3 O4 O6 P1 P2 P3 P4 Q1 R1 R2 S1 (3.4) Heat shock factors HSF 1 2 4 (3.5) Tryptophan clusters ELF 2 4 5 EGF ELK 1 3 4 ERF ETS 1 2 ERG SPIB ETV 1 4 5 6 FLI1 Interferon regulatory factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MYB MYBL2 (3.6) TEA domain transcriptional enhancer factor 1 2 3 4 (4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts(4.1) Rel homology region NF-κB NFKB1 NFKB2 REL RELA RELB NFAT C1 C2 C3 C4 5 (4.2) STAT STAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 (4.3) p53-like p53 p63 p73 family p53 TP63 p73 TBX 1 2 3 5 19 21 22 TBR1 TBR2 TFT MYRF (4.4) MADS box Mef2 A B C D SRF (4.6) TATA-binding proteins TBP TBPL1 (4.7) High-mobility group BBX HMGB 1 2 3 4 HMGN 1 2 3 4 HNF 1A 1B SOX 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 21 SRY SSRP1 TCF/LEF TCF 1 3 4 LEF1 TOX 1 2 3 4 (4.9) Grainyhead TFCP2 (4.10) Cold-shock domain CSDA YBX1 (4.11) Runt CBF CBFA2T2 CBFA2T3 RUNX1 RUNX2 RUNX3 RUNX1T1 (0) Other transcription factors(0.2) HMGI(Y) HMGA 1 2 HBP1 (0.3) Pocket domain Rb RBL1 RBL2 (0.5) AP-2/EREBP-related factors Apetala 2 EREBP B3 (0.6) Miscellaneous ARID 1A 1B 2 3A 3B 4A CAP IFI 16 35 MLL 2 3 T1 MNDA NFY A B C Rho/Sigma see also transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transcription factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factors"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18410568-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"pseudohypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudohypoxia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"adenosine triphosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"}],"text":"Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that respond to decreases in available oxygen in the cellular environment, or hypoxia.[1][2] They also respond to instances of pseudohypoxia, such as thiamine deficiency.[3][4] Both hypoxia and pseudohypoxia leads to impairment of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production by the mitochondria.","title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregg L. Semenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang_1995a-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7539918-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15015563-7"},{"link_name":"William Kaelin Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr."},{"link_name":"Peter J. Ratcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe"},{"link_name":"Gregg L. Semenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza"},{"link_name":"Lasker Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasker_Award"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The HIF transcriptional complex was discovered in 1995 by Gregg L. Semenza and postdoctoral fellow Guang Wang.[5][6][7] In 2016, William Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza were presented the Lasker Award for their work in elucidating the role of HIF-1 in oxygen sensing and its role in surviving low oxygen conditions.[8] In 2019, the same three individuals were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in elucidating how HIF senses and adapts cellular response to oxygen availability.[9]","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"highly conserved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"heterodimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterodimer"},{"link_name":"aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor_nuclear_translocator"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7539918-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8663540-10"},{"link_name":"PER-ARNT-SIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAS_domain"},{"link_name":"basic helix-loop-helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_helix-loop-helix"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9301332-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9382818-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16129688-13"},{"link_name":"N-terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-terminus"},{"link_name":"Per-ARNT-Sim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAS_domain"},{"link_name":"C-terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-terminus"},{"link_name":"transcriptional coregulatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_coregulator"}],"text":"Oxygen-breathing species express the highly conserved transcriptional complex HIF-1, which is a heterodimer composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, the latter being a constitutively-expressed aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT).[6][10] HIF-1 belongs to the PER-ARNT-SIM (PAS) subfamily of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors. The alpha and beta subunit are similar in structure and both contain the following domains:[11][12][13]N-terminus – a bHLH domain for DNA binding\ncentral region – Per-ARNT-Sim (PAS) domain, which facilitates heterodimerization\nC-terminus – recruits transcriptional coregulatory proteins","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following are members of the human HIF family:","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"haematopoietic stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopoietic_stem_cell"},{"link_name":"stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"differentiating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation"},{"link_name":"formation of blood vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis"},{"link_name":"vascular system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_system"},{"link_name":"embryos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo"},{"link_name":"wounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound"},{"link_name":"keratinocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratinocyte"},{"link_name":"epithelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benizri-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"chondrocyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrocyte"},{"link_name":"growth plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endochondral_ossification"},{"link_name":"bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Formenti-20"}],"text":"HIF1α expression in haematopoietic stem cells explains the quiescence nature of stem cells[16] for being metabolically maintaining at a low rate so as to preserve the potency of stem cells for long periods in a life cycle of an organism.The HIF signaling cascade mediates the effects of hypoxia, the state of low oxygen concentration, on the cell. Hypoxia often keeps cells from differentiating. However, hypoxia promotes the formation of blood vessels, and is important for the formation of a vascular system in embryos and tumors. The hypoxia in wounds also promotes the migration of keratinocytes and the restoration of the epithelium.[17] It is therefore not surprising that HIF-1 modulation was identified as a promising treatment paradigm in wound healing.[18]In general, HIFs are vital to development. In mammals, deletion of the HIF-1 genes results in perinatal death.[19] HIF-1 has been shown to be vital to chondrocyte survival, allowing the cells to adapt to low-oxygen conditions within the growth plates of bones. HIF plays a central role in the regulation of human metabolism.[20]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HIF_Nobel_Prize_Physiology_Medicine_2019_Hegasy_ENG.png"},{"link_name":"hydroxylated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylated"},{"link_name":"proline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proline"},{"link_name":"HIF prolyl-hydroxylases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGLN2"},{"link_name":"ubiquitination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitination"},{"link_name":"VHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHL"},{"link_name":"E3 ubiquitin ligase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_ubiquitin_ligase"},{"link_name":"proteasome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasome"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10353251-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15304631-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"succinate dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinate_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"SDHB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDHB"},{"link_name":"SDHD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDHD"},{"link_name":"glycolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"vascular endothelial growth factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor"},{"link_name":"angiogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis"},{"link_name":"promoters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(biology)"},{"link_name":"histone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone"},{"link_name":"methylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation"},{"link_name":"chromatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"William Kaelin Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr."},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"A kinase–anchoring protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKAP"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19109240-28"},{"link_name":"NF-κB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB"},{"link_name":"NF-κB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB"},{"link_name":"siRNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiRNA"},{"link_name":"TNFα","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF%CE%B1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18393939-29"},{"link_name":"erythropoietin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20444740-30"}],"text":"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019: How Cells Sense and Adapt to Oxygen Availability. Under normoxic conditions, Hif-1 alpha is hydroxylated at two proline residues. It then associates with VHL and is tagged with ubiquitin resulting in proteasomal degradation. Under hypoxic conditions, Hif-1 alpha translocates to the cell nucleus and associates with Hif-1 beta. This complex then binds to the HRE region of the DNA resulting in the transcription of genes that are involved in a multitude of processes including erythropoesis, glycolysis, and angiogenesis.The alpha subunits of HIF are hydroxylated at conserved proline residues by HIF prolyl-hydroxylases, allowing their recognition and ubiquitination by the VHL E3 ubiquitin ligase, which labels them for rapid degradation by the proteasome.[21][22] This occurs only in normoxic conditions. In hypoxic conditions, HIF prolyl-hydroxylase is inhibited, since it utilizes oxygen as a cosubstrate.[23][24]Inhibition of electron transfer in the succinate dehydrogenase complex due to mutations in the SDHB or SDHD genes can cause a build-up of succinate that inhibits HIF prolyl-hydroxylase, stabilizing HIF-1α. This is termed pseudohypoxia.HIF-1, when stabilized by hypoxic conditions, upregulates several genes to promote survival in low-oxygen conditions. These include glycolysis enzymes, which allow ATP synthesis in an oxygen-independent manner, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which promotes angiogenesis. HIF-1 acts by binding to hypoxia-responsive elements (HREs) in promoters that contain the sequence 5'-RCGTG-3' (where R is a purine, either A or G). Studies demonstrate that hypoxia modulates histone methylation and reprograms chromatin.[25] This paper was published back-to-back with that of 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner for Medicine William Kaelin Jr.[26] This work was highlighted in an independent editorial.[27]It has been shown that muscle A kinase–anchoring protein (mAKAP) organized E3 ubiquitin ligases, affecting stability and positioning of HIF-1 inside its action site in the nucleus. Depletion of mAKAP or disruption of its targeting to the perinuclear (in cardiomyocytes) region altered the stability of HIF-1 and transcriptional activation of genes associated with hypoxia. Thus, \"compartmentalization\" of oxygen-sensitive signaling components may influence the hypoxic response.[28]The advanced knowledge of the molecular regulatory mechanisms of HIF1 activity under hypoxic conditions contrast sharply with the paucity of information on the mechanistic and functional aspects governing NF-κB-mediated HIF1 regulation under normoxic conditions. However, HIF-1α stabilization is also found in non-hypoxic conditions through an unknown mechanism. It was shown that NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) is a direct modulator of HIF-1α expression in the presence of normal oxygen pressure. siRNA (small interfering RNA) studies for individual NF-κB members revealed differential effects on HIF-1α mRNA levels, indicating that NF-κB can regulate basal HIF-1α expression. Finally, it was shown that, when endogenous NF-κB is induced by TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) treatment, HIF-1α levels also change in an NF-κB-dependent manner.[29] HIF-1 and HIF-2 have different physiological roles. HIF-2 regulates erythropoietin production in adult life.[30]","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prolyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolyl"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HIF-1a2015-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HIFregulation2015-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Stanford University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Dominik Duscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominik_Duscher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dominik Thor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominik_Thor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Repair, regeneration and rejuvenation","text":"In normal circumstances after injury HIF-1a is degraded by prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). In June 2015, scientists found that the continued up-regulation of HIF-1a via PHD inhibitors regenerates lost or damaged tissue in mammals that have a repair response; and the continued down-regulation of Hif-1a results in healing with a scarring response in mammals with a previous regenerative response to the loss of tissue. The act of regulating HIF-1a can either turn off, or turn on the key process of mammalian regeneration.[31][32] One such regenerative process in which HIF1A is involved is skin healing.[33] Researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine demonstrated that HIF1A activation was able to prevent and treat chronic wounds in diabetic and aged mice. Not only did the wounds in the mice heal more quickly, but the quality of the new skin was even better than the original.[34][35][36] Additionally the regenerative effect of HIF-1A modulation on aged skin cells was described[37][38] and a rejuvenating effect on aged facial skin was demonstrated in patients.[39] HIF modulation has also been linked to a beneficial effect on hair loss.[40] The biotech company Tomorrowlabs GmbH, founded in Vienna in 2016 by the physician Dominik Duscher and pharmacologist Dominik Thor, makes use of this mechanism.[41] Based on the patent-pending HSF (\"HIF strengthening factor\") active ingredient, products have been developed that are supposed to promote skin and hair regeneration.[42][43][44][45]","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"As a therapeutic target"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIF_prolyl-hydroxylase_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17627521-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Roxadustat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxadustat"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becker_2017-48"},{"link_name":"Vadadustat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadadustat"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pergola_2016-49"},{"link_name":"Daprodustat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daprodustat"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ariazi_2017-50"},{"link_name":"Desidustat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desidustat"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Molidustat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molidustat"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"anemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18301799-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Bay 87-2243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bay_87-2243&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"erythropoietin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17557894-63"},{"link_name":"hepatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becker_2017-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pergola_2016-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ariazi_2017-50"}],"sub_title":"Anemia","text":"Several drugs that act as selective HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors have been developed.[46][47] The most notable compounds are: Roxadustat (FG-4592);[48] Vadadustat (AKB-6548),[49] Daprodustat (GSK1278863),[50] Desidustat (ZYAN-1),[51] and Molidustat (Bay 85-3934),[52] all of which are intended as orally acting drugs for the treatment of anemia.[53] Other significant compounds from this family, which are used in research but have not been developed for medical use in humans, include MK-8617,[54] YC-1,[55] IOX-2,[56] 2-methoxyestradiol,[57] GN-44028,[58] AKB-4924,[59] Bay 87-2243,[60] FG-2216[61] and FG-4497.[62] By inhibiting prolyl-hydroxylase enzyme, the stability of HIF-2α in the kidney is increased, which results in an increase in endogenous production of erythropoietin.[63] Both FibroGen compounds made it through to Phase II clinical trials, but these were suspended temporarily in May 2007 following the death of a trial participant taking FG-2216 from fulminant hepatitis (liver failure), however it is unclear whether this death was actually caused by FG-2216. The hold on further testing of FG-4592 was lifted in early 2008, after the FDA reviewed and approved a thorough response from FibroGen.[64] Roxadustat, vadadustat, daprodustat and molidustat have now all progressed through to Phase III clinical trials for treatment of renal anemia.[48][49][50]","title":"As a therapeutic target"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"transcription factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor"},{"link_name":"NF-κB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB"},{"link_name":"rheumatoid arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18393939-29"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"angiogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis"},{"link_name":"phenethyl isothiocyanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenethyl_isothiocyanate"},{"link_name":"Acriflavine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acriflavine"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20546646-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17933687-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16940159-78"}],"sub_title":"Inflammation and cancer","text":"In other scenarios and in contrast to the therapy outlined above, research suggests that HIF induction in normoxia is likely to have serious consequences in disease settings with a chronic inflammatory component.[65][66][67] It has also been shown that chronic inflammation is self-perpetuating and that it distorts the microenvironment as a result of aberrantly active transcription factors. As a consequence, alterations in growth factor, chemokine, cytokine, and ROS balance occur within the cellular milieu that in turn provide the axis of growth and survival needed for de novo development of cancer and metastasis. These results have numerous implications for a number of pathologies where NF-κB and HIF-1 are deregulated, including rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.[68][69][70][71][72][73] Therefore, it is thought that understanding the cross-talk between these two key transcription factors, NF-κB and HIF, will greatly enhance the process of drug development.[29][74]HIF activity is involved in angiogenesis required for cancer tumor growth, so HIF inhibitors such as phenethyl isothiocyanate and Acriflavine[75] are (since 2006) under investigation for anti-cancer effects.[76][77][78]","title":"As a therapeutic target"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIF_prolyl-hydroxylase_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"hippocampal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus"},{"link_name":"erythropoietin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"neuroprotective effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroprotection"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"spinal cord injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"sub_title":"Neurology","text":"Research conducted on mice suggests that stabilizing HIF using an HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor enhances hippocampal memory, likely by increasing erythropoietin expression.[79] HIF pathway activators such as ML-228 may have neuroprotective effects and are of interest as potential treatments for stroke and spinal cord injury.[80][81]","title":"As a therapeutic target"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belzutifan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belzutifan"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"von Hippel–Lindau disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Hippel%E2%80%93Lindau_disease"},{"link_name":"renal cell carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinoma"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raps-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"von Hippel–Lindau disease-associated renal cell carcinoma","text":"Belzutifan is an hypoxia-inducible factor-2α inhibitor[82] under investigation for the treatment of von Hippel–Lindau disease-associated renal cell carcinoma.[83][84][85][86]","title":"As a therapeutic target"}]
[{"image_text":"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019: How Cells Sense and Adapt to Oxygen Availability. Under normoxic conditions, Hif-1 alpha is hydroxylated at two proline residues. It then associates with VHL and is tagged with ubiquitin resulting in proteasomal degradation. Under hypoxic conditions, Hif-1 alpha translocates to the cell nucleus and associates with Hif-1 beta. This complex then binds to the HRE region of the DNA resulting in the transcription of genes that are involved in a multitude of processes including erythropoesis, glycolysis, and angiogenesis.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HIF_Nobel_Prize_Physiology_Medicine_2019_Hegasy_ENG.png/400px-HIF_Nobel_Prize_Physiology_Medicine_2019_Hegasy_ENG.png"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotron_frequency
Cyclotron resonance
["1 Cyclotron resonance frequency","1.1 Derivation","1.2 Gaussian units","1.3 Effective mass","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Motion of charged particles Diagram of a cyclotron orbit of a particle with speed v, which is the classical trajectory of a charged particle (here positive charge) under a uniform magnetic field B. Cyclotron resonance describes the interaction of external forces with charged particles experiencing a magnetic field, thus moving on a circular path. It is named after the cyclotron, a cyclic particle accelerator that utilizes an oscillating electric field tuned to this resonance to add kinetic energy to charged particles. Cyclotron resonance frequency The cyclotron frequency or gyrofrequency is the frequency of a charged particle moving perpendicular to the direction of a uniform magnetic field B (constant magnitude and direction). Cyclotron frequency SI units CGS units ω c = q B m {\displaystyle \omega _{\rm {c}}={\frac {qB}{m}}} ω c = q B m c {\displaystyle \omega _{\rm {c}}={\frac {qB}{mc}}} Derivation Since the motion in an orthogonal and constant magnetic field is always circular, the cyclotron frequency is given by equality of centripetal force and magnetic Lorentz force m v 2 r = q B v {\displaystyle {\frac {mv^{2}}{r}}=qBv} with the particle mass m, its charge q, velocity v, and the circular path radius r, also called gyroradius. The angular speed is then: ω = v r = q B m {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {v}{r}}={\frac {qB}{m}}} . Giving the rotational frequency (being the cyclotron frequency) as: f = ω 2 π = q B 2 π m {\displaystyle f={\frac {\omega }{2\pi }}={\frac {qB}{2\pi m}}} , It is notable that the cyclotron frequency is independent of the radius and velocity and therefore independent of the particle's kinetic energy; all particles with the same charge-to-mass ratio rotate around magnetic field lines with the same frequency. This is only true in the non-relativistic limit, and underpins the principle of operation of the cyclotron. The cyclotron frequency is also useful in non-uniform magnetic fields, in which (assuming slow variation of magnitude of the magnetic field) the movement is approximately helical - in the direction parallel to the magnetic field, the motion is uniform, whereas in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field the movement is, as previously circular. The sum of these two motions gives a trajectory in the shape of a helix. When the charged particle begins to approach relativistic speeds, the centripetal force should be multiplied by the Lorentz factor, yielding a corresponding factor in the angular frequency: ω = q B γ m {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {qB}{\gamma m}}} . Gaussian units The above is for SI units. In some cases, the cyclotron frequency is given in Gaussian units. In Gaussian units, the Lorentz force differs by a factor of 1/c, the speed of light, which leads to: ω = v r = q B m c {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {v}{r}}={\frac {qB}{mc}}} . For materials with little or no magnetism (i.e. μ ≈ 1 {\displaystyle \mu \approx 1} ) H ≈ B {\displaystyle H\approx B} , so we can use the easily measured magnetic field intensity H instead of B: ω = q H m c {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {qH}{mc}}} . Note that converting this expression to SI units introduces a factor of the vacuum permeability. Effective mass See also: Effective mass (solid-state physics) § Cyclotron effective mass For some materials, the motion of electrons follows loops that depend on the applied magnetic field, but not exactly the same way. For these materials, we define a cyclotron effective mass, m ∗ {\displaystyle m^{*}} so that: ω = q B m ∗ {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {qB}{m^{*}}}} . See also Ion cyclotron resonance Electron cyclotron resonance References ^ Physics by M. Alonso & E. Finn, Addison Wesley 1996. ^ Kittel, Charles. Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th edition. pp. 153 ^ Ashcroft and Mermin. Solid State Physics. pp12 Authority control databases International FAST National France BnF data Germany United States External links Calculate Cyclotron frequency with Wolfram Alpha This accelerator physics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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It is named after the cyclotron, a cyclic particle accelerator that utilizes an oscillating electric field tuned to this resonance to add kinetic energy to charged particles.","title":"Cyclotron resonance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"charged particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charged_particle"}],"text":"The cyclotron frequency or gyrofrequency is the frequency of a charged particle moving perpendicular to the direction of a uniform magnetic field B (constant magnitude and direction).","title":"Cyclotron resonance frequency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Physics-1"},{"link_name":"centripetal force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centripetal_force"},{"link_name":"Lorentz force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_force"},{"link_name":"gyroradius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroradius"},{"link_name":"angular speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_speed"},{"link_name":"rotational frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_frequency"},{"link_name":"cyclotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotron"},{"link_name":"helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix"},{"link_name":"Lorentz factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_factor"}],"sub_title":"Derivation","text":"Since the motion in an orthogonal and constant magnetic field is always circular,[1] the cyclotron frequency is given by equality of centripetal force and magnetic Lorentz forcem\n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n \n r\n \n \n =\n q\n B\n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {mv^{2}}{r}}=qBv}with the particle mass m, its charge q, velocity v, and the circular path radius r, also called gyroradius.The angular speed is then:ω\n =\n \n \n v\n r\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n q\n B\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega ={\\frac {v}{r}}={\\frac {qB}{m}}}\n \n.Giving the rotational frequency (being the cyclotron frequency) as:f\n =\n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n π\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n q\n B\n \n \n 2\n π\n m\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f={\\frac {\\omega }{2\\pi }}={\\frac {qB}{2\\pi m}}}\n \n,It is notable that the cyclotron frequency is independent of the radius and velocity and therefore independent of the particle's kinetic energy; all particles with the same charge-to-mass ratio rotate around magnetic field lines with the same frequency. This is only true in the non-relativistic limit, and underpins the principle of operation of the cyclotron.The cyclotron frequency is also useful in non-uniform magnetic fields, in which (assuming slow variation of magnitude of the magnetic field) the movement is approximately helical - in the direction parallel to the magnetic field, the motion is uniform, whereas in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field the movement is, as previously circular. The sum of these two motions gives a trajectory in the shape of a helix.When the charged particle begins to approach relativistic speeds, the centripetal force should be multiplied by the Lorentz factor, yielding a corresponding factor in the angular frequency:ω\n =\n \n \n \n q\n B\n \n \n γ\n m\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega ={\\frac {qB}{\\gamma m}}}\n \n.","title":"Cyclotron resonance frequency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SI units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_units"},{"link_name":"Gaussian units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_units"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"magnetic field intensity H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field#The_H-field"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"vacuum permeability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_permeability"}],"sub_title":"Gaussian units","text":"The above is for SI units. In some cases, the cyclotron frequency is given in Gaussian units.[2] In Gaussian units, the Lorentz force differs by a factor of 1/c, the speed of light, which leads to:ω\n =\n \n \n v\n r\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n q\n B\n \n \n m\n c\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega ={\\frac {v}{r}}={\\frac {qB}{mc}}}\n \n.For materials with little or no magnetism (i.e. \n \n \n \n μ\n ≈\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu \\approx 1}\n \n) \n \n \n \n H\n ≈\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H\\approx B}\n \n, so we can use the easily measured magnetic field intensity H instead of B:[3]ω\n =\n \n \n \n q\n H\n \n \n m\n c\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega ={\\frac {qH}{mc}}}\n \n.Note that converting this expression to SI units introduces a factor of the vacuum permeability.","title":"Cyclotron resonance frequency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Effective mass (solid-state physics) § Cyclotron effective mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_mass_(solid-state_physics)#Cyclotron_effective_mass"}],"sub_title":"Effective mass","text":"See also: Effective mass (solid-state physics) § Cyclotron effective massFor some materials, the motion of electrons follows loops that depend on the applied magnetic field, but not exactly the same way. For these materials, we define a cyclotron effective mass, \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m^{*}}\n \n so that:ω\n =\n \n \n \n q\n B\n \n \n m\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega ={\\frac {qB}{m^{*}}}}\n \n.","title":"Cyclotron resonance frequency"}]
[{"image_text":"Diagram of a cyclotron orbit of a particle with speed v, which is the classical trajectory of a charged particle (here positive charge) under a uniform magnetic field B.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cyclotron_Orbit.jpg/220px-Cyclotron_Orbit.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Ion cyclotron resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_cyclotron_resonance"},{"title":"Electron cyclotron resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_cyclotron_resonance"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/886018/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13319704s","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13319704s","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4191376-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85035114","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=cyclotron+frequency","external_links_name":"Calculate Cyclotron frequency with Wolfram Alpha"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclotron_resonance&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_Records
Text Records
["1 Catalogue","2 References"]
British independent record label This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Text Records" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Text Records is a British independent record label founded by Kieran Hebden in 2001. Hebden has released much of his own music through the label: several albums and singles as Four Tet (including collaborations with Burial and Thom Yorke) and two albums with the band Fridge. Other artists to have released recordings on the label include Daphni, Koushik and One Little Plane. Catalogue Source Catalogue identifier Artist Name Year released TEXT001 Koushik Battle Times EP 2001 TEXT002CD Fridge Happiness 2001 TEXT002 LP Fridge Happiness 2001 TEXT003 Fridge The Sun 2007 TEXT004 One Little Plane Sunshine Kid 2008 TEXT005 One Little Plane Until 2008 None One Little Plane "Sunshine Kid" (single) 2008 TEXT006 Burial + Four Tet Moth/Wolf Cub 2009 TEXT007 One Little Plane Lotus Flower 2009 TEXT008 Rocketnumbernine Matthew and Toby 2010 TEXT009 Four Tet / Daphni Pinnacles / Ye Ye 2011 TEXT010 Burial + Four Tet + Thom Yorke Ego / Mirror 2011 TEXT011 Four Tet Locked / Pyramid 2011 TEXT012 Juk Juk Winter Turns Spring / Frozen 2011 TEXT013 Burial + Four Tet Nova 2012 TEXT014 One Little Plane Into The Trees 2012 TEXT015 Four Tet Jupiters / Ocoras 2012 TEXT016 Four Tet 128 Harps 2012 TEXT017 Percussions Bird Songs / Rabbit Songs 2012 TEXT018 Four Tet Pink 2012 TEXT019 Four Tet Lion / Peace For Earth 2012 TEXT020 Four Tet Jupiters / Lion (Remixes) 2012 TEXT021 00110100 01010100 (Kieren Hebden) 0181 2013 TEXT022 KH TTIBPTPKAAATJUIHRAMADPOBR 2013 TEXT023 Four Tet & Rocketnumbernine Roseland / Metropolis 2013 TEXT024 Four Tet Kool FM 2013 TEXT025 Four Tet Beautiful Rewind 2013 TEXT026 Four Tet Kool FM (Champion & Container Remixes) 2013 TEXT027 Crazy Bald Heads First Born 2014 TEXT028 Four Tet & Terror Danjah Killer / Nasty 2014 TEXT029 Percussions KHLHI / Sext 2014 TEXT030 Percussions Ascii Bot / Blatant Water Cannon 2014 TEXT031 Taraval Streetways EP 2014 TEXT032 Four Tet Beautiful Rewind (Remixes) 2014 TEXT033 John Beltran Faux 2014 TEXT034 Anthony Naples Body Pill 2015 TEXT035 Kieran Hebden & Steve Reid Strings Of Life / Tongues 2015 TEXT036 Four Tet Morning / Evening 2015 TEXT037 Joe Thinkin About 2015 TEXTDDD01 Percussions "Digital Arpeggios" (Single) 2015 TEXT038 Four Tet & Designer Mothers / Dark 2016 TEXT039 Four Tet & Champion Flip Side / Disparate 2016 TEXTDDD02 Four Tet Pink Remixes 2016 TEXTDDD03 Four Tet "Evening Side (Oneohtrix Point Never Edit)" 2016 TEXT040 Taraval II (EP) 2016 none Four Tet Randoms 2016 TEXTDDD04 Four Tet Beautiful Rewind Remixes 2016 TEXT041 Four Tet Ringer 2017 TEXT042 Four Tet There Is Love In You 2017 TEXT042X Four Tet There Is Love In You Expanded Edition 2017 TEXT043 Four Tet There Is Love In You (Remixes) 2017 TEXT044 KH Question 2017 TEXT045 Four Tet SW9 9SL / Planet 2017 TEXT046 Four Tet New Energy 2017 TEXTDDD05 Four Tet "Two Thousand And Seventeen" (Single) 2017 TEXTDDD06 Four Tet Planet 2017 TEXTDDD07 Four Tet SW9 9SL 2017 TEXTDDD08 Four Tet Scientists 2017 TEXTLR001 4TLR Live at Funkhaus Berlin 10 May 2018 2018 TEXTLR002 4TLR Live in Tokyo 1 December 2013 2018 TEXTLR003 4TLR Live at Hultsfred Festival, 18 June 2004 2018 TEXT047 Taraval Aardvark 2018 TEXT048 KH Only Human 2019 TEXT049 Four Tet Anna Painting 2019 TEXT050 Four Tet Teenage Birdsong 2019 TEXT051 Four Tet Sixteen Oceans 2020 TEXTDDD16 Four Tet Parallel 2020 TEXT053 Four Tet (Wingdings alias) Untitled 2021 TEXTDDD15 00110100 01010100 871 2020 TEXTDDD18 Burial + Four Tet Nova / Moth 2022 TEXTDDD19 Hagop Tchaparian GL / Raining 2022 TEXTDDD20 Hagop Tchaparian Round 2022 TEXTDDD21 Hagop Tchaparian Right To Riot 2022 TEXTDDD22 Four Tet Mango Feedback 2022 TEXTDDD23 Hagop Tchaparian "Round (Four Tet Remix)" 2022 TEXT054 Hagop Tchaparian Bolts 2022 TEXT055 Fred again.. & Brian Eno Secret Life 2023 TEXT055 Four Tet Three 2024 References ^ "FOUR TET / KIERAN HEBDEN interview". The Milk Factory. June 2001. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012. ^ "Text Records Label | Releases". Discogs.com. Retrieved 3 May 2020. Authority control databases MusicBrainz label This article about a United Kingdom record label is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"FOUR TET / KIERAN HEBDEN interview\". The Milk Factory. June 2001. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120623102717/http://www.themilkfactory.co.uk/interviews/fourtetiw.htm","url_text":"\"FOUR TET / KIERAN HEBDEN interview\""},{"url":"http://www.themilkfactory.co.uk/interviews/fourtetiw.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Text Records Label | Releases\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 3 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/label/11205-Text-Records","url_text":"\"Text Records Label | Releases\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobla_(Occitan_literary_term)
Cobla esparsa
["1 Sources"]
A cobla esparsa (Old Occitan literally meaning "scattered stanza") in Old Occitan is the name used for a single-stanza poem in troubadour poetry. They constitute about 15% of the troubadour output, and they are the dominant form among late (after 1220) authors like Bertran Carbonel and Guillem de l'Olivier. The term cobla triada is used by modern scholars to indicate a cobla taken from a longer poem and let stand on its own, but its original medieval meaning was a cobla esparsa taken from a larger collection of such poems, since coblas esparsas were usually presented in large groupings. Sometimes, two authors would write a cobla esparsa each, in a cobla exchange; this corresponds, in a shorter form, to the earlier tenso or partimen. Whether such exchanges should be regarded as a "genre" unto themselves, as a type of short tenso, or as coblas esparsas, one of which happens to be written in response to the other, is debated. The Cançoneret de Ripoll distinguishes between the cobles d'acuyndamens, which bonds of vassalage, love, or fidelity, and cobles de qüestions, which posed dilemmas. The acuyndamentum was a special bond of vassallage-fidelity in medieval Catalonia. Sources ^ Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. (1999), The Troubadours: An Introduction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-57473-0). ^ a b Martín de Riquer (1964), Història de la Literatura Catalana, vol. 1 (Barcelona: Ariel), 509ff. vteWestern medieval lyric formsBy regional traditionOccitan Alba (poetry) Arlabecca Aubade Canso Cobla esparsa Dansa Descort Devinalh Ensenhamen Enuig Gab Lo Boièr Maldit-comiat Partimen Pastorela Planh Salut d'amor Sestina Sirventes Tenso Torneyamen Tornada Trobar clus Trobar leu Trobar ric Viadera French Chanson de toile Formes fixes (Ballade, Rondeau, Virelai) Grand chant Pastourelle Reverdie Rondel Rondelet Italian Ballata Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga de amor Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer English Madrigal others Kyrielle Triolet By alphabetical order Alba Arlabecca Aubade Awdl Ballade Ballata Canso Cantiga de amigo Cantiga de amor Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer Cerdd dafod Chanson de toile Cobla esparsa Cywydd Dansa Descort Devinalh Ensenhamen Enuig Formes fixes Gab Grand chant Kyrielle Leise Madrigal Maldit-comiat Octave Partimen Pastorela Pastourelle Petrarchan sonnet Planh Reverdie Rondeau Rondel Rondelet Salut d'amor Sestina Sicilian octave Sirventes Tagelied Tenso Tornada Torneyamen Traethodl Triolet Trobar clus Trobar leu Trobar ric Viadera Virelai
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The acuyndamentum was a special bond of vassallage-fidelity in medieval Catalonia.[2]","title":"Cobla esparsa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ONE_1-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-57473-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57473-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TWO_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TWO_2-1"},{"link_name":"Martín de Riquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Riquer"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Western_medieval_lyric_forms"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Western_medieval_lyric_forms&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_medieval_lyric_forms"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Occitan_literary_genres"},{"link_name":"Alba (poetry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"Arlabecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlabecca"},{"link_name":"Aubade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubade"},{"link_name":"Canso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canso_(song)"},{"link_name":"Cobla esparsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Dansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansa"},{"link_name":"Descort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descort"},{"link_name":"Devinalh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devinalh"},{"link_name":"Ensenhamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensenhamen"},{"link_name":"Enuig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enuig"},{"link_name":"Gab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gab_(song)"},{"link_name":"Lo Boièr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Boi%C3%A8r"},{"link_name":"Maldit-comiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldit-comiat"},{"link_name":"Partimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partimen"},{"link_name":"Pastorela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastorela"},{"link_name":"Planh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planh"},{"link_name":"Salut d'amor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salut_d%27amor"},{"link_name":"Sestina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestina"},{"link_name":"Sirventes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirventes"},{"link_name":"Tenso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenso"},{"link_name":"Torneyamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torneyamen"},{"link_name":"Tornada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornada_(Occitan_literary_term)"},{"link_name":"Trobar clus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trobar_clus"},{"link_name":"Trobar leu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trobar_leu"},{"link_name":"Trobar ric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trobar_ric"},{"link_name":"Viadera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viadera"},{"link_name":"Chanson de toile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_toile"},{"link_name":"Formes fixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formes_fixes"},{"link_name":"Ballade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)"},{"link_name":"Rondeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)"},{"link_name":"Virelai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai"},{"link_name":"Grand chant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_chant"},{"link_name":"Pastourelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastourelle"},{"link_name":"Reverdie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverdie"},{"link_name":"Rondel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondel_(poem)"},{"link_name":"Rondelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondelet"},{"link_name":"Ballata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballata"},{"link_name":"Octave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"Ottava rima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottava_rima"},{"link_name":"Petrarchan sonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrarchan_sonnet"},{"link_name":"Sicilian octave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_octave"},{"link_name":"Awdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awdl"},{"link_name":"Cerdd dafod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerdd_dafod"},{"link_name":"Cywydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cywydd"},{"link_name":"Traethodl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traethodl"},{"link_name":"Leise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leise"},{"link_name":"Tagelied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagelied"},{"link_name":"Cantiga de amigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantiga_de_amigo"},{"link_name":"Cantiga de amor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantiga_de_amor"},{"link_name":"Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantigas_de_esc%C3%A1rnio_e_maldizer"},{"link_name":"Madrigal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"Kyrielle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrielle"},{"link_name":"Triolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triolet"},{"link_name":"Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"Arlabecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlabecca"},{"link_name":"Aubade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubade"},{"link_name":"Awdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awdl"},{"link_name":"Ballade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)"},{"link_name":"Ballata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballata"},{"link_name":"Canso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canso_(song)"},{"link_name":"Cantiga de amigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantiga_de_amigo"},{"link_name":"Cantiga de amor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantiga_de_amor"},{"link_name":"Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantigas_de_esc%C3%A1rnio_e_maldizer"},{"link_name":"Cerdd dafod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerdd_dafod"},{"link_name":"Chanson de toile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_toile"},{"link_name":"Cobla esparsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Cywydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cywydd"},{"link_name":"Dansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansa"},{"link_name":"Descort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descort"},{"link_name":"Devinalh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devinalh"},{"link_name":"Ensenhamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensenhamen"},{"link_name":"Enuig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enuig"},{"link_name":"Formes fixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formes_fixes"},{"link_name":"Gab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gab_(song)"},{"link_name":"Grand chant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_chant"},{"link_name":"Kyrielle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrielle"},{"link_name":"Leise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leise"},{"link_name":"Madrigal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"Maldit-comiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldit-comiat"},{"link_name":"Octave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"Partimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partimen"},{"link_name":"Pastorela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastorela"},{"link_name":"Pastourelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastourelle"},{"link_name":"Petrarchan sonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrarchan_sonnet"},{"link_name":"Planh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planh"},{"link_name":"Reverdie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverdie"},{"link_name":"Rondeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)"},{"link_name":"Rondel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondel_(poem)"},{"link_name":"Rondelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondelet"},{"link_name":"Salut d'amor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salut_d%27amor"},{"link_name":"Sestina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestina"},{"link_name":"Sicilian octave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_octave"},{"link_name":"Sirventes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirventes"},{"link_name":"Tagelied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagelied"},{"link_name":"Tenso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenso"},{"link_name":"Tornada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornada_(Occitan_literary_term)"},{"link_name":"Torneyamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torneyamen"},{"link_name":"Traethodl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traethodl"},{"link_name":"Triolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triolet"},{"link_name":"Trobar clus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trobar_clus"},{"link_name":"Trobar leu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trobar_leu"},{"link_name":"Trobar ric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trobar_ric"},{"link_name":"Viadera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viadera"},{"link_name":"Virelai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virelai"}],"text":"^ Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. (1999), The Troubadours: An Introduction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-57473-0).\n\n^ a b Martín de Riquer (1964), Història de la Literatura Catalana, vol. 1 (Barcelona: Ariel), 509ff.vteWestern medieval lyric formsBy regional traditionOccitan\nAlba (poetry)\nArlabecca\nAubade\nCanso\nCobla esparsa\nDansa\nDescort\nDevinalh\nEnsenhamen\nEnuig\nGab\nLo Boièr\nMaldit-comiat\nPartimen\nPastorela\nPlanh\nSalut d'amor\nSestina\nSirventes\nTenso\nTorneyamen\nTornada\nTrobar clus\nTrobar leu\nTrobar ric\nViadera\nFrench\nChanson de toile\nFormes fixes (Ballade, Rondeau, Virelai)\nGrand chant\nPastourelle\nReverdie\nRondel\nRondelet\nItalian\nBallata\nOctave\nOttava rima\nPetrarchan sonnet\nSicilian octave\nWelsh\nAwdl\nCerdd dafod\nCywydd\nTraethodl\nGerman\nLeise\nTagelied\nGalician-Portuguese\nCantiga de amigo\nCantiga de amor\nCantigas de escárnio e maldizer\nEnglish\nMadrigal\nothers\nKyrielle\nTriolet\nBy alphabetical order\nAlba\nArlabecca\nAubade\nAwdl\nBallade\nBallata\nCanso\nCantiga de amigo\nCantiga de amor\nCantigas de escárnio e maldizer\nCerdd dafod\nChanson de toile\nCobla esparsa\nCywydd\nDansa\nDescort\nDevinalh\nEnsenhamen\nEnuig\nFormes fixes\nGab\nGrand chant\nKyrielle\nLeise\nMadrigal\nMaldit-comiat\nOctave\nPartimen\nPastorela\nPastourelle\nPetrarchan sonnet\nPlanh\nReverdie\nRondeau\nRondel\nRondelet\nSalut d'amor\nSestina\nSicilian octave\nSirventes\nTagelied\nTenso\nTornada\nTorneyamen\nTraethodl\nTriolet\nTrobar clus\nTrobar leu\nTrobar ric\nViadera\nVirelai","title":"Sources"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odette_Yustman
Odette Annable
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","4.3 Music videos","4.4 Video game","5 References","6 External links"]
American actress (born 1985) Odette AnnableAnnable in 2017BornOdette Juliette Yustman (1985-05-10) May 10, 1985 (age 39)Los Angeles County, California, U.S.OccupationActressYears active1990, 1996, 2004–presentSpouse Dave Annable ​(m. 2010)​Children2 Odette Juliette Annable (née Yustman; born May 10, 1985) is an American actress. She is known for various roles in film and television, including as Dr. Jessica Adams in the Fox medical drama series House, Beth McIntyre in the monster film Cloverfield, Aubrey Diaz in the ABC drama series October Road, Samantha Arias / Reign in Supergirl, and Nola Longshadow in Banshee. Early life Odette Juliette Yustman was born on May 10, 1985, in Los Angeles County, California, to a Colombian father and a Cuban mother. Her father is of French, Italian, and Swiss descent. She grew up near Palm Springs. Her first language is Spanish and she did not learn to speak English until she was five. She graduated from Woodcrest Christian High School in Riverside. Career Annable played a Spanish-speaking student in Kindergarten Cop at age 5. She later starred in the TV series South Beach and October Road. She had a lead role in the 2007 Lifetime film Reckless Behavior: Caught on Tape, and Cloverfield, as well as an appearance in the comedy film Walk Hard, and the 2009 film The Unborn. In 2011, she played nurse Annie Miller in season five of Brothers & Sisters. Annable played Melanie Garcia on the comedy Breaking In as a series regular in its first season, appearing as a guest star thereafter. She joined the TV series House as Dr. Jessica Adams, and remained on the show until the finale in May 2012. In March 2014, Annable was cast as Trudy Cooper in the ABC series The Astronaut Wives Club. In 2017, she joined the main cast of the CW series Supergirl as Samantha Arias, a single mother who discovers that she shares origins with Supergirl and Superman, as well as Reign, the Kryptonian Worldkiller she was engineered to be. From 2021, she joined Walker as Geraldine Broussard, a friend of the Walker's and local barkeep. Personal life She was engaged to actor Trevor Wright until their breakup in 2008. She married her Brothers & Sisters co-star Dave Annable in October 2010. They have two daughters. In October 2019, the couple announced their separation, but announced their reconciliation in August 2020. Annable endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1990 Kindergarten Cop Rosa as Odette Yustman 1996 Dear God Angela as Odette Yustman 2006 The Holiday Kissing Girl as Odette Yustman 2007 Transformers Socialite Girl as Odette Yustman 2007 Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story Reefer Girl as Odette Yustman 2008 Cloverfield Elizabeth "Beth" McIntyre as Odette Yustman 2009 The Unborn Casey Beldon as Odette Yustman 2010 Operation: Endgame Temperance as Odette Yustman 2010 Group Sex Vanessa Direct-to-video; as Odette Yustman 2010 And Soon the Darkness Ellie as Odette Yustman 2010 You Again Joanna Clark as Odette Yustman 2011 Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 Chloe Voice role; direct-to-video, as Odette Yustman 2011 Grow Up Already Winnie Short film 2011 The Double Natalie Geary as Odette Yustman 2012 Beverly Hills Chihuahua 3: Viva la Fiesta! Chloe Voice role; direct-to-video 2015 The Truth About Lies Rachel Stone 2018 The Chair Brooke Short film 2019 The Cloverfield Files Elizabeth "Beth" McIntyre Archival footage Television Year Title Role Notes 1996 Remembrance Charlotte Television film; as Odette Yustman 2004 Quintuplets Kelly Helberg Episode: "(Disdainfully) the Helbergs", as Odette Yustman 2005 Entourage XBox Model Episode: "(Chinatown)" 2006 South Beach Arielle Casta Main role; 8 episodes, as Odette Yustman 2006 Monk Courtney Episode: "Mr. Monk, Private Eye", as Odette Yustman 2007 Reckless Behavior: Caught on Tape Emma Norman Television film; as Odette Yustman 2007–2008 October Road Aubrey Diaz Main role; 19 episodes, as Odette Yustman 2008 Life on Mars Adrienne Episode: "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadows?"; as Odette Yustman 2010–2011 Brothers & Sisters Annie Recurring role; 5 episodes, as Odette Yustman 2011–2012 Breaking In Melanie Garcia Main role (Season 1), Guest role (Season 2); 12 episodes 2011-2012 House Dr. Jessica Adams Main role (Season 8); 21 episodes 2013 Golden Boy Ada O'Connor Recurring role; 2 episodes 2013 New Girl Shane Episode: "Quick Hardening Caulk" 2013 Westside Sophie Nance Unaired television pilot 2013 Anger Management Jamie Episode: "Charlie and Lacey Shack Up" 2013–2015 Banshee Nola Longshadow Recurring role; 11 episodes 2014 Two and a Half Men Nicole Guest role; 3 episodes 2014 Rush Sarah Recurring role; 5 episodes 2015 The Astronaut Wives Club Trudy Cooper Main role; 10 episodes 2015 The Grinder Devin Stutz Recurring role; 3 episodes 2016–2017 Pure Genius Dr. Zoe Brockett Main role; 13 episodes 2017–2020 Supergirl Samantha Arias / Reign Main role (Season 3), Guest role (Season 5); 24 episodesNominated – Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television 2017–2018 Elena of Avalor Senorita Marisol Episodes: "Crystal in the Rough" and "Science Unfair"; voice role 2018 No Sleep 'Til Christmas Lizzie Television film 2019 Adam & Eve Eve Unaired television pilot 2019–2020 Tell Me a Story Madelyn "Maddie" Pruitt Main role (Season 2); 10 episodes 2020 Thirtysomething(else) Janey Steadman Unsold television pilot 2021 Fantasy Island Daphne Madden Episode: "His and Hers/The Heartbreak Hotel" 2021–present Walker Geraldine "Geri" Broussard Recurring role (season 1)Main role (season 2-present); 45 episodes Music videos Year Title Role Artist 2009 "(If You're Wondering If I Want You To) I Want You To" Lady Weezer Video game Year Title Voice role Notes 2008 Fallout 3 Amata Almodovar Voice role; as Odette Yustman References ^ a b "Odette Juliette Yustman, Born 05/10/1985 in California". CaliforniaBirthIndex.org. May 10, 1985. ^ "Odette Yustman". Us Weekly. Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ @OdetteAnnable (May 11, 2017). "This is the only picture I have of myself from my birthday today. I am happy, unfiltered and…" (Tweet). Retrieved December 7, 2022 – via Twitter. ^ "Today in History". Associated Press. May 10, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2022. ^ Pizzi Campos, Dora (April 21, 2009). "Odette Yustman - De madre cubana y padre colombiano, esta nueva sensación latina de 23 años comienza a saborear el éxito en Hollywood, con su protagónico en el filme The Unborn". Vanidades (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 20, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016 – via Wayback Machine. ^ Torres, Alejandra (January 17, 2019). "10 Celebrities you didn't know were Latinx". ¡Hola!. Retrieved December 18, 2022. ^ a b c d "In Conversation With Odette Annable". Rose & Ivy (Interview). November 2, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2022. ^ "Moreno Valley|PE.com|Southern California News|News for Inland Southern California". Archived from the original on March 11, 2009. ^ Michael J. Lee (August 27, 2010). "Marine Biology, Beating Up Blonde Girls, and That Tomb Raider Rumor We're Trying to Start: An Exclusive Interview with Odette Yustman". RadioFree.com. Retrieved September 24, 2010. ^ "Odette Yustman Videos, Pics, News, Bio". AskMen.com. May 10, 1985. Archived from the original on March 26, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012. ^ Michael Fleming (January 29, 2008). "New Line sets up new 'Nightmare'". Variety. Retrieved January 29, 2008. ^ Dos Santos, Kristin (September 21, 2010). "Brothers & Sisters: Dave Annable's Real-Life Fiancée Cast as His !". Eonline.com. Retrieved May 31, 2017. ^ "FOX Broadcasting Company – Breaking In TV Show – Breaking In TV Series – Breaking In Episode Guide". Fox.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012. ^ "Odette Annable as Melanie in 'Breaking In' premiering Wednesday, April 6 (9:30–10:00 pm ET/PT) on FOX". Spoilertv.co.uk. ^ Ng, Philiana (September 13, 2011). "Odette Annable Discusses Doing Double Duty on 'House' and 'Breaking In'". Hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved May 31, 2017. ^ Goldberg, Lesley (March 14, 2014). "Odette Annable to Co-Star in ABC's 'Astronaut Wives Club'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 14, 2014. ^ "'Supergirl': Odette Annable To Play Reign In Season 3". Deadline.com. May 31, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2017. ^ Stone, Sam (June 17, 2022). "Walker: Odette Annable Shares Geri's Emotional Journey Across Season 2". CBR. Retrieved February 23, 2023. ^ V magazine article Archived 2010-09-26 at the Wayback Machine ^ Jordan, Julie (October 11, 2010). "Dave Annable and Odette Yustman Wed". People. Retrieved February 11, 2019. ^ Leon, Anya (September 10, 2015). "Dave and Odette Annable Welcome Daughter Charlie Mae - See Her First Photos!". People.com. Retrieved February 11, 2019. ^ "Odette and Dave Annable Welcome Their Second Baby Together: The Birth Was 'Fast and Furious'". Peoplemag. October 17, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2023. ^ Jordan, Julie and Jodi Guglielmi (October 15, 2019). "Dave & Odette Annable Separate After 9 Years of Marriage". People.com. Retrieved October 15, 2019. ^ "Dave and Odette Annable Confirm They're Back Together 9 Months After Separation". ^ Annable, O. Twitter September 26, 2016. ^ Swift, Andy (June 19, 2018). "Supergirl Finale: EPs Break Down Winn's 'Fitting' Exit, Reign's Fate, Kara's Season 4 Twist and More". Tvline.com. Retrieved April 8, 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Odette Yustman. Odette Annable at IMDb  Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birthindex-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jessica Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Adams"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Cloverfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverfield"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"October Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Road_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Samantha Arias / Reign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Supergirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergirl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Banshee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banshee_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Odette Juliette Annable (née Yustman; born May 10, 1985)[1][2][3] is an American actress. She is known for various roles in film and television, including as Dr. Jessica Adams in the Fox medical drama series House, Beth McIntyre in the monster film Cloverfield, Aubrey Diaz in the ABC drama series October Road, Samantha Arias / Reign in Supergirl, and Nola Longshadow in Banshee.","title":"Odette Annable"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rose&ivy-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rose&ivy-7"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rose&ivy-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rose&ivy-7"},{"link_name":"Woodcrest Christian High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcrest_Christian_High_School"},{"link_name":"Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Odette Juliette Yustman was born on May 10, 1985,[4] in Los Angeles County, California, to a Colombian father and a Cuban mother.[5][6][7] Her father is of French, Italian, and Swiss descent.[7] She grew up near Palm Springs.[7] Her first language is Spanish and she did not learn to speak English until she was five.[7] She graduated from Woodcrest Christian High School in Riverside.[8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kindergarten Cop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten_Cop"},{"link_name":"South Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Beach_(2006_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"October Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Road_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Odette1-9"},{"link_name":"Lifetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetime_Television"},{"link_name":"Cloverfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverfield"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Walk Hard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_Hard"},{"link_name":"The Unborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unborn_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Brothers & Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_%26_Sisters_(2006_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eonline-12"},{"link_name":"Breaking In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_In_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Trudy Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordo_Cooper"},{"link_name":"The Astronaut Wives Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Astronaut_Wives_Club"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"Supergirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergirl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Samantha Arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Arias"},{"link_name":"Supergirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergirl_(Kara_Zor-El)"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Annable played a Spanish-speaking student in Kindergarten Cop at age 5. She later starred in the TV series South Beach and October Road.[9] She had a lead role in the 2007 Lifetime film Reckless Behavior: Caught on Tape, and Cloverfield,[10] as well as an appearance in the comedy film Walk Hard, and the 2009 film The Unborn.[11]In 2011, she played nurse Annie Miller in season five of Brothers & Sisters.[12] Annable played Melanie Garcia on the comedy Breaking In as a series regular in its first season, appearing as a guest star thereafter.[13][14] She joined the TV series House as Dr. Jessica Adams,[15] and remained on the show until the finale in May 2012.In March 2014, Annable was cast as Trudy Cooper in the ABC series The Astronaut Wives Club.[16]In 2017, she joined the main cast of the CW series Supergirl as Samantha Arias, a single mother who discovers that she shares origins with Supergirl and Superman, as well as Reign, the Kryptonian Worldkiller she was engineered to be.[17] From 2021, she joined Walker as Geraldine Broussard, a friend of the Walker's and local barkeep.[18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trevor Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Wright"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vmag-19"},{"link_name":"Brothers & Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_%26_Sisters_(2006_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dave Annable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Annable"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"2016 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"She was engaged to actor Trevor Wright until their breakup in 2008.[19] She married her Brothers & Sisters co-star Dave Annable in October 2010.[20] They have two daughters.[21][22] In October 2019, the couple announced their separation, but announced their reconciliation in August 2020.[23][24]Annable endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election.[25]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video game","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Odette Juliette Yustman, Born 05/10/1985 in California\". CaliforniaBirthIndex.org. May 10, 1985.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/odette_juliette_yustman_born_1985_17180634","url_text":"\"Odette Juliette Yustman, Born 05/10/1985 in California\""}]},{"reference":"\"Odette Yustman\". Us Weekly. Retrieved February 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrities/odette-yustman","url_text":"\"Odette Yustman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_Weekly","url_text":"Us Weekly"}]},{"reference":"@OdetteAnnable (May 11, 2017). \"This is the only picture I have of myself from my birthday today. I am happy, unfiltered and…\" (Tweet). Retrieved December 7, 2022 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/OdetteAnnable/status/862539243276599296","url_text":"\"This is the only picture I have of myself from my birthday today. I am happy, unfiltered and…\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Today in History\". Associated Press. May 10, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/michael-pence-europe-0a82a39cbe51194a2703c27aec505f5b","url_text":"\"Today in History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Pizzi Campos, Dora (April 21, 2009). \"Odette Yustman - De madre cubana y padre colombiano, esta nueva sensación latina de 23 años comienza a saborear el éxito en Hollywood, con su protagónico en el filme The Unborn\". Vanidades (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 20, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016 – via Wayback Machine.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161020114726/http://www2.esmas.com/editorial-televisa/vanidades/celebridades/057458/entrevista-odette-yustman/","url_text":"\"Odette Yustman - De madre cubana y padre colombiano, esta nueva sensación latina de 23 años comienza a saborear el éxito en Hollywood, con su protagónico en el filme The Unborn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanidades","url_text":"Vanidades"},{"url":"http://www2.esmas.com/editorial-televisa/vanidades/celebridades/057458/entrevista-odette-yustman/","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine","url_text":"Wayback Machine"}]},{"reference":"Torres, Alejandra (January 17, 2019). \"10 Celebrities you didn't know were Latinx\". ¡Hola!. Retrieved December 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/gallery/2019011716129/surprising-latinx-celebrities/","url_text":"\"10 Celebrities you didn't know were Latinx\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A1Hola!","url_text":"¡Hola!"}]},{"reference":"\"In Conversation With Odette Annable\". Rose & Ivy (Interview). November 2, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.roseandivyjournal.com/stories/2021/10/14/in-conversation-with-odette-annable","url_text":"\"In Conversation With Odette Annable\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squarespace","url_text":"Rose & Ivy"}]},{"reference":"\"Moreno Valley|PE.com|Southern California News|News for Inland Southern California\". Archived from the original on March 11, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090311003955/http://www.pe.com/localnews/morenovalley/stories/PE_News_Local_M_mspot24.deb4716.html","url_text":"\"Moreno Valley|PE.com|Southern California News|News for Inland Southern California\""},{"url":"http://www.pe.com/localnews/morenovalley/stories/PE_News_Local_M_mspot24.deb4716.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michael J. Lee (August 27, 2010). \"Marine Biology, Beating Up Blonde Girls, and That Tomb Raider Rumor We're Trying to Start: An Exclusive Interview with Odette Yustman\". RadioFree.com. Retrieved September 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radiofree.com/profiles/odette_yustman/interview02.shtml","url_text":"\"Marine Biology, Beating Up Blonde Girls, and That Tomb Raider Rumor We're Trying to Start: An Exclusive Interview with Odette Yustman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Odette Yustman Videos, Pics, News, Bio\". AskMen.com. May 10, 1985. Archived from the original on March 26, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120326094632/http://www.askmen.com/celebs/women/actress_400/427_odette_yustman.html","url_text":"\"Odette Yustman Videos, Pics, News, Bio\""},{"url":"http://www.askmen.com/celebs/women/actress_400/427_odette_yustman.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michael Fleming (January 29, 2008). \"New Line sets up new 'Nightmare'\". Variety. Retrieved January 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117979807.html?categoryid=13&cs=1","url_text":"\"New Line sets up new 'Nightmare'\""}]},{"reference":"Dos Santos, Kristin (September 21, 2010). \"Brothers & Sisters: Dave Annable's Real-Life Fiancée Cast as His [Spoiler Alert]!\". Eonline.com. Retrieved May 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eonline.com/uk/news/201562/brothers-sisters-dave-annable-s-real-life-fiancee-cast-as-his-spoiler-alert","url_text":"\"Brothers & Sisters: Dave Annable's Real-Life Fiancée Cast as His [Spoiler Alert]!\""}]},{"reference":"\"FOX Broadcasting Company – Breaking In TV Show – Breaking In TV Series – Breaking In Episode Guide\". Fox.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120404202749/http://www.fox.com/breakingin/","url_text":"\"FOX Broadcasting Company – Breaking In TV Show – Breaking In TV Series – Breaking In Episode Guide\""},{"url":"http://www.fox.com/breakingin/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Odette Annable as Melanie in 'Breaking In' premiering Wednesday, April 6 (9:30–10:00 pm ET/PT) on FOX\". Spoilertv.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://spoilertv.co.uk/images/breaking-in/season-1/cast-promotional-photos/bi_23-odette-office_2611_ly.jpg.php","url_text":"\"Odette Annable as Melanie in 'Breaking In' premiering Wednesday, April 6 (9:30–10:00 pm ET/PT) on FOX\""}]},{"reference":"Ng, Philiana (September 13, 2011). \"Odette Annable Discusses Doing Double Duty on 'House' and 'Breaking In'\". Hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved May 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/odette-annable-discusses-doing-double-234448","url_text":"\"Odette Annable Discusses Doing Double Duty on 'House' and 'Breaking In'\""}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Lesley (March 14, 2014). \"Odette Annable to Co-Star in ABC's 'Astronaut Wives Club'\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/odette-annable-star-abcs-astronaut-688811","url_text":"\"Odette Annable to Co-Star in ABC's 'Astronaut Wives Club'\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Supergirl': Odette Annable To Play Reign In Season 3\". Deadline.com. May 31, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2017/05/supergirl-odette-annable-cast-reign-season-3-1202105143/","url_text":"\"'Supergirl': Odette Annable To Play Reign In Season 3\""}]},{"reference":"Stone, Sam (June 17, 2022). \"Walker: Odette Annable Shares Geri's Emotional Journey Across Season 2\". CBR. Retrieved February 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/walker-odette-annable-interview/","url_text":"\"Walker: Odette Annable Shares Geri's Emotional Journey Across Season 2\""}]},{"reference":"Jordan, Julie (October 11, 2010). \"Dave Annable and Odette Yustman Wed\". People. Retrieved February 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/celebrity/dave-annable-and-odette-yustman-wed/","url_text":"\"Dave Annable and Odette Yustman Wed\""}]},{"reference":"Leon, Anya (September 10, 2015). \"Dave and Odette Annable Welcome Daughter Charlie Mae - See Her First Photos!\". People.com. Retrieved February 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/parents/dave-annable-odette-annable-welcome-daughter-charlie-mae-first-photo/","url_text":"\"Dave and Odette Annable Welcome Daughter Charlie Mae - See Her First Photos!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Odette and Dave Annable Welcome Their Second Baby Together: The Birth Was 'Fast and Furious'\". Peoplemag. October 17, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/parents/odette-dave-annable-welcome-their-second-baby-together/","url_text":"\"Odette and Dave Annable Welcome Their Second Baby Together: The Birth Was 'Fast and Furious'\""}]},{"reference":"Jordan, Julie and Jodi Guglielmi (October 15, 2019). \"Dave & Odette Annable Separate After 9 Years of Marriage\". People.com. Retrieved October 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/tv/dave-and-odette-annable-separate-after-9-years-of-marriage/","url_text":"\"Dave & Odette Annable Separate After 9 Years of Marriage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dave and Odette Annable Confirm They're Back Together 9 Months After Separation\".","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/tv/dave-and-odette-annable-confirm-theyre-back-together-9-months-after-separation","url_text":"\"Dave and Odette Annable Confirm They're Back Together 9 Months After Separation\""}]},{"reference":"Swift, Andy (June 19, 2018). \"Supergirl Finale: EPs Break Down Winn's 'Fitting' Exit, Reign's Fate, Kara's Season 4 Twist and More\". Tvline.com. Retrieved April 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvline.com/2018/06/18/supergirl-recap-season-3-finale-ending-explained-red-son/","url_text":"\"Supergirl Finale: EPs Break Down Winn's 'Fitting' Exit, Reign's Fate, Kara's Season 4 Twist and More\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathayornis
Cathayornis
["1 Description","2 Classification and species","3 References"]
Extinct genus of birds CathayornisTemporal range: Early Cretaceous, 120 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Specimen on display at the Beijing Museum of Natural History. Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Saurischia Clade: Theropoda Clade: Avialae Clade: †Enantiornithes Clade: †Euenantiornithes Genus: †CathayornisZhou, Jin & Zhang, 1992 Type species †Cathayornis yandicaZhou et al., 1992 Other Species †C. aberransis? Hou et al., 2002 †C. chabuensis? Li et al., 2008 Cathayornis is a genus of enantiornithean birds from the Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning, People's Republic of China. It is known definitively from only one species, Cathayornis yandica, one of the first Enantiornithes found in China. Several additional species were once incorrectly classified as Cathayornis, and have since been reclassified or regarded as nomina dubia. Description Cathayornis yandica was a small enantiornithean with a slightly elongated, toothy snout and perching feet. Like most other Enantiornithes, it had large claws on the first two fingers that supported the wing. According to most recent studies, only one specimen can be definitively assigned to this species, a fossil catalogued as number IVPP V9769 and currently housed in the collections of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing. Cathayornis can be told apart from similar Enantiornithes (especially Sinornis, Eocathayornis, and Houornis) by its larger size, a shorter and straighter first finger with a slightly longer claw, and other anatomical details. Two additional but very fragmentary specimens, IVPP V9936 and V10896, have been referred to C. yandica in the past, but cannot be directly compared with the type specimen because they do not preserve any of the same key parts of the skeleton. Classification and species Paul Sereno et al., in 2002, considered Cathayornis a junior synonym of Sinornis. They interpreted the anatomies of the two as very similar and sharing key autapomorphies of the pygostyle. The first thorough review of Sinornis and Cathayornis was published by Jingmai O'Connor and Gareth Dyke in 2010. O'Connor and Dyke concluded that despite the earlier opinion of Sereno and colleagues, the two birds were not synonyms and in fact differ in several clear ways, including different proportions in the wing claws and digits, differences in the pelvis, and size of the pygostyle. Several other species – Cathayornis aberransis, Cathayornis chabuensis and Cathayornis caudatus – had been classified as Cathayornis in the past. However, their validity and/or assignment to the genus Cathayornis has been questioned in subsequent evaluations. Jingmai O'Connor and Gareth Dyke (2010) found that many of the supposedly distinct features of C. aberransis (such as the base of a crest on the skull) had been inaccurately described, casting doubt on the few remaining features separating it from C. yandica, and suggested that further study was needed to determine its validity. Similarly, C. caudatus was so named for its supposedly bony tail lacking a pygostyle, and was further differentiated by its small size. O'Connor and Dyke re-examined the specimen and showed that the specimen is in fact only slightly smaller than the type specimen of C. yandica, and that a normal enantiornithean tail with a pygostyle is clearly visible in one of the fossil slabs, parts of the hip bones having been mistaken for unfused tail vertebrae. O'Connor and Dyke therefore considered C. caudatus a nomen dubium. They considered C. chabuenis, from the Jingchuan Formation of Inner Mongolia, to be clearly distinct from C. yandica and most likely a representative of a new genus. In a 2015 re-evaluation of supposed "cathayornithids", Wang and Liu determined that C. caudatus could be differentiated from Cathayornis and placed it in the new genus Houornis. On the other hand, they considered C. chabuensis a nomen dubium. Other species of similar birds from the Jiufotang Formation have been regarded as synonymous with C. yandica by some researchers, including Largirostrornis sexdentoris and Cuspirostrisornis houi, though this has yet to be supported by rigorous study. O'Connor and colleagues noted that Longchengornis sanyanensis, also synonymized with C. yandica by some authors, seems to show distinct anatomy not shared with at least that species of Cathayornis. References ^ a b c Wang, M.; Liu, D. (2015). "Taxonomical reappraisal of Cathayornithidae (Aves: Enantiornithes)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 14: 29–47. doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.994087. S2CID 86665059. ^ Zhou, Zhonghe, Hou and Lianhai. (2001). "The Discovery and Study of Mesozoic Birds in China." In Chiappe, L. and Witmer, L. (eds.), Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. 2001: University of California Press. ^ Sereno, Rao and Li, (2002). "Sinornis santensis (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Early Cretaceous of Northeastern China." Pp 184-208. in Chiappe and Witmer (eds.), Mesozoic Birds – Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. Berkeley: University of California Press ^ a b c d e f O'Connor, J. and Dyke, G. (2010). "A reassessment of Sinornis santensis and Cathayornis yandica (Aves: Enantiornithes)." Records of the Australian Museum, 62: 7-20. doi:10.3853/J.0067-1975.62.2010.1540 ^ Hou, Zhou, Zhang and Gu, (2002). Mesozoic birds from western Liaoning in China. ISBN 7-5381-3392-5. 120 pp. ^ Li, J., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Z., Bai, Z., Zhang, L. and Ba, T. (2008). "A new species of Cathayornis from the Lower Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China and its stratigraphic significance." Acta Geologica Sinica, 82(6): 1115-1123. ^ Hou Lianhai, 1997. Mesozoic Birds of China. Phoenix Valley Bird Park, Lugu Hsiang, Taiwan. 221 pp. ^ Zhou Z. and Wang Y. (2010). "Vertebrate diversity of the Jehol Biota as compared with other lagerstätten." Science China: Earth Sciences, 53(12): 1894–1907. doi:10.1007/s11430-010-4094-9 Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine Paleontology portal vteEnantiornithes Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Theropoda Clade: Ornithothoraces Avemetatarsalia see Avemetatarsalia Theropoda see Theropoda Maniraptora see Maniraptora Enantiornithes see below↓ EnantiornithesEnantiornithes Abavornis Alethoalaornis Alexornis Avimaia Brevirostruavis Castignovolucris Catenoleimus Cathayornis Cratoavis Cruralispennia Cuspirostrisornis Dalingheornis Dunhuangia Elbretornis Elektorornis Elsornis Enantiornis Eoalulavis Eocathayornis Eoenantiornis Explorornis Falcatakely Feitianius Flexomornis Fortipesavis Fortunguavis Gobipipus Grabauornis Gracilornis Gurilynia Holbotia Houornis Huoshanornis Ilerdopteryx Imparavis Incolornis Junornis Kizylkumavis Kuszholia? Largirostrornis Lectavis Lenesornis Liaoningornis Liaoxiornis? Longchengornis Martinavis Microenantiornis Mirusavis Monoenantiornis Musivavis Nanantius Orienantius Otogornis Paraprotopteryx Parvavis Piscivorenantiornis Platanavis? Praeornis? Protopteryx Pterygornis Qiliania Sazavis Shangyang Sinornis Xiangornis Yatenavis Yuanjiawaornis Yungavolucris Yuornis Iberomesornithidae Iberomesornis Noguerornis Pengornithidae Chiappeavis Eopengornis Parapengornis Pengornis Yuanchuavis Longipterygidae Boluochia Camptodontornis Dapingfangornis Evgenavis? Longipteryx Longirostravis Rapaxavis Shanweiniao Shengjingornis Bohaiornithidae Beiguornis Bohaiornis Gretcheniao Linyiornis Longusunguis Parabohaiornis Shenqiornis Sulcavis Zhouornis Gobipterygidae Gobipteryx Jibeinia? Vescornis? Avisauridae(sensu Cau & Arduini, 2008) Bauxitornis? Concornis? Enantiophoenix Halimornis Mystiornis Avisauridae (sensu Chiappe, 1992) Avisaurus Gettyia Intiornis Mirarce Neuquenornis Soroavisaurus Category Taxon identifiersCathayornis Wikidata: Q3700185 Wikispecies: Cathayornis Avibase: 2A0F2A5FF9672E3D EoL: 52571617 GBIF: 4850677 Paleobiology Database: 137352
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"enantiornithean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiornithean"},{"link_name":"Jiufotang Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiufotang_Formation"},{"link_name":"Liaoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"nomina dubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina_dubia"}],"text":"Cathayornis is a genus of enantiornithean birds from the Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning, People's Republic of China. It is known definitively from only one species, Cathayornis yandica, one of the first Enantiornithes found in China. Several additional species were once incorrectly classified as Cathayornis, and have since been reclassified or regarded as nomina dubia.","title":"Cathayornis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Vertebrate_Paleontology_and_Paleoanthropology"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cathayornithidae2015-1"},{"link_name":"Sinornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinornis"},{"link_name":"Eocathayornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocathayornis"},{"link_name":"Houornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houornis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhou&Hou2001-2"},{"link_name":"type specimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specimen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cathayornithidae2015-1"}],"text":"Cathayornis yandica was a small enantiornithean with a slightly elongated, toothy snout and perching feet. Like most other Enantiornithes, it had large claws on the first two fingers that supported the wing. According to most recent studies, only one specimen can be definitively assigned to this species, a fossil catalogued as number IVPP V9769 and currently housed in the collections of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing.[1] Cathayornis can be told apart from similar Enantiornithes (especially Sinornis, Eocathayornis, and Houornis) by its larger size, a shorter and straighter first finger with a slightly longer claw, and other anatomical details.[2] Two additional but very fragmentary specimens, IVPP V9936 and V10896, have been referred to C. yandica in the past, but cannot be directly compared with the type specimen because they do not preserve any of the same key parts of the skeleton.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Sereno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sereno"},{"link_name":"autapomorphies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autapomorphies"},{"link_name":"pygostyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygostyle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serenoetal2002-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oconnor&dyke2010-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houetal2002-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lietal2008-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hou1997-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oconnor&dyke2010-4"},{"link_name":"nomen dubium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oconnor&dyke2010-4"},{"link_name":"Jingchuan Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingchuan_Formation"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oconnor&dyke2010-4"},{"link_name":"Houornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houornis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cathayornithidae2015-1"},{"link_name":"Largirostrornis sexdentoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largirostrornis_sexdentoris"},{"link_name":"Cuspirostrisornis houi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuspirostrisornis_houi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zhou&wang2010-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oconnor&dyke2010-4"},{"link_name":"Longchengornis sanyanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longchengornis_sanyanensis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oconnor&dyke2010-4"}],"text":"Paul Sereno et al., in 2002, considered Cathayornis a junior synonym of Sinornis. They interpreted the anatomies of the two as very similar and sharing key autapomorphies of the pygostyle.[3] The first thorough review of Sinornis and Cathayornis was published by Jingmai O'Connor and Gareth Dyke in 2010. O'Connor and Dyke concluded that despite the earlier opinion of Sereno and colleagues, the two birds were not synonyms and in fact differ in several clear ways, including different proportions in the wing claws and digits, differences in the pelvis, and size of the pygostyle.[4]Several other species – Cathayornis aberransis,[5] Cathayornis chabuensis[6] and Cathayornis caudatus[7] – had been classified as Cathayornis in the past. However, their validity and/or assignment to the genus Cathayornis has been questioned in subsequent evaluations. Jingmai O'Connor and Gareth Dyke (2010) found that many of the supposedly distinct features of C. aberransis (such as the base of a crest on the skull) had been inaccurately described, casting doubt on the few remaining features separating it from C. yandica, and suggested that further study was needed to determine its validity.[4] Similarly, C. caudatus was so named for its supposedly bony tail lacking a pygostyle, and was further differentiated by its small size. O'Connor and Dyke re-examined the specimen and showed that the specimen is in fact only slightly smaller than the type specimen of C. yandica, and that a normal enantiornithean tail with a pygostyle is clearly visible in one of the fossil slabs, parts of the hip bones having been mistaken for unfused tail vertebrae. O'Connor and Dyke therefore considered C. caudatus a nomen dubium.[4] They considered C. chabuenis, from the Jingchuan Formation of Inner Mongolia, to be clearly distinct from C. yandica and most likely a representative of a new genus.[4] In a 2015 re-evaluation of supposed \"cathayornithids\", Wang and Liu determined that C. caudatus could be differentiated from Cathayornis and placed it in the new genus Houornis. On the other hand, they considered C. chabuensis a nomen dubium.[1]Other species of similar birds from the Jiufotang Formation have been regarded as synonymous with C. yandica by some researchers, including Largirostrornis sexdentoris and Cuspirostrisornis houi,[8] though this has yet to be supported by rigorous study.[4] O'Connor and colleagues noted that Longchengornis sanyanensis, also synonymized with C. yandica by some authors, seems to show distinct anatomy not shared with at least that species of Cathayornis.[4]","title":"Classification and species"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_early_word_processors
Comparison of early word processors
["1 Operating system compatibility","2 References"]
This article compares early word processing software. Operating system compatibility This table gives a comparison of what operating systems are compatible with each word processor in 1985. Word processor Apple Atari CP/M CPT Commodore 64 HP IBM PC Kaypro Macintosh Morrow IBM PCjr Rainbow 100 TI Professional Tandy ZX Spectrum Tasword No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No No Yes Homeword II, IIc,IIe 800 No No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No No No No MacWrite No No No No No No No No Yes No No No No No No Pfs:Write II, IIc,IIe No No No No No Yes No No No Yes No No No No AtariWriter No 800XL, 1200 No No No No No No No No No No No No No OMNIWRITER No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No Word Juggler II,IIe,III No No No No No No No No No No No No No No PC-Write No No No No No No Yes No No No Yes No No No No Wordvision No No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No Volkswriter deluxe No No No No No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No Perfect Writer No No Yes No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No Plu Perfect No No No No No No No 2,4,10 No Yes No No No No No Wordstar II,IIe No Yes No No 110,150 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes TRS-80 No NewWord IIe No Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No Appleworks II, IIe No No No No No No No No No No No No No No AppleWriter II, IIe, III No No No No No No No No No No No No No No III E-Z Pieces III No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Symphony No No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No Framework No No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No XY Write II+ No No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No WordPerfect No No No No No No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Tandy 2000 No Microsoft Word No No No No No No Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Tandy 2000 No CPT Word Processors No No Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Yes No No No No References Whole Earth Software Catalog. 1984. pp. 50–51. vteWord processors List Comparison of early word processors Open-source AbiWord Bean (up to v. 2.x) Calligra Words GNU TeXmacs KWord LyX Ted TextEdit Writer Collabora Online LibreOffice OpenOffice Freeware Adobe Buzzword Atlantis Nova Bean (since v. 3.x) Jarte (standard) TextMaker (2008) CommercialCross-platform Adobe InCopy Corel WordPerfect (up to v. 9.0) Google Docs Hangul Ichitaro Kingsoft Writer Microsoft Word Scrivener TextMaker Classic MacOS Nisus Writer MacOS Apple Pages Mellel Nisus Writer Express Windows Atlantis Word Processor Corel WordPerfect (since v. 10.0) IBM Lotus Word Pro Jarte (enhanced) Microsoft Works Nota Bene MobiSystems OfficeSuite PolyEdit Scientific WorkPlace WordPad XyWrite Discontinued 1st Word Apple Writer AppleWorks Atari Word Processor AtariWriter Bank Street Writer Cut & Paste davka writer Electric Pencil The First XLEnt Word Processor IBM Lotus Symphony MacWrite Magic Desk PaperClip Perfect Writer SpeedScript Sprint WordStar Writer StarOffice OpenOffice.org Go-oo NeoOffice Hardware AlphaSmart CPT Corporation Friden Flexowriter IBM Displaywriter System IBM MT/ST Wang Category:Word processors This word processor article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One_(Studio_Liverpool_video_game_series)
Formula One (video game series)
["1 Games","2 References","3 External links"]
Racing video game series by Psygnosis and Studio Liverpool This article is about a series of PlayStation video games. For the Formula One video game series by EA Sports, see F1 (video game series). Formula One is a series of computer and video games originally created by Psygnosis, who were eventually renamed to Studio Liverpool. It takes its name from the popular car racing series of the same name. Since 2001, the Formula One series had been made by Studio Liverpool (an internal Sony Computer Entertainment Europe game studio) formed from the restructuring of several studios including Psygnosis, which soon followed with the obtaining of an exclusive FOA Official Licence, which barred any other company to produce a Formula One game for any other platform for 5 years. Sony used this exclusive licence to make Formula One games from 2003 until 2007, releasing a new title every year which included improvements to the graphics engine as well as an updated and complete F1 grid showing the latest liveries, chassis and drivers. The series covered every year from 1995 to 2006, with the exception of the 1996 season. By February 2007, Sony lost the license to produce Formula One video games, and Formula One Championship Edition, released at the very end of the previous year, was the last game in a series that lasted more than a decade. In May 2008, Codemasters picked up the license, with Sumo Digital, producing F1 2009 for the PSP and Nintendo Wii a year and a half later. Codemasters took over the license proper in 2010, and as of 2024, currently maintains the rights to exclusively produce Formula One games. Games Year Title Platform(s) 1996 Formula 1 PlayStation, Windows 1997 Formula 1 97 PlayStation, Windows 1998 Formula 1 98 PlayStation 1999 Formula One 99 PlayStation, Windows 2000 Formula One 2000 PlayStation, Game Boy Color 2001 Formula One 2001 PlayStation, PlayStation 2 2002 Formula One Arcade PlayStation Formula One 2002 PlayStation 2 2003 Formula One 2003 PlayStation 2 2004 Formula One 04 PlayStation 2 2005 Formula One 05 PlayStation 2 Formula One Grand Prix PlayStation Portable 2006 Formula One 06 PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable 2007 Formula One Championship Edition PlayStation 3 References ^ "Codemasters secures Formula One video game rights". 9 May 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2012. External links Psygnosis/Sony Formula One series at MobyGames vteSony's Formula One seriesGamesMain series Formula 1 97 98 99 2000 2001 2002 2003 04 05 06 Spin-offs Arcade Grand Prix Championship Edition Related Psygnosis Sony Computer Entertainment vteVideo games based on the Formula One ChampionshipMonaco GP Monaco GP Super Monaco GP Ayrton Senna's Super Monaco GP II Pole Position Pole Position Pole Position II TX-1 Final Lap Final Lap Final Lap Twin Final Lap 2 Final Lap 3 Final Lap R Satoru Nakajima F-1 Satoru Nakajima F-1 Hero Satoru Nakajima F-1 Hero 2 Nakajima Satoru Kanshuu F1 Grand Prix Satoru Nakajima F-1 Hero GB World Championship '91 Nakajima Satoru Kanshuu F1 Hero MD Nakajima Satoru Kanshū F1 Super License Nakajima Satoru F-1 Hero '94 Geoff Crammond's Grand Prix Formula One Grand Prix Grand Prix 2 Grand Prix 3 Grand Prix 4 F-1 Grand Prix (Video System) SD F-1 Grand Prix F-1 World Grand Prix F-1 World Grand Prix II F1 World Grand Prix 2000 F1 (Lankhor) Vroom F1 Official Formula One Racing F1 World Grand Prix Warm Up! F1 Circus F1 Circus F1 Pole Position/Human Grand Prix F1 Pole Position F1 Pole Position 2 F1 Pole Position 64 Formula One (Sony) Formula 1 Formula 1 97 Formula 1 98 Formula One 99 Formula One 2000 Formula One 2001 Formula One Arcade Formula One 2002 Formula One 2003 Formula One 04 Formula One 05 F1 Grand Prix Formula One 06 Formula One Championship Edition Racing Simulation F1 Racing Simulation Monaco Grand Prix: Racing Simulation 2 F1 Racing Championship Racing Simulation 3 F1 (Codemasters/EA Sports) F1 2000 F1 Championship Season 2000 F1 Manager (2000) F1 2001 F1 2002 F1 Career Challenge F1 2009 F1 2010 F1 2011 F1 2012 F1 Race Stars F1 2013 F1 2014 F1 2015 F1 2016 F1 2017 F1 2018 F1 2019 F1 2020 F1 2021 F1 22 F1 23 F1 24 F1 Manager (Frontier Developments) F1 Manager 2022 F1 Manager 2023 F1 Manager 2024 Other F-1 (arcade) F1 Race Formula One Grand Prix Construction Set Grand Prix Circuit Grand Prix Manager World Grand Prix Chequered Flag Checkered Flag (1991) Checkered Flag (1994) Continental Circus F-1 Dream Al Unser Jr.'s Turbo Racing F-1 Spirit Winning Run Tail to Nose Formula One: Built to Win Driver's Eyes Overtake F1 ROC: Race of Champions F1 ROC II: Race of Champions Grand Prix Unlimited F-1 Sensation Aguri Suzuki F-1 Super Driving Final Stretch Grand Prix Manager Grand Prix Manager 2 Nigel Mansell's World Championship Racing Fastest 1 F1 Challenge F1 Clash Formula One World Championship: Beyond the Limit GP Challenge Grand Prix Legends Grand Prix World Grand Prix Challenge
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F1 (video game series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"computer and video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Psygnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psygnosis"},{"link_name":"Studio Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"car racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_racing"},{"link_name":"same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Studio Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Sony Computer Entertainment Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"FOA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One_Administration"},{"link_name":"Formula One Championship Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One_Championship_Edition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sumo Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo_Digital"},{"link_name":"F1 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1_2009_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Codemasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codemasters"}],"text":"This article is about a series of PlayStation video games. For the Formula One video game series by EA Sports, see F1 (video game series).Formula One is a series of computer and video games originally created by Psygnosis, who were eventually renamed to Studio Liverpool. It takes its name from the popular car racing series of the same name. Since 2001, the Formula One series had been made by Studio Liverpool (an internal Sony Computer Entertainment Europe game studio) formed from the restructuring of several studios including Psygnosis, which soon followed with the obtaining of an exclusive FOA Official Licence, which barred any other company to produce a Formula One game for any other platform for 5 years. Sony used this exclusive licence to make Formula One games from 2003 until 2007, releasing a new title every year which included improvements to the graphics engine as well as an updated and complete F1 grid showing the latest liveries, chassis and drivers. The series covered every year from 1995 to 2006, with the exception of the 1996 season. By February 2007, Sony lost the license to produce Formula One video games, and Formula One Championship Edition, released at the very end of the previous year, was the last game in a series that lasted more than a decade. In May 2008, Codemasters picked up the license,[1] with Sumo Digital, producing F1 2009 for the PSP and Nintendo Wii a year and a half later. Codemasters took over the license proper in 2010, and as of 2024, currently maintains the rights to exclusively produce Formula One games.","title":"Formula One (video game series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2008/5/7752.html","external_links_name":"\"Codemasters secures Formula One video game rights\""},{"Link":"https://www.mobygames.com/game-group/psygnosissony-formula-one-series","external_links_name":"Psygnosis/Sony Formula One series"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngurungaeta
Ngurungaeta
["1 References"]
Woiwurrung head man or tribal leader Ngurungaeta of Woiwurrung peopleIncumbentMurrundindisince February 2006; 18 years ago (2006-02)TypeCustomary law of the Wurundjeri people A Ngurungaeta is a Woiwurrung head man or tribal leader of clans of the Woiwurrung tribes and Taungurung Ngurai-illum Wurrung. Ngurungaeta held the same tribal standing as an Arweet of the Bunurong and Wathaurong people. The current Ngurungaeta is Murrundindi. The term became of particular importance as an identifier of senior men prepared to accept Anglo control in the latter part of the 19th century. It is unlikely that the term was used to express genuine recognition of senior members of traditional groups in the Melbourne area after the 1840s, following the death of Billibellary c. 1846. Identified later Ngurungaeta include: Bebejan – said by some Europeans to have been a member of the group alleged to have signed the 1835 treaty with John Batman Billibellary, (1799–1846) – said to have been a ngurungaeta of the Wurundjeri-willam clan. An important Woiwurung man at the time of the Anglo invasion of Port Phillip. Simon Wonga (1824–1874) – an adolescent at the time of the Anglo occupation of Melbourne. Son of Billibellary William Barak (1824–1903) – last traditional ngurungaeta of the Wurundjeri-willam clan Robert Wandoon (1854–1908) – born at Coranderrk and said to have been anointed ngurungaeta, together with other men, by William Barak James Wandin (1933–2006) – claimed by some family members to be a ngurungaeta of the Wurundjeri Murrundindi – appointed ngurungaeta at the funeral of James Wandin in 2006 References ^ First Peoples, GaryPresland ^ Martin Flanagan, Tireless ambassador bids you welcome, The Age, 25 January 2003. Accessed 31 October 2008 ^ Murrundindi and his people. Accessed 1 November 2008 ^ Ian Hunter, Wurundjeri Lineage Archived 4 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 1 November 2008 ^ James Wandin, Opening statement to the Victorian Parliament Victorian parliament website, 26 May 2000. Accessed 31 October 2008 ^ Rebecca Fraser, New title ‘better than being Prime Minister’, Star News Group, 9 March 2006. Accessed 1 November 2008 This Indigenous Australians-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woiwurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woiwurrung"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arweet"},{"link_name":"Bunurong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunurong"},{"link_name":"Wathaurong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wathaurong"},{"link_name":"Murrundindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrundindi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Billibellary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billibellary"},{"link_name":"Simon Wonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Wonga"},{"link_name":"William Barak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barak"},{"link_name":"Robert Wandoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wandoon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"James Wandin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wandin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Murrundindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrundindi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A Ngurungaeta is a Woiwurrung head man or tribal leader of clans of the Woiwurrung tribes and Taungurung Ngurai-illum Wurrung.[1][2] Ngurungaeta held the same tribal standing as an Arweet of the Bunurong and Wathaurong people. The current Ngurungaeta is Murrundindi. The term became of particular importance as an identifier of senior men prepared to accept Anglo control in the latter part of the 19th century. It is unlikely that the term was used to express genuine recognition of senior members of traditional groups in the Melbourne area after the 1840s, following the death of Billibellary c. 1846.[citation needed]Identified later Ngurungaeta include:Bebejan – said by some Europeans to have been a member of the group alleged to have signed the 1835 treaty with John Batman[3]\nBillibellary, (1799–1846) – said to have been a ngurungaeta of the Wurundjeri-willam clan. An important Woiwurung man at the time of the Anglo invasion of Port Phillip.\nSimon Wonga (1824–1874) – an adolescent at the time of the Anglo occupation of Melbourne. Son of Billibellary\nWilliam Barak (1824–1903) – last traditional ngurungaeta of the Wurundjeri-willam clan\nRobert Wandoon (1854–1908) – born at Coranderrk and said to have been anointed ngurungaeta, together with other men, by William Barak[4]\nJames Wandin (1933–2006) – claimed by some family members to be a ngurungaeta of the Wurundjeri[5]\nMurrundindi – appointed ngurungaeta at the funeral of James Wandin in 2006[6]","title":"Ngurungaeta"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/01/24/1042911546343.html","external_links_name":"Tireless ambassador bids you welcome"},{"Link":"http://www.afactor.net/murrundindi/murrundindi.html","external_links_name":"Murrundindi and his people"},{"Link":"http://www.freshwater.net.au/wurundjeri/melbourne_aboriginal_hunter_lineage.htm","external_links_name":"Wurundjeri Lineage"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081104090033/http://www.freshwater.net.au/wurundjeri/melbourne_aboriginal_hunter_lineage.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/windowintime/views/showview.cfm?viewid=0","external_links_name":"Opening statement to the Victorian Parliament"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120911024519/http://www.starnewsgroup.com.au/story/11357","external_links_name":"New title ‘better than being Prime Minister’"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ngurungaeta&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabibliography
Metabibliography
["1 Examples","2 See also","3 References"]
Bibliography of bibliographies A metabibliography (or biblio-bibliography) is a bibliography of bibliographies. While bibliographies serve the finding of relevant documents, metabibliographies serve the finding of the relevant bibliographies in which the relevant documents may be found. One might quote Patrick Wilson: "For if knowledge is power, power over knowledge is power to increase one's power; and if the stock of writings is thought of mainly as it represents a stock of knowledge, it is natural to propose treating it as a "resource" to be subjected to rational control, management and utilization.". Metabibliographies are valuable for building reference collections, but usually of less interest to the average user, who rely on bibliographies selected by others. Examples Balay, R. (Ed.). (1996). Guide to reference books. 11th ed. Chicago: American Library Association. Now as an online service: Guide to reference (2008–). Besterman, T. A. (1965–1966). A world bibliography of bibliographies and of bibliographical catalogues, calendars, abstracts, digests, indexes and the like. 4. Ed. Vol. 1–5. Totowa. Bibliographic index. A cumulative bibliography of bibliographies. New York : Wilson, 1938–2011. Vol. 1–. (terminated). Retrieved from: http://www.hwwilson.com/Databases/biblio.htm Carroll, B. A.; Fink, C. F. & Mohraz, J. E. (Eds.). (1983). Peace and war. A guide to bibliographies. Santa Barbara, Calif. : ABC-Clio. (War/peace bibliography series. #16 ). "Dialindex" (File 411). Dialog. (See Dialog blue sheet: http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0411.html Archived 2008-10-15 at the Wayback Machine). Gale Directory of online, portable, and internet databases. (See: Dialog blue sheet: dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0230.html). Lester, R. (Ed.). (2005–). The New Walford Guide to reference resources. Vol. 1–3. (Vol. 1, 2005: Science, Technology and Medicine. Vol. 2, 2007: The Social Sciences; Vol. 3, 2013: The Arts: Visual Arts, Music, Language and Literature. (1st edition published 1959). Malcles, Louise Noelle (1950). Les sources du travail bibliographique. Geneva: E. Droz. 3 vols. in 4: tome 1. Bibliographies generales; tome 2. Bibliographies specialisees; sciences humaines (2 vols.); tome 3. Bibliographies specialisees; sciences exactes et techniques. Totok, W. & Weitzel, R. (Eds.). (1984–1985). Handbuch der bibliographischen Nachschlagewerke. Hrsg. v. Hans-Jürgen und Dagmar Kernchen. 6., erw., völlig neu bearb. Aufl. Frankfurt a.M. : Klostermann. (2 Vols). Webb, W. H. et al. (Ed.). (1986). Sources of information in the social sciences. A Guide to the literature. 3. ed. Chicago : American Library Association. See also Bibliographic control Guide to information sources (or: Bibliographic guide, literature guide, guide to reference materials subject gateway). Wikipedia:List of bibliographies List of lists of lists References ^ Patrick Wilson, Two kinds of Power: an essay on bibliographical control. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1968, p. 148 Authority control databases International FAST National France BnF data Israel United States 2 Latvia Czech Republic 2
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A metabibliography (or biblio-bibliography) is a bibliography of bibliographies.While bibliographies serve the finding of relevant documents, metabibliographies serve the finding of the relevant bibliographies in which the relevant documents may be found. One might quote Patrick Wilson: \"For if knowledge is power, power over knowledge is power to increase one's power; and if the stock of writings is thought of mainly as it represents a stock of knowledge, it is natural to propose treating it as a \"resource\" to be subjected to rational control, management and utilization.\"[1].Metabibliographies are valuable for building reference collections, but usually of less interest to the average user, who rely on bibliographies selected by others.","title":"Metabibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Besterman, T. A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Besterman"},{"link_name":"Bibliographic index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographic_index"},{"link_name":"http://www.hwwilson.com/Databases/biblio.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hwwilson.com/Databases/biblio.htm"},{"link_name":"http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0411.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0411.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081015144258/http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0411.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Malcles, Louise Noelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_No%C3%ABlle_Malcl%C3%A8s"}],"text":"Balay, R. (Ed.). (1996). Guide to reference books. 11th ed. Chicago: American Library Association. Now as an online service: Guide to reference (2008–).\nBesterman, T. A. (1965–1966). A world bibliography of bibliographies and of bibliographical catalogues, calendars, abstracts, digests, indexes and the like. 4. Ed. Vol. 1–5. Totowa.\nBibliographic index. A cumulative bibliography of bibliographies. New York : Wilson, 1938–2011. Vol. 1–. (terminated). Retrieved from: http://www.hwwilson.com/Databases/biblio.htm\nCarroll, B. A.; Fink, C. F. & Mohraz, J. E. (Eds.). (1983). Peace and war. A guide to bibliographies. Santa Barbara, Calif. : ABC-Clio. (War/peace bibliography series. #16 ).\n\"Dialindex\" (File 411). Dialog. (See Dialog blue sheet: http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0411.html Archived 2008-10-15 at the Wayback Machine).\nGale Directory of online, portable, and internet databases. (See: Dialog blue sheet: dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0230.html).\nLester, R. (Ed.). (2005–). The New Walford Guide to reference resources. Vol. 1–3. (Vol. 1, 2005: Science, Technology and Medicine. Vol. 2, 2007: The Social Sciences; Vol. 3, 2013: The Arts: Visual Arts, Music, Language and Literature. (1st edition published 1959).\nMalcles, Louise Noelle (1950). Les sources du travail bibliographique. Geneva: E. Droz. 3 vols. in 4: tome 1. Bibliographies generales; tome 2. Bibliographies specialisees; sciences humaines (2 vols.); tome 3. Bibliographies specialisees; sciences exactes et techniques.\nTotok, W. & Weitzel, R. (Eds.). (1984–1985). Handbuch der bibliographischen Nachschlagewerke. Hrsg. v. Hans-Jürgen und Dagmar Kernchen. 6., erw., völlig neu bearb. Aufl. Frankfurt a.M. : Klostermann. (2 Vols).\nWebb, W. H. et al. (Ed.). (1986). Sources of information in the social sciences. A Guide to the literature. 3. ed. Chicago : American Library Association.","title":"Examples"}]
[]
[{"title":"Bibliographic control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographic_control"},{"title":"Guide to information sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_to_information_sources"},{"title":"Wikipedia:List of bibliographies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_bibliographies"},{"title":"List of lists of lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lists_of_lists"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.hwwilson.com/Databases/biblio.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.hwwilson.com/Databases/biblio.htm"},{"Link":"http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0411.html","external_links_name":"http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0411.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081015144258/http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0411.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/831388/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931665z","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931665z","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563605705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh98002326","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99001298","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000149340&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=fd131899&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph317174&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_Star_Center
Rio Rancho Events Center
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°18′37.05″N 106°41′8.98″W / 35.3102917°N 106.6858278°W / 35.3102917; -106.6858278Arena in New Mexico, United States This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rio Rancho Events CenterRio Rancho Events Center at nightFormer namesSanta Ana Star Center (2006-2020)Location3001 Civic Center DriveRio Rancho, New Mexico 87144Coordinates35°18′37.05″N 106°41′8.98″W / 35.3102917°N 106.6858278°W / 35.3102917; -106.6858278OwnerCity of Rio RanchoOperatorGlobal SpectrumCapacityIce Hockey: 6,000Rodeos: 6,000Concerts: 7,500ConstructionBroke groundJune 14, 2005OpenedOctober 21, 2006Construction cost$47 million USD($71 million in 2023 dollars)ArchitectSink Combs DethlefsProject managerFrew Nations GroupStructural engineerMartin & MartinGeneral contractorHunt/Bradbury StammTenantsNew Mexico Scorpions (CHL) (2006–2009)New Mexico Wildcats (AIFA) (2008–2009)New Mexico Mustangs (NAHL) (2010–2012)New Mexico Thunderbirds (NBA D-League) (2010–2011)New Mexico Stars (IFL/LSFL/AIF) (2012–2014, 2016)New Mexico Runners (M2) (2018–present)Duke City Gladiators (IFL) (2021–present)Websitewww.rioranchoeventscenter.com Rio Rancho Events Center is an 8,000-seat multi-purpose arena in Rio Rancho, New Mexico, a city located near Albuquerque. The arena is located near the intersection of Unser Boulevard and Paseo del Volcan. It is part of a larger "City Center" project, which also includes a new city hall. The multipurpose facility can host concert settings in various capacities, hockey, basketball, indoor football, family shows, rodeos, trade shows and flexible set-ups to accommodate any event. Santa Ana Star Casino purchased the naming rights to the arena in a five-year, $2.5 million deal signed in July 2006. The arena was previously known as Santa Ana Star Center. The contract was not renewed in 2020, resulting in the arena changing its name back to Rio Rancho Events Center. The arena was completed at a cost of $47 million USD and opened on October 21, 2006. The first sports event in the arena was a hockey game on October 27, 2006, with the New Mexico Scorpions falling to the Arizona Sundogs 3–1 in front of a sellout crowd. In April 2009, the city of Rio Rancho awarded Global Spectrum as the management company for the Arena. In 2019, that contract was renewed. The Events Center is currently home to the New Mexico Runners of the Major Arena Soccer League 2 and the Duke City Gladiators of the Indoor Football League. The center was formerly home to the New Mexico Mustangs of the North American Hockey League, the New Mexico Scorpions of the Central Hockey League, the New Mexico Stars of the Indoor Football League/Lone Star Football League, the New Mexico Wildcats of the American Indoor Football Association, New Mexico Thunderbirds, of the NBA Development League, and a venue for World Wrestling Entertainment. The arena also hosted a campaign rally for President Donald Trump on September 16, 2019. References ^ Olson, Sean (October 22, 2006). "A Star Is Born." Albuquerque Journal. ^ Yodice, James (October 28, 2006). "Scorpions Lose to Sundogs at New Home." Albuquerque Journal. ^ Yodice, James (July 14, 2006). "Naming Rights Go For $2.5M." Albuquerque Journal. ^ "Groundbreaking Ceremony Set for June 14". 10 June 2005. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. ^ a b c Neal Singer (November 1, 2006). "Feature Story - November 2006 Sporting & Events Center". Southwest Construction. Retrieved November 19, 2011. ^ http://www.frewnations.com/projects/santa-ana-star-event-center ^ "Trump rallies in New Mexico in hopes of turning state red in 2020". CBS News. 17 September 2019. External links Rio Rancho Events Center Website vteFinal arenas in American Indoor FootballNorthernDivision Dorton Arena (Raleigh, NC) Family Arena (St. Charles, MO) L. C. Walker Arena (Muskegon, MI) Winston-Salem Fairgrounds Annex (Winston-Salem, NC) Odeum Expo Center (Villa Park, IL) Pennsylvania Farm Show Complex & Expo Center (Harrisburg, PA) SouthernDivision Albany Civic Center (Albany, GA) Germain Arena (Estero, FL) RP Funding Center (Lakeland, FL) Myrtle Beach Convention Center (Myrtle Beach, SC) Santa Ana Star Center (Rio Rancho, NM) Savannah Civic Center (Savannah, GA) 2017 Expansion George M. Holmes Convocation Center (Boone, NC) Gutterson Fieldhouse (Burlington, VT) Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz place
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale_Junior_College
Glendale Community College (California)
["1 History","2 Campus","3 Organization and administration","3.1 Glendale Community College District","4 Academics","5 Athletics","6 Notable people","6.1 Alumni","7 In popular culture","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 34°10′01.99″N 118°13′42.17″W / 34.1672194°N 118.2283806°W / 34.1672194; -118.2283806Community college in Glendale, California Not to be confused with Glendale University College of Law. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Glendale Community College" California – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Glendale Community CollegeFormer nameGlendale Junior College (1927–1944)MottoHow Do You GCC?TypePublic community collegeEstablished1927Parent institutionCalifornia Community Colleges SystemEndowment$14,586,000 (2019)PresidentRyan CornnerSuperintendentRyan Cornner Students19,207LocationGlendale, California, U.S.Colors    Cardinal & goldNicknameVaquerosSporting affiliationsCCCAA – WSC, SCFA (football)Websitewww.glendale.edu Four boys for every girl at Glendale College, 1948 The John A. Davitt Administration building Glendale Community College (GCC) is a public community college in Glendale, California. History The college was founded as Glendale Junior College in 1927, to serve the Glendale Union High School District which at the time included La Crescenta, Glendale, and Tujunga. From 1927 to 1929 classes were held in the buildings of Glendale Union High School at Broadway and Verdugo in the City of Glendale. In 1929 the junior college moved to the Harvard School plant of the Glendale Union High School District where it remained until 1937. In this year a new plant, part of the present one, was completed and occupied. The year before, in 1936, the Glendale Junior College District was dissolved as such and became a part of the new Glendale Unified School District. The name of the school was changed to Glendale College in 1944. On July 1, 1970, Glendale College became a part of the Glendale Junior College District. On April 20, 1971, the Board of Education adopted a resolution changing the District name to Glendale Community College District. On November 4, 1980, Glendale voters approved a measure to establish separate Boards, with the new board taking office in April 1981. The separation resulted in the creation of a board of trustees solely responsible for the governance of the Glendale Community College District. In 1936, 25 acres (10 ha) were acquired for the present site of the college. Campus Aerial view of Glendale Community College (2021) The campus now consists of 100 acres (40 ha) and 15 permanent buildings. It is located on the slopes of the San Rafael Hills overlooking the valleys in the Glendale area. Organization and administration Glendale Community College District The Glendale Community College District is a constituent community college district of the California Community College System (CCCS), whose only college is GCC. It is governed by a 5-member elected Board of Trustees, elected by geographical district effective in 2017. Pursuant to their authority, they have promulgated policies and administrative regulations for the administration of the district and GCC and serves Glendale and La Crescenta-Montrose. The elections for the Glendale Community College Board of Trustees is held at the same day the Glendale City Council and Glendale Unified School District Board of Education, which took place on a first Tuesday after the first Monday in April of odd-numbered years. Effective with the March 2020 election, the elections are held on a first Tuesday after the first Monday during the California Primary Election. Academics The college has an open admissions policy and offers credit for life experiences. It is accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges (ACCJC). Athletics The college athletic teams are nicknamed the Vaqueros (men) or Lady Vaqueros (women). Glendale currently fields eight men's and eight women's varsity teams. It competes as a member of the California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA) in the Western State Conference (WSC) for all sports except football, which competes in Southern California Football Association (SCFA). Blake Gailen played baseball for Glendale Community College, graduating in 2005, and was All-Western State Conference as a freshman and All-Southern California Team as a sophomore. Future major leaguer Ryan Sherriff pitched for the college baseball team as the team's ace in 2011, and was named 2011 First Team All-Western State Conference South Division. Notable people Student body composition as of May 2, 2022 Race and ethnicity Total Hispanic 30% 30  Asian 8% 8  Foreign national 3% 3  White 50% 50  Black 3% 3  Other 3% 3  Economic diversity Low-income 50% 50  Affluent 50% 50  Alumni For a more comprehensive list, see Category:Glendale Community College (California) alumni. Mark Caguioa, professional basketball player Glenn Corbett, actor Marian Cleeves Diamond, Professor Emeritus of Anatomy & Neuroanatomy at University of California, Berkeley, taught at UCB for over 50 years; one of the founders of modern neuroscience Angie Dickinson, actress, award winner, philanthropist, Police Woman (TV), Over 50 movies, author and fitness & health expert. Marco Estrada, pitcher Toronto Blue Jays Cathy Ferguson, two-time Olympic gold medalist swimmer Bob Gagliano, American football player Blake Gailen (born 1985), American-Israeli professional baseball player Beverly Garland, actress Dan Harmon, television writer/producer; creator of Community and Rick and Morty. Ron Lopez, football player Hue Jackson, NFL coach Donald D. Lorenzen (1920–80), LA City Council member, 1969–77 Masiela Lusha, actress Eva Mendes, actress Dick Moje, National Football League player Ricky Ortiz, professional wrestler Danielle Panabaker, actress Kay Panabaker, actress, zoologist Andy Reid, three-time Super Bowl-winning NFL coach Freddy Sanchez, baseball player Seann William Scott, actor Ryan Seacrest, broadcaster, producer Quincy "Schoolboy Q" Hanley, rapper Ryan Sherriff (born 1990), Major League baseball pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals Lon Simmons, broadcaster Juno Stover, two-time Olympic diving medalist; two-time AAU champion; two-time Pan-American Games medalist Vic Tayback, actor Erick Thohir, Indonesian businessman Jordi Vilasuso, actor Kyle Vincent, musician Matt Whisenant, MLB baseball pitcher Frank Wykoff, three-time Olympic gold medalist runner In popular culture Glendale Community College inspired the NBC show Community which premiered in the fall season of 2009. The show uses the fictional setting of Greendale Community College; the show's creator, Dan Harmon, has stated that the show was actually based on his experience attending Glendale Community College. Harmon describes the series as "flawed characters and becoming unflawed by being in this place because it's been underestimated by the system around it." Notes ^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say. ^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students. ^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum. References ^ Eberts, Mike. "History of College". Glendale Community College. Retrieved 11 June 2023. ^ "The tagline 'How Do You GCC?' was developed to provoke a response from the audience. It asks the individual to think about their relationship with the college. This applies to students, members of the faculty and staff, community members and anyone that has interaction with Glendale Community College." "Style Guide - Logo". Glendale Community College. Retrieved August 20, 2018. ^ Note 7 - Donor Designated Endowments. "Glendale College Foundation Audit Report". Glendale College Foundation, Inc. (A California Nonprofit Corporation). June 30, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2015. ^ a b "About GCC: Administration". Glendale Community College. Retrieved October 11, 2015. ^ "Enrollment Status Summary". California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office. Retrieved October 11, 2015. ^ "The official colors of Glendale College are cardinal and gold ..." "About GCC: Style Guide - Fonts & Colors". Glendale Community College. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2015. ^ "Glendale College Athletics". Glendale Community College. Retrieved October 11, 2015. ^ "2019-20 CCCAA Directory" (PDF). California Community College Athletic Association. Retrieved 15 April 2020. ^ "Blake Gailen Bio" Archived 2018-01-28 at the Wayback Machine, UNLVRebels.com. ^ Charles Rich (July 27, 2016). "Minor League Baseball Update: Sherriff achieves all-star status", Glendale News-Press. ^ Charles Rich (August 2, 2016). "New-look Sherriff delivering for Redbirds", Glendale News-Press. ^ Campa, Andrew J. (July 29, 2015). "Minor League Update: Sherriff continues to drop ERA". LA Times. ^ "Ryan Sherriff Baseball Statistics ," The Baseball Cube. ^ Gabriel Rizk (May 19, 2011)."Vaqueros reap WSC awards", Glendale News-Press. ^ "College Scorecard: Glendale Community College". United States Department of Education. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ "Dick Moje". database Football.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2012. ^ "Glendale Community College inspired NBC show airing tonight" Archived 2011-06-03 at the Wayback Machine Los Angeles Daily News 17 September 2009 External links Official website vteGlendale, CaliforniaEducation Glendale USD Glendale HS Herbert Hoover HS Clark Magnet HS Glendale Comm. College Glendale Public Library Closed Holy Family HS Landmarks Adventist Health Glendale Alex Theatre Americana at Brand Catalina Verdugo Adobe DreamWorks Animation Forest Lawn Memorial Park Glendale Galleria Glendale Main Post Office Glendale Register of Historic Resources and Historic Districts Holy Family Catholic Church Hotel Glendale St. Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral Media Glendale News-Press Transportation Larry Zarian Transportation Center Grand Central Airport Crime 2005 train crash This list is incomplete. vteWestern State Conference Allan Hancock College Bakersfield College Citrus College College of the Canyons Cuesta College Glendale College Los Angeles Mission College Los Angeles Pierce College Los Angeles Valley College Moorpark College Oxnard College Santa Barbara City College Santa Monica College Ventura College West Los Angeles College vteColleges and universities in Los Angeles County, CaliforniaPublicCalifornia State Dominguez Hills Long Beach Los Angeles Northridge Cal Poly Pomona University of CaliforniaUCLAPrivateClaremont Colleges Claremont Graduate Claremont McKenna Harvey Mudd Keck Pitzer Pomona Scripps Academy for Jewish Religion AFI Alliant Dramatic Arts American Jewish Musical and Dramatic Antioch Art Center Azusa Pacific Biola CalArts Caltech Claremont Lincoln Claremont School of Theology Colburn Drew Fuller Hebrew Union King's La Verne Life Pacific Loyola Marymount Master's Mount St. Mary's National Otis Occidental Pacific Oaks Pardee RAND Pepperdine Southern California Architecture Southern California Health Sciences Southwestern Southern California West West Coast Baptist Western Health Sciences Whittier WoodburyCommunityLos Angeles City East Harbor Mission Pierce Southwest Trade-Technical Valley West Antelope Valley Canyons Cerritos Citrus Compton El Camino Glendale Long Beach Mt. San Antonio Pasadena Rio Hondo Santa MonicaFor-profit Abraham Lincoln American InterContinental California Music DeVry Fashion Design and Merchandising Music Film New York Film vteCalifornia Community Colleges SystemCampuses Advanced Tech. & Education Park Alameda Allan Hancock American River Antelope Valley Bakersfield Barstow Berkeley City Butte Cabrillo Cañada Canyons Cerritos Cerro Coso Chabot Chaffey Citrus City College of San Francisco Clovis Coalinga Coastline Columbia Compton Contra Costa Copper Mountain Cosumnes River Crafton Hills Cuesta Cuyamaca Cypress De Anza Desert Diablo Valley East L.A. El Camino Evergreen Valley Feather River Folsom Lake Foothill Fresno City Fullerton Gavilan Glendale Golden West Grossmont Hartnell Imperial Valley Irvine Valley Lake Tahoe Laney Las Positas Lassen Lemoore Long Beach City L.A. City L.A. Harbor L.A. Mission L.A. Pierce L.A. Southwest L.A. Trade–Tech L.A. Valley Los Medanos Madera Marin Mendocino Merced Merritt MiraCosta Mission Modesto Monterey Peninsula Moorpark Moreno Valley Mt. San Antonio Mt. San Jacinto Napa Valley Norco Ohlone Orange Coast Oxnard Palo Verde Palomar Pasadena City Porterville Reedley Redwoods Rio Hondo Riverside Sacramento City Saddleback San Bernardino Valley San Diego City San Diego Continuing Education San Diego Mesa San Diego Miramar San Joaquin Delta San Jose City San Mateo Santa Ana Santa Barbara City Santa Monica Santa Rosa Santiago Canyon Sequoias Shasta Sierra Siskiyous Skyline Solano Southwestern Taft Ventura Victor Valley West L.A. West Valley Woodland Yuba Districts Allan Hancock Antelope Valley Barstow Butte–Glenn Cabrillo California Online Cerritos Chabot–Las Positas Chaffey Citrus Coast Compton Contra Costa Copper Mountain Desert El Camino Feather River Foothill–De Anza Gavilan Glendale Grossmont–Cuyamaca Hartnell Imperial Kern Lake Tahoe Lassen Long Beach Los Angeles Los Rios Marin Mendocino–Lake Merced MiraCosta Monterey Peninsula Mt. San Antonio Mt. San Jacinto Napa Valley North Orange County Ohlone Palo Verde Palomar Pasadena Area Peralta Rancho Santiago Redwoods Rio Hondo Riverside San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin Delta San Jose–Evergreen San Luis Obispo County San Mateo County Santa Barbara Santa Clarita Santa Monica Sequoias Shasta–Tehama–Trinity Sierra Siskiyous Solano County Sonoma County South Orange County Southwestern State Center Ventura County Victor Valley West Hills West Kern West Valley–Mission Yosemite Yuba Athletics California Community College Athletic Association 34°10′01.99″N 118°13′42.17″W / 34.1672194°N 118.2283806°W / 34.1672194; -118.2283806 Authority control databases ISNI
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Davitt Administration buildingGlendale Community College (GCC) is a public community college in Glendale, California.","title":"Glendale Community College (California)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Crescenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Crescenta-Montrose,_California"},{"link_name":"Glendale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_California"},{"link_name":"Tujunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunland-Tujunga,_Los_Angeles"}],"text":"The college was founded as Glendale Junior College in 1927, to serve the Glendale Union High School District which at the time included La Crescenta, Glendale, and Tujunga. From 1927 to 1929 classes were held in the buildings of Glendale Union High School at Broadway and Verdugo in the City of Glendale. In 1929 the junior college moved to the Harvard School plant of the Glendale Union High School District where it remained until 1937. In this year a new plant, part of the present one, was completed and occupied. The year before, in 1936, the Glendale Junior College District was dissolved as such and became a part of the new Glendale Unified School District. The name of the school was changed to Glendale College in 1944. On July 1, 1970, Glendale College became a part of the Glendale Junior College District. On April 20, 1971, the Board of Education adopted a resolution changing the District name to Glendale Community College District.On November 4, 1980, Glendale voters approved a measure to establish separate Boards, with the new board taking office in April 1981. The separation resulted in the creation of a board of trustees solely responsible for the governance of the Glendale Community College District. In 1936, 25 acres (10 ha) were acquired for the present site of the college.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GLENDALE2021.jpg"}],"text":"Aerial view of Glendale Community College (2021)The campus now consists of 100 acres (40 ha) and 15 permanent buildings. It is located on the slopes of the San Rafael Hills overlooking the valleys in the Glendale area.","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organization and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"community college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_college"},{"link_name":"California Community College System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Community_College_System"},{"link_name":"La Crescenta-Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Crescenta-Montrose,_California"}],"sub_title":"Glendale Community College District","text":"The Glendale Community College District is a constituent community college district of the California Community College System (CCCS), whose only college is GCC.It is governed by a 5-member elected Board of Trustees, elected by geographical district effective in 2017. Pursuant to their authority, they have promulgated policies and administrative regulations for the administration of the district and GCC and serves Glendale and La Crescenta-Montrose.The elections for the Glendale Community College Board of Trustees is held at the same day the Glendale City Council and Glendale Unified School District Board of Education, which took place on a first Tuesday after the first Monday in April of odd-numbered years. Effective with the March 2020 election, the elections are held on a first Tuesday after the first Monday during the California Primary Election.","title":"Organization and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accrediting_Commission_for_Community_and_Junior_Colleges"}],"text":"The college has an open admissions policy and offers credit for life experiences. It is accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges (ACCJC).","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California Community College Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Community_College_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Western State Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_State_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern California Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_California_Football_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Blake Gailen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Gailen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1a-9"},{"link_name":"Ryan Sherriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Sherriff"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The college athletic teams are nicknamed the Vaqueros (men) or Lady Vaqueros (women). Glendale currently fields eight men's and eight women's varsity teams. It competes as a member of the California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA) in the Western State Conference (WSC) for all sports except football, which competes in Southern California Football Association (SCFA).[8]Blake Gailen played baseball for Glendale Community College, graduating in 2005, and was All-Western State Conference as a freshman and All-Southern California Team as a sophomore.[9] Future major leaguer Ryan Sherriff pitched for the college baseball team as the team's ace in 2011, and was named 2011 First Team All-Western State Conference South Division.[10][11][12][13][14]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Glendale Community College (California) alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Glendale_Community_College_(California)_alumni"},{"link_name":"Mark Caguioa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Caguioa"},{"link_name":"Glenn Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Corbett"},{"link_name":"Marian Cleeves Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Cleeves_Diamond"},{"link_name":"Angie Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Marco Estrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Estrada_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Cathy Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Bob Gagliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Gagliano"},{"link_name":"Blake Gailen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Gailen"},{"link_name":"Beverly Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Garland"},{"link_name":"Dan Harmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Harmon"},{"link_name":"Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Rick and Morty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_and_Morty"},{"link_name":"Ron Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Hue Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Donald D. Lorenzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_D._Lorenzen"},{"link_name":"Masiela Lusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masiela_Lusha"},{"link_name":"Eva Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Mendes"},{"link_name":"Dick Moje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Moje"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ricky Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"Danielle Panabaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Panabaker"},{"link_name":"Kay Panabaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Panabaker"},{"link_name":"Andy Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Reid"},{"link_name":"Freddy Sanchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_Sanchez"},{"link_name":"Seann William Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seann_William_Scott"},{"link_name":"Ryan Seacrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Seacrest"},{"link_name":"Schoolboy Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolboy_Q"},{"link_name":"Ryan Sherriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Sherriff"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Lon Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Juno Stover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Stover-Irwin"},{"link_name":"AAU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union"},{"link_name":"Pan-American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-American_Games"},{"link_name":"Vic Tayback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Tayback"},{"link_name":"Erick Thohir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erick_Thohir"},{"link_name":"Jordi Vilasuso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordi_Vilasuso"},{"link_name":"Kyle Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Vincent"},{"link_name":"Matt Whisenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Whisenant"},{"link_name":"Frank Wykoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wykoff"}],"sub_title":"Alumni","text":"For a more comprehensive list, see Category:Glendale Community College (California) alumni.Mark Caguioa, professional basketball player\nGlenn Corbett, actor\nMarian Cleeves Diamond, Professor Emeritus of Anatomy & Neuroanatomy at University of California, Berkeley, taught at UCB for over 50 years; one of the founders of modern neuroscience\nAngie Dickinson, actress, award winner, philanthropist, Police Woman (TV), Over 50 movies, author and fitness & health expert.\nMarco Estrada, pitcher Toronto Blue Jays\nCathy Ferguson, two-time Olympic gold medalist swimmer\nBob Gagliano, American football player\nBlake Gailen (born 1985), American-Israeli professional baseball player\nBeverly Garland, actress\nDan Harmon, television writer/producer; creator of Community and Rick and Morty.\nRon Lopez, football player\nHue Jackson, NFL coach\nDonald D. Lorenzen (1920–80), LA City Council member, 1969–77\nMasiela Lusha, actress\nEva Mendes, actress\nDick Moje, National Football League player[16]\nRicky Ortiz, professional wrestler\nDanielle Panabaker, actress\nKay Panabaker, actress, zoologist\nAndy Reid, three-time Super Bowl-winning NFL coach\nFreddy Sanchez, baseball player\nSeann William Scott, actor\nRyan Seacrest, broadcaster, producer\nQuincy \"Schoolboy Q\" Hanley, rapper\nRyan Sherriff (born 1990), Major League baseball pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals\nLon Simmons, broadcaster\nJuno Stover, two-time Olympic diving medalist; two-time AAU champion; two-time Pan-American Games medalist\nVic Tayback, actor\nErick Thohir, Indonesian businessman\nJordi Vilasuso, actor\nKyle Vincent, musician\nMatt Whisenant, MLB baseball pitcher\nFrank Wykoff, three-time Olympic gold medalist runner","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dan Harmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Harmon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leland_autobio-20"}],"text":"Glendale Community College inspired the NBC show Community which premiered in the fall season of 2009. The show uses the fictional setting of Greendale Community College; the show's creator, Dan Harmon, has stated that the show was actually based on his experience attending Glendale Community College. Harmon describes the series as \"flawed characters [coming into Greendale] and becoming unflawed by being in this place because it's been underestimated by the system around it.\"[17]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Multiracial Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_Americans"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Pell grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell_grant"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"American middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_middle_class"}],"text":"^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.\n\n^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.\n\n^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Four boys for every girl at Glendale College, 1948","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Glendale_College.jpg/220px-Glendale_College.jpg"},{"image_text":"The John A. Davitt Administration building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/GCC_bro.jpg/220px-GCC_bro.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Andy_Reid_%28Kansas_City_Chiefs_at_Washington_Football_Team%2C_October_17%2C_2021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Andy_Reid_%28Kansas_City_Chiefs_at_Washington_Football_Team%2C_October_17%2C_2021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerial view of Glendale Community College (2021)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/GLENDALE2021.jpg/220px-GLENDALE2021.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Eberts, Mike. \"History of College\". Glendale Community College. Retrieved 11 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glendale.edu/about-gcc/gcc-overview/gcc-history/history-of-college","url_text":"\"History of College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Style Guide - Logo\". Glendale Community College. Retrieved August 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glendale.edu/about-gcc/communications/style-guide/logo","url_text":"\"Style Guide - Logo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glendale College Foundation Audit Report\". Glendale College Foundation, Inc. (A California Nonprofit Corporation). June 30, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glendale.edu/about-gcc/foundation-community/financial-data","url_text":"\"Glendale College Foundation Audit Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"About GCC: Administration\". Glendale Community College. Retrieved October 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glendale.edu/about-gcc/administration","url_text":"\"About GCC: Administration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enrollment Status Summary\". California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office. Retrieved October 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://datamart.cccco.edu/Students/Enrollment_Status.aspx","url_text":"\"Enrollment Status Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"About GCC: Style Guide - Fonts & Colors\". Glendale Community College. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170225052035/http://www.glendale.edu/about-gcc/public-information/style-guide/fonts-colors","url_text":"\"About GCC: Style Guide - Fonts & Colors\""},{"url":"http://www.glendale.edu/about-gcc/public-information/style-guide/fonts-colors","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Glendale College Athletics\". Glendale Community College. Retrieved October 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glendale.edu/?page=3608","url_text":"\"Glendale College Athletics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019-20 CCCAA Directory\" (PDF). California Community College Athletic Association. Retrieved 15 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cccaa.prestosports.com/about/directory/2019-20/Directory040620.pdf","url_text":"\"2019-20 CCCAA Directory\""}]},{"reference":"Campa, Andrew J. (July 29, 2015). \"Minor League Update: Sherriff continues to drop ERA\". LA Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/tn-gnp-minor-league-update-sherriff-continues-to-drop-era-20150729-story.html","url_text":"\"Minor League Update: Sherriff continues to drop ERA\""}]},{"reference":"\"College Scorecard: Glendale Community College\". United States Department of Education. Retrieved 8 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?115001-Glendale-Community-College","url_text":"\"College Scorecard: Glendale Community College\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education","url_text":"United States Department of Education"}]},{"reference":"\"Dick Moje\". database Football.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120530121017/http://databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=MOJEDIC01","url_text":"\"Dick Moje\""},{"url":"http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=MOJEDIC01","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles
Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles
["1 Geography","1.1 Neighbouring communes and villages","2 Administration","3 Demography","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 49°16′08″N 4°42′27″E / 49.2689°N 4.7075°E / 49.2689; 4.7075 Commune in Grand Est, FranceArdeuil-et-MontfauxellesCommuneThe Town HallLocation of Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles Ardeuil-et-MontfauxellesShow map of FranceArdeuil-et-MontfauxellesShow map of Grand EstCoordinates: 49°16′08″N 4°42′27″E / 49.2689°N 4.7075°E / 49.2689; 4.7075CountryFranceRegionGrand EstDepartmentArdennesArrondissementVouziersCantonAttignyIntercommunalityArgonne ArdennaiseGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Fabrice MarchandArea14.28 km2 (1.65 sq mi)Population (2021)77 • Density18/km2 (47/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code08018 /08400Elevation109–179 m (358–587 ft) (avg. 120 m or 390 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region of northern France. Geography Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles is located 25 km south of Vouziers and 16 km east by north-east of Sommepy-Tahure on the border with the Marne department, which border forms the southern border of the commune. Access is by road D6 from Manre in the west, passing through the commune and the village before continuing east to Montcheutin. The smaller D121 road goes from the village north-east to join the D21 south-east of Challerange. Apart from the two villages of Ardeuil and Montfauxelles the commune is entirely farmland. The Allin river flows through the commune from west to north-east. It joins the Aisne river at Brécy-Brières. Neighbouring communes and villages Places adjacent to Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles Marvaux-Vieux Monthois Vaux-lès-Mouron Manre Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles Séchault Gratreuil Administration This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (April 2021) List of Successive Mayors From To Name 1995 2014 Denis Noizet 2014 2020 Georges Pincon 2020 current Fabrice Marchand Demography The inhabitants of the commune are known as Ardeuillais or Ardeuillaises in French. The population data given in the table and graph below for 1821 and earlier refer to the former commune of Ardeuil. Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1793 91—    1800 102+1.64%1806 96−1.01%1821 109+0.85%1831 213+6.93%1836 215+0.19%1841 202−1.24%1846 191−1.11%1851 192+0.10%1866 201+0.31%1872 172−2.56%1876 160−1.79%1881 166+0.74%1886 176+1.18%1891 173−0.34%1896 170−0.35%1901 164−0.72%YearPop.±% p.a.1906 181+1.99%1911 144−4.47%1921 81−5.59%1926 124+8.89%1931 138+2.16%1936 132−0.89%1946 121−0.87%1954 143+2.11%1962 143+0.00%1968 120−2.88%1975 91−3.87%1982 89−0.32%1990 91+0.28%1999 76−1.98%2007 89+1.99%2012 83−1.39%2017 68−3.91%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source: EHESS and INSEE Entrance to Ardeuil The War Memorial The Church See also Communes of the Ardennes department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ a b c Google Maps ^ List of Mayors of France ^ Le nom des habitants du 08 - Ardennes, habitants.fr ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles, EHESS (in French). ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE External links Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles on the National Geographic Institute website (in French) Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website (in French) Ardeuil and Montfauxel on the 1750 Cassini Map Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles. vteCommunes of the Ardennes department Acy-Romance Aiglemont Aire Alincourt Alland'Huy-et-Sausseuil Amagne Ambly-Fleury Anchamps Angecourt Annelles Antheny Aouste Apremont Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles Arnicourt Arreux Artaise-le-Vivier Asfeld Attigny Aubigny-les-Pothées Auboncourt-Vauzelles Aubrives Auflance Auge Aure Aussonce Authe Autrecourt-et-Pourron Autruche Autry Auvillers-les-Forges Avançon Avaux Les Ayvelles Baâlons Bairon et ses environs Balan Balham Ballay Banogne-Recouvrance Barbaise Barby Bar-lès-Buzancy Bayonville Bazeilles Beaumont-en-Argonne Beffu-et-le-Morthomme Belleville-et-Châtillon-sur-Bar Belval Belval-Bois-des-Dames Bergnicourt La Berlière Bertoncourt La Besace Biermes Bièvres Bignicourt Blagny Blanchefosse-et-Bay Blanzy-la-Salonnaise Blombay Bogny-sur-Meuse Bossus-lès-Rumigny Bouconville Boult-aux-Bois Boulzicourt Bourcq Bourg-Fidèle Bouvellemont Brécy-Brières Brévilly Brienne-sur-Aisne Brieulles-sur-Bar Briquenay Brognon Bulson Buzancy Carignan Cauroy Cernion Chagny Chalandry-Elaire Challerange Champigneulle Champigneul-sur-Vence Champlin La Chapelle Chappes Charbogne Chardeny Charleville-Mézièrespref Charnois Château-Porcien Chatel-Chéhéry Le Châtelet-sur-Retourne Le Châtelet-sur-Sormonne Chaumont-Porcien Chémery-Chéhéry Chesnois-Auboncourt Cheveuges Chevières Chilly Chooz Chuffilly-Roche Clavy-Warby Cliron Condé-lès-Autry Condé-lès-Herpy Contreuve Cornay Corny-Machéroménil Coucy Coulommes-et-Marqueny La Croix-aux-Bois Daigny Damouzy Les Deux-Villes Deville Dom-le-Mesnil Dommery Donchery Doumely-Bégny Doux Douzy Draize Dricourt L'Écaille L'Échelle Écly Écordal Escombres-et-le-Chesnois Estrebay Étalle Éteignières Étrépigny Euilly-et-Lombut Évigny Exermont Fagnon Faissault Falaise Faux Fépin La Férée La Ferté-sur-Chiers Flaignes-Havys Fleigneux Fléville Fligny Flize Floing Foisches Fossé Fraillicourt Francheval La Francheville Le Fréty Fromelennes Fromy Fumay Germont Gernelle Gespunsart Girondelle Givet Givonne Givron Givry Glaire Gomont Grandchamp Les Grandes-Armoises Grandham Grandpré La Grandville Grivy-Loisy Gruyères Gué-d'Hossus Guignicourt-sur-Vence Guincourt Hagnicourt Ham-les-Moines Ham-sur-Meuse Hannappes Hannogne-Saint-Martin Hannogne-Saint-Rémy Haraucourt Harcy Hargnies Harricourt Haudrecy Haulmé Les Hautes-Rivières Hauteville Hauviné Haybes Herbeuval Herpy-l'Arlésienne Hierges La Horgne Houdilcourt Houldizy Illy Imécourt Inaumont Issancourt-et-Rumel Jandun Joigny-sur-Meuse Jonval Juniville Justine-Herbigny Laifour Lalobbe Lametz Lançon Landres-et-Saint-Georges Landrichamps Launois-sur-Vence Laval-Morency Leffincourt Lépron-les-Vallées Létanne Liart Linay Liry Logny-Bogny Longwé Lonny Lucquy Lumes Machault Maisoncelle-et-Villers Malandry Manre Maranwez Marby Marcq Margny Margut Marlemont Marquigny Mars-sous-Bourcq Marvaux-Vieux Matton-et-Clémency Maubert-Fontaine Mazerny Les Mazures Ménil-Annelles Ménil-Lépinois Mesmont Messincourt Mogues Moiry Mondigny Montcheutin Montcornet Montcy-Notre-Dame Le Mont-Dieu Montgon Monthermé Monthois Montigny-sur-Meuse Montigny-sur-Vence Mont-Laurent Montmeillant Mont-Saint-Martin Mont-Saint-Remy Mouron Mouzon Murtin-et-Bogny Nanteuil-sur-Aisne Neuflize Neufmaison Neufmanil La Neuville-à-Maire La Neuville-aux-Joûtes Neuville-Day La Neuville-en-Tourne-à-Fuy Neuville-lès-This La Neuville-lès-Wasigny Neuville-lez-Beaulieu Neuvizy Noirval Nouart Nouvion-sur-Meuse Nouzonville Novion-Porcien Novy-Chevrières Noyers-Pont-Maugis Oches Olizy-Primat Omicourt Omont Osnes Pauvres Perthes Les Petites-Armoises Poilcourt-Sydney Poix-Terron Pouru-aux-Bois Pouru-Saint-Remy Prez Prix-lès-Mézières Puilly-et-Charbeaux Puiseux Pure Quatre-Champs Quilly Raillicourt Rancennes Raucourt-et-Flaba Regniowez Remaucourt Remilly-Aillicourt Remilly-les-Pothées Renneville Renwez Rethelsubpr Revin Rilly-sur-Aisne Rimogne Rocquigny Rocroi Roizy La Romagne Rouvroy-sur-Audry Rubigny Rumigny La Sabotterie Sachy Sailly Saint-Aignan Saint-Clément-à-Arnes Sainte-Marie Saint-Étienne-à-Arnes Sainte-Vaubourg Saint-Fergeux Saint-Germainmont Saint-Jean-aux-Bois Saint-Juvin Saint-Lambert-et-Mont-de-Jeux Saint-Laurent Saint-Loup-en-Champagne Saint-Loup-Terrier Saint-Marceau Saint-Marcel Saint-Menges Saint-Morel Saint-Pierre-à-Arnes Saint-Pierremont Saint-Pierre-sur-Vence Saint-Quentin-le-Petit Saint-Remy-le-Petit Sapogne-et-Feuchères Sapogne-sur-Marche Saulces-Champenoises Saulces-Monclin Sault-lès-Rethel Sault-Saint-Remy Sauville Savigny-sur-Aisne Séchault Sécheval Sedansubpr Semide Semuy Senuc Seraincourt Sery Seuil Sévigny-la-Forêt Sévigny-Waleppe Signy-l'Abbaye Signy-le-Petit Signy-Montlibert Singly Sommauthe Sommerance Son Sorbon Sorcy-Bauthémont Sormonne Stonne Sugny Sury Suzanne Sy Tagnon Taillette Tailly Taizy Tannay Tarzy Tétaigne Thelonne Thénorgues Thilay Thin-le-Moutier This Le Thour Thugny-Trugny Toges Touligny Tourcelles-Chaumont Tournavaux Tournes Tourteron Tremblois-lès-Carignan Tremblois-lès-Rocroi Vandy Vaux-Champagne Vaux-en-Dieulet Vaux-lès-Mouron Vaux-lès-Mouzon Vaux-lès-Rubigny Vaux-Montreuil Vaux-Villaine Vendresse Verpel Verrières Viel-Saint-Remy Vieux-lès-Asfeld Villers-devant-le-Thour Villers-devant-Mouzon Villers-le-Tilleul Villers-le-Tourneur Villers-Semeuse Villers-sur-Bar Villers-sur-le-Mont Ville-sur-Lumes Ville-sur-Retourne Villy Vireux-Molhain Vireux-Wallerand Vivier-au-Court Voncq Vouzierssubpr Vrigne-aux-Bois Vrigne-Meuse Wadelincourt Wagnon Warcq Warnécourt Wasigny Wignicourt Williers Yoncq Yvernaumont pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[aʁdœj e mɔ̃foksɛl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Ardennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Grand Est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Grand Est, FranceArdeuil-et-Montfauxelles (French pronunciation: [aʁdœj e mɔ̃foksɛl]) is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region of northern France.","title":"Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vouziers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vouziers"},{"link_name":"Sommepy-Tahure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommepy-Tahure"},{"link_name":"Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne_(department)"},{"link_name":"Manre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manre"},{"link_name":"Montcheutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montcheutin"},{"link_name":"Challerange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challerange"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google-3"},{"link_name":"Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisne_(river)"},{"link_name":"Brécy-Brières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9cy-Bri%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google-3"}],"text":"Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles is located 25 km south of Vouziers and 16 km east by north-east of Sommepy-Tahure on the border with the Marne department, which border forms the southern border of the commune. Access is by road D6 from Manre in the west, passing through the commune and the village before continuing east to Montcheutin. The smaller D121 road goes from the village north-east to join the D21 south-east of Challerange. Apart from the two villages of Ardeuil and Montfauxelles the commune is entirely farmland.[3]The Allin river flows through the commune from west to north-east. It joins the Aisne river at Brécy-Brières.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvaux-Vieux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvaux-Vieux"},{"link_name":"Monthois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthois"},{"link_name":"Vaux-lès-Mouron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaux-l%C3%A8s-Mouron"},{"link_name":"Manre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manre"},{"link_name":"Séchault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9chault"},{"link_name":"Gratreuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratreuil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google-3"}],"sub_title":"Neighbouring communes and villages","text":"Places adjacent to Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles\nMarvaux-Vieux\nMonthois\nVaux-lès-Mouron\n\n\n\n\n\nManre\n\nArdeuil-et-Montfauxelles\n\nSéchault\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGratreuil[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"List of Successive Mayors[4]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles-FR-08-panneau-01.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles-FR-08-monument_aux_morts-03.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles_-_l%E2%80%99%C3%89glise_Notre-Dame_-_Photo_Francis_Neuvens_lesardennesvuesdusol.fotoloft.fr.JPG"}],"text":"The inhabitants of the commune are known as Ardeuillais or Ardeuillaises in French.[5] The population data given in the table and graph below for 1821 and earlier refer to the former commune of Ardeuil.Entrance to ArdeuilThe War MemorialThe Church","title":"Demography"}]
[{"image_text":"Entrance to Ardeuil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles-FR-08-panneau-01.JPG/220px-Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles-FR-08-panneau-01.JPG"},{"image_text":"The War Memorial","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles-FR-08-monument_aux_morts-03.JPG/220px-Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles-FR-08-monument_aux_morts-03.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles_-_l%E2%80%99%C3%89glise_Notre-Dame_-_Photo_Francis_Neuvens_lesardennesvuesdusol.fotoloft.fr.JPG/220px-Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles_-_l%E2%80%99%C3%89glise_Notre-Dame_-_Photo_Francis_Neuvens_lesardennesvuesdusol.fotoloft.fr.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Communes of the Ardennes department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Ardennes_department"}]
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-08018","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Within
Music Within
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Casting","3.2 Filming","4 Soundtrack","5 Release","5.1 Box office","5.2 Critical response","5.3 Accolades","5.4 Home media","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
For the Bharatanatyam Dance Theater production Music Within, see Savitha Sastry. 2007 American filmMusic WithinTheatrical release posterDirected bySteven SawalichWritten byBret McKinneyMark Andrew OlsenKelly KennemerProduced byBrett DonowhoBruce Wayne GilliesOli Laperal Jr.Steven SawalichStarring Ron Livingston Melissa George Michael Sheen Yul Vazquez Rebecca De Mornay Hector Elizondo CinematographyIrek HartowiczEdited byTimothy AlversonMusic byJames T. SaleProductioncompaniesArticulus EntertainmentQuorum EntertainmentDistributed byMetro-Goldwyn-MayerRelease date October 26, 2007 (2007-10-26) Running time93 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$153,205 Music Within is a 2007 American biographical period drama film directed by Steven Sawalich and starring Ron Livingston, Melissa George, Michael Sheen, Rebecca De Mornay, and Marion Ross. It follows the life of Richard Pimentel (Livingston), a respected public speaker whose hearing disability attained in the Vietnam War drove him to become an activist for the Americans with Disabilities Act. Sheen portrays Arthur Honeyman, while George portrays Pimentel's girlfriend. Filmed on location in Portland, Oregon, in 2006, Music Within screened at the AFI Dallas International Film Festival in February 2007, where it won the award for Best Narrative Feature Film. The film was acquired for distribution by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, who gave it a limited theatrical release in the United States on October 26, 2007. Plot In 1947, in Portland, Oregon, infant Richard Pimentel is given up for adoption by his paranoid schizophrenic mother. She later reclaims her son from an orphanage, but his childhood with her as a single mother is turbulent, and he is largely cared for by his maternal grandmother and Chinese-American father, Dell Fong. When Dell dies in an accident at the market he owns, Richard is left in the sole care of his mother, who is institutionalized shortly after. As an adolescent, Richard realizes that he has a gift for public speaking. Upon graduating high school in 1969, he visited Portland State University as a prospective student. Richard catches the attention of Dr. Ben Padrow, a football coach and head of the university's speech department, and recites a speech for him. Padrow harshly tells Richard that he needs to "live a full life" in order to gain perspective and hone his natural speaking skills. This inspired Richard to join the military, and he serves as a soldier on the battlefield in the Vietnam War. A close-proximity bombing causes Richard to lose the majority of his hearing, and he is left with permanent tinnitus. Richard returns to Portland, where he enrolls at the university. There, he befriends Mike Stolz, a mercurial alcoholic, and Art Honeyman, a high-IQ writer living with cerebral palsy. Richard and Art become close friends quickly. At a roller skating rink, Richard gets into a confrontation with Nikos, the boyfriend of a fellow university student, Christine, when Richard—using his ability to read lips—observes him insulting Art from a distance. Later, Richard sees Christine on the university campus, and responds to her rideshare advertisement for a trip to Seattle to attend a Jefferson Airplane concert. Richard spends the night at Christine's house and the two have sex. He is shocked upon finding that Christine is an open relationship with Nikos, but agrees to continue dating her. Upon graduating university, Richard begins a successful career working for an insurance agency. On Art's birthday, Richard takes him out to dinner, but the two are refused service by a waitress and manager, for fear that Art is disturbing other customers. When they protest, Richard and Art are arrested and booked on the grounds of violating an "ugly law," an ordinance targeting the poor and disabled from appearing in public spaces. The incident inspires Richard to quit his insurance job and dedicate his time to nonprofit work helping placing veterans and other people with disabilities in jobs. In 1978, Richard is fitted with hearing aids for the first time, though they do not provide adequate hearing ability. With Dr. Padrow's help, Richard is introduced to Bill Austin, the founder of Starkey Hearing Technologies, who produce state-of-the-art hearing aids. Meanwhile, Richard, collaborating with Art, begins writing a treatise on the subject of disabled persons. Through the 1980s, Richard's career takes off as he becomes a keynote speaker for the U.S. Government, giving speeches to government agencies and sectors on training and protocols for people with disabilities; he also devises a training program to help educate the public on HIV/AIDS. However, Richard's high-profile career begins to negatively impact his relationship with Christine. When Richard cancels plans with Christine to attend a speaking engagement, Christine decides to end their relationship. Richard is further devastated when Mike commits suicide, and his mother dies in a psychiatric hospital. Richard reconnects with Christine, now engaged to another man, and the two maintain an amicable friendship. In 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act is signed into congress, and Richard's efforts are recognized. Shortly after, Richard and Art celebrate Art's birthday at the diner where they were once refused service. Cast Ron Livingston as Richard Pimentel Ridge Canipe as Young Richard Pimentel Melissa George as Christine Michael Sheen as Art Honeyman Yul Vazquez as Mike Stolz Rebecca De Mornay as Mrs. Pimentel Clint Jung as Dell Fong Marion Ross as Richard's Grandmother Hector Elizondo as Dr. Ben Padrow Leslie Nielsen as Bill Austin Paul Michael as Joe John Livingston as Mr. Parks Brett Donowho as McMahon Clint Howard as Clerk Linda Burden-Williams as Bambi Production Casting For preparation of his portrayal of Richard Pimentel, Ron Livingston attended a speaking event Pimentel appeared at in Minnesota, and subsequently spent time with Pimentel in order to accurately portray his mannerisms. Actress Melissa George was compelled to act in the film because her father, an Australian, had fought in the Vietnam War, and sustained lifelong tinnitus and partial hearing loss as a result. Director Steven Sawalich's stepfather William F. Austin, the founder of Starkey Hearing Technologies, arranged for George's father to travel from western Australia to the United States and had him fitted with the company's hearing aids. Filming Principal photography of Music Within took place primarily in Portland, Oregon, including the Portland State University campus. Soundtrack Though an official soundtrack was not released, the film features the following songs: "You're Nobody 'Til Someone Loves You" by Dean Martin "Green Green Tomatoes" by Marc Dold and Judith Martin "Intergalactic Cowboy" by Crit Harmon "Midnight Rambler" by The Rolling Stones "We Gotta Get Out of this Place" by The Animals "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" by James Brown "But It's Alright" by J. J. Jackson "Papa Was, Too" by Joe Tex "Hush" by Deep Purple "It's Your Thing" by The Isley Brothers "Sunshine Superman" by Donovan "Magic Carpet Ride" by Steppenwolf "Somebody to Love" by Jefferson Airplane "Rebellious Youth, No Regrets" by Simon Heselev "Mas que Nada" by Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66 "Stuck in the Middle with You" by Stealers Wheel "In Your Eyes" by Jon Aldrich "Let It Out (Let It All Hang Out)" by The Hombres "N.I.B." by Black Sabbath "Brazilian Sunset" by Brad Hatfield "Get Together" by The Youngbloods "As Long as You Don't Want It" by John Powers "Tin Man" by America "Shambala" by Three Dog Night "Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters" by Elton John "China Grove" by The Doobie Brothers Release Music Within was selected for the opening night gala of the American Film Institute's Dallas International Film Festival in February 2007. Box office The film was given a limited theatrical release in the United States by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer on October 26, 2007. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $52,744 in 17 theaters. It went on to earn a total of $154,087 in the United States, and another $33,494 internationally, for a worldwide gross of $187,581. Writing on the difficulty of marketing the film, journalist Kirk Honeycutt noted: "the challenge faced by MGM is to persuade an audience to risk seeing a movie about events leading up to the landmark Americans With Disabilities Act. The film opens today in 10 markets and will need strong critical support in tandem with MGM’s marketing to create awareness. The film will more than likely make its mark in cable and DVD markets." Critical response Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter noted: "Music Within will hook the audience up with a supremely cool and witty real-life character, Richard Pimentel...what should be a tough, sentimental slog whisks by in a breezy, entertaining 94 minutes like a kind of illustrated stand-up comedy routine." Matt Seitz of The New York Times, however, called the film's direction "annoyingly unimaginative," ultimately deeming it "a bad movie with a good heart." Reviewing the film for Slant Magazine, Nick Schager awarded it two out of four stars, noting: "Livingston, a consistently appealing presence who exudes unpretentious everyman charm, successfully sells even the corniest of scenarios—the most groan-worthy of which is a discriminatory pancake house offense that, per uplifting melodramatic requirements—is rectified 20 years later with some heartwarming syrup." Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe echoed a similar sentiment, writing that the film is "everything it ought to be: right-minded, well-intentioned, compassionate. But it doesn't rise above made-for-cable public service announcement, either." Kevin Crust of the Los Angeles Times praised the film's performances, but felt that the film lost narrative momentum in its second half, "when Pimentel’s dedication to his work...  takes a toll on his relationship with Christine. So much time is spent on obligatory scenes involving answering machines and chance encounters on the street that his work on the ADA seems to get short shrift." Time Out awarded the film three out of five stars, but similarly criticized the film's structure, describing it as a "connect-the-dots biopic" that renders Pimentel's personal story "almost superfluous compared with the more compelling story of how he changed a crippled culture of “ugly” laws (wherein the police had a right to arrest anyone who was physically “unsightly”) to one with required wheelchair accessibility." Roger Ebert called the film "entertaining" and "sometimes inspiring," but added: "What bothers me is that Music Within takes an individual story, an inspiring one, yes, and then thinks that's all there is to be told. It wasn't one guy who got mad. It was decades of struggle, decades of rejection, decades of streets that couldn't be crossed, stairs that couldn't be climbed, houses that couldn't be lived in and customers who couldn't be bothered." Accolades Institution Category Recipient Result Ref. AFI Dallas International Film Festival Best Narrative Feature Film Music Within Won St. Louis Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor Michael Sheen Nominated Home media Music Within was released on DVD in North America on April 8, 2008 by MGM Home Entertainment. A Blu-ray was released in Germany in 2013 by Universum Film GmbH. See also List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing Notes ^ The soundtrack listing has been adapted from the film's end credits, and the songs are listed in the order they are featured in the film. References ^ a b c "Music Within". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 30, 2022. ^ Friess, Steven (November 5, 2007). "Disabled war veteran's activism forges onto film". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. ^ a b c "Music Within". Ability. Vol. 2. 2007. Archived from the original on January 30, 2022. ^ Loving, Lisa (May 19, 2008). "Pushing for fairness". PSU Magazine. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. ^ Sneider, Jeff (February 27, 2007). "AFI Dallas bows to 'Music'". Variety. Archived from the original on May 25, 2020. ^ "Music Within". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Retrieved May 4, 2018. ^ a b Honeycutt, Kirk (October 25, 2007). "Music Within". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 30, 2022. ^ Seitz, Matt Zoller (October 26, 2007). "How a Hero Hears the World". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. ^ Schager, Nick (October 11, 2007). "Music Within". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on September 30, 2016. ^ Morris, Wesley (October 26, 2007). "'Music Within' strikes familiar notes". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 30, 2022. ^ Crust, Kevin (October 26, 2007). "'Music' misses out on dramatic notes". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. ^ "Music Within". Time Out. October 19, 2007. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. ^ Ebert, Roger (October 25, 2007). "Blazing a beaten path". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2018. ^ Wilonsky, Robert (April 6, 2008). "AFI Dallas: And the Winners Are..." Dallas Observer. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. ^ Spurlin, Thomas (April 8, 2008). "Music Within". DVD Talk. Archived from the original on January 30, 2022. ^ "Music Within ". Amazon. Retrieved January 30, 2022. External links Music Within at IMDb Music Within at AllMovie Music Within at Rotten Tomatoes
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savitha Sastry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savitha_Sastry"},{"link_name":"biographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_film"},{"link_name":"period drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_drama"},{"link_name":"Ron Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Melissa George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_George"},{"link_name":"Michael Sheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sheen"},{"link_name":"Rebecca De Mornay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_De_Mornay"},{"link_name":"Marion Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Ross"},{"link_name":"Richard Pimentel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pimentel"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Americans with Disabilities Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arthur Honeyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Honeyman"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"AFI Dallas International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"limited theatrical release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_theatrical_release"}],"text":"For the Bharatanatyam Dance Theater production Music Within, see Savitha Sastry.2007 American filmMusic Within is a 2007 American biographical period drama film directed by Steven Sawalich and starring Ron Livingston, Melissa George, Michael Sheen, Rebecca De Mornay, and Marion Ross. It follows the life of Richard Pimentel (Livingston), a respected public speaker whose hearing disability attained in the Vietnam War drove him to become an activist for the Americans with Disabilities Act.[2] Sheen portrays Arthur Honeyman, while George portrays Pimentel's girlfriend.Filmed on location in Portland, Oregon, in 2006, Music Within screened at the AFI Dallas International Film Festival in February 2007, where it won the award for Best Narrative Feature Film. The film was acquired for distribution by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, who gave it a limited theatrical release in the United States on October 26, 2007.","title":"Music Within"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Richard Pimentel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pimentel"},{"link_name":"paranoid schizophrenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"Chinese-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Americans"},{"link_name":"public speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_speaking"},{"link_name":"Portland State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_State_University"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"tinnitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinnitus"},{"link_name":"Art Honeyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Honeyman"},{"link_name":"cerebral palsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy"},{"link_name":"roller skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_skating"},{"link_name":"read lips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip_reading"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane"},{"link_name":"open relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_relationship"},{"link_name":"ugly law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_law"},{"link_name":"poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"},{"link_name":"hearing aids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_aid"},{"link_name":"Bill Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Austin"},{"link_name":"Starkey Hearing Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starkey_Hearing_Technologies"},{"link_name":"treatise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"Americans with Disabilities Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990"}],"text":"In 1947, in Portland, Oregon, infant Richard Pimentel is given up for adoption by his paranoid schizophrenic mother. She later reclaims her son from an orphanage, but his childhood with her as a single mother is turbulent, and he is largely cared for by his maternal grandmother and Chinese-American father, Dell Fong. When Dell dies in an accident at the market he owns, Richard is left in the sole care of his mother, who is institutionalized shortly after.As an adolescent, Richard realizes that he has a gift for public speaking. Upon graduating high school in 1969, he visited Portland State University as a prospective student. Richard catches the attention of Dr. Ben Padrow, a football coach and head of the university's speech department, and recites a speech for him. Padrow harshly tells Richard that he needs to \"live a full life\" in order to gain perspective and hone his natural speaking skills. This inspired Richard to join the military, and he serves as a soldier on the battlefield in the Vietnam War. A close-proximity bombing causes Richard to lose the majority of his hearing, and he is left with permanent tinnitus.Richard returns to Portland, where he enrolls at the university. There, he befriends Mike Stolz, a mercurial alcoholic, and Art Honeyman, a high-IQ writer living with cerebral palsy. Richard and Art become close friends quickly. At a roller skating rink, Richard gets into a confrontation with Nikos, the boyfriend of a fellow university student, Christine, when Richard—using his ability to read lips—observes him insulting Art from a distance. Later, Richard sees Christine on the university campus, and responds to her rideshare advertisement for a trip to Seattle to attend a Jefferson Airplane concert. Richard spends the night at Christine's house and the two have sex. He is shocked upon finding that Christine is an open relationship with Nikos, but agrees to continue dating her.Upon graduating university, Richard begins a successful career working for an insurance agency. On Art's birthday, Richard takes him out to dinner, but the two are refused service by a waitress and manager, for fear that Art is disturbing other customers. When they protest, Richard and Art are arrested and booked on the grounds of violating an \"ugly law,\" an ordinance targeting the poor and disabled from appearing in public spaces. The incident inspires Richard to quit his insurance job and dedicate his time to nonprofit work helping placing veterans and other people with disabilities in jobs.In 1978, Richard is fitted with hearing aids for the first time, though they do not provide adequate hearing ability. With Dr. Padrow's help, Richard is introduced to Bill Austin, the founder of Starkey Hearing Technologies, who produce state-of-the-art hearing aids. Meanwhile, Richard, collaborating with Art, begins writing a treatise on the subject of disabled persons. Through the 1980s, Richard's career takes off as he becomes a keynote speaker for the U.S. Government, giving speeches to government agencies and sectors on training and protocols for people with disabilities; he also devises a training program to help educate the public on HIV/AIDS. However, Richard's high-profile career begins to negatively impact his relationship with Christine. When Richard cancels plans with Christine to attend a speaking engagement, Christine decides to end their relationship. Richard is further devastated when Mike commits suicide, and his mother dies in a psychiatric hospital.Richard reconnects with Christine, now engaged to another man, and the two maintain an amicable friendship. In 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act is signed into congress, and Richard's efforts are recognized. Shortly after, Richard and Art celebrate Art's birthday at the diner where they were once refused service.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ron Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Richard Pimentel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pimentel"},{"link_name":"Ridge Canipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_Canipe"},{"link_name":"Melissa George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_George"},{"link_name":"Michael Sheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sheen"},{"link_name":"Art Honeyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Honeyman"},{"link_name":"Yul Vazquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yul_Vazquez"},{"link_name":"Rebecca De Mornay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_De_Mornay"},{"link_name":"Marion Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Ross"},{"link_name":"Hector Elizondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Elizondo"},{"link_name":"Leslie Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Nielsen"},{"link_name":"Bill Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Austin"},{"link_name":"Paul Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Michael"},{"link_name":"Clint Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Howard"}],"text":"Ron Livingston as Richard Pimentel\nRidge Canipe as Young Richard Pimentel\nMelissa George as Christine\nMichael Sheen as Art Honeyman\nYul Vazquez as Mike Stolz\nRebecca De Mornay as Mrs. Pimentel\nClint Jung as Dell Fong\nMarion Ross as Richard's Grandmother\nHector Elizondo as Dr. Ben Padrow\nLeslie Nielsen as Bill Austin\nPaul Michael as Joe\nJohn Livingston as Mr. Parks\nBrett Donowho as McMahon\nClint Howard as Clerk\nLinda Burden-Williams as Bambi","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Pimentel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pimentel"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ability-3"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"tinnitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinnitus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ability-3"},{"link_name":"William F. Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Austin"},{"link_name":"Starkey Hearing Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starkey_Hearing_Technologies"},{"link_name":"western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ability-3"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"For preparation of his portrayal of Richard Pimentel, Ron Livingston attended a speaking event Pimentel appeared at in Minnesota, and subsequently spent time with Pimentel in order to accurately portray his mannerisms.[3]Actress Melissa George was compelled to act in the film because her father, an Australian, had fought in the Vietnam War, and sustained lifelong tinnitus and partial hearing loss as a result.[3] Director Steven Sawalich's stepfather William F. Austin, the founder of Starkey Hearing Technologies, arranged for George's father to travel from western Australia to the United States and had him fitted with the company's hearing aids.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Portland State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_State_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Principal photography of Music Within took place primarily in Portland, Oregon, including the Portland State University campus.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dean Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin"},{"link_name":"Midnight Rambler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Rambler"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"We Gotta Get Out of this Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Gotta_Get_Out_of_this_Place"},{"link_name":"The Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Animals"},{"link_name":"Papa's Got a Brand New Bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa%27s_Got_a_Brand_New_Bag"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"J. J. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Jackson_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Joe Tex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Tex"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"It's Your Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Your_Thing"},{"link_name":"The Isley Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Superman_(song)"},{"link_name":"Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donovan"},{"link_name":"Magic Carpet Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Carpet_Ride_(Steppenwolf_song)"},{"link_name":"Steppenwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppenwolf_(band)"},{"link_name":"Somebody to Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_to_Love_(Jefferson_Airplane_song)"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane"},{"link_name":"Mas que Nada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas_que_Nada"},{"link_name":"Sérgio Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Mendes"},{"link_name":"Stuck in the Middle with You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuck_in_the_Middle_with_You"},{"link_name":"Stealers Wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealers_Wheel"},{"link_name":"The Hombres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hombres"},{"link_name":"N.I.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.I.B."},{"link_name":"Black Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath"},{"link_name":"Brad Hatfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Hatfield"},{"link_name":"The Youngbloods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Youngbloods"},{"link_name":"Tin Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Man_(America_song)"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_(band)"},{"link_name":"Shambala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shambala_(song)"},{"link_name":"Three Dog Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Dog_Night"},{"link_name":"Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisas_and_Mad_Hatters"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"China Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Grove_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Doobie Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doobie_Brothers"}],"text":"Though an official soundtrack was not released, the film features the following songs:[a]\"You're Nobody 'Til Someone Loves You\" by Dean Martin\n\"Green Green Tomatoes\" by Marc Dold and Judith Martin\n\"Intergalactic Cowboy\" by Crit Harmon\n\"Midnight Rambler\" by The Rolling Stones\n\"We Gotta Get Out of this Place\" by The Animals\n\"Papa's Got a Brand New Bag\" by James Brown\n\"But It's Alright\" by J. J. Jackson\n\"Papa Was, Too\" by Joe Tex\n\"Hush\" by Deep Purple\n\"It's Your Thing\" by The Isley Brothers\n\"Sunshine Superman\" by Donovan\n\"Magic Carpet Ride\" by Steppenwolf\n\"Somebody to Love\" by Jefferson Airplane\n\"Rebellious Youth, No Regrets\" by Simon Heselev\n\"Mas que Nada\" by Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66\n\"Stuck in the Middle with You\" by Stealers Wheel\n\"In Your Eyes\" by Jon Aldrich\n\"Let It Out (Let It All Hang Out)\" by The Hombres\n\"N.I.B.\" by Black Sabbath\n\"Brazilian Sunset\" by Brad Hatfield\n\"Get Together\" by The Youngbloods\n\"As Long as You Don't Want It\" by John Powers\n\"Tin Man\" by America\n\"Shambala\" by Three Dog Night\n\"Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters\" by Elton John\n\"China Grove\" by The Doobie Brothers","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"Dallas International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bows-6"}],"text":"Music Within was selected for the opening night gala of the American Film Institute's Dallas International Film Festival in February 2007.[5]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limited theatrical release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_theatrical_release"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojo-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojo-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hr-8"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"The film was given a limited theatrical release in the United States by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer on October 26, 2007.[6] In its opening weekend, the film grossed $52,744 in 17 theaters.[1] It went on to earn a total of $154,087 in the United States, and another $33,494 internationally, for a worldwide gross of $187,581.[1]Writing on the difficulty of marketing the film, journalist Kirk Honeycutt noted: \"the challenge faced by MGM is to persuade an audience to risk seeing a movie about events leading up to the landmark Americans With Disabilities Act. The film opens today in 10 markets and will need strong critical support in tandem with MGM’s marketing to create awareness. The film will more than likely make its mark in cable and DVD markets.\"[7]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hr-8"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Time Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter noted: \"Music Within will hook the audience up with a supremely cool and witty real-life character, Richard Pimentel...what should be a tough, sentimental slog whisks by in a breezy, entertaining 94 minutes like a kind of illustrated stand-up comedy routine.\"[7] Matt Seitz of The New York Times, however, called the film's direction \"annoyingly unimaginative,\" ultimately deeming it \"a bad movie with a good heart.\"[8] Reviewing the film for Slant Magazine, Nick Schager awarded it two out of four stars, noting: \"Livingston, a consistently appealing presence who exudes unpretentious everyman charm, successfully sells even the corniest of scenarios—the most groan-worthy of which is a discriminatory pancake house offense that, per uplifting melodramatic requirements—is rectified 20 years later with some heartwarming syrup.\"[9] Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe echoed a similar sentiment, writing that the film is \"everything it ought to be: right-minded, well-intentioned, compassionate. But it doesn't rise above made-for-cable public service announcement, either.\"[10]Kevin Crust of the Los Angeles Times praised the film's performances, but felt that the film lost narrative momentum in its second half, \"when Pimentel’s dedication to his work...  takes a toll on his relationship with Christine. So much time is spent on obligatory scenes involving answering machines and chance encounters on the street that his work on the ADA seems to get short shrift.\"[11] Time Out awarded the film three out of five stars, but similarly criticized the film's structure, describing it as a \"connect-the-dots biopic\" that renders Pimentel's personal story \"almost superfluous compared with the more compelling story of how he changed a crippled culture of “ugly” laws (wherein the police had a right to arrest anyone who was physically “unsightly”) to one with required wheelchair accessibility.\"[12]Roger Ebert called the film \"entertaining\" and \"sometimes inspiring,\" but added: \"What bothers me is that Music Within takes an individual story, an inspiring one, yes, and then thinks that's all there is to be told. It wasn't one guy who got mad. It was decades of struggle, decades of rejection, decades of streets that couldn't be crossed, stairs that couldn't be climbed, houses that couldn't be lived in and customers who couldn't be bothered.\"[13]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"MGM Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"Music Within was released on DVD in North America on April 8, 2008 by MGM Home Entertainment.[15] A Blu-ray was released in Germany in 2013 by Universum Film GmbH.[16]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ The soundtrack listing has been adapted from the film's end credits, and the songs are listed in the order they are featured in the film.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_the_deaf_and_hard_of_hearing"}]
[{"reference":"\"Music Within\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=musicwithin.htm","url_text":"\"Music Within\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"Friess, Steven (November 5, 2007). \"Disabled war veteran's activism forges onto film\". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2007-11-05-pimentel_N.htm","url_text":"\"Disabled war veteran's activism forges onto film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220113949/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2007-11-05-pimentel_N.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Music Within\". Ability. Vol. 2. 2007. Archived from the original on January 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abilitymagazine.com/livingston.html","url_text":"\"Music Within\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ability_(magazine)","url_text":"Ability"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20220130091438/https://www.abilitymagazine.com/livingston.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Loving, Lisa (May 19, 2008). \"Pushing for fairness\". PSU Magazine. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220042336/https://www.pdx.edu/magazine/news/pushing-for-fairness","url_text":"\"Pushing for fairness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_State_University","url_text":"PSU Magazine"},{"url":"https://www.pdx.edu/magazine/news/pushing-for-fairness","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sneider, Jeff (February 27, 2007). \"AFI Dallas bows to 'Music'\". Variety. Archived from the original on May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/afi-dallas-bows-to-music-1117960237","url_text":"\"AFI Dallas bows to 'Music'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200525095040/https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/afi-dallas-bows-to-music-1117960237/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Music Within\". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Retrieved May 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/64395?sid=d06a2cf6-644d-4d63-a3e5-a1e6db18701d&sr=3.7255864&cp=1&pos=0","url_text":"\"Music Within\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI_Catalog_of_Feature_Films","url_text":"AFI Catalog of Feature Films"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute","url_text":"American Film Institute"}]},{"reference":"Honeycutt, Kirk (October 25, 2007). \"Music Within\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/music-159120","url_text":"\"Music Within\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220130221036/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/music-159120/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Seitz, Matt Zoller (October 26, 2007). \"How a Hero Hears the World\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210126184258/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/movies/26with.html","url_text":"\"How a Hero Hears the World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/movies/26with.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schager, Nick (October 11, 2007). \"Music Within\". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on September 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160930175041/https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/music-within","url_text":"\"Music Within\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine","url_text":"Slant Magazine"},{"url":"https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/music-within","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Wesley (October 26, 2007). \"'Music Within' strikes familiar notes\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2007/10/26/music_within_strikes_familiar_notes/","url_text":"\"'Music Within' strikes familiar notes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20220130062802/http://archive.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2007/10/26/music_within_strikes_familiar_notes/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Crust, Kevin (October 26, 2007). \"'Music' misses out on dramatic notes\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-oct-26-et-music26-story.html","url_text":"\"'Music' misses out on dramatic notes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200928023107/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-oct-26-et-music26-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Music Within\". Time Out. October 19, 2007. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/movies/music-within-1","url_text":"\"Music Within\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)","url_text":"Time Out"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923025543/https://www.timeout.com/movies/music-within-1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (October 25, 2007). \"Blazing a beaten path\". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert","url_text":"Ebert, Roger"},{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/music-within-2007","url_text":"\"Blazing a beaten path\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211118201254/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/music-within-2007","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wilonsky, Robert (April 6, 2008). \"AFI Dallas: And the Winners Are...\" Dallas Observer. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallasobserver.com/news/afi-dallas-and-the-winners-are-7114262","url_text":"\"AFI Dallas: And the Winners Are...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Observer","url_text":"Dallas Observer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210128125743/https://www.dallasobserver.com/news/afi-dallas-and-the-winners-are-7114262","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Spurlin, Thomas (April 8, 2008). \"Music Within\". DVD Talk. Archived from the original on January 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/review/33184","url_text":"\"Music Within\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Talk","url_text":"DVD Talk"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220130205835/https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/review/33184","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Music Within [Blu-ray]\". Amazon. Retrieved January 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Music-Within-Blu-Ray-Reg-Germany/dp/B009X47PXY","url_text":"\"Music Within [Blu-ray]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)","url_text":"Amazon"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargassum_horneri
Sargassum horneri
["1 References"]
Species of seaweed Sargassum horneri Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Clade: Diaphoretickes Clade: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Phylum: Gyrista Subphylum: Ochrophytina Class: Phaeophyceae Order: Fucales Family: Sargassaceae Genus: Sargassum Species: S. horneri Binomial name Sargassum horneri(Turner) C.Agardh Sargassum horneri is a species of brown macroalgae that is common along the coast of Japan and Korea. It is an annual algae which has a varying fertile season along the coast. In Wakasa Bay it began to grow in early autumn through winter, becoming matured in Spring, when the sea water temperature was 11.6–15.2 °C (53–59 °F) in average. Also called "devil weed", this species has invaded the Eastern Pacific, beginning in Baja California and advancing north along the California coastline. In its natural ecosystem, Sargassum horneri grows attached to a hard substrate and blooms into a kelp forest which encourages and maintains local biodiversity. However, this species of macroalgae is the major component of the northwest Pacific golden tide, a biomass of Sargassum horneri that drifts up the eastern coast of China towards Korea as an invasive species and is detrimental to the coastal ecosystem there. References ^ Umezaki, Isamu (1984). "Ecological Studies of Sargassum horneri (TURNER) C. AGARDH in Obama Bay, Japan Sea". Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 50 (7): 1193–1200. doi:10.2331/suisan.50.1193. ^ Ritchie, Erika I (2020-09-08). "An Orange County marine biologist wants to weed the ocean to help kelp grow". Orange County Register. Retrieved 2021-08-11. ^ Byeon, Seo Yeon; Oh, Hyun-Ju; Kim, Sangil; Yun, Suk Hyun; Kang, Ji Hyoun; Park, Sang Rul; Lee, Hyuk Je (2019-05-23). "The origin and population genetic structure of the 'golden tide' seaweeds, Sargassum horneri , in Korean waters". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 7757. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.7757B. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44170-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6533256. PMID 31123297. Marks, L. (27 August 2015). "Sargassum horneri information sheet" (PDF). Taxon identifiersSargassum horneri Wikidata: Q5785484 Wikispecies: Sargassum horneri AlgaeBase: 4095 GBIF: 3196570 iNaturalist: 428460 IRMNG: 11225001 NCBI: 74089 OBIS: 494853 Open Tree of Life: 968477 WoRMS: 372032 This article needs additional or more specific categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (February 2022) This Phaeophyceae (or brown alga) article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Beautiful_Day_in_the_Neighborhood
A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Filming","4 Release","4.1 Marketing","4.2 Home media","5 Reception","5.1 Box office","5.2 Critical response","5.3 Accolades","6 References","7 External links"]
2019 film directed by Marielle Heller A Beautiful Day in the NeighborhoodTheatrical release posterDirected byMarielle HellerScreenplay by Micah Fitzerman-Blue Noah Harpster Based on"Can You Say ... Hero?"by Tom JunodProduced by Youree Henley Peter Saraf Marc Turtletaub Leah Holzer Starring Tom Hanks Matthew Rhys Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Cooper CinematographyJody Lee LipesEdited byAnne McCabeMusic byNate HellerProductioncompanies TriStar Pictures Tencent Pictures Big Beach Youree Henley Productions Distributed bySony Pictures ReleasingRelease dates September 7, 2019 (2019-09-07) (TIFF) November 22, 2019 (2019-11-22) (United States) Running time109 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$25 millionBox office$68.4 million A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood is a 2019 American biographical drama film on the TV presenter Fred Rogers, directed by Marielle Heller and written by Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster, inspired by the 1998 article "Can You Say ... Hero?" by Tom Junod, published in Esquire. It stars Tom Hanks, Matthew Rhys, Susan Kelechi Watson, and Chris Cooper. It depicts Lloyd Vogel (Rhys), a troubled journalist for Esquire who is assigned to profile television icon Fred Rogers (Hanks). The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2019, and was theatrically released in the United States on November 22, 2019, by Sony Pictures Releasing. It grossed $68 million worldwide. Critics praised Hanks and Rhys's performances, Heller's direction, and its heart-warming messages. It was chosen by Time magazine as one of the ten best films of the year. For his performance, Hanks was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the Academy Awards, as well as the Golden Globes, Critics' Choice, Screen Actors Guild Awards, and BAFTA Awards, among others. Plot In 1998, at the beginning of an episode of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, Mr. Rogers displays a picture board with five doors. Three of the doors are opened to reveal the familiar faces of Lady Aberlin, King Friday, and Mr. McFeely. The fourth door is opened to reveal the face of Mr. Rogers' troubled new friend, Lloyd Vogel, who has a black eye and a cut near his nose. Mr. Rogers explains that Lloyd has been hurt (and not necessarily on his face), and he is struggling to forgive the one who hurt him. After explaining what forgiveness means, Mr. Rogers leaves to visit Lloyd. Lloyd Vogel is an Esquire journalist known for his cynical writing. He is nervous to attend his sister Lorraine's third wedding because his estranged father, Jerry, against whom he has long held a grudge, is also attending. However, he attends with his wife Andrea and their newborn son, Gavin. During the reception, Lloyd is approached by Jerry, who notes his son’s new family. When Jerry makes a joke about Lloyd's deceased mother Lila -- whom he cheated on and abandoned when she was dying of cancer twenty years earlier -- this enrages Lloyd into punching his father and starting a chaotic brawl, in which he is punched against the wall by another guest, explaining the scar on his face. Lloyd's editor, Ellen, assigns him to interview children's television presenter Fred Rogers for a 400-word article about heroes. Lloyd feels that the assignment is beneath him, but is informed that none of the other heroes were willing to talk to him. Still cynical, Lloyd questions whether Mister Rogers is "for real". Lloyd travels to the WQED studio in Pittsburgh to interview him. Rogers is dismissive of his fame and displays concern for Lloyd's nose injury. With coaxing, he relates some of the issues with his father, whose apology and attempt at reconciliation Lloyd has rebuffed. Rogers tells him his ways of dealing with anger, including striking the keys of a piano. Determined to expose Rogers' friendly persona as an act, Lloyd watches several episodes of Rogers' show, but cannot discern anything. Interviewing Rogers again when he visits New York, seemingly dodging Lloyd's questions, he reminisces about raising his two sons. Fred takes out his puppets and asks Lloyd about his childhood rabbit stuffed animal and his father, provoking Lloyd into ending the interview. Lloyd arrives home to find Jerry and his wife Dorothy having brought pizza while talking with Andrea. They have a tense argument over Jerry’s absence during Lila’s cancer progression and his self-development since. As Lloyd relates how his mother suffered hysterically in her last moments with only him and his sister present, Jerry suffers a heart attack and is transported to the hospital. Faced with his resurgent trauma at staying overnight at the hospital for Jerry, Lloyd decides to go to Pittsburgh to see Rogers for counsel under the guise of work against Andrea’s protests. Exhausted on arriving, he envisions himself as Rogers’ guest, being asked about hospitals. Next, he finds himself wearing rabbit ears and shrunken to the size of Daniel Striped Tiger and King Friday XIII, while Rogers and Andrea (as Lady Aberlin) tower over him. Finally, Lloyd also dreams about Lila, who gently recognizes his anger being for her memory, but assures him that she doesn’t need it. Lloyd awakens to find he collapsed on set. Rogers and his wife, Joanne, bring Lloyd to their home to recuperate. The men later go to a restaurant, where Rogers asks Lloyd to spend one minute thinking about the people who "loved him into being", and encourages him to forgive Jerry. Lloyd apologizes to Andrea for leaving her and Gavin at the hospital and visits Jerry and Dorothy at their home. He learns Jerry is dying of cardiac stenosis, and that is why Jerry attempted to reconnect with Lloyd. Lloyd forgives him, promises to be a better father, and writes an article about Rogers' impact on his life. Dorothy tells Lloyd that Jerry had never mentioned his previous marriage or children until recently, after he became ill. Lorraine, her husband Todd, and Rogers visit Jerry. Rogers asks Jerry to pray for him before he departs. Jerry dies shortly after Rogers' visit and Lloyd's 10,000-word article, "Can You Say ... Hero?" is published as Esquire's cover story. At his studio, Rogers finishes the episode he was earlier working on, opening the fifth and final door on his picture board, revealing a picture of Lloyd happily reunited with his family. As the production ends, Mr. Rogers plays the piano alone, stops, strikes the keys in frustration, and resumes playing. Cast Matthew Rhys as Lloyd Vogel:A cynical journalist who is assigned to profile Fred Rogers for the magazine Esquire. Lloyd is based loosely on journalist Tom Junod, whose encounter with Rogers was adapted into the film. Director Marielle Heller described Lloyd as the viewer's "entry point into Fred's teachings" and expressed hope that Lloyd's character development and growth as a new father would compel viewers to reflect upon themselves. Tom Hanks as Fred Rogers:The creator and host of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. To prepare for his role, Hanks visited the Fred Rogers Center at Saint Vincent College in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, for research in the Fred Rogers Archives and also watched Won't You Be My Neighbor?, a 2018 documentary film. At the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival, Hanks recalled watching "hundreds of hours" of footage of Rogers on set and behind the scenes in order to get into character. Heller noted that Rogers "doesn't have the dynamic nature you need for a protagonist for a movie" and considered him "the antagonist who comes into someone's life and flips it upside down through his philosophy and the way he lived his life". Susan Kelechi Watson as Andrea Vogel:A public attorney, Lloyd's wife, and a fan of Rogers' show. Watson, herself a fan of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, described her character as a "career woman" who faces unique challenges of patience and adaptation as the mother of a newborn. Chris Cooper as Jerry Vogel:Lloyd's estranged father and a philanderer who cheated on his dying wife Lila and abandoned Lloyd and Lorraine when they were children. In a press interview for the film, Cooper described his character as "multidimensional" and compared filming a scene with Hanks to seeing the "eyes of God". Maryann Plunkett as Joanne Rogers:Fred's wife. Plunkett met with Joanne Rogers to prepare for the role. Enrico Colantoni as Bill Isler:The President & CEO of Family Communications. In a radio interview, Colantoni said he became friends with the real Bill Isler while filming and described his character as having been "so important to Fred". Wendy Makkena as Dorothy Vogel:Jerry's second wife. Makkena described her character as part of Vogel's "dysfunctional, complicated family". Tammy Blanchard as Lorraine Vogel: Lloyd's sister and Todd's wife. Noah Harpster as Todd: Lorraine's husband and Lloyd's brother-in-law. Christine Lahti as Ellen: Lloyd's editor. Additional cast members include Carmen Cusack as Margy, a producer of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood; Jessica Hecht as Lila Vogel, Lloyd's late mother and Jerry's ex-wife; Maddie Corman as Betty Aberlin, an actress starring as Lady Aberlin on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood; Daniel Krell as Mr. McFeely; and Jordan, Naomi, and Zoey Harsh as Gavin Vogel, Lloyd's son. Notable cameos in the film include Rogers' wife Joanne, Mr. McFeely actor David Newell, Family Communications head Bill Isler, and Mister Rogers' Neighborhood producer Margy Whitmer who appear as customers in a restaurant that Rogers and Lloyd meet in. Arsenio Hall and Oprah Winfrey make uncredited appearances in archive footage of talk shows that Lloyd watches in the film, and Fred Rogers appears in archive footage of his show during the ending credits, singing the song "You've Got to Do It". Production Development On January 29, 2018, it was announced that Sony's TriStar Pictures had bought the worldwide distribution rights to the film You Are My Friend, a biographical film based on a 1998 Esquire magazine article about television personality Fred Rogers, who would be played by Tom Hanks. The script by Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster appeared on the 2013 Black List of best unproduced screenplays. It would be directed by Marielle Heller; its producers would be Big Beach's Marc Turtletaub and Peter Saraf along with Youree Henley. In July 2018, Matthew Rhys signed to play journalist Lloyd Vogel, with production set to start in September 2018. Being Welsh, Rhys had never heard of Fred Rogers before he was offered the role. In August 2018, Chris Cooper was added to play Vogel's father; and in September, Susan Kelechi Watson was added. In October 2018, Enrico Colantoni, Maryann Plunkett, Tammy Blanchard, Wendy Makkena, Sakina Jaffrey, Carmen Cusack, Harpster and Maddie Corman joined the cast. In 2018, Nate Heller was chosen to score the film. Filming Principal photography began on September 10, 2018, in Pittsburgh, with several sets converted into New York City. Filming also took place in the Fred Rogers Studio at WQED (TV) where the late television host recorded Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, and at the Jewish Community Center in Squirrel Hill. The crew consulted with original crew members from Rogers' television series, and brought in the same cameras and monitors used in the original production. The film received tax credits of approximately $9.5 million against a production budget of $45 million for filming in Pittsburgh. Production wrapped on November 9, 2018. On October 12, 2018, sound mixer James Emswiller had a heart attack and fell from a second-story balcony. He was taken to University of Pittsburgh Medical Center-Mercy, where he was pronounced dead. Release A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2019. It was originally going to be released on October 18, 2019 by Sony Pictures Releasing, but in May 2018 was pushed back a month to November 22, 2019. It was released in China on September 18, 2020, after the country reopened theaters following COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. Marketing The film's title was announced on December 27, 2018. The trailer was released on July 22, 2019. Home media The film was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on Digital HD on February 4, 2020, and on Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray and DVD on February 18. Reception Box office A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood grossed $61.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $6.7 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $68.4 million, against a production budget of $25 million. In the United States and Canada, it was released alongside Frozen II and 21 Bridges, and was projected to gross around $15 million from 3,231 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $4.5 million on its first day, including $900,000 from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $13.3 million, finishing third at the box office. It fell just 11% in its second weekend, making $11.8 million and finishing fifth, and remained in fifth place the following weekend with $5.2 million. Critical response Tom Hanks (pictured in 2019) was praised by critics for his performance as Fred Rogers On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 95% based on 372 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Much like the beloved TV personality that inspired it, A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood offers a powerfully affecting message about acceptance and understanding." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an average four out of five stars, with 66% saying they would definitely recommend it. Steve Pond of TheWrap wrote: "A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood finds a gentle state of grace and shows the courage and smarts to stay in that zone, never rushing things or playing for drama ... But just as Mr. Rogers used his show to talk about big issues with children in a tone that was softer and more halting than you'd expect given the subject matter, so does Heller stick to understatement in a way that threatens to become dull or sappy but never does." Benjamin Lee of The Guardian wrote: "It's a given that Hanks will nab at least a best supporting actor nomination but it would be all too easy to forget his co-star. The cynic-becomes-a-believer arc is age old but it unfolds here without cliche thanks to an emotionally intelligent script from Noah Harpster and Micah Fitzerman-Blue, but mainly because of a marvelous, prickly turn from Rhys." Armond White of the National Review was more critical: "Heller and screenwriters Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster don't show enough faith in Rogers' remedies—and not enough interest in their religious origins. In short, the movie seems wary of faith (it briefly mentions that Rogers was an ordained minister) and settles for secular sentimentality to account for his sensibility and behavior. This not only weakens the film, but it also hobbles Hanks's characterization." Accolades Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient(s) Result Ref(s) AARP Movies for Grownups Awards January 19, 2020 Best Movie for Grownups A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood Nominated Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Won Best Buddy Picture A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood Nominated Best Intergenerational Movie A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood Nominated Readers' Choice A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood Won Academy Awards February 9, 2020 Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Alliance of Women Film Journalists January 10, 2020 Best Writing, Adapted Screenplay Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster Nominated Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Woman Director Marielle Heller Nominated Austin Film Critics Association January 22, 2020 Best Adapted Screenplay Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards February 1, 2020 Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film Jade Healy Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 2, 2020 Best Actor in a Supporting Role Tom Hanks Nominated Central Ohio Film Critics Association January 2, 2020 Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Awards December 14, 2019 Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster Nominated Chicago Independent Film Critics Circle Awards January 4, 2020 Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards January 28, 2020 Excellence in Contemporary Film Arjun Bhasin Nominated Critics' Choice Movie Awards January 12, 2020 Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster Nominated Denver Film Critics Society January 6, 2020 Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society Awards December 6, 2019 Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Florida Film Critics Circle Awards December 23, 2019 Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Screenplay Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association January 10, 2020 Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 5, 2020 Best Supporting Actor—Motion Picture Tom Hanks Nominated Golden Schmoes Awards 2019 Best Supporting Actor of the Year Tom Hanks Nominated Grammy Awards March 14, 2021 Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood – Various Artists Nominated Greater Western New York Film Critics Association Awards November 10, 2019 Best Adapted Screenplay Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster Nominated Hawaii Film Critics Society January 13, 2020 Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster Nominated Hollywood Critics Association January 9, 2020 Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated IGN Summer Movie Awards 2019 Best Supporting Performer in a Movie Tom Hanks Nominated Indiana Film Journalists Association August 16, 2019 Best Picture A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster Nominated Iowa Film Critics Awards January 12, 2020 Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards December 13, 2019 Best Picture A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood Nominated London Film Critics Circle Awards 2019 January 30, 2020 Supporting Actor of the Year Tom Hanks Nominated Movieguide Awards January 24, 2020 Best Movie for Mature Audiences Tom Hanks Won Most Inspiring Movie Tom Hanks Nominated Most Inspiring Performance in Movies A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood Nominated North Carolina Film Critics Association January 3, 2020 Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster Nominated North Texas Film Critics Association December 16, 2019 Best Picture A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood Won Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Online Film & Television Association February 2, 2020 Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster Nominated Most Cinematic Moment A Moment of Silence Nominated Best Titles Sequence Nominated Online Film Critics Society Awards January 6, 2020 Best Adapted Screenplay Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster Nominated Phoenix Critics Circle December 14, 2019 Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated San Francisco Film Critics Circle December 16, 2019 Best Screenplay Adapted Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster Nominated Satellite Awards December 19, 2019 Best Supporting Actor—Motion Picture Tom Hanks Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards January 19, 2020 Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Tom Hanks Nominated Seattle Film Critics Awards December 16, 2019 Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Society of Camera Operators 2020 Feature Film Sam Ellison Nominated Vancouver Film Critics Circle January 6, 2020 Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8, 2019 Best Supporting Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards February 1, 2020 Best Adapted Screenplay Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster Nominated References ^ "A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood". Toronto International Film Festival. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019. ^ a b c "A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood (2019)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020. ^ a b "A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood (2019)". The Numbers. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2020. ^ Zacharek, Stephanie (November 25, 2019). "The 10 Best Movies of 2019". Time. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2019. ^ a b Ford, Rebecca (September 6, 2019). 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Official website A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood at AllMovie A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood at IMDb "Can You Say ... Hero?", Esquire, November 1998 vteFilms directed by Marielle Heller The Diary of a Teenage Girl (2015) Can You Ever Forgive Me? (2018) A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood (2019) Nightbitch (2024) vteFred Rogers and Mister Rogers' Neighborhood Neighborhood of Make-Believe Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Films Speedy Delivery Won't You Be My Neighbor? Mister Rogers: It's You I Like A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood Other Fred Rogers Productions Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood episodes Donkey Hodie episodes Children's Museum of Pittsburgh Idlewild and Soak Zone 26858 Misterrogers Jeff Erlanger "What Do You Do with the Mad that You Feel?"
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Fred Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Marielle Heller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marielle_Heller"},{"link_name":"Micah Fitzerman-Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micah_Fitzerman-Blue"},{"link_name":"Noah Harpster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Harpster"},{"link_name":"Tom Junod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Junod"},{"link_name":"Esquire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Tom Hanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hanks"},{"link_name":"Matthew Rhys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Rhys"},{"link_name":"Susan Kelechi Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Kelechi_Watson"},{"link_name":"Chris Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Releasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Releasing"},{"link_name":"Time magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor"},{"link_name":"Golden Globes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture"},{"link_name":"Critics' Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Male_Actor_in_a_Supporting_Role"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Supporting_Role"}],"text":"A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood is a 2019 American biographical drama film on the TV presenter Fred Rogers, directed by Marielle Heller and written by Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster, inspired by the 1998 article \"Can You Say ... Hero?\" by Tom Junod, published in Esquire. It stars Tom Hanks, Matthew Rhys, Susan Kelechi Watson, and Chris Cooper. It depicts Lloyd Vogel (Rhys), a troubled journalist for Esquire who is assigned to profile television icon Fred Rogers (Hanks).The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2019, and was theatrically released in the United States on November 22, 2019, by Sony Pictures Releasing. It grossed $68 million worldwide. Critics praised Hanks and Rhys's performances, Heller's direction, and its heart-warming messages. It was chosen by Time magazine as one of the ten best films of the year.[4] For his performance, Hanks was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the Academy Awards, as well as the Golden Globes, Critics' Choice, Screen Actors Guild Awards, and BAFTA Awards, among others.","title":"A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Rogers%27_Neighborhood"},{"link_name":"Mr. Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Lady Aberlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Aberlin"},{"link_name":"King Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Friday"},{"link_name":"Mr. McFeely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Newell"},{"link_name":"Esquire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"WQED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQED_(TV)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Daniel Striped Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Striped_Tiger"},{"link_name":"King Friday XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Friday_XIII"},{"link_name":"stenosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenosis"}],"text":"In 1998, at the beginning of an episode of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, Mr. Rogers displays a picture board with five doors. Three of the doors are opened to reveal the familiar faces of Lady Aberlin, King Friday, and Mr. McFeely. The fourth door is opened to reveal the face of Mr. Rogers' troubled new friend, Lloyd Vogel, who has a black eye and a cut near his nose. Mr. Rogers explains that Lloyd has been hurt (and not necessarily on his face), and he is struggling to forgive the one who hurt him. After explaining what forgiveness means, Mr. Rogers leaves to visit Lloyd.Lloyd Vogel is an Esquire journalist known for his cynical writing. He is nervous to attend his sister Lorraine's third wedding because his estranged father, Jerry, against whom he has long held a grudge, is also attending. However, he attends with his wife Andrea and their newborn son, Gavin. During the reception, Lloyd is approached by Jerry, who notes his son’s new family. When Jerry makes a joke about Lloyd's deceased mother Lila -- whom he cheated on and abandoned when she was dying of cancer twenty years earlier -- this enrages Lloyd into punching his father and starting a chaotic brawl, in which he is punched against the wall by another guest, explaining the scar on his face.Lloyd's editor, Ellen, assigns him to interview children's television presenter Fred Rogers for a 400-word article about heroes. Lloyd feels that the assignment is beneath him, but is informed that none of the other heroes were willing to talk to him. Still cynical, Lloyd questions whether Mister Rogers is \"for real\". Lloyd travels to the WQED studio in Pittsburgh to interview him. Rogers is dismissive of his fame and displays concern for Lloyd's nose injury. With coaxing, he relates some of the issues with his father, whose apology and attempt at reconciliation Lloyd has rebuffed. Rogers tells him his ways of dealing with anger, including striking the keys of a piano.Determined to expose Rogers' friendly persona as an act, Lloyd watches several episodes of Rogers' show, but cannot discern anything. Interviewing Rogers again when he visits New York, seemingly dodging Lloyd's questions, he reminisces about raising his two sons. Fred takes out his puppets and asks Lloyd about his childhood rabbit stuffed animal and his father, provoking Lloyd into ending the interview.Lloyd arrives home to find Jerry and his wife Dorothy having brought pizza while talking with Andrea. They have a tense argument over Jerry’s absence during Lila’s cancer progression and his self-development since. As Lloyd relates how his mother suffered hysterically in her last moments with only him and his sister present, Jerry suffers a heart attack and is transported to the hospital.Faced with his resurgent trauma at staying overnight at the hospital for Jerry, Lloyd decides to go to Pittsburgh to see Rogers for counsel under the guise of work against Andrea’s protests. Exhausted on arriving, he envisions himself as Rogers’ guest, being asked about hospitals. Next, he finds himself wearing rabbit ears and shrunken to the size of Daniel Striped Tiger and King Friday XIII, while Rogers and Andrea (as Lady Aberlin) tower over him. Finally, Lloyd also dreams about Lila, who gently recognizes his anger being for her memory, but assures him that she doesn’t need it. Lloyd awakens to find he collapsed on set.Rogers and his wife, Joanne, bring Lloyd to their home to recuperate. The men later go to a restaurant, where Rogers asks Lloyd to spend one minute thinking about the people who \"loved him into being\", and encourages him to forgive Jerry.Lloyd apologizes to Andrea for leaving her and Gavin at the hospital and visits Jerry and Dorothy at their home. He learns Jerry is dying of cardiac stenosis, and that is why Jerry attempted to reconnect with Lloyd. Lloyd forgives him, promises to be a better father, and writes an article about Rogers' impact on his life. Dorothy tells Lloyd that Jerry had never mentioned his previous marriage or children until recently, after he became ill.Lorraine, her husband Todd, and Rogers visit Jerry. Rogers asks Jerry to pray for him before he departs. Jerry dies shortly after Rogers' visit and Lloyd's 10,000-word article, \"Can You Say ... Hero?\" is published as Esquire's cover story.At his studio, Rogers finishes the episode he was earlier working on, opening the fifth and final door on his picture board, revealing a picture of Lloyd happily reunited with his family. As the production ends, Mr. Rogers plays the piano alone, stops, strikes the keys in frustration, and resumes playing.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Rhys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Rhys"},{"link_name":"Esquire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Tom Junod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Junod"},{"link_name":"Marielle Heller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marielle_Heller"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HellerHanks-5"},{"link_name":"Tom Hanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hanks"},{"link_name":"Fred Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Rogers%27_Neighborhood"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_College"},{"link_name":"Latrobe, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrobe,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Won't You Be My Neighbor?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Won%27t_You_Be_My_Neighbor%3F_(film)"},{"link_name":"2019 Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HellerHanks-5"},{"link_name":"Susan Kelechi Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Kelechi_Watson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chris Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Maryann Plunkett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryann_Plunkett"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5stars-10"},{"link_name":"Enrico Colantoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Colantoni"},{"link_name":"Family Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Rogers_Productions"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Wendy Makkena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Makkena"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tammy Blanchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_Blanchard"},{"link_name":"Noah Harpster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Harpster"},{"link_name":"Christine Lahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Lahti"},{"link_name":"Carmen Cusack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Cusack"},{"link_name":"Jessica Hecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Hecht"},{"link_name":"Maddie Corman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddie_Corman"},{"link_name":"Betty Aberlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Aberlin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"David Newell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Newell"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Arsenio Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenio_Hall"},{"link_name":"Oprah Winfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey"}],"text":"Matthew Rhys as Lloyd Vogel:A cynical journalist who is assigned to profile Fred Rogers for the magazine Esquire. Lloyd is based loosely on journalist Tom Junod, whose encounter with Rogers was adapted into the film. Director Marielle Heller described Lloyd as the viewer's \"entry point into Fred's teachings\" and expressed hope that Lloyd's character development and growth as a new father would compel viewers to reflect upon themselves.[5]\nTom Hanks as Fred Rogers:The creator and host of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. To prepare for his role, Hanks visited the Fred Rogers Center at Saint Vincent College in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, for research in the Fred Rogers Archives[6] and also watched Won't You Be My Neighbor?, a 2018 documentary film. At the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival, Hanks recalled watching \"hundreds of hours\" of footage of Rogers on set and behind the scenes in order to get into character.[7] Heller noted that Rogers \"doesn't have the dynamic nature you need for a protagonist for a movie\" and considered him \"the antagonist [...] who comes into someone's life and flips it upside down through his philosophy and the way he lived his life\".[5]\nSusan Kelechi Watson as Andrea Vogel:A public attorney, Lloyd's wife, and a fan of Rogers' show. Watson, herself a fan of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, described her character as a \"career woman\" who faces unique challenges of patience and adaptation as the mother of a newborn.[8]\nChris Cooper as Jerry Vogel:Lloyd's estranged father and a philanderer who cheated on his dying wife Lila and abandoned Lloyd and Lorraine when they were children. In a press interview for the film, Cooper described his character as \"multidimensional\" and compared filming a scene with Hanks to seeing the \"eyes of God\".[9]\nMaryann Plunkett as Joanne Rogers:Fred's wife. Plunkett met with Joanne Rogers to prepare for the role.[10]\nEnrico Colantoni as Bill Isler:The President & CEO of Family Communications. In a radio interview, Colantoni said he became friends with the real Bill Isler while filming and described his character as having been \"so important to Fred\".[11]\nWendy Makkena as Dorothy Vogel:Jerry's second wife. Makkena described her character as part of Vogel's \"dysfunctional, complicated family\".[12]\nTammy Blanchard as Lorraine Vogel: Lloyd's sister and Todd's wife.\nNoah Harpster as Todd: Lorraine's husband and Lloyd's brother-in-law.\nChristine Lahti as Ellen: Lloyd's editor.Additional cast members include Carmen Cusack as Margy, a producer of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood; Jessica Hecht as Lila Vogel, Lloyd's late mother and Jerry's ex-wife; Maddie Corman as Betty Aberlin, an actress starring as Lady Aberlin on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood; Daniel Krell as Mr. McFeely; and Jordan, Naomi, and Zoey Harsh as Gavin Vogel, Lloyd's son.[13]Notable cameos in the film include Rogers' wife Joanne, Mr. McFeely actor David Newell, Family Communications head Bill Isler, and Mister Rogers' Neighborhood producer Margy Whitmer[14] who appear as customers in a restaurant that Rogers and Lloyd meet in. Arsenio Hall and Oprah Winfrey make uncredited appearances in archive footage of talk shows that Lloyd watches in the film, and Fred Rogers appears in archive footage of his show during the ending credits, singing the song \"You've Got to Do It\".","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures"},{"link_name":"TriStar Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriStar_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Esquire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Fred Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Tom Hanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hanks"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jan2018V-15"},{"link_name":"Noah Harpster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Harpster"},{"link_name":"Black List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_List_(survey)"},{"link_name":"Marielle Heller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marielle_Heller"},{"link_name":"Big Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Beach_(company)"},{"link_name":"Marc Turtletaub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Turtletaub"},{"link_name":"Peter Saraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Saraf"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jan2018V-15"},{"link_name":"Matthew Rhys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Rhys"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RhysCast-16"},{"link_name":"Chris Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CooperCast-17"},{"link_name":"Susan Kelechi Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Kelechi_Watson"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WatsonCast-18"},{"link_name":"Enrico Colantoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Colantoni"},{"link_name":"Maryann Plunkett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryann_Plunkett"},{"link_name":"Tammy Blanchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_Blanchard"},{"link_name":"Wendy Makkena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Makkena"},{"link_name":"Sakina Jaffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakina_Jaffrey"},{"link_name":"Carmen Cusack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Cusack"},{"link_name":"Maddie Corman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddie_Corman"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"On January 29, 2018, it was announced that Sony's TriStar Pictures had bought the worldwide distribution rights to the film You Are My Friend, a biographical film based on a 1998 Esquire magazine article about television personality Fred Rogers, who would be played by Tom Hanks.[15] The script by Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster appeared on the 2013 Black List of best unproduced screenplays. It would be directed by Marielle Heller; its producers would be Big Beach's Marc Turtletaub and Peter Saraf along with Youree Henley.[15]In July 2018, Matthew Rhys signed to play journalist Lloyd Vogel, with production set to start in September 2018. Being Welsh, Rhys had never heard of Fred Rogers before he was offered the role.[16] In August 2018, Chris Cooper was added to play Vogel's father;[17] and in September, Susan Kelechi Watson was added.[18] In October 2018, Enrico Colantoni, Maryann Plunkett, Tammy Blanchard, Wendy Makkena, Sakina Jaffrey, Carmen Cusack, Harpster and Maddie Corman joined the cast.[19] In 2018, Nate Heller was chosen to score the film.[20]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"WQED (TV)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQED_(TV)"},{"link_name":"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Rogers%27_Neighborhood"},{"link_name":"Squirrel Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Hill,_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taxcredits-23"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"had a heart attack and fell from a second-story balcony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_film_and_television_accidents#2010s"},{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Principal photography began on September 10, 2018, in Pittsburgh, with several sets converted into New York City.[21] Filming also took place in the Fred Rogers Studio at WQED (TV) where the late television host recorded Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, and at the Jewish Community Center in Squirrel Hill. The crew consulted with original crew members from Rogers' television series, and brought in the same cameras and monitors used in the original production.[22] The film received tax credits of approximately $9.5 million against a production budget of $45 million for filming in Pittsburgh.[23] Production wrapped on November 9, 2018.[citation needed]On October 12, 2018, sound mixer James Emswiller had a heart attack and fell from a second-story balcony. He was taken to University of Pittsburgh Medical Center-Mercy, where he was pronounced dead.[24]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Releasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Releasing"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2019.[25] It was originally going to be released on October 18, 2019 by Sony Pictures Releasing,[26] but in May 2018 was pushed back a month to November 22, 2019.[27] It was released in China on September 18, 2020, after the country reopened theaters following COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns.[28]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filmoria.co.uk-30"}],"sub_title":"Marketing","text":"The film's title was announced on December 27, 2018.[29] The trailer was released on July 22, 2019.[30]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Digital HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_distribution"},{"link_name":"Ultra HD Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"The film was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on Digital HD on February 4, 2020, and on Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray and DVD on February 18.[31]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NUM-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOM-2"},{"link_name":"Frozen II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_II"},{"link_name":"21 Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Bridges"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood grossed $61.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $6.7 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $68.4 million, against a production budget of $25 million.[3][2]In the United States and Canada, it was released alongside Frozen II and 21 Bridges, and was projected to gross around $15 million from 3,231 theaters in its opening weekend.[32] It made $4.5 million on its first day, including $900,000 from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $13.3 million, finishing third at the box office.[33][34] It fell just 11% in its second weekend, making $11.8 million and finishing fifth, and remained in fifth place the following weekend with $5.2 million.[35][36]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Hanks_TIFF_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tom Hanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hanks"},{"link_name":"Fred Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"CinemaScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore"},{"link_name":"PostTrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostTrak"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening-34"},{"link_name":"TheWrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Armond White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armond_White"},{"link_name":"National Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Tom Hanks (pictured in 2019) was praised by critics for his performance as Fred RogersOn review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 95% based on 372 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Much like the beloved TV personality that inspired it, A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood offers a powerfully affecting message about acceptance and understanding.\"[37] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[38] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an average four out of five stars, with 66% saying they would definitely recommend it.[34]Steve Pond of TheWrap wrote: \"A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood finds a gentle state of grace and shows the courage and smarts to stay in that zone, never rushing things or playing for drama ... But just as Mr. Rogers used his show to talk about big issues with children in a tone that was softer and more halting than you'd expect given the subject matter, so does Heller stick to understatement in a way that threatens to become dull or sappy but never does.\"[39] Benjamin Lee of The Guardian wrote: \"It's a given that Hanks will nab at least a best supporting actor nomination but it would be all too easy to forget his co-star. The cynic-becomes-a-believer arc is age old but it unfolds here without cliche thanks to an emotionally intelligent script from Noah Harpster and Micah Fitzerman-Blue, but mainly because of a marvelous, prickly turn from Rhys.\"[40]Armond White of the National Review was more critical: \"Heller and screenwriters Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster don't show enough faith in Rogers' remedies—and not enough interest in their religious origins. In short, the movie seems wary of faith (it briefly mentions that Rogers was an ordained minister) and settles for secular sentimentality to account for his sensibility and behavior. This not only weakens the film, but it also hobbles Hanks's characterization.\"[41]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"}]
[{"image_text":"Tom Hanks (pictured in 2019) was praised by critics for his performance as Fred Rogers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tom_Hanks_TIFF_2019.jpg/210px-Tom_Hanks_TIFF_2019.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood\". Toronto International Film Festival. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tiff.net/events/a-beautiful-day-in-the-neighborhood","url_text":"\"A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival","url_text":"Toronto International Film Festival"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190723144204/https://tiff.net/events/a-beautiful-day-in-the-neighborhood","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood (2019)\". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Indoor_Grand_Prix
Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix
[]
Annual indoor track and field competition Birmingham Indoor Grand PrixThe NIA Arena hosts the meetingDateMid-FebruaryLocationBirmingham, United Kingdom Event typeTrack and fieldEstablished2006Official siteUKA page 2024 Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix The Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix, formerly known as Aviva Indoor Grand Prix, is an annual indoor track and field competition which is held in mid-February at the Arena Birmingham in Birmingham, England. It is one of a handful of events to hold IAAF Indoor Permit Meetings status. As one of the later major meetings of the indoor athletics season, it often serves as preparation for the biennial European Athletics Indoor Championships and IAAF World Indoor Championships. The meeting is directed by former athlete Ian Stewart and attracts numerous high calibre athletes including World and Olympic medallists. The event is one of three indoor athletics competitions in the United Kingdom which are sponsored by Müller, alongside the Müller Birmingham Grand Prix and the Müller Anniversary Games in London. The Müller Indoor Grand Prix was previously known as the Norwich Union Indoor Grand Prix prior to the sponsor's rebranding as Aviva in 2009. In 2016 the meeting was staged at the Emirates Arena under new sponsorship (Sainsbury's) in Glasgow instead of Birmingham. The 2016 edition was part of the inaugural IAAF World Indoor Tour. The 2017 edition moved back to Birmingham, and venue will alternate in future years. The Indoor Grand Prix venue has also been used for international level competitions, hosting the 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships and the 2007 European Athletics Indoor Championships. World records Over the course of its history, numerous world records have been set at the Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix. Year Event Record Athlete Nationality 2019 1500 m 3:31.04 Samuel Tefera  Ethiopia 2015 Two miles 8:03.40 Mo Farah  United Kingdom 2014 Two miles 9:00.48 Genzebe Dibaba  Ethiopia 2008 Two miles 8:04.35 Kenenisa Bekele  Ethiopia 2007 2000 m 4:49.99 Kenenisa Bekele  Ethiopia 2004 5000 m 12:49.60 Kenenisa Bekele  Ethiopia 2001 3000 m 8:32.88 Gabriela Szabo  Romania 2000 1000 m 2:14.96 Wilson Kipketer  Denmark Meeting records The men's 3000 metres race at the 2010 edition Dayron Robles, 2008 Olympic champion, lining up for the 60 metres hurdles Tirunesh Dibaba competing against Sentayehu Ejigu in Birmingham Men Event Record Athlete Nationality Date Ref Video 60 m 6.47 Lerone Clarke  Jamaica 18 February 2012 Su Bingtian  China 16 February 2019 200 m 20.30 Shawn Crawford  United States 17 February 2002 400 m 45.14 Michael Johnson  United States 20 February 1993 800 m 1:44.52 Mohamed Aman  Ethiopia 15 February 2014 1000 m 2:14.96 Wilson Kipketer  Denmark 20 February 2000 1500 m 3:31.04 Samuel Tefera  Ethiopia 16 February 2019 2000 m 4:49.99 Kenenisa Bekele  Ethiopia 17 February 2007 3000 m 7:32.43 Bernard Lagat  United States 17 February 2007 Two miles 8:03.40 Mo Farah  Great Britain 21 February 2015 5000 m 12:49.60 Kenenisa Bekele  Ethiopia 20 February 2004 60 m hurdles 7.35 Grant Holloway  United States 25 February 2023 400 m hurdles 49.76 Felix Sanchez  Dominican Republic 19 February 2011 High jump 2.40 m Javier Sotomayor  Cuba 26 February 1994 Pole vault 6.05 m Armand Duplantis  Sweden 19 February 2022 Long jump 8.31 m Irving Saladino  Panama 17 February 2007 Triple jump 17.57 m Phillips Idowu  Great Britain 19 February 2011 Shot put 21.12 m Reese Hoffa  United States 17 February 2007 Women Event Record Athlete Nationality Date Ref 60 m 6.98 Elaine Thompson  Jamaica 18 February 2017 200 m 22.38 Veronica Campbell  Jamaica 18 February 2005 400 m 50.60 Nicola Sanders  Great Britain 17 February 2007 800 m 1:57.18 Keely Hodgkinson  Great Britain 25 February 2023 1000 m 2:31.93 Laura Muir  Great Britain 18 February 2017 1500 m 4:00.83 Genzebe Dibaba  Ethiopia 16 February 2013 Mile 4:18.75 Laura Muir  Great Britain 16 February 2019 3000 m 8:16.69 Gudaf Tsegay  Ethiopia 25 February 2023 Two miles 9:00.48 Genzebe Dibaba  Ethiopia 15 February 2014 60 m hurdles 7.75 Susanna Kallur  Sweden 18 February 2008 High jump 1.97 m Eleanor Patterson  Australia 19 February 2022 Pole vault 4.88 m Yelena Isinbayeva  Russia 18 February 2005 Long jump 6.93 m Katarina Johnson-Thompson  Great Britain 21 February 2015 Shot put 18.97 m Anita Márton  Hungary 18 February 2017 References ^ Burka targeting indoor Mile record in Birmingham. IAAF (2010-02-15). Retrieved on 2011-02-19. ^ Thomas, Abigail (2009-01-02). Six more World and Olympic medallists join Birmingham line-up. IAAF. Retrieved on 2011-02-19. ^ Norwich Union Indoor Grand Prix. Euro Meetings. Retrieved on 2011-02-19. ^ "Glasgow Indoor Grand Prix". British Athletics. Retrieved 8 December 2015. ^ "60 Metres Results" (PDF). www.uka.org.uk. 18 February 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012. ^ Matthew Brown (18 February 2012). "Liu Xiang, Clarke, Ennis and Defar delight Birmingham". IAAF. Retrieved 19 February 2012. ^ John Mulkeen (16 February 2019). "Tefera breaks world indoor 1500m record in Birmingham". IAAF. Retrieved 17 February 2019. ^ Matthew Brown (15 February 2014). "Dibaba smashes two miles world best in Birmingham, Aman 800m in 1:44.52". IAAF. Retrieved 16 February 2014. ^ John Mulkeen (16 February 2019). "Tefera breaks world indoor 1500m record in Birmingham". IAAF. Retrieved 17 February 2019. ^ "Gardener edges Pickering in final". www.news.bbc.co.uk. 17 February 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2011. ^ "Gardener edges Pickering in final". www.news.bbc.co.uk. 17 February 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2011. ^ "Mo Farah breaks indoor two-mile world record in Birmingham". BBC Sport. 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015. ^ Whittington, Jess (25 February 2023). "Tsegay threatens world indoor 3000m record, as tour titles are won in Birmingham". World Athletics. Retrieved 25 February 2023. ^ "400 Metres Hurdles Results" (PDF). www.uka.org.uk. 19 February 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2011. ^ Matthew Brown (19 February 2011). "Eight world leads, European 5000m record for Farah in Birmingham". IAAF. Retrieved 20 February 2011. ^ "Pole Vault Results". results.britishathletics.org.uk. 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022. ^ "Gardener edges Pickering in final". www.news.bbc.co.uk. 17 February 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2011. ^ "Triple Jump Results" (PDF). www.uka.org.uk. 19 February 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2011. ^ "60m Results" (PDF). British Athletics. 18 February 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017. ^ "Gardener edges Pickering in final". www.news.bbc.co.uk. 17 February 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2011. ^ Whittington, Jess (25 February 2023). "Tsegay threatens world indoor 3000m record, as tour titles are won in Birmingham". World Athletics. Retrieved 25 February 2023. ^ "1000m Results" (PDF). British Athletics. 18 February 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017. ^ Matthew Brown (16 February 2013). "Ahouré's sub-seven sprint steals the show in Birmingham". IAAF. Retrieved 16 February 2013. ^ John Mulkeen (16 February 2019). "Tefera breaks world indoor 1500m record in Birmingham". IAAF. Retrieved 17 February 2019. ^ Whittington, Jess (25 February 2023). "Tsegay threatens world indoor 3000m record, as tour titles are won in Birmingham". World Athletics. Retrieved 25 February 2023. ^ Matthew Brown (15 February 2014). "Dibaba smashes two miles world best in Birmingham, Aman 800m in 1:44.52". IAAF. Retrieved 16 February 2014. ^ "High Jump Results" (PDF). results.britishathletics.org.uk. 19 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022. ^ Simon Turnbull (21 February 2015). "Farah breaks world indoor two mile best in Birmingham". IAAF. Retrieved 21 February 2015. ^ "Shot Put Results" (PDF). British Athletics. 18 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017. External links Media related to Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix at Wikimedia Commons Müller Indoor Grand Prix website from UK Athletics vteAthletics in the United Kingdom UK Athletics British records in athletics Major meetings London Grand Prix British Grand Prix Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix Glasgow International Match British Athletics Championships British Indoor Athletics Championships National Athletics League Major road races London Marathon Great City Race Great Run series Great Manchester Run Great North Run Great South Run The Big Half Major cross country Antrim International Cross Country Great Edinburgh International Cross Country UK Cross Challenge Championships 1983 IAAF World Cross Country Championships 1994 IAAF World Cup 1995 IAAF World Cross Country Championships 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships 2007 European Athletics Indoor Championships 2013 European Team Championships 2017 World Championships in Athletics See also Category:Athletics in the United Kingdom Category:British athletes vteWorld Athletics Indoor TourSeasons 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Meetings (gold status) Astana Ostrava Boston Toruń Liévin New York City Madrid Meetings (other status) Banská Bystrica Birmingham/Glasgow Düsseldorf Karlsruhe Stockholm See also Sport of athletics portal See also: Diamond League World Athletics Continental Tour IAAF World Challenge IAAF Indoor Permit Meeting vteIAAF Indoor Permit MeetingsEditions 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Meetings Athens Birmingham Boston Budapest Dortmund Ghent Karlsruhe Liévin Madrid Maebashi Montreal Moscow New York City Millrose Games U.S. Open Track and Field Stockholm Stuttgart Valencia
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null
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Retrieved 20 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/athletics/6362877.stm","url_text":"\"Gardener edges Pickering in final\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mo Farah breaks indoor two-mile world record in Birmingham\". BBC Sport. 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/athletics/31569286","url_text":"\"Mo Farah breaks indoor two-mile world record in Birmingham\""}]},{"reference":"Whittington, Jess (25 February 2023). \"Tsegay threatens world indoor 3000m record, as tour titles are won in Birmingham\". World Athletics. 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Retrieved 20 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/WIM11/news/newsid=59346.html","url_text":"\"Eight world leads, European 5000m record for Farah in Birmingham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF","url_text":"IAAF"}]},{"reference":"\"Pole Vault Results\". results.britishathletics.org.uk. 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://results.britishathletics.org.uk/20220219_Birmingham/timetable/index/Data/M/PV_R_f.html","url_text":"\"Pole Vault Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gardener edges Pickering in final\". www.news.bbc.co.uk. 17 February 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/athletics/6362877.stm","url_text":"\"Gardener edges Pickering in final\""}]},{"reference":"\"Triple Jump Results\" (PDF). www.uka.org.uk. 19 February 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311120759/http://www.uka.org.uk/results/20110219_Birmingham/timetable/index/pdf/AT-TJ-M-f--A--.RS1.pdf","url_text":"\"Triple Jump Results\""},{"url":"http://www.uka.org.uk/results/20110219_Birmingham/timetable/index/pdf/AT-TJ-M-f--A--.RS1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"60m Results\" (PDF). British Athletics. 18 February 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170221161101/http://www.britishathletics.org.uk/results/20170218_birmingham/timetable/index/pdf/AT-60-W-f--1--.RS1.pdf","url_text":"\"60m Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Athletics","url_text":"British Athletics"},{"url":"http://www.britishathletics.org.uk/results/20170218_birmingham/timetable/index/pdf/AT-60-W-f--1--.RS1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gardener edges Pickering in final\". www.news.bbc.co.uk. 17 February 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/athletics/6362877.stm","url_text":"\"Gardener edges Pickering in final\""}]},{"reference":"Whittington, Jess (25 February 2023). \"Tsegay threatens world indoor 3000m record, as tour titles are won in Birmingham\". World Athletics. 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Retrieved 18 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170221161011/http://www.britishathletics.org.uk/results/20170218_birmingham/timetable/index/pdf/AT-1000-W-f--1--.RS1.pdf","url_text":"\"1000m Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Athletics","url_text":"British Athletics"},{"url":"http://www.britishathletics.org.uk/results/20170218_birmingham/timetable/index/pdf/AT-1000-W-f--1--.RS1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Matthew Brown (16 February 2013). \"Ahouré's sub-seven sprint steals the show in Birmingham\". IAAF. Retrieved 16 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/ahoures-sub-seven-sprint-steals-the-show-in-b","url_text":"\"Ahouré's sub-seven sprint steals the show in Birmingham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF","url_text":"IAAF"}]},{"reference":"John Mulkeen (16 February 2019). \"Tefera breaks world indoor 1500m record in Birmingham\". IAAF. 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Retrieved 18 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishathletics.org.uk/results/20170218_birmingham/timetable/index/pdf/AT-SP-W-f--A--.RS1.pdf","url_text":"\"Shot Put Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Athletics","url_text":"British Athletics"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Men%27s_College
Working Men's College
["1 History and background","2 College building and use","2.1 1904–2000","2.2 Post-2000","3 Curriculum","4 Notable associates","4.1 Founders","4.2 1854–1904","4.3 1905–1954","4.4 1955–2020","5 Vice Principals","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°32′07″N 00°08′10″W / 51.53528°N 0.13611°W / 51.53528; -0.13611Adult education institution Working Men's CollegeMottoAuspicium Melioris AeviTypeSpecialist college of adult EducationEstablished1854PrincipalDipa Ganguli OBE Administrative staff125Students4,100 (2018)LocationCamden Town, London, England51°32′07″N 00°08′10″W / 51.53528°N 0.13611°W / 51.53528; -0.13611Websitewww.wmcollege.ac.uk The Working Men's College (also known as the St Pancras Working Men's College, WMC, or The Camden College), is among the earliest adult education institutions established in the United Kingdom, and Europe's oldest extant centre for adult education. Founded by Christian socialists, at its inception it was at the forefront of liberal education philosophy. Today the college has two centres in the London Borough of Camden. History and background F. D. Maurice, founder of the Working Men's College Founded in 1854 the college was established in Oakley Square by Christian Socialists to provide for Victorian skilled artisans a liberal education, with its ethical focus countering what its founders saw as failings and corruption in the practices of trade self-help associations of the time. The founding of the college was also a response to concerns about the revolutionary potential of the Chartist Movement. The college's founders – a view reached in 1904 – were Frederick Denison Maurice, (the first principal), Thomas Hughes (author of Tom Brown's Schooldays), John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow, Frederick James Furnivall, Lowes Cato Dickinson, John Westlake, Richard Buckley Litchfield and John Llewelyn Davies. Notable early promoters and supporters of the college and its foundation were Edward Vansittart Neale, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Ruskin, Charles Blachford Mansfield, John Stuart Mill, James Clerk Maxwell, and Charles Kingsley (author of The Water-Babies), while later ones included G.M. Trevelyan, E. M. Forster, C.E.M. Joad and Seamus Heaney. In the 1870s the new college failed to take up an offer to merge with the Working Women's College which had been founded by Elizabeth Malleson. Malleson decided to make her college co-educational and this caused a dispute amongst her organisation. As a result, F. D. Maurice with Frances Martin helped to set up the College for Working Women in Fitzroy Street in 1874. The minority who supported this college included George and Amelia Tansley, Llewellyn Davies, and Sir John Lubbock. The college was called the Frances Martin College in 1922 after Frances Martin left it a bequest of £500 in her will. This sister college, through financial and organisational difficulties, eventually ran its courses for women at The Working Men's College, and later this in name only as it, and its associated charity, had become unviable. The college's charitable funds were absorbed into those of The Working Men's College, and The Frances Martin College ceased to exist after 90 years in 1967. Around this time, in 1965, The Working Men's College admitted female students for the first time. The decision to admit women was an expression of what was seen by the college as its unique and progressive historic feature: educational and financial management through a democratically elected Council of teachers and students. Teachers, (who were unpaid volunteer professionals in their field,) and students were both considered as, and called, Members of College as a mark of equality and respect. This educational and management tradition, seen as being in the spirit of a liberal education that promotes values and responsible civic behaviour, and being a direct link to the founders' concern over the failure of Associationism, lasted until the mid-1990s. Sir Wilfred Griffin Eady, principal of the college from 1949 to 1955, defined Liberal Education, the raison d'etre of the college, as "something you can enjoy for its own sake, something which is a personal possession and an inward enrichment, and something which teaches a sense of values". During the 1970s the college introduced and increased a number of certificated courses, and by the beginning of the 1980s there were successful moves to change the voluntary tradition by remunerating teachers. This led to a drain on the financial reserves of the college. Where previously it supported itself mostly from interest on donations as investments, by the late 1980s it felt obliged to seek government financial aid. In 1996–97, the governance of the college was changed. Before the change, two bodies regulated college under Articles of Association and a Scheme of Management: a College Council of 12 teachers and 12 students elected by members of college, and a College Corporation of 16 members self-appointed. Council directed education and finance policy through its committees, and elected college officers: the Principal, Vice Principal, Dean of Studies, Bursar and Librarian. Corporation managed college charitable trust funds and provided for asset maintenance and part-finance for courses; it was composed largely of lawyers, bankers and businessmen thought capable of managing and extending charitable funding from the private sector. Both bodies and their officers were voluntary. Before 1996, an administrative staff of Warden, Deputy Warden, Financial Controller, and College Secretary ran the college day-to-day, managing a small number of part-time reception and maintenance staff. After legal advice, and representations to the Charity Commission, Corporation introduced a new Scheme of Management that dissolved Council, and created a self-appointed governing Board of 21 members to decide policy and oversee what became an enlarged paid management. Forceful argument on the change was made on both sides. Seeing Liberal Education's civic values and democratic control as being relevant was a view opposed by one that saw a more management-based method being needed for financial and educational viability. College building and use 1904–2000 The Working Men's College pre 1904 – Great Ormond Street, London The college opened at 31 Red Lion Square, later moving to Great Ormond Street in 1857, both in Central London. In 1905 it located to its new Crowndale Road building in the borough of St Pancras, London, now part of The London Borough of Camden. This new home had been designed by W. D. Caroe. Since 1964 the building has been Grade II listed. The Working Men's College foundation stone inscription reads: This first stone of the new home of The Working Men’s College was laid by H.R.H. The Prince of Wales on 16th July 1904 The Jubilee Year of the College. In memory of Frederick Denison Maurice and of those who worked with him and followed in his footsteps. Albert V. Dicey KC Principal / Reginald J. Mure M.A. Chairman of Building Committee / William D. Caroe M.A. Architect. The Prince of Wales mentioned later became George V of the United Kingdom. The idea of a new purpose-built College had been expressed in the late 1880s. By the 1890s, the demand for more space through increased student numbers, and competition from other institutions such as Evening Continuation Schools and early Polytechnics, created a need for greater accommodation, and a desire for facilities such as a museum, gymnasium and chemistry laboratory. The college developed a new building at Crowndale Road on a site purchased from Lord Camden; begun in July 1904, and partly occupied in 1905, it was formally opened by Sir William Anson in January 1906. The physical structure of the building at Crowndale Road was designed to reflect that found within university colleges. Large common spaces, Library, Common Room, Hall, Museum, and later The Charles Wright Common Room, promoted social and intellectual interaction between student, teacher and staff Members of college. There was no separate staff room. Specialist rooms such as science laboratories art and craft studios, lecture theatre, and a gymnasium were added in the 1930s, reflecting a desire to provide a broad educational experience. Principal in providing this experience was The Common Room. During the 20th century this room, with a Servery for refreshment, provided a focus for College Members to meet, read, discuss, prepare for class, eat, and occasionally hold impromptu public debates. It was used as a meeting place for College societies and clubs. Over the years, the college held societies covering activities and subjects such as boxing, cricket, debating, economics, football, geology, singing, chess, draughts, rowing, history, natural history, old students, modern languages, language interpretation, railways, walking, sketching, holidays, wireless, music, and science. Regular social events were organised by a Common Room Committee. The room was the venue for one of the college's most important functions, The Furnivall Supper, provided by College founder F.J. Furnivall. The supper, a Christmas meal for old people of the district round the college, lasted as an event until the 1980s. Up to the late–1980s, a September Teachers' Supper was held in The Common Room hosted by the Principal; there was a talk from a guest speaker followed by debate. The Maurice Hall, with its stage and theatrical lighting, was used for College and outside-user social functions: dances, recitals by the college orchestra, conferences, outside speakers, theatrical performance, lectures, general College meetings, and for a yearly Lowes Dickinson Award art Exhibition. The Museum has changed its use over the years, from schoolroom for private school tenants to art studio. The room features a pastel portrait of Lionel Jacob, (teacher, Vice Principal 1904–10.) It was re-designated in the early 1990s as the William Walker Room (William 'Paddy' Walker, student and Corporation member for 50 years). The Gymnasium and The Charles Wright Room, were part of a 1936 building extension, through the demolition of two adjacent College-owned houses, funded by endowment funds, an Appeal Fund, and the Board of Education. The Gymnasium was an adjunct to new college playing fields at Canon's Park, Edgware, that were already used for physical training and sports. The introduction of gymnastics followed a "national interest in physical training – stimulated by the efforts of the European dictatorships in this direction". The Charles Wright Room (Charles Wright, b.1855, college benefactor) was added as a second Common Room. Within this 1936 extension were two new science laboratories, one the Ellis Franklin Laboratory, (Ellis Franklin, teacher, Vice Principal 1922–29,) and new flats for the College Secretary and caretaker. Post-2000 College building and use programmes reduced original common space and removed some specialist rooms. The Common Room, which ceased to be such in its original sense, was split, one half to house a Centre for Student Affairs for enrolment and other administration. The rear of the building was restructured, removing the original Servery, adding a new lift, and a cafeteria with new library on two levels. The Charles Wright Common Room became management space. The gymnasium was converted for general use. The old Library remained, being listed; it kept its original purpose, and use as an occasional location for film. In 2013 Curriculum The college provides daytime, evening, weekend, short and year-long courses for adults. The curriculum follows national or College-defined programmes in art, applied arts, humanities, languages, computing and basic education. In 2008, college provision was graded as "good" or "outstanding" by Ofsted, and in 2009 it was awarded Beacon Status. The 2013 inspection rated it "outstanding", the first College in London to be rated as such in the new framework for inspection. By 2018 the college had an Ofsted rating down from outstanding to "Good" overall. Notable associates Founders John Llewelyn Davies Lowes Cato Dickinson – drawing teacher Frederick James Furnivall – English teacher 1854+ Thomas Hughes QC – Principal 1873–1883 Richard Buckley Litchfield John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow F. D. Maurice – Principal 1854–1872 John Westlake – mathematics teacher 1854+ 1854–1904 George Allen – student Sheldon Amos – teacher 1860s John Sherren Brewer – teacher 1854+, Vice Principal 1869–1872 Ford Madox Brown – art teacher 1854+ John Wharlton Bunney – student Arthur Burgess – student Edward Burne-Jones – art teacher 1854+ Samuel Butler – lecturer 1892 Joseph Henry Collins – student 1860s Ebenezer Cooke – student and teacher Mordecai Cubitt Cooke - teacher Albert Dicey KC – Principal 1899–1912 John Philipps Emslie – student Caradoc Evans – student Thomas Charles Farrer – student Frank Wallace Galton – student Mountstuart Grant Duff GCSI, CIE, PC – teacher Lord Haldane KT, OM, PC, KC, FRS, FBA, FSA – lecturer and teacher 1881+ Frederic Harrison – teacher 1857 George Holyoake – teacher 1858+ Thomas Henry Huxley – lecturer 1880s John Lubbock – Principal 1883–1899 Godfrey Lushington KCB, GCMG – teacher, benefactor, Member of Corporation 1858+ Vernon Lushington QC – teacher 1858+ William Morris – lectures Arthur Munby – Latin teacher Alexander Munro – art teacher 1854+ Sydney Olivier KCMG, CB, PC – Latin teacher 1880s Francis Penrose – teacher 1854+ Frederick Pollock – Member of Corporation 1880s Valentine Cameron Prinsep – art teacher 1854+ Dante Gabriel Rossetti – art teacher 1854–1858 John Ruskin: art teacher 1854–1858, Member of College Council John Robert Seeley – teacher 1860s, Member of Corporation 1880s James Fitzjames Stephen – teacher 1855 Leslie Stephen – lecturer 1854+, Member of Corporation 1880s Thomas Sulman – student Richard Chenevix Trench – teacher 1860s G. M. Trevelyan – teacher John Tyndall – lecturer 1880s Thomas Woolner – art teacher 1854+ John Wharlton Bunney – art student and employee of Ruskin 1854 to 1859 1905–1954 A L Bacharach, who ran the Sunday Chamber Music Society Concerts for 20 years. Ralph George Scott Bankes – benefactor and teacher 1923–1948 Frank Beswick – student Wilfred Griffin Eady GCMG, KCB, KBE – Principal 1944–1955 Ellis Arthur Franklin OBE – Vice Principal, teacher of "electricity" Stanley Arthur Franklin – student Barnett Freedman CBE – art teacher 1930s George Peabody Gooch – teacher and lecturer Wilfred Arthur Greene – Principal 1936–1944 Percy Horton MA, RBA, ARCA – art teacher 1930s Ronald Horton ARCA – art teacher 1929–1932 Albert Houthuesen – art teacher 1930s James Laver CBE FRSA – Director of Art Classes 1926–1938 Charles Prestwood Lucas – KCB KCMG – Principal, 1912–1922 Frederick Barton Maurice – Principal 1922–1933 George Orwell – teacher Geoffrey Rhoades – art teacher 1930s Vaughan Williams – music teacher Arnold Wilson KCIE, CSI, CMG DSO – Principal, 1933–1936 1955–2020 Ronald Forbes Adam – Principal 1956–1961 John Bowstead – art teacher Henry John Byrt QC – Principal 1982–1987 Edward DuCann – teacher Satnam Gill OBE – Principal (current at 2011) Lucy de Groot CBE – Vice Chair of Board John Michael Hancock Prof. – Chair of Corporation and Board 1987–1999 Seamus Heaney – teacher Timothy Hyman – art history teacher Sarah Lucas – student Andrew McIntosh – Principal 1988–1997 Albert Alan Owen – Dean of Studies, music teacher Jeremy Seabrook – teacher Tom Schuller Prof. – Chair of Board 2008 Ruth Silver DBE – Chair of Board 2002–2005 Lucius P. Thompson-McCausland – Principal 1969–1979 Janet Whitaker – Chair of Board 1999–2002 Vice Principals A principal provided the intellectual driving force and public face of the college. In 1869 F. D. Maurice found his work beyond the college precluded taking as active a role as previously. He recommended an office of Vice Principal to oversee and direct administration. This office was supplemented by others: Dean of Studies, Bursar, and Librarian; all being taken by teachers or students through election. These offices ceased to exist in 1996/97. John Sherren Brewer: 1869– 1872 Richard Buckley Litchfield: 1872–1875 Charles Crawley: 1883–1887 Reginald J. Mure: 1888–1896 Charles Prestwood Lucas: 1897–1903 Lionel Jacob: 1904–1910 Arthur S. Lupton: 1911–1921 Ellis Arthur Franklin: 1922–1929 G. F. A. Burgess: 1929–1932 A. D. B. Pearson: 1932–1933 Charles B. McAlpine: 1933–1936 Frank Gahan: 1936–1945 Ronald Morrison: 1945–1948 Horace H. West: 1948–1952 H. Michael D. Parker: 1952–1955 Anthony J. Lincoln: 1955–1960 Baram Sh. Saklatvala: 1960–1966 Rudi L. Weisweiller: 1966–1976 A. George B. Deacon: 1976–1978 Henry John Byrt: 1978–1982 Roger Farrington: 1982–1985 Denis F. Murphy: 1985–1990 Reginald Wright: 1990–1992 Shankara Angadi: 1992–1994 Ian Bell: 1994–1996 References ^ a b "Further education and skills inspection report: The Working Men's College". Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills. Retrieved 7 January 2021. ^ "New Principal Appointed". WM College. June 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023. ^ "Centres and Locations". Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak J. F. C. Harrison, A History of the Working Men's College (1854–1954), Routledge Kegan Paul, 1954 ^ Lowes Dickinson Award 2009, accessed January 2010 ^ Lowes Cato Dickinson Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, National Portrait Gallery, accessed January 2010 ^ a b Collingwood, W. G.:The Life of John Ruskin Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine, part 3, The Echo Library (2007). ISBN 1406847089 ^ Charles Blachford Mansfield Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 21 January 2011. ^ Working Women's College Archived 3 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomsbury Project, Retrieved 28 July 2015 ^ Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004). "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/48513. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/48513. Retrieved 10 March 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ The Independent: Lucy Ward Education Correspondent 23 Jan 1997 Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 18 January 2011. ^ The Oval Room at Great Ormond Street Archived 23 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 18 January 2011. ^ The Library at Great Ormond Street Archived 9 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 18 January 2011. ^ "The Library at Crowndale Road". 18 July 2010. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2017. ^ The Common Room at Crowndale Road Archived 1 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 18 January 2011. ^ Davies, J. Llewelyn (1904) The Working Men’s College 1854–1904, Macmillan and Co. p.199; retrieved 2011 ^ a b "The Working Men’s College" Archived 16 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Ofsted inspection reports 2008, 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013. ^ "Specialist Providers" Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, LSIS – Beacon status. Retrieved 30 July 2009. ^ "The Working Men’s College", Ofsted 21 December 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2022 ^ "Death of Mr. Llewelyn Davies" The Times 19 May 1916; retrieved 22 May 2011 ^ "The Eighth Lamp". Archived from the original on 11 April 2010. ^ John Wharlton Bunney biography Archived 6 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 18 January 2011. ^ "Ebenezer Cooke". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2009. ^ Evans, Caracoc Archived 31 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine The National Library of Wales; retrieved 18 January 2011 ^ Archives askart.com; retrieved 24 May 2011 ^ Thomas Charles Farrer Archived 20 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine askart.com; retrieved 24 May 2011 ^ "Mr. F.W. Galton", The Times, 12 April 1952, p. 8. ^ Lockwood, J. F. (1957), "Haldane and Education", Public Administration, 35 (3): 232–244, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1957.tb01227.x ^ Vernon Lushington: The Rossetti Archive Retrieved 18 January 2011. ^ Faulkner, Peter Morris and the Working Men's College Archived 21 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine Morris Society; retrieved 23 May 2011 ^ Alexander Munro (1825–71): The Victorian Web Archived 20 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 18 January 2011. ^ Thomas Sulman: The Rossetti Archive – Mary in the House of St. John Retrieved 18 January 2011 ^ Thomas Sulman: The Rossetti Archive – Two Lovers Embracing Retrieved 18 January 2011 ^ Thomas Sulman: The Rossetti Archive – Jan Van Eyck's Studio Retrieved 18 January 2011 ^ Ralph George Scott Bankes: Twyford School Archived 24 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 18 January 2011 ^ Stanley Arthur Franklin: British Cartoon Archive Archived 2 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 18 January 2011 ^ a b c d Barnes, Janet (1982) Percy Horton 1897 – 1970 Sheffield City Art Galleries ISBN 0-900660-85-6 ^ Wilfred Arthur Greene: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Archived 2 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 18 January 2011 ^ Ronald Horton Archived 18 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine National Archives; retrieved 22 May 2011 ^ Albert Houthuesen Archived 12 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 21 May 2011 ^ Geoffrey Rhoades Archived 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine The Tate Collection; retrieved 21 May 2011 ^ a b The Working Men's College Archived 26 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine aaowen.com; retrieved 24 May 2011 ^ Randle, Lawrence (1990). Daytime and Evening Courses 1990/1991 Prospectus (First ed.). Working Men's College. p. 2. ^ "Aberystwyth Arts Centre". Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ Jeremy Seabrook Profile Archived 3 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine Guardian; retrieved 24 May 2011 ^ Tom Schuller: OECD Directorate for Education Archived 2 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 18 January 2011 ^ Tom Schuller: Pascal International Observatory Archived 21 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 18 January 2011 External links Media related to Working Men's College at Wikimedia Commons Working Men’s College, UCL Bloomsbury Project. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adult education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_education"},{"link_name":"Christian socialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_socialists"},{"link_name":"liberal education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_education"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Adult education institutionThe Working Men's College (also known as the St Pancras Working Men's College, WMC, or The Camden College), is among the earliest adult education institutions established in the United Kingdom, and Europe's oldest extant centre for adult education. Founded by Christian socialists, at its inception it was at the forefront of liberal education philosophy. Today the college has two centres in the London Borough of Camden.[3]","title":"Working Men's College"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frederick_Denison_Maurice._Portrait_c1865.jpg"},{"link_name":"F. D. Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._D._Maurice"},{"link_name":"Oakley Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley_Square"},{"link_name":"artisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisans"},{"link_name":"associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worker_cooperative"},{"link_name":"Chartist Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartist_Movement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Frederick Denison Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Denison_Maurice"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Tom Brown's Schooldays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brown%27s_Schooldays"},{"link_name":"John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Malcolm_Forbes_Ludlow"},{"link_name":"Frederick James Furnivall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_James_Furnivall"},{"link_name":"Lowes Cato Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowes_Cato_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-founder-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npglcd-6"},{"link_name":"John Westlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Westlake_(law_scholar)"},{"link_name":"Richard Buckley Litchfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Buckley_Litchfield"},{"link_name":"John Llewelyn Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Llewelyn_Davies"},{"link_name":"Edward Vansittart Neale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Vansittart_Neale"},{"link_name":"Dante Gabriel Rossetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti"},{"link_name":"John Ruskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collingwood-7"},{"link_name":"Charles Blachford Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Blachford_Mansfield"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"John Stuart Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill"},{"link_name":"James Clerk Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Charles Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"The Water-Babies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Water-Babies"},{"link_name":"G.M. Trevelyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.M._Trevelyan"},{"link_name":"E. M. Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._M._Forster"},{"link_name":"C.E.M. Joad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.E.M._Joad"},{"link_name":"Seamus Heaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Heaney"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Malleson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Malleson"},{"link_name":"Frances Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Martin"},{"link_name":"Amelia Tansley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amelia_Tansley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Llewellyn Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llewellyn_Davies"},{"link_name":"John Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury"},{"link_name":"Frances Martin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frances_Martin_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Griffin Eady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Griffin_Eady"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"certificated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_certificate"},{"link_name":"financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial"},{"link_name":"donations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donations"},{"link_name":"investments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investments"},{"link_name":"Articles of Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Association"},{"link_name":"Principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_(school)"},{"link_name":"Vice Principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Principal"},{"link_name":"Dean of Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(education)"},{"link_name":"Bursar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursar"},{"link_name":"Librarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian"},{"link_name":"Warden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warden_(college)"},{"link_name":"Financial Controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller"},{"link_name":"Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Trustees"},{"link_name":"management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_team"},{"link_name":"civic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civics"},{"link_name":"values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"F. D. Maurice, founder of the Working Men's CollegeFounded in 1854 the college was established in Oakley Square by Christian Socialists to provide for Victorian skilled artisans a liberal education, with its ethical focus countering what its founders saw as failings and corruption in the practices of trade self-help associations of the time. The founding of the college was also a response to concerns about the revolutionary potential of the Chartist Movement.[4]The college's founders – a view reached in 1904[4] – were Frederick Denison Maurice, (the first principal), Thomas Hughes (author of Tom Brown's Schooldays), John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow, Frederick James Furnivall, Lowes Cato Dickinson,[5][6] John Westlake, Richard Buckley Litchfield and John Llewelyn Davies. Notable early promoters and supporters of the college and its foundation were Edward Vansittart Neale, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Ruskin,[7] Charles Blachford Mansfield,[8] John Stuart Mill, James Clerk Maxwell, and Charles Kingsley (author of The Water-Babies), while later ones included G.M. Trevelyan, E. M. Forster, C.E.M. Joad and Seamus Heaney.In the 1870s the new college failed to take up an offer to merge with the Working Women's College which had been founded by Elizabeth Malleson. Malleson decided to make her college co-educational and this caused a dispute amongst her organisation. As a result, F. D. Maurice with Frances Martin helped to set up the College for Working Women in Fitzroy Street in 1874. The minority who supported this college included George and Amelia Tansley, Llewellyn Davies, and Sir John Lubbock. The college was called the Frances Martin College[9] in 1922 after Frances Martin left it a bequest of £500 in her will.[10] This sister college, through financial and organisational difficulties, eventually ran its courses for women at The Working Men's College, and later this in name only as it, and its associated charity, had become unviable. The college's charitable funds were absorbed into those of The Working Men's College, and The Frances Martin College ceased to exist after 90 years in 1967. Around this time, in 1965, The Working Men's College admitted female students for the first time.The decision to admit women was an expression of what was seen by the college as its unique and progressive historic feature: educational and financial management through a democratically elected Council of teachers and students.[4] Teachers, (who were unpaid volunteer professionals in their field,) and students were both considered as, and called, Members of College as a mark of equality and respect. This educational and management tradition, seen as being in the spirit of a liberal education that promotes values and responsible civic behaviour, and being a direct link to the founders' concern over the failure of Associationism, lasted until the mid-1990s. Sir Wilfred Griffin Eady, principal of the college from 1949 to 1955, defined Liberal Education, the raison d'etre of the college, as \"something you can enjoy for its own sake, something which is a personal possession and an inward enrichment, and something which teaches a sense of values\".[4]During the 1970s the college introduced and increased a number of certificated courses, and by the beginning of the 1980s there were successful moves to change the voluntary tradition by remunerating teachers. This led to a drain on the financial reserves of the college. Where previously it supported itself mostly from interest on donations as investments, by the late 1980s it felt obliged to seek government financial aid.In 1996–97, the governance of the college was changed. Before the change, two bodies regulated college under Articles of Association and a Scheme of Management: a College Council of 12 teachers and 12 students elected by members of college, and a College Corporation of 16 members self-appointed. Council directed education and finance policy through its committees, and elected college officers: the Principal, Vice Principal, Dean of Studies, Bursar and Librarian. Corporation managed college charitable trust funds and provided for asset maintenance and part-finance for courses; it was composed largely of lawyers, bankers and businessmen thought capable of managing and extending charitable funding from the private sector. Both bodies and their officers were voluntary. Before 1996, an administrative staff of Warden, Deputy Warden, Financial Controller, and College Secretary ran the college day-to-day, managing a small number of part-time reception and maintenance staff. After legal advice, and representations to the Charity Commission, Corporation introduced a new Scheme of Management that dissolved Council, and created a self-appointed governing Board of 21 members to decide policy and oversee what became an enlarged paid management. Forceful argument on the change was made on both sides. Seeing Liberal Education's civic values and democratic control as being relevant was a view opposed by one that saw a more management-based method being needed for financial and educational viability.[11]","title":"History and background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"College building and use"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:13_GT_ORMOND_STREET_280.jpg"},{"link_name":"Red Lion Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lion_Square"},{"link_name":"Great Ormond Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ormond_Street"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough"},{"link_name":"St Pancras, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Pancras,_London"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden"},{"link_name":"designed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designed"},{"link_name":"W. D. Caroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._D._Caroe"},{"link_name":"Grade II listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II_listed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Working_Mens_College_Foundation_Stone_1904..jpg"},{"link_name":"foundation stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_stone"},{"link_name":"Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Jubilee"},{"link_name":"Albert V. Dicey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_V._Dicey"},{"link_name":"William D. Caroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._D._Caroe"},{"link_name":"George V of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Polytechnics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_(United_Kingdom)#History"},{"link_name":"Lord Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pratt,_4th_Marquess_Camden"},{"link_name":"Sir William Anson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Anson,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"university colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_colleges"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"intellectual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual"},{"link_name":"staff room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_room"},{"link_name":"science laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory"},{"link_name":"lecture theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture_hall"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"public debates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_debate"},{"link_name":"societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societies"},{"link_name":"clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_(organization)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"language interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_interpretation"},{"link_name":"sketching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)"},{"link_name":"wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"social events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_event"},{"link_name":"functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party"},{"link_name":"Principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_(academia)"},{"link_name":"guest speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_speaker"},{"link_name":"stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"},{"link_name":"theatrical lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_lighting"},{"link_name":"orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"conferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting"},{"link_name":"private school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school"},{"link_name":"tenants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenants"},{"link_name":"pastel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel"},{"link_name":"Lionel Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Jacob"},{"link_name":"endowment funds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endowment_fund"},{"link_name":"Appeal Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal"},{"link_name":"Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Education_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"playing fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_fields"},{"link_name":"Edgware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware"},{"link_name":"national interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_interest"},{"link_name":"European dictatorships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictators"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Ellis Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Arthur_Franklin"},{"link_name":"flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartments"},{"link_name":"College Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary"},{"link_name":"caretaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_caretaker"}],"sub_title":"1904–2000","text":"The Working Men's College pre 1904 – Great Ormond Street, LondonThe college opened at 31 Red Lion Square, later moving to Great Ormond Street[12][13] in 1857, both in Central London. In 1905 it located to its new Crowndale Road building in the borough of St Pancras, London, now part of The London Borough of Camden. This new home had been designed by W. D. Caroe. Since 1964 the building has been Grade II listed.The Working Men's College foundation stone inscription reads:This first stone of the new home of The Working Men’s College was laid by H.R.H. The Prince of Wales on 16th July 1904 The Jubilee Year of the College. In memory of Frederick Denison Maurice and of those who worked with him and followed in his footsteps. Albert V. Dicey KC Principal / Reginald J. Mure M.A. Chairman of Building Committee / William D. Caroe M.A. Architect.The Prince of Wales mentioned later became George V of the United Kingdom.The idea of a new purpose-built College had been expressed in the late 1880s. By the 1890s, the demand for more space through increased student numbers, and competition from other institutions such as Evening Continuation Schools and early Polytechnics, created a need for greater accommodation, and a desire for facilities such as a museum, gymnasium and chemistry laboratory. The college developed a new building at Crowndale Road on a site purchased from Lord Camden; begun in July 1904, and partly occupied in 1905, it was formally opened by Sir William Anson in January 1906.[4]The physical structure of the building at Crowndale Road was designed to reflect that found within university colleges. Large common spaces, Library,[14] Common Room, Hall, Museum, and later The Charles Wright Common Room, promoted social and intellectual interaction between student, teacher and staff Members of college. There was no separate staff room. Specialist rooms such as science laboratories art and craft studios, lecture theatre, and a gymnasium were added in the 1930s, reflecting a desire to provide a broad educational experience.Principal in providing this experience was The Common Room.[15] During the 20th century this room, with a Servery for refreshment, provided a focus for College Members to meet, read, discuss, prepare for class, eat, and occasionally hold impromptu public debates. It was used as a meeting place for College societies and clubs. Over the years, the college held societies covering activities and subjects such as boxing, cricket, debating, economics, football, geology, singing, chess, draughts, rowing, history, natural history, old students, modern languages, language interpretation, railways, walking, sketching, holidays, wireless, music, and science.[16] Regular social events were organised by a Common Room Committee. The room was the venue for one of the college's most important functions, The Furnivall Supper, provided by College founder F.J. Furnivall. The supper, a Christmas meal for old people of the district round the college, lasted as an event until the 1980s. Up to the late–1980s, a September Teachers' Supper was held in The Common Room hosted by the Principal; there was a talk from a guest speaker followed by debate.The Maurice Hall, with its stage and theatrical lighting, was used for College and outside-user social functions: dances, recitals by the college orchestra, conferences, outside speakers, theatrical performance, lectures, general College meetings, and for a yearly Lowes Dickinson Award art Exhibition.The Museum has changed its use over the years, from schoolroom for private school tenants to art studio. The room features a pastel portrait of Lionel Jacob, (teacher, Vice Principal 1904–10.) It was re-designated in the early 1990s as the William Walker Room (William 'Paddy' Walker, student and Corporation member for 50 years).The Gymnasium and The Charles Wright Room, were part of a 1936 building extension, through the demolition of two adjacent College-owned houses, funded by endowment funds, an Appeal Fund, and the Board of Education. The Gymnasium was an adjunct to new college playing fields at Canon's Park, Edgware, that were already used for physical training and sports. The introduction of gymnastics followed a \"national interest in physical training – stimulated by the efforts of the European dictatorships in this direction\".[4] The Charles Wright Room (Charles Wright, b.1855, college benefactor) was added as a second Common Room. Within this 1936 extension were two new science laboratories, one the Ellis Franklin Laboratory, (Ellis Franklin, teacher, Vice Principal 1922–29,) and new flats for the College Secretary and caretaker.","title":"College building and use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enrolment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculation"},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_administration"},{"link_name":"lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(elevator)"},{"link_name":"cafeteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafeteria"},{"link_name":"listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Working_Mens_College_London_Sept_2013.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Post-2000","text":"College building and use programmes reduced original common space and removed some specialist rooms. The Common Room, which ceased to be such in its original sense, was split, one half to house a Centre for Student Affairs for enrolment and other administration. The rear of the building was restructured, removing the original Servery, adding a new lift, and a cafeteria with new library on two levels. The Charles Wright Common Room became management space. The gymnasium was converted for general use. The old Library remained, being listed; it kept its original purpose, and use as an occasional location for film.In 2013","title":"College building and use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ofsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofsted"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ofsted-17"},{"link_name":"Beacon Status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Status"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ofsted-17"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The college provides daytime, evening, weekend, short and year-long courses for adults. The curriculum follows national or College-defined programmes in art, applied arts, humanities, languages, computing and basic education.In 2008, college provision was graded as \"good\" or \"outstanding\" by Ofsted,[17] and in 2009 it was awarded Beacon Status.[18]\nThe 2013 inspection rated it \"outstanding\",[17] the first College in London to be rated as such in the new framework for inspection.[according to whom?] By 2018 the college had an Ofsted rating down from outstanding to \"Good\" overall.[19]","title":"Curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable associates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Llewelyn Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Llewelyn_Davies"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Lowes Cato Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowes_Cato_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Frederick James Furnivall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_James_Furnivall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hughes"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Richard Buckley Litchfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Buckley_Litchfield"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Malcolm_Forbes_Ludlow"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"F. D. Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._D._Maurice"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"John Westlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Westlake_(law_scholar)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"}],"sub_title":"Founders","text":"John Llewelyn Davies[4][20]\nLowes Cato Dickinson – drawing teacher[4]\nFrederick James Furnivall – English teacher 1854+[4]\nThomas Hughes QC – Principal 1873–1883[4]\nRichard Buckley Litchfield[4]\nJohn Malcolm Forbes Ludlow[4]\nF. D. Maurice – Principal 1854–1872[4]\nJohn Westlake – mathematics teacher 1854+[4]","title":"Notable associates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Allen_%26_Unwin"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Amos"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"John Sherren Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sherren_Brewer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Ford Madox Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown"},{"link_name":"John Wharlton Bunney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wharlton_Bunney"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Arthur Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Burgess"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collingwood-7"},{"link_name":"Edward Burne-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones"},{"link_name":"Samuel Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Henry Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Collins"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Cooke_(art_education_reformer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Mordecai Cubitt Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordecai_Cubitt_Cooke"},{"link_name":"Albert Dicey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Dicey"},{"link_name":"John Philipps Emslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philipps_Emslie"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Caradoc Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caradoc_Evans"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Thomas Charles Farrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Charles_Farrer"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Frank Wallace Galton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wallace_Galton"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Mountstuart Grant Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._E._Grant_Duff"},{"link_name":"GCSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India"},{"link_name":"CIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Lord Haldane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane"},{"link_name":"KT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Thistle"},{"link_name":"OM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"KC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"FBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"FSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Frederic Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"George Holyoake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Holyoake"},{"link_name":"Thomas Henry Huxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"John Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Lushington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Lushington"},{"link_name":"KCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"GCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCMG"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Vernon Lushington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Lushington"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"William Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Arthur Munby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Munby"},{"link_name":"Alexander Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Munro_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Sydney Olivier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Olivier,_1st_Baron_Olivier"},{"link_name":"KCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"Francis Penrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Penrose"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Frederick Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Pollock,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Valentine Cameron Prinsep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_Cameron_Prinsep"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Dante Gabriel Rossetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti"},{"link_name":"John Ruskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin"},{"link_name":"John Robert Seeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_Seeley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"James Fitzjames Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Leslie Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sulman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sulman"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Richard Chenevix Trench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Chenevix_Trench"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"G. M. Trevelyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"John Tyndall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Thomas Woolner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Woolner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"John Wharlton Bunney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wharlton_Bunney"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"}],"sub_title":"1854–1904","text":"George Allen – student\nSheldon Amos – teacher 1860s[4]\nJohn Sherren Brewer – teacher 1854+, Vice Principal 1869–1872[4]\nFord Madox Brown – art teacher 1854+\nJohn Wharlton Bunney – student[21][22]\nArthur Burgess – student[7]\nEdward Burne-Jones – art teacher 1854+\nSamuel Butler – lecturer 1892\nJoseph Henry Collins – student 1860s\nEbenezer Cooke – student and teacher[4][23]\nMordecai Cubitt Cooke - teacher\nAlbert Dicey KC – Principal 1899–1912\nJohn Philipps Emslie – student[4]\nCaradoc Evans – student[24]\nThomas Charles Farrer – student[25][26]\nFrank Wallace Galton – student[27]\nMountstuart Grant Duff GCSI, CIE, PC – teacher[4]\nLord Haldane KT, OM, PC, KC, FRS, FBA, FSA – lecturer and teacher 1881+[28]\nFrederic Harrison – teacher 1857[4]\nGeorge Holyoake – teacher 1858+\nThomas Henry Huxley – lecturer 1880s[4]\nJohn Lubbock – Principal 1883–1899\nGodfrey Lushington KCB, GCMG – teacher, benefactor, Member of Corporation 1858+[4]\nVernon Lushington QC – teacher 1858+[4][29]\nWilliam Morris – lectures[30]\nArthur Munby – Latin teacher\nAlexander Munro – art teacher 1854+[4][31]\nSydney Olivier KCMG, CB, PC – Latin teacher 1880s\nFrancis Penrose – teacher 1854+[4]\nFrederick Pollock – Member of Corporation 1880s[4]\nValentine Cameron Prinsep – art teacher 1854+[4]\nDante Gabriel Rossetti – art teacher 1854–1858\nJohn Ruskin: art teacher 1854–1858, Member of College Council\nJohn Robert Seeley – teacher 1860s, Member of Corporation 1880s[4]\nJames Fitzjames Stephen – teacher 1855[4]\nLeslie Stephen – lecturer 1854+, Member of Corporation 1880s[4]\nThomas Sulman – student[32][33][34]\nRichard Chenevix Trench – teacher 1860s[4]\nG. M. Trevelyan – teacher[4]\nJohn Tyndall – lecturer 1880s[4]\nThomas Woolner – art teacher 1854+[4]\nJohn Wharlton Bunney – art student and employee of Ruskin 1854 to 1859[4]","title":"Notable associates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A L Bacharach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Louis_Bacharach"},{"link_name":"Ralph George Scott Bankes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_George_Scott_Bankes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Frank Beswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Beswick,_Baron_Beswick"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Griffin Eady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Griffin_Eady"},{"link_name":"Ellis Arthur Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Arthur_Franklin"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBE"},{"link_name":"Stanley Arthur Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Arthur_Franklin"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Barnett Freedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnett_Freedman"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBE"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes-37"},{"link_name":"George Peabody Gooch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Peabody_Gooch"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Arthur Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Greene,_1st_Baron_Greene"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Percy Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Horton"},{"link_name":"RBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_British_Artists"},{"link_name":"ARCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes-37"},{"link_name":"Ronald Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Horton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ARCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Albert Houthuesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Houthuesen"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes-37"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"James Laver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Laver"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBE"},{"link_name":"FRSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRSA"},{"link_name":"Charles Prestwood Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Prestwood_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Frederick Barton Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Barton_Maurice"},{"link_name":"George Orwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Rhoades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Rhoades"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes-37"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Vaughan Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan_Williams"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Owen-42"},{"link_name":"Arnold Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Wilson"},{"link_name":"KCIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire"},{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"DSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"}],"sub_title":"1905–1954","text":"A L Bacharach, who ran the Sunday Chamber Music Society Concerts for 20 years.\nRalph George Scott Bankes – benefactor and teacher 1923–1948[4][35]\nFrank Beswick – student\nWilfred Griffin Eady GCMG, KCB, KBE – Principal 1944–1955\nEllis Arthur Franklin OBE – Vice Principal, teacher of \"electricity\"\nStanley Arthur Franklin – student[36]\nBarnett Freedman CBE – art teacher 1930s[37]\nGeorge Peabody Gooch – teacher and lecturer[4]\nWilfred Arthur Greene – Principal 1936–1944[38]\nPercy Horton MA, RBA, ARCA – art teacher 1930s[37]\nRonald Horton ARCA – art teacher 1929–1932[39]\nAlbert Houthuesen – art teacher 1930s[37][40]\nJames Laver CBE FRSA – Director of Art Classes 1926–1938\nCharles Prestwood Lucas – KCB KCMG – Principal, 1912–1922\nFrederick Barton Maurice – Principal 1922–1933\nGeorge Orwell – teacher\nGeoffrey Rhoades – art teacher 1930s[37][41]\nVaughan Williams – music teacher[42]\nArnold Wilson KCIE, CSI, CMG DSO – Principal, 1933–1936","title":"Notable associates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronald Forbes Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Ronald_Forbes_Adam,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"John Bowstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bowstead"},{"link_name":"Henry John Byrt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Byrt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edward DuCann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_DuCann"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Owen-42"},{"link_name":"Satnam Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satnam_Gill&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lucy de Groot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucy_de_Groot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Michael Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Seamus Heaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Heaney"},{"link_name":"Timothy Hyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Hyman"},{"link_name":"Sarah Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Andrew McIntosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_McIntosh_of_Haringey"},{"link_name":"Albert Alan Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Alan_Owen"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Seabrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Seabrook"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Tom Schuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Schuller&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Ruth Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Silver"},{"link_name":"Lucius P. Thompson-McCausland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Thompson-McCausland"},{"link_name":"Janet Whitaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Whitaker,_Baroness_Whitaker"}],"sub_title":"1955–2020","text":"Ronald Forbes Adam – Principal 1956–1961\nJohn Bowstead – art teacher\nHenry John Byrt QC – Principal 1982–1987\nEdward DuCann – teacher[42]\nSatnam Gill OBE – Principal (current at 2011)\nLucy de Groot CBE – Vice Chair of Board\nJohn Michael Hancock Prof. – Chair of Corporation and Board 1987–1999\nSeamus Heaney – teacher\nTimothy Hyman – art history teacher\nSarah Lucas – student\nAndrew McIntosh – Principal 1988–1997\nAlbert Alan Owen – Dean of Studies, music teacher[43][44]\nJeremy Seabrook – teacher[45]\nTom Schuller Prof. – Chair of Board 2008[46][47]\nRuth Silver DBE – Chair of Board 2002–2005\nLucius P. Thompson-McCausland – Principal 1969–1979\nJanet Whitaker – Chair of Board 1999–2002","title":"Notable associates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Sherren Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sherren_Brewer"},{"link_name":"Richard Buckley Litchfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Buckley_Litchfield"},{"link_name":"Reginald J. Mure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reginald_J._Mure&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Prestwood Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Prestwood_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Lionel Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Jacob"},{"link_name":"Ellis Arthur Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Arthur_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Henry John Byrt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Byrt&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"A principal provided the intellectual driving force and public face of the college. In 1869 F. D. Maurice found his work beyond the college precluded taking as active a role as previously. He recommended an office of Vice Principal to oversee and direct administration. This office was supplemented by others: Dean of Studies, Bursar, and Librarian; all being taken by teachers or students through election. These offices ceased to exist in 1996/97.John Sherren Brewer: 1869– 1872\nRichard Buckley Litchfield: 1872–1875\nCharles Crawley: 1883–1887\nReginald J. Mure: 1888–1896\nCharles Prestwood Lucas: 1897–1903\nLionel Jacob: 1904–1910\nArthur S. Lupton: 1911–1921\nEllis Arthur Franklin: 1922–1929\nG. F. A. Burgess: 1929–1932\nA. D. B. Pearson: 1932–1933\nCharles B. McAlpine: 1933–1936\nFrank Gahan: 1936–1945\nRonald Morrison: 1945–1948\n\n\nHorace H. West: 1948–1952\nH. Michael D. Parker: 1952–1955\nAnthony J. Lincoln: 1955–1960\nBaram Sh. Saklatvala: 1960–1966\nRudi L. Weisweiller: 1966–1976\nA. George B. Deacon: 1976–1978\nHenry John Byrt: 1978–1982\nRoger Farrington: 1982–1985\nDenis F. Murphy: 1985–1990\nReginald Wright: 1990–1992\nShankara Angadi: 1992–1994\nIan Bell: 1994–1996","title":"Vice Principals"}]
[{"image_text":"F. D. Maurice, founder of the Working Men's College","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Frederick_Denison_Maurice._Portrait_c1865.jpg/220px-Frederick_Denison_Maurice._Portrait_c1865.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Working Men's College pre 1904 – Great Ormond Street, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/13_GT_ORMOND_STREET_280.jpg/220px-13_GT_ORMOND_STREET_280.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_Working_Mens_College_Foundation_Stone_1904..jpg/220px-The_Working_Mens_College_Foundation_Stone_1904..jpg"},{"image_text":"In 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Working_Mens_College_London_Sept_2013.JPG/220px-Working_Mens_College_London_Sept_2013.JPG"}]
null
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website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/157073802","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007594411705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/945703","external_links_name":"Trove"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_World_Championship_squads
1986 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship squads
["1 China","2 Cuba","3 Peru","4 East Germany","5 Brazil","6 Soviet Union","7 Japan","8 South Korea","9 Italy","10 United States","11 Czechoslovakia","12 Bulgaria","13 West Germany","14 North Korea","15 Canada","16 Tunisia","17 References"]
This article shows the participating team squads at the 1986 FIVB Women's World Championship, held from 2 to 13 September in Czechoslovakia.  China Coach: Zhang Rongfang No. Name Date of birth Height Weight 1 Liu Wei 2 Liang Yan 3 Hu Xiaofeng 4 Hou Yuzhu 5 Yin Qin 6 Yang Xilan 7 Su Huijuan 8 Jiang Ying 9 Li Yanjun 10 Yang Xiaojun 11 Zheng Meizhu 12 Wu Dan  Cuba Coach: Laeita No. Name Date of birth Height Weight 1 Tania Ortiz 2 Mireya Luis 4 Inesma Molinet 5 Nancy González 6 María Teresa Santamaría 7 Ana María Hourrutinier 9 Josefina Capote 10 Lazara González 11 Josefina O'Farrill 12 Norka Latamblet 14 Ana María García 15 Magaly Carvajal  Peru Coach:Mambo Bok Park No. Name Date of birth Height Weight 1 Sonia Ayaucan 2 Cenaida Uribe 3 Rosa Garcia 4 Miriam Gallardo 5 Gaby Perez del Solar 6 Sonia Heredia 7 Cecilia Tait 8 Luisa Cervera 9 Denisse Fajardo 10 Ana Arostegui 11 Gina Torrealva 12 Natalia Malaga  East Germany No. Name Date of birth Height Weight 2 Ute Bitterlich 3 Monika Beu 4 Ariane Radfan 5 Kathrin Langschwager 6 Maike Arlt 7 Anke Lindemann 8 Ute Oldenburg 9 Heike Jensen 10 Dorte Studemann 11 Ramona Landgraf 13 Rank 14 Ute Landgenau  Brazil No. Name Date of birth Height Weight Maria Isabel Barroso Salgado Alencar 02.08.60 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) 71 lb (32 kg) 9 Regina Pereira de Mendonca Uchoa 20.09.59 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in) 67 lb (30 kg) 4 Vera Helena Bonetti Mossa 27.09.64 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) 62 lb (28 kg) Ana Cláudia da Silva Ramos 31.10.61 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in) 66 lb (30 kg) Roseli Ana Timm 25.07.62 Eliani "Lica" Miranda da Costa 05.08.69 Sandra Maria Lima Suruagy 17.04.61 Vânia Mello Ana Margarida Ida Vieira Alvares 22.01.65 Denise Ferreira de Souza 02.09.67 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) 77 lb (35 kg) Ana Lúcia de Camargo Barros 16.12.65 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) 71 lb (32 kg) Adriana Samuel Ramos 12.04.66  Soviet Union Coach:Vladimir Patkin No. Name Date of birth Height Weight Yelena Volkova 13.06.60 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) Svetlana Badulina 26.10.60 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) Valentina Ogienko 26.05.65 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) 72 lb (33 kg) Elena Chebukina 11.10.65 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) 77 lb (35 kg) Diana Kachalova Olga Krivosheyeva 15.05.61 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Irina Gorbatyuk Yuliya Saltsevich 12.05.67 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in) Elena Kundaleva Marina Kiryakova Svetlana Likholetova Irina Rizen  Japan No. Name Date of birth Height Weight  South Korea No. Name Date of birth Height Weight  Italy No. Name Date of birth Height Weight  United States No. Name Date of birth Height Weight  Czechoslovakia Coach: Vladimír Hančík No. Name Date of birth Height Weight Baráková Bromová Daniela Cuníková Eva Dostálová Dvoráková Vladěna Holubová Homolková Stanislava Králová Táňa Krempaská Lajcáková Simona Mandelová Lucie Vaclavikova  Bulgaria No. Name Date of birth Height Weight  West Germany No. Name Date of birth Height Weight Ursula Jakob Silke Meyer Gudrun Witte Beate Buehler Gudula Staub Sigrid Terstegge Michaela Vosveck Renate Riek Karen Baumeister Constanze Wolter Alexandra Ludwig Terry Place-Brandel Beate Muensterkoetter Ute Hankers Juliane Schlipf  North Korea No. Name Date of birth Height Weight  Canada No. Name Date of birth Height Weight  Tunisia No. Name Date of birth Height Weight References ^ "Women Volleyball X World Championship 1986 Praha (TCH) 02-13.09 Champion China". todor66.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2015. vteFIVB Volleyball Women's World ChampionshipTournaments Soviet Union 1952 France 1956 Brazil 1960 Soviet Union 1962 Japan 1967 Bulgaria 1970 Mexico 1974 Soviet Union 1978 Peru 1982 Czechoslovakia 1986 China 1990 Brazil 1994 Japan 1998 Germany 2002 Japan 2006 Japan 2010 Italy 2014 Japan 2018 Netherlands / Poland 2022 TBA 2025 Qualifications 1952 1956 1960 1962 1967 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2025 Statistics 2018 2022 2025 Squads 1952 1956 1960 1962 1967 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2025 National team appearances
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1986 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship squads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhang Rongfang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Rongfang"}],"text":"Coach: Zhang Rongfang","title":"China"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Coach: Laeita","title":"Cuba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mambo Bok Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mambo_Bok_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Coach:Mambo Bok Park","title":"Peru"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"East Germany"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Brazil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vladimir Patkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Patkin"}],"text":"Coach:Vladimir Patkin","title":"Soviet Union"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Japan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"South Korea"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Italy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vladimír Hančík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladim%C3%ADr_Han%C4%8D%C3%ADk&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Coach: Vladimír Hančík","title":"Czechoslovakia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bulgaria"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"West Germany"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"North Korea"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tunisia"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Max
Silver Max
["1 Career","2 Pedigree","3 References"]
American thoroughbred racehorse Silver MaxSireBadge of SilverGrandsireSilver DeputyDamKissin ReneDamsireKissin KrisSexStallionFoaled2009CountryUSABreederSteve C. Snowden, Seth & Will LaufferOwnerMark Bacon & Dana WellsTrainerDale L. RomansRecord27:12-5-1Earnings$1,954,738Major winsAmerican Turf Stakes (2012)Arlington Classic Stakes (2012) Commonwealth Derby (2012)Transylvania Stakes (2012)Bernard Baruch Handicap (2013)Oceanport Stakes (2013)Opening Verse Stakes (2013) Shadwell Turf Mile Stakes (2013)Firecracker Stakes (2014) Silver Max (foaled March 8, 2009) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse and the winner of the 2013 Shadwell Turf Mile Stakes. Career Silver Max 's first race was on July 31, 2011, at Saratoga, where he came in second. He did not pick up his first win until January 13, 2012, at Gulfstream Park. He went on a six race win streak starting on March 9, 2012. He won the Transylvania Stakes in April. He then won the American Turf Stakes on May 4, then the Arlington Classic Stakes on May 25. He picked up a win at the Oliver Stakes on June 13, then capped off the streak with a win at the 2012 Commonwealth Derby on July 21. His next graded race win came a year later as he won the Oceanport Stakes on July 28, 2013. Silver Max then won the Bernard Baruch Handicap on August 31, 2013. Then on October 5, 2013, he won the biggest race of his career when he captured his first Grade-1 win - the Shadwell Turf Mile Stakes. 2014 was his final season. His only win was at the June 28th, 2014 Firecracker Stakes. He failed to place on the podium in his last three races and finished his career off with a 6th-place finish in the November 8th, 2014 River City Handicap. In 2015, Silver Max was retired to stud. Pedigree Pedigree of Silver Max (USA), 2009 SireBadge of Silver (USA) 2000 Silver Deputy (CAN) 1985 Deputy Minister Vice Regent Mint Copy Silver Valley Mr. Prospector Seven Valleys Silveroo (USA) 1992 Silver Hawk Roberto Gris Vitesse Hey Mama High Tribute Pat's Mama DamKissin Rene (USA) 1997 Kissin Kris (USA) 1990 Kris S. Roberto Sharp Queen Toes Forward Your Alibhai Toe Dancer Monique Rene (USA) 1978 Prince of Ascot Royal Ascot Bolero's Image Party Date Speedy Frank Pardon My Speed References ^ a b c d e f "Silver Max". Retrieved 9 January 2020. ^ "Silver Max ends Wise Dan's win streak in Shadwell". Retrieved 9 January 2020. ^ "Silver Max heads Virginia Derby". Retrieved 9 January 2020. ^ "Silver Max Returns With Sizzling Front-Running Win in Firecracker". Retrieved 9 January 2020. ^ "Silver Max retired to stud in Ontario". Retrieved 9 January 2020. ^ "Silver Max". Retrieved 9 January 2020.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Poland_relations
Norway–Poland relations
["1 History","2 Modern relations","3 Bilateral agreements","4 Resident diplomatic missions","5 Honorary consulates","6 See also","7 References"]
Bilateral relationsNorwegian–Polish relations Norway Poland Norway–Poland relations are the diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Norway and the Republic of Poland. Both nations enjoy friendly relations, the importance of which centers on mutual historical relations and the fact that more than 100,000 Polish citizens live in Norway on a permanent basis, Poles make up 2.10% of the Norwegian population. Both nations are members of the Council of Europe, Council of the Baltic Sea States, NATO, OECD, OSCE, United Nations and the World Trade Organization. History Tomb of King Eric III of Norway in Darłowo, Poland The first contact between Norway and Poland took place in the Middle Ages with Vikings (Norsemen) from Scandinavia sailing up the Vistula river in Poland. The Vikings also founded and settled in Jomsborg in Pomerania and became known as Jomsvikings. Official contact between both nations began in the 10th century when Polish Princess Świętosława (daughter of Mieszko I of Poland) married King Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark and Norway. From their union, their son Cnut the Great would continue to rule Norway and the North Sea Empire. In the medieval period, Poland and Norway entered into alliances several times, incl. in 1315 and 1419. From 1389 to 1442, Eric of Pomerania of the House of Griffin was King of Norway as Eric III, and his tomb is located in his birth town of Darłowo in Poland. During the Hanseatic League, trade and cultural contacts developed between Polish cities on the Baltic Sea, mainly Gdańsk; and Bergen in Norway, where Polish ships reached with grain. In the 17th century, during the Swedish Deluge, Polish troops led by Stefan Czarniecki fought together with soldiers from Denmark–Norway against the Swedish invasion in Poland and during the Dano-Swedish War. By the late 18th century, the third and final partition of Poland had occurred and Poland lost its independence for the next 123 years. Polish engineer and insurgent Aleksander Waligórski , who fled partitioned Poland after the unsuccessful November Uprising, co-developed Norway's first railroad and co-authored its first modern road map of Norway. Soldiers from the Polish Independent Highland Brigade fighting during the Battles of Narvik, Norway; 1940. In 1918, after World War I, Poland regained its independence, and both nations established diplomatic relations in 1919. However, political and governmental contacts were few in the interwar period, and economic cooperation and trade remained low. In 1931 Poland signed the Svalbard Treaty, which recognizes the sovereignty of Norway over the archipelago of Svalbard in the Arctic Ocean, and grants signatories equal rights to engage in commercial activities and scientific research on the archipelago. During World War II, both countries were invaded by Germany. The Polish Independent Highland Brigade fought for Norway in the Battles of Narvik against German soldiers. During the war, both countries maintained close contacts as both had governments-in-exile based in London. Approximately 20,000 Poles were taken by the Germans from occupied Poland for forced labor in Norway, while some Norwegian prisoners of war were sent to German POW camps operated in occupied Poland (most notably Oflag XXI-C). Several Poles and Norwegians were among the victims of the Stalag Luft III murders, perpetrated by Germany in 1944. After liberation, Norway became a second home for some of the former Polish forced laborers. Shortly after the end of World War II, Poland and Norway resumed diplomatic relations in 1945. In 1974, Norway's Prime Minister Trygve Bratteli paid an official visit to Poland. During the Polish Solidarity movement; the Polish Trade Unions received support from Poles living in Norway, political emigrants, Norwegian politicians and trade unionists. The official visits of King Harald V of Norway to Poland in 1993 and the President of Poland, Lech Wałęsa, to Norway in March 1995; were an expression of the will of both countries to give their mutual relations the highest rank. Modern relations Marshal of the Sejm Marek Kuchciński lays a wreath at a grave of Poles killed by the Germans in Norway during World War II (2017) Since Poland's accession to NATO in March 1999, Polish-Norwegian relations have become allied and bilateral political and military cooperation have strengthened between both nations. In 2012, King Harald V of Norway paid a second visit to Poland and in 2016, Polish President Andrzej Duda paid a state visit to Norway. Norway and Poland are close NATO allies, and their militaries cooperate as part of the Multinational Corps Northeast, headquartered in Szczecin, Poland. Poland is one of Norway's ten main trading partners. In 2019, Poland was the seventh largest source of imports and the tenth largest export destination for Norway. The Baltic Pipe, connecting Norway via Denmark to Poland, was commissioned in September 2022. Its purpose is to ensure natural gas supplies from Norway to Poland. Several Polish polar stations are located in the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard. Bilateral agreements Both nations have signed a few agreements such a trade and shipping agreement (1926); conciliation and arbitration treaty (1929); tariff arrangement (1935); customs agreement (1937); trade and payment agreement (1946) and a trade agreement (1964). With Norway being a member of the European Free Trade Association and Poland being a member of the European Union; most bilateral relations between both nations are conducted through those two organizations. Resident diplomatic missions Norway has an embassy in Warsaw Poland has an embassy in Oslo. Building hosting the Embassy of Norway in Warsaw Embassy of Poland in Oslo Honorary consulates There are honorary consulates of Norway in Gdynia, Kraków, Szczecin and Wrocław, and honorary consulates of Poland in Ålesund, Stavanger and Trondheim. Building hosting the Honorary Consulate of Norway in Wrocław See also Foreign relations of Norway Foreign relations of Poland Embassy of Poland in Oslo Baltic Pipe Poles in Norway Polish Independent Highland Brigade Norway–EU relations European Union–NATO relations References ^ a b State Visit from Poland ^ Slavs competed with the Vikings on these boats ^ a b c d e f Stosunki Polsko-Norweskie (in Polish) ^ "Wydarzenia z kalendarza historycznego: 27 czerwca 1315". chronologia.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 July 2022. ^ Jensen, Janus Møller (2007). Denmark and the Crusades, 1400-1650. Leiden/Boston: Brill. p. 56. ISBN 978-90-04-15579-4. ^ "Generał Waligórski - inżynier i żołnierz". Mówią Wieki (in Polish). 6 August 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2023. ^ Oświadczenie Rządowe z dnia 3 września 1931 r. w sprawie przystąpienia Polski do traktatu dotyczącego Spitsbergu, podpisanego w Paryżu dnia 9 lutego 1920 r., Dz. U. z 1931 r. Nr 97, poz. 747 ^ Polish Independent Highland Brigade Sailing to Narvik ^ a b Relations between Poland and Norway (in Polish) ^ "CHRONICLE (Published 1995)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-04-18. ^ Polish-Norwegian cooperation ^ Norwegian Royal couple visits Krakow ^ "Norway trade balance, exports and imports by country and region 2019". World Integrated Trade Solution. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ Embassy of Norway in Warsaw ^ Embassy of Poland in Oslo ^ "Om ambassaden" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 9 July 2022. ^ "Konsulaty honorowe". Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 July 2022. vte Foreign relations of NorwayAfrica Algeria Angola Democratic Republic of the Congo Ethiopia Kenya Libya Madagascar Morocco Sudan Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Chile Mexico Peru United States Asia Afghanistan China India Indonesia Israel Malaysia Mongolia Nepal North Korea Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Taiwan Turkey Europe Croatia Cyprus Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Kosovo Poland Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Former countries Czechoslovakia Soviet Union Yugoslavia Multilateral relations European Union NATO Membership of International organizations Related topics Diplomatic missions of Norway Diplomatic missions in Norway vte Foreign relations of PolandAfrica Algeria Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Libya Mali Morocco Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa South Sudan Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Mexico Peru United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq (Kurdistan Region) Israel Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Palestine Philippines Saudi Arabia South Korea Taiwan Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Europe Albania Austria Belarus Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Moldova Netherlands Norway Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea Former Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Multilateral relations European Union NATO Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of Poland / in Poland Portals: Politics Norway Poland
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diplomatic relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_relations"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish citizens live in Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Visit-1"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Council of the Baltic Sea States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"OSCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSCE"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"World Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"}],"text":"Norway–Poland relations are the diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Norway and the Republic of Poland. Both nations enjoy friendly relations, the importance of which centers on mutual historical relations and the fact that more than 100,000 Polish citizens live in Norway on a permanent basis, Poles make up 2.10% of the Norwegian population.[1] Both nations are members of the Council of Europe, Council of the Baltic Sea States, NATO, OECD, OSCE, United Nations and the World Trade Organization.","title":"Norway–Poland relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eric_the_Pomeranian_of_Denmark,_Norway_%26_Sweden_grave_2010_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Eric III of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_III_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Darłowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings"},{"link_name":"Norsemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsemen"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jomsborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomsborg"},{"link_name":"Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Jomsvikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomsvikings"},{"link_name":"Świętosława","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tos%C5%82awa"},{"link_name":"Mieszko I of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Sweyn Forkbeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"Cnut the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut_the_Great"},{"link_name":"North Sea Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Eric of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"House of Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Griffin"},{"link_name":"Darłowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo"},{"link_name":"Hanseatic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"Swedish Deluge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluge_(history)"},{"link_name":"Stefan Czarniecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Czarniecki"},{"link_name":"Denmark–Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway"},{"link_name":"Dano-Swedish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_(1657%E2%80%9358)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Waligórski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Walig%C3%B3rski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Walig%C3%B3rski"},{"link_name":"November Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_Uprising"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narvik001.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"Svalbard Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Svalbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard"},{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Polish Independent Highland Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Independent_Highland_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Battles of Narvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Narvik"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"occupied Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"forced labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"German POW camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Oflag XXI-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oflag_XXI-C"},{"link_name":"Stalag Luft III murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III_murders"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Relations-9"},{"link_name":"Trygve Bratteli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trygve_Bratteli"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"Solidarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)"},{"link_name":"Harald V of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Lech Wałęsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Tomb of King Eric III of Norway in Darłowo, PolandThe first contact between Norway and Poland took place in the Middle Ages with Vikings (Norsemen) from Scandinavia sailing up the Vistula river in Poland.[2] The Vikings also founded and settled in Jomsborg in Pomerania and became known as Jomsvikings. Official contact between both nations began in the 10th century when Polish Princess Świętosława (daughter of Mieszko I of Poland) married King Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark and Norway.[3] From their union, their son Cnut the Great would continue to rule Norway and the North Sea Empire. In the medieval period, Poland and Norway entered into alliances several times, incl. in 1315[4][3] and 1419.[5] From 1389 to 1442, Eric of Pomerania of the House of Griffin was King of Norway as Eric III, and his tomb is located in his birth town of Darłowo in Poland. During the Hanseatic League, trade and cultural contacts developed between Polish cities on the Baltic Sea, mainly Gdańsk; and Bergen in Norway, where Polish ships reached with grain.[3]In the 17th century, during the Swedish Deluge, Polish troops led by Stefan Czarniecki fought together with soldiers from Denmark–Norway against the Swedish invasion in Poland and during the Dano-Swedish War.[3] By the late 18th century, the third and final partition of Poland had occurred and Poland lost its independence for the next 123 years. Polish engineer and insurgent Aleksander Waligórski [pl], who fled partitioned Poland after the unsuccessful November Uprising, co-developed Norway's first railroad and co-authored its first modern road map of Norway.[6]Soldiers from the Polish Independent Highland Brigade fighting during the Battles of Narvik, Norway; 1940.In 1918, after World War I, Poland regained its independence, and both nations established diplomatic relations in 1919.[3] However, political and governmental contacts were few in the interwar period, and economic cooperation and trade remained low. In 1931 Poland signed the Svalbard Treaty, which recognizes the sovereignty of Norway over the archipelago of Svalbard in the Arctic Ocean, and grants signatories equal rights to engage in commercial activities and scientific research on the archipelago.[7]During World War II, both countries were invaded by Germany. The Polish Independent Highland Brigade fought for Norway in the Battles of Narvik against German soldiers.[8] During the war, both countries maintained close contacts as both had governments-in-exile based in London. Approximately 20,000 Poles were taken by the Germans from occupied Poland for forced labor in Norway, while some Norwegian prisoners of war were sent to German POW camps operated in occupied Poland (most notably Oflag XXI-C). Several Poles and Norwegians were among the victims of the Stalag Luft III murders, perpetrated by Germany in 1944. After liberation, Norway became a second home for some of the former Polish forced laborers.[9] Shortly after the end of World War II, Poland and Norway resumed diplomatic relations in 1945. In 1974, Norway's Prime Minister Trygve Bratteli paid an official visit to Poland.[3]During the Polish Solidarity movement; the Polish Trade Unions received support from Poles living in Norway, political emigrants, Norwegian politicians and trade unionists. The official visits of King Harald V of Norway to Poland in 1993 and the President of Poland, Lech Wałęsa, to Norway in March 1995; were an expression of the will of both countries to give their mutual relations the highest rank.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oficjalna_wizyta_marsza%C5%82ka_Sejmu_Marka_Kuchci%C5%84skiego_w_Norwegii.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marshal of the Sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Sejm"},{"link_name":"Marek Kuchciński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Kuchci%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Duda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Duda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Visit-1"},{"link_name":"Multinational Corps Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_Corps_Northeast"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Baltic Pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Pipe"},{"link_name":"natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"polar stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_station"},{"link_name":"Svalbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard"}],"text":"Marshal of the Sejm Marek Kuchciński lays a wreath at a grave of Poles killed by the Germans in Norway during World War II (2017)Since Poland's accession to NATO in March 1999, Polish-Norwegian relations have become allied and bilateral political and military cooperation have strengthened between both nations.[11] In 2012, King Harald V of Norway paid a second visit to Poland[12] and in 2016, Polish President Andrzej Duda paid a state visit to Norway.[1] Norway and Poland are close NATO allies, and their militaries cooperate as part of the Multinational Corps Northeast, headquartered in Szczecin, Poland.Poland is one of Norway's ten main trading partners. In 2019, Poland was the seventh largest source of imports and the tenth largest export destination for Norway.[13]The Baltic Pipe, connecting Norway via Denmark to Poland, was commissioned in September 2022. Its purpose is to ensure natural gas supplies from Norway to Poland.Several Polish polar stations are located in the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard.","title":"Modern relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Relations-9"},{"link_name":"European Free Trade Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"}],"text":"Both nations have signed a few agreements such a trade and shipping agreement (1926); conciliation and arbitration treaty (1929); tariff arrangement (1935); customs agreement (1937); trade and payment agreement (1946) and a trade agreement (1964).[9] With Norway being a member of the European Free Trade Association and Poland being a member of the European Union; most bilateral relations between both nations are conducted through those two organizations.","title":"Bilateral agreements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warszawa,_Focus_Filtrowa_-_fotopolska.eu_(290902).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polens_ambassade_Oslo_-_2010-08-22_at_12-56-43.jpg"}],"text":"Norway has an embassy in Warsaw[14]\nPoland has an embassy in Oslo.[15]Building hosting the Embassy of Norway in Warsaw\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy of Poland in Oslo","title":"Resident diplomatic missions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gdynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdynia"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ålesund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85lesund"},{"link_name":"Stavanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger"},{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:House_of_the_Blue_Sun_in_Wroclaw_01.jpg"}],"text":"There are honorary consulates of Norway in Gdynia, Kraków, Szczecin and Wrocław,[16] and honorary consulates of Poland in Ålesund, Stavanger and Trondheim.[17]Building hosting the Honorary Consulate of Norway in Wrocław","title":"Honorary consulates"}]
[{"image_text":"Tomb of King Eric III of Norway in Darłowo, Poland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Eric_the_Pomeranian_of_Denmark%2C_Norway_%26_Sweden_grave_2010_%282%29.jpg/170px-Eric_the_Pomeranian_of_Denmark%2C_Norway_%26_Sweden_grave_2010_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Soldiers from the Polish Independent Highland Brigade fighting during the Battles of Narvik, Norway; 1940.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Narvik001.jpg/220px-Narvik001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marshal of the Sejm Marek Kuchciński lays a wreath at a grave of Poles killed by the Germans in Norway during World War II (2017)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Oficjalna_wizyta_marsza%C5%82ka_Sejmu_Marka_Kuchci%C5%84skiego_w_Norwegii.jpg/220px-Oficjalna_wizyta_marsza%C5%82ka_Sejmu_Marka_Kuchci%C5%84skiego_w_Norwegii.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Foreign relations of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Norway"},{"title":"Foreign relations of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Poland"},{"title":"Embassy of Poland in Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Poland_in_Oslo"},{"title":"Baltic Pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Pipe"},{"title":"Poles in Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles_in_Norway"},{"title":"Polish Independent Highland Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Independent_Highland_Brigade"},{"title":"Norway–EU relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations"},{"title":"European Union–NATO relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93NATO_relations"}]
[{"reference":"\"Wydarzenia z kalendarza historycznego: 27 czerwca 1315\". chronologia.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chronologia.pl/wydarzenie-w13150627ppk00.html","url_text":"\"Wydarzenia z kalendarza historycznego: 27 czerwca 1315\""}]},{"reference":"Jensen, Janus Møller (2007). Denmark and the Crusades, 1400-1650. Leiden/Boston: Brill. p. 56. ISBN 978-90-04-15579-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15579-4","url_text":"978-90-04-15579-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Generał Waligórski - inżynier i żołnierz\". Mówią Wieki (in Polish). 6 August 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mowiawieki.pl/index.php?page=ksiazki&id=128","url_text":"\"Generał Waligórski - inżynier i żołnierz\""}]},{"reference":"\"CHRONICLE (Published 1995)\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/15/style/chronicle-815695.html","url_text":"\"CHRONICLE (Published 1995)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230418221235/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/15/style/chronicle-815695.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Norway trade balance, exports and imports by country and region 2019\". World Integrated Trade Solution. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/NOR/Year/2019/TradeFlow/EXPIMP","url_text":"\"Norway trade balance, exports and imports by country and region 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Om ambassaden\" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 9 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.norway.no/pl/poland/for-nordmenn/om-ambassaden/","url_text":"\"Om ambassaden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Konsulaty honorowe\". Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 9 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/norwegia/konsulaty-honorowe","url_text":"\"Konsulaty honorowe\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.royalcourt.no/nyhet.html?tid=135977&sek=27262&scope=27248","external_links_name":"State Visit from Poland"},{"Link":"http://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news%2C29070%2Cslavs-competed-vikings-these-boats.html","external_links_name":"Slavs competed with the Vikings on these boats"},{"Link":"https://www.norwegofil.pl/historia/stosunki-polsko-norweskie","external_links_name":"Stosunki Polsko-Norweskie (in Polish)"},{"Link":"http://www.chronologia.pl/wydarzenie-w13150627ppk00.html","external_links_name":"\"Wydarzenia z kalendarza historycznego: 27 czerwca 1315\""},{"Link":"https://www.mowiawieki.pl/index.php?page=ksiazki&id=128","external_links_name":"\"Generał Waligórski - inżynier i żołnierz\""},{"Link":"https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19310970747","external_links_name":"Oświadczenie Rządowe z dnia 3 września 1931 r. w sprawie przystąpienia Polski do traktatu dotyczącego Spitsbergu, podpisanego w Paryżu dnia 9 lutego 1920 r."},{"Link":"http://dcmny.org/islandora/object/pilsudski%3A674/compound-parent-metadata","external_links_name":"Polish Independent Highland Brigade Sailing to Narvik"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.pl/web/norwegia/relacje-dwustronne","external_links_name":"Relations between Poland and Norway (in Polish)"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/15/style/chronicle-815695.html","external_links_name":"\"CHRONICLE (Published 1995)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230418221235/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/15/style/chronicle-815695.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.royalcourt.no/nyhet.html?tid=100544&sek=27262&scope=27248","external_links_name":"Polish-Norwegian cooperation"},{"Link":"http://krakow.pl/krakow_open_city/see_also___/12103,339,komunikat,norwegian_royal_couple_visits_krakow.html","external_links_name":"Norwegian Royal couple visits Krakow"},{"Link":"https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/NOR/Year/2019/TradeFlow/EXPIMP","external_links_name":"\"Norway trade balance, exports and imports by country and region 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.norway.no/pl/poland/","external_links_name":"Embassy of Norway in Warsaw"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.pl/web/norwegia","external_links_name":"Embassy of Poland in Oslo"},{"Link":"https://www.norway.no/pl/poland/for-nordmenn/om-ambassaden/","external_links_name":"\"Om ambassaden\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.pl/web/norwegia/konsulaty-honorowe","external_links_name":"\"Konsulaty honorowe\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherjacket_fish
Leatherjacket fish
["1 Distribution","2 Feeding","3 As food","4 References","5 External links"]
Species of fish For the fish family known as leatherjackets, see filefish. Leatherjacket fish Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Carangiformes Family: Carangidae Genus: Oligoplites Species: O. saurus Binomial name Oligoplites saurus(Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801) Synonyms List Scomber saurus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Oligoplites inornatus Gill, 1863 Chorinemus occidentalis Günther, 1860 Centronotus argenteus Lacépède, 1801 Chorinemus lanceolatus Girard, 1858 Chorinemus quiebra Cuvier, 1832 Lichia quiebra (Cuvier, 1832) Oligoplites rathbuni Miranda Ribeiro, 1915 Chorinemus saltans Cuvier, 1832 The leatherjacket fish (Oligoplites saurus), also known as leather jack, is a species of jack in the family Carangidae. Leather jack may also refer to other members of the Carangidae, such as the pilot fish. The largest are about a foot long. Distribution There are two subspecies of Oligoplites saurus. The nominate subspecies O.s. saurus is distributed in the western Atlantic Ocean from Chatham, Massachusetts south along the U.S. coast, throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, and along the South American coast to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The other subspecies O. s. inornatus is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean from southern Baja California, much of the Gulf of California to Ecuador, including the Galapagos and Malpelo Islands. Feeding It voraciously devours small fish and shrimp, often in company with larger predatory species. Leatherjackets feed on small fish including the silver perch. As food Traditionally, the leather jacket has not been eaten, but recently, with large-scale farming of the fish, it has become common at market. The fish has a mild, oily taste similar to Spanish mackerel or bluefish. It has occasionally been the prey to blue swimmer crab, as juvenile fish in sea grass beds. References ^ a b Smith-Vaniz, W.F.; Williams, J.T.; Pina Amargos, F.; Curtis, M.; Brown, J.; Vega-Cendejas, M. (2019). "Oligoplites saurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T183364A86338645. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T183364A86338645.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Oligoplites saurus" in FishBase. August 2019 version. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Oligoplites". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 19 November 2019. ^ "Oligoplites saurus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 24 January 2006. ^ "Home". Gulf Of Maine Research Institute. Retrieved 2021-05-23. External links Fish and Wildlife Service Smithsonian Marine Station FishBase Taxon identifiersOligoplites saurus Wikidata: Q2948084 BOLD: 140328 CoL: 496T7 EoL: 205903 FishBase: 1001 GBIF: 2390622 iNaturalist: 56937 IRMNG: 10576464 ITIS: 168673 IUCN: 183364 NatureServe: 2.103145 NCBI: 173344 OBIS: 159645 Open Tree of Life: 548120 WoRMS: 159645 This Perciformes article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pereverzev
Ivan Pereverzev
["1 Filmography","2 Awards and honors","3 References","4 External links"]
Soviet actor (1914–1978) Ivan PereverzevBornIvan Fyodorovich Pereverzev(1914-09-03)3 September 1914Kuzminka, Oryol Governorate, Russian EmpireDied23 April 1978(1978-04-23) (aged 63)Moscow, Soviet UnionOccupationActorYears active1933–1978 Ivan Fyodorovich Pereverzev (Russian: Ива́н Фёдорович Переве́рзев; 3 September 1914 – 23 April 1978) was a Soviet and Russian stage and film actor. People's Artist of the USSR (1975). Filmography The Conveyor of Death (1933) – episode (uncredited) The Private Life of Pyotr Vinogradov (1934) – fitness instructor (uncredited) My Love (1940) – Grisha Ivan Nikulin: Russian Sailor (1944) – Ivan Nikulin It Happened in the Donbas (1945) – Stepan Andreyevich Ryabinin The First Glove (1946) – Nikita Krutikov The Third Blow (1948) – Yakov Kreizer The Court of Honor (1948) – Ivan Ivanovich Petrenko Dream of a Cossack (1950) – Andrei Petrovich Boichenko Far from Moscow (1950) – engineer (uncredited) Taras Shevchenko (1951) – Zygmunt Sierakowski Sadko (1952) – Timofey Larionovich Admiral Ushakov (1953) – Fyodor Ushakov Attack from the Sea (1953) – Fyodor Ushakov Heroes of Shipka (1954) – Katorgin The Variegateds Case (1958) – "Stranger" the spy My Beloved (1958) – Kozyrev The Sky Beckons (1959) – Yevgeny Kornev Michman Panin (1960) – Ivan Grigoryev Scarlet Sails (1961) – Longren Silence (1963) – Lukovsky Meet Baluyev! (1963) – Pavel Gavrilovich Baluyev The Enchanted Desna (1964) – construction manager Strong with Spirit (1967) – Dmitry Medvedev The New Adventures of the Elusive Avengers (1968) – Smirnov, Red Cavalry Army chief of staff Trembita (1968) – Prokop, Mikola's father Dangerous Tour (1969) – Kazimir Kazimirovich Kulbras, general governor Bonivur's Heart (1969) – Zhilin, old peasant Liberation (1970) – Vasily Chuikov The Crown of the Russian Empire, or Once Again the Elusive Avengers (1971) – Smirnov, chief of JSPD Adventures in a City that Does Not Exist (1974) – Long John Silver A Very English Murder (1974) – Briggs, butler (voiced by Yevgeny Vesnik) Front Without Flanks (1975) – father Pavel Front Beyond the Front Line (1977) – father Pavel Awards and honors Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (1946) Order of the Badge of Honour (1950) Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1951) Stalin Prize, 1st class (1952) People's Artist of the RSFSR (1966) Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1974) People's Artist of the USSR (1975) References ^ Peter Rollberg (2009). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. US: Rowman / Littlefield. pp. 527–528. ISBN 978-0-8108-6072-8. ^ "Актёр Иван Федорович Переверзев: биография". Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2015. External links Ivan Pereverzev at IMDb Ivan Pereverzev at Find a Grave Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Poland This article about a Soviet actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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People's Artist of the USSR (1975).[1][2]","title":"Ivan Pereverzev"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Conveyor of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conveyor_of_Death"},{"link_name":"The Private Life of Pyotr Vinogradov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Private_Life_of_Pyotr_Vinogradov"},{"link_name":"My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Ivan Nikulin: Russian Sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Nikulin:_Russian_Sailor"},{"link_name":"It Happened in the Donbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Happened_in_the_Donbas"},{"link_name":"The First Glove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Glove"},{"link_name":"The Third Blow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Third_Blow"},{"link_name":"Yakov Kreizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Kreizer"},{"link_name":"The Court of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Court_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Dream of a Cossack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_of_a_Cossack"},{"link_name":"Far from Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_from_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Taras Shevchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_(film)"},{"link_name":"Zygmunt Sierakowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Sierakowski"},{"link_name":"Sadko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadko_(film)"},{"link_name":"Admiral Ushakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Ushakov_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Ushakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Ushakov"},{"link_name":"Attack from the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_from_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Heroes of Shipka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_of_Shipka"},{"link_name":"The Variegateds Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Variegateds_Case"},{"link_name":"My Beloved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Beloved_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Sky Beckons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebo_Zovyot"},{"link_name":"Michman Panin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michman_Panin"},{"link_name":"Scarlet Sails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_Sails_(film)"},{"link_name":"Silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silence_(1963_film)"},{"link_name":"Meet Baluyev!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_Baluyev!"},{"link_name":"The Enchanted Desna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enchanted_Desna"},{"link_name":"Strong with Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_with_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Medvedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev_(partisan)"},{"link_name":"The New Adventures of the Elusive Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_the_Elusive_Avengers"},{"link_name":"Trembita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trembita_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dangerous Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Tour_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bonivur's Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonivur%27s_Heart"},{"link_name":"Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Vasily Chuikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Chuikov"},{"link_name":"The Crown of the Russian Empire, or Once Again the Elusive Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown_of_the_Russian_Empire,_or_Once_Again_the_Elusive_Avengers"},{"link_name":"JSPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate"},{"link_name":"Adventures in a City that Does Not Exist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_in_a_City_that_does_not_Exist"},{"link_name":"Long John Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_John_Silver"},{"link_name":"A Very English Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Very_English_Murder"},{"link_name":"Yevgeny Vesnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Vesnik"},{"link_name":"Front Without Flanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Without_Flanks"},{"link_name":"Front Beyond the Front Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Beyond_the_Front_Line"}],"text":"The Conveyor of Death (1933) – episode (uncredited)\nThe Private Life of Pyotr Vinogradov (1934) – fitness instructor (uncredited)\nMy Love (1940) – Grisha\nIvan Nikulin: Russian Sailor (1944) – Ivan Nikulin\nIt Happened in the Donbas (1945) – Stepan Andreyevich Ryabinin\nThe First Glove (1946) – Nikita Krutikov\nThe Third Blow (1948) – Yakov Kreizer\nThe Court of Honor (1948) – Ivan Ivanovich Petrenko\nDream of a Cossack (1950) – Andrei Petrovich Boichenko\nFar from Moscow (1950) – engineer (uncredited)\nTaras Shevchenko (1951) – Zygmunt Sierakowski\nSadko (1952) – Timofey Larionovich\nAdmiral Ushakov (1953) – Fyodor Ushakov\nAttack from the Sea (1953) – Fyodor Ushakov\nHeroes of Shipka (1954) – Katorgin\nThe Variegateds Case (1958) – \"Stranger\" the spy\nMy Beloved (1958) – Kozyrev\nThe Sky Beckons (1959) – Yevgeny Kornev\nMichman Panin (1960) – Ivan Grigoryev\nScarlet Sails (1961) – Longren\nSilence (1963) – Lukovsky\nMeet Baluyev! (1963) – Pavel Gavrilovich Baluyev\nThe Enchanted Desna (1964) – construction manager\nStrong with Spirit (1967) – Dmitry Medvedev\nThe New Adventures of the Elusive Avengers (1968) – Smirnov, Red Cavalry Army chief of staff\nTrembita (1968) – Prokop, Mikola's father\nDangerous Tour (1969) – Kazimir Kazimirovich Kulbras, general governor\nBonivur's Heart (1969) – Zhilin, old peasant\nLiberation (1970) – Vasily Chuikov\nThe Crown of the Russian Empire, or Once Again the Elusive Avengers (1971) – Smirnov, chief of JSPD\nAdventures in a City that Does Not Exist (1974) – Long John Silver\nA Very English Murder (1974) – Briggs, butler (voiced by Yevgeny Vesnik)\nFront Without Flanks (1975) – father Pavel\nFront Beyond the Front Line (1977) – father Pavel","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medal \"For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_%22For_Valiant_Labour_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941%E2%80%931945%22"},{"link_name":"Order of the Badge of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Badge_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"Honored Artist of the RSFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honored_Artist_of_the_RSFSR"},{"link_name":"Stalin Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_State_Prize"},{"link_name":"People's Artist of the RSFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_the_RSFSR"},{"link_name":"Order of the Red Banner of Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labour"},{"link_name":"People's Artist of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_the_USSR"}],"text":"Medal \"For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945\" (1946)\nOrder of the Badge of Honour (1950)\nHonored Artist of the RSFSR (1951)\nStalin Prize, 1st class (1952)\nPeople's Artist of the RSFSR (1966)\nOrder of the Red Banner of Labour (1974)\nPeople's Artist of the USSR (1975)","title":"Awards and honors"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervantes_Institute
Instituto Cervantes
["1 Functions","2 Academic programme","3 Administration","4 Virtual presence","5 Centro de Formación de Profesores","6 Free translator service","7 Publications","8 Recognition","9 Locations","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
Nonprofit organization promoting Spanish culture Instituto CervantesFounded11 May 1991; 33 years ago (1991-05-11)FounderGovernment of SpainTypeCultural institutionLocationAlcalá, 49. MadridArea served Worldwide (45 countries)ProductSpanish cultural and language educationMembers 148,670 students (2019)OwnerGovernment of SpainKey peopleFelipe VI (Honorary President)Ángeles Moreno Bau (Chairwoman)Luis García Montero (Director)Employees 951 (2019)Volunteers 1,240 (2019)Websitewww.Cervantes.es Instituto Cervantes (Spanish: , the Cervantes Institute) is a worldwide nonprofit organization created by the Spanish government in 1991. It is named after Miguel de Cervantes (1547–1616), the author of Don Quixote and perhaps the most important figure in the history of Spanish literature. The Cervantes Institute is the largest organization in the world responsible for promoting the study and the teaching of Spanish language and culture. This organization has branched out to 45 countries with 88 centres devoted to the Spanish and Hispanic American culture and Spanish language. Article 3 of Law 7/1991, of March 21, created the Instituto Cervantes as a government agency. The law explains that the ultimate goals of the Institute are to promote the education, the study and the use of Spanish universally as a second language; to support the methods and activities that would help the process of Spanish language education, and to contribute to the advancement of the Spanish and Hispanic American cultures throughout non-Spanish-speaking countries. Functions Spanish languageA manuscript of the Cantar de mio Cid, 13th century Overview Pronunciation stress Orthography Names History Old Middle Influences Grammar Determiners Nouns gender Pronouns personal object Adjectives Prepositions Verbs conjugation irregular verbs Dialects Andalusian Andean Argentine Belizean Bolivian Canarian Caribbean Central American Chilean Colombian Costa Rican Cuban Dominican Ecuadorian Equatoguinean Guatemalan Honduran Mexican Murcian New Mexican Nicaraguan Paraguay Panamanian Peninsular Peruvian Philippine status Puerto Rican Rioplatense Saharan Salvadoran Standard Uruguayan Venezuelan Dialectology Seseo Yeísmo Voseo Leísmo Loísmo Interlanguages Llanito Jopara Judaeo-Spanish Portuñol Spanglish Castrapo Creoles Roquetas Pidgin Chavacano or Chabacano Palenquero or Palenque Teaching Hispanism RAE Instituto Cervantes vte The functions and services of the Cervantes Institute are: It designs Spanish language courses, offering two kinds of courses: general and special. It offers the Diplomas of Spanish as Foreign Language (DELE) examinations on behalf of the Spanish Ministry of Education. This is an official qualification certifying levels of competence in the Spanish language, and is the only certificate for non-native Spanish speakers that is officially recognised in Spain. The diplomas are subdivided into six levels, each one corresponding to a certain proficiency level as described by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2. It improves the methods of Spanish education. On-line Spanish language learning environment Ex) AVE (Aula Virtual de Español) Creating a social, cultural and educational environment in each centre A student-centred plan, focusing on the dialogues between teacher and student over objectives and contents It supports Hispanists and "Hispanism", which is the study of the culture of Spain and Hispanic America. Sponsors lectures, book presentations, concerts, art exhibitions, The Spain Film Festival and Festival of Flamenco. Supported by other organisations and communities. It organises and promotes the program to spread the Spanish language throughout the world. The institute works with Spain's national radio and television to deliver Spanish language courses. Publications, on-line bibliographies, library holdings, the hosting of major conferences on the state of the Spanish language. It administers the Constitutional and Sociocultural Knowledge of Spain (CCSE) examinations worldwide, which are a legal requirement for the acquisition of Spanish nationality. It establishes libraries and centres. It also publishes the Anuario del español to analyse and report on the situation and development of the Spanish language in different places. It supports the Centro Virtual Cervantes on the internet since 1997. Academic programme General language courses are offered at four different levels: elementary, intermediate, advanced and high advanced. Improving specific language skills, such as reading, speaking, and writing Teaching Spanish for specific purposes, such as business, medical, legal, or translation Learning about the literature and cultures of the Spanish-speaking countries Preparation for Diplomas of Spanish as Foreign Language The Cervantes Institute offers comprehensive Spanish language classes to: Develop the student's ability to use the language in a variety of contexts, paying special attention to the differences of Spanish accents. To provide different resources, including Spanish on-line, to improve the teaching. To allow the students to use any of the facilities of the Cervantes Institute around the world. To issue Spanish language diplomas and certificates Administration Cervantes Institute headquarters, in Madrid The administration of the Cervantes Institute is subdivided into three parts. A commitment and interest in planning the activities and direction of the Institute are managed by a high-profile membership. Patronato (Board of Trustees): The Cervantes Institute is overseen by its governing body, the Patronato. The Patronato normally includes the King of Spain, Felipe VI as the honorary president and the Prime Minister of Spain, as well as representatives from the world of culture and letters in Spain and in the Americas. The executive presidency is held by the Secretaries of State of Education and Science, Culture, the president and vice-president of the Council of Administration, the Director of the institute, 25 elected members from cultural and language institutions. It gives general directions for the activities of the Institute and informs on its annual activities. The Consejo de Administración (Board of Directors) is a management body and approves the general plans and projects of the institute. It consists of representatives from the ministries of Foreign Affairs, Education, Culture and Sport, Treasury, and Home Affairs, as well as from the Patronato. This is presided by the Secretary of State of International Cooperation and consists of two vice-presidents (Undersecretary of the Science and Education Department and the Undersecretary of the Department of Culture), two advisers of the Patronato, and four advisers from the Secretaries of State, Education and Science, Culture and of Economy and Treasury and the Director of the institute. The Director is appointed by the Council of Ministers of Spain. The Director is in charge of guiding the management of the institute, and other pertinent executive and administrative tasks. Virtual presence Centro Virtual Cervantes is an online service that was created in December 1997 by the Instituto Cervantes of Spain to contribute to the diffusion of the Spanish language and Hispanic cultures. It became one of the most important reference sites devoted to Spanish language and culture, having reached an average of over 100,000 visitors a month, including both professionals and the general public. It offers resources and services to teachers, students, translators, journalists and other professionals involved with the Spanish language, and as well as to Hispanists throughout the world, who study Hispanic cultures, and to any person who is interested in the language and Hispanic cultures. It also includes announcements of cultural events (Actos Culturales), four discussion forums, each of which focuses on a specific topic, and the language classroom, Aula de Lengua, designed for both teachers and learners of Spanish. The Instituto Cervantes also has a virtual presence in the 3D virtual world Second Life. Centro de Formación de Profesores On 13 December 2004, the Cervantes Institute formed its Centro de Formación de Profesores in its headquarters, located in Alcalá de Henares, where Cervantes was born. This institution was founded to encourage the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language and to provide useful resources to its members. Throughout the year, it organises the specific activities and programmes for the centre, with several different goals, which include teaching, providing the resources to the teachers to use in their education field, and developing specialised knowledge of the Spanish language for educational purposes. The centre supports the future teachers of Spanish through its 'Master of Education in Spanish as a Foreign Language', in collaboration with the International University Menéndez Pelayo. For teachers already involved in teaching, the Centre provides advanced activities that produce a deeper knowledge, focusing on research or discussion in the classroom, and improving the students’ skills in Spanish language for them to become responsive in any communicational situations. Free translator service The Automatic Translator Service of the Cervantes Institute, "Portal de las Tecnologías Lingüisticas en España", was launched by the Cervantes Institute on 10 January 2005. It is a free service of machine translation sponsored by Telefónica. Since its launch, demand has steadily increased monthly to 55%, and it has performed more than 582,000 free translations. The Cervantes Institute's purpose in creating this service was to facilitate the access of Spanish to those information technology contents developed in other languages, and so people who speak other languages can have access to contents that are only available in Spanish. This service permits translation of texts and text files, as well as web pages, from Spanish to Catalan, French, Galician, English or Portuguese and vice versa. The pairs of language percentages used are as follows: English–Spanish, 23.47% of the total; Spanish–Catalan, 21.12%; Spanish–English, 13.64%; Portuguese–Spanish, 12.63%; Spanish–Portuguese, 10.39%; Catalan–Spanish, 6.48%; Spanish–French, 6.24%, and French–Spanish, 6.03%. Publications Since 1998, the Instituto Cervantes has published the annual El español en el mundo highlighting the state of Spanish in the world, and current trends. This publication also includes the annual report Spanish: A Living Language, which quantitatively analyzes the situation of the Spanish language worldwide.The Instituto has also run the Internet-based Centro Virtual Cervantes since 1997. Recognition In 2005, along with the Alliance française, the Società Dante Alighieri, the British Council, the Goethe-Institut, and the Instituto Camões, the Instituto Cervantes was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for outstanding achievements in communications and humanities. Locations New York New Delhi Paris Munich Warsaw Sofia The Instituto Cervantes has developed its educational project on a system of local institutions and centres: Centros Cervantes (full-fledged centres) Aulas Cervantes (inside universities with "lecture halls, sometimes with teaching and cultural activity") Centros Acreditados. They are Spanish teaching centers, whose quality has been expressly recognized by the IC, by meeting the requirements established by the ELE Center Accreditation System of the Cervantes Institute. There are 196 centers in Spain (Cadiz, Cordoba, Granada, 22 in Malaga, 9 in Seville, Zaragoza, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Cantabria, Toledo, Avila, Burgos, Salamanca, Soria, Valladolid, 18 in Barcelona, Gerona, 24 in Madrid, Navarra, 6 in Alicante, Castellon, 16 in Valencia, A Coruña, Balearic Islands, Guipuzcoa, Vizcaya.). In Latinoamerica: Argentina (Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Mendoza), Brasil (Caxias do Sul), Chile, Colombia (Barranquilla, Bogota, Cartagena de Indias, 2 in Medellin), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico (Mexico City, 2 in Guadalajara, 2 in Playa del Carmen), Panama, Uruguay. Outside Iberoamerica: Canada (Edmonton), China (Hong Kong), United Arab Emirates (Dubai), United States (Scottsdale), India (Mumbai), Iran (Teheran), Poland (Wroclaw), Russia (Saint Petersburg), Singapore, Switzerland (Geneva), Turkey (Ankara). A representative list follows, the most recent and complete list can be found at www.cervantes.es. Centros Cervantes Africa  Algeria (Algiers, Oran)  Egypt (Cairo, Alexandria)  Morocco (Casablanca, Fes, Rabat, Tangier, Tétouan, Marrakesh)  Tunisia (Tunis) Americas  Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Brasília, Salvador, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Recife, Curitiba)  Canada (Calgary - University of Calgary, Toronto  United States (Albuquerque, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Boston – Harvard University, Seattle – University of Washington) Asia  China (Beijing, Shanghai)  India (New Delhi)  Japan (Tokyo)  Philippines (Manila, Makati)  South Korea (Seoul)  Indonesia (Jakarta)  Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur - HELP University)  Vietnam (Hanoi - University of Hanoi) Europe  Austria (Vienna)  Belgium (Brussels)  Bulgaria (Sofia)  Czech Republic (Prague)  France (Bordeaux, Lyon, Paris, Toulouse)  Germany (Berlin, Bremen, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Munich)  Greece (Athens) – the original Athens Cervantes Institute opened in 1992; in March 2010, Greek-born Queen Sofía of Spain opened its new building.  Hungary (Budapest)  Ireland (Dublin) – 53°20′31″N 6°15′06″W / 53.341975°N 6.251575°W / 53.341975; -6.251575  Italy (Milan, Naples, Palermo, Rome)  Netherlands (Utrecht)  Poland (Warsaw, Kraków)  Portugal (Lisbon)  Romania (Bucharest)  Russia (Moscow)  Serbia (Belgrade)  Sweden (Stockholm)  United Kingdom (Leeds, London, Manchester)  Croatia (Zagreb - University of Zagreb))  Slovakia (Bratislava - Comenius University)  Slovenia (Liubliana)  Turkey (Istanbul) West Asia  Cyprus (Nicosia)  Israel (Tel Aviv)  Jordan (Amman)  Lebanon (Beirut, Kaslik, Tripoli)  Syria (Damascus)  Turkey (Istanbul) Oceania  Australia (Sydney) See also Alliance française British Council Cultural diplomacy Dante Alighieri Society Dutch Language Union (Taalunie) Goethe-Institut Hispanism Instituto Camões Miguel de Cervantes Prize Panhispanism Public diplomacy Queen Sofía Spanish Institute Viva Festival References ^ a b c "Cervantes Institute in numbers" (PDF). www.cervantes.es. 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2020. ^ Archived December 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d e f g "Cervantes homepage". Cervantes.es. Retrieved 2015-08-01. ^ "Instituto Cervantes: Spain's Language and Cultural Center | Manila Bulletin". Mb.com.ph. 2005-08-25. Archived from the original on 2012-09-08. Retrieved 2012-06-10. ^ "Instituto Cervantes celebrates its 15th year | Manila Bulletin". Mb.com.ph. 2007-11-06. Archived from the original on 2012-09-04. Retrieved 2012-06-10. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Thinkspain News Feed". Thinkspain.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-06. Retrieved 2012-06-10. ^ a b "El Pais Edición Impresa". El País. Elpais.com. 1990-05-12. Retrieved 2012-06-10. ^ a b c d e Archived December 31, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ Fernández Vítores, David (2023). "El español: una lengua viva. Informe 2023". cvc.cervantes.es (in European Spanish). Madrid: Instituto Cervantes. Retrieved 2023-12-18. ^ cervantes.es (2013) ^ creditacion.cervantes.es ^ cervantes.org External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Instituto Cervantes. Official website Cervantes Institute on Encyclopædia Britannica Spanish and Empire Journals, A review of Centro Virtual Cervantes vteDepartments and agencies of the Government of SpainCabinet President of the Government of Spain First Vice President of the Government of Spain Second Vice President of the Government of Spain Third Vice President of the Government of Spain Office of the Prime Minister Minister of Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation Ministry of the Presidency, Justice and Relations with the Cortes Ministry of Defence Minister of Finance Ministry of the Interior Minister of Transport and Sustainable Mobility Minister of Education, Vocational Training and Sports Minister of Labour and Social Economy Minister of Industry and Tourism Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Minister of Territorial Policy and Democratic Memory Minister for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge Minister of Housing and Urban Agenda Ministry of Culture Minister of Economy, Trade and Business Ministry of Health Minister of Social Rights, Consumer Affairs and 2030 Agenda Minister of Science, Innovation and Universities Ministry of Equality Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration Ministry for the Digital Transformation and of the Civil Service Ministry of Youth and Children Spokesperson of the Government Inactive Fourth Vice President of the Government of Spain Ministry of Supply Ministry of Communications Ministry of Overseas Ministry of Information and Tourism Ministry of Consumer Affairs Ministry of Economy and Finance Ministry of Energy, Tourism and Digital Agenda Ministry of Justice Ministry of the Presidency Ministry of Trade Ministry of Transport Ministry of Universities Agencies Bank of Spain National Intelligence Centre National Cryptologic Center Spanish National Research Council National Statistics Institute National Securities Market Commission National Transplant Organization State Meteorological Agency State Vehicle Fleet Spanish Data Protection Agency Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation Spanish Tax Agency National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation Boletín Oficial del Estado Railway Safety Agency Spanish Aviation Safety and Security Agency Evaluation and Quality Agency State Research Agency Spanish Anti-Doping Agency Department of Homeland Security Intelligence Center for Counter-Terrorism and Organized Crime Maritime Safety and Rescue Society National Sports Council Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition Food Information and Control Agency Tourism Institute of Spain National Institute for Aerospace Technology Directorate-General for Traffic Labour and Social Security Inspectorate National Institute for Safety and Health at Work Spanish Patent and Trademark Office Spanish Agricultural Guarantee Fund Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies Centre for Sociological Research Patrimonio Nacional Instituto Cervantes National Parks Autonomous Agency Institute for the Elderly and Social Services Institute of Youth Carlos III Health Institute Centre for Energy, Environmental and Technological Research Institute of Women Independent Authority for Fiscal Responsibility Nuclear Safety Council Institute of Cinematography and Audiovisual Arts Spanish Space Agency National Commission on Markets and Competition Spanish Executive Resolution Authority Spanish Agency for the Supervision of Artificial Intelligence vteInternational cultural promotion organizationsAmericas Brazil: Centro Cultural Brasileiro Chile: Image of Chile Colombia: Instituto Caro y Cuervo United States: America House Asia China: Confucius Institute India: Indian Council for Cultural Relations; Samskrita Bharati Japan: Japan Foundation Philippines: Sentro Rizal South Korea: Korea Foundation; Korean Cultural Center; King Sejong Institute Taiwan: Taiwan Academy Turkey: Yunus Emre Institute Europe Andorra: Ramon Llull Foundation Czech Republic: Czech Centres Denmark: Danish Cultural Institute Estonia: Estonian Institute European Union: EUNIC Finland: Finnish Cultural and Academic Institutes France: Alliance Française; Institut Français Germany: Goethe-Institut Greece: Center for the Greek Language; Hellenic Foundation for Culture Hungary: Balassi Institute Ireland: Culture Ireland Italy: Società Dante Alighieri; Istituto Italiano di Cultura Poland: Adam Mickiewicz Institute; Polish Institute Portugal: Instituto Camões Romania: Romanian Cultural Institute Russia: Russkiy Mir Foundation Spain: Instituto Cervantes / Institut Ramon Llull Sweden: Swedish Institute Switzerland: Pro Helvetia Ukraine: Ukrainian Institute United Kingdom: British Council vteLaureates of the Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and HumanitiesPrince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities 1981: María Zambrano 1982: Mario Bunge 1983: El País newspaper 1984: Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz 1985: José Ferrater Mora 1986: Grupo Globo 1987: El Espectador and El Tiempo newspapers 1988: Horacio Sáenz Guerrero 1989: Pedro Laín Entralgo and Fondo de Cultura Económica 1990: José Simeón Cañas Central American University 1991: Luis María Anson 1992: Emilio García Gómez 1993: Vuelta magazine by Octavio Paz 1994: Spanish Missions in Rwanda and Burundi 1995: EFE Agency and José Luis López Aranguren 1996: Indro Montanelli and Julián Marías 1997: Václav Havel and CNN 1998: Reinhard Mohn 1999: Caro and Cuervo Institute 2000: Umberto Eco 2001: George Steiner 2002: Hans Magnus Enzensberger 2003: Ryszard Kapuściński and Gustavo Gutiérrez Merino 2004: Jean Daniel 2005: Alliance française, Società Dante Alighieri, British Council, Goethe-Institut, Instituto Cervantes and Instituto Camões 2006: National Geographic Society 2007: Nature and Science journals 2008: Google 2009: National Autonomous University of Mexico 2010: Alain Touraine and Zygmunt Bauman 2011: Royal Society 2012: Shigeru Miyamoto 2013: Annie Leibovitz 2014: Quino Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities 2015: Emilio Lledó Íñigo 2016: James Nachtwey 2017: Les Luthiers 2018: Alma Guillermoprieto 2019: Museo del Prado 2020: Guadalajara International Book Fair and Hay Festival of Literature & Arts 2021: Gloria Steinem 2022: Adam Michnik 2023: Nuccio Ordine 2024: Marjane Satrapi Authority control databases International ISNI 2 VIAF 2 National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Czech Republic Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[instiˈtuto θerˈβantes]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"nonprofit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"Spanish government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Miguel de Cervantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes"},{"link_name":"Don Quixote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote"},{"link_name":"Spanish literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_literature"},{"link_name":"Spanish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Hispanic American culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_culture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciweb-3"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Hispanic American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Instituto Cervantes (Spanish: [instiˈtuto θerˈβantes], the Cervantes Institute) is a worldwide nonprofit organization created by the Spanish government in 1991.[2] It is named after Miguel de Cervantes (1547–1616), the author of Don Quixote and perhaps the most important figure in the history of Spanish literature. The Cervantes Institute is the largest organization in the world responsible for promoting the study and the teaching of Spanish language and culture.This organization has branched out to 45 countries with 88 centres devoted to the Spanish and Hispanic American culture and Spanish language.[3] Article 3 of Law 7/1991, of March 21, created the Instituto Cervantes as a government agency. The law explains that the ultimate goals of the Institute are to promote the education, the study and the use of Spanish universally as a second language; to support the methods and activities that would help the process of Spanish language education, and to contribute to the advancement of the Spanish and Hispanic American cultures throughout non-Spanish-speaking countries.[4][5]","title":"Instituto Cervantes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diplomas of Spanish as Foreign Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DELE"},{"link_name":"Spanish Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Common European Framework of Reference for Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_European_Framework_of_Reference_for_Languages"},{"link_name":"Aula Virtual de Español","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aula_Virtual_de_Espa%C3%B1ol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thinkspain_News_Feed-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thinkspain_News_Feed-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thinkspain_News_Feed-6"},{"link_name":"Hispanists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanist"},{"link_name":"Hispanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciweb-3"},{"link_name":"national radio and television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTVE"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thinkspain_News_Feed-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thinkspain_News_Feed-6"},{"link_name":"Constitutional and Sociocultural Knowledge of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//examenes.cervantes.es/es/ccse/examen"},{"link_name":"Centro Virtual Cervantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Virtual_presence"}],"text":"The functions and services of the Cervantes Institute are:It designs Spanish language courses, offering two kinds of courses: general and special.\nIt offers the Diplomas of Spanish as Foreign Language (DELE) examinations on behalf of the Spanish Ministry of Education. This is an official qualification certifying levels of competence in the Spanish language, and is the only certificate for non-native Spanish speakers that is officially recognised in Spain. The diplomas are subdivided into six levels, each one corresponding to a certain proficiency level as described by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2.\nIt improves the methods of Spanish education.\nOn-line Spanish language learning environment Ex) AVE (Aula Virtual de Español)[6]\nCreating a social, cultural and educational environment in each centre[6]\nA student-centred plan, focusing on the dialogues between teacher and student over objectives and contents[6]\nIt supports Hispanists and \"Hispanism\", which is the study of the culture of Spain and Hispanic America.\nSponsors lectures, book presentations, concerts, art exhibitions, The Spain Film Festival and Festival of Flamenco. Supported by other organisations and communities.[3]\nIt organises and promotes the program to spread the Spanish language throughout the world.\nThe institute works with Spain's national radio and television to deliver Spanish language courses.[6]\nPublications, on-line bibliographies, library holdings, the hosting of major conferences on the state of the Spanish language.[6]\nIt administers the Constitutional and Sociocultural Knowledge of Spain (CCSE) examinations worldwide, which are a legal requirement for the acquisition of Spanish nationality.\nIt establishes libraries and centres.\nIt also publishes the Anuario del español to analyse and report on the situation and development of the Spanish language in different places.\nIt supports the Centro Virtual Cervantes on the internet since 1997.","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciweb-3"}],"text":"General language courses are offered at four different levels: elementary, intermediate, advanced and high advanced.[3]Improving specific language skills, such as reading, speaking, and writing\nTeaching Spanish for specific purposes, such as business, medical, legal, or translation\nLearning about the literature and cultures of the Spanish-speaking countries\nPreparation for Diplomas of Spanish as Foreign LanguageThe Cervantes Institute offers comprehensive Spanish language classes to:Develop the student's ability to use the language in a variety of contexts, paying special attention to the differences of Spanish accents.\nTo provide different resources, including Spanish on-line, to improve the teaching.\nTo allow the students to use any of the facilities of the Cervantes Institute around the world.\nTo issue Spanish language diplomas and certificates","title":"Academic programme"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banco_Espa%C3%B1ol_del_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata_(Madrid)_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cervantes Institute headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_La_Plata_Bank"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thinkspain_News_Feed-6"},{"link_name":"King of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Felipe VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_VI"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thinkspain_News_Feed-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thinkspain_News_Feed-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thinkspain_News_Feed-6"},{"link_name":"Council of Ministers of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Spain)"}],"text":"Cervantes Institute headquarters, in MadridThe administration of the Cervantes Institute is subdivided into three parts. A commitment and interest in planning the activities and direction of the Institute are managed by a high-profile membership.[6]Patronato (Board of Trustees): The Cervantes Institute is overseen by its governing body, the Patronato. The Patronato normally includes the King of Spain, Felipe VI as the honorary president and the Prime Minister of Spain, as well as representatives from the world of culture and letters in Spain and in the Americas.[6] The executive presidency is held by the Secretaries of State of Education and Science, Culture, the president and vice-president of the Council of Administration, the Director of the institute, 25 elected members from cultural and language institutions. It gives general directions for the activities of the Institute and informs on its annual activities.[6]\nThe Consejo de Administración (Board of Directors) is a management body and approves the general plans and projects of the institute. It consists of representatives from the ministries of Foreign Affairs, Education, Culture and Sport, Treasury, and Home Affairs, as well as from the Patronato. This is presided by the Secretary of State of International Cooperation and consists of two vice-presidents (Undersecretary of the Science and Education Department and the Undersecretary of the Department of Culture), two advisers of the Patronato, and four advisers from the Secretaries of State, Education and Science, Culture and of Economy and Treasury and the Director of the institute.[6]\nThe Director is appointed by the Council of Ministers of Spain. The Director is in charge of guiding the management of the institute, and other pertinent executive and administrative tasks.","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Pais_Edici%C3%B3n_Impresa-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciweb-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Pais_Edici%C3%B3n_Impresa-7"},{"link_name":"Second Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Life"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Centro Virtual Cervantes is an online service that was created in December 1997 by the Instituto Cervantes of Spain to contribute to the diffusion of the Spanish language and Hispanic cultures. It became one of the most important reference sites devoted to Spanish language and culture, having reached an average of over 100,000 visitors a month, including both professionals and the general public.[7] It offers resources and services to teachers, students, translators, journalists and other professionals involved with the Spanish language, and as well as to Hispanists throughout the world, who study Hispanic cultures, and to any person who is interested in the language and Hispanic cultures.[3] It also includes announcements of cultural events (Actos Culturales), four discussion forums, each of which focuses on a specific topic, and the language classroom, Aula de Lengua, designed for both teachers and learners of Spanish.[7] The Instituto Cervantes also has a virtual presence in the 3D virtual world Second Life.[citation needed]","title":"Virtual presence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alcalá de Henares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciweb-3"}],"text":"On 13 December 2004, the Cervantes Institute formed its Centro de Formación de Profesores in its headquarters, located in Alcalá de Henares, where Cervantes was born. This institution was founded to encourage the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language and to provide useful resources to its members. Throughout the year, it organises the specific activities and programmes for the centre, with several different goals, which include teaching, providing the resources to the teachers to use in their education field, and developing specialised knowledge of the Spanish language for educational purposes. The centre supports the future teachers of Spanish through its 'Master of Education in Spanish as a Foreign Language', in collaboration with the International University Menéndez Pelayo. For teachers already involved in teaching, the Centre provides advanced activities that produce a deeper knowledge, focusing on research or discussion in the classroom, and improving the students’ skills in Spanish language for them to become responsive in any communicational situations.[3]","title":"Centro de Formación de Profesores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciweb-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica.com-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica.com-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica.com-8"},{"link_name":"information technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica.com-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciweb-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica.com-8"}],"text":"The Automatic Translator Service of the Cervantes Institute, \"Portal de las Tecnologías Lingüisticas en España\", was launched by the Cervantes Institute on 10 January 2005.[3][8] It is a free service of machine translation sponsored by Telefónica. Since its launch, demand has steadily increased monthly to 55%,[8] and it has performed more than 582,000 free translations.[8] The Cervantes Institute's purpose in creating this service was to facilitate the access of Spanish to those information technology contents developed in other languages, and so people who speak other languages can have access to contents that are only available in Spanish.[8] This service permits translation of texts and text files, as well as web pages, from Spanish to Catalan, French, Galician, English or Portuguese and vice versa.[3] The pairs of language percentages used are as follows: English–Spanish, 23.47% of the total; Spanish–Catalan, 21.12%; Spanish–English, 13.64%; Portuguese–Spanish, 12.63%; Spanish–Portuguese, 10.39%; Catalan–Spanish, 6.48%; Spanish–French, 6.24%, and French–Spanish, 6.03%.[8]","title":"Free translator service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"}],"text":"Since 1998, the Instituto Cervantes has published the annual El español en el mundo highlighting the state of Spanish in the world, and current trends. This publication also includes the annual report Spanish: A Living Language,[9] which quantitatively analyzes the situation of the Spanish language worldwide.The Instituto has also run the Internet-based Centro Virtual Cervantes since 1997.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alliance française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Società Dante Alighieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri_Society"},{"link_name":"British Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Council"},{"link_name":"Goethe-Institut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe-Institut"},{"link_name":"Instituto Camões","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Cam%C3%B5es"},{"link_name":"Prince of Asturias Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards"}],"text":"In 2005, along with the Alliance française, the Società Dante Alighieri, the British Council, the Goethe-Institut, and the Instituto Camões, the Instituto Cervantes was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for outstanding achievements in communications and humanities.","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Instituto_Cervantes_213_E49_jeh.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Instituto_Cervantes_Delhi.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Institut_Cervantes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Instituto_Cervantes_en_Munich.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Instituto_Cervantes_Varsovia_1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CervInstSF.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Cadiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiz"},{"link_name":"Cordoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada"},{"link_name":"Malaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaga"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz de Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife"},{"link_name":"Cantabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabria"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Avila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avila"},{"link_name":"Burgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgos"},{"link_name":"Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca"},{"link_name":"Soria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soria"},{"link_name":"Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Gerona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerona,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Navarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarra"},{"link_name":"Alicante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicante"},{"link_name":"Castellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Castell%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"},{"link_name":"A Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Balearic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands"},{"link_name":"Guipuzcoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guipuzcoa"},{"link_name":"Vizcaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscay"},{"link_name":"Latinoamerica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinoamerica"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Cordoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil"},{"link_name":"Caxias do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxias_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Barranquilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquilla"},{"link_name":"Bogota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogota"},{"link_name":"Cartagena de Indias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias"},{"link_name":"Medellin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medellin"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Playa del Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa_del_Carmen"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Iberoamerica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberoamerica"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Teheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teheran"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Wroclaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroclaw"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"www.cervantes.es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/direcciones_contacto/sedes_mundo.htm"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca"},{"link_name":"Fes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fes"},{"link_name":"Rabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat"},{"link_name":"Tangier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier"},{"link_name":"Tétouan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9touan"},{"link_name":"Marrakesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Brasília","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia"},{"link_name":"Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia"},{"link_name":"Belo Horizonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo_Horizonte"},{"link_name":"Porto Alegre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alegre"},{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"},{"link_name":"Curitiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curitiba"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"University of Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calgary"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Makati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makati"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"HELP University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HELP_University"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"University of Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hanoi"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Queen Sofía of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"53°20′31″N 6°15′06″W / 53.341975°N 6.251575°W / 53.341975; -6.251575","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Instituto_Cervantes&params=53.341975_N_6.251575_W_region:IE_type:landmark_scale:2000_source:wikimapia"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes,_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"University of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava"},{"link_name":"Comenius University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comenius_University"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Liubliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liubliana"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"West Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asia"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Nicosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicosia"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Kaslik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaslik"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"}],"text":"New YorkNew DelhiParisMunichWarsawSofiaThe Instituto Cervantes has developed its educational project on a system of local institutions and centres:[10]Centros Cervantes (full-fledged centres)\nAulas Cervantes (inside universities with \"lecture halls, sometimes with teaching and cultural activity\")\nCentros Acreditados. They are Spanish teaching centers, whose quality has been expressly recognized by the IC, by meeting the requirements established by the ELE Center Accreditation System of the Cervantes Institute. There are 196 centers in Spain (Cadiz, Cordoba, Granada, 22 in Malaga, 9 in Seville, Zaragoza, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Cantabria, Toledo, Avila, Burgos, Salamanca, Soria, Valladolid, 18 in Barcelona, Gerona, 24 in Madrid, Navarra, 6 in Alicante, Castellon, 16 in Valencia, A Coruña, Balearic Islands, Guipuzcoa, Vizcaya.). In Latinoamerica: Argentina (Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Mendoza), Brasil (Caxias do Sul), Chile, Colombia (Barranquilla, Bogota, Cartagena de Indias, 2 in Medellin), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico (Mexico City, 2 in Guadalajara, 2 in Playa del Carmen), Panama, Uruguay. Outside Iberoamerica: Canada (Edmonton), China (Hong Kong), United Arab Emirates (Dubai), United States (Scottsdale), India (Mumbai), Iran (Teheran), Poland (Wroclaw), Russia (Saint Petersburg), Singapore, Switzerland (Geneva), Turkey (Ankara).[11]A representative list follows, the most recent and complete list can be found at www.cervantes.es.Centros Cervantes\nAfrica\n Algeria (Algiers, Oran)\n Egypt (Cairo, Alexandria)\n Morocco (Casablanca, Fes, Rabat, Tangier, Tétouan, Marrakesh)\n Tunisia (Tunis)\nAmericas\n Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Brasília, Salvador, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Recife, Curitiba)\n Canada (Calgary - University of Calgary, Toronto[12]\n United States (Albuquerque, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Boston – Harvard University, Seattle – University of Washington)\nAsia\n China (Beijing, Shanghai)\n India (New Delhi)\n Japan (Tokyo)\n Philippines (Manila, Makati)\n South Korea (Seoul)\n Indonesia (Jakarta)\n Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur - HELP University)\n Vietnam (Hanoi - University of Hanoi)\nEurope\n Austria (Vienna)\n Belgium (Brussels)\n Bulgaria (Sofia)\n Czech Republic (Prague)\n France (Bordeaux, Lyon, Paris, Toulouse)\n Germany (Berlin, Bremen, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Munich)\n Greece (Athens) – the original Athens Cervantes Institute opened in 1992; in March 2010, Greek-born Queen Sofía of Spain opened its new building.\n Hungary (Budapest)\n Ireland (Dublin) – 53°20′31″N 6°15′06″W / 53.341975°N 6.251575°W / 53.341975; -6.251575\n Italy (Milan, Naples, Palermo, Rome)\n Netherlands (Utrecht)\n Poland (Warsaw, Kraków)\n Portugal (Lisbon)\n Romania (Bucharest)\n Russia (Moscow)\n Serbia (Belgrade)\n Sweden (Stockholm)\n United Kingdom (Leeds, London, Manchester)\n Croatia (Zagreb - University of Zagreb))\n Slovakia (Bratislava - Comenius University)\n Slovenia (Liubliana)\n Turkey (Istanbul)\nWest Asia\n Cyprus (Nicosia)\n Israel (Tel Aviv)\n Jordan (Amman)\n Lebanon (Beirut, Kaslik, Tripoli)\n Syria (Damascus)\n Turkey (Istanbul)\nOceania\n Australia (Sydney)","title":"Locations"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Coghlan_Jr.
Junior Coghlan
["1 Early life","1.1 Silent films","1.2 Talking pictures","2 Gone with the Wind","3 Adventures of Captain Marvel","4 Naval career","5 Later years","6 Death","7 Selected filmography","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
American actor (1916–2009) Frank Coghlan Jr.Coghlan in Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941)Born(1916-03-15)March 15, 1916New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.DiedSeptember 7, 2009(2009-09-07) (aged 93)Saugus, California, U.S.Resting placeAll Souls Cemetery, Long Beach, CaliforniaOther namesJunior CoghlanOccupationActorYears active1920–1969Spouses Betty Corrigan ​ ​(m. 1943; died 1974)​ Letha Schwarzrock ​ ​(m. 1975; died 2001)​ Children5 Frank Coghlan Jr. (March 15, 1916 – September 7, 2009) also known as Junior Coghlan, was an American actor who later became a career officer in the United States Navy and a naval aviator. He appeared in approximately 129 films and television programs between 1920 and 1974. During the 1920s and 1930s, he became a popular child and juvenile actor, appearing in films with Pola Negri, Jack Dempsey, William Haines, Shirley Temple, Mickey Rooney, William Boyd and Bette Davis. He appeared in early "Our Gang" comedies, but he is best known for the role of Billy Batson in the 1941 motion picture serial, and first comic book superhero film, Adventures of Captain Marvel. Coghlan later served 23 years as an aviator and officer in the U.S. Navy, from 1942 to 1965. After retiring from the Navy, he returned to acting and appeared in television, films, and commercials. He published an autobiography in 1992 and died in 2009 at age 93. Early life Coghlan was born in New Haven, Connecticut, but his parents moved to Hollywood when he was still a baby. His father was a doctor, and in "Who's Who on the Screen" for 1932 he hoped to be a doctor, too, when he grew up. Coghlan began appearing in motion pictures in 1920 as an extra and worked his way up to more important roles. He later boasted that he had been gainfully employed since age three. The freckle-faced Coghlan was billed as "Junior Coghlan" and became one of Hollywood's most popular child stars. Film historian Leonard Maltin said, "He was one of the busiest child actors of the late '20s and 1930s. He was a fresh, freckle-faced boy with great All-American-type appeal." Silent films Coghlan began his acting career in 1920, appearing with Jack Dempsey in Daredevil Jack. In 1922 he co-starred with Brownie the Dog in a film called Rookies, and in 1923 he played a small role in the Pola Negri film The Spanish Dancer. He also appeared in early "Our Gang" films, including the 1923 Hal Roach short "Giants vs. Yanks," in which the gang, after having a baseball game called off, gets stuck in an elegant home, which they destroy. In 1924 Coghlan was again cast opposite Jack Dempsey in Winning His Way. One newspaper story described Coghlan's rise to fame this way: "When the boy was seven years old, his great mop of hair, freckled face, genial grin, and likable personality attracted the attention of several directors who urged his parents to permit him to engage in screen work. Mrs. Coghlan finally consented and one day he was cast for a 'bit' role in Goldwyn's Poverty of Riches, in which he played the son of Leatrice Joy." By the mid 1920s, Coghlan had caught the eye of one of Hollywood's leading directors, Cecil B. DeMille. DeMille called Coghlan "the perfect example of a homeless waif" and signed the boy to a long-term contract in 1926. The Los Angeles Times reported on the event: DeMille Signs Child ActorSo far, Cecil B. DeMille hasn't run much to giving picture contracts to youngsters. But yesterday Mr. DeMille signified what he thought of Junior Coghlan by placing him under a long-term contract. The boy has appeared in several DeMille pictures, including 'The Road to Yesterday.' The boy gives promise of being another Wesley Berry, with the same impish glance, the same freckles and the same cleverness. Of course, the office of freckled boy of the movies is a fixed institution, and now that Wes Berry has gone and got himself married he can't pretend to like playing marbles in the movies. Little Junior is to be cofeatured with Eleanor Faire and William Boyd in Rupert Julian's The Yankee Clipper. Junior Coughlin c. 1927 In 1927, Coghlan appeared in the baseball comedy Slide, Kelly, Slide, playing an orphan who became a mascot and inspiration for an ace baseball pitcher, played by William Haines. By 1928, Coghlan was such a well-known star that the Los Angeles Times reported on his schooling as well as his film projects. By age 11, Coghlan was asking to play grownup roles. A newspaper article at the time reported that Coghlan, "like every other young and red-blooded American, desires to arrive at manhood as soon as possible. Long trousers is what he wants, but the motion picture claims him and demands that he stay in knee breeches." Coghlan's final film on his four-year DeMille-Pathe contract was 1929's military academy drama Square Shoulders. Conceived as a silent film, Square Shoulders was transformed into a "talkie" by the expedient of adding sound to the final reel. Only the silent version is known to survive. A 1929 newspaper story on Coghlan noted that the twelve-year-old actor was "recognized by the motion picture public as the leading juvenile screen player in the world." Talking pictures With the arrival of the talking pictures, Coghlan continued to be one of the most popular juvenile actors. In the classic 1931 gangster film The Public Enemy, Coghlan played the role of James Cagney's character, Tom Powers, as a boy. In the 1931 screen version of Booth Tarkington's Penrod and Sam, Coghlan starred as Sam, with Leon Janney playing Penrod. In 1932, Coghlan appeared in the Bette Davis drama Hell's House. Davis played the girlfriend of Pat O'Brien's bootlegger character. Coghlan played the role of Shorty, a sickly boy who was sent to a state industrial school where children were forced to work at hard labor, ending up in solitary confinement. Coghlan had another starring role in the 1932 film serial The Last of the Mohicans, based on the James Fennimore Cooper novel. Coghlan played the part of Uncas, the sachem of the Mohegan tribe who through an alliance with the English made the Mohegans the leading regional Indian tribe. He helped launch the career of Shirley Temple, appearing in a series of short films with her in 1933 and 1934. In the shorts, Coghlan played Sonny Rogers, a star baseball player and high school class president. Temple played Coghlan's pesky younger sister, Mary Lou. The Coghlan-Temple titles included Merrily Yours, What's to Do?, Pardon My Pups, and Managed Money. Coghlan also had large roles in other features through the mid 1930s, including Kentucky Blue Streak, a 1935 crime drama about a jockey who was wrongfully imprisoned and escapes to ride in the Kentucky Derby; The Little Red Schoolhouse, a 1936 drama in which Coghlan plays the lead role, a 17-year-old who runs away to New York City; and Red Lights Ahead, a 1936 comedy in which he plays the son of an eccentric father who invests in a gold mining scheme. In 1939, Coghlan starred in Blazing Barriers, one of the last roles in which he was billed as Junior Coghlan. He played a young hoodlum from the city who hides out at a Civilian Conservation Corps camp in the mountains. A newspaper story described the physical challenges that faced Coghlan in the role: "If you think being a screen star is a lot of fun, just ask Frank 'Junior' Coghlan." For two days, Coghlan had to pick up Milburn Stone, an actor 50 pounds heavier than Coghlan, and run about 200 yards. In another scene, Coghlan had to jump into a creek and rescue Edward Arnold, Jr. Although both could swim, director Aubrey Scotto wanted realism, and each time Coghlan would try to save the 195-pound (88 kg) Arnold, "both would sink and come up sputtering for breath." In a third scene, Coghlan went into the boxing ring with another actor. The newspaper article noted:Inasmuch as he doesn't use a double, Coghlan had to insert more realism. That was okay as he is very adept with his fists. Unfortunately the sequence called for Coghlan to take a severe beating. He did. Gone with the Wind By the late 1930s, Junior Coghlan was no longer a child actor and parts became harder to find. He played an uncredited role as a "collapsing" Confederate soldier in the 1939 classic Gone with the Wind. In his scene, Coghlan spoke the line "Put me down, put me down, damn ya', I can walk" as he was being carried off the battlefield. Coghlan's scene preceded Clark Gable's famous use of the expletive later in the film, leading Coghlan to boast, "It was the first time the word damn had ever been used in a movie. I used the word before Gable did, but his created a huge flap." Coghlan's line was cut from later prints of the film. Adventures of Captain Marvel Coghlan in his most famous role as Billy Batson in The Adventures of Captain Marvel. In 1941, the 25-year-old Coghlan revitalized his career, landing the part of Billy Batson in the Republic Pictures serial Adventures of Captain Marvel. In his role as Batson, Coghlan transformed into Captain Marvel by saying the magic word "Shazam." Whenever he spoke the magic word, a flash and cloud of smoke appeared, with Captain Marvel (played by Tom Tyler) appearing in his place after the smoke cleared. Coghlan recalled, "Every time we did that, they ignited flash powder, which was in a trough in front of me, and if the wind was unkind, I'd get the powder flash in my face and lose some eyebrows." The 12 episodes of the "Adventures of Captain Marvel" "marked the first time a comic book superhero was depicted on the big screen." When Coghlan was asked to audition for the part of Billy Batson, he later recalled that he "had no idea who Captain Marvel or Billy Batson were." After the audition, he bought a copy of the comic book and said to himself, "Hey, I do kind of look like that kid." Though Coghlan played more than 100 other parts, his role as Billy Batson led to his most lasting fame. In 1990, the Los Angeles Times published a profile about Coghlan's celebrity under the headline "Shazam! Actor Turning Into Celebrity." The article noted that Coghlan "may be reaching his finest hour" as the continuing popularity of "Captain Marvel" kept Coghlan busy. Coghlan noted at the time:There's a whole cult of people out there who are fascinated by Captain Marvel. I'm getting invited to a lot more things these days. They think I'm a celebrity. Coghlan attributed the long-term popularity of the 1941 serial to the fact that the shows were "exciting and fun." Naval career During World War II, Coghlan enlisted in the U.S. Navy as a naval aviator. After 23 years as an actor, Coghlan spent the next 23 years in the Navy. In 1954, Hedda Hopper included a report on Coghlan in her newspaper column:I hope the press didn't miss the arrival of Frank Coghlan, now lieutenant in the USN, and a far cry from Junior Coghlan of the 'Our Gang' comedies. He's assigned to Air Transport Squadron 7 at Hickam Field and will fly the Pacific. Wife Betty and three little Coghlans will live at Oahu so they can see Frank when he returns from his trips to the Orient. Coghlan achieved the rank of Lieutenant Commander and was often assigned as a liaison and technical advisor on motion pictures, including PT 109, The Caine Mutiny, The Bridges at Toko-Ri, Mister Roberts, and In Harm's Way starring John Wayne. In the 1960s, he was the officer in charge of the navy's Hollywood station. By the time he retired in 1965, Coghlan had accumulated over 4500 hours of flight time and had flown during World War II and the Korean War and had been to Vietnam. Later years After retiring from the navy, Coghlan returned to acting, appearing in motion pictures, television programs, and commercials. His later work included appearances in the television series The Beverly Hillbillies and Dragnet and a small role in the 1966 feature The Sand Pebbles. In 1969, he was hired as the director of planning and development at the Los Angeles College of Optometry. At the time, he lived in Sepulveda in the San Fernando Valley (the area is now known as North Hills) with his wife, Betty, and their five children (sons Michael and Patrick and daughters Libby, Cathy, and Judy). In 1971, Coghlan joined the firm of George Colletta Realty in Sepulveda, working in the listing and sale of residential, income, and commercial real estate. In 1974, he had a cameo role as a zoo employee in 'The Braggart' episode of Shazam!, a live-action CBS television series based upon DC Comics' superhero Captain Marvel. In 1992, Coghlan wrote an autobiography that was published under the title They Still Call Me Junior. Death Coghlan's first wife died in 1974, and his second wife Letha Schwarzrock died in 2001. Coghlan died at the age of 93 at his home at an assisted living facility in Saugus, California, in September 2009. He was survived by a son, three daughters, three stepchildren, and six grandchildren. Selected filmography Daredevil Jack (1920) - Young Boy Mid-Channel (1920) - Young Boy (uncredited) To Please One Woman (1920) The Poverty of Riches (1921) Bobbed Hair (1922) - Lamont Child Bow Wow (1922) - Child (uncredited) Garrison's Finish (1923) Our Alley (1923) The Fourth Musketeer (1923) - Secondary Child's Role Law of the Lawless (1923) Little Old New York (1923) A Woman of Paris (1923) - Boy (uncredited) Cause for Divorce (1923) - Tommie Parker The Spanish Dancer (1923) - (uncredited) The Darling of New York (1923) - The Ross Kid The Great Circus Mystery (1925) The Road to Yesterday (1925) - Boy Scout (uncredited) The Great Love (1925) - Patrick Mike (1926) - Boy The Skyrocket (1926) - Mickey (prologue) Whispering Smith (1926) The Last Frontier (1926) - Buddy Her Man o' War (1926) - Peterkin Schultz Rubber Tires (1927) - Charley Stack Slide, Kelly, Slide (1927) - Mickey Martin The Yankee Clipper (1927) - Mickey The Country Doctor (1927) - Sard Jones A Harp in Hock (1927) - Tommy Shannon Let 'Er Go Gallegher (1928) - John 'Let 'Er Go' Gallegher Marked Money (1928) - Boy Square Shoulders (1929) - John W. 'Tad' Collins Jr. The Girl Said No (1930) - Eddie Ward River's End (1930) - Mickey O'Toole It Pays to Advertise (1931) - Office Boy The Public Enemy (1931) - Tom as a Boy (uncredited) Penrod and Sam (1931) - Sam Union Depot (1932) - Ragged Urchin (uncredited) Hell's House (1932) - Shorty Man Wanted (1932) - Youngster in Store The Last of the Mohicans (1932, Serial) - Uncas Drum Taps (1933) - Eric Cartwright Racetrack (1933) - Jackie Curtis This Day and Age (1933) - Student (uncredited) In the Money (1933) - Dick Higginbottom Kentucky Blue Streak (1935) - Johnny Bradley Alibi Ike (1935) - Jimmy - the Newsboy (uncredited) Stranded (1935) - Page (uncredited) Happiness C.O.D. (1935) - Larry Sherridan The Little Red Schoolhouse (1936) - Frank 'Frankie' Burke Charlie Chan at the Race Track (1936) - Eddie Brill Make Way for a Lady (1936) - Billy Hopkins Red Lights Ahead (1936) - Willie Wallace Let Them Live (1937) - Bellhop (uncredited) Blazing Barriers (1937) - Tommy McGrath Saturday's Heroes (1937) - Sumner - Football Player (uncredited) Service de Luxe (1938) - Bellhop His Exciting Night (1938) - Office Boy (uncredited) Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) - Boy in Pool Room (uncredited) Scouts to the Rescue (1939, Serial) - Ken - a Boy Scout Off the Record (1939) - Copyboy (uncredited) The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle (1939) - Boy in Montage (uncredited) The Flying Irishman (1939) - Teenager Taking Photograph (uncredited) East Side of Heaven (1939) - Messenger Boy (uncredited) Boys' Reformatory (1939) - Eddie O'Meara Ex-Champ (1939) - Bellhop (uncredited) It's a Wonderful World (1939) - Elevator Boy (uncredited) Second Fiddle (1939) - Studio Call Boy (uncredited) The Angels Wash Their Faces (1939) - Al - Boy Working Lathe (uncredited) Dust Be My Destiny (1939) - Newsboy (uncredited) Here I Am a Stranger (1939) - Office Boy (uncredited) Meet Dr. Christian (1939) - Bud Day-Time Wife (1939) - Office Boy (uncredited) Gone with the Wind (1939) - Collapsing Soldier (uncredited) The Fighting 69th (1940) - Jimmy (uncredited) Double Alibi (1940) - Newspaper Switchboard Operator (uncredited) Free, Blonde and 21 (1940) - Sammy - Bellboy Star Dust (1940) - Telegraph Boy (uncredited) Those Were the Days! (1940) - Chick Struthers (uncredited) Golden Gloves (1940) - Kid Lester (uncredited) Yesterday's Heroes (1940) - Tiny (uncredited) Knute Rockne, All American (1940) - Messenger (uncredited) Remedy for Riches (1940) - Bud (uncredited) Murder Over New York (1940) - Frank O'Shaughnessy / Gilroy (uncredited) Love Thy Neighbor (1940) - Bellboy (uncredited) Honeymoon for Three (1941) - Boy Delivering Flowers (uncredited) The Man Who Lost Himself (1941) - Messenger Boy (uncredited) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941, Serial) - Billy Batson Men of Boys Town (1941) - Frank, a Commissioner (uncredited) Out of the Fog (1941) - Newsboy (uncredited) Unfinished Business (1941) - Page Boy (uncredited) Henry Aldrich for President (1941) - Marvin Bagshaw Glamour Boy (1941) - Actor Uncle Joe (1941) - Dick Pardon My Stripes (1942) - College Boy (uncredited) Rings on Her Fingers (1942) - Page Boy (uncredited) To the Shores of Tripoli (1942) - Bellboy (uncredited) The Courtship of Andy Hardy (1942) - 'Red', Boy at the Dance (uncredited) Lady in a Jam (1942) - Young Man (uncredited) Wings for the Eagle (1942) - Mail Boy with Telegram (uncredited) Footlight Serenade (1942) - Movie Theatre Usher (uncredited) Girl Trouble (1942) - Elevator Boy (uncredited) Youth on Parade (1942) - Student (uncredited) Andy Hardy's Double Life (1942) - Red, One of the Gang (uncredited) Presenting Lily Mars (1943) - Elevator Boy (uncredited) Follow the Band (1943) - Bert This Is the Army (1943) - Soldier at Camp (uncredited) Corvette K-225 (1943) - Rating (uncredited) One More Tomorrow (1946) - Telegraph Boy (uncredited) When the Boys Meet the Girls (1965) - Man in Audience (uncredited) The Sand Pebbles (1966) - Bald Bespectacled Man at Red Kettle Bar (uncredited) The Love-Ins (1967) - Reporter in Park (uncredited) Valley of the Dolls (1967) - Reporter (uncredited) The Shakiest Gun in the West (1968) - Man at Bar (uncredited) The Love God? (1969) - Reporter (uncredited) References ^ a b c Coghlan, Frank (1993). They still call me Junior. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 089950762X. OCLC 645826156. ^ a b c d e f McLellan, Dennis (September 17, 2009). "Frank Coghlan Jr. dies at 93; actor played Billy Batson in landmark Captain Marvel serial". Los Angeles Times. ^ a b "Junior Coghlan Leading Juvenile of the Screen". Morning Herald. Hagerstown, MD. August 16, 1929. ^ Kingsley, Grace (July 7, 1926). "DeMille Signs Chile Actor". ^ Kingsley, Grace (October 6, 1928). "Junior Coghlan at School". Los Angeles Times. ^ "Junior Coghlan Wants to Play 'Grown Up' Role". Syracuse Herald. September 4, 1927. ^ Williams, Whitney (September 6, 1931). "Pathos and Humor Abound in 'Penrod and Sam'". Los Angeles Times. ^ a b c "Being Movie Star Isn't Always Easy, 'Junior' Coghlan Finds". Estherville Daily News. September 13, 1939. ^ a b c d e f g h i Vida, Herbert (May 3, 1990). "Shazam! Actor Turning Into Celebrity". Los Angeles Times. ^ Hopper, Hedda (September 6, 1954). "Alan Ladd Sought to Portray Audett". Los Angeles Times. ^ a b "Former Child Actor Joins George Colletta, Realtors". The Valley News. September 5, 1971. ^ a b "Coghlan Appointed to New Post in Optometry College". The Valley News and Green Sheet. December 4, 1969. ^ "Frank Coghlan Jr., Child Actor of Silent Era, Dies at 93". The New York Times. October 4, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2016. ^ McLellan, Dennis (September 17, 2009). "Frank Coghlan Jr. dies at 93; actor played Billy Batson in landmark Captain Marvel serial". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 4, 2016. Further reading Wise, James (1997). Stars in Blue: Movie Actors in America's Sea Services. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557509379. OCLC 36824724. Holmstrom, John (1996). The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995. Norwich, Michael Russell, pp. 71–72. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Junior Coghlan. Frank Coghlan, Jr. at IMDb Junior Coghlan at Find a Grave Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"naval aviator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_aviator"},{"link_name":"Pola Negri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pola_Negri"},{"link_name":"Jack Dempsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dempsey"},{"link_name":"William Haines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Haines"},{"link_name":"Shirley Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Temple"},{"link_name":"Mickey Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Rooney"},{"link_name":"William Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Boyd_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Bette Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Davis"},{"link_name":"Our Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Gang"},{"link_name":"Billy Batson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Batson"},{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"superhero film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero_film"},{"link_name":"Adventures of Captain Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_Captain_Marvel"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autobio-1"}],"text":"Frank Coghlan Jr. (March 15, 1916 – September 7, 2009) also known as Junior Coghlan, was an American actor who later became a career officer in the United States Navy and a naval aviator. He appeared in approximately 129 films and television programs between 1920 and 1974. During the 1920s and 1930s, he became a popular child and juvenile actor, appearing in films with Pola Negri, Jack Dempsey, William Haines, Shirley Temple, Mickey Rooney, William Boyd and Bette Davis. He appeared in early \"Our Gang\" comedies, but he is best known for the role of Billy Batson in the 1941 motion picture serial, and first comic book superhero film, Adventures of Captain Marvel. Coghlan later served 23 years as an aviator and officer in the U.S. Navy, from 1942 to 1965. After retiring from the Navy, he returned to acting and appeared in television, films, and commercials. He published an autobiography in 1992[1] and died in 2009 at age 93.","title":"Junior Coghlan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Haven, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Leonard Maltin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Maltin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-2"}],"text":"Coghlan was born in New Haven, Connecticut, but his parents moved to Hollywood when he was still a baby. His father was a doctor, and in \"Who's Who on the Screen\" for 1932 he hoped to be a doctor, too, when he grew up. Coghlan began appearing in motion pictures in 1920 as an extra and worked his way up to more important roles. He later boasted that he had been gainfully employed since age three. The freckle-faced Coghlan was billed as \"Junior Coghlan\" and became one of Hollywood's most popular child stars. Film historian Leonard Maltin said, \"He was one of the busiest child actors of the late '20s and 1930s. He was a fresh, freckle-faced boy with great All-American-type appeal.\"[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Dempsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dempsey"},{"link_name":"Daredevil Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevil_Jack"},{"link_name":"Brownie the Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownie_the_Dog"},{"link_name":"Pola Negri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pola_Negri"},{"link_name":"The Spanish Dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spanish_Dancer_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"Our Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Gang"},{"link_name":"Hal Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Roach"},{"link_name":"Goldwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldwyn_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Poverty of Riches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty_of_Riches&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leatrice Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatrice_Joy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star-3"},{"link_name":"Cecil B. DeMille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-2"},{"link_name":"Wesley Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Barry"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Faire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Fair"},{"link_name":"William Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Boyd_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Rupert Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Julian"},{"link_name":"The Yankee Clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yankee_Clipper_(film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junior_Coughlin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Slide, Kelly, Slide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide,_Kelly,_Slide"},{"link_name":"William Haines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Haines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Square Shoulders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Shoulders"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star-3"}],"sub_title":"Silent films","text":"Coghlan began his acting career in 1920, appearing with Jack Dempsey in Daredevil Jack. In 1922 he co-starred with Brownie the Dog in a film called Rookies, and in 1923 he played a small role in the Pola Negri film The Spanish Dancer. He also appeared in early \"Our Gang\" films, including the 1923 Hal Roach short \"Giants vs. Yanks,\" in which the gang, after having a baseball game called off, gets stuck in an elegant home, which they destroy. In 1924 Coghlan was again cast opposite Jack Dempsey in Winning His Way.One newspaper story described Coghlan's rise to fame this way: \"When the boy was seven years old, his great mop of hair, freckled face, genial grin, and likable personality attracted the attention of several directors who urged his parents to permit him to engage in screen work. Mrs. Coghlan finally consented and one day he was cast for a 'bit' role in Goldwyn's Poverty of Riches, in which he played the son of Leatrice Joy.\"[3]By the mid 1920s, Coghlan had caught the eye of one of Hollywood's leading directors, Cecil B. DeMille. DeMille called Coghlan \"the perfect example of a homeless waif\"[2] and signed the boy to a long-term contract in 1926. The Los Angeles Times reported on the event:DeMille Signs Child ActorSo far, Cecil B. DeMille hasn't run much to giving picture contracts to youngsters. But yesterday Mr. DeMille signified what he thought of Junior Coghlan by placing him under a long-term contract. The boy has appeared in several DeMille pictures, including 'The Road to Yesterday.' The boy gives promise of being another Wesley Berry, with the same impish glance, the same freckles and the same cleverness. Of course, the office of freckled boy of the movies is a fixed institution, and now that Wes Berry has gone and got himself married he can't pretend to like playing marbles in the movies. Little Junior is to be cofeatured with Eleanor Faire and William Boyd in Rupert Julian's The Yankee Clipper.[4]Junior Coughlin c. 1927In 1927, Coghlan appeared in the baseball comedy Slide, Kelly, Slide, playing an orphan who became a mascot and inspiration for an ace baseball pitcher, played by William Haines.By 1928, Coghlan was such a well-known star that the Los Angeles Times reported on his schooling as well as his film projects.[5] By age 11, Coghlan was asking to play grownup roles. A newspaper article at the time reported that Coghlan, \"like every other young and red-blooded American, desires to arrive at manhood as soon as possible. Long trousers is what he wants, but the motion picture claims him and demands that he stay in knee breeches.\"[6]Coghlan's final film on his four-year DeMille-Pathe contract was 1929's military academy drama Square Shoulders. Conceived as a silent film, Square Shoulders was transformed into a \"talkie\" by the expedient of adding sound to the final reel. Only the silent version is known to survive.A 1929 newspaper story on Coghlan noted that the twelve-year-old actor was \"recognized by the motion picture public as the leading juvenile screen player in the world.\"[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Public_Enemy"},{"link_name":"James Cagney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney"},{"link_name":"Booth Tarkington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booth_Tarkington"},{"link_name":"Penrod and Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrod_and_Sam_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Leon Janney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Janney"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bette Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Davis"},{"link_name":"Hell's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_House"},{"link_name":"Pat O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_O%27Brien_(actor)"},{"link_name":"The Last of the Mohicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_(1932_serial)"},{"link_name":"James Fennimore Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fennimore_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Uncas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncas"},{"link_name":"sachem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachem"},{"link_name":"Mohegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohegan"},{"link_name":"Shirley Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Temple"},{"link_name":"Managed Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managed_Money"},{"link_name":"Civilian Conservation Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blaze-8"},{"link_name":"Milburn Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milburn_Stone"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Scotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_Scotto"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blaze-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blaze-8"}],"sub_title":"Talking pictures","text":"With the arrival of the talking pictures, Coghlan continued to be one of the most popular juvenile actors. In the classic 1931 gangster film The Public Enemy, Coghlan played the role of James Cagney's character, Tom Powers, as a boy. In the 1931 screen version of Booth Tarkington's Penrod and Sam, Coghlan starred as Sam, with Leon Janney playing Penrod.[7]In 1932, Coghlan appeared in the Bette Davis drama Hell's House. Davis played the girlfriend of Pat O'Brien's bootlegger character. Coghlan played the role of Shorty, a sickly boy who was sent to a state industrial school where children were forced to work at hard labor, ending up in solitary confinement.Coghlan had another starring role in the 1932 film serial The Last of the Mohicans, based on the James Fennimore Cooper novel. Coghlan played the part of Uncas, the sachem of the Mohegan tribe who through an alliance with the English made the Mohegans the leading regional Indian tribe.He helped launch the career of Shirley Temple, appearing in a series of short films with her in 1933 and 1934. In the shorts, Coghlan played Sonny Rogers, a star baseball player and high school class president. Temple played Coghlan's pesky younger sister, Mary Lou. The Coghlan-Temple titles included Merrily Yours, What's to Do?, Pardon My Pups, and Managed Money.Coghlan also had large roles in other features through the mid 1930s, including Kentucky Blue Streak, a 1935 crime drama about a jockey who was wrongfully imprisoned and escapes to ride in the Kentucky Derby; The Little Red Schoolhouse, a 1936 drama in which Coghlan plays the lead role, a 17-year-old who runs away to New York City; and Red Lights Ahead, a 1936 comedy in which he plays the son of an eccentric father who invests in a gold mining scheme.In 1939, Coghlan starred in Blazing Barriers, one of the last roles in which he was billed as Junior Coghlan. He played a young hoodlum from the city who hides out at a Civilian Conservation Corps camp in the mountains. A newspaper story described the physical challenges that faced Coghlan in the role: \"If you think being a screen star is a lot of fun, just ask Frank 'Junior' Coghlan.\"[8] For two days, Coghlan had to pick up Milburn Stone, an actor 50 pounds heavier than Coghlan, and run about 200 yards. In another scene, Coghlan had to jump into a creek and rescue Edward Arnold, Jr. Although both could swim, director Aubrey Scotto wanted realism, and each time Coghlan would try to save the 195-pound (88 kg) Arnold, \"both would sink and come up sputtering for breath.\"[8] In a third scene, Coghlan went into the boxing ring with another actor. The newspaper article noted:Inasmuch as he doesn't use a double, Coghlan had to insert more realism. That was okay as he is very adept with his fists. Unfortunately the sequence called for Coghlan to take a severe beating. He did.[8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gone with the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shazam-9"},{"link_name":"Clark Gable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Gable"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shazam-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shazam-9"}],"text":"By the late 1930s, Junior Coghlan was no longer a child actor and parts became harder to find. He played an uncredited role as a \"collapsing\" Confederate soldier in the 1939 classic Gone with the Wind. In his scene, Coghlan spoke the line \"Put me down, put me down, damn ya', I can walk\" as he was being carried off the battlefield.[9] Coghlan's scene preceded Clark Gable's famous use of the expletive later in the film, leading Coghlan to boast, \"It was the first time the word damn had ever been used in a movie. I used the word before Gable did, but his created a huge flap.\"[9] Coghlan's line was cut from later prints of the film.[9]","title":"Gone with the Wind"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adventures_of_Captain_Marvel_(1941_serial)_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Billy Batson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Batson"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Captain Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Captain_Marvel"},{"link_name":"Billy Batson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Batson"},{"link_name":"Republic Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Adventures of Captain Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_Captain_Marvel"},{"link_name":"Captain Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shazam-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shazam-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shazam-9"}],"text":"Coghlan in his most famous role as Billy Batson in The Adventures of Captain Marvel.In 1941, the 25-year-old Coghlan revitalized his career, landing the part of Billy Batson in the Republic Pictures serial Adventures of Captain Marvel. In his role as Batson, Coghlan transformed into Captain Marvel by saying the magic word \"Shazam.\" Whenever he spoke the magic word, a flash and cloud of smoke appeared, with Captain Marvel (played by Tom Tyler) appearing in his place after the smoke cleared. Coghlan recalled, \"Every time we did that, they ignited flash powder, which was in a trough in front of me, and if the wind was unkind, I'd get the powder flash in my face and lose some eyebrows.\"[2] The 12 episodes of the \"Adventures of Captain Marvel\" \"marked the first time a comic book superhero was depicted on the big screen.\"[2]When Coghlan was asked to audition for the part of Billy Batson, he later recalled that he \"had no idea who Captain Marvel or Billy Batson were.\" After the audition, he bought a copy of the comic book and said to himself, \"Hey, I do kind of look like that kid.\"[2]Though Coghlan played more than 100 other parts, his role as Billy Batson led to his most lasting fame. In 1990, the Los Angeles Times published a profile about Coghlan's celebrity under the headline \"Shazam! Actor Turning Into Celebrity.\"[9] The article noted that Coghlan \"may be reaching his finest hour\" as the continuing popularity of \"Captain Marvel\" kept Coghlan busy. Coghlan noted at the time:There's a whole cult of people out there who are fascinated by Captain Marvel. I'm getting invited to a lot more things these days. They think I'm a celebrity.[9]Coghlan attributed the long-term popularity of the 1941 serial to the fact that the shows were \"exciting and fun.\"[9]","title":"Adventures of Captain Marvel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"naval aviator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Aviator"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shazam-9"},{"link_name":"Hedda Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedda_Hopper"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"PT 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT_109_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Caine Mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caine_Mutiny_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Bridges at Toko-Ri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridges_at_Toko-Ri"},{"link_name":"Mister Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Roberts_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"In Harm's Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Harm%27s_Way"},{"link_name":"John Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shazam-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autobio-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Real-11"}],"text":"During World War II, Coghlan enlisted in the U.S. Navy as a naval aviator. After 23 years as an actor, Coghlan spent the next 23 years in the Navy.[9] In 1954, Hedda Hopper included a report on Coghlan in her newspaper column:I hope the press didn't miss the arrival of Frank Coghlan, now lieutenant in the USN, and a far cry from Junior Coghlan of the 'Our Gang' comedies. He's assigned to Air Transport Squadron 7 at Hickam Field and will fly the Pacific. Wife Betty and three little Coghlans will live at Oahu so they can see Frank when he returns from his trips to the Orient.[10]Coghlan achieved the rank of Lieutenant Commander and was often assigned as a liaison and technical advisor on motion pictures, including PT 109, The Caine Mutiny, The Bridges at Toko-Ri, Mister Roberts, and In Harm's Way starring John Wayne.[9] In the 1960s, he was the officer in charge of the navy's Hollywood station.[1]By the time he retired in 1965, Coghlan had accumulated over 4500 hours of flight time and had flown during World War II and the Korean War and had been to Vietnam.[11]","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shazam-9"},{"link_name":"The Beverly Hillbillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beverly_Hillbillies"},{"link_name":"Dragnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragnet_(series)"},{"link_name":"The Sand Pebbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sand_Pebbles_(film)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFV-12"},{"link_name":"Sepulveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepulveda,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"San Fernando Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley"},{"link_name":"North Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hills,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFV-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Real-11"},{"link_name":"Shazam!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shazam!_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"live-action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-action"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"Captain Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autobio-1"}],"text":"After retiring from the navy, Coghlan returned to acting, appearing in motion pictures, television programs, and commercials.[9] His later work included appearances in the television series The Beverly Hillbillies and Dragnet and a small role in the 1966 feature The Sand Pebbles. In 1969, he was hired as the director of planning and development at the Los Angeles College of Optometry.[12] At the time, he lived in Sepulveda in the San Fernando Valley (the area is now known as North Hills) with his wife, Betty, and their five children (sons Michael and Patrick and daughters Libby, Cathy, and Judy).[12] In 1971, Coghlan joined the firm of George Colletta Realty in Sepulveda, working in the listing and sale of residential, income, and commercial real estate.[11] In 1974, he had a cameo role as a zoo employee in 'The Braggart' episode of Shazam!, a live-action CBS television series based upon DC Comics' superhero Captain Marvel.In 1992, Coghlan wrote an autobiography that was published under the title They Still Call Me Junior.[1]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Saugus, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saugus,_California"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-2"}],"text":"Coghlan's first wife died in 1974, and his second wife Letha Schwarzrock died in 2001.[13] Coghlan died at the age of 93 at his home at an assisted living facility in Saugus, California, in September 2009.[14] He was survived by a son, three daughters, three stepchildren, and six grandchildren.[2]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daredevil Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevil_Jack"},{"link_name":"Mid-Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Channel"},{"link_name":"To Please One Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Please_One_Woman"},{"link_name":"The Poverty of Riches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Riches"},{"link_name":"Bobbed Hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbed_Hair_(1922_film)"},{"link_name":"Garrison's Finish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison%27s_Finish"},{"link_name":"Law of the Lawless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_Lawless_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"Little Old New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Old_New_York_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"A Woman of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Woman_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Cause for Divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_for_Divorce_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"The Spanish Dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spanish_Dancer"},{"link_name":"The Darling of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Darling_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"The Road to Yesterday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Yesterday"},{"link_name":"The Great Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Love_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"The Skyrocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skyrocket"},{"link_name":"The Last Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Frontier_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"Her Man o' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Man_o%27_War"},{"link_name":"Rubber Tires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_Tires"},{"link_name":"Slide, Kelly, Slide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide,_Kelly,_Slide"},{"link_name":"The Yankee Clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yankee_Clipper_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"The Country Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Country_Doctor_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"A Harp in Hock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Harp_in_Hock"},{"link_name":"Let 'Er Go Gallegher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_%27Er_Go_Gallegher"},{"link_name":"Marked Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marked_Money"},{"link_name":"Square Shoulders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Shoulders"},{"link_name":"The Girl Said No","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Said_No_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"River's End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%27s_End_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"It Pays to Advertise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Pays_to_Advertise_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"The Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Public_Enemy"},{"link_name":"Penrod and Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrod_and_Sam_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"Union Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Depot_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hell's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_House"},{"link_name":"Man Wanted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Wanted_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"The Last of the Mohicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_(1932_serial)"},{"link_name":"Drum Taps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_Taps_(film)"},{"link_name":"Racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racetrack_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"This Day and Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Day_and_Age_(film)"},{"link_name":"In the Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Money_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Blue Streak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Blue_Streak"},{"link_name":"Alibi Ike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibi_Ike"},{"link_name":"Stranded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranded_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"Happiness C.O.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness_C.O.D."},{"link_name":"The Little Red Schoolhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Red_Schoolhouse"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chan at the Race Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chan_at_the_Race_Track"},{"link_name":"Make Way for a Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_Way_for_a_Lady"},{"link_name":"Red Lights Ahead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lights_Ahead"},{"link_name":"Let Them Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Them_Live"},{"link_name":"Blazing Barriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazing_Barriers"},{"link_name":"Saturday's Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday%27s_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Service de Luxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_de_Luxe"},{"link_name":"His Exciting Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Exciting_Night"},{"link_name":"Angels with Dirty Faces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_with_Dirty_Faces"},{"link_name":"Scouts to the Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouts_to_the_Rescue"},{"link_name":"Off the Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_the_Record_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Vernon_and_Irene_Castle"},{"link_name":"The Flying Irishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flying_Irishman"},{"link_name":"East Side of Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Side_of_Heaven"},{"link_name":"Boys' Reformatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys%27_Reformatory"},{"link_name":"Ex-Champ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-Champ"},{"link_name":"It's a Wonderful World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Wonderful_World_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Second Fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Fiddle_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"The Angels Wash Their Faces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Angels_Wash_Their_Faces"},{"link_name":"Dust Be My Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Be_My_Destiny"},{"link_name":"Here I Am a Stranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_I_Am_a_Stranger"},{"link_name":"Meet Dr. Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_Dr._Christian"},{"link_name":"Day-Time Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day-Time_Wife"},{"link_name":"Gone with the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Fighting 69th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fighting_69th"},{"link_name":"Double Alibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Alibi_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Free, Blonde and 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free,_Blonde_and_21"},{"link_name":"Star Dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Dust_(film)"},{"link_name":"Those Were the Days!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Those_Were_the_Days!_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Golden Gloves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gloves_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Yesterday's Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday%27s_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Knute Rockne, All American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knute_Rockne,_All_American"},{"link_name":"Remedy for Riches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remedy_for_Riches"},{"link_name":"Murder Over New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_Over_New_York"},{"link_name":"Love Thy Neighbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Thy_Neighbor_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Honeymoon for Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeymoon_for_Three_(1941_film)"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Lost Himself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Lost_Himself_(1941_film)"},{"link_name":"Adventures of Captain Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_Captain_Marvel"},{"link_name":"Men of Boys Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_of_Boys_Town"},{"link_name":"Out of the Fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Fog_(1941_film)"},{"link_name":"Unfinished Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfinished_Business_(1941_film)"},{"link_name":"Henry Aldrich for President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Aldrich_for_President"},{"link_name":"Glamour Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_Boy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Uncle Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Joe_(film)"},{"link_name":"Pardon My Stripes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon_My_Stripes"},{"link_name":"Rings on Her Fingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_on_Her_Fingers"},{"link_name":"To the Shores of Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Shores_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"The Courtship of Andy Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courtship_of_Andy_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Lady in a Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_in_a_Jam"},{"link_name":"Wings for the Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_for_the_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Footlight Serenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footlight_Serenade"},{"link_name":"Girl Trouble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Trouble_(1942_film)"},{"link_name":"Youth on Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_on_Parade"},{"link_name":"Andy Hardy's Double Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Hardy%27s_Double_Life"},{"link_name":"Presenting Lily Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presenting_Lily_Mars"},{"link_name":"Follow the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follow_the_Band"},{"link_name":"This Is the Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_the_Army"},{"link_name":"Corvette K-225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette_K-225"},{"link_name":"One More Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_More_Tomorrow_(film)"},{"link_name":"When the Boys Meet the Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_the_Boys_Meet_the_Girls_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Sand Pebbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sand_Pebbles_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Love-Ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love-Ins"},{"link_name":"Valley of the Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Dolls_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Shakiest Gun in the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shakiest_Gun_in_the_West"},{"link_name":"The Love God?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_God%3F"}],"text":"Daredevil Jack (1920) - Young Boy\nMid-Channel (1920) - Young Boy (uncredited)\nTo Please One Woman (1920)\nThe Poverty of Riches (1921)\nBobbed Hair (1922) - Lamont Child\nBow Wow (1922) - Child (uncredited)\nGarrison's Finish (1923)\nOur Alley (1923)\nThe Fourth Musketeer (1923) - Secondary Child's Role\nLaw of the Lawless (1923)\nLittle Old New York (1923)\nA Woman of Paris (1923) - Boy (uncredited)\nCause for Divorce (1923) - Tommie Parker\nThe Spanish Dancer (1923) - (uncredited)\nThe Darling of New York (1923) - The Ross Kid\nThe Great Circus Mystery (1925)\nThe Road to Yesterday (1925) - Boy Scout (uncredited)\nThe Great Love (1925) - Patrick\nMike (1926) - Boy\nThe Skyrocket (1926) - Mickey (prologue)\nWhispering Smith (1926)\nThe Last Frontier (1926) - Buddy\nHer Man o' War (1926) - Peterkin Schultz\nRubber Tires (1927) - Charley Stack\nSlide, Kelly, Slide (1927) - Mickey Martin\nThe Yankee Clipper (1927) - Mickey\nThe Country Doctor (1927) - Sard Jones\nA Harp in Hock (1927) - Tommy Shannon\nLet 'Er Go Gallegher (1928) - John 'Let 'Er Go' Gallegher\nMarked Money (1928) - Boy\nSquare Shoulders (1929) - John W. 'Tad' Collins Jr.\nThe Girl Said No (1930) - Eddie Ward\nRiver's End (1930) - Mickey O'Toole\nIt Pays to Advertise (1931) - Office Boy\nThe Public Enemy (1931) - Tom as a Boy (uncredited)\nPenrod and Sam (1931) - Sam\nUnion Depot (1932) - Ragged Urchin (uncredited)\nHell's House (1932) - Shorty\nMan Wanted (1932) - Youngster in Store\nThe Last of the Mohicans (1932, Serial) - Uncas\nDrum Taps (1933) - Eric Cartwright\nRacetrack (1933) - Jackie Curtis\nThis Day and Age (1933) - Student (uncredited)\nIn the Money (1933) - Dick Higginbottom\nKentucky Blue Streak (1935) - Johnny Bradley\nAlibi Ike (1935) - Jimmy - the Newsboy (uncredited)\nStranded (1935) - Page (uncredited)\nHappiness C.O.D. (1935) - Larry Sherridan\nThe Little Red Schoolhouse (1936) - Frank 'Frankie' Burke\nCharlie Chan at the Race Track (1936) - Eddie Brill\nMake Way for a Lady (1936) - Billy Hopkins\nRed Lights Ahead (1936) - Willie Wallace\nLet Them Live (1937) - Bellhop (uncredited)\nBlazing Barriers (1937) - Tommy McGrath\nSaturday's Heroes (1937) - Sumner - Football Player (uncredited)\nService de Luxe (1938) - Bellhop\nHis Exciting Night (1938) - Office Boy (uncredited)\nAngels with Dirty Faces (1938) - Boy in Pool Room (uncredited)\nScouts to the Rescue (1939, Serial) - Ken - a Boy Scout\nOff the Record (1939) - Copyboy (uncredited)\nThe Story of Vernon and Irene Castle (1939) - Boy in Montage (uncredited)\nThe Flying Irishman (1939) - Teenager Taking Photograph (uncredited)\nEast Side of Heaven (1939) - Messenger Boy (uncredited)\nBoys' Reformatory (1939) - Eddie O'Meara\nEx-Champ (1939) - Bellhop (uncredited)\nIt's a Wonderful World (1939) - Elevator Boy (uncredited)\nSecond Fiddle (1939) - Studio Call Boy (uncredited)\nThe Angels Wash Their Faces (1939) - Al - Boy Working Lathe (uncredited)\nDust Be My Destiny (1939) - Newsboy (uncredited)\nHere I Am a Stranger (1939) - Office Boy (uncredited)\nMeet Dr. Christian (1939) - Bud\nDay-Time Wife (1939) - Office Boy (uncredited)\nGone with the Wind (1939) - Collapsing Soldier (uncredited)\nThe Fighting 69th (1940) - Jimmy (uncredited)\nDouble Alibi (1940) - Newspaper Switchboard Operator (uncredited)\nFree, Blonde and 21 (1940) - Sammy - Bellboy\nStar Dust (1940) - Telegraph Boy (uncredited)\nThose Were the Days! (1940) - Chick Struthers (uncredited)\nGolden Gloves (1940) - Kid Lester (uncredited)\nYesterday's Heroes (1940) - Tiny (uncredited)\nKnute Rockne, All American (1940) - Messenger (uncredited)\nRemedy for Riches (1940) - Bud (uncredited)\nMurder Over New York (1940) - Frank O'Shaughnessy / Gilroy (uncredited)\nLove Thy Neighbor (1940) - Bellboy (uncredited)\nHoneymoon for Three (1941) - Boy Delivering Flowers (uncredited)\nThe Man Who Lost Himself (1941) - Messenger Boy (uncredited)\nAdventures of Captain Marvel (1941, Serial) - Billy Batson\nMen of Boys Town (1941) - Frank, a Commissioner (uncredited)\nOut of the Fog (1941) - Newsboy (uncredited)\nUnfinished Business (1941) - Page Boy (uncredited)\nHenry Aldrich for President (1941) - Marvin Bagshaw\nGlamour Boy (1941) - Actor\nUncle Joe (1941) - Dick\nPardon My Stripes (1942) - College Boy (uncredited)\nRings on Her Fingers (1942) - Page Boy (uncredited)\nTo the Shores of Tripoli (1942) - Bellboy (uncredited)\nThe Courtship of Andy Hardy (1942) - 'Red', Boy at the Dance (uncredited)\nLady in a Jam (1942) - Young Man (uncredited)\nWings for the Eagle (1942) - Mail Boy with Telegram (uncredited)\nFootlight Serenade (1942) - Movie Theatre Usher (uncredited)\nGirl Trouble (1942) - Elevator Boy (uncredited)\nYouth on Parade (1942) - Student (uncredited)\nAndy Hardy's Double Life (1942) - Red, One of the Gang (uncredited)\nPresenting Lily Mars (1943) - Elevator Boy (uncredited)\nFollow the Band (1943) - Bert\nThis Is the Army (1943) - Soldier at Camp (uncredited)\nCorvette K-225 (1943) - Rating (uncredited)\nOne More Tomorrow (1946) - Telegraph Boy (uncredited)\nWhen the Boys Meet the Girls (1965) - Man in Audience (uncredited)\nThe Sand Pebbles (1966) - Bald Bespectacled Man at Red Kettle Bar (uncredited)\nThe Love-Ins (1967) - Reporter in Park (uncredited)\nValley of the Dolls (1967) - Reporter (uncredited)\nThe Shakiest Gun in the West (1968) - Man at Bar (uncredited)\nThe Love God? (1969) - Reporter (uncredited)","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1557509379","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1557509379"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"36824724","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/36824724"}],"text":"Wise, James (1997). Stars in Blue: Movie Actors in America's Sea Services. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557509379. OCLC 36824724.\nHolmstrom, John (1996). The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995. Norwich, Michael Russell, pp. 71–72.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Junior Coughlin c. 1927","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/Junior_Coughlin.jpg/180px-Junior_Coughlin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coghlan in his most famous role as Billy Batson in The Adventures of Captain Marvel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Adventures_of_Captain_Marvel_%281941_serial%29_3.jpg/150px-Adventures_of_Captain_Marvel_%281941_serial%29_3.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Coghlan, Frank (1993). They still call me Junior. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 089950762X. OCLC 645826156.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/089950762X","url_text":"089950762X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/645826156","url_text":"645826156"}]},{"reference":"McLellan, Dennis (September 17, 2009). \"Frank Coghlan Jr. dies at 93; actor played Billy Batson in landmark Captain Marvel serial\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-frank-coghlan17-2009sep17,0,2634207.story","url_text":"\"Frank Coghlan Jr. dies at 93; actor played Billy Batson in landmark Captain Marvel serial\""}]},{"reference":"\"Junior Coghlan Leading Juvenile of the Screen\". Morning Herald. Hagerstown, MD. August 16, 1929.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kingsley, Grace (July 7, 1926). \"DeMille Signs Chile Actor\".","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kingsley, Grace (October 6, 1928). \"Junior Coghlan at School\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Junior Coghlan Wants to Play 'Grown Up' Role\". Syracuse Herald. September 4, 1927.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Williams, Whitney (September 6, 1931). \"Pathos and Humor Abound in 'Penrod and Sam'\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Being Movie Star Isn't Always Easy, 'Junior' Coghlan Finds\". Estherville Daily News. September 13, 1939.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vida, Herbert (May 3, 1990). \"Shazam! Actor Turning Into Celebrity\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hopper, Hedda (September 6, 1954). \"Alan Ladd Sought to Portray Audett\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Former Child Actor Joins George Colletta, Realtors\". The Valley News. September 5, 1971.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Coghlan Appointed to New Post in Optometry College\". The Valley News and Green Sheet. December 4, 1969.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Frank Coghlan Jr., Child Actor of Silent Era, Dies at 93\". The New York Times. October 4, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/04/arts/television/04coghlan.html","url_text":"\"Frank Coghlan Jr., Child Actor of Silent Era, Dies at 93\""}]},{"reference":"McLellan, Dennis (September 17, 2009). \"Frank Coghlan Jr. dies at 93; actor played Billy Batson in landmark Captain Marvel serial\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-frank-coghlan17-2009sep17-story.html","url_text":"\"Frank Coghlan Jr. dies at 93; actor played Billy Batson in landmark Captain Marvel serial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Wise, James (1997). Stars in Blue: Movie Actors in America's Sea Services. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557509379. OCLC 36824724.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1557509379","url_text":"1557509379"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36824724","url_text":"36824724"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodium
Spodium
[]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Spodium" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Spodium, (Latin for ashes or soot) refers to burned bone (usually used for medical purposes), or the act of divination with ash. Spodium may also refer to other types of ash, such as the scrapings from the inside of a furnace. Spodium has a long history of medical usage, mentioned by Hippocrates and, for example, in the Medical Poem of Salerno "...Who knows the cause why Spodium stancheth bleeding?..." (in this case spodium referring to oxen bone ashes). This Ancient Greece related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race
1953 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race
["1 1953 fleet","2 Results","3 References","4 See also"]
Coordinates: 33°51.35′S 151°12.40′E / 33.85583°S 151.20667°E / -33.85583; 151.20667Annual yacht race in Australia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1953 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 9th Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race Date 26 December 1953 – 31 December 1953 Defender Nocturne Number of yachts 17 Coordinates 33°51.35′S 151°12.40′E / 33.85583°S 151.20667°E / -33.85583; 151.20667-42°52.7′S 147°19.58′E / 42.8783°S 147.32633°E / -42.8783; 147.32633 Winner Solveig Official website https://web.archive.org/web/20091030152304/http://rolexsydneyhobart.com/default.asp The 1953 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, was the 9th annual running of the "blue water classic" Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race. Hosted by the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia based in Sydney, New South Wales, the 1953 edition began on Sydney Harbour, at Noon on Boxing Day (26 December 1953), before heading south for 630 nautical miles (1,170 km) through the Tasman Sea, past Bass Strait, into Storm Bay and up the River Derwent, to cross the finish line in Hobart, Tasmania. The 1953 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race comprised a fleet of 23 competitors, the largest ever at the time. Line-honours were awarded to Solveig, the Australian racer custom-built of Oregon (Douglas Fir) on Australian hardwood frames in Sydney by the Norwegian family business Lars Halvorsen Sons and skippered by Trygve Halvorsen with Stan Darling as navigator. Solveig won in the time of 5 days, 7 hours and 12 minutes. Solveig is yet today a sound vessel. She was sold by T&M Halvorsen in Hawaii after the 1955 Transpac Race. "Solveig" was shipped by container ship back to Sydney in January 2017 and is now restored and racing on Sydney Harbour with other classic yachts. Ripple, skippered by R. C. Hobson, was awarded handicap honours on adjusted time using the International Measurement System (IMS). 1953 fleet 23 yachts registered to begin the 1953 Sydney to Hobart Yacht race won by Ripple of Ronald Hobson. Results Line Honours LH (elapsed) time d:hh:mm:ss Handicap Winner HW (corrected) time d:hh:mm:ss Solveig 5:07:12:00 Ripple References ^ "1953 - Rolex Sydney Hobart Yacht Race 2018". rolexsydneyhobart.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2019. See also Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race vteSydney to Hobart Yacht Race 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"link_name":"Cruising Yacht Club of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruising_Yacht_Club_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Sydney Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Noon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noon"},{"link_name":"Boxing Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day"},{"link_name":"Tasman Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_Sea"},{"link_name":"Bass Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_Strait"},{"link_name":"Storm Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Bay"},{"link_name":"River Derwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Derwent_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"International Measurement System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Measurement_System"}],"text":"Annual yacht race in AustraliaThe 1953 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, was the 9th annual running of the \"blue water classic\" Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race.Hosted by the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia based in Sydney, New South Wales, the 1953 edition began on Sydney Harbour, at Noon on Boxing Day (26 December 1953), before heading south for 630 nautical miles (1,170 km) through the Tasman Sea, past Bass Strait, into Storm Bay and up the River Derwent, to cross the finish line in Hobart, Tasmania.The 1953 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race comprised a fleet of 23 competitors, the largest ever at the time. Line-honours were awarded to Solveig, the Australian racer custom-built of Oregon (Douglas Fir) on Australian hardwood frames in Sydney by the Norwegian family business Lars Halvorsen Sons and skippered by Trygve Halvorsen with Stan Darling as navigator. Solveig won in the time of 5 days, 7 hours and 12 minutes. Solveig is yet today a sound vessel. She was sold by T&M Halvorsen in Hawaii after the 1955 Transpac Race. \"Solveig\" was shipped by container ship back to Sydney in January 2017 and is now restored and racing on Sydney Harbour with other classic yachts. Ripple, skippered by R. C. Hobson, was awarded handicap honours on adjusted time using the International Measurement System (IMS).","title":"1953 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"23 yachts registered to begin the 1953 Sydney to Hobart Yacht race won by Ripple of Ronald Hobson.[1]","title":"1953 fleet"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]
[]
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},{"title":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race"},{"title":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Race&action=edit&redlink=1"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Iwasa
Cameron Iwasa
["1 Career","1.1 College and amateur","1.2 Professional","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"]
American soccer player (born 1993) Cameron IwasaPersonal informationFull name Cameron Toshiro IwasaDate of birth (1993-07-07) July 7, 1993 (age 30)Place of birth Sacramento, California, United StatesHeight 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) ForwardCollege careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2011–2014 UC Irvine Anteaters 85 (22)Senior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2014 OC Pateadores Blues 9 (2)2015–2016 Sacramento Republic 47 (13)2017 Sporting Kansas City 0 (0)2017 → Swope Park Rangers (loan) 22 (2)2018–2021 Sacramento Republic 114 (45)Total 192 (62) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of November 8, 2021 Cameron Toshiro Iwasa (born July 7, 1993) is an American former professional soccer player. Career College and amateur Iwasa spent his entire college career at UC Irvine. He made a total of 85 appearances for the anteaters and tallied 22 goals and 14 assists. He also played in the Premier Development League for OC Pateadores Blues. Professional On January 20, 2015, Iwasa was selected in the fourth round (65th overall) of the 2015 MLS SuperDraft by the Montreal Impact. However, he was cut during training camp and offered a contract with Montreal's USL affiliate, which he declined. Two months later, he signed a professional contract with his hometown club Sacramento Republic FC. He made his professional debut the following day in a 4–2 defeat to Seattle Sounders FC 2. Iwasa signed with Major League Soccer side Sporting Kansas City on January 10, 2017. Iwasa returned to Sacramento Republic FC for the 2018 season on December 22, 2017. During the final game of the season, Iwasa scored his 60th USL goal, securing a tie in the match. Following the 2021 season, Iwasa announced his retirement from playing professional soccer. Personal life Iwasa was raised in Sacramento's College Greens neighborhood. His grandfather is of Japanese descent. References ^ "A crooked love story: Sacramento's Cameron Iwasa retires as Republic fan favorite". sacbee.com (Archived). Archived from the original on 2022-07-28. Retrieved 2023-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "OC Pateadores Blues". USLPDL.com. Premier Development League. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2015. ^ "Impact selects two forwards in final two rounds of SuperDraft". ImpactMontreal.com. Press Release Montreal Impact. 21 January 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015. ^ "Sacramento Republic FC Signs Forwards David Estrada and Cameron Iwasa". SacRepublicFC.com. Sacramento Republic FC. 20 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-03-22. Retrieved 26 March 2015. ^ "Match Recap: Sacramento Republic FC 2, Seattle Sounders FC 2 4". SacRepublicFC.com. Sacramento Republic FC. 21 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-03-25. Retrieved 26 March 2015. ^ Paterson, Bill (July 2, 2016). "Republic FC players set aside day jobs to play under lights". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. Retrieved July 22, 2016. ^ "Sporting KC signs 23-year-old forward Cameron Iwasa | Sporting Kansas City". Sportingkc.com. 1993-07-07. Retrieved 2019-05-08. ^ "Sacramento Republic FC Re-Sign 2016 Leading Scorer Cameron Iwasa". Sacrepublicfc.com. 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2019-05-08. ^ Communications, Republic FC (October 25, 2021). "Sacramento-Native Cameron Iwasa to Retire at the End of 2021 Season". Sacramento Republic FC - USL. ^ FC, Sacramento Republic (24 May 2016). "5 Questions: Derek Foran and Cameron Iwasa". External links UC Irvine Anteaters bio
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations
Russia–Seychelles relations
["1 Soviet-era relations","2 Economic relations","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Bilateral relationsRussia–Seychelles relations Russia Seychelles Russia–Seychelles relations (Russian: Российско-сейшельские отношения) are the bilateral relations of Russia and Seychelles. Diplomatic relations between Seychelles and the Soviet Union were established on 30 June 1976, a day after the island nation gained its independence from the United Kingdom. Russia has an embassy in Victoria. Seychelles is represented in Russia through its embassy in Paris (France) and two honorary consulates (in Saint Petersburg and Yekaterinburg). In February 2009, Alexander Vladimirov, Russia's Ambassador to Seychelles paid a final visit to President James Michel and Vice-President Joseph Belmont at the State House. Soviet-era relations Bilateral relationsSeychelles–Soviet Union relations Seychelles Soviet Union On 15 February 1980, the Soviet Union and Seychelles signed the Agreement on merchant navigation in Victoria. The government of Seychellois President France-Albert René supported the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In 1987 The Sunday Times, quoting unnamed US intelligence officers, reported that the Soviet Union had landed 50 naval infantry troops in the Seychelles after making landfall on the Ivan Rogov in October 1986; a month after a foiled assassination attempt on René. Economic relations Bilateral trade between Russia and the Seychelles in 2008 reached a total of US$6.23 million. Russia exported some US$4.54 million worth of goods and services to the Seychelles, including mineral oils, machinery and equipment. The Seychelles exports to Russia totalled US$1.69 million made up of fish, seafood and spices. In 1999 an agreement on co-operation in the field of tourism was concluded between the two nations, and in 2008 some 6,400 Russian tourists visited the Seychelles. Burgeoning Russian tourism to the Seychelles led the Seychellois national airline Air Seychelles to launch a weekly flight to Moscow's Vnukovo International Airport in March 2009, with the expectation of the addition of another weekly flight once its presence in the Russian market has been consolidated. See also Foreign relations of Russia Foreign relations of Seychelles References ^ Ginsburgs, George (1987). "1976". A calendar of Soviet treaties, 1974-1980. BRILL. p. 163. ISBN 90-247-3628-5. Retrieved 2009-05-27. ^ Посольство в Виктории (in Russian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. Retrieved 2009-05-27. ^ "Seychelles-Russia relations now 'at their best'". Seychelles Nation. 11 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-27. ^ "Agreement on merchant navigation. Signed at Victoria on 15 February 1980" (PDF). Government of the Soviet Union and Government of the Seychelles. 15 February 1980. Retrieved 2009-05-26. ^ "Catholic church says SPPF not telling the truth about past relationship". Seychelles Weekly. 7 July 2006. Retrieved 2009-05-26. ^ "Soviet base reported in Seychelles". London: The Spokesman Review. 9 November 1987. Retrieved 2009-05-26. ^ a b Российско-сейшельские отношения (in Russian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. 16 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-26. ^ "Air Seychelles officially launches flight linking Seychelles-Moscow". Seychelles.travel. 24 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2009-05-26. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Russia and Seychelles. (in Russian) Documents on the Russia–Seychelles relationship from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Honorary consulate of Seychelles in Saint Petersburg vteForeign relations of RussiaBilateral relationsAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gambia Ghana Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Libya Madagascar Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Argentina Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Ecuador Guatemala Guyana Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago United States Russian Empire Soviet Union Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China East Timor Georgia Abkhazia South Ossetia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Kurdistan Region Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Hamas Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Transnistria Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine Donetsk PR Luhansk PR United Kingdom Vatican City Oceania Australia Fiji Nauru New Zealand Tonga Vanuatu Multilateral relations BRICS European Union NATO United Nations Arctic policy of Russia Russia and the Antarctic Near Abroad Diplomacy Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister) Diplomatic missions of Russia / in Russia European energy sector Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Eurasian Economic Union Military Cooperation Treaties Military doctrine Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine vte Foreign relations of SeychellesAfrica Kenya Americas United States Asia China India Israel Malaysia North Korea Turkey Europe Russia Former Yugoslavia Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of / in Seychelles Related topics Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"bilateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateralism"},{"link_name":"relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Diplomatic relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_relations"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Russia has an embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Yekaterinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterinburg"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Seychelles"},{"link_name":"James Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Michel"},{"link_name":"Vice-President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Joseph Belmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Belmont"},{"link_name":"State House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_House_(Seychelles)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Russia–Seychelles relations (Russian: Российско-сейшельские отношения) are the bilateral relations of Russia and Seychelles. Diplomatic relations between Seychelles and the Soviet Union were established on 30 June 1976, a day after the island nation gained its independence from the United Kingdom.[1] Russia has an embassy in Victoria.[2] Seychelles is represented in Russia through its embassy in Paris (France) and two honorary consulates (in Saint Petersburg and Yekaterinburg).In February 2009, Alexander Vladimirov, Russia's Ambassador to Seychelles paid a final visit to President James Michel and Vice-President Joseph Belmont at the State House.[3]","title":"Russia–Seychelles relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Seychellois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_party_rule_in_Seychelles"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Seychelles"},{"link_name":"France-Albert René","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France-Albert_Ren%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Soviet invasion of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seyweekly-5"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"Ivan Rogov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Rogov"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Bilateral relationsOn 15 February 1980, the Soviet Union and Seychelles signed the Agreement on merchant navigation in Victoria.[4] The government of Seychellois President France-Albert René supported the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.[5]In 1987 The Sunday Times, quoting unnamed US intelligence officers, reported that the Soviet Union had landed 50 naval infantry troops in the Seychelles after making landfall on the Ivan Rogov in October 1986; a month after a foiled assassination attempt on René.[6]","title":"Soviet-era relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bilateral trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_trade"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$"},{"link_name":"mineral oils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_oil"},{"link_name":"machinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinery"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mid160209-7"},{"link_name":"tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"tourists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mid160209-7"},{"link_name":"national airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_airline"},{"link_name":"Air Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Moscow's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Vnukovo International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vnukovo_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Bilateral trade between Russia and the Seychelles in 2008 reached a total of US$6.23 million. Russia exported some US$4.54 million worth of goods and services to the Seychelles, including mineral oils, machinery and equipment. The Seychelles exports to Russia totalled US$1.69 million made up of fish, seafood and spices.[7]In 1999 an agreement on co-operation in the field of tourism was concluded between the two nations, and in 2008 some 6,400 Russian tourists visited the Seychelles.[7] Burgeoning Russian tourism to the Seychelles led the Seychellois national airline Air Seychelles to launch a weekly flight to Moscow's Vnukovo International Airport in March 2009, with the expectation of the addition of another weekly flight once its presence in the Russian market has been consolidated.[8]","title":"Economic relations"}]
[]
[{"title":"Foreign relations of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia"},{"title":"Foreign relations of Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Seychelles"}]
[{"reference":"Ginsburgs, George (1987). \"1976\". A calendar of Soviet treaties, 1974-1980. BRILL. p. 163. ISBN 90-247-3628-5. Retrieved 2009-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyu2DzyfNoC&pg=PA163","url_text":"\"1976\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"BRILL"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-3628-5","url_text":"90-247-3628-5"}]},{"reference":"Посольство в Виктории (in Russian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. Retrieved 2009-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mid.ru/zu_r.nsf/e0f3cd1a55ff248dc32571e7003f460b/21216b84f02e86d4c32565e8003604cc?OpenDocument","url_text":"Посольство в Виктории"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Russia","url_text":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia"}]},{"reference":"\"Seychelles-Russia relations now 'at their best'\". Seychelles Nation. 11 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nation.sc/index.php?art=14919","url_text":"\"Seychelles-Russia relations now 'at their best'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles_Nation","url_text":"Seychelles Nation"}]},{"reference":"\"Agreement on merchant navigation. Signed at Victoria on 15 February 1980\" (PDF). Government of the Soviet Union and Government of the Seychelles. 15 February 1980. Retrieved 2009-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://untreaty.un.org/unts/60001_120000/10/32/00019573.pdf","url_text":"\"Agreement on merchant navigation. Signed at Victoria on 15 February 1980\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union","url_text":"Government of the Soviet Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles","url_text":"Government of the Seychelles"}]},{"reference":"\"Catholic church says SPPF not telling the truth about past relationship\". Seychelles Weekly. 7 July 2006. Retrieved 2009-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seychellesweekly.com/7-7-06/page%202.html","url_text":"\"Catholic church says SPPF not telling the truth about past relationship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soviet base reported in Seychelles\". London: The Spokesman Review. 9 November 1987. Retrieved 2009-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zDcSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=m-8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4562,6577815","url_text":"\"Soviet base reported in Seychelles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spokesman_Review","url_text":"The Spokesman Review"}]},{"reference":"Российско-сейшельские отношения (in Russian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. 16 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mid.ru/ns-rafr.nsf/89414576079db559432569d8002421fc/b66fce875f0dc71943256a2b0032fdea?OpenDocument","url_text":"Российско-сейшельские отношения"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Russia","url_text":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia"}]},{"reference":"\"Air Seychelles officially launches flight linking Seychelles-Moscow\". Seychelles.travel. 24 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2009-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728005645/http://www.seychelles.travel/en/news/display-item.php?newsid=199","url_text":"\"Air Seychelles officially launches flight linking Seychelles-Moscow\""},{"url":"http://www.seychelles.travel/en/news/display-item.php?newsid=199","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suricata_(software)
Suricata (software)
["1 Free intrusion detection systems","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Open-source intrusion detection system For the genus containing the meerkat, see Suricata. SuricataDeveloper(s)Open Information Security FoundationStable release7.0.5 / 23 April 2024; 55 days ago (23 April 2024) Repositorygithub.com/OISF/suricata Written inC, RustOperating systemFreeBSD, Linux, UNIX, Mac OS X, Microsoft WindowsTypeIntrusion-detection systemIntrusion prevention systemLicenseGNU General Public LicenseWebsitesuricata.io Suricata is an open-source based intrusion detection system (IDS) and intrusion prevention system (IPS). It was developed by the Open Information Security Foundation (OISF). A beta version was released in December 2009, with the first standard release following in July 2010. Free intrusion detection systems OSSEC HIDS Prelude Hybrid IDS Sagan Snort Zeek NIDS See also Free and open-source software portal Aanval References ^ "Release 7.0.5". 23 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Releases - OISF/suricata" – via GitHub. ^ "Suricata license". ^ "New Open Source Intrusion Detector Suricata Released". Slashdot. 2009-12-31. Retrieved 2011-11-08. ^ "Suricata Downloads". Open Security Information Foundation. Retrieved 2011-11-08. External links Official website Open Information Security Foundation
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[]
[{"title":"Free and open-source software portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software"},{"title":"Aanval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aanval"}]
[{"reference":"\"Release 7.0.5\". 23 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/OISF/suricata/releases/tag/suricata-7.0.5","url_text":"\"Release 7.0.5\""}]},{"reference":"\"Releases - OISF/suricata\" – via GitHub.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/OISF/suricata/releases","url_text":"\"Releases - OISF/suricata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]},{"reference":"\"Suricata license\".","urls":[{"url":"https://redmine.openinfosecfoundation.org/projects/suricata/repository/revisions/master/entry/LICENSE","url_text":"\"Suricata license\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Open Source Intrusion Detector Suricata Released\". Slashdot. 2009-12-31. Retrieved 2011-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://linux.slashdot.org/story/09/12/31/2143250/New-Open-Source-Intrusion-Detector-Suricata-Released","url_text":"\"New Open Source Intrusion Detector Suricata Released\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slashdot","url_text":"Slashdot"}]},{"reference":"\"Suricata Downloads\". Open Security Information Foundation. Retrieved 2011-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://openinfosecfoundation.org/index.php/download-suricata","url_text":"\"Suricata Downloads\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://github.com/OISF/suricata","external_links_name":"github.com/OISF/suricata"},{"Link":"https://suricata.io/","external_links_name":"suricata.io"},{"Link":"https://github.com/OISF/suricata/releases/tag/suricata-7.0.5","external_links_name":"\"Release 7.0.5\""},{"Link":"https://github.com/OISF/suricata/releases","external_links_name":"\"Releases - OISF/suricata\""},{"Link":"https://redmine.openinfosecfoundation.org/projects/suricata/repository/revisions/master/entry/LICENSE","external_links_name":"\"Suricata license\""},{"Link":"http://linux.slashdot.org/story/09/12/31/2143250/New-Open-Source-Intrusion-Detector-Suricata-Released","external_links_name":"\"New Open Source Intrusion Detector Suricata Released\""},{"Link":"http://openinfosecfoundation.org/index.php/download-suricata","external_links_name":"\"Suricata Downloads\""},{"Link":"https://suricata.io/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://openinfosecfoundation.org/","external_links_name":"Open Information Security Foundation"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Mifune
List of Matrix series characters
["1 Introduced in The Matrix","1.1 Apoc","1.2 Agent Brown and Agent Jones","1.3 Choi and DuJour","1.4 Cypher/Mr. Reagan","1.5 Dozer","1.6 Morpheus","1.7 Mouse","1.8 Neo","1.9 Oracle","1.10 Rhineheart","1.11 Smith","1.12 Switch","1.13 Tank","1.14 Trinity","2 Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded","2.1 Architect","2.2 Axel","2.3 Ballard","2.4 Bane","2.5 Binary","2.6 Cas","2.7 Ghost","2.8 Councillor Hamann","2.9 Jax","2.10 Keymaker","2.11 Kid","2.12 Link","2.13 Lock","2.14 Maggie","2.15 Merovingian","2.16 Mifune","2.17 Niobe","2.18 Persephone","2.19 Roland","2.20 Seraph","2.21 Soren","2.22 The Twins","2.23 Vector","2.24 Zee","3 Introduced in The Matrix Revolutions","3.1 Deus Ex Machina","3.2 Sati","3.3 Sparks","3.4 Trainman","4 Introduced in The Matrix Resurrections","4.1 Bugs","4.2 The Analyst","5 Other","5.1 Jue","5.2 Shimada","5.3 Tyndall","6 References"]
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Remove remaining / new unreferenced fancruft, convert to table list format, etc. Please help improve this article if you can. (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This is a list of characters from The Matrix franchise universe. Many of the characters listed here have names reflecting certain aspects of them, such as their status, personality, or role. Introduced in The Matrix Main article: The Matrix Apoc Apoc (played by Julian Arahanga) is a crew member of the Nebuchadnezzar in The Matrix. He is murdered by Cypher when the latter forcibly unplugs Apoc's connection to the Matrix in the real world, killing him instantly. Agent Brown and Agent Jones Main article: Agent (The Matrix) Choi and DuJour Choi (played by Marc Gray) is assumedly a bluepill who appears in the first movie buying illegal software from Neo, for which Choi pays $2,000 in cash. Choi, his latex-clad girlfriend DuJour (played by Ada Nicodemou), and several unnamed and unspeaking friends arrive at Neo's door after he had been mysteriously told to "follow the white rabbit" through his computer. When Neo notices that Dujour has a tattoo of a white rabbit on the back of her left shoulder, he accepts their offer to go with them to a goth club, where he is approached by Trinity. Going to the club and subsequently waking up late for work the following day set the stage for the rest of the film, though Choi, Dujour, and their friends are never seen or alluded to again. Much of Choi's dialogue foreshadows the rest of the film: "I know. This never happened. You don't exist", "You need to unplug", and "Hallelujah. You're my savior, man. My own personal Jesus Christ." These names would appear to be inspired by French language; "Choi" and "DuJour" resembles the French phrase "Choix du jour", meaning "Choice of the day". Cypher/Mr. Reagan Mr. Reagan (a.k.a. Cypher) (played by Joe Pantoliano) is a central character in The Matrix. In the film, he regrets being "unplugged" and entering the real world. He betrays the crew of the Nebuchadnezzar, offering to give up Morpheus to the Agents in exchange for being inserted back into the Matrix with no memory of his time outside the Matrix. In the climax of the film, after the visit to the Oracle, he exits the Matrix and murders members of the crew by leading Mouse into a trap, blasting Dozer and Tank with a lightning rifle, and "unplugging" Switch and Apoc. As he is about to kill Neo and Trinity, a critically injured Tank kills him. Dozer Dozer (played by Anthony Ray Parker) is the pilot and chef of the Nebuchadnezzar. He is Tank's brother, and like him, is unable to enter the Matrix as he was born in Zion and therefore has no mechanical ports that machine-bred humans do. After Cypher attempts to murder Tank, Dozer charges at him and is killed instantly by Cypher's lightning rifle. Morpheus Main article: Morpheus (The Matrix) Mouse Mouse (played by Matt Doran) is a crew member of the Nebuchadnezzar. In the film, Mouse is the youngest crew member of the Nebuchadnezzar and the programmer of the virtual reality training simulation program. One of his stand-out scenes occurs when he is discussing to Neo whether the Nebuchadnezzar's food tastes like "Tastee Wheat" (a brand of cereal, posters of which can be briefly seen in the train stations shown in The Matrix Revolutions), and adds to the theme of subjective reality by suggesting that the flavor associated with both is not the 'true' flavor, but the Machines' error. He is the creator of the program Woman in the Red Dress, which is used as a distraction in part of Neo's training. He is a very eager young man, excited to see the possibility that Neo could be the one to end the war. He also offers Woman in the Red Dress in a private session to Neo saying, "To deny our impulses is to deny the very thing that makes us human". Mouse is the first victim of Cypher's betrayal of the crew. As Agent-led SWAT team members storm the building used by Neo and the others as an entry/exit point, Mouse attempts to stop their initial approach wielding dual automatic shotguns (custom made for the film), but is killed by the police. Neo Main article: Neo (The Matrix) Neo (born as Thomas A. Anderson, also known as The One, an anagram for "Neo") is the protagonist of the Matrix franchise. He was portrayed as a cybercriminal and computer programmer by Keanu Reeves in The Matrix Trilogy, as well as having a cameo in The Animatrix short film Kid's Story. Andrew Bowen provided Neo's voice in The Matrix: Path of Neo. In 2008, Neo was selected by Empire as the 68th Greatest Movie Character of All Time. Neo is also an anagram of "one", a reference to his destiny of being The One who would bring peace. There are claims that a nightclub in Chicago inspired the name of the character in the Matrix. Neo is considered to be a superhero. Oracle Main article: The Oracle (The Matrix) Rhineheart Mr. Rhineheart (played by David Aston) is Thomas Anderson's boss at the software company Metacortex. Smith Main article: Agent Smith Switch Switch (played by Belinda McClory) is a member of the crew of the Nebuchadnezzar. Unlike the mental projections of other crews, who usually wear dark clothes and nearly-opaque sunglasses, Switch wears white clothes and yellow, translucent sunglasses. Switch and Apoc are portrayed as front-line soldiers while inside the Matrix, acting as "point" and "rear guard" in their escape from the Agents and police and providing covering fire as they make their way into the sewers. Switch's weapon of choice is a Browning Hi-Power pistol. Switch also pokes fun at Mouse, calling him "the digital pimp". Switch is killed when her mind is forcibly pulled from the Matrix by Cypher, who betrayed the crew in an attempt to return to the Matrix as a permanent resident himself. The character was supposedly originally meant to be a feminine character in the Matrix and a man in the real world, and they decided to change that because they thought it would confuse the audience. Tank Tank (played by Marcus Chong) is the original Operator of the Nebuchadnezzar. Tank watches over not only the jacked-in crewmembers, but also the ship itself in case the Sentinels (killing machines) detect the ship. Like all Operators, Tank is a skilled programmer who can provide jacked-in crewmembers almost anything they need and guides them to and from dangerous events within the Matrix. Tank (and his brother Dozer) is unable to enter the Matrix, as he was born in Zion, and therefore without the mechanical ports which machine-bred humans such as Neo or Morpheus have. After Cypher betrays the crew, Tank becomes his first attempted victim in the real world. Cypher blasts an unaware Tank from behind with a lightning rifle, gravely injuring him. He then takes Tank's place in the Operator's chair after murdering Dozer, taunting Neo and Trinity as he "unplugs" Apoc and Switch. As Cypher is about to unplug Neo, Tank recovers enough from his injuries to stand up and kill Cypher with the lightning rifle. He then rescues Neo and Trinity, providing them weapons and valuable information needed in the film's climax. Tank dies after the events in The Matrix but before the events in the sequel, The Matrix Reloaded. The character's duties as ship's Operator are handed over to Link, who is married to Tank and Dozer's sister, Zee. The demise of the character was reportedly due to actor Marcus Chong's salary demands and conflicts with the Wachowskis, the writers and creators of the Matrix series, leading to his removal. Trinity Main article: Trinity (The Matrix) Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded Main article: The Matrix Reloaded Architect Portrayed by Helmut Bakaitis. He is the "father" of The Matrix and its predecessors, and an exceptionally powerful AI. The Oracle states that he tries to "balance the equations" of the Matrix while she unbalances them. The character first appears in The Matrix Reloaded when Neo encounters him while looking for The Source. The Architect tells Neo that he must choose between saving the Matrix and saving Trinity. After Neo chooses the latter and surrenders himself to the machines to reload the Matrix, the Architect tells the Oracle that he will honor the truce. As expected from an AI, the Architect is emotionless, analytical, logical, and pragmatic. He generally views humanity and human emotion with contempt if not outright misanthropy. Originally, Sean Connery was offered the role but turned it down because he didn't understand the story. Axel Axel (played by Leigh Whannell) is a crew member of the Vigilant. When the crews of the Vigilant, Nebuchadnezzar, and Logos go to help Neo reach the Source, Axel is the only non-Operator human other than Trinity to not enter the Matrix, owing to a broken leg. Instead, he stands guard, watching for any Sentinel attacks. He hobbles back to Jax soon after to inform him of an imminent attack, but the catwalk below him collapses from the weight of his leg brace, and Axel falls to his death. Ballard Captain Ballard (played by Roy Jones Jr.), is the captain of the Zion hovercraft Caduceus in the film The Matrix Reloaded and the video game Enter the Matrix. He is killed when Bane (possessed by Smith) pre-emptively detonates an EMP, leaving the human crewmembers defenseless against the machines. Bane Bane (played by Ian Bliss) is a crew member of the Zion hovercraft Caduceus in the films The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions. His consciousness is overwritten by Smith in the Matrix, allowing Smith to take control of Bane in the real world. He attempts to assassinate Neo, but is foiled by the Kid. He later attempts to convince Captain Ballard to search for the Nebuchadnezzar, but is rebuffed. The Caduceus is then sent to the front lines to defend against the machines, where Bane pre-emptively detonates the EMP, disabling all hovercraft and enabling the machines to massacre everyone. Bane/Smith is the only survivor and is found unconscious by the Mjolnir. He then kills Maggie and stows aboard the Logos just before Neo and Trinity depart for the machine city. He holds Trinity hostage and fights Neo, blinding the latter by cauterizing Neo's eyes. Despite this, Neo's real-world powers revealed that he could still see auras of all machines, and he kills Bane/Smith in the ensuing battle. Binary Binary (played by Tahei Simpson) is a crew member of the Vigilant. She, Vector, and Soren attack a backup power generator for the local power plant in the Matrix to assist Neo in reaching the Source, but are all immediately killed when the Vigilant is destroyed by Sentinels in the real world. This forces Trinity to enter the Matrix and complete the Vigilant crew's mission. Cas Cas (played by Gina Torres) is the widow of the Nebuchadnezzar's former pilot Dozer. Ghost Ghost (played by Anthony Wong) is the guns specialist of the Logos ship in the video game Enter the Matrix and the feature films The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions. Ghost is described by the Wachowskis as an "ascetic Buddhist killer". A student of philosophy, he quotes and/or refers to Hume, William James, Nietzsche and especially Kierkegaard. Ghost's name may be a reference to the phrase "ghost in the machine", which describes the concept of mind-body dualism. Ghost's latest appearance was in the MMORPG The Matrix Online. Due to copyright issues with Anthony Wong, Ghost is bald and has been completely shaven of all facial hair. Ghost, along with "the Twins", are the only recurring characters up-to-date to lack voice actors for The Matrix Online. Ghost was the first to encounter "Trinity" inside the Matrix after her death, although it was not made clear whether this Trinity was 'real' or a simulation. Councillor Hamann Councillor Hamann (played by Anthony Zerbe) is a senior member of the Zion Council. He is supportive of Neo even though, by his own admission, he does not understand the nature of Neo's abilities. Jax Jax (played by Socratis Otto) is the operator of the Vigilant. As Operator, he remained at the console when the crews of the Vigilant, Nebuchadnezzar, and Logos assisted Neo with reaching the Source. Fellow Vigilant crewmate Axel stayed in the real world as well, owing to a broken leg. Axel stood guard, watching for any Sentinel attacks. He hobbles back to Jax soon after to inform him of an imminent attack, but the catwalk below him collapses from the weight of his leg brace, and Axel falls to his death, while a piece of the broken catwalk impales Jax through his chair, killing him. His death prevents him from warning Soren, Vector, and Binary of the imminent Sentinel attack, and all three perish shortly afterwards when the Vigilant is destroyed. Keymaker Main article: Keymaker Kid This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Michael Karl Popper (a.k.a. The Kid), played by Clayton Watson, a Zion-dwelling self-substantiated exile, appears in The Matrix Reloaded, The Matrix Revolutions, and The Animatrix short, "Kid's Story". Once a bluepill, he became self-aware and somewhat cognizant of Neo and the Nebuchadnezzar's exploits. He deliberately committed suicide to free himself from the Matrix just before Agents confronted him, idolizing Neo afterwards. He eagerly volunteers to fight in the Battle of Zion, helping to reload APUs, and is the first to inform the civilian population of Zion that the war has ended. Link This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Link (played by Harold Perrineau) serves as the ship's pilot and operator for the crew of the Zion hovercraft Nebuchadnezzar, replacing Tank and Dozer. He is a man with questionable faith in those around him, as Morpheus is far more daring than any other captain he previously served under, and is not a believer in his wife's superstitions, initially refusing to wear her fortune necklace. However, by the end of The Matrix Revolutions, he appears much more confident in those around him. He wears Zee's fortune necklace (saying "it can't hurt" at first) as he personally detonates the Mjolnir's EMP, saving Zion, and later tells Zee he will never take off the necklace. He also leads Zion's cheer after Neo achieves peace between humans and machines. By the time of The Matrix Resurrections sixty years later, Link is dead, as with everyone else who ever served aboard the same ship as Neo. Lock This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Commander Jason Lock (played by Harry J. Lennix) is the supreme commander of all military defense forces of the human city Zion. His character appears in The Matrix Reloaded, Enter the Matrix, and The Matrix Revolutions. He was born naturally in Zion and cannot enter the Matrix, nor is he familiar with it. Therefore, he has a practical mind dedicated to defending Zion and keeping its location a secret. Lock is in a relationship with Niobe, who was previously in a relationship with Morpheus. Lock also finds Morpheus's faith in Neo and the prophecy of the One irrational, and is frequently at odds with him and others who also believe in the prophecy. After the Council asks two ships to search for the Nebuchadnezzar, Lock states that he finds it difficult to believe anyone would volunteer for such a daring mission, Niobe volunteers out of spite from being patronized. He continues leading the defense during the battle of Zion, but is enraged when the Mjolnir (piloted by Niobe) miraculously arrives and sets off an EMP, disabling all machines, but also all of Zion's defenses. He then orders Zion to follow the backup plan, a bottlenecked last stand, which is ultimately unnecessary when Neo achieves a truce between the machines and humans. He is nicknamed "Deadbolt" by both Sparks and Captain Ballard, a reference to his uncompromising and abrasive nature. Maggie Maggie (played by Essie Davis) is the Mjolnir's doctor. She takes care of Bane after the Mjolnir find his unconscious body, unaware that Bane is possessed by Smith. She and Roland become suspicious of Bane/Smith after the latter states he remembers nothing from the ambush. Maggie attempts to administer a sedative at a later time to jog his memory, but is stabbed in the abdomen by Bane/Smith with her own scalpel, dying shortly afterwards. Merovingian The Merovingian (also known as the Frenchman) is a character in The Matrix Reloaded, The Matrix Revolutions and The Matrix Resurrections. He is portrayed by French actor Lambert Wilson in all three films and voiced by Robin Atkin Downes in The Matrix: Path of Neo. He also played a prominent role in The Matrix Online role-playing game. According to the Oracle, he is one of the oldest programs in the Matrix, and he himself states that he has survived multiple incarnations of the Matrix and confrontations with previous Ones. He and his wife Persephone operate a smuggling ring providing a haven for other exiled programs. He is subtly rude, quite arrogant, and certain that causality is the only real truth of the Matrix (as opposed to choice, which the Oracle believes), despite the fact that previous iterations of the Matrix failed because of a lack of choice given to its bluepill inhabitants. He despises the Oracle, asking Trinity to bring him "the eyes of the Oracle" as payment for freeing Neo from Mobil Avenue. He is also cynical and hedonistic, viewing love as an emotion equal to insanity, frequently committing adultery, and generally being pompous to all those around him. By the time of The Matrix Resurrections, the Merovingian is shown to have lost much of his power, prestige and sanity over the sixty years that have passed since the end of the Machine War. Mifune Captain Mifune (Nathaniel Lees) is the head of Zion's Armored Personnel Unit (APU) corps. He is one of the last APUs standing, but is killed when a massive amount of Sentinels swarm and maim him. Niobe Main article: Niobe (The Matrix) Persephone Main article: Persephone (The Matrix) Roland This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Roland (played by David Roberts) is the captain of the hovercraft Mjolnir. He appears in the feature films Reloaded, Revolutions and the video games Enter The Matrix and The Matrix: Path of Neo. He is an older, hard-boiled captain who is initially skeptical of Neo and the One. He later welcomes the crews of the Nebuchadnezzar and Logos aboard on the way to Zion, as the former was destroyed and Niobe gives the latter to Neo and Trinity to reach the machine city. Roland initially flat-out rejects Niobe's plan to fly the Mjolnir (the largest hovercraft in the human fleet) through a cramped maintenance shaft to save time, but eventually relents and mans the guns with everyone else during the journey back to Zion. The Mjolnir arrives in Zion just in time to detonate a critical EMP, and Roland, along with everyone else, is overjoyed when it is revealed Neo has achieved peace between humans and machines. Roland does not appear in The Matrix Resurrections, but the Mnemosyne's medical officer, Ellster, reveals she is his granddaughter. Ellster also explains to Neo that Roland did not believe in him until Neo's final sacrifice, and in doing so, Neo had freed Roland's mind a second time. Seraph Seraph (portrayed by Collin Chou) is described as the personification of a sophisticated challenge-handshake authentication protocol which guards the Oracle. As a challenge handshake authentication protocol, Seraph is effectively a login screen that fights the user to authenticate their identity. He is also the medium through which the Oracle contacts people in the real world. Neo first discovers Seraph after being summoned to his location by the Oracle. After Seraph confirms Neo's identity by fighting him to a stalemate, he takes Neo through one of the Matrix's many backdoors, leading him to the Oracle. He later accompanies Morpheus and Trinity to Club Hel and successfully convinces the Merovingian and Trainman into releasing Neo from Mobil Avenue. He then guards Sati, but is unable to stop the rapidly multiplying Smiths from assimilating both of them. He is set free after Neo reloads the Matrix. He appears again in The Matrix Online, protecting the Oracle. Seraph's code appearance is uniquely golden when compared to the rest of the Matrix, which appears as green. The Merovingian and other denizens of Club Hel also note that Seraph is an exiled program formerly employed by the Merovingian, and The Matrix Online hints that he was once a Seraphim, the equivalent to Agents in a previous incarnation of the Matrix. Like other Seraphim, he had wings, which were burnt away when he betrayed the Merovingian. Nevertheless, Seraph remains one of the most powerful entities in the Matrix, being capable of defeating or stalemating all opponents with no apparent injury other than Smith, whom he claims he had defeated before. The role was initially offered to Michelle Yeoh, but she declined due to a scheduling conflict. The character was changed to a male, with Jet Li being offered a role. As Li declined the role, Chou signed on. Soren Soren (played by Steve Bastoni) is the captain of the Vigilant. He is the first captain to volunteer to help find the Nebuchadnezzar, and is seen conversing with Morpheus when all the captains meet, implying they are either friends, Soren is a believer in the prophecy of the One, or both. He leads Binary and Vector in an attack on a backup power generator for the local power plant in the Matrix to assist Neo in reaching the Source, but is immediately killed alongside them when the Vigilant is destroyed by Sentinels in the real world. This forces Trinity to enter the Matrix and complete the Vigilant crew's mission. The Twins Main article: Twins (The Matrix) The twins (portrayed by identical twins Neil and Adrian Rayment), are henchmen of the Merovingian. They are believed to be older versions of Agents from a previous iteration of the Matrix, before they became "Exiles", or rogue programs. Vector Vector (played by Don Anjaya Battee) is a crew member of the Vigilant. He, Binary, and Soren attack a backup power generator for the local power plant in the Matrix to assist Neo in reaching the Source, but are all immediately killed when the Vigilant is destroyed by Sentinels in the real world. This forces Trinity to enter the Matrix and complete the Vigilant crew's mission. Zee Zee (played by Nona Gaye) is a native Zionite who experienced the pain of losing her brothers Dozer and Tank (from the original Matrix film), both of whom were killed while serving aboard the Nebuchadnezzar. She is Link's superstitious wife, and worries for him as the Nebuchadnezzar returns to Zion less frequently than other ships. She later joins the resistance and plays a critical role during the final battle at Zion, saving the Kid from a Sentinel, allowing him to shoot the dock gates open for the Mjolnir (with Link inside) to enter Zion and deliver the battle-ending EMP. The role of Zee was originally given to singer/actress Aaliyah, who was killed in a plane crash on August 25, 2001, before she could complete shooting her part for The Matrix Reloaded. Many singers and actresses were named as potential replacements, including Eva Mendes, Samantha Mumba, Brandy Norwood and Tatyana Ali. Ali actress Nona Gaye was named as Aaliyah's replacement in April 2002. Gaye was nominated for an NAACP Image Award along with co-star Jada Pinkett Smith for the role of Niobe. Introduced in The Matrix Revolutions Main article: The Matrix Revolutions Deus Ex Machina Deus Ex Machina (motion-captured by Henry Blasingame, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) is the central interface of the Machine City that debuts in the third movie. It consists of a vast swarm of tiny Sentinels that emerge from hatches in a frame plate to form a three-dimensional image of a human face. Sati Sati (portrayed by Tanveer K. Atwal in The Matrix Revolutions and Priyanka Chopra-Jonas in The Matrix Resurrections) is a sentient program, listed for erasure in the Machine World because she serves no purpose within it. Her 'parents', Rama Kandra and Kamala, arrange to have Sati smuggled into the Matrix with the Merovingian in exchange for termination codes for the Oracle. After being brought into the Matrix through Mobil Avenue, a limbo-like space created by the Trainman, and meeting Neo, Sati is delivered into the care of the Oracle, but is overwritten by Smith. She returns to normal after Smith is destroyed and the Matrix is rebooted. Sixty years later, Sati helps to mastermind the rescue of Trinity from the Matrix, revealing that her father had been the one to design the Anomaleum where the resurrected Neo and Trinity were imprisoned. Sparks This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sparks (played by Lachy Hulme) is the operator and general-purpose crewmember of the Logos in the film The Matrix Revolutions and the video game Enter the Matrix. Trainman This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Trainman (played by Bruce Spence) appears in The Matrix Revolutions. He is an exiled program in the employ of the Merovingian, tasked with smuggling other programs from the machine world to the Matrix when they seek exile. Visually taking the appearance of an unkempt homeless man, he resides at the Mobil Avenue subway station (Mobil being an anagram for Limbo), a separate world from the Matrix which can only be entered or exited via subway trains and where Neo's powers do not extend. Neo wakes up there after falling into a coma as a result of discovering his powers in the real world. He attempts to force the Trainman to allow him to board, but is easily defeated without his powers. Morpheus, Trinity, and Seraph go to free Neo, culminating in a Mexican standoff at the Merovingian's club; the Trainman holds Seraph at gunpoint while being held at gunpoint himself by Trinity before Persephone defuses the situation, convincing the Merovingian to free Neo. The Trainman is not seen again and was possibly assimilated by Smith, who calls Sati "the last Exile" before assimilating her as well. Introduced in The Matrix Resurrections Main article: The Matrix Resurrections Bugs Bugs (the name paying homage to Warner Bros. mascot Bugs Bunny; portrayed by Jessica Henwick) is the captain of the hovercraft Mnemosyne. She had long been searching the Matrix for Neo, after being set free from it as a consequence of seeing him attempt to fly. She discovered a node within the Matrix in which Neo's influence recreated a version of the events leading up to his original release from the Matrix. It is during this that she comes into contact with a version of Agent Smith - though this version is based on an amalgamation of two figures central to Neo's original rise: Agent Smith and Morpheus. Bugs frees 'Agent Smith' and he takes on the moniker of Morpheus and joins her crew, and the two continue their search for Neo within the Matrix. The Analyst The Analyst (portrayed by Neil Patrick Harris) is a program responsible for the seventh version of the Matrix. He was present when Neo sacrificed himself to stop Smith at the end of the Machine War. Following the War, the large number of humans being awakened from the Matrix caused an energy crisis and infighting amongst the Machines. The Analyst suggested a method by which this crisis could be resolved: recover and repair the bodies of Neo and Trinity, then re-insert this powerful duo into the Matrix via a dedicated tower called the Anomaleum. Its program would allow them to remain close to each other and thus generate enough energy to offset that lost from the mass awakenings, while still keeping them far enough apart to prevent them from breaking free of the Matrix and crashing the system. The Analyst then created the seventh iteration of the Matrix, and took on the guise of Neo's therapist in order to suppress Neo's memories and ensure that he and Trinity remain plugged into the Matrix. He also discovered Smith's continued existence thanks to his link with Neo, and opted to turn that link into a 'chain' by similarly suppressing Smith's memories and forcing him to act as Thomas' business partner. He is defeated by Neo and Trinity with some help from Smith – who wishes to be free, keeping his memories. Neo and Trinity later visit the Analyst, thanking him for giving them a second chance with his actions and warning him against trying to take over the Matrix again. Other This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Main articles: Enter the Matrix, The Matrix Online, and The Animatrix Jue Jue (voiced by Pamela Segall) appears in the Animatrix film "Final Flight of the Osiris". Shimada Shimada, voiced by Kit Harris, is Kid's second-in-command of the organization E Pluribus Neo in the MMORPG game The Matrix Online. Tyndall This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tyndall appears only in The Matrix Online, in which she is voiced by Kit Harris. References ^ (in French) Archived 2004-02-20 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Interview with armourer for the first Matrix film". Retrieved 2007-04-07. ^ "The 100 Greatest Movie Characters/ 16. Neo / Empire / www.empireonline.com". Empire. Bauer Consumer Media. Retrieved 2010-04-23. ^ Nutu, Ela (2006). Black, Fiona C. (ed.). Red Herrings in Bullet-Time: The Matrix, the Bible, and the Postcommunist I*. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 71. ISBN 9781589831469. Retrieved 12 August 2014. the name Neo can, in fact, be an anagram for 'one'. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ "Neo - Chicago Bar Project Review". www.chibarproject.com. Retrieved 22 February 2018. ^ "Whoa! Neo Announces Weekend DJs as Nightclub Preps Move". 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2018. ^ Lee, Nathaniel (August 13, 2018). "How one film can fix the superhero genre". Business Insider. Axel Springer SE. Retrieved 27 May 2020. ^ Sternbergh, Adam (4 February 2019). "The Matrix Taught Superheroes to Fly". Vulture.com. Vox Media. Retrieved 27 May 2020. ^ Muir, John Kenneth (2008). The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television, 2d ed. McFarland & Company. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-7864-3755-9. ^ Fitzsimons, Tim (August 5, 2020). "Lilly Wachowski confirms 'Matrix' series is a transgender allegory". NBC News. Retrieved August 5, 2020. ^ "The Mystery of Larry Wachowski". Rolling Stone. 2006-01-12. Archived from the original on 2008-08-04. ^ Making of Enter the Matrix dialogue ^ The Matrix Online chapter 12.1 ^ "Taking a Fast-Track Career in Stride". Los Angeles Times. July 4, 2001. ^ "Matrix Twins Revealed". IGN.com. 3 October 2002. ^ a b "35th NAACP Image Awards Nominations Announced". NAACP. 2004-01-08. Archived from the original on 2006-05-25. ^ "Nona Gaye Replaces Aaliyah As Zee". KillerMovies. 2002-04-20. ^ "The Matrix Resurrections: Priyanka Chopra As Sati All You Need To Know About The Film In 5 Points". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2021-12-02. vteThe MatrixFilmsMain The Matrix (1999) score soundtrack The Matrix Reloaded (2003) score soundtrack The Matrix Revolutions (2003) score soundtrack The Matrix Resurrections (2021) score Other The Matrix Revisited (2001) The Animatrix (2003) Fictional universeCharacters Agents Smith Keymaker Morpheus Neo Niobe Oracle Persephone Trinity Twins Features Bullet time Digital rain Nebuchadnezzar Red pill and blue pill Zion Video games Enter the Matrix (2003) Online (2005) Path of Neo (2005) Awakens (2021) Related Accolades Matrix defense Matrixism Samsung SPH-N270 The Matrix Comics The Meatrix (2003) The Official Matrix Exhibit (2003) MultiVersus Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Matrix franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_(franchise)"}],"text":"This is a list of characters from The Matrix franchise universe. Many of the characters listed here have names reflecting certain aspects of them, such as their status, personality, or role.","title":"List of Matrix series characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Introduced in The Matrix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julian Arahanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Arahanga"},{"link_name":"The Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix"}],"sub_title":"Apoc","text":"Apoc (played by Julian Arahanga) is a crew member of the Nebuchadnezzar in The Matrix. He is murdered by Cypher when the latter forcibly unplugs Apoc's connection to the Matrix in the real world, killing him instantly.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Agent Brown and Agent Jones","title":"Introduced in The Matrix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bluepill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluepill"},{"link_name":"latex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_latex"},{"link_name":"Ada Nicodemou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Nicodemou"},{"link_name":"computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"},{"link_name":"goth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goth_subculture"},{"link_name":"foreshadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreshadowing"},{"link_name":"French language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Choi and DuJour","text":"Choi (played by Marc Gray) is assumedly a bluepill who appears in the first movie buying illegal software from Neo, for which Choi pays $2,000 in cash. Choi, his latex-clad girlfriend DuJour (played by Ada Nicodemou), and several unnamed and unspeaking friends arrive at Neo's door after he had been mysteriously told to \"follow the white rabbit\" through his computer. When Neo notices that Dujour has a tattoo of a white rabbit on the back of her left shoulder, he accepts their offer to go with them to a goth club, where he is approached by Trinity. Going to the club and subsequently waking up late for work the following day set the stage for the rest of the film, though Choi, Dujour, and their friends are never seen or alluded to again.Much of Choi's dialogue foreshadows the rest of the film: \"I know. This never happened. You don't exist\", \"You need to unplug\", and \"Hallelujah. You're my savior, man. My own personal Jesus Christ.\"These names would appear to be inspired by French language; \"Choi\" and \"DuJour\" resembles the French phrase \"Choix du jour\", meaning \"Choice of the day\".[1]","title":"Introduced in The Matrix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a.k.a.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"Joe Pantoliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Pantoliano"},{"link_name":"The Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix"}],"sub_title":"Cypher/Mr. Reagan","text":"Mr. Reagan (a.k.a. Cypher) (played by Joe Pantoliano) is a central character in The Matrix. In the film, he regrets being \"unplugged\" and entering the real world. He betrays the crew of the Nebuchadnezzar, offering to give up Morpheus to the Agents in exchange for being inserted back into the Matrix with no memory of his time outside the Matrix. In the climax of the film, after the visit to the Oracle, he exits the Matrix and murders members of the crew by leading Mouse into a trap, blasting Dozer and Tank with a lightning rifle, and \"unplugging\" Switch and Apoc. As he is about to kill Neo and Trinity, a critically injured Tank kills him.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Ray Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ray_Parker"}],"sub_title":"Dozer","text":"Dozer (played by Anthony Ray Parker) is the pilot and chef of the Nebuchadnezzar. He is Tank's brother, and like him, is unable to enter the Matrix as he was born in Zion and therefore has no mechanical ports that machine-bred humans do. After Cypher attempts to murder Tank, Dozer charges at him and is killed instantly by Cypher's lightning rifle.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Morpheus","title":"Introduced in The Matrix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matt Doran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Doran"},{"link_name":"programmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer"},{"link_name":"virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training"},{"link_name":"simulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation"},{"link_name":"program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program"},{"link_name":"cereal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal"},{"link_name":"Neo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_(The_Matrix)"},{"link_name":"Cypher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cypher"},{"link_name":"SWAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAT"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Mouse","text":"Mouse (played by Matt Doran) is a crew member of the Nebuchadnezzar.In the film, Mouse is the youngest crew member of the Nebuchadnezzar and the programmer of the virtual reality training simulation program. One of his stand-out scenes occurs when he is discussing to Neo whether the Nebuchadnezzar's food tastes like \"Tastee Wheat\" (a brand of cereal, posters of which can be briefly seen in the train stations shown in The Matrix Revolutions), and adds to the theme of subjective reality by suggesting that the flavor associated with both is not the 'true' flavor, but the Machines' error. He is the creator of the program Woman in the Red Dress, which is used as a distraction in part of Neo's training. He is a very eager young man, excited to see the possibility that Neo could be the one to end the war. He also offers Woman in the Red Dress in a private session to Neo saying, \"To deny our impulses is to deny the very thing that makes us human\".Mouse is the first victim of Cypher's betrayal of the crew. As Agent-led SWAT team members storm the building used by Neo and the others as an entry/exit point, Mouse attempts to stop their initial approach wielding dual automatic shotguns (custom made for the film[2]), but is killed by the police.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist"},{"link_name":"Matrix franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"cybercriminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybercriminal"},{"link_name":"Keanu Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keanu_Reeves"},{"link_name":"Andrew Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bowen"},{"link_name":"The Matrix: Path of Neo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix:_Path_of_Neo"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-empire-100-greatest-3"},{"link_name":"anagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagram"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"a nightclub in Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_(nightclub)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Neo","text":"Neo (born as Thomas A. Anderson, also known as The One, an anagram for \"Neo\") is the protagonist of the Matrix franchise. He was portrayed as a cybercriminal and computer programmer by Keanu Reeves in The Matrix Trilogy, as well as having a cameo in The Animatrix short film Kid's Story. Andrew Bowen provided Neo's voice in The Matrix: Path of Neo. In 2008, Neo was selected by Empire as the 68th Greatest Movie Character of All Time.[3] Neo is also an anagram of \"one\", a reference to his destiny of being The One who would bring peace.[4] There are claims that a nightclub in Chicago inspired the name of the character in the Matrix.[5][6] Neo is considered to be a superhero.[7][8][9]","title":"Introduced in The Matrix"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Oracle","title":"Introduced in The Matrix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Aston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Aston"},{"link_name":"Thomas Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_(The_Matrix)"},{"link_name":"Metacortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacortex"}],"sub_title":"Rhineheart","text":"Mr. Rhineheart (played by David Aston) is Thomas Anderson's boss at the software company Metacortex.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Smith","title":"Introduced in The Matrix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belinda McClory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belinda_McClory"},{"link_name":"Browning Hi-Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browning_Hi-Power"},{"link_name":"Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mouse"},{"link_name":"Cypher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cypher"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Switch","text":"Switch (played by Belinda McClory) is a member of the crew of the Nebuchadnezzar.Unlike the mental projections of other crews, who usually wear dark clothes and nearly-opaque sunglasses, Switch wears white clothes and yellow, translucent sunglasses. Switch and Apoc are portrayed as front-line soldiers while inside the Matrix, acting as \"point\" and \"rear guard\" in their escape from the Agents and police and providing covering fire as they make their way into the sewers. Switch's weapon of choice is a Browning Hi-Power pistol. Switch also pokes fun at Mouse, calling him \"the digital pimp\". Switch is killed when her mind is forcibly pulled from the Matrix by Cypher, who betrayed the crew in an attempt to return to the Matrix as a permanent resident himself.The character was supposedly originally meant to be a feminine character in the Matrix and a man in the real world, and they decided to change that because they thought it would confuse the audience.[10]","title":"Introduced in The Matrix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcus Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Chong"},{"link_name":"The Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded"},{"link_name":"Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Link"},{"link_name":"Zee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Zee"},{"link_name":"Wachowskis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wachowskis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Tank","text":"Tank (played by Marcus Chong) is the original Operator of the Nebuchadnezzar.Tank watches over not only the jacked-in crewmembers, but also the ship itself in case the Sentinels (killing machines) detect the ship. Like all Operators, Tank is a skilled programmer who can provide jacked-in crewmembers almost anything they need and guides them to and from dangerous events within the Matrix.Tank (and his brother Dozer) is unable to enter the Matrix, as he was born in Zion, and therefore without the mechanical ports which machine-bred humans such as Neo or Morpheus have. After Cypher betrays the crew, Tank becomes his first attempted victim in the real world. Cypher blasts an unaware Tank from behind with a lightning rifle, gravely injuring him. He then takes Tank's place in the Operator's chair after murdering Dozer, taunting Neo and Trinity as he \"unplugs\" Apoc and Switch. As Cypher is about to unplug Neo, Tank recovers enough from his injuries to stand up and kill Cypher with the lightning rifle. He then rescues Neo and Trinity, providing them weapons and valuable information needed in the film's climax.Tank dies after the events in The Matrix but before the events in the sequel, The Matrix Reloaded. The character's duties as ship's Operator are handed over to Link, who is married to Tank and Dozer's sister, Zee.The demise of the character was reportedly due to actor Marcus Chong's salary demands and conflicts with the Wachowskis, the writers and creators of the Matrix series, leading to his removal.[11]","title":"Introduced in The Matrix"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Trinity","title":"Introduced in The Matrix"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helmut Bakaitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Bakaitis"},{"link_name":"Sean Connery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Connery"}],"sub_title":"Architect","text":"Portrayed by Helmut Bakaitis. He is the \"father\" of The Matrix and its predecessors, and an exceptionally powerful AI. The Oracle states that he tries to \"balance the equations\" of the Matrix while she unbalances them. The character first appears in The Matrix Reloaded when Neo encounters him while looking for The Source. The Architect tells Neo that he must choose between saving the Matrix and saving Trinity. After Neo chooses the latter and surrenders himself to the machines to reload the Matrix, the Architect tells the Oracle that he will honor the truce. As expected from an AI, the Architect is emotionless, analytical, logical, and pragmatic. He generally views humanity and human emotion with contempt if not outright misanthropy.Originally, Sean Connery was offered the role but turned it down because he didn't understand the story.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leigh Whannell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Whannell"}],"sub_title":"Axel","text":"Axel (played by Leigh Whannell) is a crew member of the Vigilant. When the crews of the Vigilant, Nebuchadnezzar, and Logos go to help Neo reach the Source, Axel is the only non-Operator human other than Trinity to not enter the Matrix, owing to a broken leg. Instead, he stands guard, watching for any Sentinel attacks. He hobbles back to Jax soon after to inform him of an imminent attack, but the catwalk below him collapses from the weight of his leg brace, and Axel falls to his death.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roy Jones Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jones_Jr."},{"link_name":"Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion_(The_Matrix)"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded"},{"link_name":"Enter the Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_the_Matrix"}],"sub_title":"Ballard","text":"Captain Ballard (played by Roy Jones Jr.), is the captain of the Zion hovercraft Caduceus in the film The Matrix Reloaded and the video game Enter the Matrix. He is killed when Bane (possessed by Smith) pre-emptively detonates an EMP, leaving the human crewmembers defenseless against the machines.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Bliss"},{"link_name":"Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion_(The_Matrix)"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Revolutions"}],"sub_title":"Bane","text":"Bane (played by Ian Bliss) is a crew member of the Zion hovercraft Caduceus in the films The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions. His consciousness is overwritten by Smith in the Matrix, allowing Smith to take control of Bane in the real world. He attempts to assassinate Neo, but is foiled by the Kid. He later attempts to convince Captain Ballard to search for the Nebuchadnezzar, but is rebuffed. The Caduceus is then sent to the front lines to defend against the machines, where Bane pre-emptively detonates the EMP, disabling all hovercraft and enabling the machines to massacre everyone. Bane/Smith is the only survivor and is found unconscious by the Mjolnir. He then kills Maggie and stows aboard the Logos just before Neo and Trinity depart for the machine city. He holds Trinity hostage and fights Neo, blinding the latter by cauterizing Neo's eyes. Despite this, Neo's real-world powers revealed that he could still see auras of all machines, and he kills Bane/Smith in the ensuing battle.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Binary","text":"Binary (played by Tahei Simpson) is a crew member of the Vigilant. She, Vector, and Soren attack a backup power generator for the local power plant in the Matrix to assist Neo in reaching the Source, but are all immediately killed when the Vigilant is destroyed by Sentinels in the real world. This forces Trinity to enter the Matrix and complete the Vigilant crew's mission.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gina Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Torres"},{"link_name":"Dozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dozer"}],"sub_title":"Cas","text":"Cas (played by Gina Torres) is the widow of the Nebuchadnezzar's former pilot Dozer.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Brandon_Wong"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Enter the Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_the_Matrix"},{"link_name":"feature films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_film"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Revolutions"},{"link_name":"Wachowskis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wachowskis"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume"},{"link_name":"William James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James"},{"link_name":"Nietzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche"},{"link_name":"Kierkegaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard"},{"link_name":"ghost in the machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_in_the_machine"},{"link_name":"MMORPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Online"},{"link_name":"Anthony Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Wong_(Australian_actor)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"the Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twins_(The_Matrix)"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Online"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Ghost","text":"Ghost (played by Anthony Wong) is the guns specialist of the Logos ship in the video game Enter the Matrix and the feature films The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions.Ghost is described by the Wachowskis as an \"ascetic Buddhist killer\".[12] A student of philosophy, he quotes and/or refers to Hume, William James, Nietzsche and especially Kierkegaard. Ghost's name may be a reference to the phrase \"ghost in the machine\", which describes the concept of mind-body dualism.Ghost's latest appearance was in the MMORPG The Matrix Online. Due to copyright issues with Anthony Wong[citation needed], Ghost is bald and has been completely shaven of all facial hair. Ghost, along with \"the Twins\", are the only recurring characters up-to-date to lack voice actors for The Matrix Online. Ghost was the first to encounter \"Trinity\" inside the Matrix after her death, although it was not made clear whether this Trinity was 'real' or a simulation.[13]","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Zerbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Zerbe"}],"sub_title":"Councillor Hamann","text":"Councillor Hamann (played by Anthony Zerbe) is a senior member of the Zion Council. He is supportive of Neo even though, by his own admission, he does not understand the nature of Neo's abilities.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Socratis Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratis_Otto"}],"sub_title":"Jax","text":"Jax (played by Socratis Otto) is the operator of the Vigilant. As Operator, he remained at the console when the crews of the Vigilant, Nebuchadnezzar, and Logos assisted Neo with reaching the Source. Fellow Vigilant crewmate Axel stayed in the real world as well, owing to a broken leg. Axel stood guard, watching for any Sentinel attacks. He hobbles back to Jax soon after to inform him of an imminent attack, but the catwalk below him collapses from the weight of his leg brace, and Axel falls to his death, while a piece of the broken catwalk impales Jax through his chair, killing him. His death prevents him from warning Soren, Vector, and Binary of the imminent Sentinel attack, and all three perish shortly afterwards when the Vigilant is destroyed.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Keymaker","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a.k.a.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"Clayton Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Watson"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Revolutions"},{"link_name":"The Animatrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Animatrix"},{"link_name":"Kid's Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid%27s_Story"}],"sub_title":"Kid","text":"Michael Karl Popper (a.k.a. The Kid), played by Clayton Watson, a Zion-dwelling self-substantiated exile, appears in The Matrix Reloaded, The Matrix Revolutions, and The Animatrix short, \"Kid's Story\". Once a bluepill, he became self-aware and somewhat cognizant of Neo and the Nebuchadnezzar's exploits. He deliberately committed suicide to free himself from the Matrix just before Agents confronted him, idolizing Neo afterwards. He eagerly volunteers to fight in the Battle of Zion, helping to reload APUs, and is the first to inform the civilian population of Zion that the war has ended.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harold Perrineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Perrineau"},{"link_name":"Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion_(The_Matrix)"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Revolutions"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Resurrections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Resurrections"}],"sub_title":"Link","text":"Link (played by Harold Perrineau) serves as the ship's pilot and operator for the crew of the Zion hovercraft Nebuchadnezzar, replacing Tank and Dozer. He is a man with questionable faith in those around him, as Morpheus is far more daring than any other captain he previously served under, and is not a believer in his wife's superstitions, initially refusing to wear her fortune necklace. However, by the end of The Matrix Revolutions, he appears much more confident in those around him. He wears Zee's fortune necklace (saying \"it can't hurt\" at first) as he personally detonates the Mjolnir's EMP, saving Zion, and later tells Zee he will never take off the necklace. He also leads Zion's cheer after Neo achieves peace between humans and machines. By the time of The Matrix Resurrections sixty years later, Link is dead, as with everyone else who ever served aboard the same ship as Neo.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry J. Lennix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_J._Lennix"},{"link_name":"Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion_(The_Matrix)"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded"},{"link_name":"Enter the Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_the_Matrix"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Revolutions"}],"sub_title":"Lock","text":"Commander Jason Lock (played by Harry J. Lennix) is the supreme commander of all military defense forces of the human city Zion. His character appears in The Matrix Reloaded, Enter the Matrix, and The Matrix Revolutions. He was born naturally in Zion and cannot enter the Matrix, nor is he familiar with it. Therefore, he has a practical mind dedicated to defending Zion and keeping its location a secret. Lock is in a relationship with Niobe, who was previously in a relationship with Morpheus. Lock also finds Morpheus's faith in Neo and the prophecy of the One irrational, and is frequently at odds with him and others who also believe in the prophecy. After the Council asks two ships to search for the Nebuchadnezzar, Lock states that he finds it difficult to believe anyone would volunteer for such a daring mission, Niobe volunteers out of spite from being patronized. He continues leading the defense during the battle of Zion, but is enraged when the Mjolnir (piloted by Niobe) miraculously arrives and sets off an EMP, disabling all machines, but also all of Zion's defenses. He then orders Zion to follow the backup plan, a bottlenecked last stand, which is ultimately unnecessary when Neo achieves a truce between the machines and humans.He is nicknamed \"Deadbolt\" by both Sparks and Captain Ballard, a reference to his uncompromising and abrasive nature.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Essie Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essie_Davis"}],"sub_title":"Maggie","text":"Maggie (played by Essie Davis) is the Mjolnir's doctor. She takes care of Bane after the Mjolnir find his unconscious body, unaware that Bane is possessed by Smith. She and Roland become suspicious of Bane/Smith after the latter states he remembers nothing from the ambush. Maggie attempts to administer a sedative at a later time to jog his memory, but is stabbed in the abdomen by Bane/Smith with her own scalpel, dying shortly afterwards.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Matrix Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Revolutions"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Resurrections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Resurrections"},{"link_name":"Lambert Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Robin Atkin Downes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Atkin_Downes"},{"link_name":"The Matrix: Path of Neo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix:_Path_of_Neo"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Online"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Resurrections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Resurrections"}],"sub_title":"Merovingian","text":"The Merovingian (also known as the Frenchman) is a character in The Matrix Reloaded, The Matrix Revolutions and The Matrix Resurrections. He is portrayed by French actor Lambert Wilson in all three films and voiced by Robin Atkin Downes in The Matrix: Path of Neo. He also played a prominent role in The Matrix Online role-playing game. According to the Oracle, he is one of the oldest programs in the Matrix, and he himself states that he has survived multiple incarnations of the Matrix and confrontations with previous Ones. He and his wife Persephone operate a smuggling ring providing a haven for other exiled programs. He is subtly rude, quite arrogant, and certain that causality is the only real truth of the Matrix (as opposed to choice, which the Oracle believes), despite the fact that previous iterations of the Matrix failed because of a lack of choice given to its bluepill inhabitants. He despises the Oracle, asking Trinity to bring him \"the eyes of the Oracle\" as payment for freeing Neo from Mobil Avenue. He is also cynical and hedonistic, viewing love as an emotion equal to insanity, frequently committing adultery, and generally being pompous to all those around him. By the time of The Matrix Resurrections, the Merovingian is shown to have lost much of his power, prestige and sanity over the sixty years that have passed since the end of the Machine War.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nathaniel Lees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Lees"},{"link_name":"Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion_(The_Matrix)"}],"sub_title":"Mifune","text":"Captain Mifune (Nathaniel Lees) is the head of Zion's Armored Personnel Unit (APU) corps. He is one of the last APUs standing, but is killed when a massive amount of Sentinels swarm and maim him.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Niobe","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Persephone","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Roberts_(Australian_actor)"},{"link_name":"Enter The Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_The_Matrix"},{"link_name":"The Matrix: Path of Neo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix:_Path_of_Neo"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Resurrections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Resurrections"}],"sub_title":"Roland","text":"Roland (played by David Roberts) is the captain of the hovercraft Mjolnir. He appears in the feature films Reloaded, Revolutions and the video games Enter The Matrix and The Matrix: Path of Neo. He is an older, hard-boiled captain who is initially skeptical of Neo and the One. He later welcomes the crews of the Nebuchadnezzar and Logos aboard on the way to Zion, as the former was destroyed and Niobe gives the latter to Neo and Trinity to reach the machine city. Roland initially flat-out rejects Niobe's plan to fly the Mjolnir (the largest hovercraft in the human fleet) through a cramped maintenance shaft to save time, but eventually relents and mans the guns with everyone else during the journey back to Zion. The Mjolnir arrives in Zion just in time to detonate a critical EMP, and Roland, along with everyone else, is overjoyed when it is revealed Neo has achieved peace between humans and machines.Roland does not appear in The Matrix Resurrections, but the Mnemosyne's medical officer, Ellster, reveals she is his granddaughter. Ellster also explains to Neo that Roland did not believe in him until Neo's final sacrifice, and in doing so, Neo had freed Roland's mind a second time.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collin Chou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_Chou"},{"link_name":"challenge-handshake authentication protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge-handshake_authentication_protocol"},{"link_name":"Oracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oracle_(The_Matrix)"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Online"},{"link_name":"Michelle Yeoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Yeoh"},{"link_name":"Jet Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Li"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Seraph","text":"Seraph (portrayed by Collin Chou) is described as the personification of a sophisticated challenge-handshake authentication protocol which guards the Oracle. As a challenge handshake authentication protocol, Seraph is effectively a login screen that fights the user to authenticate their identity. He is also the medium through which the Oracle contacts people in the real world. Neo first discovers Seraph after being summoned to his location by the Oracle. After Seraph confirms Neo's identity by fighting him to a stalemate, he takes Neo through one of the Matrix's many backdoors, leading him to the Oracle. He later accompanies Morpheus and Trinity to Club Hel and successfully convinces the Merovingian and Trainman into releasing Neo from Mobil Avenue. He then guards Sati, but is unable to stop the rapidly multiplying Smiths from assimilating both of them. He is set free after Neo reloads the Matrix. He appears again in The Matrix Online, protecting the Oracle.Seraph's code appearance is uniquely golden when compared to the rest of the Matrix, which appears as green. The Merovingian and other denizens of Club Hel also note that Seraph is an exiled program formerly employed by the Merovingian, and The Matrix Online hints that he was once a Seraphim, the equivalent to Agents in a previous incarnation of the Matrix. Like other Seraphim, he had wings, which were burnt away when he betrayed the Merovingian. Nevertheless, Seraph remains one of the most powerful entities in the Matrix, being capable of defeating or stalemating all opponents with no apparent injury other than Smith, whom he claims he had defeated before.The role was initially offered to Michelle Yeoh, but she declined due to a scheduling conflict. The character was changed to a male, with Jet Li being offered a role. As Li declined the role,[14] Chou signed on.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Bastoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bastoni"}],"sub_title":"Soren","text":"Soren (played by Steve Bastoni) is the captain of the Vigilant. He is the first captain to volunteer to help find the Nebuchadnezzar, and is seen conversing with Morpheus when all the captains meet, implying they are either friends, Soren is a believer in the prophecy of the One, or both. He leads Binary and Vector in an attack on a backup power generator for the local power plant in the Matrix to assist Neo in reaching the Source, but is immediately killed alongside them when the Vigilant is destroyed by Sentinels in the real world. This forces Trinity to enter the Matrix and complete the Vigilant crew's mission.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"The Twins","text":"The twins (portrayed by identical twins Neil and Adrian Rayment), are henchmen of the Merovingian. They are believed to be older versions of Agents from a previous iteration of the Matrix, before they became \"Exiles\", or rogue programs.[15]","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vector","text":"Vector (played by Don Anjaya Battee) is a crew member of the Vigilant. He, Binary, and Soren attack a backup power generator for the local power plant in the Matrix to assist Neo in reaching the Source, but are all immediately killed when the Vigilant is destroyed by Sentinels in the real world. This forces Trinity to enter the Matrix and complete the Vigilant crew's mission.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nona Gaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nona_Gaye"},{"link_name":"Dozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dozer"},{"link_name":"Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tank"},{"link_name":"Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix"},{"link_name":"Nebuchadnezzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_(The_Matrix)"},{"link_name":"Aaliyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaliyah"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded"},{"link_name":"Eva Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Mendes"},{"link_name":"Samantha Mumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Mumba"},{"link_name":"Brandy Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy_Norwood"},{"link_name":"Tatyana Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatyana_Ali"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naacp-16"},{"link_name":"Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_(movie)"},{"link_name":"Nona Gaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nona_Gaye"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naacp-16"},{"link_name":"NAACP Image Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award"},{"link_name":"Jada Pinkett Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jada_Pinkett_Smith"},{"link_name":"Niobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobe_(The_Matrix)"}],"sub_title":"Zee","text":"Zee (played by Nona Gaye) is a native Zionite who experienced the pain of losing her brothers Dozer and Tank (from the original Matrix film), both of whom were killed while serving aboard the Nebuchadnezzar. She is Link's superstitious wife, and worries for him as the Nebuchadnezzar returns to Zion less frequently than other ships. She later joins the resistance and plays a critical role during the final battle at Zion, saving the Kid from a Sentinel, allowing him to shoot the dock gates open for the Mjolnir (with Link inside) to enter Zion and deliver the battle-ending EMP.The role of Zee was originally given to singer/actress Aaliyah, who was killed in a plane crash on August 25, 2001, before she could complete shooting her part for The Matrix Reloaded. Many singers and actresses were named as potential replacements, including Eva Mendes, Samantha Mumba, Brandy Norwood and Tatyana Ali.[16] Ali actress Nona Gaye was named as Aaliyah's replacement in April 2002.[17] Gaye was nominated[16] for an NAACP Image Award along with co-star Jada Pinkett Smith for the role of Niobe.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Reloaded"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Introduced in The Matrix Revolutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kevin Michael Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Michael_Richardson"}],"sub_title":"Deus Ex Machina","text":"Deus Ex Machina (motion-captured by Henry Blasingame, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) is the central interface of the Machine City that debuts in the third movie. It consists of a vast swarm of tiny Sentinels that emerge from hatches in a frame plate to form a three-dimensional image of a human face.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Revolutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Priyanka Chopra-Jonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra-Jonas"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Sati","text":"Sati (portrayed by Tanveer K. Atwal in The Matrix Revolutions and Priyanka Chopra-Jonas in The Matrix Resurrections[18]) is a sentient program, listed for erasure in the Machine World because she serves no purpose within it. Her 'parents', Rama Kandra and Kamala, arrange to have Sati smuggled into the Matrix with the Merovingian in exchange for termination codes for the Oracle. After being brought into the Matrix through Mobil Avenue, a limbo-like space created by the Trainman, and meeting Neo, Sati is delivered into the care of the Oracle, but is overwritten by Smith. She returns to normal after Smith is destroyed and the Matrix is rebooted. Sixty years later, Sati helps to mastermind the rescue of Trinity from the Matrix, revealing that her father had been the one to design the Anomaleum where the resurrected Neo and Trinity were imprisoned.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Revolutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lachy Hulme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachy_Hulme"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Revolutions"},{"link_name":"Enter the Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_the_Matrix"}],"sub_title":"Sparks","text":"Sparks (played by Lachy Hulme) is the operator and general-purpose crewmember of the Logos in the film The Matrix Revolutions and the video game Enter the Matrix.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Revolutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruce Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Spence"},{"link_name":"Merovingian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian_(The_Matrix)"},{"link_name":"Limbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo"},{"link_name":"Mexican standoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_standoff"}],"sub_title":"Trainman","text":"The Trainman (played by Bruce Spence) appears in The Matrix Revolutions. He is an exiled program in the employ of the Merovingian, tasked with smuggling other programs from the machine world to the Matrix when they seek exile. Visually taking the appearance of an unkempt homeless man, he resides at the Mobil Avenue subway station (Mobil being an anagram for Limbo), a separate world from the Matrix which can only be entered or exited via subway trains and where Neo's powers do not extend. Neo wakes up there after falling into a coma as a result of discovering his powers in the real world. He attempts to force the Trainman to allow him to board, but is easily defeated without his powers. Morpheus, Trinity, and Seraph go to free Neo, culminating in a Mexican standoff at the Merovingian's club; the Trainman holds Seraph at gunpoint while being held at gunpoint himself by Trinity before Persephone defuses the situation, convincing the Merovingian to free Neo. The Trainman is not seen again and was possibly assimilated by Smith, who calls Sati \"the last Exile\" before assimilating her as well.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Revolutions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Introduced in The Matrix Resurrections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bugs Bunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs_Bunny"},{"link_name":"Jessica Henwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Henwick"}],"sub_title":"Bugs","text":"Bugs (the name paying homage to Warner Bros. mascot Bugs Bunny; portrayed by Jessica Henwick) is the captain of the hovercraft Mnemosyne. She had long been searching the Matrix for Neo, after being set free from it as a consequence of seeing him attempt to fly. She discovered a node within the Matrix in which Neo's influence recreated a version of the events leading up to his original release from the Matrix. It is during this that she comes into contact with a version of Agent Smith - though this version is based on an amalgamation of two figures central to Neo's original rise: Agent Smith and Morpheus. Bugs frees 'Agent Smith' and he takes on the moniker of Morpheus and joins her crew, and the two continue their search for Neo within the Matrix.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Resurrections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neil Patrick Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Patrick_Harris"}],"sub_title":"The Analyst","text":"The Analyst (portrayed by Neil Patrick Harris) is a program responsible for the seventh version of the Matrix. He was present when Neo sacrificed himself to stop Smith at the end of the Machine War. Following the War, the large number of humans being awakened from the Matrix caused an energy crisis and infighting amongst the Machines. The Analyst suggested a method by which this crisis could be resolved: recover and repair the bodies of Neo and Trinity, then re-insert this powerful duo into the Matrix via a dedicated tower called the Anomaleum. Its program would allow them to remain close to each other and thus generate enough energy to offset that lost from the mass awakenings, while still keeping them far enough apart to prevent them from breaking free of the Matrix and crashing the system.The Analyst then created the seventh iteration of the Matrix, and took on the guise of Neo's therapist in order to suppress Neo's memories and ensure that he and Trinity remain plugged into the Matrix. He also discovered Smith's continued existence thanks to his link with Neo, and opted to turn that link into a 'chain' by similarly suppressing Smith's memories and forcing him to act as Thomas' business partner. He is defeated by Neo and Trinity with some help from Smith – who wishes to be free, keeping his memories. Neo and Trinity later visit the Analyst, thanking him for giving them a second chance with his actions and warning him against trying to take over the Matrix again.","title":"Introduced in The Matrix Resurrections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pamela Segall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Segall"},{"link_name":"Animatrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Animatrix"},{"link_name":"Final Flight of the Osiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Flight_of_the_Osiris"}],"sub_title":"Jue","text":"Jue (voiced by Pamela Segall) appears in the Animatrix film \"Final Flight of the Osiris\".","title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kit Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kit_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"MMORPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Online"}],"sub_title":"Shimada","text":"Shimada, voiced by Kit Harris, is Kid's second-in-command of the organization E Pluribus Neo in the MMORPG game The Matrix Online.","title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Matrix Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Online"},{"link_name":"Kit Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kit_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Tyndall","text":"Tyndall appears only in The Matrix Online, in which she is voiced by Kit Harris.","title":"Other"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Interview with armourer for the first Matrix film\". Retrieved 2007-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://whatisthematrix.warnerbros.com/rv_cmp/int_john_bowring.html#mouse","url_text":"\"Interview with armourer for the first Matrix film\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 100 Greatest Movie Characters/ 16. Neo / Empire / www.empireonline.com\". Empire. Bauer Consumer Media. Retrieved 2010-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.empireonline.com/100-greatest-movie-characters/default.asp?c=16","url_text":"\"The 100 Greatest Movie Characters/ 16. Neo / Empire / www.empireonline.com\""}]},{"reference":"Nutu, Ela (2006). Black, Fiona C. (ed.). Red Herrings in Bullet-Time: The Matrix, the Bible, and the Postcommunist I*. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 71. ISBN 9781589831469. Retrieved 12 August 2014. the name Neo can, in fact, be an anagram for 'one'.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BMrOaIWqw64C&pg=PA71","url_text":"Red Herrings in Bullet-Time: The Matrix, the Bible, and the Postcommunist I*"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589831469","url_text":"9781589831469"}]},{"reference":"\"Neo - Chicago Bar Project Review\". www.chibarproject.com. Retrieved 22 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chibarproject.com/Reviews/Neo/Neo.htm","url_text":"\"Neo - Chicago Bar Project Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Whoa! Neo Announces Weekend DJs as Nightclub Preps Move\". 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://chicago.eater.com/2015/7/22/9015869/neo-weekend-dj-move#4794428","url_text":"\"Whoa! Neo Announces Weekend DJs as Nightclub Preps Move\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Nathaniel (August 13, 2018). \"How one film can fix the superhero genre\". Business Insider. Axel Springer SE. Retrieved 27 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/matrix-superhero-movie-analysis-marvel-dc-neo-wachowskis-film-2018-8","url_text":"\"How one film can fix the superhero genre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider","url_text":"Business Insider"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer_SE","url_text":"Axel Springer SE"}]},{"reference":"Sternbergh, Adam (4 February 2019). \"The Matrix Taught Superheroes to Fly\". Vulture.com. Vox Media. Retrieved 27 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2019/02/the-matrix-laid-the-template-for-the-modern-blockbuster.html","url_text":"\"The Matrix Taught Superheroes to Fly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture.com","url_text":"Vulture.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media","url_text":"Vox Media"}]},{"reference":"Muir, John Kenneth (2008). The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television, 2d ed. McFarland & Company. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-7864-3755-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dx6hBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television, 2d ed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3755-9","url_text":"978-0-7864-3755-9"}]},{"reference":"Fitzsimons, Tim (August 5, 2020). \"Lilly Wachowski confirms 'Matrix' series is a transgender allegory\". NBC News. Retrieved August 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/lilly-wachowski-confirms-matrix-series-transgender-allegory-n1235927","url_text":"\"Lilly Wachowski confirms 'Matrix' series is a transgender allegory\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Mystery of Larry Wachowski\". Rolling Stone. 2006-01-12. Archived from the original on 2008-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080804044149/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/9138137/the_mystery_of_larry_wachowski","url_text":"\"The Mystery of Larry Wachowski\""},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/9138137/the_mystery_of_larry_wachowski","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Taking a Fast-Track Career in Stride\". Los Angeles Times. July 4, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jul-04-ca-18244-story.html","url_text":"\"Taking a Fast-Track Career in Stride\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matrix Twins Revealed\". IGN.com. 3 October 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.ign.com/articles/2002/10/03/matrix-twins-revealed","url_text":"\"Matrix Twins Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"35th NAACP Image Awards Nominations Announced\". NAACP. 2004-01-08. Archived from the original on 2006-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060525062331/http://www.naacp.org/news/2004/2004-01-08.html","url_text":"\"35th NAACP Image Awards Nominations Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP","url_text":"NAACP"},{"url":"http://www.naacp.org/news/2004/2004-01-08.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nona Gaye Replaces Aaliyah As Zee\". KillerMovies. 2002-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.killermovies.com/m/thematrixreloaded/articles/1659.html","url_text":"\"Nona Gaye Replaces Aaliyah As Zee\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Matrix Resurrections: Priyanka Chopra As Sati All You Need To Know About The Film In 5 Points\". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2021-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/korean-poster-confirms-priyanka-chopra-plays-sati-in-matrix-resurrections-all-you-need-to-know-2631505","url_text":"\"The Matrix Resurrections: Priyanka Chopra As Sati All You Need To Know About The Film In 5 Points\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goderdzi_Chokheli
Goderdzi Chokheli
["1 Bibliography","2 Filmography","3 Awards","4 References"]
Georgian novelist, scriptwriter, and film directorGoderdzi ChokheliNative nameგოდერძი ჩოხელიBorn2 October 1954Died16 November 2007 (2007-11-17) (aged 53)Tbilisi, GeorgiaOccupationWriter, Film director and ScriptwriterLanguageGeorgianNationalityGeorgianSubjectAllegoryLiterary movement Realism Goderdzi Chokheli (Georgian: გოდერძი ჩოხელი) (2 October 1954 – 16 November 2007) was a Georgian novelist, scriptwriter, and film director. Goderdzi Chokheli was born on 2 October 1954 in the village Chokhi of Dusheti region. After finishing eighth grade at the village school, he continued his studies at Pasanauri secondary school. In 1972, he entered Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University, the faculty of film studies. In 1974, he moved to the faculty of film production and graduated in 1979. The same year he started working at a film studio “Georgian Film” as a film director. From 1980, he is a member of Film Union, and from 1981 a member of Writers' Union. Since 1997, his short stories have been published in journals. His first book was published in 1980. The book was awarded the best debut book prize. From 1981, the book has been published in Russian language. Goderdzi Chokheli has published a collection of verses and short stories: “Village of Twilight Colour”, “Letters of Fish”, “Keep Me Motherland!”, “Elections on Cemetery”; the collection of verses: “Pursuer Fate”, collection of short stories in Italian language “Black Aragvi” which was translated into other languages as well; novels: “Wolf” and “Priest's Sin”. Goderdzi Chokheli has also directed several films: “Oak Tree Struck by Thunder”, “Mother of a Place”. In 1982 for the film Easter he was awarded grand prize at the International Short Film Festival Oberhausen. Bibliography A Letter to Spruce Trees (1980) Gorge of Twilight Colour (1981) Human Sadness (1984) Wolf, a novel (1988) Fish's Letters (1989) Priest's Sin (1990) Keep Me Motherland (1991) The Life of a Grass (1997) Filmography Adgilis Deda (1976) Khevsurian from Bakhurkhevi (1980) Human Sadness (1984) A Letter to Spruce Trees (1986) Easter Lamb (1988) The Stranger (1988) White Flag (1989) Children of Sin (1989) Gospel of Luke (1998) Doves of Paradise (1997) Chained Knights (1999) Fire of Love (2003) Awards Grand Prize for the film “Easter”, International Short Film Festival Oberhausen (1982) “Silver Nymph” and prize of International Catholic Church for the film “Children of Sin”, Monte Carlo Film Festival (1991) Special Prize at Japan Film Festival (1991) Prizes for the Best Script and Best Film Producing at Tbilisi “Gold Eagle” Festival (1992) Grand Prize at Anapa festival for the film “Turtle-Doves of Paradise” (1997) Prize for the best script at Anapa Festival for the film “Gospel According to Luke” (1998) References ^ "Goderdzi Chokheli". Georgian National Book Center. Retrieved 19 September 2016. Goderdzi Chokheli at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Czech Republic Other IdRef This article about a writer or poet from Georgia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotis_thysanodes
Fringed myotis
["1 Description","2 Ecology","2.1 Diet","2.2 Range and habitat","3 Behavior","3.1 Roosting","3.2 Echolocation","3.3 Activity","3.4 Flight","3.5 Mating and reproduction","4 See also","5 References"]
Species of bat Fringed myotis Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Chiroptera Family: Vespertilionidae Genus: Myotis Species: M. thysanodes Binomial name Myotis thysanodesMiller, 1897 The fringed myotis (Myotis thysanodes) is a species of vesper bat that is found in British Columbia, Mexico, and the western United States. Description Myotis thysanodes, or the fringed myotis, has the shortest ears of the long-eared myotis group. The fringed myotis gets its name from the distinct fringe of short, wire-like hairs found on the membrane between its hind legs. With a lifespan that can reach upwards of 18 years, this species has an average total body length of roughly 85 millimetres (3.3 in) and an average weight of 8.8 grams (0.31 oz). Ear length is about 16.5 millimetres (0.65 in) and they project roughly 5 millimetres (0.20 in) beyond its snout. The hind foot is 8–9 millimetres (0.31–0.35 in) and the tail is 37–40 millimetres (1.5–1.6 in). Sexual dimorphism is seen in this species with males being much smaller than their female counterparts. They possess a pelage that is full and tends to be light yellow-brown or olive on the back with an off-white color on its underside. Northern populations tend to have darker coloration. The dental formula of Myotis thysanodes is 2.1.3.33.1.3.3. Ecology Diet The diet of the fringed myotis consists mainly of beetles (60 to 73%) and other flying insects, mainly moths (36-40%), which appear later in the evening, as well as arachnids and orthopterans. Additionally, it has been suggested that the wire-like hairs along its interfemoral membrane act to help trap the insects it catches in flight. The fringed myotis has been known to hover, and to land on the ground in search of prey. It forages over water and open habitats, and also gleans from foliage. Range and habitat The fringed myotis resides mainly in the western United States and can be found as far north as British Columbia and as far south as Mexico. It's primarily found in desert shrublands, sagebrush-grassland, and woodland habitats consisting of Douglas fir, oak, and pine trees. The fringed myotis typically inhabits elevations of 1,200-2,100 m but has been observed at altitudes as high as 2,850 m in New Mexico and as low as 150 m in California. Behavior Roosting This species has been reported to have used a wide variety of structures such as caves, mines, and buildings as day roosts during the summer months. Unfortunately, roosting behaviors during the winter months are largely unknown. While the majority of recorded day roosts have been in rock crevices, those members living in the pacific northwest can often be found roosting in tree snags. Echolocation The fringed myotis can be identified by the frequency of its echolocation. Most notably, the call begins with a downward sweep to 28–33 kHz. Activity The fringed myotis is nocturnal, being active within five hours after sunset and having the greatest activity one to two hours after sunset. Activity level is low to none during periods of precipitation, since rain interferes with echolocation, flight, and thermoregulation. Rain also decreases insect activity. The months of October through March are spent hibernating. This species may migrate short distances to find a suitable place to hibernate. Flight With short, broad wings, this species is built to fly at low speeds but is capable of high maneuverability due to its wings having a low aspect ratio (wing length / wing width). They tend to stay close to the vegetative canopy while hunting in flight and possess wings with a high puncture strength. This characteristic is often seen in species that forage near thorny or thick vegetation. Mating and reproduction The majority of mating seems to occur in the autumn months with ovulation, fertilization, and implantation occurring between late-April to mid-May. The gestation period will typically last from 50 to 60 days resulting in the young being born in late June to mid-July. Each litter produces only one pup and in this species, it's extraordinarily large. The newborn's weight can be up to 22%, and its length up to 54%, of the mother's. For the first couple weeks of their life, the young will stay in special "maternity roosts" where several females will stay behind to nurse the young while the other females leave the roost each night to forage. Although not entirely precocial, the pups are able to fly just over two weeks after birth. See also Bats of Canada References ^ a b c d Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; de Grammont, P.C. (2017). "Myotis thysanodes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T14206A22063246. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T14206A22063246.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ a b c d e f g Miller, G.S. Jr (1897). "Revision of the North American bats of the family Vespertilionidae, p. 80". North American Fauna. 13: 1–135. doi:10.3996/nafa.13.0001. hdl:2027/hvd.32044066289422. ^ a b c d e f g Schmidly, D. 1991. Bats of Texas. College Station:Texas A&M University Press. ^ Grinnell, Joseph; Storer, Tracy Irwin (1924). Animal life in the Yosemite: An account of the mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians in a cross-section of the Sierra Nevada. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. p. 57. Retrieved 11 September 2023. ^ a b c d e f O'Farrell, Michael (1980). "Myotis Thysanodes". Mammalian Species (137): 1–5. doi:10.2307/3503773. JSTOR 3503773. ^ a b c Black, H.L. (1974). "A north temperate bat community: structure and prey populations". Journal of Mammalogy. 55 (1): 138–157. doi:10.2307/1379263. JSTOR 1379263. ^ a b c Schmidly, D. J. (2004). The Mammals of Texas. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70241-7. ^ Jones, J. K. (1983). Mammals of the northern Great Plains. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803225572. ^ Barbour, R.W. (1969). Bats of America. Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, Lexington. ^ Orr, R (1956). "The distribution of Myotis thysanodes in California". Journal of Mammalogy. 37 (4): 545–546. doi:10.2307/1376654. JSTOR 1376654. ^ Lacki, M. J.; Baker, M. D. (2007). "Day roosts of female fringed myotis (Myotis thysanodes) in xeric forests of the Pacific Northwest". Journal of Mammalogy. 88 (4): 967–973. doi:10.1644/06-MAMM-A-255R.1. ^ a b Weller, T. J.; Zabel, C. J. (2001). "Characteristics of fringed myotis day roosts in northern California". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 65 (3): 489–497. doi:10.2307/3803102. JSTOR 3803102. S2CID 17165601. ^ a b Keinath, Douglas (2003). "Species Assessment for Fringed Myotis (Myotis thysanodes) in Wyoming". United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management. ^ a b Bogan, M. A.; Osborne, J. G.; Clarke, J. A. (1996). "Observations on bats at Badlands National Park, South Dakota". The Prairie Naturalist. 28 (3): 115–123. vteSpecies of subfamily Myotinae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Chiroptera Family: Vespertilionidae Subfamily: Myotinae Myotis Large-footed bat (M. adversus) Southern myotis (M. aelleni) Silver-tipped myotis (M. albescens) Myotis alcathoe (M. alcathoe) Szechwan myotis (M. altarium) Anjouan myotis (M. anjouanensis) Annamit myotis (M. annamiticus) M. annatessae Hairy-faced bat (M. annectans) Atacama myotis (M. atacamensis) Peters's myotis (M. ater) Sir David Attenborough's myotis (M. attenboroughi) Southwestern myotis (M. auriculus) Australian myotis (M. australis) Southeastern myotis (M. austroriparius) Chestnut myotis (M. badius) M. bartelsi Bechstein's bat (M. bechsteinii) Lesser mouse-eared bat (M. blythii) Rufous mouse-eared bat (M. bocagii) Far Eastern myotis (M. bombinus) Brandt's bat (M. brandtii) Bocharic myotis (M. bucharensis) California myotis (M. californicus) Long-fingered bat (M. capaccinii) Chilean myotis (M. chiloensis) Large myotis (M. chinensis) Western small-footed bat (M. ciliolabrum) Guatemalan myotis (M. cobanensis) Cryptic myotis (Myotis crypticus) Csorba's mouse-eared bat (M. csorbai) Pond bat (M. dasycneme) Daubenton's bat (M. daubentonii) David's myotis (M. davidii) Kock's mouse-eared bat (M. dieteri) M. diminutus Dominican myotis (M. dominicensis) Elegant myotis (M. elegans) Geoffroy's bat (M. emarginatus) M. escalerai Long-eared myotis (M. evotis) M. fimbriatus Findley's myotis (M. findleyi) M. flavus Hodgson's bat (M. formosus) Cinnamon myotis (M. fortidens) Fraternal myotis (M. frater) Gomantong myotis (M. gomantongensis) Malagasy mouse-eared bat (M. goudoti) Gray bat (M. grisescens) Armenian whiskered bat (M. hajastanicus) M. handleyi Lesser large-footed bat (M. hasseltii) Herman's myotis (M. hermani) Horsfield's bat (M. horsfieldii) M. hyrcanicus Ikonnikov's bat (M. ikonnikovi) M. indochinensis Insular myotis (M. insularum) M. izecksohni Hairy-legged myotis (M. keaysi) Keen's myotis (M. keenii) Chinese water myotis (M. laniger) M. lavali Eastern small-footed myotis (M. leibii) Yellowish myotis (M. levis) Kashmir cave bat (M. longipes) Little brown bat (M. lucifugus) Eastern long-fingered bat (M. macrodactylus) M. macropus Pallid large-footed myotis (M. macrotarsus) Schwartz's myotis (M. martiniquensis) Dark-nosed small-footed myotis (M. melanorhinus) M. midastactus Maluku myotis (M. moluccarum) Burmese whiskered bat (M. montivagus) Morris's bat (M. morrisi) Wall-roosting mouse-eared bat (M. muricola) Greater mouse-eared bat (M. myotis) Whiskered bat (M. mystacinus) Natterer's bat (M. nattereri) Curacao myotis (M. nesopolus) Black myotis (M. nigricans) Nimba mountain bat (M. nimbaensis) Nepal myotis (M. nipalensis) M. nyctor Arizona myotis (M. occultus) Singapore whiskered bat (M. oreias) Montane myotis (M. oxyotus) Peninsular myotis (M. peninsularis) Beijing mouse-eared bat (M. pequinius) Eastern water bat (M. petax) M. phanluongi Flat-headed myotis (M. planiceps) Frosted myotis (M. pruinosus) Felten's myotis (M. punicus) Rickett's big-footed bat (M. ricketti) Ridley's bat (M. ridleyi) Riparian myotis (M. riparius) Thick-thumbed myotis (M. rosseti) Red myotis (M. ruber) Schaub's myotis (M. schaubi) Scott's mouse-eared bat (M. scotti) Northern long-eared bat (M. septentrionalis) M. sibiricus Mandelli's mouse-eared bat (M. sicarius) Himalayan whiskered bat (M. siligorensis) Velvety myotis (M. simus) Indiana bat (M. sodalis) Kei myotis (M. stalkeri) M. taiwanensis Fringed myotis (M. thysanodes) Cape hairy bat (M. tricolor) Cave myotis (M. velifer) M. vivesi Long-legged myotis (M. volans) Welwitsch's bat (M. welwitschii) Yanbaru whiskered bat (M. yanbarensis) Yuma myotis (M. yumanensis) Zenati myotis (Myotis zenatius) Submyotodon S. caliginosus Taiwan broad-muzzled myotis (S. latirostris) S. moupinensis Taxon identifiersMyotis thysanodes Wikidata: Q2783421 Wikispecies: Myotis thysanodes ADW: Myotis_thysanodes BOLD: 286878 EoL: 327549 GBIF: 2432399 iNaturalist: 40347 IRMNG: 11347295 ITIS: 180002 IUCN: 14206 MDD: 1005478 MSW: 13802550 NatureServe: 2.100426 NCBI: 153287 Observation.org: 85657 Open Tree of Life: 307132 Paleobiology Database: 48918 Authority control databases: National Israel
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myotis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller,_G.S._1897._p._802-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller,_G.S._1897._p._802-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller,_G.S._1897._p._802-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmidly,_D_19912-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmidly,_D_19912-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grinnell-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller,_G.S._1897._p._802-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmidly,_D_19912-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmidly,_D_19912-3"}],"text":"Myotis thysanodes, or the fringed myotis, has the shortest ears of the long-eared myotis group.[2] The fringed myotis gets its name from the distinct fringe of short, wire-like hairs found on the membrane between its hind legs.[2] With a lifespan that can reach upwards of 18 years, this species has an average total body length of roughly 85 millimetres (3.3 in) and an average weight of 8.8 grams (0.31 oz).[2][3] Ear length is about 16.5 millimetres (0.65 in) and they project roughly 5 millimetres (0.20 in) beyond its snout.[3] The hind foot is 8–9 millimetres (0.31–0.35 in) and the tail is 37–40 millimetres (1.5–1.6 in).[4] Sexual dimorphism is seen in this species with males being much smaller than their female counterparts.[2][3] They possess a pelage that is full and tends to be light yellow-brown or olive on the back with an off-white color on its underside.[5] Northern populations tend to have darker coloration.[5] The dental formula of Myotis thysanodes is 2.1.3.33.1.3.3.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller,_G.S._1897._p._802-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmidly_2004-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"sub_title":"Diet","text":"The diet of the fringed myotis consists mainly of beetles (60 to 73%) and other flying insects, mainly moths (36-40%), which appear later in the evening, as well as arachnids and orthopterans.[6] Additionally, it has been suggested that the wire-like hairs along its interfemoral membrane act to help trap the insects it catches in flight.[2][7] The fringed myotis has been known to hover, and to land on the ground in search of prey.[6] It forages over water and open habitats, and also gleans from foliage.[6]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmidly_2004-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_1983-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Range and habitat","text":"The fringed myotis resides mainly in the western United States and can be found as far north as British Columbia and as far south as Mexico.[7] It's primarily found in desert shrublands, sagebrush-grassland, and woodland habitats consisting of Douglas fir, oak, and pine trees.[8] The fringed myotis typically inhabits elevations of 1,200-2,100 m but has been observed at altitudes as high as 2,850 m in New Mexico[9] and as low as 150 m in California.[10]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lacki_2007-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weller_2001-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmidly_2004-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weller_2001-12"}],"sub_title":"Roosting","text":"This species has been reported to have used a wide variety of structures such as caves, mines, and buildings as day roosts during the summer months.[11][12] Unfortunately, roosting behaviors during the winter months are largely unknown.[7] While the majority of recorded day roosts have been in rock crevices, those members living in the pacific northwest can often be found roosting in tree snags.[12]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"}],"sub_title":"Echolocation","text":"The fringed myotis can be identified by the frequency of its echolocation. Most notably, the call begins with a downward sweep to 28–33 kHz.[13]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"}],"sub_title":"Activity","text":"The fringed myotis is nocturnal, being active within five hours after sunset and having the greatest activity one to two hours after sunset.[1] Activity level is low to none during periods of precipitation, since rain interferes with echolocation, flight, and thermoregulation. Rain also decreases insect activity.[13] The months of October through March are spent hibernating. This species may migrate short distances to find a suitable place to hibernate.[1]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller,_G.S._1897._p._802-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"sub_title":"Flight","text":"With short, broad wings, this species is built to fly at low speeds but is capable of high maneuverability due to its wings having a low aspect ratio (wing length / wing width).[2] They tend to stay close to the vegetative canopy while hunting in flight and possess wings with a high puncture strength. This characteristic is often seen in species that forage near thorny or thick vegetation.[5]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmidly,_D_19912-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogan_1996-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmidly,_D_19912-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogan_1996-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller,_G.S._1897._p._802-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmidly,_D_19912-3"}],"sub_title":"Mating and reproduction","text":"The majority of mating seems to occur in the autumn months with ovulation, fertilization, and implantation occurring between late-April to mid-May.[3][5][14] The gestation period will typically last from 50 to 60 days resulting in the young being born in late June to mid-July.[3][5][14] Each litter produces only one pup and in this species, it's extraordinarily large. The newborn's weight can be up to 22%, and its length up to 54%, of the mother's.[5] For the first couple weeks of their life, the young will stay in special \"maternity roosts\" where several females will stay behind to nurse the young while the other females leave the roost each night to forage.[2] Although not entirely precocial, the pups are able to fly just over two weeks after birth.[3]","title":"Behavior"}]
[]
[{"title":"Bats of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats_of_Canada"}]
[{"reference":"Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; de Grammont, P.C. (2017). \"Myotis thysanodes\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T14206A22063246. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T14206A22063246.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/14206/22063246","url_text":"\"Myotis thysanodes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T14206A22063246.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T14206A22063246.en"}]},{"reference":"Miller, G.S. Jr (1897). \"Revision of the North American bats of the family Vespertilionidae, p. 80\". North American Fauna. 13: 1–135. doi:10.3996/nafa.13.0001. hdl:2027/hvd.32044066289422.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700993/","url_text":"\"Revision of the North American bats of the family Vespertilionidae, p. 80\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3996%2Fnafa.13.0001","url_text":"10.3996/nafa.13.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044066289422","url_text":"2027/hvd.32044066289422"}]},{"reference":"Grinnell, Joseph; Storer, Tracy Irwin (1924). Animal life in the Yosemite: An account of the mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians in a cross-section of the Sierra Nevada. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. p. 57. Retrieved 11 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/animallifeinyose00grinrich/page/57/mode/1up","url_text":"Animal life in the Yosemite: An account of the mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians in a cross-section of the Sierra Nevada"}]},{"reference":"O'Farrell, Michael (1980). \"Myotis Thysanodes\". Mammalian Species (137): 1–5. doi:10.2307/3503773. JSTOR 3503773.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3503773","url_text":"\"Myotis Thysanodes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3503773","url_text":"10.2307/3503773"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3503773","url_text":"3503773"}]},{"reference":"Black, H.L. (1974). \"A north temperate bat community: structure and prey populations\". Journal of Mammalogy. 55 (1): 138–157. doi:10.2307/1379263. JSTOR 1379263.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1379263","url_text":"10.2307/1379263"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1379263","url_text":"1379263"}]},{"reference":"Schmidly, D. J. (2004). The Mammals of Texas. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70241-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70241-7","url_text":"978-0-292-70241-7"}]},{"reference":"Jones, J. K. (1983). Mammals of the northern Great Plains. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803225572.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803225572","url_text":"978-0803225572"}]},{"reference":"Barbour, R.W. (1969). Bats of America. Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, Lexington.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Orr, R (1956). \"The distribution of Myotis thysanodes in California\". Journal of Mammalogy. 37 (4): 545–546. doi:10.2307/1376654. JSTOR 1376654.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1376654","url_text":"10.2307/1376654"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1376654","url_text":"1376654"}]},{"reference":"Lacki, M. J.; Baker, M. D. (2007). \"Day roosts of female fringed myotis (Myotis thysanodes) in xeric forests of the Pacific Northwest\". Journal of Mammalogy. 88 (4): 967–973. doi:10.1644/06-MAMM-A-255R.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2F06-MAMM-A-255R.1","url_text":"\"Day roosts of female fringed myotis (Myotis thysanodes) in xeric forests of the Pacific Northwest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2F06-MAMM-A-255R.1","url_text":"10.1644/06-MAMM-A-255R.1"}]},{"reference":"Weller, T. J.; Zabel, C. J. (2001). \"Characteristics of fringed myotis day roosts in northern California\". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 65 (3): 489–497. doi:10.2307/3803102. JSTOR 3803102. S2CID 17165601.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3803102","url_text":"10.2307/3803102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3803102","url_text":"3803102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17165601","url_text":"17165601"}]},{"reference":"Keinath, Douglas (2003). \"Species Assessment for Fringed Myotis (Myotis thysanodes) in Wyoming\". United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bogan, M. A.; Osborne, J. G.; Clarke, J. A. (1996). \"Observations on bats at Badlands National Park, South Dakota\". The Prairie Naturalist. 28 (3): 115–123.","urls":[{"url":"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1136&context=usgsstaffpub","url_text":"\"Observations on bats at Badlands National Park, South Dakota\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Woman_in_the_Moon
The Woman in the Moon
["1 Publication and Performance","2 Character List","3 Synopsis","4 Interpretations","5 Other Performances","6 References"]
Elizabethan era comedy play For other uses, see Woman in the Moon (disambiguation). Title page of The Woman in the Moon. The Woman in the Moon is an Elizabethan era stage play, a comedy written by John Lyly. Its unique status in that playwright's dramatic canon – it is the only play Lyly wrote in blank verse rather than prose — has presented scholars and critics with a range of questions and problems. Publication and Performance The Woman in the Moon was entered into the Stationers' Register on 22 September 1595, and was first published in quarto in 1597 by the bookseller William Jones. The title page of the quarto states that the play was presented before Queen Elizabeth I, though no specific performance is mentioned. Although most of Lyly's plays were acted by the children's company Paul's Boys, the playing company that acted this particular work is a mystery. However, The Woman in the Moon is thought to have been first produced between 1590 and 1595, most likely in 1593. The play's Prologue maintains that the work "is but a poet's dream, / The first he had in Phoebus' holy bower, / But not the last...." Nineteenth-century critics took this statement at face value, and considered The Woman in the Moon the first of Lyly's plays, written sometime in the early 1580s. As such, it would have been an important early development in English dramatic blank verse. Later critics, however, disputed this conclusion, arguing that the Prologue may only mean that this was Lyly's first play in verse, and that in style "The blank verse is that of the nineties, rather than the early eighties." The modern critical consensus tends to favour the view that The Woman in the Moon, far from being Lyly's first play, was likely his last, written in the 1590–95 period. Character List In Order of Appearance: Nature Concord – Nature's Maiden Discord – Nature's Maiden Pandora Stesias – shepherd Iphicles – shepherd Learchus – shepherd Melos – shepherd Saturn Mars Jupiter Sol Venus Mercury Luna Gunophilus – Pandora's servant Ganymede – Jupiter's attendant Juno – Jupiter's wife Joculus – son of Venus Cupid – son of Venus Synopsis The play is set in the world of Greek mythology, at the time of the very beginning of the human race, when the first woman was not yet created. A personified goddess of Nature, accompanied by Concord and Discord ("For Nature works her will from contraries"), descends to a pastoral Earth inhabited by four shepherds. At their petition, Nature breathes life into a clothed statue of the first woman. Concord seals her soul to her body with an embrace, and the new woman is given the best gifts of the seven planets of traditional astronomy and astrology. She is named Pandora. The seven planets, however, are unhappy that Pandora has been given their best qualities, and decide to spite Nature with a malevolent demonstration of their power. Saturn, the eldest, goes first: seating himself on a throne, he afflicts Pandora with his characteristic melancholy. The shepherds meet Pandora when she is suffering this baleful influence; when one tries to kiss her hand, she hits him across the lips. She treats the rest as badly, then runs away. Saturn leaves his throne at the end of the first act, pleased with the mess that he has made. Jupiter assumes the throne at the start of Act II. He inspires Pandora with ambition, vanity, and superciliousness – so much so that she obtains his sceptre and tosses it to Juno when the queen of the gods comes in search of her husband (he hides himself in a cloud). Pandora inflicts her pride upon the hapless shepherds: she orders them to behead a wild boar, promising her glove to the man who brings the trophy to her. Mars takes over from Jupiter, turning Pandora into a "vixen martialist." The shepherds fight over the dead boar and the right to Pandora's glove – but she grabs a spear and bests them all. Sol, the Sun, takes over at the start of Act III; for a change, his influence is largely beneficial. Pandora becomes "gentle and kind," and chooses Stesias, one of the shepherds, as her husband. But then comes Venus's turn: Joculus inspires dancing, Cupid shoots his arrows, and romantic disruptions follow. Mercury succeeds Venus in Act IV; he makes Pandora "false and full of sleights, / Thievish and lying, subtle, eloquent...." By Act V, under the influence of Luna, Pandora simply runs mad. Stesias is fed up by now, and the other shepherds want nothing to do with Pandora, even when the seven planetary deities have restored her sanity. With no place for her on Earth, the planets vie for the distinction of taking Pandora up to their individual spheres; Pandora chooses Luna, since they are both inherently changeable. At the end of the play, Nature chooses to punish Stesias, Pandora's husband, because he is so easily swayed by the opinions of others. He is condemned to "be...her slave, and follow her in the moon." His punishment is to always follow Pandora, but never to act on his anger towards her or inflict pain upon her. Interpretations Most critics have judged the play as "a satire on women," an expression of traditional male chauvinism and sexism — though dissent from this view can also be found in the critical literature. Lyly's use of astrology has been seen in the context of the craze for horoscope-casting that typified the Elizabethan era. Other Performances The play was performed by Bryn Mawr College in 1928. Future actress Katharine Hepburn, who was studying at the university at the time, played the role of Pandora. A production of this play was put on by the Edward's Boys company in March of 2018. References ^ Gordon, Ian A. "John Lyly: Overview." Reference Guide to English Literature. Ed. D. L. Kirkpatrick. 2nd ed. Chicago: St. James Press, 1991. Literature Resource Center. Web. 3 Nov. 2013 ^ DEEP: Database of Early English Playbooks. Ed. Alan B. Farmer and Zachary Lesser. 2007. Web. 03 Nov. 2013. <http://deep.sas.upenn.edu/advancedsearch.php>. ^ E. K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923; Vol. 3, p. 416-17. ^ Terence P. Logan and Denzell S. Smith, eds., The Predecessors of Shakespeare: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama, Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 1973; pp. 135, 137. ^ Henry Morley and William Hall Griffin, English Writers: An Attempt Toward a History of English Literature, Vol. 11., London, Cassell & Co., 1892; pp. 197–200. ^ Lyly, John. "The Woman in the Moon." The Plays of John Lyly. Ed. Carter A. Daniel. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 1988. 317-58. Print. ^ George Kirkpatrick Hunter, John Lyly: The Humanist as Courtier, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1962; p. 219. ^ Johnstone Parr, Tamburlaine's Malady and Other Essays on Astrology in Elizabethan Drama, Tuscaloosa, AL, University of Alabama Press, 1953; pp. 38–49. ^ Freedland, Michael. Katharine Hepburn. Crescent, 1986. ^ Beforeshakespeare. “The Woman in the Moon: In Conversation with Edward's Boys.” Before Shakespeare, 20 Mar. 2018, https://beforeshakespeare.com/2018/03/13/the-woman-in-the-moon-in-conversation-with-edwards-boys/.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woman in the Moon (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_in_the_Moon_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woman_in_the_Moon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Title page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_page"},{"link_name":"Elizabethan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature#Elizabethan_era"},{"link_name":"John Lyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lyly"},{"link_name":"blank verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_verse"},{"link_name":"prose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose"}],"text":"For other uses, see Woman in the Moon (disambiguation).Title page of The Woman in the Moon.The Woman in the Moon is an Elizabethan era stage play, a comedy written by John Lyly. Its unique status in that playwright's dramatic canon – it is the only play Lyly wrote in blank verse rather than prose — has presented scholars and critics with a range of questions and problems.","title":"The Woman in the Moon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stationers' Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationers%27_Register"},{"link_name":"quarto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_size"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"playing company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Phoebus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Woman in the Moon was entered into the Stationers' Register on 22 September 1595, and was first published in quarto in 1597 by the bookseller William Jones. The title page of the quarto states that the play was presented before Queen Elizabeth I, though no specific performance is mentioned.Although most of Lyly's plays were acted by the children's company Paul's Boys,[1] the playing company that acted this particular work is a mystery. However, The Woman in the Moon is thought to have been first produced between 1590 and 1595, most likely in 1593.[2]The play's Prologue maintains that the work \"is but a poet's dream, / The first he had in Phoebus' holy bower, / But not the last....\" Nineteenth-century critics took this statement at face value, and considered The Woman in the Moon the first of Lyly's plays, written sometime in the early 1580s. As such, it would have been an important early development in English dramatic blank verse. Later critics, however, disputed this conclusion, arguing that the Prologue may only mean that this was Lyly's first play in verse, and that in style \"The blank verse is that of the nineties, rather than the early eighties.\"[3] The modern critical consensus tends to favour the view that The Woman in the Moon, far from being Lyly's first play, was likely his last, written in the 1590–95 period.[4]","title":"Publication and Performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In Order of Appearance:NatureConcord – Nature's Maiden\nDiscord – Nature's MaidenPandora\nStesias – shepherd\nIphicles – shepherd\nLearchus – shepherd\nMelos – shepherd\nSaturn\nMars\nJupiter\nSol\nVenus\nMercury\nLuna\nGunophilus – Pandora's servant\nGanymede – Jupiter's attendant\nJuno – Jupiter's wife\nJoculus – son of Venus\nCupid – son of Venus","title":"Character List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Discord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology"},{"link_name":"Pandora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"melancholy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancholia"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Juno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Sol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios"},{"link_name":"Venus's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Cupid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupid"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The play is set in the world of Greek mythology, at the time of the very beginning of the human race, when the first woman was not yet created. A personified goddess of Nature, accompanied by Concord and Discord (\"For Nature works her will from contraries\"), descends to a pastoral Earth inhabited by four shepherds. At their petition, Nature breathes life into a clothed statue of the first woman. Concord seals her soul to her body with an embrace, and the new woman is given the best gifts of the seven planets of traditional astronomy and astrology. She is named Pandora.The seven planets, however, are unhappy that Pandora has been given their best qualities, and decide to spite Nature with a malevolent demonstration of their power. Saturn, the eldest, goes first: seating himself on a throne, he afflicts Pandora with his characteristic melancholy. The shepherds meet Pandora when she is suffering this baleful influence; when one tries to kiss her hand, she hits him across the lips. She treats the rest as badly, then runs away. Saturn leaves his throne at the end of the first act, pleased with the mess that he has made.Jupiter assumes the throne at the start of Act II. He inspires Pandora with ambition, vanity, and superciliousness – so much so that she obtains his sceptre and tosses it to Juno when the queen of the gods comes in search of her husband (he hides himself in a cloud). Pandora inflicts her pride upon the hapless shepherds: she orders them to behead a wild boar, promising her glove to the man who brings the trophy to her. Mars takes over from Jupiter, turning Pandora into a \"vixen martialist.\" The shepherds fight over the dead boar and the right to Pandora's glove – but she grabs a spear and bests them all.Sol, the Sun, takes over at the start of Act III; for a change, his influence is largely beneficial. Pandora becomes \"gentle and kind,\" and chooses Stesias, one of the shepherds, as her husband. But then comes Venus's turn: Joculus inspires dancing, Cupid shoots his arrows, and romantic disruptions follow. Mercury succeeds Venus in Act IV; he makes Pandora \"false and full of sleights, / Thievish and lying, subtle, eloquent....\" By Act V, under the influence of Luna, Pandora simply runs mad. Stesias is fed up by now, and the other shepherds want nothing to do with Pandora, even when the seven planetary deities have restored her sanity. With no place for her on Earth, the planets vie for the distinction of taking Pandora up to their individual spheres; Pandora chooses Luna, since they are both inherently changeable.[5]At the end of the play, Nature chooses to punish Stesias, Pandora's husband, because he is so easily swayed by the opinions of others. He is condemned to \"be...her slave, and follow her in the moon.\" His punishment is to always follow Pandora, but never to act on his anger towards her or inflict pain upon her.[6]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"male chauvinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinism#Male_chauvinism"},{"link_name":"sexism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"horoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horoscope"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Most critics have judged the play as \"a satire on women,\" an expression of traditional male chauvinism and sexism — though dissent from this view can also be found in the critical literature.[7] Lyly's use of astrology has been seen in the context of the craze for horoscope-casting that typified the Elizabethan era.[8]","title":"Interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katharine Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The play was performed by Bryn Mawr College in 1928. Future actress Katharine Hepburn, who was studying at the university at the time, played the role of Pandora. [9]\nA production of this play was put on by the Edward's Boys company in March of 2018. [10]","title":"Other Performances"}]
[{"image_text":"Title page of The Woman in the Moon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Woman_in_the_Moon.jpg/200px-Woman_in_the_Moon.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://deep.sas.upenn.edu/advancedsearch.php","external_links_name":"http://deep.sas.upenn.edu/advancedsearch.php"},{"Link":"https://beforeshakespeare.com/2018/03/13/the-woman-in-the-moon-in-conversation-with-edwards-boys/","external_links_name":"https://beforeshakespeare.com/2018/03/13/the-woman-in-the-moon-in-conversation-with-edwards-boys/"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Olcott
Simeon Olcott
["1 Early life","2 Start of career","3 Later career","4 Death and burial","5 Family","6 References","7 Sources","7.1 Books","7.2 Internet","8 External links"]
American judge Simeon OlcottUnited States Senatorfrom New HampshireIn officeJune 17, 1801 – March 3, 1805Preceded bySamuel LivermoreSucceeded byNicholas GilmanChief Judge of the New Hampshire Supreme CourtIn office1795–1801Preceded byJohn PickeringSucceeded byJeremiah SmithJudge of the New Hampshire Supreme CourtIn office1790–1795Preceded byJosiah BartlettSucceeded byEbenezer ThompsonAssociate Justice of the Vermont Supreme CourtIn office1781–1782Preceded byIncrease MoseleySucceeded byPeter Olcott Personal detailsBorn(1735-10-01)October 1, 1735Bolton, Connecticut ColonyDiedFebruary 22, 1815(1815-02-22) (aged 79)Charlestown, New HampshireResting placeForest Hill Cemetery, Charlestown, New HampshirePolitical partyFederalistSpouseTryphena Terry (m. 1783–1815, his death)Children3Alma materYale CollegeProfessionAttorney Simeon Olcott (October 1, 1735 – February 22, 1815) was a New Hampshire attorney and politician. His career began before the American Revolution and continued afterwards, and among the positions in which he served were Chief Judge of the New Hampshire Supreme Court (1795–1801) and United States Senator from New Hampshire (1801–1805). A native of Bolton, Connecticut, Olcott graduated from Yale College in 1761, studied law, attained admission to the bar, and began to practice in Charlestown, New Hampshire. He quickly became active in politics and government, and served as a town selectman, town meeting moderator, and member of the colonial legislature. He served as Cheshire County Probate Judge during the American Revolution, and when several western New Hampshire towns attempted to join Vermont after the war, Olcott served as an associate justice of the Vermont Supreme Court. The attempted union was soon dissolved, and Olcott served on New Hampshire's Court of Common Pleas (1784–1790), as a judge of the Superior Court (later renamed the state Supreme Court) (1790–1795), and chief judge of the Superior Court (1795–1801). In 1801, Olcott was selected to fill the U.S. Senate vacancy created after Samuel Livermore resigned, and he served from 1801 to 1805. Olcott died in Charlestown in 1815 and was buried at Forest Hill Cemetery in Charlestown. Early life Olcott was born in Bolton, Connecticut Colony, and was a son of Timothy Olcott and Eunice (White) Olcott. He graduated from Yale College in 1761, studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Charlestown, New Hampshire. Start of career Olcott served in several local offices, including selectman (1769–1770, 1771) and member of the provincial legislature (1771–1774). In 1770 and 1772, Olcott was elected as Charlestown's town meeting moderator. In 1773, Olcott was appointed judge of probate for Cheshire County, and he served throughout the American Revolution. In 1781, several western New Hampshire towns voted to leave New Hampshire and join Vermont. Several residents of these towns were appointed or elected to Vermont offices, including Olcott, who was chosen as an Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court. The union between New Hampshire's Connecticut River towns and Vermont was soon nullified, and Olcott resigned as an associate justice in 1782. Later career In 1784, Olcott was appointed chief justice of the New Hampshire Court of Common Pleas. He held this position until 1790, when he was appointed a judge of the New Hampshire Superior Court (later renamed the New Hampshire Supreme Court. He served until 1795, when he was appointed chief judge, and he held this position until 1801. When the country's first political parties were created, Olcott became identified with the Federalists. Samuel Livermore resigned his seat in the United States Senate in 1801. The New Hampshire General Court chose Olcott to fill the vacancy, and he served from June 17, 1801, to March 3, 1805. Death and burial Olcott retired at the completion of his U.S. Senate term and continued to reside in Charlestown. He died in Charlestown on February 22, 1815. He was buried at Forest Hill Cemetery in Charlestown. Family In 1783, Olcott married Tryphena Terry of Enfield, Connecticut. They were the parents of three children, a son George who died in infancy, a second son named George (1785–1764), who was the longtime cashier of the Connecticut River Bank, and Henry, a career officer in the United States Marine Corps who died in 1821. References ^ History of Charlestown, New Hampshire, pp. 485–486. ^ History of Charlestown, New Hampshire, p. 486. ^ a b c History of Charlestown, New Hampshire, p. 488. ^ The Story of Vermont, pp. 61–68. ^ a b c Justices of the Supreme Court, 1778 – Present, p. 1. ^ a b c d e History of Charlestown, New Hampshire, p. 491. ^ The Tertium Quid Movement, p. 68. ^ History of Charlestown, New Hampshire, p. 492. ^ Descendants of Thomas Olcott, p. 26. ^ Where They're Buried, p. 134. ^ a b History of Charlestown, New Hampshire, p. 493. Sources Books Goodwin, Nathaniel (1845). Descendants of Thomas Olcott: One of the First Settlers of Hartford, Connecticut. Hartford, CT: Case, Tiffany and Burnham. p. 26. Klyza, Christopher McGrory; Trombulak, Stephen C. (2015). The Story of Vermont: A Natural and Cultural History, Second Edition. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-1-61168-402-5. MacPhee, Donald Albert (1959). The Tertium Quid Movement: A Study in Political Insurgency. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley. Saunderson, Henry H. (1876). History of Charlestown, New Hampshire. Claremont, NH: Claremont Manufacturing Company. Spencer, Thomas E. (1998). Where They're Buried. Baltimore, MD: Clearfield Company. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-8063-4823-0. Internet Vermont Archives and Records Administration (2017). "Justices of the Supreme Court, 1778 – Present" (PDF). sec.state.vt.us. Montpelier, VT: Vermont Secretary of State. External links United States Congress. "Simeon Olcott (id: O000060)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Simeon Olcott at Find a Grave U.S. Senate Preceded bySamuel Livermore U.S. senator (Class 2) from New Hampshire 1801–1805 Served alongside: James Sheafe, William Plumer Succeeded byNicholas Gilman vteUnited States senators from New HampshireClass 2 Wingate Livermore Olcott Gilman Thompson Morril S. Bell Hubbard Woodbury Jenness Cilley Hale Atherton Williams Hale Cragin Rollins Pike Cheney Chandler Marston Chandler Burnham Hollis Keyes Bridges Murphy McIntyre Humphrey Smith Sununu Shaheen Class 3 Langdon Sheafe Plumer Parker Cutts Mason Storer Parrott Woodbury Hill Page Pierce Wilcox Atherton Norris Wells J. Bell Clark Fogg Patterson Wadleigh C. Bell Blair Gallinger Drew Moses Brown Tobey Upton Cotton Wyman Cotton Durkin Rudman Gregg Ayotte Hassan Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"United States Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senator"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Bolton, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Yale College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_College"},{"link_name":"Charlestown, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Vermont Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Samuel Livermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Livermore"}],"text":"Simeon Olcott (October 1, 1735 – February 22, 1815) was a New Hampshire attorney and politician. His career began before the American Revolution and continued afterwards, and among the positions in which he served were Chief Judge of the New Hampshire Supreme Court (1795–1801) and United States Senator from New Hampshire (1801–1805).A native of Bolton, Connecticut, Olcott graduated from Yale College in 1761, studied law, attained admission to the bar, and began to practice in Charlestown, New Hampshire. He quickly became active in politics and government, and served as a town selectman, town meeting moderator, and member of the colonial legislature. He served as Cheshire County Probate Judge during the American Revolution, and when several western New Hampshire towns attempted to join Vermont after the war, Olcott served as an associate justice of the Vermont Supreme Court. The attempted union was soon dissolved, and Olcott served on New Hampshire's Court of Common Pleas (1784–1790), as a judge of the Superior Court (later renamed the state Supreme Court) (1790–1795), and chief judge of the Superior Court (1795–1801). In 1801, Olcott was selected to fill the U.S. Senate vacancy created after Samuel Livermore resigned, and he served from 1801 to 1805.Olcott died in Charlestown in 1815 and was buried at Forest Hill Cemetery in Charlestown.","title":"Simeon Olcott"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Colony"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''History_of_Charlestown,_New_Hampshire''485%E2%80%93486-1"},{"link_name":"Yale College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_College"},{"link_name":"studied law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_law"},{"link_name":"admitted to the bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Charlestown, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''History_of_Charlestown,_New_Hampshire''486-2"}],"text":"Olcott was born in Bolton, Connecticut Colony, and was a son of Timothy Olcott and Eunice (White) Olcott.[1] He graduated from Yale College in 1761, studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Charlestown, New Hampshire.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"selectman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectman"},{"link_name":"provincial legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''History_of_Charlestown,_New_Hampshire''488-3"},{"link_name":"town meeting moderator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderator_(town_official)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''History_of_Charlestown,_New_Hampshire''488-3"},{"link_name":"judge of probate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probate_court"},{"link_name":"Cheshire County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_County,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''History_of_Charlestown,_New_Hampshire''488-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Story_of_Vermont''61%E2%80%9368-4"},{"link_name":"Associate Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Vermont_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Vermont Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court,_1778_%E2%80%93_Present''1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court,_1778_%E2%80%93_Present''1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court,_1778_%E2%80%93_Present''1-5"}],"text":"Olcott served in several local offices, including selectman (1769–1770, 1771) and member of the provincial legislature (1771–1774).[3] In 1770 and 1772, Olcott was elected as Charlestown's town meeting moderator.[3] In 1773, Olcott was appointed judge of probate for Cheshire County, and he served throughout the American Revolution.[3] In 1781, several western New Hampshire towns voted to leave New Hampshire and join Vermont.[4] Several residents of these towns were appointed or elected to Vermont offices, including Olcott, who was chosen as an Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court.[5] The union between New Hampshire's Connecticut River towns and Vermont was soon nullified,[5] and Olcott resigned as an associate justice in 1782.[5]","title":"Start of career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''History_of_Charlestown,_New_Hampshire''491-6"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''History_of_Charlestown,_New_Hampshire''491-6"},{"link_name":"chief judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_New_Hampshire_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''History_of_Charlestown,_New_Hampshire''491-6"},{"link_name":"Federalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Tertium_Quid_Movement''68-7"},{"link_name":"Samuel Livermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Livermore"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''History_of_Charlestown,_New_Hampshire''491-6"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire General Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_General_Court"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''History_of_Charlestown,_New_Hampshire''491-6"}],"text":"In 1784, Olcott was appointed chief justice of the New Hampshire Court of Common Pleas.[6] He held this position until 1790, when he was appointed a judge of the New Hampshire Superior Court (later renamed the New Hampshire Supreme Court.[6] He served until 1795, when he was appointed chief judge, and he held this position until 1801.[6] When the country's first political parties were created, Olcott became identified with the Federalists.[7]Samuel Livermore resigned his seat in the United States Senate in 1801.[6] The New Hampshire General Court chose Olcott to fill the vacancy, and he served from June 17, 1801, to March 3, 1805.[6]","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''History_of_Charlestown,_New_Hampshire''492-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Descendants_of_Thomas_Olcott''26-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Where_They're_Buried''134-10"}],"text":"Olcott retired at the completion of his U.S. Senate term and continued to reside in Charlestown.[8] He died in Charlestown on February 22, 1815.[9] He was buried at Forest Hill Cemetery in Charlestown.[10]","title":"Death and burial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enfield, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfield,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''History_of_Charlestown,_New_Hampshire''493-11"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''History_of_Charlestown,_New_Hampshire''493-11"}],"text":"In 1783, Olcott married Tryphena Terry of Enfield, Connecticut.[11] They were the parents of three children, a son George who died in infancy, a second son named George (1785–1764), who was the longtime cashier of the Connecticut River Bank, and Henry, a career officer in the United States Marine Corps who died in 1821.[11]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Descendants of Thomas Olcott: One of the First Settlers of Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_qXktAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_qXktAAAAYAAJ/page/n29"},{"link_name":"The Story of Vermont: A Natural and Cultural History, Second Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DIfXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-61168-402-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-402-5"},{"link_name":"The Tertium Quid Movement: A Study in Political Insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VlhKAQAAMAAJ&q=%22simeon+olcott%22"},{"link_name":"History of Charlestown, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=IVNKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA485"},{"link_name":"Where They're Buried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/wheretheyreburie00spen"},{"link_name":"134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/wheretheyreburie00spen/page/134"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8063-4823-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-4823-0"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Goodwin, Nathaniel (1845). Descendants of Thomas Olcott: One of the First Settlers of Hartford, Connecticut. Hartford, CT: Case, Tiffany and Burnham. p. 26.\nKlyza, Christopher McGrory; Trombulak, Stephen C. (2015). The Story of Vermont: A Natural and Cultural History, Second Edition. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-1-61168-402-5.MacPhee, Donald Albert (1959). The Tertium Quid Movement: A Study in Political Insurgency. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley.Saunderson, Henry H. (1876). History of Charlestown, New Hampshire. Claremont, NH: Claremont Manufacturing Company.\nSpencer, Thomas E. (1998). Where They're Buried. Baltimore, MD: Clearfield Company. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-8063-4823-0.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Justices of the Supreme Court, 1778 – Present\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sec.state.vt.us/media/308078/justices.pdf"}],"sub_title":"Internet","text":"Vermont Archives and Records Administration (2017). \"Justices of the Supreme Court, 1778 – Present\" (PDF). sec.state.vt.us. Montpelier, VT: Vermont Secretary of State.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Goodwin, Nathaniel (1845). Descendants of Thomas Olcott: One of the First Settlers of Hartford, Connecticut. Hartford, CT: Case, Tiffany and Burnham. p. 26.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_qXktAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Descendants of Thomas Olcott: One of the First Settlers of Hartford, Connecticut"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_qXktAAAAYAAJ/page/n29","url_text":"26"}]},{"reference":"Klyza, Christopher McGrory; Trombulak, Stephen C. (2015). The Story of Vermont: A Natural and Cultural History, Second Edition. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-1-61168-402-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DIfXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67","url_text":"The Story of Vermont: A Natural and Cultural History, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-402-5","url_text":"978-1-61168-402-5"}]},{"reference":"MacPhee, Donald Albert (1959). The Tertium Quid Movement: A Study in Political Insurgency. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VlhKAQAAMAAJ&q=%22simeon+olcott%22","url_text":"The Tertium Quid Movement: A Study in Political Insurgency"}]},{"reference":"Saunderson, Henry H. (1876). History of Charlestown, New Hampshire. Claremont, NH: Claremont Manufacturing Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IVNKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA485","url_text":"History of Charlestown, New Hampshire"}]},{"reference":"Spencer, Thomas E. (1998). Where They're Buried. Baltimore, MD: Clearfield Company. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-8063-4823-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wheretheyreburie00spen","url_text":"Where They're Buried"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wheretheyreburie00spen/page/134","url_text":"134"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-4823-0","url_text":"978-0-8063-4823-0"}]},{"reference":"Vermont Archives and Records Administration (2017). \"Justices of the Supreme Court, 1778 – Present\" (PDF). sec.state.vt.us. Montpelier, VT: Vermont Secretary of State.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.state.vt.us/media/308078/justices.pdf","url_text":"\"Justices of the Supreme Court, 1778 – Present\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Simeon Olcott (id: O000060)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=O000060","url_text":"\"Simeon Olcott (id: O000060)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942%E2%80%931944_musicians%27_strike
1942–1944 musicians' strike
["1 Background to the strike","2 During the strike","3 Ending the strike","4 Consequences","4.1 Small specialty labels","4.2 Decline of the big bands","4.3 Lack of recordings of early bebop","5 Notes","6 External links"]
Strike that began vocalists' popularity On August 1, 1942, the American Federation of Musicians, at the instigation of union president James C. Petrillo, began a strike against the major American record companies because of disagreements over royalty payments. Beginning on midnight, July 31, 1942, no union musician could make commercial recordings for any commercial record company. That meant that a union musician was allowed to participate on radio programs and other kinds of musical entertainment, but not in a recording session. The 1942–1944 musicians' strike remains the longest strike in entertainment history. The strike did not affect musicians performing on live radio shows, in concerts, or, after October 27, 1943, on special recordings made by the record companies for V-Discs for distribution to the armed forces fighting World War II, because V-Discs were not available for sale to the general public. However, the union did frequently threaten to withdraw musicians from the radio networks to punish individual network affiliates who were deemed "unfair" for violating the union's policy on recording network shows for repeat broadcasts. The strike had a major impact on the American musical scene. At the time, union bands dominated popular music; after the strike, and partly as a result of it, the big bands began to decline and vocalists began to dominate popular music. Background to the strike Petrillo had long publicly maintained that recording companies should pay royalties. As head of the Chicago local chapter of the union in 1937 he had organized a strike there. Petrillo was elected president of the American Federation of Musicians in 1940. When Petrillo announced that the recording ban would start at midnight, July 31, 1942, most people did not take it very seriously; Petrillo had threatened a strike before and nothing had happened. The United States had just entered World War II in December, 1941 and most newspapers opposed the ban. By July, when it appeared that the ban would indeed take place, America's big three record companies (RCA Victor, Columbia and Decca) began to stockpile new recordings of their most popular artists. In the first two weeks of July, these performers all recorded new material: Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy Dorsey, Charlie Barnet, Bing Crosby, Guy Lombardo, and Glenn Miller, who made his last records as a civilian bandleader. Recording during the last week was a long list of performers, including Count Basie, Woody Herman, Alvino Ray, Johnny Long, Claude Thornhill, Judy Garland, Crosby (again), Glen Gray, Benny Goodman, Kay Kyser, Dinah Shore, Spike Jones, and Duke Ellington, among others. During the strike Several months passed before any effects of the strike were noticed. At first, the record companies hoped to call the union's bluff by releasing new titles from their large stockpiles of unissued discs, but the strike lasted much longer than anticipated and eventually the supply of unreleased recordings was exhausted. The companies also reissued several long deleted recordings from their back catalogs, including some from as far back as 1925, the dawn of the electrical recording era. One reissue that was especially successful was Columbia’s release of Harry James’ "All or Nothing at All", recorded in August 1939 and released when James' new vocalist, Frank Sinatra, was still largely unknown. The original release carried the usual credit, "Vocal Chorus by Frank Sinatra" in small type. It sold around five thousand copies. When Columbia reissued the record in 1943 with the now famous Sinatra given top billing, and "with Harry James and his Orchestra" in small type below, the record was on the best–selling list for 18 weeks and reached number 2 on June 2, 1943. In 1942, the song "As Time Goes By" became immensely popular after it was featured in the Warner Bros. film Casablanca. Rudy Vallée recorded the song for RCA Victor in 1931, and the reissue of his 12-year-old record became a number-one hit. As the strike continued into 1943, record companies bypassed the striking musicians by recording their popular vocalists accompanied by backup vocal groups in place of an orchestra. Columbia had signed Sinatra on June 1, 1943 and was eager to issue records featuring their new star; the company therefore hired Axel Stordahl as arranger and conductor for several sessions with a vocal group called the Bobby Tucker Singers. These first sessions were on June 7, June 22, August 5, and November 10, 1943. Of the nine songs released from these sessions, seven charted on the best–selling list. Other recordings made this way included: Perry Como's first RCA Victor record "Goodbye Sue" (1943) (1944 V-Disc version with orchestra) "Have I Stayed Away Too Long?" by Perry Como "Lili Marlene" by Perry Como "Long Ago (and Far Away)" by Perry Como "Sunday, Monday, or Always" by Bing Crosby by Frank Sinatra "You'll Never Know" by Frank Sinatra by Dick Haymes The strike also had an effect on radio programs that used recorded music, due to the limited number of new recordings available. Radio shows that relied mainly on records found it difficult to keep introducing new songs to their listeners. Martin Block, host of WNEW's Make Believe Ballroom radio show, circumvented the ban by having friends in England send him records produced in the UK, where the ban was not in effect. He was forced to discontinue this practice after the station's house orchestra staged a retaliatory strike, which was settled after WNEW agreed not to broadcast any records made after August 1, 1942. The only prominent musical organization not to be affected by the strike's onset was the Boston Symphony Orchestra, as they were not a member of the union. The orchestra joined the union (and the strike) in late 1942; this kicked off a long series of live BSO radio concerts broadcast on CBS. Ending the strike Some smaller recording companies did not have an extensive backlog of recordings and they settled with the union after just over a year. Decca Records and its transcription subsidiary World Broadcasting System settled in September 1943, agreeing to make direct payments to a union-controlled "relief fund", followed shortly by the recently established Capitol Records, on October 11, 1943. Capitol had only issued its first records on July 1, 1942, one month before the strike began. Other recording and transcription companies continued to pursue the case with the National Labor Relations Board and the National War Labor Board, culminating in a WLB directive demanding that the AFM rescind its ban on musicians recording for those companies. When the AFM refused to comply, the matter was referred to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who wrote to James Petrillo: In a country which loves democratic government and loves keen competition under the rules of the game, parties to a dispute should adhere to the decision of the Board even though one of the parties may consider the decision wrong. Therefore, in the interest of orderly government and in the interest of respecting the considered decision of the Board, I request your union to accept the directive orders of the National War Labor Board. What you regard as your loss will certainly be your country's gain.— Roosevelt's telegram to Petrillo, October 4, 1944 The union refused to budge, and with competing companies having made new recordings for over a year, RCA Victor and Columbia finally capitulated, agreeing to substantially similar terms as the other recording companies, on November 11, 1944. The new contract with the AFM included language releasing artists from exclusive recording contracts should the union strike those companies. Within a few hours after signing the new contract, RCA Victor had Vaughn Monroe and his orchestra record two songs from the new Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film musical, Meet Me in St. Louis. The record was quickly mastered, pressed and placed on sale just two days later. The end of the strike was not the end of the royalty dispute, however. As television was beginning, there were questions regarding musicians and royalties from this new medium, and a similar, but much shorter strike was called for 1948, lasting close to a year, ending on December 14, 1948. Consequences Over the long term the record companies were not hurt by the strike. In 1941, 127 million records were sold; in 1946, two years after the strike, that number jumped to 275 million and it jumped higher in 1947 to 400 million. Small specialty labels The strike stopped business between major record labels and musicians under contract with them. With recording and manufacturing equipment idle from the strike, enterprising music promoters, record distributors, and store owners with the right connections took the opportunity to start small specialty labels, such as Savoy (1942) and Apollo (1943–44), that catered to musicians who were not under contract. Sometimes musicians under contract restrictions recorded for them under pseudonyms. That business model worked in large urban markets such as New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles, where concentrated markets allowed a sufficient return from local distribution. Many of the historically important recordings of jazz and R&B from the mid-1940s originated from these small labels, including an early 1944 recording of "Woody'n You" for Apollo featuring Coleman Hawkins and Dizzy Gillespie, which is often cited as the first formal recording of the form of jazz known as bebop. Although not lucrative for musicians, these small labels gained them exposure that sometimes led to contracts with more established labels. Decline of the big bands One unexpected result of the strike was the decline in popularity of the big bands of the 1930s and early 1940s. The strike was not the only cause of this decline, but it hastened the shift from big bands with an accompanying vocalist to an emphasis on the vocalist, with the exclusion of the band. In the 1930s and pre–strike 1940s, big bands dominated popular music; immediately following the strike, vocalists began to dominate popular music. During the strike, vocalists could and did record without instrumentalists; instrumentalists could not record for the public at all. As historian Peter Soderbergh expressed it, "Until the war most singers were props. After the war they became the stars and the role of the bands was gradually subordinated." Even before the strike began there were signs that the increasing popularity of singers was beginning to reshape the big bands. When Frank Sinatra joined Tommy Dorsey's band in 1940, most selections started with a Tommy Dorsey solo. By the time Sinatra left in 1942, his songs with the band began with his singing, followed by any solos by Dorsey or others. A significant moment in the rise of the vocalist occurred when Sinatra performed with Benny Goodman and his Orchestra at New York City's Paramount Theater on December 30, 1942. Sinatra was third–billed on the program and although he was then the most popular singer in the country, Goodman had never heard of him. Goodman announced him and the audience roared and shrieked for five minutes. Goodman's bewildered response was, "What the hell was that?" Once Sinatra started to sing, the audience continued to shriek during every song. As a saxophone player later said, "When Frank hit that screaming bunch of kids, the big bands just went right into the background." The other major cause of the decline of the big bands was World War II itself—and the resulting loss of band members who were drafted, curtailment of traveling by touring bands because of gasoline and other rationing, and a shortage of the shellac used to manufacture records. Lack of recordings of early bebop As discussed by James Lincoln Collier, Geoffrey Ward, and Ken Burns, the new musical style known later as bebop, developed by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie and others during the period of the strike, was not recorded and was not available to the general public because of the strike. James Lincoln Collier wrote in The Making of Jazz: "By about 1942 it was clear to musicians that here was something more than mere experimentation. Here was a new kind of music. Unfortunately, we cannot pinpoint these developments . As a result there are few commercial recordings of any of the bop players during the years they were working out their innovations." As Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns put it in Jazz: A History of America's Music (based on Burns' miniseries), "And so, except for a handful of dedicated collaborators and a few devoted fans, the new music Parker and Gillespie and their cohorts were developing remained largely a secret". However, session dates of specialty labels such as Keynote, Savoy, and Apollo continued recording during the period when the ban was affecting the major labels. Those recordings for the most part showcased the more established styles of jazz, R&B, calypso, and gospel, with bebop first recorded for the Apollo label in early 1944. All of the recordings of bebop from 1944 to 1945 after the strike were performed for small labels, with the new music only later starting to gain promotion from the majors. Notes ^ a b "James C. Petrillo". WTTW-TV. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2010. ^ "American Popular Music" (PDF). Oxford University Press, Inc. 2007 . Retrieved September 9, 2023. ^ Paul Kingsbury et al., eds. The Encyclopedia of Country Music (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 6 (Entry for "AFM" by Walt Trott). ^ "One Year of the Record Ban". Billboard. 1943. p. 81. Retrieved December 12, 2010. ^ Peter A. Soderbergh, "Olde Records Price Guide 1900–1947", Wallace–Homestead Book Company, Des Moines, Iowa, 1980, pp.136–137 ^ a b c Gilliland, John (1994). Pop Chronicles the 40s: The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s (audiobook). ISBN 978-1-55935-147-8. OCLC 31611854. Tape 1, side A. ^ Peters, Richard (1982). Frank Sinatra Scrapbook. New York: St. Martins Press. pp. 123, 157. ^ (CD booklet), Frank Sinatra: The Columbia Years: 1943–1952, The Complete Recordings Vol. 1, 1993 ^ "Goodbye, Sue". Kokomo. Retrieved July 3, 2010. ^ "Goodbye, Sue-1944 V-Disc Version". Internet Archives. Retrieved July 13, 2010. ^ "Where There's A Will". The Milwaukee Journal. July 16, 1943. Retrieved October 30, 2010. ^ "Radio Station Crew Quits In Record Fight". The Milwaukee Journal. July 21, 1943. Retrieved October 30, 2010. ^ "AFM Strike Halts British Disc Plan". Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 25 (4). Washington, D.C.: Broadcasting Publications, Inc.: 14 July 28, 1943. Bernice Judis, general manager of WNEW, and Merle Pitt, director of station staff orchestra, received telegrams from William Feinberg, secretary of AFM Local 802 in New York, to the effect that the band would not work for WNEW after that date because of the station's use of "non-union made records." ^ "1942–1944: US musicians recording ban". Retrieved October 2, 2014. ^ Cooke, James Francis, ed. (February 1943). "The World of Music". The Etude. 61 (2). Theodore Presser: 3. ^ "Decca Pact Covers Fees Direct to Union". Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 25 (13): 9. September 27, 1943. Formal contracts between the American Federation of Musicians and Decca Records Inc. and World Broadcasting System, which were reported in the final stage of preparation on Friday, permit these companies to employ AFM members for the making of phonograph records and transcriptions in exchange for the payment of royalty fees by the companies directly to the union, according to A. Rex Riccardi, assistant to AFM President James C. Petrillo. ^ "FDR Telegram to Petrillo". Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 27 (15): 11. October 9, 1944. ^ Soderbergh, p. 138 ^ Robertson, Bruce (November 20, 1944). "Petrillo Victory Seen Affecting Stations". Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 27 (21): 15. Acceptance of the Petrillo demands under virtual duress came after the companies, which had held out for more than a year while their competitors kept recording equipment humming, had despaired of promised Government intercession. Many of the most popular artists at Victor and Columbia had sought to, or did terminate their recording contracts with those companies because of the "strike" and the alternative was to sign or go out of business. ^ Yoakley, Sara (December 1, 1947). "Record Companies Waxing Fast And Hot To Beat Petrillo's Ban On Canned Music". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved October 29, 2010. ^ Macfarlane, Malcolm, ed. (2009), Perry Como: A Biography and Complete Career Record, McFarland, p. 310, ISBN 978-0-7864-3701-6, retrieved April 28, 2010 ^ "Musicians Flock Back As Ban On Recording Ends". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. December 15, 1948. Retrieved July 7, 2010. ^ a b Soderbergh, p.139 ^ a b "Woody'n You, Coleman Hawkins, Dizzy Gillespie and others, Apollo 751, Feb. 16, 1944". ^ "Perry Como-An Early Biography". RCA Victor. c. 1957. Archived from the original on November 20, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2010. ^ Boals, Col. L. R. (February 18, 1945). "Lauritz Melchior Recordings Grouped In Masterpiece Album". Youngstown Vindicator. Retrieved November 29, 2010. ^ "Big Bands Rise and Fall". Big Bands and Big Names. Archived from the original on October 5, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2010. ^ Kaplan, James (September 20, 2010). "The Night Sinatra Happened". Vanity Fair. Conde Nast. Retrieved January 6, 2022. ^ Elijah Wald, How The Beatles Destroyed Rock'n'Roll, Oxford University Press, 2009, p.153 ^ Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, Jazz: A History of America's Music Alfred A. Knopf, 2000, p. 311 ^ James Lincoln Collier, The Making of Jazz, New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1978, p. 355. ^ Ward and Burns, p. 310 ^ "Savoy session index, 1942-44". External links Reproduction of Down Beat magazine article on the start of strike Billboard, July 26, 1947-Whither Disk Biz, Petrillo? Article discusses second AFM strike which would take place in 1948. Time, December 27, 1948-One for Harry Time Magazine's account of the settlement of the second AFM strike in 1948.
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Beginning on midnight, July 31, 1942, no union musician could make commercial recordings for any commercial record company.[1] That meant that a union musician was allowed to participate on radio programs and other kinds of musical entertainment, but not in a recording session. The 1942–1944 musicians' strike remains the longest strike in entertainment history.The strike did not affect musicians performing on live radio shows, in concerts, or, after October 27, 1943, on special recordings made by the record companies for V-Discs for distribution to the armed forces fighting World War II, because V-Discs were not available for sale to the general public. However, the union did frequently threaten to withdraw musicians from the radio networks to punish individual network affiliates who were deemed \"unfair\" for violating the union's policy on recording network shows for repeat broadcasts.The strike had a major impact on the American musical scene. At the time, union bands dominated popular music; after the strike, and partly as a result of it, the big bands began to decline and vocalists began to dominate popular music.[2]","title":"1942–1944 musicians' strike"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"RCA Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Victor"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Decca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"Tommy Dorsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Dorsey"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Dorsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Dorsey"},{"link_name":"Charlie Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Barnet"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Guy Lombardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Lombardo"},{"link_name":"Glenn Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Miller"},{"link_name":"Count Basie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Basie"},{"link_name":"Woody Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Herman"},{"link_name":"Alvino Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvino_Ray"},{"link_name":"Johnny Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Long_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Claude Thornhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Thornhill"},{"link_name":"Judy Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Garland"},{"link_name":"Glen Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Gray"},{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Kay Kyser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Kyser"},{"link_name":"Dinah Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinah_Shore"},{"link_name":"Spike Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Jones"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Petrillo had long publicly maintained that recording companies should pay royalties. As head of the Chicago local chapter of the union in 1937 he had organized a strike there. Petrillo was elected president of the American Federation of Musicians in 1940.[3]\nWhen Petrillo announced that the recording ban would start at midnight, July 31, 1942,[4] most people did not take it very seriously; Petrillo had threatened a strike before and nothing had happened. The United States had just entered World War II in December, 1941 and most newspapers opposed the ban. By July, when it appeared that the ban would indeed take place, America's big three record companies (RCA Victor, Columbia and Decca) began to stockpile new recordings of their most popular artists. In the first two weeks of July, these performers all recorded new material: Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy Dorsey, Charlie Barnet, Bing Crosby, Guy Lombardo, and Glenn Miller, who made his last records as a civilian bandleader. Recording during the last week was a long list of performers, including Count Basie, Woody Herman, Alvino Ray, Johnny Long, Claude Thornhill, Judy Garland, Crosby (again), Glen Gray, Benny Goodman, Kay Kyser, Dinah Shore, Spike Jones, and Duke Ellington, among others.[5]","title":"Background to the strike"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Harry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_James"},{"link_name":"All or Nothing at All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_or_Nothing_at_All"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc1a-6"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"As Time Goes By","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Time_Goes_By_(song)"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rudy Vallée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Vall%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"RCA Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Victor"},{"link_name":"Axel Stordahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Stordahl"},{"link_name":"Bobby Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Tucker"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Perry Como","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Como"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Perry Como","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Como"},{"link_name":"Lili Marlene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili_Marleen"},{"link_name":"Long Ago (and Far Away)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Ago_(and_Far_Away)"},{"link_name":"Sunday, Monday, or Always","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday,_Monday,_or_Always"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc1a-6"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"You'll Never Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27ll_Never_Know"},{"link_name":"Dick Haymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Haymes"},{"link_name":"Martin Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Block"},{"link_name":"WNEW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBBR_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Make Believe Ballroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_Believe_Ballroom"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Boston Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libcom-14"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Several months passed before any effects of the strike were noticed. At first, the record companies hoped to call the union's bluff by releasing new titles from their large stockpiles of unissued discs, but the strike lasted much longer than anticipated and eventually the supply of unreleased recordings was exhausted. The companies also reissued several long deleted recordings from their back catalogs, including some from as far back as 1925, the dawn of the electrical recording era. One reissue that was especially successful was Columbia’s release of Harry James’ \"All or Nothing at All\",[6] recorded in August 1939 and released when James' new vocalist, Frank Sinatra, was still largely unknown. The original release carried the usual credit, \"Vocal Chorus by Frank Sinatra\" in small type. It sold around five thousand copies. When Columbia reissued the record in 1943 with the now famous Sinatra given top billing, and \"with Harry James and his Orchestra\" in small type below, the record was on the best–selling list for 18 weeks and reached number 2 on June 2, 1943.[7]In 1942, the song \"As Time Goes By\" became immensely popular after it was featured in the Warner Bros. film Casablanca. Rudy Vallée recorded the song for RCA Victor in 1931, and the reissue of his 12-year-old record became a number-one hit.As the strike continued into 1943, record companies bypassed the striking musicians by recording their popular vocalists accompanied by backup vocal groups in place of an orchestra. Columbia had signed Sinatra on June 1, 1943 and was eager to issue records featuring their new star; the company therefore hired Axel Stordahl as arranger and conductor for several sessions with a vocal group called the Bobby Tucker Singers. These first sessions were on June 7, June 22, August 5, and November 10, 1943. Of the nine songs released from these sessions, seven charted on the best–selling list.[8] Other recordings made this way included:Perry Como's first RCA Victor record \"Goodbye Sue\" (1943) (1944 V-Disc version with orchestra)[9][10]\n\"Have I Stayed Away Too Long?\" by Perry Como\n\"Lili Marlene\" by Perry Como\n\"Long Ago (and Far Away)\" by Perry Como\n\"Sunday, Monday, or Always\"[6]\nby Bing Crosby\nby Frank Sinatra\n\"You'll Never Know\"\nby Frank Sinatra\nby Dick HaymesThe strike also had an effect on radio programs that used recorded music, due to the limited number of new recordings available. Radio shows that relied mainly on records found it difficult to keep introducing new songs to their listeners. Martin Block, host of WNEW's Make Believe Ballroom radio show, circumvented the ban by having friends in England send him records produced in the UK, where the ban was not in effect.[11][12] He was forced to discontinue this practice after the station's house orchestra staged a retaliatory strike, which was settled after WNEW agreed not to broadcast any records made after August 1, 1942.[13]The only prominent musical organization not to be affected by the strike's onset was the Boston Symphony Orchestra, as they were not a member of the union.[14] The orchestra joined the union (and the strike) in late 1942; this kicked off a long series of live BSO radio concerts broadcast on CBS.[15]","title":"During the strike"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_transcription"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc1a-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"National Labor Relations Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board"},{"link_name":"National War Labor Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_War_Labor_Board_(1942%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Vaughn Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughn_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"Meet Me in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_Me_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petrillo-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Some smaller recording companies did not have an extensive backlog of recordings and they settled with the union after just over a year. Decca Records and its transcription subsidiary World Broadcasting System settled in September 1943,[6] agreeing to make direct payments to a union-controlled \"relief fund\",[16] followed shortly by the recently established Capitol Records, on October 11, 1943. Capitol had only issued its first records on July 1, 1942, one month before the strike began.Other recording and transcription companies continued to pursue the case with the National Labor Relations Board and the National War Labor Board, culminating in a WLB directive demanding that the AFM rescind its ban on musicians recording for those companies. When the AFM refused to comply, the matter was referred to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who wrote to James Petrillo:In a country which loves democratic government and loves keen competition under the rules of the game, parties to a dispute should adhere to the decision of the Board even though one of the parties may consider the decision wrong. Therefore, in the interest of orderly government and in the interest of respecting the considered decision of the Board, I request your union to accept the directive orders of the National War Labor Board. What you regard as your loss will certainly be your country's gain.— Roosevelt's telegram to Petrillo, October 4, 1944[17]The union refused to budge, and with competing companies having made new recordings for over a year, RCA Victor and Columbia finally capitulated, agreeing to substantially similar terms as the other recording companies, on November 11, 1944.[18] The new contract with the AFM included language releasing artists from exclusive recording contracts should the union strike those companies.[19] Within a few hours after signing the new contract, RCA Victor had Vaughn Monroe and his orchestra record two songs from the new Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film musical, Meet Me in St. Louis. The record was quickly mastered, pressed and placed on sale just two days later.The end of the strike was not the end of the royalty dispute, however. As television was beginning, there were questions regarding musicians and royalties from this new medium, and a similar, but much shorter strike was called for 1948,[20] lasting close to a year, ending on December 14, 1948.[1][21][22]","title":"Ending the strike"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soderbergh,_p.139-23"}],"text":"Over the long term the record companies were not hurt by the strike. In 1941, 127 million records were sold; in 1946, two years after the strike, that number jumped to 275 million and it jumped higher in 1947 to 400 million.[23]","title":"Consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Records"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Records_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Woody'n You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_%27n%27_You"},{"link_name":"Coleman Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"Dizzy Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie"},{"link_name":"bebop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebop"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bebop1-24"}],"sub_title":"Small specialty labels","text":"The strike stopped business between major record labels and musicians under contract with them. With recording and manufacturing equipment idle from the strike, enterprising music promoters, record distributors, and store owners with the right connections took the opportunity to start small specialty labels, such as Savoy (1942) and Apollo (1943–44), that catered to musicians who were not under contract. Sometimes musicians under contract restrictions recorded for them under pseudonyms. That business model worked in large urban markets such as New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles, where concentrated markets allowed a sufficient return from local distribution. Many of the historically important recordings of jazz and R&B from the mid-1940s originated from these small labels, including an early 1944 recording of \"Woody'n You\" for Apollo featuring Coleman Hawkins and Dizzy Gillespie, which is often cited as the first formal recording of the form of jazz known as bebop.[24] Although not lucrative for musicians, these small labels gained them exposure that sometimes led to contracts with more established labels.","title":"Consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"big bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_bands"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soderbergh,_p.139-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Tommy Dorsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Dorsey"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Paramount Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Theater_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Decline of the big bands","text":"One unexpected result of the strike was the decline in popularity of the big bands of the 1930s and early 1940s. The strike was not the only cause of this decline, but it hastened the shift from big bands with an accompanying vocalist to an emphasis on the vocalist, with the exclusion of the band. In the 1930s and pre–strike 1940s, big bands dominated popular music; immediately following the strike, vocalists began to dominate popular music.[25][26]During the strike, vocalists could and did record without instrumentalists; instrumentalists could not record for the public at all. As historian Peter Soderbergh expressed it, \"Until the war most singers were props. After the war they became the stars and the role of the bands was gradually subordinated.\"[23][27]Even before the strike began there were signs that the increasing popularity of singers was beginning to reshape the big bands. When Frank Sinatra joined Tommy Dorsey's band in 1940, most selections started with a Tommy Dorsey solo. By the time Sinatra left in 1942, his songs with the band began with his singing, followed by any solos by Dorsey or others.[28]A significant moment in the rise of the vocalist occurred when Sinatra performed with Benny Goodman and his Orchestra at New York City's Paramount Theater on December 30, 1942.[29] Sinatra was third–billed on the program and although he was then the most popular singer in the country, Goodman had never heard of him. Goodman announced him and the audience roared and shrieked for five minutes. Goodman's bewildered response was, \"What the hell was that?\" Once Sinatra started to sing, the audience continued to shriek during every song. As a saxophone player later said, \"When Frank hit that screaming bunch of kids, the big bands just went right into the background.\"[30]The other major cause of the decline of the big bands was World War II itself—and the resulting loss of band members who were drafted, curtailment of traveling by touring bands because of gasoline and other rationing, and a shortage of the shellac used to manufacture records.","title":"Consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Lincoln Collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lincoln_Collier"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Ward"},{"link_name":"Ken Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Burns"},{"link_name":"bebop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebop"},{"link_name":"Charlie Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Parker"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey C. Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_C._Ward"},{"link_name":"Burns' miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Keynote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynote_Records"},{"link_name":"Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Records"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Records_(1944)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savoydates-33"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"calypso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calypso_music"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bebop1-24"}],"sub_title":"Lack of recordings of early bebop","text":"As discussed by James Lincoln Collier, Geoffrey Ward, and Ken Burns, the new musical style known later as bebop, developed by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie and others during the period of the strike, was not recorded and was not available to the general public because of the strike. James Lincoln Collier wrote in The Making of Jazz: \"By about 1942 it was clear to musicians that here was something more than mere experimentation. Here was a new kind of music. Unfortunately, we cannot pinpoint these developments [because of the strike]. As a result there are few commercial recordings of any of the bop players during the years they were working out their innovations.\"[31] As Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns put it in Jazz: A History of America's Music (based on Burns' miniseries), \"And so, except for a handful of dedicated collaborators and a few devoted fans, the new music Parker and Gillespie and their cohorts were developing remained largely a secret\".[32] However, session dates of specialty labels such as Keynote, Savoy, and Apollo continued recording during the period when the ban was affecting the major labels.[33] Those recordings for the most part showcased the more established styles of jazz, R&B, calypso, and gospel, with bebop first recorded for the Apollo label in early 1944.[24] All of the recordings of bebop from 1944 to 1945 after the strike were performed for small labels, with the new music only later starting to gain promotion from the majors.","title":"Consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Petrillo_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Petrillo_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"James C. Petrillo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091106040228/https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=1%2C7%2C1%2C1%2C38"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=1,7,1,1,38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"American Popular Music\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//static.america.gov/uploads/sites/8/2016/05/American-Popular-Music_English_508.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"One Year of the Record Ban\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5B8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pc1a_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pc1a_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pc1a_6-2"},{"link_name":"Gilliland, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilliland"},{"link_name":"Pop Chronicles the 40s: The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1633217/m1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55935-147-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55935-147-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"31611854","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/31611854"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"St. Martins Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martins_Press"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Goodbye, Sue\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kokomo.ca/early_years/goodbye_sue.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Goodbye, Sue-1944 V-Disc 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Ends\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?id=XbItAAAAIBAJ&pg=2350,1333612&dq=american+federation+of+musicians+1948&hl=en"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Soderbergh,_p.139_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Soderbergh,_p.139_23-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bebop1_24-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bebop1_24-1"},{"link_name":"\"Woody'n You, Coleman Hawkins, Dizzy Gillespie and others, Apollo 751, Feb. 16, 1944\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jazzdisco.org/dizzy-gillespie/discography/#430215"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"Perry Como-An Early Biography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131120005044/http://kokomo.ca/cd_review/press/earlybio.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kokomo.ca/cd_review/press/earlybio.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Lauritz Melchior Recordings Grouped In Masterpiece Album\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?id=SXZIAAAAIBAJ&pg=6267,4493784&dq=perry+como&hl=en"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"Big Bands Rise and Fall\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bigbandsandbignames.com/RiseandFall.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101005183226/http://bigbandsandbignames.com/RiseandFall.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"The Night Sinatra Happened\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vanityfair.com/culture/2010/10/frank-sinatra-201010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Elijah Wald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Wald"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Savoydates_33-0"},{"link_name":"\"Savoy session index, 1942-44\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jazzdisco.org/savoy-records/discography-1931-1944/session-index/"}],"text":"^ a b \"James C. Petrillo\". WTTW-TV. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2010.\n\n^ \"American Popular Music\" (PDF). Oxford University Press, Inc. 2007 [2003]. Retrieved September 9, 2023.\n\n^ Paul Kingsbury et al., eds. The Encyclopedia of Country Music (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 6 (Entry for \"AFM\" by Walt Trott).\n\n^ \"One Year of the Record Ban\". Billboard. 1943. p. 81. Retrieved December 12, 2010.\n\n^ Peter A. Soderbergh, \"Olde Records Price Guide 1900–1947\", Wallace–Homestead Book Company, Des Moines, Iowa, 1980, pp.136–137\n\n^ a b c Gilliland, John (1994). Pop Chronicles the 40s: The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s (audiobook). ISBN 978-1-55935-147-8. OCLC 31611854. Tape 1, side A.\n\n^ Peters, Richard (1982). Frank Sinatra Scrapbook. New York: St. Martins Press. pp. 123, 157.\n\n^ (CD booklet), Frank Sinatra: The Columbia Years: 1943–1952, The Complete Recordings Vol. 1, 1993\n\n^ \"Goodbye, Sue\". Kokomo. Retrieved July 3, 2010.\n\n^ \"Goodbye, Sue-1944 V-Disc Version\". Internet Archives. Retrieved July 13, 2010.\n\n^ \"Where There's A Will\". The Milwaukee Journal. July 16, 1943. Retrieved October 30, 2010.\n\n^ \"Radio Station Crew Quits In Record Fight\". The Milwaukee Journal. July 21, 1943. Retrieved October 30, 2010.\n\n^ \"AFM Strike Halts British Disc Plan\". Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 25 (4). Washington, D.C.: Broadcasting Publications, Inc.: 14 July 28, 1943. Bernice Judis, general manager of WNEW, and Merle Pitt, director of station staff orchestra, received telegrams from William Feinberg, secretary of AFM Local 802 in New York, to the effect that the band would not work for WNEW after that date because of the station's use of \"non-union made records.\"\n\n^ \"1942–1944: US musicians recording ban\". Retrieved October 2, 2014.\n\n^ Cooke, James Francis, ed. (February 1943). \"The World of Music\". The Etude. 61 (2). Theodore Presser: 3.\n\n^ \"Decca Pact Covers Fees Direct to Union\". Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 25 (13): 9. September 27, 1943. Formal contracts between the American Federation of Musicians and Decca Records Inc. and World Broadcasting System, which were reported in the final stage of preparation on Friday, permit these companies to employ AFM members for the making of phonograph records and transcriptions in exchange for the payment of royalty fees by the companies directly to the union, according to A. Rex Riccardi, assistant to AFM President James C. Petrillo.\n\n^ \"FDR Telegram to Petrillo\". Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 27 (15): 11. October 9, 1944.\n\n^ Soderbergh, p. 138\n\n^ Robertson, Bruce (November 20, 1944). \"Petrillo Victory Seen Affecting Stations\". Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 27 (21): 15. Acceptance of the Petrillo demands under virtual duress came after the companies, which had held out for more than a year while their competitors kept recording equipment humming, had despaired of promised Government intercession. Many of the most popular artists at Victor and Columbia had sought to, or did terminate their recording contracts with those companies because of the \"strike\" and the alternative was to sign or go out of business.\n\n^ Yoakley, Sara (December 1, 1947). \"Record Companies Waxing Fast And Hot To Beat Petrillo's Ban On Canned Music\". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved October 29, 2010.\n\n^ Macfarlane, Malcolm, ed. (2009), Perry Como: A Biography and Complete Career Record, McFarland, p. 310, ISBN 978-0-7864-3701-6, retrieved April 28, 2010\n\n^ \"Musicians Flock Back As Ban On Recording Ends\". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. December 15, 1948. Retrieved July 7, 2010.\n\n^ a b Soderbergh, p.139\n\n^ a b \"Woody'n You, Coleman Hawkins, Dizzy Gillespie and others, Apollo 751, Feb. 16, 1944\".\n\n^ \"Perry Como-An Early Biography\". RCA Victor. c. 1957. Archived from the original on November 20, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2010.\n\n^ Boals, Col. L. R. (February 18, 1945). \"Lauritz Melchior Recordings Grouped In Masterpiece Album\". Youngstown Vindicator. Retrieved November 29, 2010.\n\n^ \"Big Bands Rise and Fall\". Big Bands and Big Names. Archived from the original on October 5, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2010.\n\n^ Kaplan, James (September 20, 2010). \"The Night Sinatra Happened\". Vanity Fair. Conde Nast. Retrieved January 6, 2022.\n\n^ Elijah Wald, How The Beatles Destroyed Rock'n'Roll, Oxford University Press, 2009, p.153\n\n^ Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, Jazz: A History of America's Music Alfred A. Knopf, 2000, p. 311\n\n^ James Lincoln Collier, The Making of Jazz, New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1978, p. 355.\n\n^ Ward and Burns, p. 310\n\n^ \"Savoy session index, 1942-44\".","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"James C. Petrillo\". WTTW-TV. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091106040228/https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=1%2C7%2C1%2C1%2C38","url_text":"\"James C. Petrillo\""},{"url":"http://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=1,7,1,1,38","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"American Popular Music\" (PDF). Oxford University Press, Inc. 2007 [2003]. Retrieved September 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://static.america.gov/uploads/sites/8/2016/05/American-Popular-Music_English_508.pdf","url_text":"\"American Popular Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"One Year of the Record Ban\". Billboard. 1943. p. 81. Retrieved December 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5B8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81","url_text":"\"One Year of the Record Ban\""}]},{"reference":"Gilliland, John (1994). Pop Chronicles the 40s: The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s (audiobook). ISBN 978-1-55935-147-8. OCLC 31611854.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilliland","url_text":"Gilliland, John"},{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1633217/m1","url_text":"Pop Chronicles the 40s: The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55935-147-8","url_text":"978-1-55935-147-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31611854","url_text":"31611854"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Richard (1982). Frank Sinatra Scrapbook. New York: St. Martins Press. pp. 123, 157.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martins_Press","url_text":"St. Martins Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Goodbye, Sue\". Kokomo. Retrieved July 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kokomo.ca/early_years/goodbye_sue.htm","url_text":"\"Goodbye, Sue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goodbye, Sue-1944 V-Disc Version\". Internet Archives. Retrieved July 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/PerryComo-GoodbyeSue1944Vdisc","url_text":"\"Goodbye, Sue-1944 V-Disc Version\""}]},{"reference":"\"Where There's A Will\". The Milwaukee Journal. July 16, 1943. Retrieved October 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gO8ZAAAAIBAJ&pg=1596,120344&dq=martin+block&hl=en","url_text":"\"Where There's A Will\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Milwaukee_Journal","url_text":"The Milwaukee Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Radio Station Crew Quits In Record Fight\". The Milwaukee Journal. July 21, 1943. Retrieved October 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=he8ZAAAAIBAJ&pg=3824,2322378&dq=martin+block&hl=en","url_text":"\"Radio Station Crew Quits In Record Fight\""}]},{"reference":"\"AFM Strike Halts British Disc Plan\". Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 25 (4). Washington, D.C.: Broadcasting Publications, Inc.: 14 July 28, 1943. Bernice Judis, general manager of WNEW, and Merle Pitt, director of station staff orchestra, received telegrams from William Feinberg, secretary of AFM Local 802 in New York, to the effect that the band would not work for WNEW after that date because of the station's use of \"non-union made records.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising"}]},{"reference":"\"1942–1944: US musicians recording ban\". Retrieved October 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://libcom.org/history/1942-1944-musicians-recording-ban","url_text":"\"1942–1944: US musicians recording ban\""}]},{"reference":"Cooke, James Francis, ed. (February 1943). \"The World of Music\". The Etude. 61 (2). Theodore Presser: 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1230&context=etude","url_text":"\"The World of Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Etude","url_text":"The Etude"}]},{"reference":"\"Decca Pact Covers Fees Direct to Union\". Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 25 (13): 9. September 27, 1943. Formal contracts between the American Federation of Musicians and Decca Records Inc. and World Broadcasting System, which were reported in the final stage of preparation on Friday, permit these companies to employ AFM members for the making of phonograph records and transcriptions in exchange for the payment of royalty fees by the companies directly to the union, according to A. Rex Riccardi, assistant to AFM President James C. Petrillo.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"FDR Telegram to Petrillo\". Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 27 (15): 11. October 9, 1944.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Robertson, Bruce (November 20, 1944). \"Petrillo Victory Seen Affecting Stations\". Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising. 27 (21): 15. Acceptance of the Petrillo demands under virtual duress came after the companies, which had held out for more than a year while their competitors kept recording equipment humming, had despaired of promised Government intercession. Many of the most popular artists at Victor and Columbia had sought to, or did terminate their recording contracts with those companies because of the \"strike\" and the alternative was to sign or go out of business.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Yoakley, Sara (December 1, 1947). \"Record Companies Waxing Fast And Hot To Beat Petrillo's Ban On Canned Music\". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved October 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7KNEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1912,6368742&dq=perry+como&hl=en","url_text":"\"Record Companies Waxing Fast And Hot To Beat Petrillo's Ban On Canned Music\""}]},{"reference":"Macfarlane, Malcolm, ed. (2009), Perry Como: A Biography and Complete Career Record, McFarland, p. 310, ISBN 978-0-7864-3701-6, retrieved April 28, 2010","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iymN4zko8JkC&q=perry+como+sands+point&pg=PA76","url_text":"Perry Como: A Biography and Complete Career Record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3701-6","url_text":"978-0-7864-3701-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Musicians Flock Back As Ban On Recording Ends\". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. December 15, 1948. Retrieved July 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XbItAAAAIBAJ&pg=2350,1333612&dq=american+federation+of+musicians+1948&hl=en","url_text":"\"Musicians Flock Back As Ban On Recording Ends\""}]},{"reference":"\"Woody'n You, Coleman Hawkins, Dizzy Gillespie and others, Apollo 751, Feb. 16, 1944\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jazzdisco.org/dizzy-gillespie/discography/#430215","url_text":"\"Woody'n You, Coleman Hawkins, Dizzy Gillespie and others, Apollo 751, Feb. 16, 1944\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perry Como-An Early Biography\". RCA Victor. c. 1957. Archived from the original on November 20, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131120005044/http://kokomo.ca/cd_review/press/earlybio.htm","url_text":"\"Perry Como-An Early Biography\""},{"url":"http://kokomo.ca/cd_review/press/earlybio.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Boals, Col. L. R. (February 18, 1945). \"Lauritz Melchior Recordings Grouped In Masterpiece Album\". Youngstown Vindicator. Retrieved November 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SXZIAAAAIBAJ&pg=6267,4493784&dq=perry+como&hl=en","url_text":"\"Lauritz Melchior Recordings Grouped In Masterpiece Album\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big Bands Rise and Fall\". Big Bands and Big Names. Archived from the original on October 5, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bigbandsandbignames.com/RiseandFall.html","url_text":"\"Big Bands Rise and Fall\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101005183226/http://bigbandsandbignames.com/RiseandFall.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, James (September 20, 2010). \"The Night Sinatra Happened\". Vanity Fair. Conde Nast. Retrieved January 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2010/10/frank-sinatra-201010","url_text":"\"The Night Sinatra Happened\""}]},{"reference":"\"Savoy session index, 1942-44\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jazzdisco.org/savoy-records/discography-1931-1944/session-index/","url_text":"\"Savoy session index, 1942-44\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_serum
Eternal youth
["1 Religion and mythology","2 Telomeres","3 Therapy","4 Philanthropy","5 See also","6 References"]
"Youth serum" redirects here. Not to be confused with Truth serum. Physical immortality free of ageing This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Eternal youth" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Youth and Time, John William Godward, 1901 Eternal youth is the concept of human physical immortality free of ageing. The youth referred to is usually meant to be in contrast to the depredations of aging, rather than a specific age of the human lifespan. Eternal youth is common in mythology, and is a popular theme in fiction. Religion and mythology Eternal youth is a characteristic of the inhabitants of Paradise in Abrahamic religions. The Hindus believe that the Vedic and the post-Vedic rishis have attained immortality, which implies the ability to change one's body's age or even shape at will. These are some of the siddhas in Yoga. Markandeya is said to always stay at the age of 16. The difference between eternal life and the more specific eternal youth is a recurrent theme in Greek and Roman mythology. The mytheme of requesting the boon of immortality from a god, but forgetting to ask for eternal youth appears in the story of Tithonus. A similar theme is found in Ovid regarding the Cumaean Sibyl. In Norse mythology, Iðunn is described as providing the gods apples that grant them eternal youthfulness in the 13th-century Prose Edda. Telomeres An individual's DNA plays a role in the aging process. Aging begins even before birth, as soon as cells start to die and need to be replaced. On the ends of each chromosome are repetitive sequences of DNA, telomeres, that protect the chromosome from joining with other chromosomes, and have several key roles. One of these roles is to regulate cell division by allowing each cell division to remove a small amount of genetic code. The amount removed varies by the cell type being replicated. The gradual degradation of the telomeres restricts cell division to 40–60 times, also known as the Hayflick limit. Once this limit has been reached, more cells die than can be replaced in the same time span. Thus, soon after this limit is reached the organism dies. The importance of telomeres is now clearly evident: lengthen the telomeres, lengthen the life. However, a study of the comparative biology of mammalian telomeres indicated that telomere length correlates inversely, rather than directly, with lifespan, and concluded that the contribution of telomere length to lifespan remains controversial. Also, telomere shortening does not occur with age in some postmitotic tissues, such as in the rat brain. In humans, skeletal muscle telomere lengths remain stable from ages 23–74. In baboon skeletal muscle, that consists of fully differentiated post-mitotic cells, less than 3% of myonuclei contain damaged telomeres and this percentage does not increase with age. Thus telomere shortening does not appear to be a major factor in the aging of the differentiated cells of brain or skeletal muscle. Studies have shown that 90 percent of cancer cells contain large amounts of an enzyme called telomerase. Telomerase is an enzyme that replenishes the worn away telomeres by adding bases to the ends and thus renewing the telomere. A cancer cell has in essence turned on the telomerase gene, and this allows them to have an unlimited amount of divisions without the telomeres wearing away. Other kinds of cells that can surpass the Hayflick limit are stem cells, hair follicles, and germ cells. This is because they contain raised amounts of telomerase. Therapy The idea that the human body can be repaired in old age to a more youthful state has gathered significant commercial interest over the past few years, including by companies such as Human Longevity Inc, Google Calico, and Elysium Health. In addition to these larger companies, many startups are currently developing therapeutics to tackle the 'ageing problem' using therapy. In 2015 a new class of drugs senolytics was announced (currently in pre-clinical development) designed specifically to combat the underlying biological causes of frailty. Philanthropy The "loss of youth" or ageing process is responsible for increasing the risk of individuals to many diseases including cancer, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and others. As a result, in recent years, many high net worth individuals have donated large amounts of their money towards initiatives towards scientific research into the ageing process itself or therapies to slow or reverse the ageing process. These people include Jeff Bezos, Ray Kurzweil, Peter Thiel, Aubrey de Grey, Larry Ellison, Sergey Brin, Dmitry Itskov, Paul Gallen, and Mark Zuckerberg. See also DNA damage theory of aging Elixir of life Fountain of Youth Indefinite lifespan Immortality References ^ Lee J. Siegel. "ARE TELOMERES THE KEY TO AGING AND CANCER?". Archived from the original on 2013-01-20. ^ Gomes NM, Ryder OA, Houck ML, Charter SJ, Walker W, Forsyth NR, Austad SN, Venditti C, Pagel M, Shay JW, Wright WE (2011). "Comparative biology of mammalian telomeres: hypotheses on ancestral states and the roles of telomeres in longevity determination". Aging Cell. 10 (5): 761–768. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00718.x. PMC 3387546. PMID 21518243. ^ Cherif H, Tarry JL, Ozanne SE, Hales CN (2003). "Ageing and telomeres: a study into organ- and gender-specific telomere shortening". Nucleic Acids Res. 31 (5): 1576–1583. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg208. PMC 149817. PMID 12595567. ^ Renault V, Thornell LE, Eriksson PO, Butler-Browne G, Mouly V (2003). "Regenerative potential of human skeletal muscle during aging". Aging Cell. 1 (2): 132–139. doi:10.1046/j.1474-9728.2002.00017.x. PMID 12882343. S2CID 7020102. ^ Jeyapalan JC, Ferreira M, Sedivy JM, Herbig U (2007). "Accumulation of senescent cells in mitotic tissue of aging primates". Mech Ageing Dev. 128 (1): 36–44. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2006.11.008. PMC 3654105. PMID 17116315. ^ Klaus Damm (2001). "A highly selective telomerase inhibitor limiting human cancer cell proliferation". The EMBO Journal. 20 (24): 6958–6968. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.24.6958. PMC 125790. PMID 11742973. ^ Peter J. Hornsby (2007). "Telomerase and the aging process". Experimental Gerontology. 42 (7): 575–81. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2007.03.007. PMC 1933587. PMID 17482404. ^ "Former unicorn genetics startup Human Longevity loses its horn". 2018-12-11. Retrieved December 26, 2018. ^ "Google's Long, Strange Life-Span Trip". Retrieved December 26, 2018. ^ "The Anti-Aging Pill". Retrieved December 26, 2018. ^ "Esthechoc: Scientists invent 'anti-ageing' chocolate". ^ "Startup Alkahest inks a $50M deal for anti-aging R&D". ^ "New "Senolytic" Drugs Can Dramatically Increase Healthy Lifespan". 11 March 2015. ^ Wallace, Benjamin (August 23, 2016). "An MIT Scientist Claims That This Pill Is the Fountain of Youth". New York Magazine. ^ "Billionaire Peter Thiel embarks on anti-aging crusade". ^ "These Tech Billionaires Are Determined to Buy Their Way Out of Death". Business Insider. ^ "Zuckerberg, Brin join forces to extend life". February 20, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2016. vteLongevityAgeing Old age Longevity myths Senescence aging-associated diseases degenerative diseases negligible senescence Gerontology biogerontology cognitive epidemiology Centenarian supercentenarian research into centenarians Life expectancy LGBT life expectancy Maximum life span Biomarkers of aging Life extension Topic outline index Anti-aging movement Biodemography of human longevity Indefinite lifespan Longevity escape velocity Methods calorie restriction Diet and longevity gene therapy nanomedicine organ printing rejuvenation stem-cell therapy SENS Lists oflife expectancyby country World Africa Americas North America South America Asia Europe Oceania World regions regions of countries Argentina Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cities France Germany Greece India Italy Japan Mexico Russia South Africa Spain Turkey UK USA shortest longest European regions Records Longevity claims Oldest people verified by country living Immortality Biological immortality Regeneration Digital immortality Eternal youth Immortality in fiction Longevity genes FOXO3 APOE CETP ACE IL6 Klotho SIRT1 TNF Related Blue zone Longevity insurance Longevity risk Transhumanist politics Longest-living organisms
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Truth serum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_serum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Youth_and_Time_1901.jpg"},{"link_name":"John William Godward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Godward"},{"link_name":"immortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality"},{"link_name":"ageing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing"},{"link_name":"youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth"},{"link_name":"fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction"}],"text":"\"Youth serum\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Truth serum.Physical immortality free of ageingYouth and Time, John William Godward, 1901Eternal youth is the concept of human physical immortality free of ageing. The youth referred to is usually meant to be in contrast to the depredations of aging, rather than a specific age of the human lifespan. Eternal youth is common in mythology, and is a popular theme in fiction.","title":"Eternal youth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise"},{"link_name":"Abrahamic religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religion"},{"link_name":"siddhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddha"},{"link_name":"Yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga"},{"link_name":"Markandeya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markandeya"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Roman mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_mythology"},{"link_name":"mytheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytheme"},{"link_name":"Tithonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithonus"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid"},{"link_name":"Cumaean Sibyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl"},{"link_name":"Norse mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Iðunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B0unn"},{"link_name":"apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"Prose Edda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_Edda"}],"text":"Eternal youth is a characteristic of the inhabitants of Paradise in Abrahamic religions.The Hindus believe that the Vedic and the post-Vedic rishis have attained immortality, which implies the ability to change one's body's age or even shape at will. These are some of the siddhas in Yoga. Markandeya is said to always stay at the age of 16.The difference between eternal life and the more specific eternal youth is a recurrent theme in Greek and Roman mythology. The mytheme of requesting the boon of immortality from a god, but forgetting to ask for eternal youth appears in the story of Tithonus. A similar theme is found in Ovid regarding the Cumaean Sibyl.In Norse mythology, Iðunn is described as providing the gods apples that grant them eternal youthfulness in the 13th-century Prose Edda.","title":"Religion and mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"telomeres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomeres"},{"link_name":"Hayflick limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayflick_limit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siegel-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"telomerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Damm-6"},{"link_name":"stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cells"},{"link_name":"hair follicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_follicles"},{"link_name":"germ cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_cells"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hornsby-7"}],"text":"An individual's DNA plays a role in the aging process. Aging begins even before birth, as soon as cells start to die and need to be replaced. On the ends of each chromosome are repetitive sequences of DNA, telomeres, that protect the chromosome from joining with other chromosomes, and have several key roles. One of these roles is to regulate cell division by allowing each cell division to remove a small amount of genetic code. The amount removed varies by the cell type being replicated. The gradual degradation of the telomeres restricts cell division to 40–60 times, also known as the Hayflick limit. Once this limit has been reached, more cells die than can be replaced in the same time span. Thus, soon after this limit is reached the organism dies. The importance of telomeres is now clearly evident: lengthen the telomeres, lengthen the life.[1]However, a study of the comparative biology of mammalian telomeres indicated that telomere length correlates inversely, rather than directly, with lifespan, and concluded that the contribution of telomere length to lifespan remains controversial.[2] Also, telomere shortening does not occur with age in some postmitotic tissues, such as in the rat brain.[3] In humans, skeletal muscle telomere lengths remain stable from ages 23–74.[4] In baboon skeletal muscle, that consists of fully differentiated post-mitotic cells, less than 3% of myonuclei contain damaged telomeres and this percentage does not increase with age.[5] Thus telomere shortening does not appear to be a major factor in the aging of the differentiated cells of brain or skeletal muscle.Studies have shown that 90 percent of cancer cells contain large amounts of an enzyme called telomerase.[6] Telomerase is an enzyme that replenishes the worn away telomeres by adding bases to the ends and thus renewing the telomere. A cancer cell has in essence turned on the telomerase gene, and this allows them to have an unlimited amount of divisions without the telomeres wearing away. Other kinds of cells that can surpass the Hayflick limit are stem cells, hair follicles, and germ cells.[7] This is because they contain raised amounts of telomerase.","title":"Telomeres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human Longevity Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Longevity_Inc"},{"link_name":"Google Calico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Calico"},{"link_name":"Elysium Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elysium_Health"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"senolytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senolytics"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The idea that the human body can be repaired in old age to a more youthful state has gathered significant commercial interest over the past few years, including by companies such as Human Longevity Inc, Google Calico, and Elysium Health.[8][9][10] In addition to these larger companies, many startups are currently developing therapeutics to tackle the 'ageing problem' using therapy.[11][12] In 2015 a new class of drugs senolytics was announced (currently in pre-clinical development) designed specifically to combat the underlying biological causes of frailty.[13]","title":"Therapy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bezos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos"},{"link_name":"Ray Kurzweil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil"},{"link_name":"Peter Thiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Aubrey de Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_de_Grey"},{"link_name":"Larry Ellison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Ellison"},{"link_name":"Sergey Brin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Itskov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Itskov"},{"link_name":"Paul Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gallen"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mark Zuckerberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The \"loss of youth\" or ageing process is responsible for increasing the risk of individuals to many diseases including cancer, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and others. As a result, in recent years, many high net worth individuals have donated large amounts of their money towards initiatives towards scientific research into the ageing process itself or therapies to slow or reverse the ageing process.[14] These people include Jeff Bezos, Ray Kurzweil, Peter Thiel,[15] Aubrey de Grey, Larry Ellison, Sergey Brin, Dmitry Itskov, Paul Gallen,[16] and Mark Zuckerberg.[17]","title":"Philanthropy"}]
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[{"title":"DNA damage theory of aging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging"},{"title":"Elixir of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixir_of_life"},{"title":"Fountain of Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth"},{"title":"Indefinite lifespan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indefinite_lifespan"},{"title":"Immortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality"}]
[{"reference":"Lee J. Siegel. \"ARE TELOMERES THE KEY TO AGING AND CANCER?\". Archived from the original on 2013-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130120022356/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/telomeres/","url_text":"\"ARE TELOMERES THE KEY TO AGING AND CANCER?\""},{"url":"http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/telomeres/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gomes NM, Ryder OA, Houck ML, Charter SJ, Walker W, Forsyth NR, Austad SN, Venditti C, Pagel M, Shay JW, Wright WE (2011). \"Comparative biology of mammalian telomeres: hypotheses on ancestral states and the roles of telomeres in longevity determination\". Aging Cell. 10 (5): 761–768. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00718.x. PMC 3387546. PMID 21518243.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387546","url_text":"\"Comparative biology of mammalian telomeres: hypotheses on ancestral states and the roles of telomeres in longevity determination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-9726.2011.00718.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00718.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387546","url_text":"3387546"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21518243","url_text":"21518243"}]},{"reference":"Cherif H, Tarry JL, Ozanne SE, Hales CN (2003). \"Ageing and telomeres: a study into organ- and gender-specific telomere shortening\". Nucleic Acids Res. 31 (5): 1576–1583. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg208. PMC 149817. PMID 12595567.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC149817","url_text":"\"Ageing and telomeres: a study into organ- and gender-specific telomere shortening\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkg208","url_text":"10.1093/nar/gkg208"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC149817","url_text":"149817"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12595567","url_text":"12595567"}]},{"reference":"Renault V, Thornell LE, Eriksson PO, Butler-Browne G, Mouly V (2003). \"Regenerative potential of human skeletal muscle during aging\". Aging Cell. 1 (2): 132–139. doi:10.1046/j.1474-9728.2002.00017.x. PMID 12882343. S2CID 7020102.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1474-9728.2002.00017.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1474-9728.2002.00017.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12882343","url_text":"12882343"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7020102","url_text":"7020102"}]},{"reference":"Jeyapalan JC, Ferreira M, Sedivy JM, Herbig U (2007). \"Accumulation of senescent cells in mitotic tissue of aging primates\". Mech Ageing Dev. 128 (1): 36–44. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2006.11.008. PMC 3654105. PMID 17116315.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3654105","url_text":"\"Accumulation of senescent cells in mitotic tissue of aging primates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mad.2006.11.008","url_text":"10.1016/j.mad.2006.11.008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3654105","url_text":"3654105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17116315","url_text":"17116315"}]},{"reference":"Klaus Damm (2001). \"A highly selective telomerase inhibitor limiting human cancer cell proliferation\". The EMBO Journal. 20 (24): 6958–6968. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.24.6958. PMC 125790. PMID 11742973.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC125790","url_text":"\"A highly selective telomerase inhibitor limiting human cancer cell proliferation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F20.24.6958","url_text":"10.1093/emboj/20.24.6958"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC125790","url_text":"125790"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11742973","url_text":"11742973"}]},{"reference":"Peter J. Hornsby (2007). \"Telomerase and the aging process\". Experimental Gerontology. 42 (7): 575–81. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2007.03.007. PMC 1933587. PMID 17482404.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1933587","url_text":"\"Telomerase and the aging process\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.exger.2007.03.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.exger.2007.03.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1933587","url_text":"1933587"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17482404","url_text":"17482404"}]},{"reference":"\"Former unicorn genetics startup Human Longevity loses its horn\". 2018-12-11. Retrieved December 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://medcitynews.com/2018/12/former-unicorn-genetics-startup-human-longevity-loses-its-horn/","url_text":"\"Former unicorn genetics startup Human Longevity loses its horn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google's Long, Strange Life-Span Trip\". Retrieved December 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603087/googles-long-strange-life-span-trip/","url_text":"\"Google's Long, Strange Life-Span Trip\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Anti-Aging Pill\". Retrieved December 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/534636/the-anti-aging-pill/","url_text":"\"The Anti-Aging Pill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Esthechoc: Scientists invent 'anti-ageing' chocolate\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/esthechoc-scientists-invent-antiageing-chocolate-10060075.html","url_text":"\"Esthechoc: Scientists invent 'anti-ageing' chocolate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Startup Alkahest inks a $50M deal for anti-aging R&D\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/startup-alkahest-inks-50m-deal-anti-aging-rd/2015-03-04","url_text":"\"Startup Alkahest inks a $50M deal for anti-aging R&D\""}]},{"reference":"\"New \"Senolytic\" Drugs Can Dramatically Increase Healthy Lifespan\". 11 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://io9.com/new-senolytic-drugs-can-dramatically-increase-healthy-1690827868","url_text":"\"New \"Senolytic\" Drugs Can Dramatically Increase Healthy Lifespan\""}]},{"reference":"Wallace, Benjamin (August 23, 2016). \"An MIT Scientist Claims That This Pill Is the Fountain of Youth\". New York Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2016/08/is-elysium-healths-basis-the-fountain-of-youth.html","url_text":"\"An MIT Scientist Claims That This Pill Is the Fountain of Youth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billionaire Peter Thiel embarks on anti-aging crusade\".","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2014/10/08/billionaire-peter-thiel-may-want-to-live-forever/","url_text":"\"Billionaire Peter Thiel embarks on anti-aging crusade\""}]},{"reference":"\"These Tech Billionaires Are Determined to Buy Their Way Out of Death\". Business Insider.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/tech-billionaires-immortality-2013-8?IR=T","url_text":"\"These Tech Billionaires Are Determined to Buy Their Way Out of Death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider","url_text":"Business Insider"}]},{"reference":"\"Zuckerberg, Brin join forces to extend life\". February 20, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://phys.org/news/2013-02-zuckerberg-brin-life.html","url_text":"\"Zuckerberg, Brin join forces to extend life\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Charity
Order of Charity
["1 Recipients","2 References","3 External links"]
AwardOrder of Charityنشانِ شفقتBadge and star of the orderTypeOrder of MeritAwarded forCharitable workCountry Ottoman EmpirePresented by Ottoman SultanStatusNo longer awardedEstablished1878Ribbon of the order The Order of Charity (Ottoman Turkish: نشانِ شفقت), sometimes referred to as the Order of the Chefakat, was an order of the Ottoman Empire founded in 1878 by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. It was bestowed on selected women for distinguished humanitarian or charitable works, or as a token of the Sultan's esteem. Recipients included non-Ottoman citizens, including the English painter Margaret Murray Cookesley for her portrait of the Sultan's son, Hariot Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (1883), wife of the Earl of Dufferin who was British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, and to American social reformer Ellen Martin Henrotin (1893). The badge consists of a five pointed star in gold and crimson enamel, with a central gold medallion bearing the Sultan's cypher, surrounded by a green enamelled band with the words "Humanity, Assistance, Patriotism" in Ottoman Turkish. The star rests upon a circular wreath enamelled green with crimson berries, the whole mounted on another star with radiant points. The decoration is hung from a star and crescent suspension, enamelled red. The order had three classes, with the highest class mounted with diamonds and other precious stones. Recipients Princess Ingeborg of Denmark Alexandra of Denmark Alexandra Feodorovna Margaret Murray Cookesley Princess Elisabeth Sybille of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Helen Morgenthau Fox Hariot Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava Ellen Martin Henrotin Maria Christina of Austria Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia Wilhelmina of the Netherlands Zita of Bourbon-Parma Milena of Montenegro References ^ a b Captain H. Taprell Dorling. (1956). Ribbons and Medals. London: A.H.Baldwin & Sons. p. 265. ^ a b "Ottoman medal for 'compassionate' British lady to go under the hammer". Hurriyet Daily News. 24 January 2015. ^ "Ottoman Orders and Decorations as Forms of Honor". Ottoman Bank. 24 January 2015. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. ^ Clement-Waters, Clara Erskine. Women in the fine arts, page 85. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1904. ^ Davenport-Hines, Richard (Jan 2008). "Blackwood, Hariot Georgina Hamilton-Temple-, marchioness of Dufferin and Ava (1843–1936)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, on-line edition (subscription required). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 9 October 2020. ^ The Semi-centennial Alumni Record of the University of Illinois, page 976. University of Illinois, 1918 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Şefkat Order. The Order of Chefakat, presented to the Countess of Jersey (National Trust)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorling-1"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(honour)"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Abdul Hamid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Margaret Murray Cookesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Murray_Cookesley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hariot Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariot_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_Marchioness_of_Dufferin_and_Ava"},{"link_name":"Earl of Dufferin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-5"},{"link_name":"Ellen Martin Henrotin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Martin_Henrotin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorling-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news-2"}],"text":"The Order of Charity (Ottoman Turkish: نشانِ شفقت), sometimes referred to as the Order of the Chefakat,[1] was an order of the Ottoman Empire founded in 1878 by Sultan Abdul Hamid II.[2]It was bestowed on selected women for distinguished humanitarian or charitable works, or as a token of the Sultan's esteem.[3] Recipients included non-Ottoman citizens, including the English painter Margaret Murray Cookesley for her portrait of the Sultan's son,[4] Hariot Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (1883), wife of the Earl of Dufferin who was British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire,[5] \nand to American social reformer Ellen Martin Henrotin (1893).[6]The badge consists of a five pointed star in gold and crimson enamel, with a central gold medallion bearing the Sultan's cypher, surrounded by a green enamelled band with the words \"Humanity, Assistance, Patriotism\" in Ottoman Turkish. The star rests upon a circular wreath enamelled green with crimson berries, the whole mounted on another star with radiant points. The decoration is hung from a star and crescent suspension, enamelled red. The order had three classes,[1] with the highest class mounted with diamonds and other precious stones.[2]","title":"Order of Charity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princess Ingeborg of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Ingeborg_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Alexandra of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Feodorovna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Alix_of_Hesse)"},{"link_name":"Margaret Murray Cookesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Murray_Cookesley"},{"link_name":"Princess Elisabeth Sybille of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_Sybille_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach"},{"link_name":"Helen Morgenthau Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Morgenthau_Fox"},{"link_name":"Hariot Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariot_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_Marchioness_of_Dufferin_and_Ava"},{"link_name":"Ellen Martin Henrotin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Martin_Henrotin"},{"link_name":"Maria Christina of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1862%E2%80%931933)"},{"link_name":"Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Victoria_Louise_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmina of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Zita of Bourbon-Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zita_of_Bourbon-Parma"},{"link_name":"Milena of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena_of_Montenegro"}],"text":"Princess Ingeborg of Denmark\nAlexandra of Denmark\nAlexandra Feodorovna\nMargaret Murray Cookesley\nPrincess Elisabeth Sybille of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach\nHelen Morgenthau Fox\nHariot Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava\nEllen Martin Henrotin\nMaria Christina of Austria\nArchduchess Maria Theresa of Austria\nPrincess Victoria Louise of Prussia\nWilhelmina of the Netherlands\nZita of Bourbon-Parma\nMilena of Montenegro","title":"Recipients"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Captain H. Taprell Dorling. (1956). Ribbons and Medals. London: A.H.Baldwin & Sons. p. 265.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ottoman medal for 'compassionate' British lady to go under the hammer\". Hurriyet Daily News. 24 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ottoman-medal-for-compassionate-british-lady-to-go-under-the-hammer.aspx?pageID=238&nID=77387&NewsCatID=385","url_text":"\"Ottoman medal for 'compassionate' British lady to go under the hammer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ottoman Orders and Decorations as Forms of Honor\". Ottoman Bank. 24 January 2015. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120501104355/http://www.obarsiv.com/english/Ottoman_Orders_and_Decorations.html","url_text":"\"Ottoman Orders and Decorations as Forms of Honor\""},{"url":"http://www.obarsiv.com/english/Ottoman_Orders_and_Decorations.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Davenport-Hines, Richard (Jan 2008). \"Blackwood, Hariot Georgina Hamilton-Temple-, marchioness of Dufferin and Ava (1843–1936)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, on-line edition (subscription required). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 9 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/56107","url_text":"\"Blackwood, Hariot Georgina Hamilton-Temple-, marchioness of Dufferin and Ava (1843–1936)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Award_for_Best_Comedy_(Programme_or_Series)
British Academy Television Award for Best Comedy (Programme or Series)
["1 Winners and nominees","1.1 1960s","1.2 1980s","1.3 1990s","1.4 2000s","1.5 2010s","1.6 2020s","2 References"]
Annual award British Academy Television AwardCountryUnited KingdomPresented byBritish Academy of Film and Television ArtsFirst awarded1980 (presented in 1981)Currently held byRob & Romesh Vs (2024)Websitehttp://www.bafta.org/ The British Academy Television Award for Best Comedy Entertainment Programme or Series was first presented at the 1981 ceremony. According to British Academy of Film and Television Arts the category "includes programmes that capture the idea of comedy being central to the editorial of the programme and includes panel-led shows, chat shows where comic content plays a big part, stand-up and comedy clip shows". Since the 2000 BAFTA TV Award ceremony there has been a separate award category for Best Situation Comedy. This category had previously been presented from 1973-1980 (when there was no Best Comedy Series award). Throughout the 1980s and 1990s 'Situation Comedies' were included in the Best Comedy Programme or Series category. Name variations for this category: 1981–1992: Best Comedy Series 1992–2007: Best Comedy Programme or Series 2007–2013: Best Comedy Programme 2014–present: Best Comedy and Comedy Entertainment Programme Winners and nominees 1960s Best Comedy Series Year Recipient(s) Title 1965 Joe McGrath 1966 Michael Mills The World Of WoosterComedy Playhouse: Sam The Samaritan90 Years On - Churchill Birthday Programme Dick Clement The Likely LadsComedy Playhouse: Barnaby Spoot and the Exploding Whoopee Cushion David Croft Hugh and IA Slight Case of...Dick Emery Show Shaun O'Riordan The WorkerThe Tigers Are BurningEmergency Ward TenThe Braden BeatFront Page Story 1967 Dick Clement 1968 Michael Mills 1980s Best Comedy Series Year Title Recipient(s) Broadcaster 1981 Yes Minister Sydney Lotterby BBC Two Agony John Reardon ITV Shelley Anthony Parker Butterflies Sydney Lotterby, John B Hobbs BBC Two To the Manor Born Gareth Gwenlan BBC One 1982 Yes Minister Peter Whitmore BBC Two A Fine Romance James Cellan Jones ITV Hi-de-Hi! David Croft, John Kilby BBC One To the Manor Born Gareth Gwenlan BBC One 1983 Yes Minister Peter Whitmore BBC Two Hi-de-Hi! David Croft, John Kilby BBC One Last of the Summer Wine Alan J. W. Bell A Fine Romance James Cellan Jones ITV 1984 Hi-de-Hi! John Kilby BBC One A Fine Romance Don Leaver ITV Last of the Summer Wine Sydney Lotterby BBC One Only Fools and Horses Ray Butt 1985 The Young Ones Paul Jackson BBC Two A Fine Romance Don Leaver ITV Hi-de-Hi! David Croft BBC One Just Good Friends Ray Butt 1986 Only Fools and Horses Ray Butt BBC One Last of the Summer Wine Alan J. W. Bell BBC One 'Allo 'Allo! David Croft Open All Hours Sydney Lotterby 1987 Just Good Friends Sue Bysh, Ray Butt BBC One Duty Free Vernon Lawrence ITV Only Fools and Horses Ray Butt BBC One Ever Decreasing Circles Harold Snoad 'Allo 'Allo! David Croft Yes, Prime Minister Sydney Lotterby BBC Two 1988 Blackadder the Third Mandie Fletcher, John Lloyd BBC One Ever Decreasing Circles Harold Snoad BBC One Bread Robin Nash 'Allo 'Allo! David Croft Yes, Prime Minister Sydney Lotterby BBC Two 1989 Only Fools and Horses: "Christmas Special" Tony Dow, Gareth Gwenlan, John Sullivan BBC One After Henry Simon Brett, Peter Frazer-Jones ITV Bread Robin Nash, Carla Lane BBC One 'Allo 'Allo! Jeremy Lloyd, David Croft, Martin Dennis, Susan Belbin 1990s Best Comedy Series Year Title Recipient(s) Broadcaster 1990 Blackadder Goes Forth Richard Boden, Richard Curtis, Ben Elton & John Lloyd BBC One After Henry Simon Brett, Peter Frazer-Jones ITV The New Statesman Tony Charles, Geoffrey Sax, Laurence Marks, Maurice Gran Only Fools and Horses Tony Dow, Gareth Gwenlan, John Sullivan BBC One 1991 The New Statesman Maurice Gran, Laurence Marks, David Reynolds & Geoffrey Sax ITV Drop the Dead Donkey Andy Hamilton, Guy Jenkin, Liddy Oldroyd Channel 4 May to December Paul Mendelson, Verity Lambert, Sydney Lotterby BBC One One Foot in the Grave David Renwick, Susan Belbin Only Fools and Horses Tony Dow, Gareth Gwenlan, John Sullivan Best Comedy Programme or Series Year Title Recipient(s) Broadcaster 1992 One Foot in the Grave Susan Belbin, David Renwick BBC One The Curse of Mr. Bean Richard Curtis, Robin Driscoll, Rowan Atkinson, John Howard Davies ITV Drop the Dead Donkey Guy Jenkin, Andy Harnilton, Liddy Oldroyd Channel 4 Only Fools and Horses Tony Dow, Gareth Gwenlan, John Sullivan BBC One 1993 Absolutely Fabulous Jon Plowman, Jennifer Saunders, Bob Spiers BBC Two One Foot in the Grave Susan Belbin, David Renwick BBC One Birds of a Feather Terry Kinane, Laurence Marks, Maurice Gran, Candida Julian-Jones Waiting for God Gareth Gwenlan, Michael Aitkens 1994 Drop the Dead Donkey Andy Hamilton, Guy Jenkin, Liddy Oldroyd Channel 4 Rab C. Nesbitt Colin Gilbert, Ian Pattison BBC Two Chef! Charlie Hanson, John Birkin, Peter Tilbury BBC One Desmond's Humphrey Barclay, Paulette Randall, Jan Sargent Channel 4 1995 Three Fights, Two Weddings and a Funeral Geoff Posner, David Tyler BBC Two Absolutely Fabulous Jon Plowman, Bob Spiers, Jennifer Saunders BBC One One Foot in the Grave Susan Belbin, David Renwick Drop the Dead Donkey Andy Hamilton, Guy Jenkin, Liddy Oldroyd Channel 4 1996 Father Ted Graham Linehan, Declan Lowney, Arthur Matthews, Geoffrey Perkins Channel 4 One Foot in the Grave Susan Belbin, David Renwick BBC One Absolutely Fabulous Jon Plowman, Bob Spiers, Jennifer Saunders Men Behaving Badly Beryl Vertue, Martin Dennis, Simon Nye 1997 Only Fools and Horses Tony Dow, Gareth Gwenlan & John Sullivan BBC One Father Ted Lissa Evans, Graham Linehan, Declan Lowney, Arthur Matthews Channel 4 Absolutely Fabulous Jon Plowman, Janice Thomas, Bob Spiers, Jennifer Saunders BBC One Game On Geoffrey Perkins, Sioned Wiliam, John Stroud, Andrew Davies, Bernadette Davis BBC Two 1998 I'm Alan Partridge Peter Baynham, Dominic Brigstocke, Steve Coogan, Armando Iannucci BBC Two One Foot in the Grave Esta Charkham, Christine Gernon, David Renwick BBC One The Vicar of Dibley Jon Plowman, Sue Vertue, Dewi Humphreys, Richard Curtis, Paul Mayhew-Archer Men Behaving Badly Beryl Vertue, Martin Dennis, Simon Nye 1999 Father Ted Andy DeEmmony, Lissa Evans, Graham Linehan, Arthur Matthews Channel 4 The Vicar of Dibley Jon Plowman, Sue Vertue, Dewi Humphreys, Richard Curtis, Paul Mayhew-Archer BBC One Dinnerladies Geoff Posner, Victoria Wood The Royle Family Glenn Wilhide, Mark Mylod, Caroline Aherne, Craig Cash, Henry Normal BBC Two 2000s Best Comedy Programme or Series Year Title Recipient(s) Broadcaster 2000 The League of Gentlemen BBC Two Best of Ali G Dan Mazer, James Bobin Channel 4 Smack the Pony Victoria Pile, Dominic Brigstocke People Like Us Jon Plowman, Paul Schlesinger, John Morton BBC Two 2001 Da Ali G Show Channel 4 Baddiel and Skinner Unplanned David Baddiel, Frank Skinner, Peter Orton ITV Smack the Pony Victoria Pile and the production team Channel 4 Victoria Wood with All The Trimmings Jemma Rodgers, John Birkin, Victoria Wood BBC One 2002 The Sketch Show ITV Brass Eye Special Chris Morris, Phil Clarke, Tristram Shapeero Channel 4 Bremner, Bird and Fortune Geoff Atkinson, Steve Connelly, David G. Croft The Kumars at No. 42 Richard Pinto, Sharat Sardana, Lissa Evans BBC Two 2003 Alistair McGowan's Big Impression Gareth Carrivick, Charlie Hanson, Alistair McGowan BBC One Smack the Pony Victoria Pile, Steve Connelly Channel 4 Bremner, Bird and Fortune Geoff Atkinson, Steve Connelly, David G. Croft Look Around You Robert Popper, Peter Serafinowicz, Tim Kirkby BBC Two 2004 Little Britain Matt Lucas, Myfanwy Moore, David Walliams BBC Three Bo' Selecta! Spencer Millman, Leigh Francis, Ben Palmer Channel 4 Creature Comforts: Cats or Dogs Julie Lockhart, Richard Goleszowski, Nick Park ITV1 Doubletake BBC Two 2005 Little Britain Geoff Posner, Matt Lipsey, Matt Lucas, David Walliams BBC One The Catherine Tate Show Geoffrey Perkins, Gordon Anderson, Catherine Tate BBC Two Harry Hill's TV Burp Nick Symons, Peter Orton, Harry Hill ITV The Mark Steel Lectures Jon Rolph, Michael Cumming, Mark Steel BBC Four 2006 Help Jane Berthoud, Chris Langham, Declan Lowney, Paul Whitehouse BBC Two The Catherine Tate Show BBC Two Creature Comforts Julie Lockhart, Gareth Owen, Richard Goleszowski ITV1 Little Britain Matt Lucas, David Walliams, Geoff Posner, Declan Lowney BBC One 2007 That Mitchell and Webb Look Gareth Edwards, David Kerr, David Mitchell, Robert Webb BBC Two The Catherine Tate Show Gordon Anderson, Aschlin Ditta, Geoffrey Perkins, Catherine Tate BBC Two Little Britain Abroad Matt Lucas, David Walliams, Matt Lipsey, Geoff Posner BBC One Little Miss Jocelyn Gary Reich, Jemma Rodgers, Gareth Carrivick, Jocelyn Jee Esien BBC Three 2008 Fonejacker Kayvan Novak, Mario Stylainides, Helen Williams, Ed Tracy E4 The Armstrong & Miller Show Alexander Armstrong, Ben Miller, Jeremy Dyson, Mario Stylianides BBC One Russell Brand's Ponderland Russell Brand, Matt Morgan, Jack Bayles, Gareth Roy Channel 4 Star Stories Lee Hupfield, Elliot Hegarty, Kevin Bishop, Phil Clarke 2009 Harry & Paul Harry Enfield, Sandy Johnson, Geoffrey Perkins, Paul Whitehouse BBC One The Peter Serafinowicz Show Peter Serafinowicz, James Serafinowicz, Ben Farrell, Becky Martin BBC Two That Mitchell and Webb Look Gareth Edwards, David Kerr, David Mitchell, Robert Webb Star Stories Lee Hupfield, Ben Palmer, Michael Livingstone, Phil Clarke Channel 4 2010s Best Comedy Programme or Series Year Title Recipient(s) Broadcaster 2010 The Armstrong & Miller Show Alexander Armstrong, Dominic Brigstocke, Ben Miller, Caroline Norris BBC One The Kevin Bishop Show Lee Hupfield, Kevin Bishop, Dominic Brigstocke, Sam Martin Channel 4 Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle Stewart Lee, Tim Kirkby, Richard Webb BBC Two That Mitchell and Webb Look David Mitchell, Robert Webb, Ben Gosling Fuller, Gareth Edwards 2011 Harry & Paul Harry Enfield, Sandy Johnson, Izzy Mant, Paul Whitehouse BBC One Catherine Tate's Little Cracker Catherine Tate, Sophie Clarke-Jervoise, Izzy Mant Sky1 Come Fly with Me Adam Tandy, Paul King, Matt Lucas, David Walliams BBC One Facejacker Kayvan Novak, Ed Tracy, Mario Stylianides, Tom Thostrup Channel 4 2012 Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle Tim Kirkby, Stewart Lee, Richard Webb BBC Two Comic Strip: The Hunt for Tony Blair Peter Richardson, Pete Richens, Nick Smith Channel 4 Charlie Brooker's 2011 Wipe Charlie Brooker, Al Campbell, Annabel Jones, Alison Marlow BBC Four The Cricklewood Greats Peter Capaldi, Tony Roche, Adam Tandy 2013 The Revolution Will Be Televised Mark Talbot, Heydon Prowse, Jolyon Rubinstein, Joe Wade BBC Three Cardinal Burns Jenna Jones, Ben Taylor, Sebastian Cardinal, Dustin Demri-Burns E4 Mr Stink David Walliams, Jo Sargent, Declan Lowney, Mark Freeland BBC One Welcome to the Places of My Life Steve Coogan, Neil Gibbons, Rob Gibbons, Dave Lambert Sky Atlantic Best Comedy Entertainment Programme Year Title Recipient(s) Broadcaster 2014 A League of Their Own Danielle Lux, Murray Boland, David Taylor, Jim Pullin Sky One Would I Lie To You? Peter Holmes, Ruth Phillips, Rachel Ablett, Barbara Wiltshire BBC One The Graham Norton Show Graham Norton, Jon Magnusson, Steve Smith, Graham Stuart The Revolution Will Be Televised Jolyon Rubinstein, Heydon Prowse, Mark Talbot, Joe Wade BBC Three 2015 The Graham Norton Show Jon Magnusson, Graham Stewart, Graham Norton, Steve Smith BBC One Charlie Brooker's Weekly Wipe Charlie Brooker, Annabel Jones, Nick Vaughan-Smith, Ali Marlow BBC Two Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle Stewart Lee, Richard Webb, Tim Kirkby Would I Lie To You? Peter Holmes, Rachel Ablett, Ruth Phillips, Richard Cohen BBC One 2016 Have I Got News for You Richard Wilson, Mark Barrett, Danny Carr, Jo Bunting BBC One Charlie Brooker's Election Wipe Charlie Brooker, Annabel Jones, Matt Hulme, Nick Vaughan BBC Two QI Nick King, John Lloyd, Ian Lorimer, Piers Fletcher Would I Lie To You? Peter Holmes, Rachel Ablett, Ruth Phillips, Richard Cohen BBC One 2017 Charlie Brooker’s 2016 Wipe BBC Four Cunk on Shakespeare Charlie Brooker, Annabel Jones, Sam Ward, Lorry Powles BBC Two The Last Leg: Live from Rio Channel 4 Taskmaster Alex Horne, Andy Cartwright, Andy Devonshire Dave 2018 Murder in Successville Tom Davis, Andy Brereton, Andy Spary BBC Three Taskmaster Alex Horne, Andy Cartwright, Andy Devonshire Dave The Last Leg Channel 4 Would I Lie To You? Peter Holmes, Rachel Ablett, Ruth Phillips, Adam Copeland BBC One 2019 A League of Their Own David Taylor, Jack Shillaker, Ish Kalia, Murray Boland Sky One The Big Narstie Show Ben Wicks, Obi Kevin Akudike, Nathan Brown, Aoife Bower Channel 4 The Last Leg Andrew Beint, Ben Knappett, Lisa Kirk, Cimran Shah Would I Lie To You? Peter Holmes, Rachel Ablett, Ruth Phillips, Adam Copeland BBC One 2020s Year Title Recipient(s) Broadcaster 2020 Taskmaster Alex Horne, Andy Devonshire, Andy Cartwright, James Taylor Dave The Graham Norton Show Graham Norton, Graham Stuart, Jon Magnusson, Steve Smith BBC One The Last Leg Ben Knappett, Andrew Beint, Lisa Kirk, Cimran Shah Channel 4 The Ranganation BBC Two 2021 The Big Narstie Show Obi Kevin Akudike, Nathan Brown, Rina Dayalji, Ben Wicks, Toby Baker Channel 4 Charlie Brooker's Antiviral Wipe Charlie Brooker, Annabel Jones, Ali Marlow BBC Two The Ranganation Rob & Romesh Vs Jack Shillaker, David Taylor, Murray Boland, Danielle Lux, Bill Righton Sky One 2022 The Lateish Show with Mo Gilligan Rhe-an Archibald, Ben Wicks, Tim Dean, Pollyanna McGirr, David Geli, Mo Gilligan Channel 4 The Graham Norton Show Graham Norton, Graham Stuart, Jon Magnusson, Toby Baker, Catherine Strauss, Pete Snell BBC One Race Around Britain Ben Wicks, Andy Brown, Munya Chawawa, Trent Williams-Jones, Claire Cook, Kevin Muyolo YouTube The Ranganation Ruth Phillips, Richard Cohen, Mark Barrett, Barbara Wiltshire, Debra Blenkinsop, Helena Parkhill BBC Two 2023 Friday Night Live Geoff Posner, Susie Hall, Lucy Ansbro, Shane Allen Channel 4 The Graham Norton Show BBC One Would I Lie to You? Peter Holmes, Rachel Ablett, Barbara Wiltshire, Adam Copeland, Jake Graham, Zoe Waterman Taskmaster Alex Horne, Andy Devonshire, Andy Cartwright, James Taylor Channel 4 2024 Rob & Romesh Vs Danielle Lux, Murray Boland, Jack Shillaker, Bill Righton, David Taylor, Graham Proud Sky Max The Graham Norton Show Graham Norton, Graham Stuart, Jon Magnusson, Toby Baker, Catherine Strauss, Pete Snell BBC One Would I Lie to You? Peter Holmes, Rachel Ablett, Jake Graham, Zoe Waterman, Liz Clare, Barbara Wiltshire Late Night Lycett Channel 4 Note: In BAFTA production categories, entrants are asked to submit no more than four names to be listed as nominees should the programme be nominated. If it is not possible to decide on four names the nomination credit is listed as "production team", in these cases no individual can refer to themselves as BAFTA winning. It will be the programme that is BAFTA winning, not any individual. References ^ "Rules and Guidelines" (PDF). British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2021-03-02. ^ "Nominations announced: Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards in 2019". www.bafta.org. 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2021-03-03. ^ Kanter, Jake (2020-07-31). "BAFTA TV Awards Winners: Night Of Surprises, As 'Chernobyl' & 'The End Of The F***ing World' Take Two Prizes Each". Deadline. Retrieved 2021-03-03. ^ "Bafta TV awards 2021: the full list of winners". www.theguardian.com. 2021-06-06. Retrieved 2021-06-17. ^ "Bafta TV awards 2022: full list of nominations". The Guardian. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022. ^ Ritman, Alex (22 March 2023). "BAFTA TV Awards: 'This is Going to Hurt,' 'The Responder' Lead Pack of Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023. ^ "Bafta TV awards 2023: the full list of winners". Guardian. 14 May 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023. ^ Szalai, Georg (March 20, 2024). "BAFTA TV Awards: 'The Crown,' 'Black Mirror' Lead Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 24, 2024. vteBritish Academy Television AwardsCurrent awards Comedy Situation Comedy / Scripted Comedy Daytime Drama Series Single Drama Soap and Continuing Drama Mini-Series Entertainment Programme International Reality and Constructed Factual Factual Series or Strand Specialist Factual Sport Live Current Affairs News Coverage Single Documentary Features Short Form P&O Cruises Must-See Moment Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Female Comedy Performance Male Comedy Performance Entertainment Performance Special awards Fellowship Special Award Retired awards Audience Award Comedy Performance Ceremonies 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteBAFTA TV Award for Best Comedy Entertainment Programme1981–2000 Yes Minister (1981) Yes Minister (1982) Yes Minister (1983) Hi-de-Hi! (1984) The Young Ones (1985) Only Fools and Horses (1986) Just Good Friends (1987) Blackadder the Third (1988) Only Fools and Horses (1989) Blackadder Goes Forth (1990) The New Statesman (1991) One Foot in the Grave (1992) Absolutely Fabulous (1993) Drop the Dead Donkey (1994) Three Fights, Two Weddings and a Funeral (1995) Father Ted (1996) Only Fools and Horses (1997) I'm Alan Partridge (1998) Father Ted (1999) The League of Gentlemen (2000) 2001–2020 Da Ali G Show (2001) The Sketch Show (2002) Alistair McGowan's Big Impression (2003) Little Britain (2004) Little Britain (2005) Help (2006) That Mitchell and Webb Look (2007) Fonejacker (2008) Harry & Paul (2009) The Armstrong & Miller Show (2010) Harry & Paul (2011) Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle (2012) The Revolution Will Be Televised (2013) A League of Their Own (2014) The Graham Norton Show (2015) Have I Got News for You (2016) Charlie Brooker's 2016 Wipe (2017) Murder in Successville (2018) A League of Their Own (2019) Taskmaster (2020) 2021–present The Big Narstie Show (2021) The Lateish Show with Mo Gilligan (2022) Friday Night Live (2023) Rob & Romesh Vs (2024)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Academy Television Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Award"},{"link_name":"British Academy of Film and Television Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baftarules-1"},{"link_name":"Best Situation Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Award_for_Best_Situation_Comedy"}],"text":"The British Academy Television Award for Best Comedy Entertainment Programme or Series was first presented at the 1981 ceremony. According to British Academy of Film and Television Arts the category \"includes programmes that capture the idea of comedy being central to the editorial of the programme and includes panel-led shows, chat shows where comic content plays a big part, stand-up and comedy clip shows\".[1]Since the 2000 BAFTA TV Award ceremony there has been a separate award category for Best Situation Comedy. This category had previously been presented from 1973-1980 (when there was no Best Comedy Series award). Throughout the 1980s and 1990s 'Situation Comedies' were included in the Best Comedy Programme or Series category.Name variations for this category:1981–1992: Best Comedy Series\n1992–2007: Best Comedy Programme or Series\n2007–2013: Best Comedy Programme\n2014–present: Best Comedy and Comedy Entertainment Programme","title":"British Academy Television Award for Best Comedy (Programme or Series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1960s","text":"Best Comedy Series","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1980s","text":"Best Comedy Series","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"Best Comedy SeriesBest Comedy Programme or Series","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"Best Comedy Programme or Series","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010s","text":"Best Comedy Programme or SeriesBest Comedy Entertainment Programme","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020s","text":"Note: In BAFTA production categories, entrants are asked to submit no more than four names to be listed as nominees should the programme be nominated. If it is not possible to decide on four names the nomination credit is listed as \"production team\", in these cases no individual can refer to themselves as BAFTA winning. It will be the programme that is BAFTA winning, not any individual.","title":"Winners and nominees"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Rules and Guidelines\" (PDF). British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2021-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210124001355/http://awards.bafta.org/sites/default/files/images/virgin_media_bafta_television_awards_rules_guidelines_2021.pdf","url_text":"\"Rules and Guidelines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts","url_text":"British Academy of Film and Television Arts"},{"url":"http://awards.bafta.org/sites/default/files/images/virgin_media_bafta_television_awards_rules_guidelines_2021.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominations announced: Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards in 2019\". www.bafta.org. 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2021-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-2019-television","url_text":"\"Nominations announced: Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards in 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Kanter, Jake (2020-07-31). \"BAFTA TV Awards Winners: Night Of Surprises, As 'Chernobyl' & 'The End Of The F***ing World' Take Two Prizes Each\". Deadline. Retrieved 2021-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/07/bafta-tv-awards-winners-watch-1202996917/","url_text":"\"BAFTA TV Awards Winners: Night Of Surprises, As 'Chernobyl' & 'The End Of The F***ing World' Take Two Prizes Each\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bafta TV awards 2021: the full list of winners\". www.theguardian.com. 2021-06-06. Retrieved 2021-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/jun/06/baftas-2021-tv-awards-winners-full-list","url_text":"\"Bafta TV awards 2021: the full list of winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bafta TV awards 2022: full list of nominations\". The Guardian. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/mar/30/bafta-tv-awards-2022-full-list-of-nominations","url_text":"\"Bafta TV awards 2022: full list of nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Ritman, Alex (22 March 2023). \"BAFTA TV Awards: 'This is Going to Hurt,' 'The Responder' Lead Pack of Nominees\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/bafta-tv-awards-nominations-2023-1235357562/","url_text":"\"BAFTA TV Awards: 'This is Going to Hurt,' 'The Responder' Lead Pack of Nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230322230324/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/bafta-tv-awards-nominations-2023-1235357562/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bafta TV awards 2023: the full list of winners\". Guardian. 14 May 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/may/14/bafta-tv-awards-2023-the-full-list-of-winners","url_text":"\"Bafta TV awards 2023: the full list of winners\""}]},{"reference":"Szalai, Georg (March 20, 2024). \"BAFTA TV Awards: 'The Crown,' 'Black Mirror' Lead Nominations\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/bafta-tv-awards-nominations-2024-the-crown-black-mirror-1235855482/","url_text":"\"BAFTA TV Awards: 'The Crown,' 'Black Mirror' Lead Nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.bafta.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.bafta.org/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210124001355/http://awards.bafta.org/sites/default/files/images/virgin_media_bafta_television_awards_rules_guidelines_2021.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Rules and Guidelines\""},{"Link":"http://awards.bafta.org/sites/default/files/images/virgin_media_bafta_television_awards_rules_guidelines_2021.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-2019-television","external_links_name":"\"Nominations announced: Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards in 2019\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2020/07/bafta-tv-awards-winners-watch-1202996917/","external_links_name":"\"BAFTA TV Awards Winners: Night Of Surprises, As 'Chernobyl' & 'The End Of The F***ing World' Take Two Prizes Each\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/jun/06/baftas-2021-tv-awards-winners-full-list","external_links_name":"\"Bafta TV awards 2021: the full list of winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/mar/30/bafta-tv-awards-2022-full-list-of-nominations","external_links_name":"\"Bafta TV awards 2022: full list of nominations\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/bafta-tv-awards-nominations-2023-1235357562/","external_links_name":"\"BAFTA TV Awards: 'This is Going to Hurt,' 'The Responder' Lead Pack of Nominees\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230322230324/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/bafta-tv-awards-nominations-2023-1235357562/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/may/14/bafta-tv-awards-2023-the-full-list-of-winners","external_links_name":"\"Bafta TV awards 2023: the full list of winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/bafta-tv-awards-nominations-2024-the-crown-black-mirror-1235855482/","external_links_name":"\"BAFTA TV Awards: 'The Crown,' 'Black Mirror' Lead Nominations\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics
Macedonia at the 2000 Summer Olympics
["1 Medalists","2 Athletics","3 Canoeing","4 Shooting","5 Swimming","6 Wrestling","7 Notes","8 References"]
Sporting event delegationMacedonia at the2000 Summer OlympicsFlag of the Republic of MacedoniaIOC codeMKDNOCOlympic Committee of North MacedoniaWebsitewww.mok.org.mk (in Macedonian)in SydneyCompetitors10 (6 men, 4 women) in 5 sportsFlag bearer Lazar PopovskiMedalsRanked 71st Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 1 Total 1 Summer Olympics appearances (overview)19962000200420082012201620202024Other related appearances Yugoslavia (1920–1988) Independent Olympic Participants (1992) The Republic of Macedonia competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, officially under the name of Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Macedonia won its first ever Olympic medal on the final day of competition. Magomed Ibragimov won a bronze medal in wrestling. It was Macedonia's only medal of the 2000 Olympics. The at-the-time president of Macedonia, Boris Trajkovski, was in Sydney during the Olympic Games and attended the Opening Ceremony. Medalists Further information: 2000 Summer Olympics medal table and List of 2000 Summer Olympics medal winners Medal Name Sport Event Date  Bronze Mogamed Ibragimov Wrestling Men's freestyle 85 kg 1 October Athletics Main article: Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics Men Track Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Vančo Stojanov 800 m 1:47.71 5 did not advance Women Track Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Daniela Kuleska 1500 m 4:33.50 13 did not advance Canoeing Main article: Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics Athlete Event First round Semifinals Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Lazar Popovski Men's slalom K–1 500 m 2:66.60 17 Q did not advance Shooting Main article: Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics Athlete Event Qualification Final Score Position Score Position Divna Pešić Women's 50 m rifle three positions 561 36 did not advance Women's 10 m air rifle 384 44 did not advance Swimming Main article: Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics Men Athlete Event Heat Semifinals Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Aleksandar Miladinovski 100 m butterfly 55.62 41 did not advance 200 m individual medley 2:07.45 38 did not advance Zoran Lazarovski 200 m butterfly 2:01.30 29 did not advance Women Athlete Event Heat Semifinals Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Mirjana Boševska 800 m freestyle 8:46.39 18 n/a did not advance 200 m butterfly 2:12.59 20 did not advance 400 m individual medley 4:48.08 17 n/a did not advance Vesna Stojanovska 200 m freestyle 2:05.58 29 did not advance 400 m freestyle 4:19.69 31 n/a did not advance Wrestling Main article: Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics Freestyle Athlete Event Pool Matches Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank Nasir Gadžihanov −76 kg  Kertanti (SVK) W 3–2  Romero (CUB) W 3–0  Leipold (GER) L 2–5 did not advance 7 Magomed Ibragimov −85 kg  Bichinashvili (UKR) W 1–1  Kawai (JPN) W 6–5 n/a  Burton (USA) W 4–2  Saitiev (RUS) L 0–3  Khadem (IRI) W 4–1 Notes ^ Officially under the provisional appellation "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", short "FYR Macedonia" References Wallechinsky, David (2004). The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics (Athens 2004 Edition). Toronto, Canada. ISBN 1-894963-32-6. International Olympic Committee (2001). The Results. Retrieved 12 November 2005. Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad Volume 1: Preparing for the Games. Retrieved 20 November 2005. Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad Volume 2: Celebrating the Games. Retrieved 20 November 2005. Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). The Results. Retrieved 20 November 2005. International Olympic Committee Web Site vte National Olympic Committees at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, AustraliaAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea‑Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé‑Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe America Antigua‑Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts‑Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent‑Grenadines Suriname Trinidad‑Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia‑Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Yugoslavia Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Vanuatu Other Individual Olympic Athletes
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Magomed Ibragimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magomed_Ibragimov_(wrestler,_born_1974)"},{"link_name":"wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Boris Trajkovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Trajkovski"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"}],"text":"Sporting event delegationThe Republic of Macedonia[1] competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, officially under the name of Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.Macedonia won its first ever Olympic medal on the final day of competition. Magomed Ibragimov won a bronze medal in wrestling. It was Macedonia's only medal of the 2000 Olympics.The at-the-time president of Macedonia, Boris Trajkovski, was in Sydney during the Olympic Games and attended the Opening Ceremony.","title":"Macedonia at the 2000 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics medal table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"List of 2000 Summer Olympics medal winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2000_Summer_Olympics_medal_winners"}],"text":"Further information: 2000 Summer Olympics medal table and List of 2000 Summer Olympics medal winners","title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Men\nTrackWomen\nTrack","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Canoeing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Shooting"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenWomen","title":"Swimming"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Freestyle","title":"Wrestling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Officially under the provisional appellation \"former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia\", short \"FYR Macedonia\"","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"http://www.mok.org.mk/","external_links_name":"www.mok.org.mk"},{"Link":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20020918140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/13323/20020919-0000/www.gamesinfo.com.au/results/results.pdf","external_links_name":"The Results"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001109071400/http://www.olympics.com/eng/","external_links_name":"Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad Volume 1: Preparing for the Games"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090327000622/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2000/2000v2.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad Volume 2: Celebrating the Games"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222411/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2000/Results.pdf","external_links_name":"The Results"},{"Link":"http://www.olympic.org/","external_links_name":"International Olympic Committee Web Site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Premier_League_speedway_season
2004 Premier League speedway season
["1 Season summary","2 Final table","3 Premier League Knockout Cup","3.1 First round","3.2 Quarter-finals","3.3 Semi-finals","3.4 Final","4 Riders' Championship","5 Pairs","6 Fours","7 Final leading averages","8 Riders & final averages","9 See also","10 References"]
British motorcycle speedway season 2004 Premier League speedway seasonLeaguePremier LeagueChampionsHull VikingsKnockout CupHull VikingsYoung ShieldHull VikingsIndividualAndre ComptonPairsReading RacersFoursWorkington CometsHighest averageJason LyonsDivision/s above2004 Elite LeagueDivision/s below2004 Conference League ← 2003 2005 → The 2004 Premier League speedway season was the second division of speedway in the United Kingdom and governed by the Speedway Control Board (SCB), in conjunction with the British Speedway Promoters' Association (BSPA). Season summary The League consisted of 15 teams for the 2004 season after the Swindon Robins and Arena Essex Hammers elected to compete in the Elite League and the closure of the Trelawny Tigers. The League was run on a standard format with no play-offs and was won by Hull Vikings. Final table Pos M W D L F A Pts Bon Tot 1 Hull Vikings 28 23 0 5 1445 1166 46 12 58 2 Workington Comets 28 18 1 9 1425 1179 37 12 49 3 Reading Racers 28 17 0 11 1389.5 1228.5 34 12 46 4 Stoke Potters 28 15 0 13 1328 1268 30 9 39 5 Isle of Wight Islanders 28 13 2 13 1370 1240 28 10 38 6 Rye House Rockets 28 16 0 12 1243 1353 32 5 37 7 King's Lynn Stars 28 14 0 14 1321 1281 28 7 35 8 Sheffield Tigers 28 14 0 14 1344 1252 28 6 34 9 Berwick Bandits 28 13 0 15 1282 1337 26 7 33 10 Exeter Falcons 28 13 0 15 1306.5 1306.5 26 6 32 11 Glasgow Tigers 28 12 0 16 1282 1310 24 8 32 12 Edinburgh Monarchs 28 12 0 16 1282 1319 24 5 29 13 Somerset Rebels 28 12 1 15 1246 1361 25 4 29 14 Newport Wasps 28 7 2 19 1127 1450 16 1 17 15 Newcastle Diamonds 28 8 0 20 1133 1473 16 1 17 Premier League Knockout Cup The 2004 Premier League Knockout Cup was the 37th edition of the Knockout Cup for tier two teams. Hull Vikings were the winners of the competition. First round Date Team one Score Team two 12/05 Hull 59-36 Berwick 24/07 Berwick 42-42 Hull 31/05 Exeter 53-19 Newport 22/07 Newport 46-50 Exeter 11/05 Isle of Wight 63-29 King's Lynn 12/05 King's Lynn 56-39 Isle of Wight 15/05 Rye House 55-39 Newcastle 16/05 Newcastle 41-49 Rye House 15/05 Workington 57-35 Edinburgh 14/05 Edinburgh 50-43 Workington 14/05 Somerset 48-42 Stoke 15/05 Stoke 44-46 Somerset 10/05 Reading 52-43 Glasgow 09/05 Glasgow 47-43 Reading Quarter-finals Date Team one Score Team two 18/08 Hull 53-39 Reading 23/08 Reading 51-42 Hull 26/07 Exeter 62-29 Sheffield 22/07 Sheffield 57-37 Exeter 06/07 Isle of Wight 59-36 Rye House 31/07 Rye House 52-42 Isle of Wight 26/06 Workington 54-40 Somerset 25/06 Somerset 48-44 Workington Semi-finals Date Team one Score Team two 06/10 Hull 62-35 Exeter 20/09 Exeter 57-34 Hull 02/09 Isle of Wight 56-38 Workington 18/09 Workington 43.5-46.5 Isle of Wight Final First leg 20 October 2004 Hull VikingsGarry Stead 15Emil Kramer 11Emiliano Sanchez 11Magnus Karlsson 10Paul Thorp 8Joel Parsons 1Ross Brady R/R56 – 39Isle of Wight IslandersCraig Boyce 11Sebastian Trésarrieu 10Ray Morton 6Krister Marsh 6Ulrich Østergaard 3Jason Bunyan 2Glenn Phillips 1 Craven Park, Hull Second leg 26 October 2004 Isle of Wight IslandersJason Bunyan 12Craig Boyce 9Krister Marsh 9Sebastian Trésarrieu 7Ray Morton 6Ulrich Østergaard 5Glenn Phillips 452 – 43Hull VikingsMagnus Karlsson 12Garry Stead 11Paul Thorp 9Emil Kramer 6Emiliano Sanchez 4Joel Parsons 1Ross Brady R/R Smallbrook Stadium Hull were declared Knockout Cup Champions, winning on aggregate 99–91. Riders' Championship Andre Compton won the Riders' Championship for the second time. The final was held on 19 September at Owlerton Stadium. Compton was awarded the title following a last bend crash in the final with Simon Stead, the latter was attributed as the cause of the crash. Pos. Rider Pts Total SF Final 1 Andre Compton 2 3 3 2 0 10 3 3 2 Mark Lemon 2 2 2 2 3 11 2 2 3 Simon Stead 3 3 3 3 3 15 - 1 4 Craig Boyce 2 1 3 3 2 11 - ef 5 Craig Watson 3 3 2 ex 2 11 1 6 Danny Bird 2 ex 3 1 3 9 0 7 Carl Stonehewer 3 2 1 3 ex 9 8 Tomáš Topinka 1 3 1 0 3 8 9 Adrian Rymel 0 2 2 3 0 7 10 Jan Staechmann 1 2 2 1 1 7 11 Rory Schlein 3 1 - - - 4 12 Shane Parker 1 1 1 ex 1 4 13 Glenn Cunningham ex 1 0 ex 2 3 14 Jason Lyons ex ef 0 2 1 3 15 Chris Neath ex ex 0 2 1 3 16 Luke Priest (res) 2 1 3 17 Paul Cooper (res) 1 0 1 18 Ross Brady ex ex - - - 0 f=fell, r-retired, ex=excluded, ef=engine failure t=touched tapes Pairs The Premier League Pairs Championship was held at Smallmead Stadium on 20 June. The event was won by Reading (Danny Bird & Phil Morris) who beat Stoke (Paul Pickering & Alan Mogridge) in the final. Group A Pos Team Pts Riders 1 Rye House Neath, Robson 2 Glasgow Parker, Stancl Group B Pos Team Pts Riders 1 Reading Bird, Morris 2 Stoke Pickering, Mogridge Other teams Berwick: Kristensen, Franc Exeter: Lemon, Stephens Isle of Wight: Boyce, Bunyan Sheffield: Ashworth, Compton Somerset: Fry, Cunningham Workington: Stonehewer, Collins Semi finals Reading bt Glasgow 6-3 Stoke bt Rye House 5-4 Final Reading bt Stoke 7-2 Fours Workington Comets won the Premier League Four-Team Championship, which was held on 21 August 2004, at Derwent Park. Group A Pos Team Pts Riders 1 Workington 17 Stonehewer, Stead, Nieminen, Collins 2 Stoke 13 Pickering, Staechmann, Mogridge, Kessler 3 Reading 12 Zagar, Bird, Morris, Appleton 4 Berwick 6 Pietraszko, Rymel, Kristensen, Franc Group B Pos Team Pts Riders 1 Glasgow 15 Parker, Stancl, Bentley, Grieves 2 Rye House 14 Werner, Neath, Watt, Robson 3 Hull 12 Karlsson, Brady, Stead, Kramer 4 Edinburgh 7 Schott, Carr, Schlein, Pijper Final Pos Team Pts Riders 1 Workington 29 Stonehewer, Stead, Nieminen, Collins 2 Stoke 20 Pickering, Staechmann, Mogridge, Kessler 3 Glasgow 12 Parker, Stancl, Bentley, Grieves 4 Rye House 11 Werner, Neath, Watt, Robson Final leading averages Rider Team Average Jason Lyons Newcastle 10.13 Matej Žagar Reading 10.02 Simon Stead Workington 10.01 Carl Stonehewer Workington 9.84 Sean Wilson Sheffield 9.69 Danny Bird Reading 9.67 Craig Watson Newport 9.66 Shane Parker Glasgow 9.58 Frede Schött Edinburgh 9.53 Craig Boyce Isle of Wight 9.47 Riders & final averages Berwick Adrian Rymel 7.62 Michal Makovský 7.23 Lee Smethills 7.19 Claus Kristensen 6.80 Adam Pietraszko 6.70 Josef Franc 6.66 Ritchie Hawkins 6.20 Simon Cartwright 6.01 David Meldrum 5.80 Blair Scott 3.71 Tom Brown 2.47 Edinburgh Frede Schott 9.53 Rory Schlein 8.94 Peter Carr 8.07 Theo Pijper 6.48 Matthew Wethers 5.26 Cameron Woodward 4.64 Sean Stoddart 1.22 Exeter Mark Lemon 9.39 Graeme Gordon 7.74 Roger Lobb 7.55 Mark Simmonds 7.47 Seemond Stephens 7.41 Michael Coles 7.14 Nick Simmons 3.61 Glasgow Shane Parker 9.58 George Štancl 8.56 James Grieves 8.11 Paul Bentley 7.98 Graham Jones 6.31 Eric Carrillo 5.93 David McAllan 4.09 Corey Blackman 2.57 James Cockle 2.08 Barry Campbell 1.94 Hull Magnus Karlsson 8.50 Garry Stead 7.92 Paul Thorp 7.90 Ross Brady 7.68 Emil Kramer 7.60 Emiliano Sanchez 7.45 Joel Parsons 4.79 Danny Norton 1.71 Isle of Wight Craig Boyce 9.47 Jason Bunyan 7.67 Sebastien Trésarrieu 7.53 Ray Morton 6.82 Krister Marsh 6.71 Ulrich Østergaard 6.68 Glen Phillips 6.24 Chris Johnson 3.23 King's Lynn Tomáš Topinka 8.74 Kevin Doolan 7.70 Shaun Tacey 7.23 Tom P. Madsen 6.86 Adam Allott 6.75 Paul Lee 6.53 James Brundle 4.97 Trevor Harding 4.00 Darren Mallett 3.26 Newcastle Jason Lyons 10.13 Richard Juul 6.16 Kristian Lund 6.06 Kevin Little 5.98 Lee Dicken 5.39 Lee Smethills 5.22 Jamie Robertson 4.77 William Lawson 4.03 Scott Smith 3.81 Luboš Tomíček Jr. 3.56 Newport Craig Watson 9.66 Mads Korneliussen 6.95 Kristian Lund 6.10 Pavel Ondrašík 5.50 Tony Atkin 5.32 Carl Wilkinson 4.82 Luke Priest 2.43 Karl Mason 2.33 Barrie Evans 2.26 Reading Matej Žagar 10.02 Danny Bird 9.67 Phil Morris 8.18 Andrew Appleton 8.10 Chris Schramm 5.01 Chris Mills 4.51 Steve Braidford 2.46 Jamie Westacott 1.83 Rye House Davey Watt 8.43 Brent Werner 8.18 Chris Neath 7.71 Scott Robson 7.02 Steve Masters 6.46 Tommy Allen 4.61 Steve Boxall 4.07 Luke Bowen 1.57 Sheffield Sean Wilson 9.69 Andre Compton 8.92 Ricky Ashworth 8.29 Andrew Moore 7.39 Richard Hall 5.48 James Birkinshaw 5.28 Ben Wilson 5.15 Somerset Glenn Cunningham 8.02 John Jorgensen 7.96 Paul Fry 7.48 Neil Collins 6.72 Jamie Smith 6.02 Matt Read 5.23 Steve Bishop 4.79 Simon Walker 3.15 Stoke Jan Staechmann 9.04 Paul Pickering 8.48 Alan Mogridge 8.28 Robbie Kessler 6.78 Paul Clews 5.47 Trent Leverington 5.06 Rob Grant Jr. 3.89 Daniel Giffard 2.51 Workington Simon Stead 10.01 Carl Stonehewer 9.84 Kauko Nieminen 6.92 Rusty Harrison 6.66 Brett Woodifield 6.15 Aidan Collins 5.73 James Wright 5.48 See also List of United Kingdom Speedway League Champions Knockout Cup (speedway) References ^ "2004 tables". Speedway GB. ^ "Final tables". Speedway archive. ^ "BRITISH LEAGUE TABLES - MODERN ERA (1991-PRESENT)". Official British Speedway website. Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021. ^ "2004 Premier League Knockout Cup". Speedway archive. ^ a b "2004 KO Cup final" (PDF). Speedway Researcher. Retrieved 1 October 2021. ^ a b "Hull 2004 results" (PDF). Speedway Researcher. Retrieved 1 October 2021. ^ "Controversial Compton claims PLRC". Crash.net. Retrieved 26 June 2023. ^ "2004 fixtures" (PDF). Speedway Researcher. Retrieved 29 May 2023. ^ "Reading race to Pairs title". Crash.net. Retrieved 29 May 2023. ^ "2004 season fixtures and results" (PDF). Speedway Researcher. Retrieved 7 July 2023. ^ "Comets set to host biggest ever meeting". Whitehaven News. Retrieved 7 July 2023. vteSpeedway in the United KingdomCurrent leagues SGB Premiership SGB Championship National Development League List of champions Former leagues Elite League Premier League National League (1932–1964) Provincial League (1960–1964) British League British League Division Two/National League Conference League National League Division Two National League Division Three English Dirt Track League/Northern League Southern League (1929–1931) Southern League (1952–1953) Provincial League (1936–1937) Southern Area League Current team competitions Knockout Cup League Pairs champions League Fours champions Former team competitions London Cup Midland Cup Craven and Young Shields Premiership Shield Current individual competitions British Speedway Championship League Riders' champions British U-21 British U-19 Scottish Open Former individual competitions London Riders' Midland Riders' Northern Riders' Southern Riders' Olympique Internationale See also Speedway British Speedway Promoters' Association Speedway Control Bureau vteUnited Kingdom Speedway SeasonsTier One LeagueTop division 1929 1929 1930 1930 1931 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Tier Two LeagueSecond division 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Tier Three LeagueThird division 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1994 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Champions League champions Cup winners vtePremier League2016 Teams Berwick Bandits Edinburgh Monarchs Glasgow Tigers Ipswich Witches Newcastle Diamonds Peterborough Panthers Plymouth Devils Redcar Bears Rye House Rockets Scunthorpe Scorpions Sheffield Tigers Somerset Rebels Workington Comets Former Teams Arena Essex Hammers Birmingham Brummies Cradley Heathens Exeter Falcons Hull Vikings Isle of Wight Islanders Kings Lynn Stars Leicester Lions Long Eaton Invaders Mildenhall Fen Tigers Newport Wasps Oxford Cheetahs Reading Racers Stoke Potters Swindon Robins Trelawny Tigers Seasons 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Domestic Cups Premier League Knockout Cup Premier League Riders' Championship Premier League Pairs Championship Premier League Four-Team Championship Young Shield Premier League Cup
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Speedway Control Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Speedway_Control_Board"},{"link_name":"British Speedway Promoters' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Speedway_Promoters%27_Association"},{"link_name":"BSPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSPA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 2004 Premier League speedway season was the second division of speedway in the United Kingdom and governed by the Speedway Control Board (SCB), in conjunction with the British Speedway Promoters' Association (BSPA).[1]","title":"2004 Premier League speedway season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swindon Robins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon_Robins"},{"link_name":"Arena Essex Hammers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Essex_Hammers"},{"link_name":"Elite League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_League_(speedway)"},{"link_name":"Trelawny Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelawny_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hull Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Vikings"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The League consisted of 15 teams for the 2004 season after the Swindon Robins and Arena Essex Hammers elected to compete in the Elite League and the closure of the Trelawny Tigers.[2]The League was run on a standard format with no play-offs and was won by Hull Vikings.[3]","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knockout Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_Cup_(speedway)"},{"link_name":"Hull Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Vikings"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The 2004 Premier League Knockout Cup was the 37th edition of the Knockout Cup for tier two teams. Hull Vikings were the winners of the competition.[4]","title":"Premier League Knockout Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"First round","title":"Premier League Knockout Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Quarter-finals","title":"Premier League Knockout Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Semi-finals","title":"Premier League Knockout Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hull Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Vikings"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2004-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hull2004-6"},{"link_name":"Craven Park, Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craven_Park,_Hull"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Hull Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Vikings"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2004-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hull2004-6"},{"link_name":"Smallbrook Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallbrook_Stadium"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"First leg20 October 2004\nHull VikingsGarry Stead 15Emil Kramer 11Emiliano Sanchez 11Magnus Karlsson 10Paul Thorp 8Joel Parsons 1Ross Brady R/R56 – 39Isle of Wight IslandersCraig Boyce 11Sebastian Trésarrieu 10Ray Morton 6Krister Marsh 6Ulrich Østergaard 3Jason Bunyan 2Glenn Phillips 1\n\n[5][6]\n\nCraven Park, HullSecond leg26 October 2004\nIsle of Wight IslandersJason Bunyan 12Craig Boyce 9Krister Marsh 9Sebastian Trésarrieu 7Ray Morton 6Ulrich Østergaard 5Glenn Phillips 452 – 43Hull VikingsMagnus Karlsson 12Garry Stead 11Paul Thorp 9Emil Kramer 6Emiliano Sanchez 4Joel Parsons 1Ross Brady R/R\n\n[5][6]\n\nSmallbrook StadiumHull were declared Knockout Cup Champions, winning on aggregate 99–91.","title":"Premier League Knockout Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andre Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Compton"},{"link_name":"Riders' Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Riders_Championship"},{"link_name":"Owlerton Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owlerton_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Simon Stead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Stead"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Andre Compton won the Riders' Championship for the second time. The final was held on 19 September at Owlerton Stadium. Compton was awarded the title following a last bend crash in the final with Simon Stead, the latter was attributed as the cause of the crash.[7]f=fell, r-retired, ex=excluded, ef=engine failure t=touched tapes","title":"Riders' Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premier League Pairs Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Pairs_Championship"},{"link_name":"Smallmead Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallmead_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Danny Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Bird_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Phil Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Morris_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Paul Pickering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pickering_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Alan Mogridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Mogridge"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Premier League Pairs Championship was held at Smallmead Stadium on 20 June. The event was won by Reading (Danny Bird & Phil Morris) who beat Stoke (Paul Pickering & Alan Mogridge) in the final.[8][9]Group A\n\n\nPos\n\nTeam\n\nPts\n\nRiders\n\n\n1\n\nRye House\n\nNeath, Robson\n\n\n2\n\nGlasgow\n\nParker, Stancl\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGroup B\n\n\nPos\n\nTeam\n\nPts\n\nRiders\n\n\n1\n\nReading\n\nBird, Morris\n\n\n2\n\nStoke\n\nPickering, MogridgeOther teamsBerwick: Kristensen, Franc\nExeter: Lemon, Stephens\nIsle of Wight: Boyce, Bunyan\nSheffield: Ashworth, Compton\nSomerset: Fry, Cunningham\nWorkington: Stonehewer, CollinsSemi finalsReading bt Glasgow 6-3\nStoke bt Rye House 5-4FinalReading bt Stoke 7-2","title":"Pairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premier League Four-Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Four-Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"Derwent Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwent_Park"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Workington Comets won the Premier League Four-Team Championship, which was held on 21 August 2004, at Derwent Park.[10][11]Group A\n\n\nPos\n\nTeam\n\nPts\n\nRiders\n\n\n1\nWorkington\n17\nStonehewer, Stead, Nieminen, Collins\n\n\n2\nStoke\n13\nPickering, Staechmann, Mogridge, Kessler\n\n\n3\nReading\n12\nZagar, Bird, Morris, Appleton\n\n\n4\nBerwick\n6\nPietraszko, Rymel, Kristensen, Franc\n\n\n\n\n\nGroup B\n\n\nPos\n\nTeam\n\nPts\n\nRiders\n\n\n1\nGlasgow\n15\nParker, Stancl, Bentley, Grieves\n\n\n2\nRye House\n14\nWerner, Neath, Watt, Robson\n\n\n3\nHull\n12\nKarlsson, Brady, Stead, Kramer\n\n\n4\nEdinburgh\n7\nSchott, Carr, Schlein, Pijper","title":"Fours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final leading averages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adrian Rymel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Rymel"},{"link_name":"Michal Makovský","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal_Makovsk%C3%BD"},{"link_name":"Lee Smethills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Smethills"},{"link_name":"Claus Kristensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_Kristensen"},{"link_name":"Adam Pietraszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Pietraszko"},{"link_name":"Josef Franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Franc"},{"link_name":"Ritchie Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"Frede Schott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frede_Schott"},{"link_name":"Rory Schlein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Schlein"},{"link_name":"Peter Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carr_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Theo Pijper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Pijper"},{"link_name":"Matthew Wethers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Wethers"},{"link_name":"Cameron Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Woodward"},{"link_name":"Mark Lemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lemon_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Michael Coles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Coles_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Shane Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Parker_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"George Štancl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_%C5%A0tancl"},{"link_name":"James Grieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grieves"},{"link_name":"Paul Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bentley_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Graham Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Jones_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Magnus Karlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Karlsson_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Garry Stead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Stead"},{"link_name":"Paul Thorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Thorp"},{"link_name":"Emil Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Kramer"},{"link_name":"Emiliano Sanchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano_Sanchez"},{"link_name":"Joel Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Craig Boyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Boyce"},{"link_name":"Jason Bunyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Bunyan"},{"link_name":"Sebastien Trésarrieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastien_Tr%C3%A9sarrieu"},{"link_name":"Ray Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Morton"},{"link_name":"Ulrich Østergaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_%C3%98stergaard"},{"link_name":"Glen Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Phillips_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Tomáš Topinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Topinka"},{"link_name":"Kevin Doolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Doolan"},{"link_name":"Shaun Tacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Tacey"},{"link_name":"Tom P. Madsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_P._Madsen"},{"link_name":"Jason Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Richard Juul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Juul"},{"link_name":"Kevin Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Little_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Lee Smethills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Smethills"},{"link_name":"William Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lawson_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Scott Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_Smith_(speedway_rider,_born_1980)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luboš Tomíček Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubo%C5%A1_Tom%C3%AD%C4%8Dek_Jr."},{"link_name":"Craig Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Watson_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Mads Korneliussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mads_Korneliussen"},{"link_name":"Pavel Ondrašík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Ondra%C5%A1%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Carl Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilkinson_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Matej Žagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matej_%C5%BDagar"},{"link_name":"Danny Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Bird_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Phil Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Morris_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Appleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Appleton"},{"link_name":"Chris Schramm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Schramm"},{"link_name":"Chris Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Mills_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Davey Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davey_Watt"},{"link_name":"Brent Werner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Werner"},{"link_name":"Chris Neath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Neath"},{"link_name":"Scott Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Robson"},{"link_name":"Steve Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Masters_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Steve Boxall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Boxall"},{"link_name":"Sean Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Wilson_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Andre Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Compton"},{"link_name":"Ricky Ashworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Ashworth"},{"link_name":"Andrew Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Moore_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Richard Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hall_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"James Birkinshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Birkinshaw"},{"link_name":"Ben Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Wilson_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Glenn Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Cunningham_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"John Jorgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jorgensen_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Paul Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Fry_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Neil Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Collins_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Steve Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bishop_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Jan Staechmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Staechmann"},{"link_name":"Paul Pickering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pickering_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Alan Mogridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Mogridge"},{"link_name":"Robbie Kessler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Kessler"},{"link_name":"Paul Clews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Clews"},{"link_name":"Simon Stead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Stead"},{"link_name":"Carl Stonehewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Stonehewer"},{"link_name":"Kauko Nieminen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauko_Nieminen"},{"link_name":"Rusty Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Brett Woodifield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Woodifield"},{"link_name":"James Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wright_(speedway_rider)"}],"text":"BerwickAdrian Rymel 7.62\nMichal Makovský 7.23\nLee Smethills 7.19\nClaus Kristensen 6.80\nAdam Pietraszko 6.70\nJosef Franc 6.66\nRitchie Hawkins 6.20\nSimon Cartwright 6.01\nDavid Meldrum 5.80\nBlair Scott 3.71\nTom Brown 2.47EdinburghFrede Schott 9.53\nRory Schlein 8.94\nPeter Carr 8.07\nTheo Pijper 6.48\nMatthew Wethers 5.26\nCameron Woodward 4.64\nSean Stoddart 1.22ExeterMark Lemon 9.39\nGraeme Gordon 7.74\nRoger Lobb 7.55\nMark Simmonds 7.47\nSeemond Stephens 7.41\nMichael Coles 7.14\nNick Simmons 3.61GlasgowShane Parker 9.58\nGeorge Štancl 8.56\nJames Grieves 8.11\nPaul Bentley 7.98\nGraham Jones 6.31\nEric Carrillo 5.93\nDavid McAllan 4.09\nCorey Blackman 2.57\nJames Cockle 2.08\nBarry Campbell 1.94HullMagnus Karlsson 8.50\nGarry Stead 7.92\nPaul Thorp 7.90\nRoss Brady 7.68\nEmil Kramer 7.60\nEmiliano Sanchez 7.45\nJoel Parsons 4.79\nDanny Norton 1.71Isle of WightCraig Boyce 9.47\nJason Bunyan 7.67\nSebastien Trésarrieu 7.53\nRay Morton 6.82\nKrister Marsh 6.71\nUlrich Østergaard 6.68\nGlen Phillips 6.24\nChris Johnson 3.23King's LynnTomáš Topinka 8.74\nKevin Doolan 7.70\nShaun Tacey 7.23\nTom P. Madsen 6.86\nAdam Allott 6.75\nPaul Lee 6.53\nJames Brundle 4.97\nTrevor Harding 4.00\nDarren Mallett 3.26NewcastleJason Lyons 10.13\nRichard Juul 6.16\nKristian Lund 6.06\nKevin Little 5.98\nLee Dicken 5.39\nLee Smethills 5.22\nJamie Robertson 4.77\nWilliam Lawson 4.03\nScott Smith 3.81\nLuboš Tomíček Jr. 3.56NewportCraig Watson 9.66\nMads Korneliussen 6.95\nKristian Lund 6.10\nPavel Ondrašík 5.50\nTony Atkin 5.32\nCarl Wilkinson 4.82\nLuke Priest 2.43\nKarl Mason 2.33\nBarrie Evans 2.26ReadingMatej Žagar 10.02\nDanny Bird 9.67\nPhil Morris 8.18\nAndrew Appleton 8.10\nChris Schramm 5.01\nChris Mills 4.51\nSteve Braidford 2.46\nJamie Westacott 1.83Rye HouseDavey Watt 8.43\nBrent Werner 8.18\nChris Neath 7.71\nScott Robson 7.02\nSteve Masters 6.46\nTommy Allen 4.61\nSteve Boxall 4.07\nLuke Bowen 1.57SheffieldSean Wilson 9.69\nAndre Compton 8.92\nRicky Ashworth 8.29\nAndrew Moore 7.39\nRichard Hall 5.48\nJames Birkinshaw 5.28\nBen Wilson 5.15SomersetGlenn Cunningham 8.02\nJohn Jorgensen 7.96\nPaul Fry 7.48\nNeil Collins 6.72\nJamie Smith 6.02\nMatt Read 5.23\nSteve Bishop 4.79\nSimon Walker 3.15StokeJan Staechmann 9.04\nPaul Pickering 8.48\nAlan Mogridge 8.28\nRobbie Kessler 6.78\nPaul Clews 5.47\nTrent Leverington 5.06\nRob Grant Jr. 3.89\nDaniel Giffard 2.51WorkingtonSimon Stead 10.01\nCarl Stonehewer 9.84\nKauko Nieminen 6.92\nRusty Harrison 6.66\nBrett Woodifield 6.15\nAidan Collins 5.73\nJames Wright 5.48","title":"Riders & final averages"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"2004 tables\". Speedway GB.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.speedwaygb.co/history/leaguetables2004.php","url_text":"\"2004 tables\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final tables\". Speedway archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://edinburghspeedway.blogspot.com/p/compet.html","url_text":"\"Final tables\""}]},{"reference":"\"BRITISH LEAGUE TABLES - MODERN ERA (1991-PRESENT)\". Official British Speedway website. Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210901122208/https://www.speedwaygb.co.uk/history/leaguetables1991-present","url_text":"\"BRITISH LEAGUE TABLES - MODERN ERA (1991-PRESENT)\""},{"url":"https://www.speedwaygb.co.uk/history/leaguetables1991-present","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2004 Premier League Knockout Cup\". Speedway archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://edinburghspeedway.blogspot.com/2014/02/premier-league-ko-cup-2004.html","url_text":"\"2004 Premier League Knockout Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"2004 KO Cup final\" (PDF). Speedway Researcher. Retrieved 1 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.speedwayresearcher.org.uk/2004fixtures.pdf","url_text":"\"2004 KO Cup final\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hull 2004 results\" (PDF). Speedway Researcher. Retrieved 1 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.speedwayresearcher.org.uk/hull2004.pdf","url_text":"\"Hull 2004 results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Controversial Compton claims PLRC\". Crash.net. Retrieved 26 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crash.net/speedway/news/101076/1/contravercial-compton-claims-plrc","url_text":"\"Controversial Compton claims PLRC\""}]},{"reference":"\"2004 fixtures\" (PDF). Speedway Researcher. Retrieved 29 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.speedwayresearcher.org.uk/2004fixtures.pdf","url_text":"\"2004 fixtures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reading race to Pairs title\". Crash.net. Retrieved 29 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crash.net/speedway/news/100731/1/reading-race-to-pairs-title","url_text":"\"Reading race to Pairs title\""}]},{"reference":"\"2004 season fixtures and results\" (PDF). Speedway Researcher. Retrieved 7 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.speedwayresearcher.org.uk/2004fixtures.pdf","url_text":"\"2004 season fixtures and results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comets set to host biggest ever meeting\". Whitehaven News. Retrieved 7 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitehavennews.co.uk/news/17183100.comets-set-to-host-biggest-ever-meeting/","url_text":"\"Comets set to host biggest ever meeting\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.speedwaygb.co/history/leaguetables2004.php","external_links_name":"\"2004 tables\""},{"Link":"http://edinburghspeedway.blogspot.com/p/compet.html","external_links_name":"\"Final tables\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210901122208/https://www.speedwaygb.co.uk/history/leaguetables1991-present","external_links_name":"\"BRITISH LEAGUE TABLES - MODERN ERA (1991-PRESENT)\""},{"Link":"https://www.speedwaygb.co.uk/history/leaguetables1991-present","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://edinburghspeedway.blogspot.com/2014/02/premier-league-ko-cup-2004.html","external_links_name":"\"2004 Premier League Knockout Cup\""},{"Link":"https://www.speedwayresearcher.org.uk/2004fixtures.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2004 KO Cup final\""},{"Link":"https://www.speedwayresearcher.org.uk/hull2004.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Hull 2004 results\""},{"Link":"https://www.crash.net/speedway/news/101076/1/contravercial-compton-claims-plrc","external_links_name":"\"Controversial Compton claims PLRC\""},{"Link":"https://www.speedwayresearcher.org.uk/2004fixtures.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2004 fixtures\""},{"Link":"https://www.crash.net/speedway/news/100731/1/reading-race-to-pairs-title","external_links_name":"\"Reading race to Pairs title\""},{"Link":"https://www.speedwayresearcher.org.uk/2004fixtures.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2004 season fixtures and results\""},{"Link":"https://www.whitehavennews.co.uk/news/17183100.comets-set-to-host-biggest-ever-meeting/","external_links_name":"\"Comets set to host biggest ever meeting\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_worm
Eisenia fetida
["1 Uses","2 Odor","3 Related species","4 Reproduction","5 Lifespan","6 References","7 External links"]
Species of annelid worm Eisenia fetida Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Annelida Clade: Pleistoannelida Clade: Sedentaria Class: Clitellata Order: Opisthopora Family: Lumbricidae Genus: Eisenia Species: E. fetida Binomial name Eisenia fetida(Savigny, 1826)  Synonyms Eisenia foetida (older spelling) Eisenia fetida, known under various common names such as manure worm, redworm, brandling worm, panfish worm, trout worm, tiger worm, red wiggler worm, etc., is a species of earthworm adapted to decaying organic material. These worms thrive in rotting vegetation, compost, and manure. They are epigean, rarely found in soil. In this trait, they resemble Lumbricus rubellus. The red wiggler is reddish-brown in color, has small rings around its body, and has a yellowish tail. Groups of bristles (called setae) on each segment of the worm move in and out to grip nearby surfaces as it stretches and contracts its muscles to push itself forward or backward. E. fetida worms are native to Europe, but have been introduced (both intentionally and unintentionally) to every other continent except Antarctica. E. fetida also possesses a unique natural defense system in its coelomic fluid; cells called coelomocytes secrete a protein called lysenin, which is a pore-forming toxin, which is able to permeabilize and lyse invading cells. It is best at targeting foreign cells whose membranes contain significant amounts of sphingomyelin. (Lysenin is also toxic to organisms lacking sphingomyelin in their cell walls, including Bacillus megaterium, though the pathway is not understood). Uses E. fetida is used for vermicomposting of both domestic and industrial organic waste. Vermicomposting septic systems have been used for decades and allow for decentralized on-site processing of blackwater using Eisenia fetida. Tiger worms are also being tested for use in a flushless toilet, currently being trialled in India, Uganda and Myanmar. Moreover, red worm is widely used in fishing, being one of the most ideal baits for tench, bream, and roach. Odor When roughly handled, a redworm exudes a pungent liquid, thus the specific name fetida meaning "foul-smelling". This is presumably an antipredator adaptation. Close-up of E. fetida with visible bristles Related species E. fetida is closely related to E. andrei, also referred to as E. f. andrei. The only simple way of distinguishing the two species is that E. fetida is sometimes lighter in colour. Molecular analyses have confirmed their identity as separate species, and breeding experiments have shown that they do produce hybrids. The mitochondrial genetic characteristics of the Irish population of E. fetida could be the result of reproductive isolation, so suggests that this sample may constitute an unrecognized species or subspecies of E. fetida. Reproduction E. fetida copulating in a compost bin As with other earthworm species, E. fetida is hermaphroditic, and uniparental reproduction is possible, even if usually the reproduction is between copulating individuals. The two worms join clitella, the large, lighter-colored bands which contain the worms' reproductive organs, and which are only prominent during the reproduction process. The two worms exchange sperm. Both worms then secrete cocoons, which contain several eggs each. These cocoons are lemon-shaped and are pale yellow at first, becoming more brownish as the worms inside become mature. These cocoons are clearly visible to the naked eye. At 25°C, E. fetida hatches from its cocoon in about 3 weeks. Lifespan The lifespan of E. fetida under controlled conditions varies between one and five years. References ^ "Eisenia foetida". Fauna Europaea. 2004. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007. ^ "Catalogue of Life : Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826)". www.catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 2021-01-26. ^ "Red wiggler Body appearance". ^ Bruhn, Heike; Winkelmann, Julia; Andersen, Christian; Andrä, Jörg; Leippe, Matthias (2006-01-01). "Dissection of the mechanisms of cytolytic and antibacterial activity of lysenin, a defence protein of the annelid Eisenia fetida". Developmental & Comparative Immunology. 30 (7): 597–606. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2005.09.002. ISSN 0145-305X. PMID 16386304. ^ Albanell, E.; Plaixats, J.; Cabrero, T. (1988). "Chemical changes during vermicomposting (Eisenia fetida) of sheep manure mixed with cotton industrial wastes". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 6 (3). doi:10.1007/BF00260823. ISSN 0178-2762. S2CID 21470644. ^ Orozco, F. H.; Cegarra, J.; Trujillo, L. M.; Roig, A. (1996). "Vermicomposting of coffee pulp using the earthworm Eisenia fetida: Effects on C and N contents and the availability of nutrients". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 22 (1–2): 162–166. doi:10.1007/BF00384449. ISSN 0178-2762. S2CID 25060696. ^ Maboeta, M.S.; Rensburg, L.van (2003). "Vermicomposting of industrially produced woodchips and sewage sludge utilizing Eisenia fetida". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 56 (2): 265–270. doi:10.1016/S0147-6513(02)00101-X. ISSN 0147-6513. PMID 12927558. ^ "Vermicomposting Toilets". Vermicomposting Toilets. Retrieved 2021-10-27. ^ Dey Chowdhury, Sanket; Bhunia, Puspendu (2021-04-02). "Simultaneous Carbon and Nitrogen Removal from Domestic Wastewater using High Rate Vermifilter". Indian Journal of Microbiology. 61 (2): 218–228. doi:10.1007/s12088-021-00936-4. ISSN 0046-8991. PMC 8039078. PMID 33927463. ^ "Testing the "Tiger Toilet"". US AID. May 26, 2016. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2019. ^ Jim, Uncle (26 June 2012). "Best Worms For Bait Fishing". Uncle Jim's Worm Farm. Retrieved 3 February 2023. ^ "LOBWORMS, REDWORMS AND DENDROBAENA WORMS". Angling Times. Retrieved 3 February 2023. ^ Townsend, Craig; Ebizuka, Yutaka, eds. (2010). Natural products structural diversity-I, secondary metabolites : organization and biosynthesis. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Boston: Elsevier. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-08-045381-1. ^ Plytycz, Barbara; Bigaj, Janusz; Panz, Tomasz; Grzmil, Paweł (2018-09-21). "Asymmetrical hybridization and gene flow between Eisenia andrei and E. fetida lumbricid earthworms". PLOS ONE. 13 (9): e0204469. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1304469P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204469. PMC 6150523. PMID 30240427. ^ Pérez-Losada, Marcos; Eiroa, Julio; Mato, Salustiano; Domínguez, Jorge (August 2005). "Phylogenetic species delimitation of the earthworms Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) and Eisenia andrei Bouché, 1972 (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences". Pedobiologia. 49 (4): 317–324. doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.02.004. ^ Domínguez, Jorge; Velando, Alberto; Aira, Manuel; Monroy, Fernando (2003-01-01). "Uniparental reproduction of Eisenia fetida and E. andrei (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae): evidence of self-insemination: The 7th international symposium on earthworm ecology · Cardiff · Wales · 2002". Pedobiologia. 47 (5): 530–534. doi:10.1078/0031-4056-00224. ISSN 0031-4056. ^ Neuhauser, Edward F.; Hartenstein, Roy; Kaplan, David L. (August 1980). "Growth of the Earthworm Eisenia Foetida in Relation to Population Density and Food Rationing". Oikos. 35 (1): 93–98. doi:10.2307/3544730. JSTOR 3544730. Retrieved 2020-10-14. ^ Venter, J.M.; Reinecke, A.J. (1987-01-29). "The life-cycle of the compost worm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta)". African Zoology. 23 (3): 161–165. doi:10.1080/02541858.1988.11448096. External links "Identify Tiger Worm". Taxon identifiersEisenia fetida Wikidata: Q1501422 Wikispecies: Eisenia fetida AFD: Eisenia_fetida BioLib: 44035 BOLD: 26354 CoL: 38W46 EoL: 3126934 EPPO: EISEFO EUNIS: 223751 Fauna Europaea: 178401 Fauna Europaea (new): ef6e1249-749d-4c5a-bf8a-3f2be4a56df0 GBIF: 5815560 iNaturalist: 127409 IRMNG: 11064620 ITIS: 976620 NBN: NBNSYS0000022348 NCBI: 6396 NZOR: 1b7d759e-1f80-41bd-ae39-0ea0090eb713 Open Tree of Life: 316451 WoRMS: 1041027
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"common names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_names"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"earthworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm"},{"link_name":"decaying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition"},{"link_name":"vegetation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetation"},{"link_name":"compost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost"},{"link_name":"manure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manure"},{"link_name":"epigean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigean"},{"link_name":"Lumbricus rubellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbricus_rubellus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"setae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seta"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"coelomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelom"},{"link_name":"lysenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysenin"},{"link_name":"pore-forming toxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pore-forming_toxin"},{"link_name":"lyse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysis"},{"link_name":"sphingomyelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomyelin"},{"link_name":"Bacillus megaterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_megaterium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Eisenia fetida, known under various common names such as manure worm,[2] redworm, brandling worm, panfish worm, trout worm, tiger worm, red wiggler worm, etc., is a species of earthworm adapted to decaying organic material. These worms thrive in rotting vegetation, compost, and manure. They are epigean, rarely found in soil. In this trait, they resemble Lumbricus rubellus.The red wiggler is reddish-brown in color, has small rings around its body, and has a yellowish tail.[3] Groups of bristles (called setae) on each segment of the worm move in and out to grip nearby surfaces as it stretches and contracts its muscles to push itself forward or backward.E. fetida worms are native to Europe, but have been introduced (both intentionally and unintentionally) to every other continent except Antarctica.E. fetida also possesses a unique natural defense system in its coelomic fluid; cells called coelomocytes secrete a protein called lysenin, which is a pore-forming toxin, which is able to permeabilize and lyse invading cells. It is best at targeting foreign cells whose membranes contain significant amounts of sphingomyelin. (Lysenin is also toxic to organisms lacking sphingomyelin in their cell walls, including Bacillus megaterium, though the pathway is not understood).[4]","title":"Eisenia fetida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vermicomposting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermicompost"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albanell1988-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orozco1996-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maboeta2003-7"},{"link_name":"blackwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"flushless toilet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composting_toilet"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"E. fetida is used for vermicomposting of both domestic and industrial organic waste.[5][6][7] Vermicomposting septic systems have been used for decades and allow for decentralized on-site processing of blackwater using Eisenia fetida.[8][9] Tiger worms are also being tested for use in a flushless toilet, currently being trialled in India, Uganda and Myanmar.[10]Moreover, red worm is widely used in fishing, being one of the most ideal baits for tench, bream, and roach. [11][12]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pungent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pungent"},{"link_name":"foul-smelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fetid"},{"link_name":"antipredator adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipredator_adaptation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eisenia_fetida_HC1.jpg"}],"text":"When roughly handled, a redworm exudes a pungent liquid, thus the specific name fetida meaning \"foul-smelling\". This is presumably an antipredator adaptation.[13]Close-up of E. fetida with visible bristles","title":"Odor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E. andrei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenia_andrei"},{"link_name":"hybrids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"reproductive isolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_isolation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"E. fetida is closely related to E. andrei, also referred to as E. f. andrei. The only simple way of distinguishing the two species is that E. fetida is sometimes lighter in colour. Molecular analyses have confirmed their identity as separate species, and breeding experiments have shown that they do produce hybrids.[14]The mitochondrial genetic characteristics of the Irish population of E. fetida could be the result of reproductive isolation, so suggests that this sample may constitute an unrecognized species or subspecies of E. fetida.[15]","title":"Related species"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redwiggler-copulation-compost.jpg"},{"link_name":"earthworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm"},{"link_name":"hermaphroditic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphroditic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"clitella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitella"},{"link_name":"sperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"E. fetida copulating in a compost binAs with other earthworm species, E. fetida is hermaphroditic, and uniparental reproduction is possible, even if usually the reproduction is between copulating individuals.[16] The two worms join clitella, the large, lighter-colored bands which contain the worms' reproductive organs, and which are only prominent during the reproduction process. The two worms exchange sperm. Both worms then secrete cocoons, which contain several eggs each. These cocoons are lemon-shaped and are pale yellow at first, becoming more brownish as the worms inside become mature. These cocoons are clearly visible to the naked eye. At 25°C, E. fetida hatches from its cocoon in about 3 weeks. [17]","title":"Reproduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The lifespan of E. fetida under controlled conditions varies between one and five years. [18]","title":"Lifespan"}]
[{"image_text":"Close-up of E. fetida with visible bristles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Eisenia_fetida_HC1.jpg/200px-Eisenia_fetida_HC1.jpg"},{"image_text":"E. fetida copulating in a compost bin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Redwiggler-copulation-compost.jpg/200px-Redwiggler-copulation-compost.jpg"}]
null
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Retrieved 2021-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/details/species/id/747f08e6625bd7305b38274efe605b4e","url_text":"\"Catalogue of Life : Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red wiggler Body appearance\".","urls":[{"url":"https://gardenplantslife.com/identify-red-wigglers-worms/","url_text":"\"Red wiggler Body appearance\""}]},{"reference":"Bruhn, Heike; Winkelmann, Julia; Andersen, Christian; Andrä, Jörg; Leippe, Matthias (2006-01-01). \"Dissection of the mechanisms of cytolytic and antibacterial activity of lysenin, a defence protein of the annelid Eisenia fetida\". Developmental & Comparative Immunology. 30 (7): 597–606. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2005.09.002. ISSN 0145-305X. PMID 16386304.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145305X05001734","url_text":"\"Dissection of the mechanisms of cytolytic and antibacterial activity of lysenin, a defence protein of the annelid Eisenia fetida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dci.2005.09.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.dci.2005.09.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0145-305X","url_text":"0145-305X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16386304","url_text":"16386304"}]},{"reference":"Albanell, E.; Plaixats, J.; Cabrero, T. (1988). \"Chemical changes during vermicomposting (Eisenia fetida) of sheep manure mixed with cotton industrial wastes\". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 6 (3). doi:10.1007/BF00260823. ISSN 0178-2762. 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Natural products structural diversity-I, secondary metabolites : organization and biosynthesis. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Boston: Elsevier. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-08-045381-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-045381-1","url_text":"978-0-08-045381-1"}]},{"reference":"Plytycz, Barbara; Bigaj, Janusz; Panz, Tomasz; Grzmil, Paweł (2018-09-21). \"Asymmetrical hybridization and gene flow between Eisenia andrei and E. fetida lumbricid earthworms\". PLOS ONE. 13 (9): e0204469. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1304469P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204469. PMC 6150523. 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ISSN 0031-4056.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031405604702334","url_text":"\"Uniparental reproduction of Eisenia fetida and E. andrei (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae): evidence of self-insemination: The 7th international symposium on earthworm ecology · Cardiff · Wales · 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1078%2F0031-4056-00224","url_text":"10.1078/0031-4056-00224"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4056","url_text":"0031-4056"}]},{"reference":"Neuhauser, Edward F.; Hartenstein, Roy; Kaplan, David L. (August 1980). \"Growth of the Earthworm Eisenia Foetida in Relation to Population Density and Food Rationing\". Oikos. 35 (1): 93–98. doi:10.2307/3544730. JSTOR 3544730. Retrieved 2020-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3544730","url_text":"\"Growth of the Earthworm Eisenia Foetida in Relation to Population Density and Food Rationing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3544730","url_text":"10.2307/3544730"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3544730","url_text":"3544730"}]},{"reference":"Venter, J.M.; Reinecke, A.J. (1987-01-29). \"The life-cycle of the compost worm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta)\". African Zoology. 23 (3): 161–165. doi:10.1080/02541858.1988.11448096.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02541858.1988.11448096","url_text":"\"The life-cycle of the compost worm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02541858.1988.11448096","url_text":"10.1080/02541858.1988.11448096"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Swarton
Hannah Swarton
["1 Early life","2 Captivity, 1690-1695","2.1 Capture","2.2 Life with the Indians","2.3 Life in Quebec","3 Return to New England","4 Narrative","5 Death","6 See also","7 Further reading","8 Notes","9 References"]
Colonial Maine Puritan mother Hannah SwartonBornJoana Hibbert or Hibbard1651 (1651) (baptized on 9 March 1651)Salem, MassachusettsDied12 October 1708(1708-10-12) (aged 56–57)Beverly, MassachusettsKnown forCaptivity by Native Americans and French CanadiansSpouseJohn Swarton (died 1690)ChildrenChildren: John, Mary, Samuel, JasperParent(s)John and Anne Hibbart Hannah Swarton (1651 - 12 October 1708), née Joana Hibbert/Hibbard, was a New England colonial pioneer who was captured by Abenaki Indians and held prisoner for 5+1⁄2 years, first in an Abenaki community and later in the home of a French family in Quebec. She was eventually freed and told her story to Cotton Mather, who used it as a moral lesson in several of his works. Early life Joana Hibbert/Hibbard was the daughter of Robert and Joan Hibbard, baptized on 9 March 1651 at Salem, Massachusetts.: 316–17 : 391 : 15 : 359–61  She married John Swarton in Beverly, Massachusetts on 8 January, 1670 or 1671.: 722  They had five children in Beverly, Massachusetts:: 318  Mary, died on 14 September 1674 Samuel, baptized 8 November 1674: 318  Mary, baptized 17 October 1675: 318  John, baptized 22 July 1677: 318  Jasper, baptized 14 June 1685: 318  in the First Parish Church in Beverly.: 100  In 1687, John Swarton of Beverly received a 50-acre land grant in North Yarmouth. In his petition he said he was from the channel island of Jersey and had fought with Charles II in Flanders in the Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660). The family moved from Beverly to Casco Bay in 1689, and were visited there later that year by Benjamin Church.: 204  Captivity, 1690-1695 Capture New England settlers defending a garrison house from attack by French and Native American forces.During King William's War, Louis de Buade de Frontenac, the Governor General of New France, launched a campaign to drive the English from the settlements east of Falmouth, Maine. On 16 May 1690, the fortified settlement on Casco Bay was attacked by a war party of 50 French-Canadian soldiers led by Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin, about 50 Abenaki warriors from Canada, a contingent of French militia led by Joseph-François Hertel de la Fresnière, and 300-400 additional natives from Maine, including some Penobscots under the leadership of Madockawando. Fort Loyal was attacked at the same time. About 75 men in the Casco settlement fought for four days before surrendering on 20 May, on condition of safe passage to the nearest English town. Instead, most of the men, including John Swarton, were killed, and the surviving settlers were taken captive, including Hannah Swarton and her children Samuel, Mary, John, and Jasper Swarton.: 196–99  One source says that of over 200 people in the fort, only 10 or 12 survived and were taken into captivity.: 78  Life with the Indians Hannah Swarton's narrative describes the hardships she experienced as a prisoner among the Indians. She was separated from her children at Norridgewock, Maine and later learned that her oldest son Samuel had been killed about two months after being taken prisoner. She never saw or heard of her son John again after they were separated, and she had only sporadic contact with her daughter Mary for the first three years of her captivity. She was reunited with her son Jasper in late 1695.: 147–158  From May 1690, until February 1691, she traveled on "many weary journeys" with the Indians through the wilderness of northern Maine. She describes being starved and forced to work in the snow without adequate clothing. Hannah's native mistress was a Catholic who had been raised in an English community at Black Point (present-day Scarborough, Maine). She told Hannah that her captivity was punishment for her rejection of Catholicism. Another English captive, John York, lived with Hannah until he became too weak to work and the Abenakis killed him. Hannah believed that her captivity and suffering were divine punishment inflicted on her for her sins, a common theme in Puritan literature of the time. In particular, Hannah identifies leaving "public worship and the Ordinances of God" by moving from Beverly, Massachusetts, to Casco Bay, a rural community "where there was no Church, or Minister of the Gospel," as a transgression, even though she probably had little choice in the matter. She also remained certain that she would eventually be delivered and would afterwards be inspired to "declare the Works of the Lord," as payment for her freedom. Life in Quebec In February 1691, the Indians she was living with camped in Canada near the home of a French family, and Hannah was sent to beg food from them. They gave her food and treated her kindly, and Hannah asked her Abenaki master if she would be allowed to spend the night in a French home, which he agreed to. The lady of the household allowed Hannah to sleep in front of the fireplace, and the next day she brought a local innkeeper and an Englishman, who told Hannah that he, too, had been a prisoner. The two men invited Hannah to come with them to Quebec (probably Quebec City, as Quebec did not yet exist as a province), where they said they would arrange for her to be ransomed from the Indians. Hannah agreed and was taken to the home of "the Lord Intendant, Monsieur Le ...onant, who was Chief Judge, and the Second to the Governour." He had her treated at a local hospital (probably the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec) and his wife paid a ransom to Hannah's Indian master. (Although it was common at the time for the French to "buy" English prisoners from the Indians, the French later discouraged this practice.) He then employed Hannah as a housekeeper, although she was, in effect, a slave. She was fed and clothed well, but was subjected to pressure to convert to Catholicism, which she resisted. Hannah states in her narrative that her French family threatened to have her sent to France, where she would be burned as a heretic, but Hannah continued to refuse to convert, arguing with the "Nuns, Priests, and Friars" whom she met at church, using quotations from scripture. Hannah was forced to attend mass regularly until her mistress decided that she was not going to convert, and thereafter did not require her to go to church.: 155  During her stay in Quebec, Hannah encountered other English prisoners including Edward Tyng and John Alden III (son of John Alden, Jr.). Another English captive, 12-year-old Margaret Gould Stilson, was also a servant in the same household. Eventually she was forbidden contact with other English captives except for Margaret Stilson.: 156  Return to New England In November 1695, Matthew Cary went to Quebec under the auspices of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, with "Permission and Passport given by Count Frontenac," Governor General of New France, to bring back English people held there as prisoners, by boat to Boston and New York. In exchange, "neer a hundred prisoners" held by English authorities were being returned to Canada. The list of 22 English captives redeemed from "Qubek" by Matthew Cary in October 1695 includes "Johana Swarton of York" and her son "Jesp'r Swarton, boy of Cascow," as well as Margaret Stilson.: 245  Her daughter, "Mary Swarton, gerl of Cascow," is on the list of "thos remaining Still in the hands of the french at Canada.": 286–291  "Hannah Swarton widdow" is recorded as being "admitted to our communion" at the First Church in Beverly, Massachusetts on 15 November 1695.: 33  Hannah's daughter Mary Swarton chose to remain in Canada, where she had already converted to Catholicism, had been re-baptized on 20 February 1695, and was renamed "Marie Souart, daughter of the late Jean Souart and Anne Souart." In 1697 she married Jean Lehait (John Lahey), an Irishman and also a former captive, and became a French citizen in May, 1710.: 206  Mary lived for the rest of her life in Montreal.: 157  Narrative Title page of Cotton Mather's Magnalia Christi Americana (1702) in which he published an expanded version of Hannah Swarton's narrative.After she and her son Jasper returned to New England in November 1695, Hannah Swarton gave an account of her captivity (possibly dictated), in the form of a narrative that was published in 1697 by Cotton Mather. Swarton's story was heavily embellished by Mather, who added numerous biblical references, but many of the details of her experiences appear authentic. Cotton Mather's sermon of 6 May 1697 was published as an appendix to his Humiliations Follow'd With Deliverances and includes the stories of Hannah Swarton and Hannah Duston. It was republished in expanded form in Magnalia Christi Americana, a 1702 book by Mather. Mather's appendix to the sermon, A Narrative of Hannah Swarton, Containing a Great Many Wonderful Passages, Relating to her Captivity and Deliverance, is clearly Mather's work, in which he employs a woman's voice to emphasize the importance of remaining active in the church and mindful of Puritan values, in imitation of his father Increase Mather, who in 1682 published A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, the captivity narrative of Mary Rowlandson.: 157  Mather emphasizes the dangers of living in an "ungospelized plantation", a reference to communities in rural Maine without an ordained minister, and which were prone to French (Catholic) influence. Swarton is therefore depicted as a sinner, but one who has atoned, and has been redeemed and returned to grace.: 17  In his diary entry for 15 November 1695, Mather writes: "A Discourse which I had uttered at the Lecture of Boston, the last Spring, Expressed the Use that All should make of the terrible Disasters wherewith some are afflicted. Unto this I added a Collection of terrible and barbarous Things undergone by some of our English Captives in the Hands of the Eastern Indians. And I annexed hereunto, a memorable Narrative of a good Woman, who relates in a very Instructive Manner, the Story of her own Captivity and Deliverance. I thought that by exposing these things to the Public, I might very much promote the general Repentance.": 210  Mather uses the scene in which Swarton, a poorly-educated frontier woman, engages in a lively scriptural debate with the French attempting to convert her to Catholicism, to illustrate theological differences between English Protestantism and Catholicism, as a means of educating Mather's audience. Protestant and Catholic populations were in close contact across North America, and pressure to convert mirrored political and economic influences affecting these largely uneducated, agricultural communities. For women in particular, Mather felt it necessary to keep them from being swayed by males who held some leverage over them, such as priests, landlords, administrators, or employers, and who might use threats to coerce women into conversion. Hannah Swarton's resistance to the pressure from her French masters is exhibited as a prime example of loyalty to her Puritan faith, and has been referred to as "passive forbearance in the face of adversity." Nonetheless, Mather diminishes his own narrator by dismissing her intellect and memory: "But it's bootless for me, a poor woman, to acquaint the world with what arguments I used, if I could now remember them; and many of them are slipt out of my memory.": 19 : 85  Mather published Swarton's narrative together with that of Hannah Duston, however Duston's account became better-known as a story of revenge against Native Americans, popular at a time when westward expansion of European settlers brought them into violent conflict with Indians already living in areas where new settlements were being established. Mather depicts Duston as actively ending her captivity by killing her captors and escaping, although he avoided the moral problem raised by Duston's murder of six Indian children. Swarton makes no attempt to escape, but shows endurance in her faith and willingness to recognize and atone for her sins. Death Hannah Swarton died on 12 October 1708, in Beverly, Massachusetts at the age of 57. See also Cotton Mather Hannah Duston Captivity narrative Battle of Fort Loyal Further reading Coleman, Emma Lewis. New England captives carried to Canada between 1677 and 1760, during the French and Indian wars. Portland, Maine: The Southworth Press, 1925. Carroll, Lorrayne. "'My Outward Man': The Curious Case of Hannah Swarton." Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800, edited by Michael L. LaBlanc, vol. 82, Gale, 2002. Gale Literature Resource Center. Accessed 6 July 2022. Originally published in Early American Literature, vol. 31, no. 1, Winter 1996, pp. 45-73. Notes ^ If this was the Intendant of New France, it was probably Jean Bochart de Champigny (1643-1720), who served as Intendant from 1686 to 1702. The Intendant had several functions, including judge, and was effectively the second most powerful administrator in the government of New France, next to the Governor General. Bochart de Champigny was described as "a good man, humane, and well liked." References ^ Hebard, Harvey and Ralph D. Smyth, 1897 "Descendants of Robert Hebert of Salem and Beverley, Mass." The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol 51. Boston, MA ^ Perley, Sidney, The History of Salem, Massachusetts, Vol. 1: 1626-1637. Salem, MA: 1924 ^ Perley, Sidney. The History of Salem, Massachusetts, Vol 2: 1638-1670. Boston, MA: Perley, 1924 ^ George Freeman Sanborn, Robert Charles Anderson, Melinde Lutz. Great Migration 1634-1635, Vol IV, I-L New England Historic Genealogical Society, Madison, WI: 1999 ^ Bentley, Elizabeth Petty, Torrey, Clarence Almon. New England marriages prior to 1700. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1985 ^ a b c d e Vital Records of Beverly, Massachusetts to the End of the Year 1849, Vol 1 - Births. Topsfield Historical Society; Topsfield, MA. Salem: Newcomb and Gauss: 1906. ^ Early Records of the Town of Beverly, Essex Co., Mass., Extracted from Volume 1, Births, Marriages & Deaths. Copied by Augustus A. Galloupe, 1907 ^ a b c William Phineas Upham, Records of the First Church in Beverly, Massachusetts, 1667-1772. Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1905. ^ a b c d e f Coleman, Emma Lewis. New England captives carried to Canada between 1677 and 1760, during the French and Indian wars. Portland, Maine: The Southworth Press, 1925. ^ Drake, Francis S. and Dowd, Francis Joseph, Indian history for young folks, New York: Harper Brothers, 1919 ^ Maine History Online: "1668-1774, Settle and Strife," Maine Historical Society ^ John Thomas Hull, "The Siege and Capture of Fort Loyall: Destruction of Falmouth, May 20, 1690," A Paper Read Before the Maine Genealogical Society, June 2 1885, by John T. Hull. Printed by Order of the City Council of Portland. Owen, Strout & Company, printers, 1885 ^ a b c d e Mather, Cotton, and Swarton, Hannah. Humiliations follow'd with deliverances. A brief discourse on the matter and method, of that humiliation which would be an hopeful symptom of our deliverance from calamity. : Accompanied and accomodated with a narrative, of a notable deliverance lately received by some English captives, from the hands of cruel Indians. And some improvement of that narrative. : Whereto is added a narrative of Hannah Swarton, containing a great many wonderful passages, relating to her captivity and deliverance. Boston, 1697 ^ a b c d e Alden T. Vaughan, Edward W Clark, Puritans Among the Indians: Accounts of Captivity and Redemption, 1676-1724. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009 ^ W. J. Eccles, "Bochart de Champigny, Jean, Sieur de Noroy et de Verneuil," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 2, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed July 15, 2022 ^ Letki, Elaine, "Captives of the French and Indian Wars, 1676-1763: English Slavery in Canada," Doctoral Thesis in History, East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, 14 Dec 2019 ^ Bumstead, J. M. "'Carried to Canada!': Perceptions of the French in British Colonial Captivity Narratives, 1690-1760." American Review of Canadian Studies, 13 (1983): 79-96. ^ a b Tara Fitzpatrick, "The Figure of Captivity: The Cultural Work of the Puritan Captivity Narrative," American Literary History, Vol. 3, No. 1: Spring, 1991, pp. 1-26 ^ Johnston, John. A History of the Towns of Bristol and Bremen in the State of Maine, Including the Pemaquid Settlement. Joel Munsell, 1873. ^ Trask, William B. "Instructions to Matthew Cary about Bringing Prisoners from Canada; Information Obtained by Him in Quebec, and Lists of Prisoners Redeemed and Left in Canada -- 1695." The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Boston, MA: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1847-. Vol. 24, 1870 ^ "Names of English Captives Ransomed from Quebeck by Matthew Cary, in October, 1695," New England Historical and Genealogical Registers, New England Historic Genealogical Society, Boston, Samuel G. Drake, Publisher, Š1847 Vol. 1-50, Jan 1852 ^ a b c Carroll, Lorrayne. "'My Outward Man': The Curious Case of Hannah Swarton." Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800, edited by Michael L. LaBlanc, vol. 82, Gale, 2002. Gale Literature Resource Center. Accessed 6 July 2022. Originally published in Early American Literature, vol. 31, no. 1, Winter 1996, pp. 45-73. ^ First Church in Beverly, founded in 1667, Beverly, Mass. Beverly Public Library, Beverly, Mass., accessed July 9, 2022 ^ Kevin J. Hayes, The Oxford Handbook of Early American Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. ^ Mather, Cotton. Diary of Cotton Mather: 1681-1708. Massachusetts Historical Society, 1708. ^ Derounian-Stodola, Kathryn Zabelle; Levernier, James, The Indian captivity narrative, 1550-1900, New York: Maxwell Macmillan International, 1997 ^ Toulouse, Teresa A. The Captive's Position: Female Narrative, Male Identity, and Royal Authority in Colonial New England. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated, 2013. ^ Veronica Hladišová, "I alone have escaped to tell you: Women's Captivity Experience in Early Modern New England," Opera Historica, Vol 9(1):161-171. University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic, 2001 ^ Kolodny, Annette. The Land Before Her: Fantasy and Experience of the American Frontiers, 1630-1860. University of North Carolina Press, 2014. ^ Stefani, Victoria Lee, "True statements: Women's narratives of the American frontier experience," doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, Dept. of English, 2000 ^ David Michael Corlett, "Steadfast in their ways: New England colonists, Indian wars, and the persistence of culture, 1675-1715", Doctoral dissertation, College of William & Mary, Dept of History, January 2011 ^ Barbara Cutter, "The Female Indian Killer Memorialized: Hannah Duston and the Nineteenth–Century Feminization of American Violence," Journal of Women's History, vol. 20, no. 2, 2008; pp 10–33 ^ Lauren Lessing, "Theatrical Mayhem in Junius Brutus Stearns's Hannah Duston Killing the Indians," American Art, Volume 28, Issue 3, pp. 76-103
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Abenaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abenaki"},{"link_name":"Cotton Mather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Mather"}],"text":"Hannah Swarton (1651 - 12 October 1708), née Joana Hibbert/Hibbard, was a New England colonial pioneer who was captured by Abenaki Indians and held prisoner for 5+1⁄2 years, first in an Abenaki community and later in the home of a French family in Quebec. She was eventually freed and told her story to Cotton Mather, who used it as a moral lesson in several of his works.","title":"Hannah Swarton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salem, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Beverly, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vital-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vital-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vital-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vital-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vital-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Upham-8"},{"link_name":"land grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_grant"},{"link_name":"North Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yarmouth,_Maine"},{"link_name":"the channel island of Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)"},{"link_name":"Casco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casco_Bay"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Church_(ranger)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coleman-9"}],"text":"Joana Hibbert/Hibbard was the daughter of Robert and Joan Hibbard, baptized on 9 March 1651 at Salem, Massachusetts.[1]: 316–17 [2]: 391 [3]: 15 [4]: 359–61She married John Swarton in Beverly, Massachusetts on 8 January, 1670 or 1671.[5]: 722  They had five children in Beverly, Massachusetts:[6]: 318Mary, died on 14 September 1674[7]\nSamuel, baptized 8 November 1674[6]: 318 \nMary, baptized 17 October 1675[6]: 318 \nJohn, baptized 22 July 1677[6]: 318 \nJasper, baptized 14 June 1685[6]: 318  in the First Parish Church in Beverly.[8]: 100In 1687, John Swarton of Beverly received a 50-acre land grant in North Yarmouth. In his petition he said he was from the channel island of Jersey and had fought with Charles II in Flanders in the Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660). The family moved from Beverly to Casco Bay in 1689, and were visited there later that year by Benjamin Church.[9]: 204","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Captivity, 1690-1695"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_history_for_young_folks_(1919)_(14566629180).jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"King William's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_William%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Louis de Buade de Frontenac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac"},{"link_name":"Governor General of New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France"},{"link_name":"Falmouth, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmouth,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Casco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casco_Bay"},{"link_name":"Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Vincent_d%27Abbadie_de_Saint-Castin"},{"link_name":"Abenaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abenaki"},{"link_name":"Joseph-François Hertel de la Fresnière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Hertel_de_la_Fresni%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Penobscots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penobscots"},{"link_name":"Madockawando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madockawando"},{"link_name":"Fort Loyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Loyal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coleman-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Capture","text":"New England settlers defending a garrison house from attack by French and Native American forces.[10]During King William's War, Louis de Buade de Frontenac, the Governor General of New France, launched a campaign to drive the English from the settlements east of Falmouth, Maine.[11]On 16 May 1690, the fortified settlement on Casco Bay was attacked by a war party of 50 French-Canadian soldiers led by Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin, about 50 Abenaki warriors from Canada, a contingent of French militia led by Joseph-François Hertel de la Fresnière, and 300-400 additional natives from Maine, including some Penobscots under the leadership of Madockawando. Fort Loyal was attacked at the same time. About 75 men in the Casco settlement fought for four days before surrendering on 20 May, on condition of safe passage to the nearest English town. Instead, most of the men, including John Swarton, were killed, and the surviving settlers were taken captive, including Hannah Swarton and her children Samuel, Mary, John, and Jasper Swarton.[9]: 196–99  One source says that of over 200 people in the fort, only 10 or 12 survived and were taken into captivity.[12]: 78","title":"Captivity, 1690-1695"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mather-13"},{"link_name":"Norridgewock, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norridgewock,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Puritans-14"},{"link_name":"Scarborough, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coleman-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mather-13"},{"link_name":"divine punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_punishment"},{"link_name":"Puritan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Puritans-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coleman-9"}],"sub_title":"Life with the Indians","text":"Hannah Swarton's narrative describes the hardships she experienced as a prisoner among the Indians.[13] She was separated from her children at Norridgewock, Maine and later learned that her oldest son Samuel had been killed about two months after being taken prisoner. She never saw or heard of her son John again after they were separated, and she had only sporadic contact with her daughter Mary for the first three years of her captivity. She was reunited with her son Jasper in late 1695.[14]: 147–158From May 1690, until February 1691, she traveled on \"many weary journeys\" with the Indians through the wilderness of northern Maine. She describes being starved and forced to work in the snow without adequate clothing. Hannah's native mistress was a Catholic who had been raised in an English community at Black Point (present-day Scarborough, Maine). She told Hannah that her captivity was punishment for her rejection of Catholicism.[9] Another English captive, John York, lived with Hannah until he became too weak to work and the Abenakis killed him.[13]Hannah believed that her captivity and suffering were divine punishment inflicted on her for her sins, a common theme in Puritan literature of the time. In particular, Hannah identifies leaving \"public worship and the Ordinances of God\" by moving from Beverly, Massachusetts, to Casco Bay, a rural community \"where there was no Church, or Minister of the Gospel,\" as a transgression, even though she probably had little choice in the matter.[14] She also remained certain that she would eventually be delivered and would afterwards be inspired to \"declare the Works of the Lord,\" as payment for her freedom.[9]","title":"Captivity, 1690-1695"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quebec City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City"},{"link_name":"Lord Intendant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intendant_of_New_France"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hôtel-Dieu de Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitzpatrick-19"},{"link_name":"heretic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Puritans-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mather-13"},{"link_name":"Edward Tyng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tyng_(military_officer)"},{"link_name":"John Alden, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alden_(sailor)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Puritans-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mather-13"}],"sub_title":"Life in Quebec","text":"In February 1691, the Indians she was living with camped in Canada near the home of a French family, and Hannah was sent to beg food from them. They gave her food and treated her kindly, and Hannah asked her Abenaki master if she would be allowed to spend the night in a French home, which he agreed to. The lady of the household allowed Hannah to sleep in front of the fireplace, and the next day she brought a local innkeeper and an Englishman, who told Hannah that he, too, had been a prisoner. The two men invited Hannah to come with them to Quebec (probably Quebec City, as Quebec did not yet exist as a province), where they said they would arrange for her to be ransomed from the Indians. Hannah agreed and was taken to the home of \"the Lord Intendant, Monsieur Le ...onant, who was Chief Judge, and the Second to the Governour.\"[Note 1]He had her treated at a local hospital (probably the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec) and his wife paid a ransom to Hannah's Indian master. (Although it was common at the time for the French to \"buy\" English prisoners from the Indians,[16] the French later discouraged this practice.[17]) He then employed Hannah as a housekeeper, although she was, in effect, a slave. She was fed and clothed well, but was subjected to pressure to convert to Catholicism, which she resisted.[18] Hannah states in her narrative that her French family threatened to have her sent to France, where she would be burned as a heretic, but Hannah continued to refuse to convert, arguing with the \"Nuns, Priests, and Friars\" whom she met at church, using quotations from scripture. Hannah was forced to attend mass regularly until her mistress decided that she was not going to convert, and thereafter did not require her to go to church.[14]: 155 [13]During her stay in Quebec, Hannah encountered other English prisoners including Edward Tyng and John Alden III (son of John Alden, Jr.). Another English captive, 12-year-old Margaret Gould Stilson, was also a servant in the same household. Eventually she was forbidden contact with other English captives except for Margaret Stilson.[14]: 156 [13]","title":"Captivity, 1690-1695"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Province of Massachusetts Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay"},{"link_name":"Governor General of New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carroll-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Upham-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coleman-9"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coleman-9"}],"text":"In November 1695, Matthew Cary went to Quebec under the auspices of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, with \"Permission and Passport given by Count Frontenac,\" Governor General of New France, to bring back English people held there as prisoners, by boat to Boston and New York. In exchange, \"neer a hundred prisoners\" held by English authorities were being returned to Canada. The list of 22 English captives redeemed from \"Qubek\" by Matthew Cary in October 1695 includes \"Johana Swarton of York\" and her son \"Jesp'r Swarton, boy of Cascow,\" as well as Margaret Stilson.[19]: 245  Her daughter, \"Mary Swarton, gerl of Cascow,\" is on the list of \"thos remaining Still in the hands of the french at Canada.\"[20]: 286–291 [21][22] \"Hannah Swarton widdow\" is recorded as being \"admitted to our communion\" at the First Church in Beverly, Massachusetts[23] on 15 November 1695.[8]: 33Hannah's daughter Mary Swarton chose to remain in Canada, where she had already converted to Catholicism, had been re-baptized on 20 February 1695, and was renamed \"Marie Souart, daughter of the late Jean Souart and Anne Souart.\" In 1697 she married Jean Lehait (John Lahey), an Irishman and also a former captive, and became a French citizen in May, 1710.[9]: 206  Mary lived for the rest of her life in Montreal.[9]: 157","title":"Return to New England"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TitlePageMagnaliaChristiAmericana1702.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cotton Mather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Mather"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Puritans-14"},{"link_name":"Hannah Duston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Duston"},{"link_name":"Magnalia Christi Americana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnalia_Christi_Americana"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mather-13"},{"link_name":"Increase Mather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Increase_Mather"},{"link_name":"A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Narrative_of_the_Captivity_and_Restoration_of_Mrs._Mary_Rowlandson"},{"link_name":"captivity narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivity_narrative"},{"link_name":"Mary Rowlandson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Rowlandson"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"atoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity#Atonement"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitzpatrick-19"},{"link_name":"Repentance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carroll-23"},{"link_name":"Hannah Duston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Duston"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cutter2008-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carroll-23"}],"text":"Title page of Cotton Mather's Magnalia Christi Americana (1702) in which he published an expanded version of Hannah Swarton's narrative.After she and her son Jasper returned to New England in November 1695, Hannah Swarton gave an account of her captivity (possibly dictated), in the form of a narrative that was published in 1697 by Cotton Mather. Swarton's story was heavily embellished by Mather, who added numerous biblical references, but many of the details of her experiences appear authentic.[14]Cotton Mather's sermon of 6 May 1697 was published as an appendix to his Humiliations Follow'd With Deliverances and includes the stories of Hannah Swarton and Hannah Duston. It was republished in expanded form in Magnalia Christi Americana, a 1702 book by Mather.[13] Mather's appendix to the sermon, A Narrative of Hannah Swarton, Containing a Great Many Wonderful Passages, Relating to her Captivity and Deliverance, is clearly Mather's work, in which he employs a woman's voice to emphasize the importance of remaining active in the church and mindful of Puritan values, in imitation of his father Increase Mather, who in 1682 published A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, the captivity narrative of Mary Rowlandson.[24]: 157Mather emphasizes the dangers of living in an \"ungospelized plantation\", a reference to communities in rural Maine without an ordained minister, and which were prone to French (Catholic) influence. Swarton is therefore depicted as a sinner, but one who has atoned, and has been redeemed and returned to grace.[18]: 17In his diary entry for 15 November 1695, Mather writes:\"A Discourse which I had uttered at the Lecture of Boston, the last Spring, Expressed the Use that All should make of the terrible Disasters wherewith some are afflicted. Unto this I added a Collection of terrible and barbarous Things undergone by some of our English Captives in the Hands of the Eastern Indians. And I annexed hereunto, a memorable Narrative of a good Woman, who relates in a very Instructive Manner, the Story of her own Captivity and Deliverance. I thought that by exposing these things to the Public, I might very much promote the general Repentance.\"[25]: 210Mather uses the scene in which Swarton, a poorly-educated frontier woman, engages in a lively scriptural debate with the French attempting to convert her to Catholicism, to illustrate theological differences between English Protestantism and Catholicism, as a means of educating Mather's audience.[26] Protestant and Catholic populations were in close contact across North America, and pressure to convert mirrored political and economic influences affecting these largely uneducated, agricultural communities.[27] For women in particular, Mather felt it necessary to keep them from being swayed by males who held some leverage over them, such as priests, landlords, administrators, or employers, and who might use threats to coerce women into conversion. Hannah Swarton's resistance to the pressure from her French masters is exhibited as a prime example of loyalty to her Puritan faith,[28] and has been referred to as \"passive forbearance in the face of adversity.\"[29]Nonetheless, Mather diminishes his own narrator by dismissing her intellect and memory: \"But it's bootless for me, a poor woman, to acquaint the world with what arguments I used, if I could now remember them; and many of them are slipt out of my memory.\"[30]: 19 [31]: 85 [22]Mather published Swarton's narrative together with that of Hannah Duston, however Duston's account became better-known as a story of revenge against Native Americans, popular at a time when westward expansion of European settlers brought them into violent conflict with Indians already living in areas where new settlements were being established.[32][33] Mather depicts Duston as actively ending her captivity by killing her captors and escaping, although he avoided the moral problem raised by Duston's murder of six Indian children. Swarton makes no attempt to escape, but shows endurance in her faith and willingness to recognize and atone for her sins.[22]","title":"Narrative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Upham-8"}],"text":"Hannah Swarton died on 12 October 1708, in Beverly, Massachusetts at the age of 57.[8]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coleman, Emma Lewis. New England captives carried to Canada between 1677 and 1760, during the French and Indian wars. Portland, Maine: The Southworth Press, 1925.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0QMpTLrAbF0C"},{"link_name":"Carroll, Lorrayne. \"'My Outward Man': The Curious Case of Hannah Swarton.\" Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800, edited by Michael L. LaBlanc, vol. 82, Gale, 2002. Gale Literature Resource Center. Accessed 6 July 2022. Originally published in Early American Literature, vol. 31, no. 1, Winter 1996, pp. 45-73.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&u=googlescholar&id=GALE%7CH1420047218&v=2.1&it=r&sid=LitRC&asid=1df73058"}],"text":"Coleman, Emma Lewis. New England captives carried to Canada between 1677 and 1760, during the French and Indian wars. Portland, Maine: The Southworth Press, 1925.\nCarroll, Lorrayne. \"'My Outward Man': The Curious Case of Hannah Swarton.\" Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800, edited by Michael L. LaBlanc, vol. 82, Gale, 2002. Gale Literature Resource Center. Accessed 6 July 2022. Originally published in Early American Literature, vol. 31, no. 1, Winter 1996, pp. 45-73.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Intendant of New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intendant_of_New_France"},{"link_name":"Jean Bochart de Champigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bochart_de_Champigny"},{"link_name":"New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"Governor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"^ If this was the Intendant of New France, it was probably Jean Bochart de Champigny (1643-1720), who served as Intendant from 1686 to 1702. The Intendant had several functions, including judge, and was effectively the second most powerful administrator in the government of New France, next to the Governor General. Bochart de Champigny was described as \"a good man, humane, and well liked.\"[15]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"New England settlers defending a garrison house from attack by French and Native American forces.[10]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Indian_history_for_young_folks_%281919%29_%2814566629180%29.jpg/350px-Indian_history_for_young_folks_%281919%29_%2814566629180%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Title page of Cotton Mather's Magnalia Christi Americana (1702) in which he published an expanded version of Hannah Swarton's narrative.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/TitlePageMagnaliaChristiAmericana1702.jpg/220px-TitlePageMagnaliaChristiAmericana1702.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Cotton Mather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Mather"},{"title":"Hannah Duston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Duston"},{"title":"Captivity narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivity_narrative"},{"title":"Battle of Fort Loyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Loyal"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0QMpTLrAbF0C","external_links_name":"Coleman, Emma Lewis. New England captives carried to Canada between 1677 and 1760, during the French and Indian wars. Portland, Maine: The Southworth Press, 1925."},{"Link":"https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&u=googlescholar&id=GALE%7CH1420047218&v=2.1&it=r&sid=LitRC&asid=1df73058","external_links_name":"Carroll, Lorrayne. \"'My Outward Man': The Curious Case of Hannah Swarton.\" Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800, edited by Michael L. LaBlanc, vol. 82, Gale, 2002. Gale Literature Resource Center. Accessed 6 July 2022. Originally published in Early American Literature, vol. 31, no. 1, Winter 1996, pp. 45-73."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iyhAAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Descendants+of+Robert+Hebert+of+Salem+and+Beverly,+Mass.%22&pg=PA316","external_links_name":"Hebard, Harvey and Ralph D. Smyth, 1897 \"Descendants of Robert Hebert of Salem and Beverley, Mass.\" The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol 51. Boston, MA"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AhPTNQGFIAkC","external_links_name":"Perley, Sidney, The History of Salem, Massachusetts, Vol. 1: 1626-1637. Salem, MA: 1924"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1RXVAAAAMAAJ&q=%27%27The+History+of+Salem,+Massachusetts,%27%27","external_links_name":"Perley, Sidney. The History of Salem, Massachusetts, Vol 2: 1638-1670. Boston, MA: Perley, 1924"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yk8hAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"George Freeman Sanborn, Robert Charles Anderson, Melinde Lutz. Great Migration 1634-1635, Vol IV, I-L New England Historic Genealogical Society, Madison, WI: 1999"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mOgK8dM9qqUC&q=Swarton","external_links_name":"Bentley, Elizabeth Petty, Torrey, Clarence Almon. New England marriages prior to 1700. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1985"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u_MMAAAAYAAJ&dq=Jasper+Swarton,+1685&pg=PA318","external_links_name":"Vital Records of Beverly, Massachusetts to the End of the Year 1849, Vol 1 - Births. Topsfield Historical Society; Topsfield, MA. Salem: Newcomb and Gauss: 1906."},{"Link":"http://dunhamwilcox.net/ma/beverly_ma_vitals3.htm","external_links_name":"Early Records of the Town of Beverly, Essex Co., Mass., Extracted from Volume 1, Births, Marriages & Deaths. Copied by Augustus A. Galloupe, 1907"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.ah5xmp&view=page&seq=114&skin=2021&q1=Swarton","external_links_name":"William Phineas Upham, Records of the First Church in Beverly, Massachusetts, 1667-1772. Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1905."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0QMpTLrAbF0C","external_links_name":"Coleman, Emma Lewis. New England captives carried to Canada between 1677 and 1760, during the French and Indian wars. Portland, Maine: The Southworth Press, 1925."},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/indianhistoryfor00drak/page/160/mode/1up?view=theater","external_links_name":"Drake, Francis S. and Dowd, Francis Joseph, Indian history for young folks, New York: Harper Brothers, 1919"},{"Link":"https://www.mainememory.net/sitebuilder/site/897/page/1308/print?popup=1","external_links_name":"Maine History Online: \"1668-1774, Settle and Strife,\" Maine Historical Society"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/download/siegecaptureoffo00hull/siegecaptureoffo00hull.pdf","external_links_name":"John Thomas Hull, \"The Siege and Capture of Fort Loyall: Destruction of Falmouth, May 20, 1690,\" A Paper Read Before the Maine Genealogical Society, June 2 1885, by John T. Hull. Printed by Order of the City Council of Portland. Owen, Strout & Company, printers, 1885"},{"Link":"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N29523.0001.001/1:3?rgn=div1;view=fulltext","external_links_name":"Mather, Cotton, and Swarton, Hannah. Humiliations follow'd with deliverances. A brief discourse on the matter and method, of that humiliation which would be an hopeful symptom of our deliverance from calamity. : Accompanied and accomodated with a narrative, of a notable deliverance lately received by some English captives, from the hands of cruel Indians. And some improvement of that narrative. : Whereto is added a narrative of Hannah Swarton, containing a great many wonderful passages, relating to her captivity and deliverance. Boston, 1697"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0QMpTLrAbF0C","external_links_name":"Alden T. Vaughan, Edward W Clark, Puritans Among the Indians: Accounts of Captivity and Redemption, 1676-1724. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bochart_de_champigny_jean_2E.html","external_links_name":"W. J. Eccles, \"Bochart de Champigny, Jean, Sieur de Noroy et de Verneuil,\" in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 2, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed July 15, 2022"},{"Link":"https://harbor.klnpa.org/eaststroudsburg/islandora/object/strou%3A77","external_links_name":"Letki, Elaine, \"Captives of the French and Indian Wars, 1676-1763: English Slavery in Canada,\" Doctoral Thesis in History, East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, 14 Dec 2019"},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02722018309480769","external_links_name":"Bumstead, J. M. \"'Carried to Canada!': Perceptions of the French in British Colonial Captivity Narratives, 1690-1760.\" American Review of Canadian Studies, 13 (1983): 79-96."},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/489730","external_links_name":"Tara Fitzpatrick, \"The Figure of Captivity: The Cultural Work of the Puritan Captivity Narrative,\" American Literary History, Vol. 3, No. 1: Spring, 1991, pp. 1-26"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HbETAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Johnston, John. A History of the Towns of Bristol and Bremen in the State of Maine, Including the Pemaquid Settlement. Joel Munsell, 1873."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r301ndLxbbkC&dq=%22Instructions+to+Matthew+Cary+about+Bringing+Prisoners+from+Canada%22&pg=PA286","external_links_name":"Trask, William B. \"Instructions to Matthew Cary about Bringing Prisoners from Canada; Information Obtained by Him in Quebec, and Lists of Prisoners Redeemed and Left in Canada -- 1695.\" The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Boston, MA: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1847-. Vol. 24, 1870"},{"Link":"http://files.usgwarchives.net/nh/strafford/history/captives.txt","external_links_name":"\"Names of English Captives Ransomed from Quebeck by Matthew Cary, in October, 1695,\" New England Historical and Genealogical Registers, New England Historic Genealogical Society, Boston, Samuel G. Drake, Publisher, Š1847 Vol. 1-50, Jan 1852"},{"Link":"https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&u=googlescholar&id=GALE%7CH1420047218&v=2.1&it=r&sid=LitRC&asid=1df73058","external_links_name":"Carroll, Lorrayne. \"'My Outward Man': The Curious Case of Hannah Swarton.\" Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800, edited by Michael L. LaBlanc, vol. 82, Gale, 2002. Gale Literature Resource Center. Accessed 6 July 2022. Originally published in Early American Literature, vol. 31, no. 1, Winter 1996, pp. 45-73."},{"Link":"https://digitalheritage.noblenet.org/beverly/items/show/1535","external_links_name":"First Church in Beverly, founded in 1667, Beverly, Mass. Beverly Public Library, Beverly, Mass., accessed July 9, 2022"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gH9Csi8cVWIC","external_links_name":"Kevin J. Hayes, The Oxford Handbook of Early American Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i0M-AAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Mather, Cotton. Diary of Cotton Mather: 1681-1708. Massachusetts Historical Society, 1708."},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780805716238/page/n1/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Derounian-Stodola, Kathryn Zabelle; Levernier, James, The Indian captivity narrative, 1550-1900, New York: Maxwell Macmillan International, 1997"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=21Utm4sSE8kC","external_links_name":"Toulouse, Teresa A. The Captive's Position: Female Narrative, Male Identity, and Royal Authority in Colonial New England. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated, 2013."},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0023/NQ50177.pdf","external_links_name":"Veronica Hladišová, \"I alone have escaped to tell you: Women's Captivity Experience in Early Modern New England,\" Opera Historica, Vol 9(1):161-171. University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic, 2001"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jGTqCQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Kolodny, Annette. The Land Before Her: Fantasy and Experience of the American Frontiers, 1630-1860. University of North Carolina Press, 2014."},{"Link":"https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/284185","external_links_name":"Stefani, Victoria Lee, \"True statements: Women's narratives of the American frontier experience,\" doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, Dept. of English, 2000"},{"Link":"https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3135&context=etd","external_links_name":"David Michael Corlett, \"Steadfast in their ways: New England colonists, Indian wars, and the persistence of culture, 1675-1715\", Doctoral dissertation, College of William & Mary, Dept of History, January 2011"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/239422/pdf","external_links_name":"Barbara Cutter, \"The Female Indian Killer Memorialized: Hannah Duston and the Nineteenth–Century Feminization of American Violence,\" Journal of Women's History, vol. 20, no. 2, 2008; pp 10–33"},{"Link":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/679697","external_links_name":"Lauren Lessing, \"Theatrical Mayhem in Junius Brutus Stearns's Hannah Duston Killing the Indians,\" American Art, Volume 28, Issue 3, pp. 76-103"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_in_Chinese_astronomy
Taurus in Chinese astronomy
["1 Stars","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
According to traditional Chinese uranography, the modern constellation Taurus is located within the western quadrant of the sky, which is symbolized as the White Tiger of the West (西方白虎) (Xī Fāng Bái Hǔ). The name of the western constellation in modern Chinese is 金牛座 (jīn niú zuò), meaning "the golden bull constellation". Stars The map of Chinese constellation in constellation Taurus area consists of: Four Symbols Mansion (Chinese name) Romanization Translation Asterisms (Chinese name) Romanization Translation Western star name Chinese star name Romanization Translation White Tiger of the West (西方白虎) 胃 Wèi Stomach 天廩 Tiānlǐn Celestial Foodstuff 5 Tau 天廩一 Tiānlǐnyī 1st star 4 Tau 天廩二 Tiānlǐnèr 2nd star ξ Tau 天廩三 Tiānlǐnsān 3rd star ο Tau 天廩四 Tiānlǐnsì 4th star 6 Tau 天廩增一 Tiānlǐnzēngyī 1st additional star 29 Tau 天廩增二 Tiānlǐnzēngèr 2nd additional star 天囷 Tiānjūn Circular Celestial Granary 12 Tau 天囷增十二 Tiānqūnzēngshíèr 12th additional star 10 Tau 天囷增十五 Tiānqūnzēngshíwǔ 15th additional star V711 Tau 天囷增二十一 Tiānqūnzēngèrshíyī 21st additional star 昴 Mǎo Hairy Head 昴 Mǎo Hairy Head 17 Tau 昴宿一 Mǎosùyī 1st star 19 Tau 昴宿二 Mǎosùèr 2nd star 21 Tau 昴宿三 Mǎosùsān 3rd star 20 Tau 昴宿四 Mǎosùsì 4th star 23 Tau 昴宿五 Mǎosùwǔ 5th star η Tau 昴宿六 Mǎosùliù 6th star 昴宿西第五星 Mǎosùxīdìwǔxīng 5th big star in the west 27 Tau 昴宿七 Mǎosùqī 7th star 11 Tau 昴宿增一 Mǎosùzēngyī 1st additional star 7 Tau 昴宿增二 Mǎosùzēngèr 2nd additional star 9 Tau 昴宿增三 Mǎosùzēngsān 3rd additional star 32 Tau 昴宿增五 Mǎosùzēngwǔ 5th additional star 18 Tau 昴宿增八 Mǎosùzēngbā 8th additional star 16 Tau 昴宿增九 Mǎosùzēngjiǔ 9th additional star 24 Tau 昴宿增十 Mǎosùzēngshí 10th additional star 26 Tau 昴宿增十一 Mǎosùzēngshíyī 11th additional star 28 Tau 昴宿增十二 Mǎosùzēngshíèr 12th additional star HD 23923 昴宿增十三 Mǎosùzēngshísān 13th additional star 月 Yuè Moon 37 Tau 月 Yuè (One star of) 39 Tau 月增一 Yuèzēngyī 1st additional star 天陰 Tiānyīn Yin Force 13 Tau 天陰增三 Tiānyīnzēngsān 3rd additional star 14 Tau 天陰增四 Tiānyīnzēngsì 4th additional star 礪石 Lìdàn Whetstone ψ Tau 礪石一 Lìdànyī 1st star 44 Tau 礪石二 Lìdànèr 2nd star χ Tau 礪石三 Lìdànsān 3rd star φ Tau 礪石四 Lìdànsì 4th star 畢 Bì Net 畢 Bì Net ε Tau 畢宿一 Bìsùyī 1st star 畢宿距星 Bìsùjùxīng Separated star 畢宿右股第一星 Bìsùyòugǔdìyīxīng 1st star in the right δ3 Tau 畢宿二 Bìsùèr 2nd star δ1 Tau 畢宿三 Bìsùsān 3rd star 畢宿右股第三星 Bìsùjùxīng Separated star 畢宿右股第一星 Bìsùyòugǔdìsānxīng 3rd star in the right γ Tau 畢宿四 Bìsùsì 4th star 畢宿中央星 Bìsùzhōngyāngxīng Center star α Tau 畢宿五 Bìsùwǔ 5th star 边将 Bianjiàng General in the edge 畢宿左股第一星 Bìsùzuǒgǔdìyīxīng 1st star in the left 畢宿大星 Bìsùdàxīng Great star θ2 Tau 畢宿六 Bìsùliù 6th star 畢宿左股第二星 Bìsùzuǒgǔdìèrxīng 2nd star in the left 71 Tau 畢宿七 Bìsùqī 7th star λ Tau 畢宿八 Bìsùbā 8th star 30 Tau 畢宿增一 Bìsùzēngyī 1st additional star 31 Tau 畢宿增二 Bìsùzēngèr 2nd additional star ν Tau 畢宿增三 Bìsùzēngsān 3rd additional star 40 Tau 畢宿增四 Bìsùzēngsì 4th additional star 45 Tau 畢宿增五 Bìsùzēngwǔ 5th additional star 46 Tau 畢宿增六 Bìsùzēngliù 6th additional star μ Tau 畢宿增七 Bìsùzēngqī 7th additional star 47 Tau 畢宿增八 Bìsùzēngbā 8th additional star 48 Tau 畢宿增九 Bìsùzēngjiǔ 9th additional star 58 Tau 畢宿增十 Bìsùzēngshí 10th additional star 63 Tau 畢宿增十一 Bìsùzēngshíyī 11th additional star 64 Tau 畢宿增十二 Bìsùzēngshíèr 12th additional star θ1 Tau 毕宿增十三 Bìsùzēngshísān 13th additional star HD 28527 毕宿增十五 Bìsùzēngshíwǔ 15th additional star HD 28568 毕宿增十六 Bìsùzēngshíliù 16th additional star 85 Tau 毕宿增十七 Bìsùzēngshíqī 17th additional star 附耳 Fùěr Whisper σ2 Tau 附耳 Fùěr (One star of) σ1 Tau 附耳增一 Fùěrzēngyī 1st additional star 89 Tau 附耳增二 Fùěrzēngèr 2nd additional star 天街 Tiānjiē Celestial Street κ1 Tau 天街一 Tiānjiēyī 1st star ω Tau 天街二 Tiānjiēèr 2nd star 43 Tau 天街增一 Tiānjiēzēngyī 1st additional star κ2 Tau 天街增二 Tiānjiēzēngèr 2nd additional star υ Tau 天街增三 Tiānjiēzēngsān 3rd additional star 72 Tau 天街增四 Tiānjiēzēngsì 4th additional star 天節 Tiānjié Celestial Tally π Tau 天節一 Tiānjiéyī 1st star ρ Tau 天節二 Tiānjiéèr 2nd star 57 Tau 天節三 Tiānjiésān 3rd star 79 Tau 天節四 Tiānjiésì 4th star 90 Tau 天節五 Tiānjiéwǔ 5th star 93 Tau 天節六 Tiānjiéliù 6th star 88 Tau 天節七 Tiānjiéqī 7th star 66 Tau 天節八 Tiānjiébā 8th star 諸王 Zhūwáng Feudal Kings 136 Tau 諸王一 Zhūwángyī 1st star 125 Tau 諸王二 Zhūwángèr 2nd star 118 Tau 諸王三 Zhūwángsān 3rd star 103 Tau 諸王四 Zhūwángsì 4th star 99 Tau 諸王五 Zhūwángwǔ 5th star τ Tau 諸王六 Zhūwángliù 6th star 華蓋中央大星 Huágàizhōngyāngdàxīng Big star in the center of Canopy of the Emperor 95 Tau 諸王增一 Zhūwángzēngyī 1st additional star 98 Tau 諸王增二 Zhūwángzēngèr 2nd additional star 121 Tau 諸王增三 Zhūwángzēngsān 3rd additional star 132 Tau 諸王增四 Zhūwángzēngsì 4th additional star 天高 Tiāngāo Celestial High Terrace ι Tau 天高一 Tiāngāoyī 1st star 97 Tau 天高二 Tiāngāoèr 2nd star 107 Tau 天高三 Tiāngāosān 3rd star 109 Tau 天高四 Tiāngāosì 4th star 104 Tau 天高增一 Tiāngāozēngyī 1st additional star 106 Tau 天高增二 Tiāngāozēngèr 2nd additional star 105 Tau 天高增三 Tiāngāozēngsān 3rd additional star 114 Tau 天高增四 Tiāngāozēngsì 4th additional star 五車 Wǔchē Five Chariots β Tau 五車五 Wǔchēwǔ 5th star 五帝车五 Wǔdìchēwǔ Fifth king chariot 五車东南星 Wǔjūchēdōngnánxīng Fifth separated star in southeast 天關 Tiānguān Celestial Gate ζ Tau 天關 Tiānguān (One star of) 113 Tau 天關增一 Tiānguānzēngyī 1st additional star 126 Tau 天關增二 Tiānguānzēngèr 2nd additional star 128 Tau 天關增三 Tiānguānzēngsān 3rd additional star 129 Tau 天關增四 Tiānguānzēngsì 4th additional star 130 Tau 天關增五 Tiānguānzēngwǔ 5th additional star 127 Tau 天關增六 Tiānguānzēngliù 6th additional star 參旗 Sānqí Banner of Three Stars 96 Tau 參旗增一 Sānqízēngyī 1st additional star HD 31539 參旗增二 Sānqízēngèr 2nd additional star 101 Tau 參旗增三 Sānqízēngsān 3rd additional star 九斿 Jiǔliú Imperial Military Flag 49 Eri 九斿一 Jiǔliúyī 1st star HD 28375 九斿增一 Jiǔliúzēngyī 1st additional star 觜 Zī Turtle Beak 司怪 Sīguài Deity in Charge of Monsters 139 Tau 司怪一 Sīguàiyī 1st star Vermilion Bird of the South (南方朱雀) 井 Jǐng Well 水府 Shuǐfǔ Irrigation Official 133 Tau 水府增一 Shuǐfǔzēngyī 1st additional star 131 Tau 水府增二 Shuǐfǔzēngèr 2nd additional star 135 Tau 水府增三 Shuǐfǔzēngsān 3rd additional star 137 Tau 水府增四 Shuǐfǔzēngsì 4th additional star See also Traditional Chinese star names Chinese constellations References ^ a b c d e Ian Ridpath's Startales - Taurus the Bull ^ a b c d e f (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 5 月 22 日 ^ a b c d this is not original mansion for this constellation and listing is only for additional stars ^ The prime stars of Yin Force in Taurus are unknown ^ a b c d e f g h i j (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 5 月 23 日 ^ a b c (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 13 日 ^ a b (in Chinese) 夢之大地 @ 國立成功大學 WebBBS DreamLand @ National Cheng Kung University WebBBS System Archived 2011-09-02 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 5 月 24 日 ^ the star is actually located in the constellation of Taurus near the border of Eridanus and Orion External links Taurus – Chinese associations 香港太空館研究資源 中國星區、星官及星名英譯表 天象文學 台灣自然科學博物館天文教育資訊網 中國古天文 中國古代的星象系統
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The name of the western constellation in modern Chinese is 金牛座 (jīn niú zuò), meaning \"the golden bull constellation\".","title":"Taurus in Chinese astronomy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The map of Chinese constellation in constellation Taurus area consists of:","title":"Stars"}]
[]
[{"title":"Traditional Chinese star names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names"},{"title":"Chinese constellations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/taurus2.htm","external_links_name":"Ian Ridpath's Startales - Taurus the Bull"},{"Link":"http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0605/ap060522.html","external_links_name":"AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 5 月 22 日"},{"Link":"http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0605/ap060523.html","external_links_name":"AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 5 月 23 日"},{"Link":"http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0607/ap060713.html","external_links_name":"AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 13 日"},{"Link":"http://wbbs.cc.ncku.edu.tw/ccns/index.php/8/179/485635","external_links_name":"夢之大地 @ 國立成功大學 WebBBS DreamLand @ National Cheng Kung University WebBBS System"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110902003808/http://wbbs.cc.ncku.edu.tw/ccns/index.php/8/179/485635","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0605/ap060524.html","external_links_name":"AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 5 月 24 日"},{"Link":"http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/taurus2.html#chinese","external_links_name":"Taurus – Chinese associations"},{"Link":"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/","external_links_name":"香港太空館"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120813070951/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/c_index.htm","external_links_name":"研究資源"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120712132630/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/c_research_chinengstarzone_b.htm","external_links_name":"中國星區、星官及星名英譯表"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121002051949/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/Literature/c_research_literature.htm","external_links_name":"天象文學"},{"Link":"http://www.nmns.edu.tw/","external_links_name":"台灣自然科學博物館"},{"Link":"http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/","external_links_name":"天文教育資訊網"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090120043712/http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/aeea/contents_list/ancient_chinese_astronomy.html","external_links_name":"中國古天文"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120116230802/http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/aeea/contents_list/star_sign.html","external_links_name":"中國古代的星象系統"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyamoto_kara_Kimi_e
Miyamoto kara Kimi e
["1 Media","1.1 Manga","1.2 Drama","1.3 Live-action film","2 Reception","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
Japanese manga series Miyamoto kara Kimi eFirst tankōbon volume cover宮本から君へ MangaWritten byHideki AraiPublished byKodanshaMagazineMorningDemographicSeinenOriginal run1990 – 1994Volumes12 Television dramaDirected byTetsuya MarikoWritten byTetsuya MarikoMusic byShoji IkenagaStudioTV TokyoShochiku StudioOriginal networkTV TokyoOriginal run April 7, 2018 – June 30, 2018Episodes12 Live-action filmDirected byTetsuya MarikoWritten byTetsuya MarikoTakehiko MinatoMusic byShoji IkenagaStudioMiyamoto kara Kimi e SPCStar SandsKadokawa CorporationReleasedSeptember 27, 2019 (2019-09-27)Runtime129 minutes Miyamoto kara Kimi e (宮本から君へ, "From Miyamoto to You") is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hideki Arai. It was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Morning from 1990 to 1994, with its chapters collected in 12 tankōbon volumes. It was adapted into television drama that aired on TV Tokyo from April to June 2018, followed by a live action film which premiered in September 2019. In 1993, Miyamoto kara Kimi e won the 38th Shogakukan Manga Award in the general category. Media Manga Written and illustrated by Hideki Arai, Miyamoto kara Kimi e was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Morning from 1990 to 1994. Kodansha collected its chapters in twelve tankōbon volumes, released from July 19, 1991, to November 18, 1994; they republished in six volumes from September 20 to November 19, 1999. Ohta Publishing republished the series in a new edition of four volumes, under the title Sadamoto Miyamoto kara Kimi e (定本 宮本から君へ), from January 17 to April 16, 2009. Drama In March 2018, it was announced that the manga would receive a television drama adaptation. It was broadcast on TV Tokyo from April 7 to June 30, 2018. Live-action film The television drama series was followed by a live-action film, which premiered in Japan on September 27, 2019. Reception In 1993, alongside Ichimaru's Okami-san, Miyamoto kara Kimi e won the 38th Shogakukan Manga Award in the general category. Notes ^ TV Tokyo listed the air dates for the series on Friday at 24:52, which is effectively Saturday at 0:25 a.m. JST. References ^ 新井英樹の初連載「宮本から君へ」Dモーニングで復刻連載. Comic Natalie (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. August 29, 2013. Archived from the original on September 26, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ 宮本から君へ (1) (in Japanese). Kodansha. Archived from the original on September 19, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ 宮本から君へ (12) (in Japanese). Kodansha. Archived from the original on September 19, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ 宮本から君へ (1) (in Japanese). Kodansha. Archived from the original on September 19, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ 宮本から君へ (6) (in Japanese). Kodansha. Archived from the original on September 19, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ 元祖非モテマンガ「宮本から君へ」が太田出版から復刊. Comic Natalie (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. December 25, 2008. Archived from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ 定本 宮本から君へ 1 (in Japanese). Ohta Publishing. Archived from the original on August 2, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ 定本 宮本から君へ 4 (in Japanese). Ohta Publishing. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ Ressler, Karen (March 5, 2018). "Hideki Arai's Miyamoto kara Kimi e Manga Gets Live-Action Series". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ 注目ドラマ紹介：「宮本から君へ」 池松壮亮×真利子哲也監督で名作マンガ実写化. Mantan Web (in Japanese). April 5, 2018. Archived from the original on September 19, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ 宮本から君へ：最終回 宮本、ライバルとの勝負ついに決着も… 美沙子と思いがけず再会！. Mantan Web (in Japanese). June 29, 2018. Archived from the original on September 19, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ ドラマ「宮本から君へ」神保和夫役は松山ケンイチ、中野靖子役は蒼井優. Comic Natalie (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. March 20, 2018. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ Pineda, Rafael (January 10, 2019). "Miyamoto kara Kimi e Manga Gets Live-Action Film in Fall". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ 「宮本から君へ」向井秀徳、堀江貴文のコメント到着「がんばれ！宮本！」. Comic Natalie (in Japanese). September 21, 2019. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ 小学館漫画賞: 歴代受賞者 (in Japanese). Shogakukan. Archived from the original on January 9, 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ Hahn, Joel. "Shogakukan Manga Award". Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2022. External links Official drama website at TV Tokyo (in Japanese) Miyamoto kara Kimi e (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteWorks by Hideki Arai Miyamoto kara Kimi e (1990–1994) Itoshi no Irene (1995–1996) The World Is Mine (1997–2001) Kiichi!! (2001–2006) Kichi VS (2007–2013) Kūya Shōnin ga Ita (2013–2014) vteMorning seriesCurrent Cooking Papa (1985) OL Shinkaron (1990) Vagabond (1998) Giant Killing (2007) What Did You Eat Yesterday? (2007) Space Brothers (2007) Police in a Pod (2017) Sōdanyaku Kōsaku Shima (2019) Liaison: Kodomo no Kokoro Shinryōjo (2020) How to Grill Our Love (2020) Gurazeni: Dai League-hen (2021) Shimazaki in the Land of Peace (2022) Ikusagami (2022) Futari Solo Camp (2023) 1980s Kachō Shima Kōsaku (1983–1992) What's Michael? (1984–1989) Spirit of Wonder (1986–1988) You're Under Arrest (1986–1989) Tensai Yanagisawa Kyōju no Seikatsu (1988–2013) Natsuko no Sake (1988–1991) The Silent Service (1988–1996) 1990s Miyamoto kara Kimi e (1990–1994) Naniwa Kin'yūdō (1990–1996) Aah! Harimanada (1991–1996) Gon (1991–2002) Buchō Shima Kōsaku (1992–2002) Sōten Kōro (1994–2005) Nonchan Noriben (1995–1998) Power Office Girls (1996–1997) Devil Lady (1997–2000) Enomoto: New Elements that Shake the World (1997–2003) Kurogane (1997–2001) Planetes (1999–2004) 2000s Zipang (2000–2009) ES (2001–2002) Torishimariyaku Shima Kōsaku (2002–2005) Say Hello to Black Jack (2002–2005) Dragon Zakura (2003–2007) Chi's Sweet Home (2004–2015) Hataraki Man (2004–2008) Forest of Piano (2004–2005) Drops of God (2004–2014) Cesare (2005–2021) Hyouge Mono (2005–2017) Jōmu Shima Kōsaku (2005–2006) Senmu Shima Kōsaku (2006–2008) The Black Museum: Springald (2007) Billy Bat (2008–2016) Shachō Shima Kōsaku (2008–2013) 2010s Furari (2011) Hozuki's Coolheadedness (2011–2020) Kounodori: Dr. Stork (2012–2020) Zipang: Shinsō Kairyū (2012–2017) Kaichō Shima Kōsaku (2013–2019) Mitarai – Tantei Mitarai Kiyoshi no Jiken Kiroku (2013–2014) Ichi-F (2013–2015) Land (2014–2020) Complex Age (2014–2015) The Black Museum: The Ghost and the Lady (2014–2015) Drops of God: Mariage (2015–2020) Sono 'Okodawari', Ore ni mo Kure yo! (2015–2018) Thunderbolt Fantasy (2016–2017) City (2016–2021) Setsuyaku Rock (2016–2017) Dragon Zakura 2 (2018–2021) Gurazeni: Pa League-hen (2018–2021) Cells at Work! Code Black (2018–2021) Sweat and Soap (2019–2021) Cells at Work! Baby (2019–2021) 2020s Zange Meshi (2020–2021) Jōkyō Seikatsuroku Ichijō (2021–2023) The Black Museum: Mikazuki Yo, Kaibutsu to Odore (2022–2023) Drops of God deuxieme (2023–2024) MorningParty Zōkan(defunct) You're Under Arrest (1986–1992) The Walking Man (1990–1991) MorningOpen Zōkan(defunct) Parasyte (1989) MorningMorning Two vteShogakukan Manga Award – General1950s Būtan by Noboru Baba (1955) Oyama no Kaba-chan by Eijo Ishida (1956) Manga Seminar on Biology and Biiko-chan by Osamu Tezuka (1957) Little Black Sambo and Shiawase no Ōji by Tarō Senba (1958) Korisu no Pokko by Jirō Ōta and Bonko-chan and Fuichin-san by Toshiko Ueda (1959) 1960s Science-kun no Sekai Ryokō by Reiji Aki (1961) Susume Roboketto and Tebukuro Tecchan by Fujiko Fujio (1962) Fight Sensei and Stop! Nii-chan by Hisashi Sekitani (1963) Osomatsu-kun by Fujio Akatsuka (1964) Paki-chan to Ganta by Kazuo Maekawa (1965) Sabu to Ichi Torimono Hikae by Shotaro Ishinomori (1967) Animal 1 and Inakappe Taishō by Noboru Kawasaki (1968) Fire! by Hideko Mizuno (1969) 1970s Glass no Shiro by Masako Watanabe and Gag Ojisan and Oya Baka Tengoku by Ryuzan Aki (1970) Hana Ichimonme by Shinji Nagashima and Minashigo Hutch by Tatsuo Yoshida (1971) Tōchan no Kawaii Oyome-san and Hashire! Boro by Hiroshi Asuna (1972) Otoko Doahō Kōshien and Deba to Batto by Shinji Mizushima (1973) The Drifting Classroom by Kazuo Umezu (1974) Golgo 13 by Takao Saito (1975) Abu-san by Shinji Mizushima (1976) Notari Matsutarō by Tetsuya Chiba (1977) Haguregumo by George Akiyama (1978) Tosa no Ippon Tsuri by Yūsuke Aoyagi (1979) 1980s Hakatakko Junjō and Gangaragan by Hōsei Hasegawa and Jarinko Chie by Etsumi Haruki (1980) Sunset on Third Street by Ryōhei Saigan (1981) Tsuribaka Nisshi by Jūzō Yamasaki and Ken'ichi Kitami (1982) Hidamari no Ki by Osamu Tezuka (1983) Human Crossing by Masao Yajima and Kenshi Hirokane (1984) Bokkemon by Takashi Iwashige (1985) Oishinbo by Tetsu Kariya and Akira Hanasaki (1986) Hotel and Manga Nihon Keizai Nyumon by Shotaro Ishinomori (1987) Genji Monogatari by Miyako Maki (1988) Yawara! by Naoki Urasawa (1989) 1990s F by Noboru Rokuda (1990) Kazoku no Shokutaku and Asunaro Hakusho by Fumi Saimon (1991) Okami-san by Ichimaru and Miyamoto kara Kimi e by Hideki Arai (1992) Kaze no Daichi by Nobuhiro Sakata and Eiji Kazama (1993) Bokkō by Hideki Mori (1994) Ron by Motoka Murakami and Gallery Fake and Tarō by Fujihiko Hosono (1995) Gekka no Kishi by Junichi Nōjō (1996) Azumi by Yū Koyama (1997) Aji Ichi Monme by Zenta Abe and Yoshimi Kurata (1998) 2000s Monster by Naoki Urasawa (2000) Heat by Buronson and Ryoichi Ikegami (2001) 20th Century Boys by Naoki Urasawa (2002) Dr. Kotō Shinryōjo by Takatoshi Yamada (2003) Iryū by Tarō Nogizaka and Akira Nagai (2004) A Spirit of the Sun by Kaiji Kawaguchi and Rainbow: Nisha Rokubō no Shichinin by George Abe and Masasumi Kakizaki (2005) Bengoshi no Kuzu by Hideo Iura (2006) Bambino! by Tetsuji Sekiya and Kurosagi by Takeshi Natsuhara and Kuromaru (2007) Gaku: Minna no Yama by Shin'ichi Ishizuka (2008) Shinya Shokudō by Yarō Abe (2009) 2010s Ushijima the Loan Shark by Manabe Shōhei and Space Brothers by Chūya Koyama (2010) Kids on the Slope by Yuki Kodama (2011) I Am a Hero by Kengo Hanazawa (2012) Mogura no Uta by Noboru Takahashi (2013) Asahinagu by Ai Kozaki and Aoi Honō by Kazuhiko Shimamoto (2014) Umimachi Diary by Akimi Yoshida and Sunny by Taiyo Matsumoto (2015) Blue Giant by Shinichi Ishizuka and Jūhan Shuttai! by Naoko Matsuda (2016) After the Rain by Jun Mayuzuki and Kūbo Ibuki by Kaiji Kawaguchi (2017) Hibiki: Shōsetsuka ni Naru Hōhō by Mitsuharu Yanamoto and Kenkō de Bunkateki na Saitei Gendo no Seikatsu by Haruko Kashiwagi (2018) Aoashi by Yūgo Kobayashi and Kaguya-sama: Love Is War by Aka Akasaka (2019) 2020s Dead Dead Demon's Dededede Destruction by Inio Asano and Police in a Pod by Miko Yasu (2020) Nigatsu no Shōsha by Shiho Takase and Don't Call It Mystery by Yumi Tamura (2021) Medalist by Tsurumaikada (2022) Categories (until 2022):GeneralShōnenShōjoChildren2023–
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Hideki Arai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Arai"},{"link_name":"Kodansha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha"},{"link_name":"seinen manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinen_manga"},{"link_name":"Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"tankōbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon"},{"link_name":"television drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_television_drama"},{"link_name":"TV Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"live action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_action"},{"link_name":"Shogakukan Manga Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogakukan_Manga_Award"}],"text":"Miyamoto kara Kimi e (宮本から君へ, \"From Miyamoto to You\") is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hideki Arai. It was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Morning from 1990 to 1994, with its chapters collected in 12 tankōbon volumes. It was adapted into television drama that aired on TV Tokyo from April to June 2018, followed by a live action film which premiered in September 2019. In 1993, Miyamoto kara Kimi e won the 38th Shogakukan Manga Award in the general category.","title":"Miyamoto kara Kimi e"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hideki Arai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Arai"},{"link_name":"Kodansha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha"},{"link_name":"seinen manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinen_manga"},{"link_name":"Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"tankōbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ohta Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohta_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Manga","text":"Written and illustrated by Hideki Arai, Miyamoto kara Kimi e was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Morning from 1990 to 1994.[1] Kodansha collected its chapters in twelve tankōbon volumes, released from July 19, 1991,[2] to November 18, 1994;[3] they republished in six volumes from September 20[4] to November 19, 1999.[5] Ohta Publishing republished the series in a new edition of four volumes,[6] under the title Sadamoto Miyamoto kara Kimi e (定本 宮本から君へ), from January 17[7] to April 16, 2009.[8]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_television_drama"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"TV Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Drama","text":"In March 2018, it was announced that the manga would receive a television drama adaptation.[9] It was broadcast on TV Tokyo from April 7 to June 30, 2018.[10][11][a]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"live-action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-action"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Live-action film","text":"The television drama series was followed by a live-action film,[13] which premiered in Japan on September 27, 2019.[14]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Okami-san","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okami-san"},{"link_name":"Shogakukan Manga Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogakukan_Manga_Award"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShogakukanAward-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In 1993, alongside Ichimaru's Okami-san, Miyamoto kara Kimi e won the 38th Shogakukan Manga Award in the general category.[15][16]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"JST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"^ TV Tokyo listed the air dates for the series on Friday at 24:52, which is effectively Saturday at 0:25 a.m. JST.[12]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product?item=0000007269","url_text":"宮本から君へ (12)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha","url_text":"Kodansha"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220919082132/https://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product?item=0000007269","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"宮本から君へ (1) (in Japanese). Kodansha. Archived from the original on September 19, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product?item=0000007968","url_text":"宮本から君へ (1)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha","url_text":"Kodansha"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220919082138/https://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product?item=0000007968","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"宮本から君へ (6) (in Japanese). Kodansha. Archived from the original on September 19, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product?item=0000007980","url_text":"宮本から君へ (6)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha","url_text":"Kodansha"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220919082130/https://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product?item=0000007980","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"元祖非モテマンガ「宮本から君へ」が太田出版から復刊. Comic Natalie (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. December 25, 2008. Archived from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/comic/news/11739","url_text":"元祖非モテマンガ「宮本から君へ」が太田出版から復刊"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_(website)","url_text":"Comic Natalie"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210625073414/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/11739","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"定本 宮本から君へ 1 (in Japanese). Ohta Publishing. Archived from the original on August 2, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohtabooks.com/publish/2009/01/17163630.html","url_text":"定本 宮本から君へ 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohta_Publishing","url_text":"Ohta Publishing"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220802183007/https://www.ohtabooks.com/publish/2009/01/17163630.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"定本 宮本から君へ 4 (in Japanese). Ohta Publishing. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohtabooks.com/publish/2009/04/16142759.html","url_text":"定本 宮本から君へ 4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohta_Publishing","url_text":"Ohta Publishing"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210727203549/https://www.ohtabooks.com/publish/2009/04/16142759.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ressler, Karen (March 5, 2018). \"Hideki Arai's Miyamoto kara Kimi e Manga Gets Live-Action Series\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-03-05/hideki-arai-miyamoto-kara-kimi-e-manga-gets-live-action-series/.128594","url_text":"\"Hideki Arai's Miyamoto kara Kimi e Manga Gets Live-Action Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706103434/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-03-05/hideki-arai-miyamoto-kara-kimi-e-manga-gets-live-action-series/.128594","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"注目ドラマ紹介：「宮本から君へ」 池松壮亮×真利子哲也監督で名作マンガ実写化. Mantan Web (in Japanese). April 5, 2018. Archived from the original on September 19, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mantan-web.jp/article/20180405dog00m200017000c.html","url_text":"注目ドラマ紹介：「宮本から君へ」 池松壮亮×真利子哲也監督で名作マンガ実写化"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220919082139/https://mantan-web.jp/article/20180405dog00m200017000c.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"宮本から君へ：最終回 宮本、ライバルとの勝負ついに決着も… 美沙子と思いがけず再会！. Mantan Web (in Japanese). June 29, 2018. Archived from the original on September 19, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mantan-web.jp/article/20180629dog00m200008000c.html","url_text":"宮本から君へ：最終回 宮本、ライバルとの勝負ついに決着も… 美沙子と思いがけず再会！"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220919082139/https://mantan-web.jp/article/20180629dog00m200008000c.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"ドラマ「宮本から君へ」神保和夫役は松山ケンイチ、中野靖子役は蒼井優. Comic Natalie (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. March 20, 2018. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/comic/news/274382","url_text":"ドラマ「宮本から君へ」神保和夫役は松山ケンイチ、中野靖子役は蒼井優"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_(website)","url_text":"Comic Natalie"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706095436/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/274382","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pineda, Rafael (January 10, 2019). \"Miyamoto kara Kimi e Manga Gets Live-Action Film in Fall\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-01-10/miyamoto-kara-kimi-e-manga-gets-live-action-film-in-fall/.141855","url_text":"\"Miyamoto kara Kimi e Manga Gets Live-Action Film in Fall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210126064312/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-01-10/miyamoto-kara-kimi-e-manga-gets-live-action-film-in-fall/.141855","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"「宮本から君へ」向井秀徳、堀江貴文のコメント到着「がんばれ！宮本！」. Comic Natalie (in Japanese). September 21, 2019. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/comic/news/348476","url_text":"「宮本から君へ」向井秀徳、堀江貴文のコメント到着「がんばれ！宮本！」"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_(website)","url_text":"Comic Natalie"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210126002827/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/348476","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"小学館漫画賞: 歴代受賞者 (in Japanese). Shogakukan. Archived from the original on January 9, 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100109115811/http://comics.shogakukan.co.jp/mangasho/rist.html","url_text":"小学館漫画賞: 歴代受賞者"},{"url":"http://comics.shogakukan.co.jp/mangasho/rist.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hahn, Joel. \"Shogakukan Manga Award\". Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/shogakukan.php","url_text":"\"Shogakukan Manga Award\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130103081638/http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/shogakukan.php","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elocation
Elocation
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Charts and certifications","4.1 Certifications","5 References"]
2003 studio album by DefaultElocationStudio album by DefaultReleasedNovember 25, 2003GenreRockLength46:18LabelTVTProducer Rick Parashar Butch Walker Chad Kroeger Default chronology The Fallout(2001) Elocation(2003) One Thing Remains(2005) Singles from Elocation "(Taking My) Life Away"Released: October 11, 2003 "Throw It All Away"Released: March 2, 2004 "All She Wrote"Released: 2004 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic Elocation is the second studio album by Canadian hard rock band Default. It was released on November 25, 2003, by TVT Records. The rock album spawned three singles, including the song "(Taking My) Life Away", which aired on Muzak's Power Rock station. This album failed to match the success of their debut, but is the band's second most commercially successful album being certified Gold in Canada. The final track, an acoustic version of "Let You Down," originally appeared on their previous album. The album was produced by Butch Walker and Nickelback's Chad Kroeger and contains a cover of the song "Cruel" by Jeff Buckley. Critical reception Tom Harrison of The Province rated the album three stars out of four. He thought that the band showed creative growth from their previous album. Track listing All tracks are written by Default except where noted.No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Who Followed Who?"DefaultButch Walker3:242."(Taking My) Life Away"DefaultJim Vallance4:123."Movin' On" 3:314."Throw It All Away"DefaultChad Kroeger3:295."Cruel"Jeff BuckleyGary Lucas4:396."Made to Lie"DefaultRick Parashar3:157."Crossing the Line" 2:358."Without You"DefaultParashar3:409."Break Down Doors" 3:0310."Enough" 3:3811."All She Wrote" 4:0012."Alone" 3:2313."Let You Down (Acoustic)" (bonus track) 3:29 Bonus tracks "Cruel" (acoustic) – 4:25 (from a TVT Records sampler 2005) (German Count on Me CDS) "(Taking My) Life Away" (acoustic) – 4:10 (from a 2003 promotional test pressing CD single) Personnel Default Dallas Smith – lead vocals Jeremy James Hora – guitar, backing vocals Dave Benedict – bass guitar Danny Craig – drums Additional musicians Rick Hopkins – organ (tracks 2, 6, 8) Gordie Johnson – slide guitar (track 5) Brian Lencho – tabla (track 10) Christian Mock – percussion and keyboard programming (track 8) Rick Parashar – tambura (track 10), piano (tracks 1-10, 12) Jon Plum – percussion and keyboard programming (track 8) Butch Walker – piano (track 11) Technical personnel Alex Aligizakis – assistant engineer (track 4) Ryan Anderson – Pro Tools operator (track 4) Neal Avron – mixing (tracks 1-12) Jose Borges – mixing assistant (tracks 1-12) Rusty Cobb – engineer (tracks 1, 11) Kenny Creswell – drum technician (tracks 1, 11) JT Hall – assistant engineer (tracks 1, 11) Selena Hollebone – 2nd assistant engineer (track 4) Phil Klum – mastering Chad Kroeger – producer (track 4) Sean Loughlin – assistant engineer (tracks 1, 11) Clay Patrick McBride – photography Christian Mock – engineer and Pro Tools (tracks 2, 3, 5-10, 12) Joey Moi – producer (track 4), engineer (tracks 4, 13) Rick Parashar – producer, engineer, and Pro Tools (tracks 2, 3, 5-10, 12) Christie Pride - production coordinator (tracks 1, 11) Honchol Sin – assistant engineer (tracks 2, 3, 5-10, 12) Butch Walker – producer (tracks 1, 11) Benjamin Wheelock – design Charts and certifications Album Chart (2003) Peakposition US Billboard 200 105 US Independent Albums (Billboard) 3 Singles Year Single Chart Position 2003 "(Taking My) Life Away" US Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 25 US Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks 30 2004 "Throw It All Away" US Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 30 "All She Wrote" US Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks 39 Certifications Country Certification Sales Canada Gold 40,000+ References ^ a b Luerssen, John D. "Elocation - Default". Allmusic. ^ "Search results for Elocation". Music Canada. Retrieved June 4, 2022. ^ "The Daily Dish". The Province. November 25, 2003. Retrieved June 4, 2022. ^ "Default Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 9 March 2015. ^ "Default Chart History (Independent Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 9 March 2015. ^ "Canadian album certifications – Default – Elocation". Music Canada. Retrieved 9 March 2015. vteDefault Dallas Smith Jeremy Hora Dave Benedict Danny Craig Studio albums The Fallout Elocation One Thing Remains Comes and Goes Singles "Wasting My Time" "Deny" Related articles TVT Records Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"Default","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_(band)"},{"link_name":"TVT Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVT_Records"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-1"},{"link_name":"Muzak's Power Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzak"},{"link_name":"their debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fallout_(Default_album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Butch Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Walker"},{"link_name":"Nickelback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelback"},{"link_name":"Chad Kroeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Kroeger"},{"link_name":"Jeff Buckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Buckley"}],"text":"Elocation is the second studio album by Canadian hard rock band Default. It was released on November 25, 2003, by TVT Records. The rock[1] album spawned three singles, including the song \"(Taking My) Life Away\", which aired on Muzak's Power Rock station. This album failed to match the success of their debut, but is the band's second most commercially successful album being certified Gold in Canada.[2] The final track, an acoustic version of \"Let You Down,\" originally appeared on their previous album.The album was produced by Butch Walker and Nickelback's Chad Kroeger and contains a cover of the song \"Cruel\" by Jeff Buckley.","title":"Elocation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Tom Harrison of The Province rated the album three stars out of four. He thought that the band showed creative growth from their previous album.[3]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Default","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_(band)"},{"link_name":"Butch Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Walker"},{"link_name":"Jim Vallance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Vallance"},{"link_name":"Chad Kroeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Kroeger"},{"link_name":"Jeff Buckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Buckley"},{"link_name":"Gary Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Rick Parashar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Parashar"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Default except where noted.No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Who Followed Who?\"DefaultButch Walker3:242.\"(Taking My) Life Away\"DefaultJim Vallance4:123.\"Movin' On\" 3:314.\"Throw It All Away\"DefaultChad Kroeger3:295.\"Cruel\"Jeff BuckleyGary Lucas4:396.\"Made to Lie\"DefaultRick Parashar3:157.\"Crossing the Line\" 2:358.\"Without You\"DefaultParashar3:409.\"Break Down Doors\" 3:0310.\"Enough\" 3:3811.\"All She Wrote\" 4:0012.\"Alone\" 3:2313.\"Let You Down (Acoustic)\" (bonus track) 3:29Bonus tracks\"Cruel\" (acoustic) – 4:25 (from a TVT Records sampler 2005) (German Count on Me CDS)\n\"(Taking My) Life Away\" (acoustic) – 4:10 (from a 2003 promotional test pressing CD single)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Smith"},{"link_name":"Gordie Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordie_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Rick Parashar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Parashar"},{"link_name":"Butch Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Walker"},{"link_name":"Neal Avron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Avron"},{"link_name":"Chad Kroeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Kroeger"},{"link_name":"Joey Moi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Moi"},{"link_name":"Rick Parashar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Parashar"},{"link_name":"Butch Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Walker"}],"text":"Default\n\nDallas Smith – lead vocals\nJeremy James Hora – guitar, backing vocals\nDave Benedict – bass guitar\nDanny Craig – drums\nAdditional musicians\n\nRick Hopkins – organ (tracks 2, 6, 8)\nGordie Johnson – slide guitar (track 5)\nBrian Lencho – tabla (track 10)\nChristian Mock – percussion and keyboard programming (track 8)\nRick Parashar – tambura (track 10), piano (tracks 1-10, 12)\nJon Plum – percussion and keyboard programming (track 8)\nButch Walker – piano (track 11)\n\n\nTechnical personnel\n\nAlex Aligizakis – assistant engineer (track 4)\nRyan Anderson – Pro Tools operator (track 4)\nNeal Avron – mixing (tracks 1-12)\nJose Borges – mixing assistant (tracks 1-12)\nRusty Cobb – engineer (tracks 1, 11)\nKenny Creswell – drum technician (tracks 1, 11)\nJT Hall – assistant engineer (tracks 1, 11)\nSelena Hollebone – 2nd assistant engineer (track 4)\nPhil Klum – mastering\nChad Kroeger – producer (track 4)\nSean Loughlin – assistant engineer (tracks 1, 11)\nClay Patrick McBride – photography\nChristian Mock – engineer and Pro Tools (tracks 2, 3, 5-10, 12)\nJoey Moi – producer (track 4), engineer (tracks 4, 13)\nRick Parashar – producer, engineer, and Pro Tools (tracks 2, 3, 5-10, 12)\nChristie Pride - production coordinator (tracks 1, 11)\nHonchol Sin – assistant engineer (tracks 2, 3, 5-10, 12)\nButch Walker – producer (tracks 1, 11)\nBenjamin Wheelock – design","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Default-4"},{"link_name":"Independent Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardIndependent_Default-5"},{"link_name":"US Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_(chart)"},{"link_name":"US Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elocation&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Album\n\n\n\nChart (2003)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[4]\n\n105\n\n\nUS Independent Albums (Billboard)[5]\n\n3\n\nSingles\n\n\n\nYear\n\nSingle\n\nChart\n\nPosition\n\n\n2003\n\n\"(Taking My) Life Away\"\n\nUS Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks\n\n25\n\n\nUS Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks\n\n30\n\n\n2004\n\n\"Throw It All Away\"\n\nUS Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks\n\n30\n\n\n\"All She Wrote\"\n\nUS Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks\n\n39\n\n\n\n\n\nCertifications[edit]\n\n\n\nCountry\n\nCertification\n\nSales\n\n\nCanada\n\nGold[6]\n\n40,000+","title":"Charts and certifications"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Waveney
HMS Waveney
[]
Three ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Waveney, after the River Waveney: HMS Waveney (1903) was a River-class destroyer launched in 1903 and sold in 1920. HMS Waveney (K248) was a River-class frigate launched in 1942 and broken up in 1947. HMS Waveney (M2003) was a River-class minesweeper launched in 1983. She was sold to the Bangladesh Navy in 1994 and was renamed Shapla. List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Morris_(anthropologist)
Brian Morris (anthropologist)
["1 Books","2 References","3 External links"]
Brian MorrisBorn (1936-10-18) 18 October 1936 (age 87)Alma materBrighton College of EducationLondon School of EconomicsOccupationAnthropologistEmployerGoldsmiths, University of LondonWebsitebrianmorris.org.uk Brian Morris (born 18 October 1936) is emeritus professor of anthropology at Goldsmiths College at the University of London. He is a specialist on folk taxonomy, ethnobotany and ethnozoology, and on religion and symbolism. He has carried out fieldwork among South Asian hunter-gatherers and in Malawi. Groups that he has studied include the Ojibwa. Books Forest Traders: a Socio-economic Study of the Hill Pandaram (1982), Humanities Press Anthropological Studies of Religion (1987), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-33991-X Bakunin: The Philosophy of Freedom (1993), Black Rose Books, ISBN 1-895431-66-2 Anthropology Of The Self: The Individual In Cultural Perspective (1994) The Power Of Animals (1998), Berg Western Conceptions of the Individual 1991, Berg, ISBN 0-85496-698-6 Animals and Ancestors: An Ethnography (2000), Berg Insects and Human Life (2004), Berg, ISBN 1-85973-847-8 Kropotkin: The Politics of Community (2004), ISBN 978-1-59102-158-2 The History and Conservation of Mammals in Malawi (2004), Kachere Series (Zomba), ISBN 99908-76-69-X Religion And Anthropology: A Critical Introduction (2006), Cambridge University Press Ernest Thompson Seton, Founder of the Woodcraft Movement 1860-1946: Apostle of Indian Wisdom and Pioneer Ecologist (2007), Edwin Mellen Press (Lewiston), ISBN 0773454748 The Anarchist Geographer: An Introduction to the Life of Peter Kropotkin (2012), Genge Press (Minehead) Pioneers of Ecological Humanism (2012), Book Guild Publishing (Brighton), ISBN 978-1-84624-866-5 Anthropology, Ecology, and Anarchism: A Brian Morris Reader (2014), PM Press, ISBN 978-1-60486-093-1 Pioneers of Ecological Humanism: Mumford, Dubos, and Bookchin (2017), Black Rose Books, ISBN 978-1-55164-607-7 Visions of Freedom: Critical Writings on Ecology and Anarchism (2018), Black Rose Books, ISBN 978-1-55164-644-2 Kropotkin: The Politics of Community (2018), PM Press, ISBN 978-1-62963-505-7 Anthropology and Dialectical Naturalism: A Philosophical Manifesto (2020), Black Rose Books, ISBN 978-1-55164-742-5 References ^ "Professor Brian Morris BEd PhD". Goldsmiths, University of London. Retrieved 24 February 2016. ^ "Professor Brian Morris BEd PhD". Goldsmiths, University of London. Retrieved 24 February 2016. ^ Smith, Sam (December 2006). "Dealing With Myths". Scoop. Retrieved 5 August 2012. External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Academics International Plant Names Index CiNii 2 Other IdRef This article about a cultural anthropologist from the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an anthropologist of religion is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"emeritus professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritus_professor"},{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"Goldsmiths College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmiths%27_College"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"folk taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_taxonomy"},{"link_name":"ethnobotany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnobotany"},{"link_name":"ethnozoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnozoology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Ojibwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-3"}],"text":"Brian Morris (born 18 October 1936) is emeritus professor of anthropology at Goldsmiths College at the University of London.[1] He is a specialist on folk taxonomy, ethnobotany and ethnozoology, and on religion and symbolism.[2] He has carried out fieldwork among South Asian hunter-gatherers and in Malawi. Groups that he has studied include the Ojibwa.[3]","title":"Brian Morris (anthropologist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-33991-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33991-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-895431-66-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-895431-66-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85496-698-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85496-698-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85973-847-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85973-847-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59102-158-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-158-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"99908-76-69-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/99908-76-69-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0773454748","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0773454748"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84624-866-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84624-866-5"},{"link_name":"PM Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-60486-093-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-093-1"},{"link_name":"Black Rose Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Rose_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55164-607-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-607-7"},{"link_name":"Black Rose Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Rose_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55164-644-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-644-2"},{"link_name":"PM Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-62963-505-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62963-505-7"},{"link_name":"Black Rose Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Rose_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55164-742-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-742-5"}],"text":"Forest Traders: a Socio-economic Study of the Hill Pandaram (1982), Humanities Press\nAnthropological Studies of Religion (1987), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-33991-X\nBakunin: The Philosophy of Freedom (1993), Black Rose Books, ISBN 1-895431-66-2\nAnthropology Of The Self: The Individual In Cultural Perspective (1994)\nThe Power Of Animals (1998), Berg\nWestern Conceptions of the Individual 1991, Berg, ISBN 0-85496-698-6\nAnimals and Ancestors: An Ethnography (2000), Berg\nInsects and Human Life (2004), Berg, ISBN 1-85973-847-8\nKropotkin: The Politics of Community (2004), ISBN 978-1-59102-158-2\nThe History and Conservation of Mammals in Malawi (2004), Kachere Series (Zomba), ISBN 99908-76-69-X\nReligion And Anthropology: A Critical Introduction (2006), Cambridge University Press\nErnest Thompson Seton, Founder of the Woodcraft Movement 1860-1946: Apostle of Indian Wisdom and Pioneer Ecologist (2007), Edwin Mellen Press (Lewiston), ISBN 0773454748\nThe Anarchist Geographer: An Introduction to the Life of Peter Kropotkin (2012), Genge Press (Minehead)\nPioneers of Ecological Humanism (2012), Book Guild Publishing (Brighton), ISBN 978-1-84624-866-5\nAnthropology, Ecology, and Anarchism: A Brian Morris Reader (2014), PM Press, ISBN 978-1-60486-093-1\nPioneers of Ecological Humanism: Mumford, Dubos, and Bookchin (2017), Black Rose Books, ISBN 978-1-55164-607-7\nVisions of Freedom: Critical Writings on Ecology and Anarchism (2018), Black Rose Books, ISBN 978-1-55164-644-2\nKropotkin: The Politics of Community (2018), PM Press, ISBN 978-1-62963-505-7\nAnthropology and Dialectical Naturalism: A Philosophical Manifesto (2020), Black Rose Books, ISBN 978-1-55164-742-5","title":"Books"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_French_cantonal_elections
2004 French cantonal elections
["1 Electoral system","2 Change in control","2.1 From right to left","2.2 From left to right","3 National results","4 Sources"]
Politics of France Constitutions Fifth Republic Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Executive President (list) Emmanuel Macron (LREM) Prime Minister (list) Gabriel Attal (LREM) Government Attal Legislature National Assembly: Membership President: Yaël Braun-Pivet Senate President: Gérard Larcher Congress of the French Parliament Judiciary Constitutional Council Council of State Court of Cassation Court of Audit Cour de Justice de la République Administrative divisions Regions Metropolitan regions Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Brittany Centre-Val de Loire Corsica Grand Est Hauts-de-France Île-de-France Normandy Nouvelle-Aquitaine Occitania Pays de la Loire Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Overseas regions French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte Réunion Overseas country French Polynesia Departments Elections Referendums Presidential Legislative Senate Municipal Political parties Foreign relations Africa Americas Asia France and the United Nations Foreign alliances Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs Politics of the European Union Related topics Centirism Human rights Political scandals France portal Other countries vte Cantonal elections to elect half the membership of the general councils of France's 100 departments were held on 21 and 28 March 2004. These elections coincided with the left's landslide in the regional elections held at the same time and also resulted in strong performances by the Socialist Party (PS) and its allies on the left, leaving the Socialists in control of a majority of departments. Map showing the political affiliations of general council presidencies in the departments of metropolitan France following the cantonal elections of 2004 Electoral system The cantonal elections use a two-round system similar to that employed in the country's legislative elections. Councillors are elected from single-member constituencies (the cantons). A candidate securing the votes of at least 25% of the canton's registered voters and more than 50% of the total number of votes actually cast in the first round of voting is thereby elected. If no candidate satisfies these conditions, then a second round of voting is held one week later. Entitled to present themselves in the second round are the two candidates who received the highest number of votes in the first round, plus any other candidate or candidates who received the votes of at least 10% of those registered to vote in the canton. In the second round, the candidate receiving the highest number of votes is elected. Change in control From right to left Hautes-Alpes (DVG) Charente (PS) Cher (PS) Doubs (PS) Drôme(PS) Ille-et-Vilaine (PS) Loire-Atlantique (PS) Oise (PS) Saône-et-Loire (PS) Seine-Maritime (PS) Seine-et-Marne (PS) From left to right Corse-du-Sud (UMP) National results Party/Alliance General council Presidencies Votes % (first round) Votes % (second round)   PS 44 3,226,525 26.25% 4,010,716 38.56%   UMP 37 2,574,331 20.94% 2,831,478 27.22% UDF 8 584,587 4.76% 484,204 4.65% PRG 3 156,305 1.27% 134,365 1.29% PCF 2 957,223 7.80% 492,815 4.74% Miscellaneous Left 2 740,521 6.02% 616,631 5.93% Miscellaneous Right 2 1,396,741 11.36% 1,103,938 10.61% MPF 1 see DVD see DVD see DVD see DVD Miscellaneous 1 132,883 1.08% 83,622 0.80% FN 0 1,490,315 12.13% 502,973 4.84% Les Verts 0 502,142 4.09% 101,434 0.98% Far-Left 0 367,817 2.99% 6,271 0.06% Regionalists 0 50,143 0.41% 13,180 0.13% Ecologists 0 48,838 0.40% 4,588 0.04% MNR 0 44,251 0.36% 11,620 0.11% CPNT 0 17,786 0.14% 4,358 0.04% Sources E-P Ministry of the Interior results vte Elections and referendums in FrancePresidential 1848 1965 1969 1974 1981 1988 1995 2002 2007 2012 2017 2022 2027 Parliamentary 1789 1791 1792 1795 1797 1798 1799 1815 (May) 1815 (Aug) 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1824 1827 1830 1831 1834 1837 1839 1842 1846 1848 1849 1852 1857 1863 1869 1871 1876 1877 1881 1885 1889 1893 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1919 1924 1928 1932 1936 1945 1946 (Jun) 1946 (Nov) 1951 1956 1958 1962 1967 1968 1973 1978 1981 1986 1988 1993 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 2022 2024 Regional 1986 1992 1998 2004 2010 2015 2017 2021 2028 Cantonal thendepartemental 1790 1791 1792 1795 1797 1798 1799 1801 1803 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1833 1836 1839 1842 1845 1848 1852 1854 1855 1856 1858 1860 1861 1862 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1874 1877 1880 1883 1886 1889 1892 1895 1898 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1945 1949 1951 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1992 1994 1998 2001 2004 2008 2011 2015 2021 2028 Arrondissement 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1833 1836 1839 1842 1845 1848 1852 1854 1855 1856 1858 1860 1861 1862 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1874 1877 1878 1880 1883 1886 1889 1892 1895 1898 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 Municipal 1790 1790–91 1791 1792 1795 1797 1798 1799 1801 1813 1815 1831 1834 1837 1840 1843 1845 1846 1848 1852 1855 1860 1865 1870 1871 (Mar) 1871 (Jul) 1874 1878 1881 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1919 1925 1929 1935 1945 1947 1953 1959 1965 1971 1977 1983 1989 1995 2001 2008 2014 2020 2026 Consular 2014 2021 2026 European 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 2029 Referendums 1793 1795 1800 1802 1804 1815 1851 1852 1870 1945 1946 (May) 1946 (Oct) 1958 1961 1962 (Apr) 1962 (Oct) 1969 1972 1988 1992 2000 2005 See also: Indirect presidential and Senate elections Elections in French Polynesia New Caledonia Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"departments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"regional elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_French_regional_elections"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)"},{"link_name":"departments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FranceCantonale04.png"}],"text":"Cantonal elections to elect half the membership of the general councils of France's 100 departments were held on 21 and 28 March 2004. These elections coincided with the left's landslide in the regional elections held at the same time and also resulted in strong performances by the Socialist Party (PS) and its allies on the left, leaving the Socialists in control of a majority of departments.Map showing the political affiliations of general council presidencies in the departments of metropolitan France following the cantonal elections of 2004","title":"2004 French cantonal elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cantons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_France"}],"text":"The cantonal elections use a two-round system similar to that employed in the country's legislative elections.Councillors are elected from single-member constituencies (the cantons).\nA candidate securing the votes of at least 25% of the canton's registered voters and more than 50% of the total number of votes actually cast in the first round of voting is thereby elected. If no candidate satisfies these conditions, then a second round of voting is held one week later.\nEntitled to present themselves in the second round are the two candidates who received the highest number of votes in the first round, plus any other candidate or candidates who received the votes of at least 10% of those registered to vote in the canton.\nIn the second round, the candidate receiving the highest number of votes is elected.","title":"Electoral system"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Change in control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hautes-Alpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautes-Alpes"},{"link_name":"Charente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charente"},{"link_name":"Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher_(department)"},{"link_name":"Doubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubs"},{"link_name":"Drôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"Ille-et-Vilaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine"},{"link_name":"Loire-Atlantique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire-Atlantique"},{"link_name":"Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise"},{"link_name":"Saône-et-Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire"},{"link_name":"Seine-Maritime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime"},{"link_name":"Seine-et-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne"}],"sub_title":"From right to left","text":"Hautes-Alpes (DVG)\nCharente (PS)\nCher (PS)\nDoubs (PS)\nDrôme(PS)\nIlle-et-Vilaine (PS)\nLoire-Atlantique (PS)\nOise (PS)\nSaône-et-Loire (PS)\nSeine-Maritime (PS)\nSeine-et-Marne (PS)","title":"Change in control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corse-du-Sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corse-du-Sud"}],"sub_title":"From left to right","text":"Corse-du-Sud (UMP)","title":"Change in control"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"National results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E-P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080319110218/http://www.election-politique.com/cantonales.php"},{"link_name":"Ministry of the Interior 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Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:French_Polynesian_elections"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:New_Caledonian_elections"},{"link_name":"Saint Barthélemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy_elections"},{"link_name":"Saint Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Saint_Martin_elections"},{"link_name":"Saint Pierre and Miquelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon_elections"},{"link_name":"Wallis and Futuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wallis_and_Futuna_elections"}],"text":"E-PMinistry of the Interior resultsvte Elections and referendums in FrancePresidential\n1848\n1965\n1969\n1974\n1981\n1988\n1995\n2002\n2007\n2012\n2017\n2022\n2027\nParliamentary\n1789\n1791\n1792\n1795\n1797\n1798\n1799\n1815 (May)\n1815 (Aug)\n1816\n1817\n1818\n1819\n1820\n1824\n1827\n1830\n1831\n1834\n1837\n1839\n1842\n1846\n1848\n1849\n1852\n1857\n1863\n1869\n1871\n1876\n1877\n1881\n1885\n1889\n1893\n1898\n1902\n1906\n1910\n1914\n1919\n1924\n1928\n1932\n1936\n1945\n1946 (Jun)\n1946 (Nov)\n1951\n1956\n1958\n1962\n1967\n1968\n1973\n1978\n1981\n1986\n1988\n1993\n1997\n2002\n2007\n2012\n2017\n2022\n2024\nRegional\n1986\n1992\n1998\n2004\n2010\n2015\n2017\n2021\n2028\nCantonal thendepartemental\n1790\n1791\n1792\n1795\n1797\n1798\n1799\n1801\n1803\n1806\n1807\n1808\n1809\n1810\n1811\n1812\n1813\n1833\n1836\n1839\n1842\n1845\n1848\n1852\n1854\n1855\n1856\n1858\n1860\n1861\n1862\n1864\n1865\n1866\n1867\n1868\n1869\n1870\n1871\n1874\n1877\n1880\n1883\n1886\n1889\n1892\n1895\n1898\n1901\n1904\n1907\n1910\n1913\n1919\n1922\n1925\n1928\n1931\n1934\n1937\n1945\n1949\n1951\n1955\n1958\n1961\n1964\n1967\n1970\n1973\n1976\n1979\n1982\n1985\n1988\n1992\n1994\n1998\n2001\n2004\n2008\n2011\n2015\n2021\n2028\nArrondissement\n1806\n1807\n1808\n1809\n1810\n1811\n1812\n1813\n1833\n1836\n1839\n1842\n1845\n1848\n1852\n1854\n1855\n1856\n1858\n1860\n1861\n1862\n1864\n1865\n1866\n1867\n1868\n1869\n1870\n1871\n1874\n1877\n1878\n1880\n1883\n1886\n1889\n1892\n1895\n1898\n1901\n1904\n1907\n1910\n1913\n1919\n1922\n1925\n1928\n1931\n1934\n1937\nMunicipal\n1790\n1790–91\n1791\n1792\n1795\n1797\n1798\n1799\n1801\n1813\n1815\n1831\n1834\n1837\n1840\n1843\n1845\n1846\n1848\n1852\n1855\n1860\n1865\n1870\n1871 (Mar)\n1871 (Jul)\n1874\n1878\n1881\n1884\n1888\n1892\n1896\n1900\n1904\n1908\n1912\n1919\n1925\n1929\n1935\n1945\n1947\n1953\n1959\n1965\n1971\n1977\n1983\n1989\n1995\n2001\n2008\n2014\n2020\n2026\nConsular\n2014\n2021\n2026\nEuropean\n1979\n1984\n1989\n1994\n1999\n2004\n2009\n2014\n2019\n2024\n2029\nReferendums\n1793\n1795\n1800\n1802\n1804\n1815\n1851\n1852\n1870\n1945\n1946 (May)\n1946 (Oct)\n1958\n1961\n1962 (Apr)\n1962 (Oct)\n1969\n1972\n1988\n1992\n2000\n2005\n\nSee also: Indirect presidential and Senate elections\nElections in French Polynesia\nNew Caledonia\nSaint Barthélemy\nSaint Martin\nSaint Pierre and Miquelon\nWallis and Futuna","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Map showing the political affiliations of general council presidencies in the departments of metropolitan France following the cantonal elections of 2004","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/FranceCantonale04.png/220px-FranceCantonale04.png"}]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080319110218/http://www.election-politique.com/cantonales.php","external_links_name":"E-P"},{"Link":"http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/can2004/index.html","external_links_name":"Ministry of the Interior results"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Woman_(1950_film)
The Second Woman (1950 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","3.1 Critical response","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
1950 film by James V. Kern The Second WomanTheatrical release posterDirected byJames V. KernScreenplay byMort BriskinRobert SmithProduced byMort BriskinRobert SmithStarringRobert YoungBetsy DrakeCinematographyHal MohrEdited byWalter A. ThompsonMusic byJoseph NussbaumProductioncompaniesHarry Popkin ProductionsCardinal PicturesDistributed byUnited ArtistsRelease date July 7, 1950 (1950-07-07) Running time91 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Second Woman is a 1950 American film noir mystery-suspense film directed by James V. Kern and featuring Robert Young, Betsy Drake, John Sutton and Florence Bates. Sequences of the film were shot on the coastal areas of Monterey, California. Plot This psychological thriller tells the story of Jeff Cohalan. He is a successful architect who is tormented because his fiancée, Vivian Sheppard, was killed in a mysterious car accident on the night before their wedding. Blaming himself for her death, Cohalan spends his time alone, lamenting in the state-of-the-art cliff-top home he had designed for his bride-to-be. Cohalan notices that ever since the accident, he seems to be followed by bad luck. Without explanation, his horse turns up horribly injured and he must put it down, his dog is poisoned and dies. These events lead Cohalan to wonder if he has been cursed. He meets a woman named Ellen Foster, and they are immediately attracted to each other. She is quite the detective, and soon learns about Jeff's past and begins to suspect that he may be much more in danger than he himself realizes. It turns out that his partner in architecture, Ben Sheppard, was trying to destroy him. Ben Sheppard, who was Vivian's father, held Jeff responsible for her death. But the driver of the car had been a married man, Keith Ferris, with whom Vivian was having an affair. Ben himself had a wife, Vivian's mother, run away from him, and now has a psychotic break when confronted with the truth behind his daughter's car crash. Thinking Ellen is Vivian, and angry about his wife running off, Ben shoots at Ellen. Jeff gets hit protecting Ellen, but both survive. Cast Robert Young as Jeff Cohalan Betsy Drake as Ellen Foster John Sutton as Keith Ferris Florence Bates as Amelia Foster Morris Carnovsky as Dr. Raymond Hartley Henry O'Neill as Ben Sheppard Jean Rogers as Dodo Ferris Raymond Largay as Major Badger Shirley Ballard as Vivian Sheppard Vici Raaf as Sue as Secretary Jason Robards, Sr. as Stacy Rogers (as Jason Robards) Steven Geray as Balthazar Jones Jimmie Dodd as Mr. Nelson (as Jimmy Dodd) Smoki Whitfield as Elmer as Porter (as Smokey Whitfield) Cliff Clark as Police Sergeant Reception Critical response Film critic Craig Butler wrote: "The Second Woman is an intriguing if frustrating little thriller -- frustrating because it verges on being very good but settles for being merely OK. Part of the problem is that Woman combines elements of various styles -- film noir, psychological drama, mystery, thriller, romance -- but doesn't meld them into a satisfying whole ... All in all, The Second Woman is a good attempt that is worth watching, even if it falls short of reaching its goals." Film critic Dennis Schwartz wrote: "Robert Young gives a subdued performance that is somewhat credible, but not all that endearing. The film's ultimate villain is the real estate industry that is spoiling the natural beauty in its need to make lots of money. But the brooding melodrama, thought of by many as film noir, never seemed vibrant as a thriller." See also List of films in the public domain in the United States References ^ The Second Woman at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films. ^ Butler, Craig. Allmovie by Rovi, film review, no date. Accessed: August 19, 2013. ^ Schwartz, Dennis. Ozus' World Movie Reviews, film review, October 3, 2004. Accessed: August 19, 2013. External links The Second Woman at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films The Second Woman at IMDb The Second Woman at AllMovie The Second Woman at the TCM Movie Database The Second Woman at Rotten Tomatoes The Second Woman is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive The Second Woman information site and DVD review at DVD Beaver (includes images)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_noir"},{"link_name":"James V. Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_V._Kern"},{"link_name":"Robert Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Young_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Betsy Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Drake"},{"link_name":"John Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sutton_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Florence Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Bates"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Monterey, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California"}],"text":"The Second Woman is a 1950 American film noir mystery-suspense film directed by James V. Kern and featuring Robert Young, Betsy Drake, John Sutton and Florence Bates.[1] Sequences of the film were shot on the coastal areas of Monterey, California.","title":"The Second Woman (1950 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychological thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_thriller"}],"text":"This psychological thriller tells the story of Jeff Cohalan. He is a successful architect who is tormented because his fiancée, Vivian Sheppard, was killed in a mysterious car accident on the night before their wedding. Blaming himself for her death, Cohalan spends his time alone, lamenting in the state-of-the-art cliff-top home he had designed for his bride-to-be.Cohalan notices that ever since the accident, he seems to be followed by bad luck. Without explanation, his horse turns up horribly injured and he must put it down, his dog is poisoned and dies. These events lead Cohalan to wonder if he has been cursed.He meets a woman named Ellen Foster, and they are immediately attracted to each other. She is quite the detective, and soon learns about Jeff's past and begins to suspect that he may be much more in danger than he himself realizes.It turns out that his partner in architecture, Ben Sheppard, was trying to destroy him. Ben Sheppard, who was Vivian's father, held Jeff responsible for her death. But the driver of the car had been a married man, Keith Ferris, with whom Vivian was having an affair. Ben himself had a wife, Vivian's mother, run away from him, and now has a psychotic break when confronted with the truth behind his daughter's car crash. Thinking Ellen is Vivian, and angry about his wife running off, Ben shoots at Ellen. Jeff gets hit protecting Ellen, but both survive.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Young_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Betsy Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Drake"},{"link_name":"John Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sutton_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Florence Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Bates"},{"link_name":"Morris Carnovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Carnovsky"},{"link_name":"Henry O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Jean Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Shirley Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Ballard"},{"link_name":"Jason Robards, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Robards,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Steven Geray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Geray"},{"link_name":"Jimmie Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Dodd"},{"link_name":"Smoki Whitfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoki_Whitfield"},{"link_name":"Cliff Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Clark"}],"text":"Robert Young as Jeff Cohalan\nBetsy Drake as Ellen Foster\nJohn Sutton as Keith Ferris\nFlorence Bates as Amelia Foster\nMorris Carnovsky as Dr. Raymond Hartley\nHenry O'Neill as Ben Sheppard\nJean Rogers as Dodo Ferris\nRaymond Largay as Major Badger\nShirley Ballard as Vivian Sheppard\nVici Raaf as Sue as Secretary\nJason Robards, Sr. as Stacy Rogers (as Jason Robards)\nSteven Geray as Balthazar Jones\nJimmie Dodd as Mr. Nelson (as Jimmy Dodd)\nSmoki Whitfield as Elmer as Porter (as Smokey Whitfield)\nCliff Clark as Police Sergeant","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Film critic Craig Butler wrote: \"The Second Woman is an intriguing if frustrating little thriller -- frustrating because it verges on being very good but settles for being merely OK. Part of the problem is that Woman combines elements of various styles -- film noir, psychological drama, mystery, thriller, romance -- but doesn't meld them into a satisfying whole ... All in all, The Second Woman is a good attempt that is worth watching, even if it falls short of reaching its goals.\"[2]Film critic Dennis Schwartz wrote: \"Robert Young gives a subdued performance that is somewhat credible, but not all that endearing. The film's ultimate villain is the real estate industry that is spoiling the natural beauty in its need to make lots of money. But the brooding melodrama, thought of by many as film noir, never seemed vibrant as a thriller.\"[3]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of films in the public domain in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_in_the_public_domain_in_the_United_States"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_mamba
Black mamba
["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","2.1 Scalation","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behaviour and ecology","4.1 Reproduction and lifespan","4.2 Feeding","4.3 Predation","5 Venom","5.1 Treatment","5.2 Notable bite cases","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
Species of venomous snake For other uses, see Black mamba (disambiguation). Black mamba Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Elapidae Genus: Dendroaspis Species: D. polylepis Binomial name Dendroaspis polylepisGünther, 1864 Distribution range of black mamba in red (grey areas are inconclusive) Synonyms List Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis (Günther, 1864) Dendraspis polylepis (Günther, 1864) Dendraspis angusticeps (Boulenger, 1896) Dendraspis antinorii (Peters, 1873) Dendroaspis polylepis antinorii (Peters, 1873) The black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) is a species of highly venomous snake belonging to the family Elapidae. It is native to parts of sub-Saharan Africa. First formally described by Albert Günther in 1864, it is the second-longest venomous snake after the king cobra; mature specimens generally exceed 2 m (6 ft 7 in) and commonly grow to 3 m (9.8 ft). Specimens of 4.3 to 4.5 m (14 to 15 ft) have been reported. Its skin colour varies from grey to dark brown. Juvenile black mambas tend to be paler than adults and darken with age. Despite the common name, the skin of a black mamba is not black, but rather describes the inside of its mouth, which it displays when feeling threatened. The species is both terrestrial (ground-living) and arboreal (tree-living); it inhabits savannah, woodland, rocky slopes and in some regions, dense forest. It is diurnal and is known to prey on birds and small mammals. Over suitable surfaces, it can move at speeds up to 16 km/h (10 mph) for short distances. Adult black mambas have few natural predators. In a threat display, the black mamba usually opens its inky-black mouth, spreads its narrow neck-flap and sometimes hisses. It is capable of striking at considerable range and may deliver a series of bites in rapid succession. Its venom is primarily composed of neurotoxins that often induce symptoms within ten minutes, and is frequently fatal unless antivenom is administered. Despite its reputation as a formidable and highly aggressive species, the black mamba attacks humans only if it is threatened or cornered. It is rated as least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)'s Red List of Threatened Species. Taxonomy The first formal description of the black mamba was made in 1864 by German-born British zoologist Albert Günther. A single specimen was one of many species of snake collected by John Kirk, a naturalist who accompanied David Livingstone on the 1858–1864 Second Zambesi expedition. This specimen is the holotype and is housed in the Natural History Museum, London. The generic name of the species is derived from the Ancient Greek words dendron (δένδρον), "tree", and aspis (ἀσπίς) "asp", and the specific epithet polylepis is derived from the Ancient Greek poly (πολύ) meaning "many" and lepis (λεπίς) meaning "scale". The term "mamba" is derived from the Zulu word "imamba". In Tanzania, a local Ngindo name is ndemalunyayo ("grass-cutter") because it supposedly clips grass. In 1873, German naturalist Wilhelm Peters described Dendraspis Antinorii from a specimen in the museum of Genoa that had been collected by Italian explorer Orazio Antinori in what is now northern Eritrea. This was subsequently regarded as a subspecies and is no longer held to be distinct. In 1896, Belgian-British zoologist George Albert Boulenger combined the species Dendroaspis polylepis as a whole with the eastern green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps), a lumping diagnosis that remained in force until 1946 when South African herpetologist Vivian FitzSimons again split them into separate species. A 2016 genetic analysis showed the black and eastern green mambas are each other's closest relatives, and are more distantly related to Jameson's mamba (Dendroaspis jamesoni), as shown in the cladogram below. Ophiophagus hannah Dendroaspis j. jamesoni Dendroaspis j. kaimosae Dendroaspis viridis Dendroaspis angusticeps Dendroaspis polylepis Description The black interior of the mouth of a black mamba The black mamba is a long, slender, cylindrical snake. It has a coffin-shaped head with a somewhat pronounced brow ridge and a medium-sized eye. The adult snake's length typically ranges from 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) but specimens have grown to lengths of 4.3 to 4.5 m (14 ft 1 in to 14 ft 9 in). It is the longest species of venomous snake in Africa and the second-longest venomous snake species overall, exceeded in length only by the king cobra. The black mamba is a proteroglyphous (front-fanged) snake, with fangs up to 6.5 mm (0.26 in) in length, located at the front of the maxilla. The tail of the species is long and thin, the caudal vertebrae making up 17–25% of its body length. The body mass of black mambas has been reported to be about 1.6 kg (3.5 lb), although a study of seven black mambas found an average weight of 1.03 kg (2.3 lb), ranging from 520 g (18 oz) for a specimen of 1.01 m (3 ft 4 in) total length to 2.4 kg (5.3 lb) for a specimen of 2.57 m (8 ft 5 in) total length. Specimens vary considerably in colour, including olive, yellowish-brown, khaki and gunmetal but are rarely black. The scales of some individuals may have a purplish sheen. Individuals occasionally display dark mottling towards the posterior, which may appear in the form of diagonal crossbands. Black mambas have greyish-white underbellies. The common name is derived from the appearance of the inside of the mouth, dark bluish-grey to nearly black. Mamba eyes range between greyish-brown and shades of black; the pupil is surrounded by a silvery-white or yellow colour. Juvenile snakes are lighter in colour than adults; these are typically grey or olive green and darken as they age. Scalation See also: Snake scale § Nomenclature of scales The number and pattern of scales on a snake's body are a key element of identification to species level. The black mamba has between 23 and 25 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 248 to 281 ventral scales, 109 to 132 divided subcaudal scales, and a divided anal scale. Its mouth is lined with 7–8 supralabial scales above, with the fourth and sometimes also the third one located under the eye, and 10-14 sublabial scales below. Its eyes have 3 or occasionally 4 preocular and 2–5 postocular scales. Distribution and habitat Juvenile in a tree, Kruger National Park, South Africa The black mamba inhabits a wide range in sub-Saharan Africa; its range includes Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Mozambique, Eswatini, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa, Namibia, and Angola. The black mamba's distribution in parts of West Africa has been disputed. In 1954, the black mamba was recorded in the Dakar region of Senegal. This observation, and a subsequent observation that identified a second specimen in the region in 1956, has not been confirmed and thus the snake's distribution in this area is inconclusive. The species prefers moderately dry environments such as light woodland and scrub, rocky outcrops and semi-arid savanna. It also inhabits moist savanna and lowland forests. It is not commonly found at altitudes above 1,000 m (3,300 ft), although its distribution does include locations at 1,800 m (5,900 ft) in Kenya and 1,650 m (5,410 ft) in Zambia. It is rated as a species of least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)'s Red List of endangered species, based on its huge range across sub-Saharan Africa and no documented decline. Behaviour and ecology A black mamba in defensive posture. Like cobras, the black mamba can spread its neck into a hood to intimidate potential threats (shown here). The black mamba is both terrestrial and arboreal. On the ground, it moves with its head and neck raised, and typically uses termite mounds, abandoned burrows, rock crevices and tree cracks as shelter. Black mambas are diurnal; in South Africa, they are recorded to bask between 7 and 10 am and again from 2 to 4 pm. They may return daily to the same basking site. Skittish and often unpredictable, the black mamba is agile and can move quickly. In the wild, black mambas seldom tolerate humans approaching more closely than about 40 metres (130 ft). When it perceives a threat, it retreats into brush or a hole. When confronted, it is likely to engage in a threat display, gaping to expose its black mouth and flicking its tongue. It also is likely to hiss and spread its neck into a hood similar to that of the cobras in the genus Naja. During the threat display, any sudden movement by the intruder may provoke the snake into performing a series of rapid strikes, leading to severe envenomation. The size of the black mamba and its ability to raise its head a large distance from the ground enables it to launch as much as 40% of its body length upwards, so mamba bites to humans can occur on the upper body. The black mamba's reputation for being ready to attack is exaggerated; it is usually provoked by perceived threats such as the blocking of its movements and ability to retreat. The species' reputed speed has also been exaggerated; it cannot move more quickly than 20 km/h (12 mph). Reproduction and lifespan Male black mambas engaged in combat The black mamba's breeding season spans from September to February, following the drop in temperature which occurs from April to June. Rival males compete by wrestling, attempting to subdue each other by intertwining their bodies and wrestling with their necks. Some observers have mistaken this for courtship. During mating, the male will slither over the dorsal side of the female while flicking his tongue. The female will signal her readiness to mate by lifting her tail and staying still. The male will then coil himself around the posterior end of the female and align his tail ventrolaterally with the female's. Intromission may last longer than two hours and the pair remain motionless apart from occasional spasms from the male. The black mamba is oviparous; the female lays a clutch of 6–17 eggs. The eggs are elongated oval in shape, typically 60–80 mm (2.4–3.1 in) long and 30–36 mm (1.2–1.4 in) in diameter. When hatched, the young range from 40–60 cm (16–24 in) in length. They may grow quickly, reaching 2 m (6 ft 7 in) after their first year. Juvenile black mambas are very apprehensive and can be deadly like the adults. The black mamba is recorded to live up to 11 years and may live longer. Feeding The black mamba usually hunts from a permanent lair, to which it will regularly return if there is no disturbance. It mostly preys on small vertebrates such as birds, particularly nestlings and fledglings, and small mammals like rodents, bats, hyraxes and bushbabies. They generally prefer warm-blooded prey but will also consume other snakes. In the Transvaal area of South Africa, almost all recorded prey was rather small, largely consisting of rodents and similarly sized small or juvenile mammals as well as passerine birds, estimated to weigh only 1.9–7.8% of the mamba's body mass. Nonetheless, anecdotes have indicated that large black mambas may infrequently attack large prey such as the rock hyrax or dassie, and in some tribal languages, its name even means "dassie catcher". The black mamba does not typically hold onto its prey after biting; rather it releases its quarry and waits for it to succumb to paralysis and death before it is swallowed. The snake's potent digestive system has been recorded to fully digest prey in eight to ten hours. Predation Adult mambas have few natural predators aside from birds of prey. Brown snake eagles are verified predators of adult black mambas, of up to at least 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in). Other eagles known to hunt or at least consume grown black mambas include tawny eagles and martial eagles. Young snakes have been recorded as prey of the Cape file snake. Mongooses, which have some resistance to mamba venom and are often quick enough to evade a bite, will sometimes harass or take a black mamba for prey, and may pursue them in trees. The similarly predatory honey badger also has some resistance to mamba venom. The mechanism in both mammals is thought to be that their muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptors do not bind snake alpha-neurotoxins. Black mambas have also been found amongst the stomach contents of Nile crocodiles. Young mambas in the Serengeti are known to fall prey to southern ground hornbills, marsh owls and hooded vultures. Venom The black mamba is the most feared snake in Africa because of its size, aggression, venom toxicity and speed of onset of symptoms following envenomation, and is classified as a snake of medical importance by the World Health Organization. A survey in South Africa from 1957 to 1979 recorded 2,553 venomous snakebites, 75 of which were confirmed as being from black mambas. Of these 75 cases, 63 had symptoms of systemic envenomation and 21 died. Those bitten before 1962 received a polyvalent antivenom that had no effect on black mamba venom, and 15 of 35 people who received the antivenom died. A mamba-specific antivenom was introduced in 1962, followed by a fully polyvalent antivenom in 1971. Over this period, 5 of 38 people bitten by black mambas and given antivenom died. A census in rural Zimbabwe in 1991 and 1992 revealed 274 cases of snakebite, of which 5 died. Black mambas were confirmed in 15 cases, of which 2 died. The peak period for deaths is the species' breeding season from September to February, during which black mambas are most irritable. Bites are very rare outside Africa; snake handlers and enthusiasts are the usual victims. Unlike many venomous snake species, black mamba venom does not contain protease enzymes. Its bites do not generally cause local swelling or necrosis, and the only initial symptom may be a tingling sensation in the area of the bite. The snake tends to bite repeatedly and let go, so there can be multiple puncture wounds. Its bite can deliver about 100–120 mg of venom on average; the maximum recorded dose is 400 mg. The murine median lethal dose (LD50) when administered intravenously has been calculated at 0.32 and 0.33 mg/kg. Bites were often fatal before antivenom was widely available. The venom is predominantly neurotoxic, and symptoms often become apparent within 10 minutes. Early neurological signs that indicate severe envenomation include a metallic taste, drooping eyelids (ptosis) and gradual symptoms of bulbar palsy. Other neurological symptoms include miosis (constricted pupils), blurred or diminished vision, paresthesia (a tingling sensation on the skin), dysarthria (slurred speech), dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), dyspnea (shortness of breath), difficulty handling saliva, an absent gag reflex, fasciculations (muscle twitches), ataxia (impaired voluntary movement), vertigo, drowsiness and loss of consciousness, and respiratory paralysis. Other more general symptoms include nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, sweating, salivation, goosebumps and red eyes. The bite of a black mamba can cause collapse in humans within 45 minutes. Without appropriate antivenom treatment, symptoms typically progress to respiratory failure, which leads to cardiovascular collapse and death. This typically occurs in 7 to 15 hours. In 2015, the proteome (complete protein profile) of black mamba venom was assessed and published, revealing 41 distinct proteins and one nucleoside. The venom is composed of two main families of toxic agents, dendrotoxins (I and K) and (at a slightly lower proportion) three-finger toxins. Dendrotoxins are akin to kunitz-type protease inhibitors that interact with voltage-dependent potassium channels, stimulating acetylcholine and causing an excitatory effect, and are thought to cause symptoms such as sweating. Members of the three-finger family include alpha-neurotoxin, cardiotoxins, fasciculins and mambalgins. The most toxic components are the alpha-neurotoxins, which bind nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and hence block the action of acetylcholine at the postsynaptic membrane and cause neuromuscular blockade and hence paralysis. Fasciculins are anticholinesterase inhibitors that cause muscle fasciculation. The venom has little or no haemolytic, haemorrhagic or procoagulant activity. Mambalgins act as inhibitors for acid-sensing ion channels in the central and peripheral nervous system, causing a pain-inhibiting effect. There is research interest in their analgesic potential. A black mamba swallowing prey The composition of black mamba venom differs markedly from those of other mambas, all of which contain predominantly three-finger toxin agents. It is thought this may reflect the preferred prey items – small mammals for the mainly land-dwelling black mamba versus birds for the other predominantly arboreal mambas. Unlike many snake species, black mamba venom has little phospholipase A2 content. Treatment Standard first aid treatment for any suspected bite from a venomous snake is the application of a pressure bandage to the bite site, minimisation of movement of the victim and conveyance to a hospital or clinic as quickly as possible. The neurotoxic nature of black mamba venom means an arterial tourniquet may be of benefit. Tetanus toxoid is sometimes administered, though the main treatment is the administration of the appropriate antivenom. A polyvalent antivenom produced by the South African Institute for Medical Research is used to treat black mamba bites, and a new antivenom was being developed by the Universidad de Costa Rica's Instituto Clodomiro Picado. Notable bite cases Danie Pienaar, who was at various times from at least 2009 to 2017 head of South African National Parks Scientific Services and acting managing executive, survived the bite of a black mamba without antivenom in 1998. Despite the hospital physicians having declared it a "moderate" envenomation, Pienaar lapsed into a coma at one point and his prognosis was declared "poor". Upon arrival at the hospital, Pienaar was immediately intubated and placed on life support for 3 days. He was released from the hospital on the fifth day. Remaining calm after being bitten increased his chances of survival, as did the application of a tourniquet. In March 2008, 28-year-old British trainee safari guide Nathan Layton was bitten by a black mamba that had been found near his classroom at the Southern African Wildlife College in Hoedspruit, Limpopo, South Africa. Layton was bitten by the snake on his index finger while it was being put into a jar and first aid-trained staff who examined him determined he could carry on with lectures. He thought the snake had only brushed his hand. Layton complained of blurred vision within an hour of being bitten, and collapsed and died shortly afterwards. American professional photographer Mark Laita was bitten on the leg by a black mamba during a photo-shoot of a black mamba at a facility in Central America. Bleeding profusely, he did not seek medical attention, and except for intense pain and local swelling overnight, he was not affected. This led him to believe that either the snake gave him a "dry bite" (a bite without injecting venom) or the heavy bleeding pushed the venom out. Some commenters on the story suggested that it was a venomoid snake (in which the venom glands are surgically removed), but Laita responded that it was not. Only later did Laita find that he had captured the snake biting his leg in a photograph. In 2016, Kenyan woman Cheposait Adomo was attacked by three black mambas, one of which bit her repeatedly on the leg, in West Pokot County, Kenya. People coming to her aid drove off the other snakes, hacking two with a machete. After an attempt at using traditional medicine, they placed her on a motorcycle and conveyed her 45 minutes to the nearest hospital, which had antivenom. She survived. Prominent South African anti-Apartheid activist and Labour Court judge Anton Steenkamp died after being bitten by a black mamba while on leave in Zambia in May 2019. He was several hours away from medical help and died before antivenom could be administered. In June 2020, Bulgarian veterinarian Georgi Elenski from Haskovo was bitten by a black mamba that was part of his personal collection of exotic animals. His initial condition was very serious, but he was able to recover after extensive treatment involving the administering of antivenom and respiratory support. In January 2022, a former newspaper office worker and farmer from Zimbabwe, Peter Dube, died after getting bitten by a black mamba, due to the hospital he was taken to not having any antivenom to treat him. In January 2023, a 17-year-old student from Zimbabwe died after being bitten by a black mamba after it went into the high school classroom while the students were outside. Notes ^ A divided scale is one split down the midline into two scales. ^ Snakes of Medical Importance include those with highly dangerous venom resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality, or those that are common agents in snakebite. ^ In two other cases, it was not clear which antivenom had been given References ^ a b c Branch, W.R.; Trape, J.-F.; Luiselli, L.; Spawls, S.; Penner, J.; Howell, K.; Msuya, C.A.; Ngalason, W. (2021). "Dendroaspis polylepis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T177584A15627370. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T177584A15627370.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ a b c "Dendroaspis polylepis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 12 December 2013. ^ a b c d Uetz, Peter; Hallermann, Jakob. "Dendroaspis polylepis Günther, 1864". Reptile Database. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2018. ^ Günther, Albert (1864). "Report on a collection of reptiles and fishes made by Dr. Kirk in the Zambesi and Nyassa Regions". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1864: 303–314 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2017. ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 109, 154, 410, 575. ISBN 978-0-19-910207-5. ^ "Definition of mamba in English". Oxford Dictionaries. OED. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2017. ^ Loveridge, Arthur (1951). "On reptiles and amphibians for Tanganyika Territory collected by C.J. P. Ionides". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 106: 175–204 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2017. ^ Peters, Wilhem Carl Hartwig (1873). "Über zwei Giftschlangen aus Afrika und über neue oder weniger bekannte Gattungen und Arten von Batrachiern". 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Snakes portal Black mamba – Clinical Toxinology Resources Taxon identifiersDendroaspis polylepis Wikidata: Q188690 Wikispecies: Dendroaspis polylepis ARKive: dendroaspis-polylepis CoL: 34M6Q EoL: 795080 EPPO: DNDAPO GBIF: 2469875 iNaturalist: 30405 IRMNG: 10373938 ITIS: 700483 IUCN: 177584 NCBI: 8624 Observation.org: 83260 Open Tree of Life: 109051 RD: polylepis uBio: 190302 Authority control databases: National Israel United States
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It is native to parts of sub-Saharan Africa. First formally described by Albert Günther in 1864, it is the second-longest venomous snake after the king cobra; mature specimens generally exceed 2 m (6 ft 7 in) and commonly grow to 3 m (9.8 ft). Specimens of 4.3 to 4.5 m (14 to 15 ft) have been reported. Its skin colour varies from grey to dark brown. Juvenile black mambas tend to be paler than adults and darken with age. Despite the common name, the skin of a black mamba is not black, but rather describes the inside of its mouth, which it displays when feeling threatened.The species is both terrestrial (ground-living) and arboreal (tree-living); it inhabits savannah, woodland, rocky slopes and in some regions, dense forest. It is diurnal and is known to prey on birds and small mammals. Over suitable surfaces, it can move at speeds up to 16 km/h (10 mph) for short distances. Adult black mambas have few natural predators.In a threat display, the black mamba usually opens its inky-black mouth, spreads its narrow neck-flap and sometimes hisses. It is capable of striking at considerable range and may deliver a series of bites in rapid succession. Its venom is primarily composed of neurotoxins that often induce symptoms within ten minutes, and is frequently fatal unless antivenom is administered. Despite its reputation as a formidable and highly aggressive species, the black mamba attacks humans only if it is threatened or cornered. It is rated as least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)'s Red List of Threatened Species.","title":"Black mamba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formal description","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Albert Günther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_G%C3%BCnther"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITIS-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Database-3"},{"link_name":"John Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kirk_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"David Livingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone"},{"link_name":"Second Zambesi expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Zambesi_expedition"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"Natural History Museum, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Database-3"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"asp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asp_(reptile)"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liddell1980-5"},{"link_name":"Zulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ngindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngindo_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Peters"},{"link_name":"Orazio Antinori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orazio_Antinori"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Database-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITIS-2"},{"link_name":"George Albert Boulenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Albert_Boulenger"},{"link_name":"eastern green mamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_green_mamba"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"lumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpers_and_splitters"},{"link_name":"herpetologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpetologist"},{"link_name":"Vivian FitzSimons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Frederick_Maynard_FitzSimons"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haagner-10"},{"link_name":"Jameson's mamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameson%27s_mamba"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Figueroa16-11"},{"link_name":"Ophiophagus hannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiophagus_hannah"},{"link_name":"Dendroaspis j. jamesoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameson%27s_mamba"},{"link_name":"Dendroaspis j. kaimosae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameson%27s_mamba"},{"link_name":"Dendroaspis viridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroaspis_viridis"},{"link_name":"Dendroaspis angusticeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroaspis_angusticeps"}],"text":"The first formal description of the black mamba was made in 1864 by German-born British zoologist Albert Günther.[2][3] A single specimen was one of many species of snake collected by John Kirk, a naturalist who accompanied David Livingstone on the 1858–1864 Second Zambesi expedition.[4] This specimen is the holotype and is housed in the Natural History Museum, London.[3] The generic name of the species is derived from the Ancient Greek words dendron (δένδρον), \"tree\", and aspis (ἀσπίς) \"asp\", and the specific epithet polylepis is derived from the Ancient Greek poly (πολύ) meaning \"many\" and lepis (λεπίς) meaning \"scale\".[5] The term \"mamba\" is derived from the Zulu word \"imamba\".[6] In Tanzania, a local Ngindo name is ndemalunyayo (\"grass-cutter\") because it supposedly clips grass.[7]In 1873, German naturalist Wilhelm Peters described Dendraspis Antinorii from a specimen in the museum of Genoa that had been collected by Italian explorer Orazio Antinori in what is now northern Eritrea.[8] This was subsequently regarded as a subspecies[3] and is no longer held to be distinct.[2] In 1896, Belgian-British zoologist George Albert Boulenger combined the species Dendroaspis polylepis as a whole with the eastern green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps),[9] a lumping diagnosis that remained in force until 1946 when South African herpetologist Vivian FitzSimons again split them into separate species.[10] A 2016 genetic analysis showed the black and eastern green mambas are each other's closest relatives, and are more distantly related to Jameson's mamba (Dendroaspis jamesoni), as shown in the cladogram below.[11]Ophiophagus hannah\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDendroaspis j. jamesoni\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDendroaspis j. kaimosae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDendroaspis viridis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDendroaspis angusticeps\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDendroaspis polylepis","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dendroaspis_polylepis_striking.JPG"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROEA-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marais-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haagner-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marais-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"king cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_cobra"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mattison-16"},{"link_name":"proteroglyphous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_skeleton#Proteroglyph"},{"link_name":"fangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FitzSimons70-17"},{"link_name":"maxilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxilla"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mattison-16"},{"link_name":"caudal vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra#Other_animals"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROEA-12"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NG-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Branch-19"},{"link_name":"khaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaki"},{"link_name":"gunmetal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shades_of_gray#Gunmetal"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FitzSimons70-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haagner-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROEA-12"}],"text":"The black interior of the mouth of a black mambaThe black mamba is a long, slender, cylindrical snake. It has a coffin-shaped head with a somewhat pronounced brow ridge and a medium-sized eye.[12][13] The adult snake's length typically ranges from 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) but specimens have grown to lengths of 4.3 to 4.5 m (14 ft 1 in to 14 ft 9 in).[10][13] It is the longest species of venomous snake in Africa[14][15] and the second-longest venomous snake species overall, exceeded in length only by the king cobra.[16] The black mamba is a proteroglyphous (front-fanged) snake, with fangs up to 6.5 mm (0.26 in) in length,[17] located at the front of the maxilla.[16] The tail of the species is long and thin, the caudal vertebrae making up 17–25% of its body length.[12] The body mass of black mambas has been reported to be about 1.6 kg (3.5 lb),[18] although a study of seven black mambas found an average weight of 1.03 kg (2.3 lb), ranging from 520 g (18 oz) for a specimen of 1.01 m (3 ft 4 in) total length to 2.4 kg (5.3 lb) for a specimen of 2.57 m (8 ft 5 in) total length.[19]Specimens vary considerably in colour, including olive, yellowish-brown, khaki and gunmetal but are rarely black. The scales of some individuals may have a purplish sheen. Individuals occasionally display dark mottling towards the posterior, which may appear in the form of diagonal crossbands. Black mambas have greyish-white underbellies. The common name is derived from the appearance of the inside of the mouth, dark bluish-grey to nearly black.[20] Mamba eyes range between greyish-brown and shades of black; the pupil is surrounded by a silvery-white or yellow colour. Juvenile snakes are lighter in colour than adults; these are typically grey or olive green and darken as they age.[17][10][12]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snake scale § Nomenclature of scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_scale#Nomenclature_of_scales"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"dorsal scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_scales"},{"link_name":"subcaudal scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcaudal_scales"},{"link_name":"anal scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_scale"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"supralabial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supralabial"},{"link_name":"sublabial scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublabial_scale"},{"link_name":"postocular scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocular_scales"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marais-13"}],"sub_title":"Scalation","text":"See also: Snake scale § Nomenclature of scalesThe number and pattern of scales on a snake's body are a key element of identification to species level.[21] The black mamba has between 23 and 25 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 248 to 281 ventral scales, 109 to 132 divided subcaudal scales, and a divided anal scale.[a] Its mouth is lined with 7–8 supralabial scales above, with the fourth and sometimes also the third one located under the eye, and 10-14 sublabial scales below. Its eyes have 3 or occasionally 4 preocular and 2–5 postocular scales.[13]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Mamba_(Dendroaspis_polylepis)_juvenile_(under_2m...)_on_top_of_a_tree_..._(30397328144).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kruger National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruger_National_Park"},{"link_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FitzSimons70-17"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSTOR-24"},{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSTOR-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSTOR-24"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marais-13"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSTOR-24"},{"link_name":"least concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_concern"},{"link_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"}],"text":"Juvenile in a tree, Kruger National Park, South AfricaThe black mamba inhabits a wide range in sub-Saharan Africa; its range includes Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Mozambique, Eswatini, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa, Namibia, and Angola.[1][17][23] The black mamba's distribution in parts of West Africa has been disputed. In 1954, the black mamba was recorded in the Dakar region of Senegal. This observation, and a subsequent observation that identified a second specimen in the region in 1956, has not been confirmed and thus the snake's distribution in this area is inconclusive.[23]The species prefers moderately dry environments such as light woodland and scrub, rocky outcrops and semi-arid savanna.[23] It also inhabits moist savanna and lowland forests.[13] It is not commonly found at altitudes above 1,000 m (3,300 ft), although its distribution does include locations at 1,800 m (5,900 ft) in Kenya and 1,650 m (5,410 ft) in Zambia.[23] It is rated as a species of least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)'s Red List of endangered species, based on its huge range across sub-Saharan Africa and no documented decline.[1]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dendroaspis_polylepis_by_Bill_Love.jpg"},{"link_name":"terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_animal"},{"link_name":"arboreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboreal"},{"link_name":"diurnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnality"},{"link_name":"bask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunning_(behaviour)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROEA-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marais-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marais-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FitzSimons70-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marais-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marais-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FitzSimons70-17"},{"link_name":"Naja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marais-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FitzSimons70-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NG-18"},{"link_name":"envenomation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envenomation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marais-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marais-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FitzSimons70-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FitzSimons70-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROEA-12"}],"text":"A black mamba in defensive posture. Like cobras, the black mamba can spread its neck into a hood to intimidate potential threats (shown here).The black mamba is both terrestrial and arboreal. On the ground, it moves with its head and neck raised, and typically uses termite mounds, abandoned burrows, rock crevices and tree cracks as shelter. Black mambas are diurnal; in South Africa, they are recorded to bask between 7 and 10 am and again from 2 to 4 pm. They may return daily to the same basking site.[12][13]Skittish and often unpredictable, the black mamba is agile and can move quickly.[13][17] In the wild, black mambas seldom tolerate humans approaching more closely than about 40 metres (130 ft).[13] When it perceives a threat, it retreats into brush or a hole.[13] When confronted, it is likely to engage in a threat display, gaping to expose its black mouth and flicking its tongue.[17] It also is likely to hiss and spread its neck into a hood similar to that of the cobras in the genus Naja.[13][17][18]During the threat display, any sudden movement by the intruder may provoke the snake into performing a series of rapid strikes, leading to severe envenomation.[13] The size of the black mamba and its ability to raise its head a large distance from the ground enables it to launch as much as 40% of its body length upwards, so mamba bites to humans can occur on the upper body.[13][17] The black mamba's reputation for being ready to attack is exaggerated; it is usually provoked by perceived threats such as the blocking of its movements and ability to retreat.[17] The species' reputed speed has also been exaggerated; it cannot move more quickly than 20 km/h (12 mph).[24][12]","title":"Behaviour and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_mamba,_male-male_combat.jpg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgson96-26"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haagner-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROEA-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marais-13"},{"link_name":"ventrolaterally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ventrolaterally"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haagner-10"},{"link_name":"oviparous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviparity"},{"link_name":"clutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutch_(eggs)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marais-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marais-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FitzSimons70-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NG-18"}],"sub_title":"Reproduction and lifespan","text":"Male black mambas engaged in combatThe black mamba's breeding season spans from September to February,[25] following the drop in temperature which occurs from April to June.[10] Rival males compete by wrestling, attempting to subdue each other by intertwining their bodies and wrestling with their necks. Some observers have mistaken this for courtship.[12][13] During mating, the male will slither over the dorsal side of the female while flicking his tongue. The female will signal her readiness to mate by lifting her tail and staying still. The male will then coil himself around the posterior end of the female and align his tail ventrolaterally with the female's. Intromission may last longer than two hours and the pair remain motionless apart from occasional spasms from the male.[10]The black mamba is oviparous; the female lays a clutch of 6–17 eggs.[13] The eggs are elongated oval in shape, typically 60–80 mm (2.4–3.1 in) long and 30–36 mm (1.2–1.4 in) in diameter. When hatched, the young range from 40–60 cm (16–24 in) in length. They may grow quickly, reaching 2 m (6 ft 7 in) after their first year. Juvenile black mambas are very apprehensive and can be deadly like the adults.[13][17] The black mamba is recorded to live up to 11 years and may live longer.[18]","title":"Behaviour and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"rodents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat"},{"link_name":"hyraxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrax"},{"link_name":"bushbabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galago"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Transvaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Branch-19"},{"link_name":"rock hyrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_hyrax"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marais-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FitzSimons70-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haagner-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROEA-12"}],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"The black mamba usually hunts from a permanent lair, to which it will regularly return if there is no disturbance. It mostly preys on small vertebrates such as birds, particularly nestlings and fledglings, and small mammals like rodents, bats, hyraxes and bushbabies.[26] They generally prefer warm-blooded prey but will also consume other snakes. In the Transvaal area of South Africa, almost all recorded prey was rather small, largely consisting of rodents and similarly sized small or juvenile mammals as well as passerine birds, estimated to weigh only 1.9–7.8% of the mamba's body mass.[19] Nonetheless, anecdotes have indicated that large black mambas may infrequently attack large prey such as the rock hyrax or dassie, and in some tribal languages, its name even means \"dassie catcher\".[27][28] The black mamba does not typically hold onto its prey after biting; rather it releases its quarry and waits for it to succumb to paralysis and death before it is swallowed. The snake's potent digestive system has been recorded to fully digest prey in eight to ten hours.[13][17][10][12]","title":"Behaviour and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"birds of prey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_prey"},{"link_name":"Brown snake eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_snake_eagle"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-30"},{"link_name":"tawny eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawny_eagle"},{"link_name":"martial eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_eagle"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steyn-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Cape file snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_file_snake"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haagner-10"},{"link_name":"Mongooses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongooses"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kun1-35"},{"link_name":"honey badger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_badger"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drabeck-37"},{"link_name":"nicotinic acetylcholine receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drabeck-37"},{"link_name":"Nile crocodiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_crocodile"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guggisberg-38"},{"link_name":"Serengeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serengeti_National_Park"},{"link_name":"southern ground hornbills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_ground_hornbill"},{"link_name":"marsh owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_owl"},{"link_name":"hooded vultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooded_vulture"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Predation","text":"Adult mambas have few natural predators aside from birds of prey. Brown snake eagles are verified predators of adult black mambas, of up to at least 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in).[29] Other eagles known to hunt or at least consume grown black mambas include tawny eagles and martial eagles.[29][30] Young snakes have been recorded as prey of the Cape file snake.[10] Mongooses, which have some resistance to mamba venom and are often quick enough to evade a bite, will sometimes harass or take a black mamba for prey,[31][32][33] and may pursue them in trees.[34] The similarly predatory honey badger also has some resistance to mamba venom.[35][36] The mechanism in both mammals is thought to be that their muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptors do not bind snake alpha-neurotoxins.[36] Black mambas have also been found amongst the stomach contents of Nile crocodiles.[37] Young mambas in the Serengeti are known to fall prey to southern ground hornbills, marsh owls and hooded vultures.[38]","title":"Behaviour and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgson96-26"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-40"},{"link_name":"polyvalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_antivenom#Monovalent_vs._polyvalent"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christensen81-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zimbabwe-44"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgson96-26"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prague-45"},{"link_name":"protease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease"},{"link_name":"necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgson96-26"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Branch1-46"},{"link_name":"murine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mice"},{"link_name":"median lethal dose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose"},{"link_name":"intravenously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_injection"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ainsworth_2018-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laustsen15-49"},{"link_name":"neurotoxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgson96-26"},{"link_name":"metallic taste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_taste"},{"link_name":"ptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptosis_(eyelid)"},{"link_name":"bulbar palsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbar_palsy"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECAJS-50"},{"link_name":"miosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosis"},{"link_name":"paresthesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresthesia"},{"link_name":"dysarthria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysarthria"},{"link_name":"dysphagia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphagia"},{"link_name":"dyspnea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspnea"},{"link_name":"gag reflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal_reflex"},{"link_name":"fasciculations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciculation"},{"link_name":"ataxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia"},{"link_name":"vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgson96-26"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laustsen15-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V&C78-51"},{"link_name":"respiratory failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_failure"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_collapse"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgson96-26"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Branch1-46"},{"link_name":"proteome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteome"},{"link_name":"nucleoside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laustsen15-49"},{"link_name":"dendrotoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrotoxin"},{"link_name":"three-finger toxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-finger_toxin"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ainsworth_2018-48"},{"link_name":"kunitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunitz_domain"},{"link_name":"protease inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease_inhibitor_(biology)"},{"link_name":"voltage-dependent potassium channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_potassium_channel"},{"link_name":"acetylcholine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laustsen15-49"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgson96-26"},{"link_name":"alpha-neurotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-neurotoxin"},{"link_name":"cardiotoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotoxin"},{"link_name":"fasciculins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciculin"},{"link_name":"mambalgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambalgins"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ainsworth_2018-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laustsen15-49"},{"link_name":"nicotinic acetylcholine receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor"},{"link_name":"postsynaptic membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postsynaptic_membrane"},{"link_name":"neuromuscular blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_blockade"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgson96-26"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laustsen15-49"},{"link_name":"anticholinesterase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinesterase"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgson96-26"},{"link_name":"haemolytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis"},{"link_name":"haemorrhagic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding"},{"link_name":"procoagulant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procoagulant"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgson96-26"},{"link_name":"acid-sensing ion channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-sensing_ion_channel"},{"link_name":"analgesic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dendroaspis_polylepis_eating.JPG"},{"link_name":"phospholipase A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_A2"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ainsworth_2018-48"}],"text":"The black mamba is the most feared snake in Africa because of its size, aggression, venom toxicity and speed of onset of symptoms following envenomation,[25] and is classified as a snake of medical importance by the World Health Organization.[b][39] A survey in South Africa from 1957 to 1979 recorded 2,553 venomous snakebites, 75 of which were confirmed as being from black mambas. Of these 75 cases, 63 had symptoms of systemic envenomation and 21 died. Those bitten before 1962 received a polyvalent antivenom that had no effect on black mamba venom, and 15 of 35 people who received the antivenom died. A mamba-specific antivenom was introduced in 1962, followed by a fully polyvalent antivenom in 1971. Over this period, 5 of 38 people bitten by black mambas and given antivenom died.[c][40] A census in rural Zimbabwe in 1991 and 1992 revealed 274 cases of snakebite, of which 5 died. Black mambas were confirmed in 15 cases, of which 2 died.[41] The peak period for deaths is the species' breeding season from September to February, during which black mambas are most irritable.[25] Bites are very rare outside Africa; snake handlers and enthusiasts are the usual victims.[42]Unlike many venomous snake species, black mamba venom does not contain protease enzymes. Its bites do not generally cause local swelling or necrosis, and the only initial symptom may be a tingling sensation in the area of the bite. The snake tends to bite repeatedly and let go, so there can be multiple puncture wounds.[25] Its bite can deliver about 100–120 mg of venom on average; the maximum recorded dose is 400 mg.[43] The murine median lethal dose (LD50) when administered intravenously has been calculated at 0.32[44] and 0.33 mg/kg.[45] Bites were often fatal before antivenom was widely available.[46]The venom is predominantly neurotoxic, and symptoms often become apparent within 10 minutes.[25] Early neurological signs that indicate severe envenomation include a metallic taste, drooping eyelids (ptosis) and gradual symptoms of bulbar palsy.[47] Other neurological symptoms include miosis (constricted pupils), blurred or diminished vision, paresthesia (a tingling sensation on the skin), dysarthria (slurred speech), dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), dyspnea (shortness of breath), difficulty handling saliva, an absent gag reflex, fasciculations (muscle twitches), ataxia (impaired voluntary movement), vertigo, drowsiness and loss of consciousness, and respiratory paralysis.[25] Other more general symptoms include nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, sweating, salivation, goosebumps and red eyes.[46] The bite of a black mamba can cause collapse in humans within 45 minutes.[48] Without appropriate antivenom treatment, symptoms typically progress to respiratory failure, which leads to cardiovascular collapse and death.[25] This typically occurs in 7 to 15 hours.[43]In 2015, the proteome (complete protein profile) of black mamba venom was assessed and published, revealing 41 distinct proteins and one nucleoside.[46] The venom is composed of two main families of toxic agents, dendrotoxins (I and K) and (at a slightly lower proportion) three-finger toxins.[45] Dendrotoxins are akin to kunitz-type protease inhibitors that interact with voltage-dependent potassium channels, stimulating acetylcholine and causing an excitatory effect,[46] and are thought to cause symptoms such as sweating.[25] Members of the three-finger family include alpha-neurotoxin, cardiotoxins, fasciculins and mambalgins.[45] The most toxic components are the alpha-neurotoxins,[46] which bind nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and hence block the action of acetylcholine at the postsynaptic membrane and cause neuromuscular blockade and hence paralysis.[25][46] Fasciculins are anticholinesterase inhibitors that cause muscle fasciculation.[25] The venom has little or no haemolytic, haemorrhagic or procoagulant activity.[25] Mambalgins act as inhibitors for acid-sensing ion channels in the central and peripheral nervous system, causing a pain-inhibiting effect. There is research interest in their analgesic potential.[49]A black mamba swallowing preyThe composition of black mamba venom differs markedly from those of other mambas, all of which contain predominantly three-finger toxin agents. It is thought this may reflect the preferred prey items – small mammals for the mainly land-dwelling black mamba versus birds for the other predominantly arboreal mambas. Unlike many snake species, black mamba venom has little phospholipase A2 content.[45]","title":"Venom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid"},{"link_name":"pressure bandage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_bandage"},{"link_name":"tourniquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourniquet"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECAJS-50"},{"link_name":"Tetanus toxoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"South African Institute for Medical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Institute_for_Medical_Research"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davidson-54"},{"link_name":"Universidad de Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Clodomiro_Picado"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S%C3%A1nchez_et_al-55"}],"sub_title":"Treatment","text":"Standard first aid treatment for any suspected bite from a venomous snake is the application of a pressure bandage to the bite site, minimisation of movement of the victim and conveyance to a hospital or clinic as quickly as possible. The neurotoxic nature of black mamba venom means an arterial tourniquet may be of benefit.[47] Tetanus toxoid is sometimes administered, though the main treatment is the administration of the appropriate antivenom.[50] A polyvalent antivenom produced by the South African Institute for Medical Research is used to treat black mamba bites,[51] and a new antivenom was being developed by the Universidad de Costa Rica's Instituto Clodomiro Picado.[52]","title":"Venom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAKNP-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"South African National Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_National_Parks"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"intubated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intubated"},{"link_name":"life support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_support"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAKNP-56"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"safari guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_guide"},{"link_name":"Hoedspruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoedspruit"},{"link_name":"Limpopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpopo"},{"link_name":"index finger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_finger"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tele2-59"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tele2-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tele1-60"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-61"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tele1-60"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"dry bite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_bite"},{"link_name":"venomoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venomoid"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hooper-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"West Pokot County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pokot_County"},{"link_name":"machete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"anti-Apartheid activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Apartheid_Movement"},{"link_name":"Labour Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Court_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"veterinarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinarian"},{"link_name":"Haskovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskovo"},{"link_name":"exotic animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_pet"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Notable bite cases","text":"Danie Pienaar, who was at various times from at least 2009[53] to 2017[54] head of South African National Parks Scientific Services and acting managing executive,[55] survived the bite of a black mamba without antivenom in 1998. Despite the hospital physicians having declared it a \"moderate\" envenomation, Pienaar lapsed into a coma at one point and his prognosis was declared \"poor\". Upon arrival at the hospital, Pienaar was immediately intubated and placed on life support for 3 days. He was released from the hospital on the fifth day. Remaining calm after being bitten increased his chances of survival, as did the application of a tourniquet.[53]\nIn March 2008, 28-year-old British trainee safari guide Nathan Layton was bitten by a black mamba that had been found near his classroom at the Southern African Wildlife College in Hoedspruit, Limpopo, South Africa. Layton was bitten by the snake on his index finger while it was being put into a jar and first aid-trained staff who examined him determined he could carry on with lectures.[56] He thought the snake had only brushed his hand. Layton complained of blurred vision within an hour of being bitten,[56][57][58] and collapsed and died shortly afterwards.[57]\nAmerican professional photographer Mark Laita was bitten on the leg by a black mamba during a photo-shoot of a black mamba at a facility in Central America. Bleeding profusely, he did not seek medical attention, and except for intense pain and local swelling overnight, he was not affected. This led him to believe that either the snake gave him a \"dry bite\" (a bite without injecting venom) or the heavy bleeding pushed the venom out. Some commenters on the story suggested that it was a venomoid snake (in which the venom glands are surgically removed), but Laita responded that it was not. Only later did Laita find that he had captured the snake biting his leg in a photograph.[59][60][61]\nIn 2016, Kenyan woman Cheposait Adomo was attacked by three black mambas, one of which bit her repeatedly on the leg, in West Pokot County, Kenya. People coming to her aid drove off the other snakes, hacking two with a machete. After an attempt at using traditional medicine, they placed her on a motorcycle and conveyed her 45 minutes to the nearest hospital, which had antivenom. She survived.[62]\nProminent South African anti-Apartheid activist and Labour Court judge Anton Steenkamp died after being bitten by a black mamba while on leave in Zambia in May 2019. He was several hours away from medical help and died before antivenom could be administered.[63]\nIn June 2020, Bulgarian veterinarian Georgi Elenski from Haskovo was bitten by a black mamba that was part of his personal collection of exotic animals. His initial condition was very serious, but he was able to recover after extensive treatment involving the administering of antivenom and respiratory support.[64]\nIn January 2022, a former newspaper office worker and farmer from Zimbabwe, Peter Dube, died after getting bitten by a black mamba, due to the hospital he was taken to not having any antivenom to treat him.[65]\nIn January 2023, a 17-year-old student from Zimbabwe died after being bitten by a black mamba after it went into the high school classroom while the students were outside.[66]","title":"Venom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christensen81-42"}],"text":"^ A divided scale is one split down the midline into two scales.[22]\n\n^ Snakes of Medical Importance include those with highly dangerous venom resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality, or those that are common agents in snakebite.[39]\n\n^ In two other cases, it was not clear which antivenom had been given[40]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The black interior of the mouth of a black mamba","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dendroaspis_polylepis_striking.JPG/220px-Dendroaspis_polylepis_striking.JPG"},{"image_text":"Juvenile in a tree, Kruger National Park, South Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Black_Mamba_%28Dendroaspis_polylepis%29_juvenile_%28under_2m...%29_on_top_of_a_tree_..._%2830397328144%29.jpg/220px-Black_Mamba_%28Dendroaspis_polylepis%29_juvenile_%28under_2m...%29_on_top_of_a_tree_..._%2830397328144%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A black mamba in defensive posture. Like cobras, the black mamba can spread its neck into a hood to intimidate potential threats (shown here).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dendroaspis_polylepis_by_Bill_Love.jpg/170px-Dendroaspis_polylepis_by_Bill_Love.jpg"},{"image_text":"Male black mambas engaged in combat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Black_mamba%2C_male-male_combat.jpg/220px-Black_mamba%2C_male-male_combat.jpg"},{"image_text":"A black mamba swallowing prey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dendroaspis_polylepis_eating.JPG/220px-Dendroaspis_polylepis_eating.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Branch, W.R.; Trape, J.-F.; Luiselli, L.; Spawls, S.; Penner, J.; Howell, K.; Msuya, C.A.; Ngalason, W. (2021). \"Dendroaspis polylepis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T177584A15627370. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T177584A15627370.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/177584/15627370","url_text":"\"Dendroaspis polylepis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T177584A15627370.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T177584A15627370.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Dendroaspis polylepis\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 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Ionides\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190725175414/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28882142","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Wilhem Carl Hartwig (1873). \"Über zwei Giftschlangen aus Afrika und über neue oder weniger bekannte Gattungen und Arten von Batrachiern\". Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin (in German). Jahre 1873 (1874): 411–418. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35983534","url_text":"\"Über zwei Giftschlangen aus Afrika und über neue oder weniger bekannte Gattungen und Arten von Batrachiern\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190725174813/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35983534","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Boulenger, George Albert (1896). Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 3. Printed by order of the Trustees British Museum (Natural History). 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Snake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic","url_text":"National Geographic"},{"url":"https://video.nationalgeographic.com/wild/mongoose-vs-snake","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tsetlin, V. I. (2001). \"Snake venom α-neurotoxins and other 'three-finger' proteins\". European Journal of Biochemistry. 264 (2): 281–286. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00623.x. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_men%27s_national_volleyball_team
Sweden men's national volleyball team
["1 Results","1.1 Olympic Games","1.2 World Championship","1.3 European Championship","1.4 European League","2 References"]
Men's national volleyball team representing Sweden SwedenAssociationSvenska VolleybollförbundetConfederationCEVHead coachJohn IsacssonFIVB ranking66 (as of 2 December 2023)Uniforms Home Away www.volleyboll.se Honours European Championships 1989 Sweden Team Competition The Sweden men's national volleyball team represents Sweden in international men's volleyball competitions and friendly matches. The team's biggest success came in 1989, when Sweden won the silver medal at the 1989 European Championship in Örebro and Stockholm, from September 23 to October 1. Results Olympic Games 1988 — 7th place World Championship 1990 — 10th place 1994 — 16th place European Championship 1971 — 17th place 1985 — 9th place 1987 — 4th place 1989 — Silver medal 1991 — 10th place 1993 — 11th place European League 2017 — Bronze medal References Swedish Volleyball Federation vteMen's national volleyball teams of Europe (CEV)BVA (Sv) Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Greece Kosovo Malta Moldova Montenegro North Macedonia Romania Serbia Turkey EEVZA (Pl) Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Ukraine MEVZA (Sv) Austria Czech Republic Cyprus Croatia Hungary Israel Slovakia Slovenia NEVZA (Sv) Denmark England Finland Faroe Islands Greenland Iceland Norway Sweden WEVZA (Sv) Belgium France Italy Germany Netherlands Portugal Switzerland Spain SCA (Sv) Andorra Faroe Islands Gibraltar Greenland Ireland Iceland Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Monaco Northern Ireland San Marino Scotland Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia East Germany Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union Yugoslavia Great Britain (Inactive) vteVolleyball in SwedenSwedish Volleyball FederationNational teamsMen Senior U 21 U 19 Women Senior U 20 U 18 League competitionsMen Elitserien i volleyboll för herrar Women Elitserien i volleyboll för damer Cup competitionsMen Swedish Cup Super Cup Women Swedish Cup Super Cup CategoriesOthers Swedish coaches Swedish clubs Main Arenas Players Swedish players Swedish beach volleyball players vte National sports teams of Sweden Acceleration American football M W Badminton Bandy M W Baseball Basketball M M U20 M U18 M U16 W W U20 W U19 W U16 Beach handball M W Beach soccer Cricket M W Field hockey M W Football M M U21 M U19 M U17 W W U23  W U19 W U17 Floorball M W W U19 Futsal M W Goalball Gymnastics W Handball M M U21 M U19 W W U20 W U18 Ice hockey M M U20 M U18 W W U18 Inline hockey Korfball Roller derby Rugby league Rugby union M M7 W W7 Skiing Softball Speedway M M U21 M U19 Squash Volleyball M M U19 W W U20 W U18 Tennis M W X Water polo Wheelchair handball Wheelchair rugby Olympics Paralympics European Games Youth Olympics
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"1989 European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Örebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"}],"text":"The Sweden men's national volleyball team represents Sweden in international men's volleyball competitions and friendly matches. The team's biggest success came in 1989, when Sweden won the silver medal at the 1989 European Championship in Örebro and Stockholm, from September 23 to October 1.","title":"Sweden men's national volleyball team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics"}],"sub_title":"Olympic Games","text":"1988 — 7th place","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship"}],"sub_title":"World Championship","text":"1990 — 10th place\n1994 — 16th place","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship"}],"sub_title":"European Championship","text":"1971 — 17th place\n1985 — 9th place\n1987 — 4th place\n1989 — Silver medal\n1991 — 10th place\n1993 — 11th place","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_with_cup.svg"}],"sub_title":"European League","text":"2017 — Bronze medal","title":"Results"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.volleyboll.se/","external_links_name":"www.volleyboll.se"},{"Link":"http://www.volleyboll.se/","external_links_name":"Swedish Volleyball Federation"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salima_District
Salima District
["1 Demographics","2 Government and administrative divisions","3 Villages","4 References"]
Coordinates: 13°45′S 34°30′E / 13.750°S 34.500°E / -13.750; 34.500District of Malawi Location of Salima District in Malawi Salima is a district in the Central Region of Malawi. The city of Salima is the district's capital. The district covers an area of 2,196 km.² and has a population of 478,346. The beach at Senga Bay is the weekend retreat of many from the capital, Lilongwe, and has hosted the annual Lake of Stars festival since 2008, when it was moved from Chintheche in order to be less remote. There is a range of accommodation options in the area, though most are a few kilometers off the main road. Demographics At the 2018 Census of Malawi, the distribution of the population of Salima district by ethnic group was as follows: 72.9% Chewa 19.0% Yao 2.9% Ngoni 2.0% Lomwe 1.0% Tumbuka 0.7% Nyanja 0.5% Tonga 0.4% Sena 0.3% Mang'anja 0.1% Nkhonde 0.0% Lambya 0.0% Sukwa 0.1% Others Government and administrative divisions There are five National Assembly constituencies in Salima: Salima - Central Salima - North Salima - South Salima - South East Salima - North West Since the 2009 election most of these constituencies (except Salima South, which has been held by members of the Democratic Progressive Party), have been held by members of the Malawi Congress Party. Senga Bay beach Villages Mbaluko References ^ "2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report" (PDF). Malawi National Statistical Office. Retrieved 25 December 2019. ^ 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census Main Report ^ Parliament of Malawi - Members of Parliament - Salima District vte Regions and districts of MalawiNorthern Region Chitipa Karonga Likoma Mzimba Nkhata Bay Rumphi Central Region Dedza Dowa Kasungu Lilongwe Mchinji Nkhotakota Ntcheu Ntchisi Salima Southern Region Balaka Blantyre Chikwawa Chiradzulu Machinga Mangochi Mulanje Mwanza Neno Nsanje Phalombe Thyolo Zomba 13°45′S 34°30′E / 13.750°S 34.500°E / -13.750; 34.500 This Malawi location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MW-Salima.png"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Malawi"},{"link_name":"Central Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Region,_Malawi"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Salima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salima,_Malawi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2018-1"},{"link_name":"Chintheche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chintheche"}],"text":"District of MalawiLocation of Salima District in MalawiSalima is a district in the Central Region of Malawi. The city of Salima is the district's capital. The district covers an area of 2,196 km.² and has a population of 478,346.[1] The beach at Senga Bay is the weekend retreat of many from the capital, Lilongwe, and has hosted the annual Lake of Stars festival since 2008, when it was moved from Chintheche in order to be less remote. There is a range of accommodation options in the area, though most are a few kilometers off the main road.","title":"Salima District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2018 Census of Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Census_of_Malawi"},{"link_name":"ethnic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewa_people"},{"link_name":"Yao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yao_people_(East_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Ngoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngoni_people"},{"link_name":"Lomwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomwe_people"},{"link_name":"Tumbuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuka_people"},{"link_name":"Nyanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyanja_people"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga_people_(Malawi)"},{"link_name":"Sena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sena_people"},{"link_name":"Mang'anja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mang%27anja"},{"link_name":"Nkhonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyakyusa_people"},{"link_name":"Lambya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambya_people"},{"link_name":"Sukwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukwa_people"}],"text":"At the 2018 Census of Malawi, the distribution of the population of Salima district by ethnic group was as follows:[2]72.9% Chewa\n19.0% Yao\n2.9% Ngoni\n2.0% Lomwe\n1.0% Tumbuka\n0.7% Nyanja\n0.5% Tonga\n0.4% Sena\n0.3% Mang'anja\n0.1% Nkhonde\n0.0% Lambya\n0.0% Sukwa\n0.1% Others","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Malawi"},{"link_name":"2009 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawian_general_election,_2009"},{"link_name":"Democratic Progressive Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party"},{"link_name":"Malawi Congress Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi_Congress_Party"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senga_Bay_sunrise.JPG"}],"text":"There are five National Assembly constituencies in Salima:Salima - Central\nSalima - North\nSalima - South\nSalima - South East\nSalima - North WestSince the 2009 election most of these constituencies (except Salima South, which has been held by members of the Democratic Progressive Party), have been held by members of the Malawi Congress Party.[3]Senga Bay beach","title":"Government and administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mbaluko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbaluko"}],"text":"Mbaluko","title":"Villages"}]
[{"image_text":"Location of Salima District in Malawi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/MW-Salima.png/115px-MW-Salima.png"},{"image_text":"Senga Bay beach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Senga_Bay_sunrise.JPG/200px-Senga_Bay_sunrise.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report\" (PDF). Malawi National Statistical Office. Retrieved 25 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf","url_text":"\"2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhan_Interchange
M-1 motorway (Pakistan)
["1 History","2 Route","3 Junctions and interchanges","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Motorway in Pakistan connecting Islamabad and Peshawar M-1 motorwayایم ١ موٹروےIslamabad–Peshawar Motorwayاسلام آباد - پشاور موٹروےRoute informationPart of AH1 AH4 Maintained by National Highway AuthorityLength155 km (96 mi)Existed2007–presentMajor junctionsWest endPRR PeshawarMajor intersections Kernal Sher Khan Interchange Hazara Interchange Burhan Interchange Hakla InterchangeEast endIslamabad–Rawalpindi LocationCountryPakistan Highway system Roads in Pakistan  → M-2 The M-1 motorway or the Islamabad–Peshawar Motorway (Urdu: اسلام آباد - پشاور موٹروے) is an east–west motorway in Pakistan, connecting Peshawar to Islamabad–Rawalpindi. The motorway was constructed during President Pervez Musharraf's rule at a cost of Rs. 13 billion (equivalent to US$314 million in 2023), and was opened in October 2007. It spans 155 km (96 mi), with 88 km (55 mi) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and 67 km (42 mi) in Punjab. History M-1 motorway westbound towards Peshawar. Work on M-1 was started during Nawaz Sharif's tenure in 1997, and the contract was awarded to Turkish company Bayindar. However, the work stopped after his government was dismissed by Army Chief Gen. Pervez Musharraf in October 1999. Progress remained very slow and not much work was done between 1999 and 2003. Work restarted in 2003 after the contract was re-awarded to a consortium PMC-JV during President Pervez Musharraf's tenure. A plan was made to connect the existing M-2 motorway with the Torkham border. In 2004, the Senate body was briefed on a plan to connect Gwadar Port with the existing motorway infrastructure. Hence, it highlighted importance of M-1 motorway in this context. It was completed at a cost of Rs. 13 billion, and was inaugurated by President Pervez Musharraf on 30 October 2007. Route M-1 Peshawar toll plaza The M-1 originates northeast of Peshawar at the junction with the Peshawar Ring Road. It then crosses over the Kabul River in an eastern direction passing the cities of Charsadda, Risalpur, Swabi, and Rashakai before crossing the Indus River. The M-1 leaves Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and enters into Punjab province, where it passes through Attock, Burhan, and Hasan Abdal. The M-1 terminates near Islamabad as a continuation of the M-2 motorway. The whole stretch of the M-1 consists of six lanes, with a number of rest stops along the route. The M-1 has 14 interchanges - at Airport Link Road, Islamabad, AWT/ Sanjiani/ Paswal, Burma Bhatar, Burhan (Hassan Abadal/ Kamra), Hazara Expressway (E-35), Ghazi, Chachh, Sawabi, Rashakai, Charsadda, the Peshawar Northern Bypass and Peshawar Ring Road. At Brahma Bahtar Interchange, the Brahma Bahtar-Yarik Motorway leads towards Dera Ismail Khan. There are three major bridges along the route along the Haro, Indus and Kabul rivers, 18 flyovers, 27 small bridges, 137 underpasses and 571 culverts. 10 service areas (five on the each side of the motorway) are present along the route. Junctions and interchanges This article contains a bulleted list or table of intersections which should be presented in a properly formatted junction table. Please consult this guideline for information on how to create one. Please improve this article if you can. (November 2021) M-1 Motorway Junctions West bound exits Junction East bound exits PRR Peshawar Ring Road Start of motorway to Peshawar-Charsadda Road Peshawar Northern Bypass to Chamkiani & N-5 National Highway to Charsadda & KP Highway S-1 KP Highway S-9 to Nowshera to Mardan, Rashakai & N-95 National Highway N-45 National Highway to Risalpur to Swabi, Topi KP Highway S-6 to Jehangira to Ghorghushti to Lawrencepur to Hasan Abdal & N-35 National Highway N-5 National Highway to Burhan, Attock to Taxila/Wah Cantt to Fateh Jang to Rawalpindi, Islamabad Kashmir Highway to Islamabad International Airport See also Motorways of Pakistan National Highways of Pakistan Transport in Pakistan National Highway Authority References ^ Map Of National Highway Network, Pakistan ^ a b "Islamabad-Peshawar Motorway (M-1)". National Highway Authority of Pakistan. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ a b "Inaugural of Islamabad-Peshawar Motorway today". Business Recorder. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ a b c "M-1 to cut travel time by an hour". Dawn. 27 October 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ "Senate body briefed on M1, Gwadar projects". Dawn. 18 August 2004. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ "Motorway to open in Oct". Dawn. 21 August 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2022. External links vte Motorways of PakistanCompleted M-1 M-2 M-3 M-4 M-5 M-8 M-9 M-10 M-11 M-14 M-15 M-16 Under Construction M-6 M-12 M-13 Planned M-7 Peshawar-D.I. Khan motorway Peshawar-Kabul motorway vteRoads in PakistanNational Highways N-5 N-10 N-15 N-25 N-30 N-35 N-40 N-45 N-50 N-55 N-65 N-70 N-75 N-80 N-85 N-90 N-95 N-105 N-110 N-120 N-125 N-155 N-255 N-305 N-445 N-655 Strategic Highways S-1 S-2 S-3 Motorways M-1 M-2 M-3 M-4 M-5 M-6 M-7 M-8 M-9 M-10 M-11 M-12 M-13 M-14 M-15 M-16 Dir–Chitral Lahore–Sahiwal–Bahawalnagar Peshawar-Kabul Expressways E-1 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-35 E-75 Faisalabad Canal Expressway Lai Expressway Lyari Expressway Malir Expressway Mauripur Expressway Gwadar East Bay Expressway Mansehra-Muzaffarabad-Mirpur-Mangla Expressway Provincial Highways AJK BL GB ICT KP PJ SN This article on a road in Pakistan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorways_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"Islamabad–Rawalpindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad%E2%80%93Rawalpindi_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pervez Musharraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan"}],"text":"The M-1 motorway or the Islamabad–Peshawar Motorway (Urdu: اسلام آباد - پشاور موٹروے) is an east–west motorway in Pakistan, connecting Peshawar to Islamabad–Rawalpindi.[2]The motorway was constructed during President Pervez Musharraf's rule at a cost of Rs. 13 billion (equivalent to US$314 million in 2023), and was opened in October 2007.[3] It spans 155 km (96 mi),[2] with 88 km (55 mi) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and 67 km (42 mi) in Punjab.","title":"M-1 motorway (Pakistan)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M1_motorway_KPK.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nawaz Sharif's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Gen. Pervez Musharraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gen._Pervez_Musharraf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Pervez Musharraf's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"M-2 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-2_motorway_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Torkham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkham"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Gwadar Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwadar_Port"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pervez Musharraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"M-1 motorway westbound towards Peshawar.Work on M-1 was started during Nawaz Sharif's tenure in 1997, and the contract was awarded to Turkish company Bayindar.[4] However, the work stopped after his government was dismissed by Army Chief Gen. Pervez Musharraf in October 1999. Progress remained very slow and not much work was done between 1999 and 2003.[4]Work restarted in 2003 after the contract was re-awarded to a consortium PMC-JV during President Pervez Musharraf's tenure.[4] A plan was made to connect the existing M-2 motorway with the Torkham border. In 2004, the Senate body was briefed on a plan to connect Gwadar Port with the existing motorway infrastructure. Hence, it highlighted importance of M-1 motorway in this context.[5]It was completed at a cost of Rs. 13 billion, and was inaugurated by President Pervez Musharraf on 30 October 2007.[6][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M1_motorway_Peshawar_Toll_Plaza.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"Peshawar Ring Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar_Ring_Road"},{"link_name":"Kabul River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_River"},{"link_name":"Charsadda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charsadda"},{"link_name":"Risalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risalpur"},{"link_name":"Swabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabi"},{"link_name":"Rashakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashakai"},{"link_name":"Indus River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Attock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attock"},{"link_name":"Burhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhan,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Hasan Abdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Abdal"},{"link_name":"Hazara Expressway (E-35)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-15_motorway_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Brahma Bahtar-Yarik Motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Bahtar-Yarik_Motorway"},{"link_name":"Dera Ismail Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan"},{"link_name":"Haro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haro_River"},{"link_name":"Indus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_River"}],"text":"M-1 Peshawar toll plazaThe M-1 originates northeast of Peshawar at the junction with the Peshawar Ring Road. It then crosses over the Kabul River in an eastern direction passing the cities of Charsadda, Risalpur, Swabi, and Rashakai before crossing the Indus River. The M-1 leaves Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and enters into Punjab province, where it passes through Attock, Burhan, and Hasan Abdal. The M-1 terminates near Islamabad as a continuation of the M-2 motorway.The whole stretch of the M-1 consists of six lanes, with a number of rest stops along the route. The M-1 has 14 interchanges - at Airport Link Road, Islamabad, AWT/ Sanjiani/ Paswal, Burma Bhatar, Burhan (Hassan Abadal/ Kamra), Hazara Expressway (E-35), Ghazi, Chachh, Sawabi, Rashakai, Charsadda, the Peshawar Northern Bypass and Peshawar Ring Road. At Brahma Bahtar Interchange, the Brahma Bahtar-Yarik Motorway leads towards Dera Ismail Khan.There are three major bridges along the route along the Haro, Indus and Kabul rivers, 18 flyovers, 27 small bridges, 137 underpasses and 571 culverts. 10 service areas (five on the each side of the motorway) are present along the route.","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Junctions and interchanges"}]
[{"image_text":"M-1 motorway westbound towards Peshawar.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/M1_motorway_KPK.jpg/215px-M1_motorway_KPK.jpg"},{"image_text":"M-1 Peshawar toll plaza","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/M1_motorway_Peshawar_Toll_Plaza.jpg/215px-M1_motorway_Peshawar_Toll_Plaza.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Motorways of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorways_of_Pakistan"},{"title":"National Highways of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highways_of_Pakistan"},{"title":"Transport in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan"},{"title":"National Highway Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Authority_(Pakistan)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Islamabad-Peshawar Motorway (M-1)\". National Highway Authority of Pakistan. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nha.gov.pk/roads/topic/15855","url_text":"\"Islamabad-Peshawar Motorway (M-1)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inaugural of Islamabad-Peshawar Motorway today\". Business Recorder. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brecorder.com/news/3448403","url_text":"\"Inaugural of Islamabad-Peshawar Motorway today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Recorder","url_text":"Business Recorder"}]},{"reference":"\"M-1 to cut travel time by an hour\". Dawn. 27 October 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://beta.dawn.com/news/273054/m-1-to-cut-travel-time-by-an-hour","url_text":"\"M-1 to cut travel time by an hour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dawn"}]},{"reference":"\"Senate body briefed on M1, Gwadar projects\". Dawn. 18 August 2004. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://beta.dawn.com/news/367768/senate-body-briefed-on-m1-gwadar-projects","url_text":"\"Senate body briefed on M1, Gwadar projects\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dawn"}]},{"reference":"\"Motorway to open in Oct\". Dawn. 21 August 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://beta.dawn.com/news/262224/motorway-to-open-in-oct","url_text":"\"Motorway to open in Oct\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dawn"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M-1_motorway_(Pakistan)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"http://nha.gov.pk/wp-content/themes/nha/images/map-full.jpg","external_links_name":"Map Of National Highway Network, Pakistan"},{"Link":"https://nha.gov.pk/roads/topic/15855","external_links_name":"\"Islamabad-Peshawar Motorway (M-1)\""},{"Link":"http://www.brecorder.com/news/3448403","external_links_name":"\"Inaugural of Islamabad-Peshawar Motorway today\""},{"Link":"http://beta.dawn.com/news/273054/m-1-to-cut-travel-time-by-an-hour","external_links_name":"\"M-1 to cut travel time by an hour\""},{"Link":"http://beta.dawn.com/news/367768/senate-body-briefed-on-m1-gwadar-projects","external_links_name":"\"Senate body briefed on M1, Gwadar projects\""},{"Link":"http://beta.dawn.com/news/262224/motorway-to-open-in-oct","external_links_name":"\"Motorway to open in Oct\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M-1_motorway_(Pakistan)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_plexus
Lumbar plexus
["1 Branches","2 Additional images","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
Web of nerves in the lower spine Lumbar plexusPlan of lumbar plexus.The lumbar plexus and its branches.DetailsFromT12, L1-L4IdentifiersLatinplexus lumbalisplexus lumbarisTA98A14.2.07.002TA26517FMA5908Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy The lumbar plexus is a web of nerves (a nerve plexus) in the lumbar region of the body which forms part of the larger lumbosacral plexus. It is formed by the divisions of the first four lumbar nerves (L1-L4) and from contributions of the subcostal nerve (T12), which is the last thoracic nerve. Additionally, the ventral rami of the fourth lumbar nerve pass communicating branches, the lumbosacral trunk, to the sacral plexus. The nerves of the lumbar plexus pass in front of the hip joint and mainly support the anterior part of the thigh. The plexus is formed lateral to the intervertebral foramina and passes through psoas major. Its smaller motor branches are distributed directly to psoas major, while the larger branches leave the muscle at various sites to run obliquely down through the pelvis to leave under the inguinal ligament with the exception of the obturator nerve which exits the pelvis through the obturator foramen. Branches The iliohypogastric nerve runs posterior to the psoas major on its proximal lateral border to run laterally and obliquely on the anterior side of quadratus lumborum. Lateral to this muscle, it pierces the transversus abdominis to run above the iliac crest between that muscle and abdominal internal oblique. It gives off several motor branches to these muscles and a sensory branch to the skin of the lateral hip. Its terminal branch then runs parallel to the inguinal ligament to exit the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique above the external inguinal ring where it supplies the skin above the inguinal ligament (i.e. the hypogastric region) with the anterior cutaneous branch. The ilioinguinal nerve closely follows the iliohypogastric nerve on the quadratus lumborum, but then passes below it to run at the level of the iliac crest. It pierces the lateral abdominal wall and runs medially at the level of the inguinal ligament where it supplies motor branches to both transversus abdominis and sensory branches through the external inguinal ring to the skin over the pubic symphysis and the lateral aspect of the labia majora or scrotum. The genitofemoral nerve pierces psoas major anteriorly below the former two nerves to immediately split into two branches that run downward on the anterior side of the muscle. The lateral femoral branch is purely sensory. It pierces the vascular lacuna near the saphenous hiatus and supplies the skin below the inguinal ligament (i.e. proximal, lateral aspect of femoral triangle). The genital branch differs in males and females. In males it runs in the spermatic cord and in females in the inguinal canal together with the teres uteri ligament. It then sends sensory branches to the scrotal skin in males and the labia majora in females. In males it supplies motor innervation to the cremaster. The lateral cutaneous femoral nerve pierces psoas major on its lateral side and runs obliquely downward below the iliac fascia. Medial to the anterior superior iliac spine it leaves the pelvic area through the lateral muscular lacuna it enters the thigh by passing behind the lateral end of the inguinal ligament . In the thigh it briefly passes under the fascia lata before it breaches the fascia and supplies the skin of the anterior thigh. The obturator nerve leaves the lumbar plexus and descends behind psoas major on it medial side, then follows the linea terminalis into the lesser pelvis, and finally leaves the pelvic area through the obturator canal. In the thigh, it sends motor branches to obturator externus before dividing into an anterior and a posterior branch, both of which continues distally. These branches are separated by adductor brevis and supply all thigh adductors with motor innervation: pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, adductor minimus, and gracilis. The anterior branch contributes a terminal, sensory branch which passes along the anterior border of gracilis and supplies the skin on the medial, distal part of the thigh. The femoral nerve is the largest and longest of the plexus' nerves. It gives motor innervation to iliopsoas, pectineus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris; and sensory innervation to the anterior thigh, posterior lower leg, and hindfoot. In the pelvic area, it runs in a groove between psoas major and iliacus giving off branches to both muscles, and exits the pelvis through the medial aspect of muscular lacuna. In the thigh it divides into numerous sensory and muscular branches and the saphenous nerve, its long sensory terminal branch which continues down to the foot. Nerves of the lumbar plexus Nerve Segment Innervated muscles Cutaneous branches Iliohypogastric T12-L1 • Transversus abdominis • Abdominal internal oblique • Anterior cutaneous ramus • Lateral cutaneous ramus Ilioinguinal L1 • Anterior scrotal nerves in males • Anterior labial nerves in females Genitofemoral L1-L2 • Cremaster in males • Femoral ramus • Genital ramus Lateral femoral cutaneous L2-L3   • Lateral femoral cutaneous Obturator L2-L4 • Obturator externus • Adductor longus • Adductor brevis • Gracilis • Pectineus • Adductor magnus • Cutaneous ramus Femoral L2-L4 • Iliacus • Pectineus • Sartorius • Quadriceps femoris • Anterior cutaneous branches • Saphenous Direct branches from plexus to muscle Short, direct branches L1-L3 • Psoas major   Short, direct branches T12-L4 • Quadratus lumborum • Lumbar intertransverse   Additional images Lumbar plexus after dissection Schematic diagram of the lumbar plexus Notes ^ a b Thieme Atlas of anatomy (2006), pp 470-471 ^ a b c d e Thieme Atlas of anatomy (2006), pp 472-473 ^ a b Thieme Atlas of anatomy (2006), pp 474-475 References Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System. Thieme. 2006. ISBN 1-58890-419-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lumbar plexus. Lumbar plexus at the Duke University Health System's Orthopedics program vteSpinal nervesCervical C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 anterior Cervical plexus Brachial plexus posterior Posterior branches of cervical nerves Suboccipital – C1 Greater occipital – C2 Third occipital – C3 Thoracic T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 anterior Intercostal Intercostobrachial – T2 Thoraco-abdominal nerves – T7–T11 Subcostal – T12 posterior Posterior branches of thoracic nerves Lumbar L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 anterior Lumbar plexus Lumbosacral trunk posterior Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves Superior cluneal L1–L3 Sacral S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 anterior Sacral plexus posterior Posterior branches of sacral nerves Medial cluneal nerves Coccygeal anterior Coccygeal plexus posterior Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve vteNerves of the lumbosacral plexusLumbar plexusiliohypogastric lateral cutaneous branch anterior cutaneous branch ilioinguinal anterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀ genitofemoral femoral branch genital branch Lateral cutaneous patellar obturator anterior cutaneous posterior accessory femoral anterior cutaneous branches saphenous infrapatellar medial crural cutaneous sacral plexussciaticcommon fibular lateral sural cutaneous communicating branch deep fibular lateral terminal branch medial terminal branch dorsal digital superficial fibular medial dorsal cutaneous intermediate dorsal cutaneous dorsal digital tibial medial sural cutaneous medial calcaneal medial plantar (common plantar digital nerves proper plantar digital) lateral plantar (deep branch superficial branch common plantar digital proper plantar digital) sural lateral dorsal cutaneous lateral calcaneal other Muscular superior gluteal inferior gluteal lateral rotator group (to quadratus femoris to obturator internus to the piriformis)cutaneous: posterior cutaneous of thigh (inferior cluneal perineal branches) perforating cutaneous coccygeal plexus pudendal inferior anal perineal deep posterior scrotal♂ / labial♀ dorsal of the penis♂ / clitoris♀ anococcygeal Related Nerve supply of the human leg Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nerve plexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_plexus"},{"link_name":"lumbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar"},{"link_name":"lumbosacral plexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbosacral_plexus"},{"link_name":"divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_ramus_of_spinal_nerve"},{"link_name":"lumbar nerves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_nerves"},{"link_name":"subcostal nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcostal_nerve"},{"link_name":"thoracic nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_nerves"},{"link_name":"lumbosacral trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbosacral_trunk"},{"link_name":"sacral plexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral_plexus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-470-1"},{"link_name":"intervertebral foramina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_foramina"},{"link_name":"psoas major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoas_major_muscle"},{"link_name":"inguinal ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguinal_ligament"},{"link_name":"obturator nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator_nerve"},{"link_name":"obturator foramen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator_foramen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-470-1"}],"text":"The lumbar plexus is a web of nerves (a nerve plexus) in the lumbar region of the body which forms part of the larger lumbosacral plexus. It is formed by the divisions of the first four lumbar nerves (L1-L4) and from contributions of the subcostal nerve (T12), which is the last thoracic nerve. Additionally, the ventral rami of the fourth lumbar nerve pass communicating branches, the lumbosacral trunk, to the sacral plexus. The nerves of the lumbar plexus pass in front of the hip joint and mainly support the anterior part of the thigh.[1]The plexus is formed lateral to the intervertebral foramina and passes through psoas major. Its smaller motor branches are distributed directly to psoas major, while the larger branches leave the muscle at various sites to run obliquely down through the pelvis to leave under the inguinal ligament with the exception of the obturator nerve which exits the pelvis through the obturator foramen.[1]","title":"Lumbar plexus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iliohypogastric nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliohypogastric_nerve"},{"link_name":"psoas major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoas_major_muscle"},{"link_name":"quadratus lumborum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratus_lumborum_muscle"},{"link_name":"transversus abdominis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversus_abdominis_muscle"},{"link_name":"iliac crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliac_crest"},{"link_name":"abdominal internal oblique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle"},{"link_name":"inguinal ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguinal_ligament"},{"link_name":"aponeurosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aponeurosis"},{"link_name":"abdominal external oblique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle"},{"link_name":"external inguinal ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_inguinal_ring"},{"link_name":"hypogastric region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypogastrium"},{"link_name":"anterior cutaneous branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cutaneous_branch_of_iliohypogastric_nerve"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-472-2"},{"link_name":"ilioinguinal nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilioinguinal_nerve"},{"link_name":"abdominal wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_wall"},{"link_name":"pubic symphysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubic_symphysis"},{"link_name":"labia majora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labia_majora"},{"link_name":"scrotum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrotum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-472-2"},{"link_name":"genitofemoral nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitofemoral_nerve"},{"link_name":"femoral branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumboinguinal_nerve"},{"link_name":"vascular lacuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_lacuna"},{"link_name":"saphenous hiatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saphenous_opening"},{"link_name":"femoral triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral_triangle"},{"link_name":"genital branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_branch_of_genitofemoral_nerve"},{"link_name":"spermatic cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatic_cord"},{"link_name":"inguinal canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguinal_canal"},{"link_name":"teres uteri ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_ligament_of_uterus"},{"link_name":"cremaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremaster_muscle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-472-2"},{"link_name":"lateral cutaneous femoral nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_cutaneous_nerve_of_thigh"},{"link_name":"iliac fascia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliac_fascia"},{"link_name":"anterior superior iliac spine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_superior_iliac_spine"},{"link_name":"muscular lacuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_lacuna"},{"link_name":"fascia lata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia_lata"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-472-2"},{"link_name":"obturator nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator_nerve"},{"link_name":"linea terminalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linea_terminalis"},{"link_name":"lesser pelvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_pelvis"},{"link_name":"obturator canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator_canal"},{"link_name":"obturator externus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator_externus_muscle"},{"link_name":"adductor brevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_brevis_muscle"},{"link_name":"pectineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectineus_muscle"},{"link_name":"adductor longus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_longus_muscle"},{"link_name":"adductor magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_magnus_muscle"},{"link_name":"adductor minimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_minimus_muscle"},{"link_name":"gracilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracilis_muscle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-474-3"},{"link_name":"femoral nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral_nerve"},{"link_name":"iliopsoas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliopsoas_muscle"},{"link_name":"pectineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectineus_muscle"},{"link_name":"sartorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sartorius_muscle"},{"link_name":"quadriceps femoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadriceps_femoris_muscle"},{"link_name":"muscular lacuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_lacuna"},{"link_name":"saphenous nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saphenous_nerve"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-474-3"}],"text":"The iliohypogastric nerve runs posterior to the psoas major on its proximal lateral border to run laterally and obliquely on the anterior side of quadratus lumborum. Lateral to this muscle, it pierces the transversus abdominis to run above the iliac crest between that muscle and abdominal internal oblique. It gives off several motor branches to these muscles and a sensory branch to the skin of the lateral hip. Its terminal branch then runs parallel to the inguinal ligament to exit the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique above the external inguinal ring where it supplies the skin above the inguinal ligament (i.e. the hypogastric region) with the anterior cutaneous branch.\n[2]The ilioinguinal nerve closely follows the iliohypogastric nerve on the quadratus lumborum, but then passes below it to run at the level of the iliac crest. It pierces the lateral abdominal wall and runs medially at the level of the inguinal ligament where it supplies motor branches to both transversus abdominis and sensory branches through the external inguinal ring to the skin over the pubic symphysis and the lateral aspect of the labia majora or scrotum.\n[2]The genitofemoral nerve pierces psoas major anteriorly below the former two nerves to immediately split into two branches that run downward on the anterior side of the muscle. The lateral femoral branch is purely sensory. It pierces the vascular lacuna near the saphenous hiatus and supplies the skin below the inguinal ligament (i.e. proximal, lateral aspect of femoral triangle). The genital branch differs in males and females. In males it runs in the spermatic cord and in females in the inguinal canal together with the teres uteri ligament. It then sends sensory branches to the scrotal skin in males and the labia majora in females. In males it supplies motor innervation to the cremaster.\n[2]The lateral cutaneous femoral nerve pierces psoas major on its lateral side and runs obliquely downward below the iliac fascia. Medial to the anterior superior iliac spine it leaves the pelvic area through the lateral muscular lacuna it enters the thigh by passing behind the lateral end of the inguinal ligament . In the thigh it briefly passes under the fascia lata before it breaches the fascia and supplies the skin of the anterior thigh.\n[2]The obturator nerve leaves the lumbar plexus and descends behind psoas major on it medial side, then follows the linea terminalis into the lesser pelvis, and finally leaves the pelvic area through the obturator canal. In the thigh, it sends motor branches to obturator externus before dividing into an anterior and a posterior branch, both of which continues distally. These branches are separated by adductor brevis and supply all thigh adductors with motor innervation: pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, adductor minimus, and gracilis. The anterior branch contributes a terminal, sensory branch which passes along the anterior border of gracilis and supplies the skin on the medial, distal part of the thigh.\n[3]The femoral nerve is the largest and longest of the plexus' nerves. It gives motor innervation to iliopsoas, pectineus, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris; and sensory innervation to the anterior thigh, posterior lower leg, and hindfoot. In the pelvic area, it runs in a groove between psoas major and iliacus giving off branches to both muscles, and exits the pelvis through the medial aspect of muscular lacuna. In the thigh it divides into numerous sensory and muscular branches and the saphenous nerve, its long sensory terminal branch which continues down to the foot.\n[3]","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Branches_of_lumbar_plexus.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lumbar_Plexus,_Schema.jpg"}],"text":"Lumbar plexus after dissection\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSchematic diagram of the lumbar plexus","title":"Additional images"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-470_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-470_1-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-472_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-472_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-472_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-472_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-472_2-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-474_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-474_3-1"}],"text":"^ a b Thieme Atlas of anatomy (2006), pp 470-471\n\n^ a b c d e Thieme Atlas of anatomy (2006), pp 472-473\n\n^ a b Thieme Atlas of anatomy (2006), pp 474-475","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Work
The World's Work
["1 See also","2 Notes","3 External links"]
American monthly magazine The World's WorkFormer editorsWalter Hines PageArthur W. PageFrequencyMonthlyFounded1900Final issue1932CountryUnited StatesBased inNew York CityLanguageEnglish The World's Work (1900–1932) was a monthly magazine that covered national affairs from a pro-business point of view. It was produced by the publishing house Doubleday, Page and Company, which provided the first editor, Walter Hines Page. The first issue appeared in November 1900, with an initial press run of 35,000. With the backing of the mail order department at Doubleday, Page, the magazine climbed to a circulation of 100,000. In 1913, Page's son Arthur became the editor. The World's Work cost 25 cents an issue and was a physically attractive product; there were photo essays, some of which after 1916 contained color images. The magazine tracked closely with Page's ideas: the feature articles worried about immigration from non-English-speaking countries and the declining birth rate among more educated Americans. Concerns about the spread of labor unions and socialism also played out in the magazine. But the overarching editorial purpose of World's Work was to defend the integrity of big business, even as other magazines were beginning the muckraking tradition. An advertisement in The World's Work from October 1902 for the Kodak developing machine. There were sections each issue highlighting industries' contributions to society. The more people knew about how business operated, World's Work argued, the more they would approve. The spirit of that message was captured in a multipart article from 1911 by Arthur Wallace Dunn, "How a Business Man Would Run the Government: The Specific Items in Which He Would Save 300 Millions a Year." In 1932, The World's Work was purchased by and merged into the journal Review of Reviews. But its vision lived on in Arthur, who later became a vice president and director at AT&T, where he is credited as the "father of corporate public relations." See also The Bookman Harper's Magazine McClure's Magazine Munsey's Magazine The Outlook Notes ^ Noel Griese (2001). Arthur W. Page: Publisher, Public Relations Pioneer, Patriot. Anvil Publishers, Inc. pp. 21–22. ^ Lora, Ronald; Longton, William Henry (1999). The Conservative Press in Twentieth-century America. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 47–50. ^ Page, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur Wilson (1911). "The World's Work: A History of Our Time". ^ Edward M. Block. "The Legacy of Public Relations Excellence Behind The Name". Arthur W. Page Society. Retrieved December 19, 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The World's Work. List of available issues on Internet Archive
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[{"title":"The Bookman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bookman_(New_York)"},{"title":"Harper's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine"},{"title":"McClure's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClure%27s"},{"title":"Munsey's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsey%27s_Magazine"},{"title":"The Outlook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outlook_(New_York)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailblazer_(video_game)
Trailblazer (video game)
["1 Gameplay","2 Development","3 Reception","4 Reviews","5 References","6 External links"]
1986 video gameTrailblazerCommodore 64/128 cover artDeveloper(s)Mr. Chip SoftwarePublisher(s)Gremlin GraphicsMindscapeDesigner(s)Shaun SouthernProgrammer(s)Commodore 64Shaun SouthernPortsShaun HollingworthPeter M. HarrapChris KerryColin DooleyPlatform(s)Commodore 64, C16 / Plus/4, Atari 8-bit, Amstrad CPC, Amiga, Atari ST, MSX, ZX SpectrumRelease1986Genre(s)RacingMode(s)Single-player Not to be confused with Trailblazers (video game). Trailblazer is a racing video game developed by Mr. Chip Software and published by Gremlin Graphics for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Atari 8-bit computers, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 16 and Plus/4 in 1986 (there was also an enhanced version on Amstrad CPC 3" disc). It was ported to the Amiga and Atari ST. In 2005 a remake for the Gizmondo was released, and was also adapted in 2011 for the PS3, PlayStation Portable, PS Vita and PlayStation TV as part of the Playstation Mini series. The game received a direct sequel titled Cosmic Causeway: Trailblazer II in 1987. Gameplay The ball gets thrown out of a hole between some green speedup squares; blue jump squares lie ahead. Trailblazer is a racing game which players play as a soccer ball along a series of suspended passages. The game can be played either in time trial or arcade mode and four track. The races usually last between 15 and 45 seconds. Special fields on the track let the ball jump (blue), slow down (red), speed up (green) or warp speed the ball (white), invert the controls (cyan/light blue), bounce it backwards (purple) or are holes (black). Development Shaun Southern had made some great games for the Commodore 16 before he moved onto the Amiga and the game was inspired by the arcade game Metrocross. Reception ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreYour Sinclair9Dragon (C64)Zzap!6493% (C64) The game was reviewed in 1990 in Dragon #158 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column, as part of the Mastertronic MEGA Pack of 10 games previously released in Europe. The reviewers gave the game 5 out of 5 stars, stating: "Our favorite on this disk; racing on Cosmic Causeway roads against the clock or against a robot. This one was really fun". Zzap!64's reviewers also enjoyed the game which they thought was "an excellent variation on the race game theme". The overall rating given was 93%, qualifying the C64 version for the magazine's Sizzler award. Steve Panak, reviewing the Atari 8-bit version for ANALOG Computing, concluded that "the game is the most original arcade action wristbuster to come down the pike in a long time, and one of the best two-player competition games I've seen". Avery Score for Gamespot said that the game was one of the more unique and enjoyable of the launch games they seen. It received a Your Sinclair Megagame award. Reviews Computer Gamer (Jun, 1987) Amtix! (Dec, 1986) Your Sinclair (Dec, 1986) Commodore User (Dec, 1986) Computer Gamer (Nov, 1986) Computer Gamer (Dec, 1986) Happy Computer (Nov, 1986) Popular Computing Weekly (Oct 30, 1986) Computer and Video Games (Jun, 1987) Tilt (Jun, 1987) Génération 4 (1987) Australian Commodore and Amiga Review (Feb, 1987) ASM (Aktueller Software Markt) (Dec, 1986) Tilt (Jan, 1987) Computer Gamer (Dec, 1986) References ^ Grannell, Craig (May 2010). "The Making Of... Trailblazer and Cosmic Causeway". Retro Gamer. No. 76. Imagine Publishing. pp. 86–89. ^ Retro Gamer Team (2008-08-27). "Trailblazer". Retro Gamer. Retrieved 2023-05-25. ^ a b Lesser, Hartley; Lesser, Patricia; Lesser, Kirk (June 1990). "The Role of Computers". Dragon. No. 158. TSR. pp. 47–54. ISSN 0279-6848. ^ a b Eddy, Richard; Penn, Gary; Rignall, Julian (December 1986). "Zzap! Test: Trailblazer". Zzap!64. No. 20. Newsfield Publications. pp. 172–173. ISSN 0954-867X. ^ a b Smith, Rachael. "Trailblazer". Your Sinclair. Archived from the original on October 26, 2005. ^ Panak, Steve (April 1988). "Panak Strikes!". ANALOG Computing. No. 59. L.F.P. pp. 56–57. ISSN 0744-9917. ^ Score, Avery (May 17, 2006). "Trailblazer Hands-On". GameSpot. Retrieved 2023-05-25. ^ Your Sinclair magazine, Reviews section, issue 12, page 55 ^ "Computer Gamer - Issue 27 (1987-06) (Argus Press) (GB)". June 1987. ^ "Amtix Magazine Issue 14". December 1986. ^ "Commodore User Magazine Issue 39". December 1986. ^ "Computer Gamer - Issue 20 (1986-14) (Argus Press) (GB)". ^ "Computer Gamer - Issue 21 (1986-12) (Argus Press) (GB)". December 1986. ^ "Kultpower.de - die Powerplay und ASM Fan Site". ^ "Unknown". Popular Computing Weekly. ^ "CVG Magazine Issue 068". June 1987. ^ Tilt vol. 3. ^ Generation 4 vol. 1 (in French). ^ "Australian Commodore Review, the - Volume 4 Issue 2 (1987-02) (Saturday Magazine) (AU)". February 1987. ^ "Kultboy.com - DIE Kult-Seite über die alten Spiele-Magazine und Retro-Games!". Kultboy. Retrieved 2023-05-25. ^ "Le site des anciennes revues informatiques" . Abandonware Magazines. Retrieved 2023-05-25. ^ "Computer Gamer - Issue 21 (1986-12) (Argus Press) (GB)". December 1986. External links Trailblazer at SpectrumComputing.co.uk Trailblazer at Lemon 64 Trailblazer on thelegacy.de Archived 2011-08-04 at the Wayback Machine
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trailblazers (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailblazers_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_game"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Mr. Chip Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_Fields_(video_game_developer)"},{"link_name":"Gremlin Graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlin_Graphics"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"Atari 8-bit computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers"},{"link_name":"Amstrad CPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_CPC"},{"link_name":"Commodore 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_16"},{"link_name":"Plus/4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_Plus/4"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"Atari ST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_ST"},{"link_name":"Gizmondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmondo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"PS3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS3"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"PS Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Vita"},{"link_name":"PlayStation TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_TV"},{"link_name":"Playstation Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_mini"},{"link_name":"Cosmic Causeway: Trailblazer II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Causeway:_Trailblazer_II"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Trailblazers (video game).Trailblazer is a racing video game developed by Mr. Chip Software and published by Gremlin Graphics for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Atari 8-bit computers, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 16 and Plus/4 in 1986 (there was also an enhanced version on Amstrad CPC 3\" disc). It was ported to the Amiga and Atari ST.In 2005 a remake for the Gizmondo was released,[1] and was also adapted in 2011 for the PS3, PlayStation Portable, PS Vita and PlayStation TV as part of the Playstation Mini series.The game received a direct sequel titled Cosmic Causeway: Trailblazer II in 1987.","title":"Trailblazer (video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trailblazer_ingame.png"},{"link_name":"racing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_game"},{"link_name":"time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_trial"},{"link_name":"arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game"}],"text":"The ball gets thrown out of a hole between some green speedup squares; blue jump squares lie ahead.Trailblazer is a racing game which players play as a soccer ball along a series of suspended passages. The game can be played either in time trial or arcade mode and four track. The races usually last between 15 and 45 seconds. Special fields on the track let the ball jump (blue), slow down (red), speed up (green) or warp speed the ball (white), invert the controls (cyan/light blue), bounce it backwards (purple) or are holes (black).","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commodore 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_16"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"Metrocross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrocross"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Shaun Southern had made some great games for the Commodore 16 before he moved onto the Amiga and the game was inspired by the arcade game Metrocross.[2]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Your Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ysrnry-5"},{"link_name":"Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon158-3"},{"link_name":"Zzap!64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zzap!64"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zzap-4"},{"link_name":"Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Mastertronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastertronic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dragon158-3"},{"link_name":"Zzap!64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zzap!64"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zzap-4"},{"link_name":"ANALOG Computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANALOG_Computing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-analog-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Your Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreYour Sinclair9[5]Dragon (C64)[3]Zzap!6493% (C64)[4]The game was reviewed in 1990 in Dragon #158 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in \"The Role of Computers\" column, as part of the Mastertronic MEGA Pack of 10 games previously released in Europe. The reviewers gave the game 5 out of 5 stars, stating: \"Our favorite on this disk; racing on Cosmic Causeway roads against the clock or against a robot. This one was really fun\".[3]Zzap!64's reviewers also enjoyed the game which they thought was \"an excellent variation on the race game theme\". The overall rating given was 93%, qualifying the C64 version for the magazine's Sizzler award.[4] Steve Panak, reviewing the Atari 8-bit version for ANALOG Computing, concluded that \"the game is the most original arcade action wristbuster to come down the pike in a long time, and one of the best two-player competition games I've seen\".[6] Avery Score for Gamespot said that the game was one of the more unique and enjoyable of the launch games they seen.[7] It received a Your Sinclair Megagame award.[8]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Computer Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Amtix!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtix!"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Your Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ysrnry-5"},{"link_name":"Commodore User","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_User"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Computer Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Computer Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Popular Computing Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Computing_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Computer and Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Tilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt_(French_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"ASM (Aktueller Software Markt)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASM_(Aktueller_Software_Markt)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Tilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt_(French_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Computer Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Computer Gamer (Jun, 1987)[9]\nAmtix! (Dec, 1986)[10]\nYour Sinclair (Dec, 1986)[5]\nCommodore User (Dec, 1986)[11]\nComputer Gamer (Nov, 1986)[12]\nComputer Gamer (Dec, 1986)[13]\nHappy Computer (Nov, 1986)[14]\nPopular Computing Weekly (Oct 30, 1986)[15]\nComputer and Video Games (Jun, 1987)[16]\nTilt (Jun, 1987)[17]\nGénération 4 (1987)[18]\nAustralian Commodore and Amiga Review (Feb, 1987)[19]\nASM (Aktueller Software Markt) (Dec, 1986)[20]\nTilt (Jan, 1987)[21]\nComputer Gamer (Dec, 1986)[22]","title":"Reviews"}]
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null
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ISSN 0279-6848.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/DragonMagazine260_201801/DragonMagazine158/page/n53/mode/2up","url_text":"\"The Role of Computers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)","url_text":"Dragon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0279-6848","url_text":"0279-6848"}]},{"reference":"Eddy, Richard; Penn, Gary; Rignall, Julian (December 1986). \"Zzap! Test: Trailblazer\". Zzap!64. No. 20. Newsfield Publications. pp. 172–173. ISSN 0954-867X.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/zzapp_64_issue_020_600dpi/page/n171/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Zzap! 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ISSN 0744-9917.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/analog-computing-magazine-59/page/n57/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Panak Strikes!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANALOG_Computing","url_text":"ANALOG Computing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0744-9917","url_text":"0744-9917"}]},{"reference":"Score, Avery (May 17, 2006). \"Trailblazer Hands-On\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2023-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/trailblazer-hands-on/1100-6128156/","url_text":"\"Trailblazer Hands-On\""}]},{"reference":"\"Computer Gamer - Issue 27 (1987-06) (Argus Press) (GB)\". June 1987.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gamer_Issue_27_1987-06_Argus_Press_GB/page/n49/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Computer Gamer - Issue 27 (1987-06) (Argus Press) (GB)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amtix Magazine Issue 14\". December 1986.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/amtix-magazine-14/page/n22/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Amtix Magazine Issue 14\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commodore User Magazine Issue 39\". December 1986.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/commodore-user-magazine-39/page/n71/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Commodore User Magazine Issue 39\""}]},{"reference":"\"Computer Gamer - Issue 20 (1986-14) (Argus Press) (GB)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gamer_Issue_20_1986-14_Argus_Press_GB/page/n17/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Computer Gamer - Issue 20 (1986-14) (Argus Press) (GB)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Computer Gamer - Issue 21 (1986-12) (Argus Press) (GB)\". December 1986.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gamer_Issue_21_1986-12_Argus_Press_GB/page/n43/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Computer Gamer - Issue 21 (1986-12) (Argus Press) (GB)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kultpower.de - die Powerplay und ASM Fan Site\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kultpower.de/powerplay_testbericht_extern.php3?im=trailblazer.jpg","url_text":"\"Kultpower.de - die Powerplay und ASM Fan Site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unknown\". Popular Computing Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://live.worldofspectrum.org/infoseek/magazines/pages/popular-computing-weekly/44/5/22","url_text":"\"Unknown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Computing_Weekly","url_text":"Popular Computing Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"CVG Magazine Issue 068\". June 1987.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cvg-magazine-068/page/n39/mode/2up","url_text":"\"CVG Magazine Issue 068\""}]},{"reference":"Tilt vol. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://download.abandonware.org/magazines/Tilt/tilt_numero043/TILT%20043%20-%20page034.JPG","url_text":"Tilt vol. 3"}]},{"reference":"Generation 4 vol. 1 (in French).","urls":[{"url":"http://download.abandonware.org/magazines/Generation%204/generation4_numero001/Generation4%20001%20-%20Page%20017%20(1987-Q4).jpg","url_text":"Generation 4 vol. 1"}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Commodore Review, the - Volume 4 Issue 2 (1987-02) (Saturday Magazine) (AU)\". February 1987.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Australian_Commodore_Review_The_Volume_4_Issue_2_1987-02_Saturday_Magazine_AU/page/n15/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Australian Commodore Review, the - Volume 4 Issue 2 (1987-02) (Saturday Magazine) (AU)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kultboy.com - DIE Kult-Seite über die alten Spiele-Magazine und Retro-Games!\". Kultboy. Retrieved 2023-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kultboy.com/index.php?site=t&id=1376","url_text":"\"Kultboy.com - DIE Kult-Seite über die alten Spiele-Magazine und Retro-Games!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Le site des anciennes revues informatiques\" [The site of old computer journals]. Abandonware Magazines. Retrieved 2023-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abandonware-magazines.org/erreur404.php","url_text":"\"Le site des anciennes revues informatiques\""}]},{"reference":"\"Computer Gamer - Issue 21 (1986-12) (Argus Press) (GB)\". December 1986.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gamer_Issue_21_1986-12_Argus_Press_GB/page/n36/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Computer Gamer - Issue 21 (1986-12) (Argus Press) (GB)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Aviators_(basketball)
American Basketball Association (2000–present)
["1 History","1.1 Launch and suspension, 1999–2002","1.2 Restructuring and defections, 2003–2005","1.3 Failed coup and formation of PBL, 2006–2008","1.4 CBA absorption and continued instability, 2008–2013","1.5 Management change and ESPN3 deal, 2014–2016","1.6 WABA launch and addition of play-in tournament, 2017–present","2 Rule changes","3 Teams","3.1 Defunct","4 Championship results","5 All-Star Game results","6 Notable alumni","6.1 Players","6.2 Coaches","7 References","8 External links"]
Semi-professional basketball league For the 1967–1976 basketball league that merged into the National Basketball Association, see American Basketball Association. American Basketball AssociationFormerlyABA 2000SportBasketballFounded1999; 25 years ago (1999)First season2000–01CEOJoe NewmanMottoMore than just a gameCountriesUnited StatesHeadquartersIndianapolis, IndianaMost recentchampion(s)Chicago Fury (2024)Most titlesJacksonville Giants (7)TV partner(s)ABAGALE and SFBNOfficial websiteABA Basketball The American Basketball Association (ABA) is an American semi-professional men's basketball minor league that was founded in 1999. ABA teams are based in the United States, with one traveling team from Japan. The league previously had international teams based in Canada, China and Mexico. League management infamously maintains low requirements for franchise ownership, and hundreds of ABA teams have either folded or defected to rival leagues. The league licenses its name and use of ABA trademarks from the National Basketball Association, which absorbed the American Basketball Association (1967–1976) during the ABA–NBA merger. The Women's American Basketball Association has operated as a sister league to the ABA since 2017. History Launch and suspension, 1999–2002 See also: 2000–01 ABA season and 2001–02 ABA season Darryl Dawkins, head coach of the Tampa Bay ThunderDawgs during their 2000–01 season. The league was originally co-founded by Dick Tinkham and Joe Newman in 1999 as ABA 2000. Tinkham had previously co-founded the Indiana Pacers in the original American Basketball Association, and Newman had been an advertising executive for the Pacers. The National Basketball Association (NBA), owner of the ABA trademark after absorbing many of the original league's teams, sued Tinkham and Newman in December 1999. The lawsuit was unsuccessful since the NBA had failed to actively use the ABA trademark, and the new league entered an agreement with the NBA to license the name for $50,000. The league began its inaugural 2000–01 season with eight teams: the Chicago Skyliners, Detroit Dogs, Indiana Legends, Kansas City Knights, Los Angeles Stars, Memphis Houn'Dawgs, San Diego Wildfire and Tampa Bay ThunderDawgs. Joe Newman founded the Indiana Legends to replace the Jacksonville Jackals, who were removed from the league after failing to secure a venue. Mark Hamister purchased the rights to a Buffalo franchise for $75,000, but was also unable to secure a venue. A proposed merger with the International Basketball League fell through in December 2000, which would have allowed the inaugural season to begin with additional teams. To attract fans, the ABA encouraged its teams to fill rosters with former NBA players and past college basketball stars that had local ties. Former NBA champion and Florida native Darryl Dawkins was recruited as the first head coach of the Tampa Bay ThunderDawgs. The 2001–02 ABA season saw only three teams return from the inaugural season, with the Chicago Skyliners, Los Angeles Stars, Memphis Houn'Dawgs, San Diego Wildfire and Tampa Bay ThunderDawgs replaced by the Kentucky Pro Cats, Las Vegas Slam, Phoenix Eclipse and Southern California Surf. Joe Newman folded the Indiana Legends after he was sued by eight former players in August 2002 for failing to pay their salaries. Newman had claimed $1 million in losses over two seasons of ownership. The 2002–03 season was not played, as the league suspended operations for reorganization. Jim Clark, owner of the Kansas City Knights, was named league President and COO in November 2002. Restructuring and defections, 2003–2005 See also: 2003–04 ABA season, 2004–05 ABA season, and 2005–06 ABA season Sun Yue, two-time ABA All-Star who played for the Beijing Aoshen Olympians from 2005 to 2008. The league resumed play with seven teams for the 2003–04 season. The returning Kansas City Knights were joined by the Fresno Heatwave, Jersey Squires, Las Vegas Rattlers, Juárez Gallos de Pelea, Long Beach Jam and Tijuana Dragons. Dennis Rodman brought national attention to the league when he signed with the Long Beach Jam, leading them to an ABA title in their first season. The 2004–05 season saw franchise fees lowered from $50,000 to $10,000, and the bond requirement removed in order to attract new teams. Teams were subsequently organized into regional groups to facilitate interest and reduce travel costs, with 37 clubs competing that season in three divisions. The Arkansas RimRockers won the 2004–05 ABA title in their first year of play, but then left with the Long Beach Jam to join the rival NBA Development League. The ABA welcomed the Beijing Aoshen Olympians beginning with the 2005–06 season, a club which had been banned from the Chinese Basketball League after refusing to allow star prospect Sun Yue to play for the Chinese national team. The Olympians played their home games in Maywood, California. CCTV-5 in China broadcast the team's games, where they were watched by an average of 15 million people. Following the 2005–06 season in which many teams failed to complete their full schedules and became insolvent, the Charlotte Krunk, Florida Pit Bulls, Indiana Alley Cats, Pittsburgh Xplosion, San Jose Skyrockets and SoCal Legends left to join the rival Continental Basketball Association. Failed coup and formation of PBL, 2006–2008 See also: 2006–07 ABA season and 2007–08 ABA season My idea of success and Newman's differ. I'd rather have fewer teams, that are stable and last, as opposed to having tons that continue to fold. It's not the amount of teams that a league has, it's the amount that finish. —Tom Doyle, Maryland Nighthawks In preparation for the league's initial public offering (ABKB), former NBA player John Salley was named league commissioner and Maryland Nighthawks owner Tom Doyle was named league COO in September 2006. Cost for new franchises was subsequently raised to $20,000 for the 2006–07 season. Sports Illustrated writer Alexander Wolff launched the Vermont Frost Heaves, regularly penning articles in the publication about his team's inaugural campaign. John Salley and Tom Doyle attempted a boardroom coup on behalf of shareholders, with ABA's Board of Directors voting to remove Joe Newman as CEO on January 31, 2007. Newman sued Salley and Doyle, leading to a settlement in which he kept his job and forced their resignations from the league. The 2006–07 season concluded with the defending champion Rochester Razorsharks withdrawing from the league after they asked to reschedule a playoff game against the Wilmington Sea Dawgs, but were denied and told to forfeit. Following this incident, the Hammond Rollers, Jacksonville Jam, Maryland Nighthawks, Quad City Riverhawks and Wilmington Sea Dawgs joined the Razorsharks in forming the Premier Basketball League (PBL). Following the 2007–08 season, the reigning champion Vermont Frost Heaves left for the Premier Basketball League along with the Halifax Rainmen, Manchester Millrats and Quebec Kebs. Quentin Townsend, owner of the Atlanta Vision, was named league President and COO in April 2008. He was later removed from those positions after being arrested in November 2008 for defrauding investors in a scheme to acquire an NBA Development League franchise. CBA absorption and continued instability, 2008–2013 See also: 2008–09 ABA season, 2009–10 ABA season, 2010–11 ABA season, 2011–12 ABA season, and 2012–13 ABA season Chris Beard coaching the South Carolina Warriors, who finished their 2011–12 regular season undefeated. At the start of the 2008–09 season, over 200 teams had folded since the league's inception. The 2008–09 season saw the Southeast Texas Mustangs franchise join the league after leaving the struggling Continental Basketball Association. The ABA attempted interleague play with the four remaining CBA teams, but their league folded mid-season. NBA scouts stopped attending the league's games in January 2009, citing the amount of cancelled and forfeited contests. Several teams folded during the 2009–10 season, including the entire Pacific Northwest Division. The San Francisco Rumble forfeited their playoff game against the Southeast Texas Mavericks, as they could not afford to travel for the contest. Gilas Pilipinas, the Philippine national basketball team, competed in a series of exhibitions against ABA teams including the Clayton Showtime, Los Angeles Slam, Riverside Rainmakers, San Diego Surf and the West Coast All-Stars. This April 2010 series was referred to as the ABA Friendship Games. Dick Packer was named league President and COO in April 2010. After winning their second consecutive championship in 2010–11, the Southeast Texas Mavericks publicly opined that the ABA did not have adequate competition, and they left with intentions of joining the NBA Development League. However, their application to join the NBA Development League was denied, and the franchise sat out the 2011–12 and 2012–13 seasons. Consecutive titles were won by the Jacksonville Giants in their absence, with championship wins over the previously undefeated South Carolina Warriors in 2011–12 and North Dallas Vandals in 2012–13. The team returned to the ABA for 2013–14 as the Shreveport-Bossier Mavericks, going undefeated and winning the league title in a perfect season. Management change and ESPN3 deal, 2014–2016 See also: 2013–14 ABA season, 2014–15 ABA season, and 2015–16 ABA season Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena, which hosted the largest crowd in ABA history on January 16, 2016. At the conclusion of the 2013–14 season, over 350 franchises had folded since the league's inception. Former Arizona Scorpions owner Ron Tilley replaced Joe Newman as league President and CEO following Newman's retirement in July 2014. The league signed a two-year streaming deal with ESPN3 in August 2014 to broadcast regular season and playoff games beginning with the 2014–15 season. After completing a perfect season for the second time in 2014–15 and winning their fourth championship, the Shreveport-Bossier Mavericks left the ABA to join the Premier Basketball League. Joe Newman returned to the role of league President and CEO beginning with the 2015–16 season. The Jacksonville Giants drew the league's all-time record crowd of 8,987 for their 100–93 victory over the previously unbeaten Chicago Steam at Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena on January 16, 2016. It had been reported the week prior that the Orlando Magic was considering adopting the Giants as their NBA Development League affiliate, although later in the year they instead moved their existing affiliate Erie BayHawks to Lakeland, Florida. WABA launch and addition of play-in tournament, 2017–present The Indiana Lyons hosting the Indiana Legends on February 24, 2024. A sister league, the Women's American Basketball Association (WABA), was launched in 2017. Garden State Warriors owner Marsha Blount was named the league's President and CEO. The 2017–18 season saw franchise fees lowered to $2,500. League co-founder Dick Tinkham died of muscular dystrophy in October 2018. The 2019–20 season was ended prematurely and the playoffs cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The undefeated Jacksonville Giants captured their seventh and final championship in 2020–21, concluding the team's first perfect season and third in ABA history. A play-in tournament was implemented beginning with the 2021–22 season to determine which teams would advance to the divisional round of the playoffs. Following elimination from the 2021–22 playoffs by the Steel City Yellow Jackets, the Jacksonville Giants ceased operations. The Steel City Yellow Jackets suspended operations after their elimination from the 2022–23 playoffs by the Burning River Buckets. The Burning River Buckets and Indiana Lyons were declared co-champions of the 2022–23 season after storm damage rendered the venue for their championship game unplayable. Rule changes ABA official. The league employs a number of unconventional rules that are unique to the league: Four-point field goal: Shots made from behind the half-court division line are credited as 4 points. 3D rule: If a team commits a backcourt violation or turns the ball over in the backcourt, any field goal scored by the opposing team on the ensuing possession shall be awarded an additional point (2-point shots are credited as 3 points, 3-point shots are credited as 4 points, 4-point half-court shots are credited as 5 points). Basket interference rule: Once the ball hits the rim, any play for the ball by a defender will not be considered goaltending. Sixth foul rule: A player who has committed six fouls may stay in the game, but any foul they commit after that point in time results in an uncontested free throw for the opposing team by a player of their choosing, and the opposing team also retains possession. 3–10 & Out: Overtime begins with a single 3-minute period. If the score is still tied, a second untimed overtime period shall commence, and the first team to reach 10 points wins the game. 13th man rule: Each team is allowed an additional player to dress for games beyond their normal 12-man squad. This traditionally is a role filled by celebrities and dignitaries as publicity stunts, but teams have also used the rule to strengthen their roster for important games. Teams Vermont Frost Heaves, winners of the 2006–07 and 2007–08 league championship. 109 teams completed at least one game during the 2023–24 season. The league's oldest surviving franchises are the Garden State Warriors (est. 2005), Georgia Gwizzlies (est. 2007), and Oceanside Surf (est. 2009). Defunct Main article: List of former American Basketball Association (2000–present) teams Franchises that left the ABA but still compete elsewhere include the Detroit Panthers (Maximum Basketball League), Kitsap Admirals (Independent), Motor City Cruise (NBA G League), Newfoundland Rogues (Basketball Super League), and Shreveport Mavericks (The Basketball League). Championship results For complete playoff results of past ABA seasons, see American Basketball Association (2000–present) playoff results. Year Champion Runner-up Result Host arena Game MVP Ref 2000–01 Detroit Dogs Chicago Skyliners 107–91 Cox Pavilion Gee Gervin / Ndongo N'Diaye 2001–02 Kansas City Knights Southern California Surf 118–113 Kemper Arena Pete Mickeal 2002–03 Not held due to league shutdown. 2003–04 Long Beach Jam Kansas City Knights 126–123 Walter Pyramid 2004–05 Arkansas RimRockers Bellevue Blackhawks 118–103 Alltel Arena Kareem Reid 2005–06 Rochester Razorsharks SoCal Legends 117–114 Blue Cross Arena Chris Carrawell 2006–07 Vermont Frost Heaves Texas Tycoons 143–95 Barre Auditorium 2007–08 Vermont Frost Heaves San Diego Wildcats 87–84 Pavillon de la Jeunesse Dwuan Rice 2008–09 Kentucky Bisons Maywood Buzz 127–120 Nashville Municipal Auditorium Michael James 2009–10 Southeast Texas Mavericks Kentucky Bisons 96–99, 104–83, 85–76 Lamar State College Josh Pace 2010–11 Southeast Texas Mavericks Gulf Coast Flash 114–97, 109–85 Nutty Jerry's Entertainment Complex PJ Couisnard 2011–12 Jacksonville Giants South Carolina Warriors 106–101, 100–91 Eckerd College Jermaine Bell 2012–13 Jacksonville Giants North Dallas Vandals 85–84, 110–109 Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena Tony Hooper 2013–14 Shreveport-Bossier Mavericks Jacksonville Giants 136–127, 105–103 Hirsch Memorial Coliseum Ed Horton 2014–15 Shreveport-Bossier Mavericks Miami Midnites 109–81, 116–91 Hirsch Memorial Coliseum PJ Couisnard 2015–16 Jacksonville Giants Windy City Groove 92–80, 93–90 Laredo Energy Arena Maurice Mickens 2016–17 Jacksonville Giants Windy City Groove 120–102 Woodlawn High School Maurice Mickens 2017–18 Jacksonville Giants Austin Bats 119–114 Lehman High School Bernard Nugent 2018–19 Jacksonville Giants South Florida Gold 116–112 St. Louis College of Pharmacy Maurice Mickens 2019–20 Not held due to COVID-19 pandemic. 2020–21 Jacksonville Giants Chicago Fury 111–108 James J. Eagan Center Miguel Paul 2021–22 Steel City Yellow Jackets Team Trouble 123–118 St. Frances Academy Steven Vorum 2022–23 Not held due to unplayable conditions. Burning River Buckets and Indiana Lyons declared co-champions. 2023–24 Chicago Fury Mississippi Silverbacks 126–123 (OT) Spring Hill College All-Star Game results East (6 wins) West (4 wins) South (2 wins) Kansas City Knights (1 win) Team Dr. J (1 win) Year Result Host arena Host city Game MVP Ref 2001 Not held. 2002 Kansas City Knights 161, ABA All-Stars 138 Kemper Arena Kansas City Maurice Carter, Kansas City Knights 2003 Not held due to league shutdown. 2004 Not held. 2005 West 163, East 149 Las Vegas Sports Center Las Vegas Lou Kelly, Las Vegas Rattlers 2006 East 129, West 127 BankAtlantic Center Sunrise Armen Gilliam, Pittsburgh Xplosion 2007 West 138, East 123 Halifax Metro Centre Halifax Billy Knight, Atlanta Vision 2008 East 161, West 140 Barre Auditorium Barre Anthony Anderson, Manchester Millrats 2009 West, East Nashville Municipal Auditorium Nashville Keith Simpson, Texas Fuel 2010 ABA West All-Stars vs. Gilas Pilipinas Hangar Athletic Xchange Los Angeles 2011 East 123, West 122 Jacksonville Veterans Arena Jacksonville Kayode Ayeni, Jersey Express 2012 Red vs. White vs. Blue (round-robin tournament) Eckerd College St. Petersburg 2013 East 198, West 141 South Suburban College South Holland Maurice Mickens, Memphis Bluff City Reign 2014 No reported result. Grandview Christian School Grandview 2015 South 138, North 131 Kroc Center South Bend 2016 Team Dr. J 140, Team Gervin 139 St. Frances Academy Baltimore Terry Hosley, DMV Warriors 2017 South , North Big Ben's Home Court Richmond Christopher Cromartie, South Florida Gold 2018 No reported result. Giving Heart Community Center Pittsburgh Antonio Reddic, Steel City Yellow Jackets 2019 No reported result. Giving Heart Community Center Pittsburgh 2020 Not held due to COVID-19 pandemic. 2021 East 210, West 165 James J. Eagan Center Florissant 2022 East vs. West 2023 East 169, West 151 Jefferson College Hillsboro Dominique Jones, Garden State Warriors 2024 West 129, East 122 Spring Hill College Mobile David Jones, St. Louis Spirits Notable alumni * Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Players USA: Malik Allen Anthony Anderson Harold Arceneaux Kayode Ayeni Toby Bailey Antwain Barbour Matt Barnes Turner Battle Corey Beck Charlie Bell Benoit Benjamin Corey Benjamin Jason Bennett Travarus Bennett Emmanuel Bibb Jermaine Blackburn Shad Blair David Booth Jeff Boschee Bryan Bracey Nick Bradford Odell Bradley Torraye Braggs Scott Brooks Damone Brown Kezo Brown Quinnel Brown SirValiant Brown Troy Brown Kenny Brunner Antonio Burks Cardell Butler Kevin Butler Geno Carlisle Antoine Carr Aquille Carr Chris Carrawell Zahir Carrington Maurice Carter Parrish Casebier Chris Cayole Cedric Ceballos Amir Celestin Brian Chase Robert Cheeks Eric Chenowith Keith Closs William Coleman DeAngelo Collins Dallas Comegys Dylon Cormier Schea Cotton Modie Cox Joe Cremo Joe Crispin Eric Crookshank Jason Crowe Ramel Curry Glen Dandridge Lloyd Daniels Ben Davis Kelvin Davis Robert Day Todd Day Derrick Dial Byron Dinkins Nate Driggers Ed Elisma Carlos Escalera Tony Farmer Marcus Feagin Taurian Fontenette Kevin Freeman Jarrid Frye Will Funn Corey Gaines Chris Garner Kenny Gasana Eddie Gill Armen Gilliam Anthony Goldwire Paul Grant Cortez Groves Kyle Gupton Chris Hagan Darrin Hancock Tim Hardaway * Trenton Hassell Juaquin Hawkins Andrew Hayles Curtis Haywood Esian Henderson Sean Higgins Dametri Hill Jeremiah Hill Rico Hill Chris Hines Randy Holcomb Jerry Holman Shaheen Holloway Derek Hood Jamar Howard Rick Hughes Edward "Cookie" Jarvis Keith Jensen Ashante Johnson DerMarr Johnson Matt Johnson Charles Jones Dominique Jones Dontae' Jones Kenny Jones Reggie Jordan Mark Karcher Jimmy King Julian King Billy Knight Christian Laettner Trajan Langdon Jack Leasure Tyrone Levett Geno Lewis Steve Logan Justin Love Sam Mack Gordon Malone Darrick Martin Dan McClintock Jelani McCoy Javon McCrea Jeremy McNeil Pete Mickeal Anthony Miller Oliver Miller Percy Miller Willie Mitchell Jamario Moon Chris Morris Isaiah Morris Lawrence Moten Byron Mouton Eric Murdock Tyrone Nesby Tyler Newton Ed O'Bannon Doug Overton Josh Pace Gerald Paddio Jannero Pargo Royce Parran Anthony Pelle Mike Penberthy Darren Phillip Chris Porter Rashaad Powell James Reaves Khalid Reeves Kareem Reid Eric Riley John Roberson Lawrence Roberts Stanley Roberts Ryan Robertson James Robinson Mike Robinson Dennis Rodman * René Rougeau Trevor Ruffin JaRon Rush Kareem Rush Bryon Russell Mark Sanford Jason Sasser Akeem Scott DeRonn Scott Shea Seals Clayton Shields Paul Shirley Troy Simons Duane Simpkins Lazarus Sims Reggie Slater Doug Smith Eddie Smith Tony Smith Isaac Spencer Curtis Staples Perry Stevenson Anthony Steward John Strickland Jayceon Taylor Doug Thomas Jamel Thomas Torey Thomas Scotty Thurman Clay Tucker Joah Tucker Nick VanderLaan David Vanterpool Fred Vinson Jermaine Walker Matt Walsh Rex Walters Jerod Ward Reginald Warren Jameel Watkins Sylvania Watkins C. J. Webster Tony Weeden Dominick Welch Bubba Wells Robert Whaley DeJuan Wheat Tyson Wheeler Davin White Lou White Donald Whiteside Brandon Williams Jason Williams Jerry Williams Larry Williams Richie Williams Tim Winn Terrence Woodyard Damian Woolfolk Metta World Peace Galen Young Asia: Matt Freije Chen Hsin-an Mark Magsumbol Sun Mingming Guy Parselany Yoav Saffar Behdad Sami Avery Scharer Ha Seung-jin Lee Seung-jun Yuta Tabuse Sun Yue Africa: Dokun Akingbade Kueth Duany Deng Gai Kenny Gasana Mohamad Hachad Issa Konare Pape Sow Americas: Anwar Ferguson Reggie Freeman Antoine Joseph Horacio Llamas Felipe López Olden Polynice Canada Jermaine Anderson Manix Auriantal Kelvin dela Peña Robbie Sihota Christian Upshaw Dwight Walton Howard Washington Europe: Tyrone Ellis Neil Fingleton Gheorghe Mureșan Jeff Nordgaard Oceania: Ty Harrelson Jeremiah Trueman Coaches USA: Nate Archibald * Isaac Austin Rod Baker Bill Bayno Chris Beard Scott Brooks Joe Bryant Wallace Bryant Paul Butorac Jason Caffey Don Casey Earl Cureton Darryl Dawkins Terry Dehere Bob Donewald Jr. Acie Earl Corey Gaines George Gervin * Greg Graham Gary Grant Litterial Green Ron Greene Tim Hardaway * Antonio Harvey Sean Higgins Bob Hoffman Dennis Hopson Richard Jacob Che' Jones Antoine Joubert Kevin Keathley Bruce Kreutzer Cliff Levingston Freddie Lewis Kyle Macy Sergio McClain Ashley McElhiney Joey Meyer Barry Migliorini DeLisha Milton-Jones Johnny Moore Richard Morton Hernando Planells Kevin Pritchard Jerry Reynolds Trevor Ruffin Twiggy Sanders Kelvin Scarborough Clayton Shields Bob Sundvold Dane Suttle LaSalle Thompson Ray Tolbert Jan van Breda Kolff Will Voigt Tirame Walker Teresa Weatherspoon * Scott Wedman Paul Westhead Kevin Whitted Jerry Williams Kenny Williams Orlando Woolridge Galen Young Patrick Zipfel Asia: Maz Trakh Americas: Olden Polynice References ^ "N.B.A. FINALS: NOTEBOOK; New League Tipping Off". 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"Jacksonville in the D-League?". Jacksonville Sports News, Sam Kouvaris SamSportsline.com. Retrieved July 4, 2023. ^ "Orlando moves D-League team to Lakeland". Florida Times-Union. December 14, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2023. ^ Hatfield, Jenn (December 8, 2020). "Fast, Competitive, and On the Rise: Inside the Women's American Basketball Association". Substack. Retrieved July 2, 2023. ^ "MARSHA BLOUNT NAMED EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT OF THE ABA". ABA Basketball. July 21, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2023. ^ Schoettle, Anthony; Orr, Susan; Russell, John; Bradley, Daniel (March 15, 2018). "Q&A: Newman is growing ABA, getting back into ad game". Indianapolis Business Journal. Retrieved July 2, 2023. ^ "Tinkham was Instrumental to Pacers' Survival". NBA.com. October 15, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2023. ^ "ABA Cancels Postseason, Ending Indiana Lyons Campaign". Indiana Lyons. March 16, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2023. ^ "LUCKY NUMBER 7". Jacksonville Giants. April 18, 2021. 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Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ White, Lonnie (March 10, 2004). "Long Beach Jam Wins League Title". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ Reports, team (March 27, 2005). "Blackhawks fall in ABA title game". The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ News Release, Team (March 27, 2006). "RazorSharks Win ABA Title". OurSports Central. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ Wolff, Alexander (February 20, 2013). "We Bought a Team: From writer to ABA owner: My improbable saga with the Vermont Frost Heaves". Sports Illustrated Longform. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ "Frost Heaves make their mark in ABA". Times Argus. April 1, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ News Release, Team (March 26, 2009). "Buzz Fall Minutes Short of 2009 ABA Championship". OurSports Central. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ News Release, Team (March 30, 2010). "Mavericks Win ABA Title". OurSports Central. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ Enterprise, Beaumont (March 29, 2011). "SE Texas Mavericks win second consecutive ABA Championship". Beaumont Enterprise. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ "Jacksonville Giants win ABA championship". Florida Times-Union. April 16, 2012. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ Elliott, Jeff (April 15, 2013). "Giants hold off North Dallas, win second consecutive ABA title". Florida Times-Union. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ "318 Forum Magazine by Wehaa". Wehaa. April 30, 2014. Retrieved June 22, 2023. ^ Watson, Jimmy (April 13, 2015). "Mavericks clinch second straight ABA title". Shreveport Times. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ "Giants Sweep. Win 3rd National Championship". Jacksonville Giants. April 9, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ Coastal, The (April 3, 2017). "BACK-TO-BACK: Giants Win 2nd Straight ABA Championship – The Coastal". The Coastal. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ "Jacksonville Giant are 2017-2018 ABA Champions! -". ABA. April 9, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ Coastal, The (April 15, 2019). "Jacksonville Giants Win Their 6th ABA Championship – The Coastal". The Coastal. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ "LUCKY NUMBER 7". Jacksonville Giants. April 18, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ Leturgey, Thomas (April 24, 2022). "Steel City Yellow Jackets are ABA champions with 123-118 win over Team Trouble". New Pittsburgh Courier. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ "Chicago Fury ABA Champions 2024". US Basketball News. April 21, 2024. Retrieved April 21, 2024. ^ "Kansas City Star - 04/15/2002 - Knights win for fun". kansascity.com. June 1, 2002. Archived from the original on June 1, 2002. Retrieved June 23, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Magic Dorsey named American Basketball Association Rookie of the Year". OurSports Central. March 25, 2005. Retrieved June 24, 2023. ^ "All-Star Game Thriller to Final Buzzer". OurSports Central. February 14, 2006. Retrieved June 24, 2023. ^ "Slam's Parker contributes at ABA All-Star Game". OurSports Central. January 28, 2007. Retrieved June 24, 2023. ^ "East beats West in battle of best". Rutland Herald. March 23, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2023. ^ "America's Green Team Texas FUEL Earns American Basketball Association Honors in Nashville". Deborah Dupre. March 26, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2023. ^ "RP team hopefuls open US training with win". GMA News Online. April 27, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2023. ^ Elliott, Jeff (February 27, 2011). "Fast-break ABA All-Star Game decided by free throws". Florida Times-Union. Retrieved June 23, 2023. ^ "ABA - American Basketball Association » ABA ANNOUNCES THREE ALL-STAR TEAMS FOR 2011-2012 SEASON". abalive.com. June 14, 2012. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ "Three Quarters of ABA Final Four Set". OurSports Central. March 25, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2023. ^ Brandenburg, Scott (April 11, 2015). "West Michigan Lake Hawks coach Ron Jenkins surprise coach in ABA all-star game". mlive. Retrieved June 24, 2023. ^ "2016 ABA All-Star Game, Terry Hosley named MVP". YouTube. Retrieved June 24, 2023. ^ "Coach Moe Harmon". Twitter. Retrieved June 24, 2023. ^ "2021 ABA Allstar Game: East vs. West 041521". YouTube. Retrieved June 24, 2023. ^ "2021-2022 ABA All-Stars Announced". ABA Basketball. March 31, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ "Leyton McGovern ABA All-Star Game (4qt) highlights". YouTube. Retrieved June 24, 2023. ^ "ABA All-Star Festivities & Championship Game". YouTube. April 20, 2024. Retrieved April 21, 2024. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Basketball Association (2000–present). Official website OTC Pink: ABKB League statistics and standings from MyStatsOnline vteAmerican Basketball Association (2000–present) teamsInternationalJapan Shizuoka GymratsCentralBlack Division Aurora Suns Chicago Fury Chicago Knights Chicago Rebels La Crosse Showtime Midwest Falcons Southland Saints Wisconsin Frost Blue Division Akron Aviators Burning River Buckets Columbus Wizards Pennsylvania Starz Team Network Western Pennsylvania Wolverines Red Division Clarksville Phoenix Hoosier State Instigators Indiana Legends Indiana Lyons Louisville Pros Nashville Aces Ohio Kings White Division Illinois Bulldogs Illinois Skulls Missouri Capitals Peoria Pitbulls River City Gamblers St. Louis SpiritsEastBlack Division Burlington Thorobreds Coney Island Thunder Garden State Warriors New Jersey Knights New Jersey Soldiers New York Hoop Dragons Westchester Stars Blue Division Bennington Martens Bridgeport Kings Connecticut Surge Maine Bulldogs Massachusetts Wolves New Hampshire Kingz Providence Pirates Springfield 413 Elite Red Division Carolina Kings Central Pennsylvania Kings Philly Thunder Raleigh Rockets Reidsville Reapers Tri-State Blazers Wyoming Valley Clutch White Division Albany 518 Ballers Binghamton Bulldogs Buffalo eXtreme Herkimer Originals Rochester Kingz Syracuse Upstate TrojansSouthBlack Division Gulf Coast Gladiators HBCU Movement Houston Red Storm Jackson Showboats Mississippi Silverbacks New Orleans Rush Pensacola Lightning Shreveport Bossier Knights Blue Division Alamo City All-Stars Austin Bats Crusaders Elite Texas Nighthawks Texas Purple Reign Texas Red Wolves Texas Seraphim Western Oklahoma Bulls Red Division Atlanta Aliens Columbus Skyhawks Edgewood 96ers Georgia Gwizzlies North Alabama Wardawgs South Atlanta Crows Southwest Warriors Stone Mountain Strong Steppers West Georgia Royals Wolverton Wolves White Division Clermont Crocs Daytona Beach Red Devils Florida All Stars Florida Sunblazers Nassau Pride Orlando Lions Perception St. Augustine GloryWestBlack Division Chula Vista Suns Guy Levy Legends Las Vegas Royals Oceanside Surf Orange County Novastars San Diego Geniuses So Cal Sea Turtles Blue Division Arizona Blazing Flames New Mexico Bullsnakes Southwest Desert Cats Tucson Buckets Red Division Contra Costa County Delta Stars East Bay Kings Fresno Flaming Sun-Rays Team Trouble White Division California Golden Tigers San Francisco City Cats San Jose Knights San Jose Panthers Silicon Valley Panthers
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"semi-professional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-professional"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"minor league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"American Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"ABA–NBA merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABA%E2%80%93NBA_merger"},{"link_name":"Women's American Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_American_Basketball_Association"}],"text":"For the 1967–1976 basketball league that merged into the National Basketball Association, see American Basketball Association.The American Basketball Association (ABA) is an American semi-professional men's basketball minor league that was founded in 1999.ABA teams are based in the United States, with one traveling team from Japan. The league previously had international teams based in Canada, China and Mexico. League management infamously maintains low requirements for franchise ownership, and hundreds of ABA teams have either folded or defected to rival leagues.The league licenses its name and use of ABA trademarks from the National Basketball Association, which absorbed the American Basketball Association (1967–1976) during the ABA–NBA merger. The Women's American Basketball Association has operated as a sister league to the ABA since 2017.","title":"American Basketball Association (2000–present)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000–01 ABA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"2001–02 ABA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_ABA_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NBA_Nation_@_CityWalk_037_(cropped).JPG"},{"link_name":"Darryl Dawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Dawkins"},{"link_name":"2000–01 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"Dick Tinkham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Tinkham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1999_x522-1"},{"link_name":"Indiana Pacers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Pacers"},{"link_name":"American Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schoettle_Blanchard_Russell_Bradley_2018_q884-2"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN.com_m730-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Writers_2005_a066-4"},{"link_name":"2000–01 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"Detroit Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Dogs"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Knights"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Stars_(2000%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bizjournals.com_2000_s648-5"},{"link_name":"Mark Hamister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hamister"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKissic_2004_u448-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_NYS_Historic_Newspapers_2000_s067-7"},{"link_name":"International Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Basketball_League_(1999%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Las_Vegas_Sun_2000_m550-8"},{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Darryl Dawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Dawkins"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tampa_Bay_Times_2005_b595-11"},{"link_name":"2001–02 ABA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Stars_(2000%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson_2002_d710-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson_Stone_2002_w490-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kansascity.com_2002_g632-14"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Knights"},{"link_name":"COO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operations_officer"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Associated_Press_2002_w523-15"}],"sub_title":"Launch and suspension, 1999–2002","text":"See also: 2000–01 ABA season and 2001–02 ABA seasonDarryl Dawkins, head coach of the Tampa Bay ThunderDawgs during their 2000–01 season.The league was originally co-founded by Dick Tinkham and Joe Newman in 1999 as ABA 2000.[1] Tinkham had previously co-founded the Indiana Pacers in the original American Basketball Association, and Newman had been an advertising executive for the Pacers.[2] The National Basketball Association (NBA), owner of the ABA trademark after absorbing many of the original league's teams, sued Tinkham and Newman in December 1999.[3] The lawsuit was unsuccessful since the NBA had failed to actively use the ABA trademark, and the new league entered an agreement with the NBA to license the name for $50,000.[4]The league began its inaugural 2000–01 season with eight teams: the Chicago Skyliners, Detroit Dogs, Indiana Legends, Kansas City Knights, Los Angeles Stars, Memphis Houn'Dawgs, San Diego Wildfire and Tampa Bay ThunderDawgs. Joe Newman founded the Indiana Legends to replace the Jacksonville Jackals, who were removed from the league after failing to secure a venue.[5] Mark Hamister purchased the rights to a Buffalo franchise for $75,000, but was also unable to secure a venue.[6][7] A proposed merger with the International Basketball League fell through in December 2000, which would have allowed the inaugural season to begin with additional teams.[8]To attract fans, the ABA encouraged its teams to fill rosters with former NBA players and past college basketball stars that had local ties.[9][10] Former NBA champion and Florida native Darryl Dawkins was recruited as the first head coach of the Tampa Bay ThunderDawgs.[11]The 2001–02 ABA season saw only three teams return from the inaugural season, with the Chicago Skyliners, Los Angeles Stars, Memphis Houn'Dawgs, San Diego Wildfire and Tampa Bay ThunderDawgs replaced by the Kentucky Pro Cats, Las Vegas Slam, Phoenix Eclipse and Southern California Surf.Joe Newman folded the Indiana Legends after he was sued by eight former players in August 2002 for failing to pay their salaries.[12] Newman had claimed $1 million in losses over two seasons of ownership.[13]The 2002–03 season was not played, as the league suspended operations for reorganization.[14] Jim Clark, owner of the Kansas City Knights, was named league President and COO in November 2002.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2003–04 ABA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"2004–05 ABA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"2005–06 ABA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_ABA_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_Yue_with_the_Beijing_Aoshen_Olympians.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sun Yue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yue_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Beijing Aoshen Olympians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Olympians"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"2003–04 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Knights"},{"link_name":"Fresno Heatwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_Heatwave"},{"link_name":"Juárez Gallos de Pelea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C3%A1rez_Gallos_de_Pelea"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Jam"},{"link_name":"Dennis Rodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Rodman"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Jam"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGee_Wojnarowski_Gonzalez_Voepel_2003_z757-16"},{"link_name":"2004–05 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_bond"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Washington_Post_2004_k373-17"},{"link_name":"Arkansas RimRockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_RimRockers"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Jam"},{"link_name":"NBA Development League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Development_League"},{"link_name":"Beijing Aoshen Olympians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Olympians"},{"link_name":"2005–06 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"Chinese Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Sun Yue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yue_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Chinese national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Maywood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maywood,_California"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bucher_2006_t001-18"},{"link_name":"CCTV-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV-5"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pierson_2006-19"},{"link_name":"2005–06 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Krunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Krunk"},{"link_name":"Florida Pit Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Pit_Bulls"},{"link_name":"Indiana Alley Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Alley_Cats"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Xplosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Xplosion"},{"link_name":"San Jose Skyrockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Skyrockets"},{"link_name":"SoCal Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoCal_Legends"},{"link_name":"Continental Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Basketball_Association"}],"sub_title":"Restructuring and defections, 2003–2005","text":"See also: 2003–04 ABA season, 2004–05 ABA season, and 2005–06 ABA seasonSun Yue, two-time ABA All-Star who played for the Beijing Aoshen Olympians from 2005 to 2008.The league resumed play with seven teams for the 2003–04 season. The returning Kansas City Knights were joined by the Fresno Heatwave, Jersey Squires, Las Vegas Rattlers, Juárez Gallos de Pelea, Long Beach Jam and Tijuana Dragons. Dennis Rodman brought national attention to the league when he signed with the Long Beach Jam, leading them to an ABA title in their first season.[16]The 2004–05 season saw franchise fees lowered from $50,000 to $10,000, and the bond requirement removed in order to attract new teams.[17] Teams were subsequently organized into regional groups to facilitate interest and reduce travel costs, with 37 clubs competing that season in three divisions. The Arkansas RimRockers won the 2004–05 ABA title in their first year of play, but then left with the Long Beach Jam to join the rival NBA Development League.The ABA welcomed the Beijing Aoshen Olympians beginning with the 2005–06 season, a club which had been banned from the Chinese Basketball League after refusing to allow star prospect Sun Yue to play for the Chinese national team. The Olympians played their home games in Maywood, California.[18] CCTV-5 in China broadcast the team's games, where they were watched by an average of 15 million people.[19]Following the 2005–06 season in which many teams failed to complete their full schedules and became insolvent, the Charlotte Krunk, Florida Pit Bulls, Indiana Alley Cats, Pittsburgh Xplosion, San Jose Skyrockets and SoCal Legends left to join the rival Continental Basketball Association.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006–07 ABA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"2007–08 ABA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hfxnews.ca_2007_h527-20"},{"link_name":"Maryland Nighthawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Nighthawks"},{"link_name":"initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"ABKB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//finance.yahoo.com/quote/ABKB/"},{"link_name":"John Salley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Salley"},{"link_name":"Maryland Nighthawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Nighthawks"},{"link_name":"COO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operations_officer"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OurSports_Central_2006_s468-21"},{"link_name":"2006–07 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"Alexander Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wolff"},{"link_name":"Vermont Frost Heaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Frost_Heaves"},{"link_name":"John Salley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Salley"},{"link_name":"boardroom coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boardroom_coup"},{"link_name":"shareholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareholders"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schoettle_Orr_Blanchard_Russell_2007_c552-24"},{"link_name":"2006–07 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"Rochester Razorsharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Razorsharks"},{"link_name":"Wilmington Sea Dawgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_Sea_Dawgs"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-George_2007_w822-25"},{"link_name":"Hammond Rollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_Rollers"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Jam"},{"link_name":"Maryland Nighthawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Nighthawks"},{"link_name":"Quad City Riverhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_City_Riverhawks"},{"link_name":"Wilmington Sea Dawgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_Sea_Dawgs"},{"link_name":"Premier Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"2007–08 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"Vermont Frost Heaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Frost_Heaves"},{"link_name":"Premier Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Halifax Rainmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Rainmen"},{"link_name":"Manchester Millrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John_Millrats"},{"link_name":"Quebec Kebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Kebs"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsn.ca_2008_n166-26"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Vision"},{"link_name":"COO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operations_officer"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OurSports_Central_2008_b082-27"},{"link_name":"NBA Development League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Development_League"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OurSports_Central_2008_l226-28"}],"sub_title":"Failed coup and formation of PBL, 2006–2008","text":"See also: 2006–07 ABA season and 2007–08 ABA seasonMy idea of success and Newman's differ. I'd rather have fewer teams, that are stable and last, as opposed to having tons that continue to fold. It's not the amount of teams that a league has, it's the amount that finish.[20]\n\n\n—Tom Doyle, Maryland NighthawksIn preparation for the league's initial public offering (ABKB), former NBA player John Salley was named league commissioner and Maryland Nighthawks owner Tom Doyle was named league COO in September 2006.[21] Cost for new franchises was subsequently raised to $20,000 for the 2006–07 season.[22] Sports Illustrated writer Alexander Wolff launched the Vermont Frost Heaves, regularly penning articles in the publication about his team's inaugural campaign.John Salley and Tom Doyle attempted a boardroom coup on behalf of shareholders, with ABA's Board of Directors voting to remove Joe Newman as CEO on January 31, 2007.[23] Newman sued Salley and Doyle, leading to a settlement in which he kept his job and forced their resignations from the league.[24]The 2006–07 season concluded with the defending champion Rochester Razorsharks withdrawing from the league after they asked to reschedule a playoff game against the Wilmington Sea Dawgs, but were denied and told to forfeit.[25] Following this incident, the Hammond Rollers, Jacksonville Jam, Maryland Nighthawks, Quad City Riverhawks and Wilmington Sea Dawgs joined the Razorsharks in forming the Premier Basketball League (PBL).Following the 2007–08 season, the reigning champion Vermont Frost Heaves left for the Premier Basketball League along with the Halifax Rainmen, Manchester Millrats and Quebec Kebs.[26]Quentin Townsend, owner of the Atlanta Vision, was named league President and COO in April 2008.[27] He was later removed from those positions after being arrested in November 2008 for defrauding investors in a scheme to acquire an NBA Development League franchise.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008–09 ABA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"2009–10 ABA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"2010–11 ABA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"2011–12 ABA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"2012–13 ABA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_ABA_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TheDigitel_Myrtle_Beach_-_6381354769.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chris Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Beard"},{"link_name":"South Carolina Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Warriors"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"2008–09 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warren_2008_i527-29"},{"link_name":"2008–09 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"Southeast Texas Mustangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Texas_Mustangs"},{"link_name":"Continental Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"interleague play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleague_play"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspapers.com_2009_s601-30"},{"link_name":"NBA scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_scouts"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bronstein_2009_e230-31"},{"link_name":"2009–10 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"Southeast Texas Mavericks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Texas_Mavericks"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Gilas Pilipinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilas_Pilipinas"},{"link_name":"San Diego Surf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanside_Surf"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"COO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operations_officer"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OurSports_Central_2010_j727-34"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"Southeast Texas Mavericks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Texas_Mavericks"},{"link_name":"NBA Development League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Development_League"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Examiner_2011_t452-35"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Giants"},{"link_name":"South Carolina Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Warriors"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott_2013_l832-36"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"Shreveport-Bossier Mavericks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport-Bossier_Mavericks"},{"link_name":"perfect season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_season"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ksla_2013_d031-37"}],"sub_title":"CBA absorption and continued instability, 2008–2013","text":"See also: 2008–09 ABA season, 2009–10 ABA season, 2010–11 ABA season, 2011–12 ABA season, and 2012–13 ABA seasonChris Beard coaching the South Carolina Warriors, who finished their 2011–12 regular season undefeated.At the start of the 2008–09 season, over 200 teams had folded since the league's inception.[29]The 2008–09 season saw the Southeast Texas Mustangs franchise join the league after leaving the struggling Continental Basketball Association. The ABA attempted interleague play with the four remaining CBA teams, but their league folded mid-season.[30]NBA scouts stopped attending the league's games in January 2009, citing the amount of cancelled and forfeited contests.[31]Several teams folded during the 2009–10 season, including the entire Pacific Northwest Division. The San Francisco Rumble forfeited their playoff game against the Southeast Texas Mavericks, as they could not afford to travel for the contest.[32]Gilas Pilipinas, the Philippine national basketball team, competed in a series of exhibitions against ABA teams including the Clayton Showtime, Los Angeles Slam, Riverside Rainmakers, San Diego Surf and the West Coast All-Stars.[33] This April 2010 series was referred to as the ABA Friendship Games.Dick Packer was named league President and COO in April 2010.[34]After winning their second consecutive championship in 2010–11, the Southeast Texas Mavericks publicly opined that the ABA did not have adequate competition, and they left with intentions of joining the NBA Development League.[35] However, their application to join the NBA Development League was denied, and the franchise sat out the 2011–12 and 2012–13 seasons. Consecutive titles were won by the Jacksonville Giants in their absence, with championship wins over the previously undefeated South Carolina Warriors in 2011–12 and North Dallas Vandals in 2012–13.[36] The team returned to the ABA for 2013–14 as the Shreveport-Bossier Mavericks, going undefeated and winning the league title in a perfect season.[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2013–14 ABA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"2014–15 ABA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"2015–16 ABA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_ABA_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacksonville_Veterans_Memorial_Arena.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Veterans_Memorial_Arena"},{"link_name":"2013–14 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abramson_2014_z438-39"},{"link_name":"ESPN3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN3"},{"link_name":"2014–15 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cafardo_2014_o408-40"},{"link_name":"perfect season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_season"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"Shreveport-Bossier Mavericks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport-Bossier_Mavericks"},{"link_name":"Premier Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KSLA_2015_z964-41"},{"link_name":"2015–16 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Giants"},{"link_name":"Chicago Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Steam"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Veterans_Memorial_Arena"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacksonville_Giants_2016_h525-42"},{"link_name":"Orlando Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Magic"},{"link_name":"NBA Development League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Development_League"},{"link_name":"Erie BayHawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osceola_Magic"},{"link_name":"Lakeland, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kouvaris_2016_e231-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Florida_Times-Union_2016_x566-44"}],"sub_title":"Management change and ESPN3 deal, 2014–2016","text":"See also: 2013–14 ABA season, 2014–15 ABA season, and 2015–16 ABA seasonJacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena, which hosted the largest crowd in ABA history on January 16, 2016.At the conclusion of the 2013–14 season, over 350 franchises had folded since the league's inception.[38]Former Arizona Scorpions owner Ron Tilley replaced Joe Newman as league President and CEO following Newman's retirement in July 2014.[39]The league signed a two-year streaming deal with ESPN3 in August 2014 to broadcast regular season and playoff games beginning with the 2014–15 season.[40]After completing a perfect season for the second time in 2014–15 and winning their fourth championship, the Shreveport-Bossier Mavericks left the ABA to join the Premier Basketball League.[41]Joe Newman returned to the role of league President and CEO beginning with the 2015–16 season.The Jacksonville Giants drew the league's all-time record crowd of 8,987 for their 100–93 victory over the previously unbeaten Chicago Steam at Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena on January 16, 2016.[42] It had been reported the week prior that the Orlando Magic was considering adopting the Giants as their NBA Development League affiliate, although later in the year they instead moved their existing affiliate Erie BayHawks to Lakeland, Florida.[43][44]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indiana Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Women's American Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_American_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hatfield_2020_u609-45"},{"link_name":"Garden State Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_State_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABA_Basketball_2022_w191-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schoettle_Orr_Russell_Bradley_2018_v382-47"},{"link_name":"Dick Tinkham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Tinkham"},{"link_name":"muscular dystrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_dystrophy"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBA.com_2018_u587-48"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indiana_Lyons_2020_b004-49"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Giants"},{"link_name":"perfect season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_season"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacksonville_Giants_2021-50"},{"link_name":"play-in tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-in_tournament"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABA_2022_a869-51"},{"link_name":"Steel City Yellow Jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_City_Yellow_Jackets"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Giants"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABA_Basketball_2022_f699-52"},{"link_name":"Steel City Yellow Jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_City_Yellow_Jackets"},{"link_name":"Burning River Buckets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_River_Buckets"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newsroom_2023_k782-53"},{"link_name":"Burning River Buckets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_River_Buckets"},{"link_name":"Indiana Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Lyons"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABA_2023_x688-54"}],"sub_title":"WABA launch and addition of play-in tournament, 2017–present","text":"The Indiana Lyons hosting the Indiana Legends on February 24, 2024.A sister league, the Women's American Basketball Association (WABA), was launched in 2017.[45] Garden State Warriors owner Marsha Blount was named the league's President and CEO.[46]The 2017–18 season saw franchise fees lowered to $2,500.[47]League co-founder Dick Tinkham died of muscular dystrophy in October 2018.[48]The 2019–20 season was ended prematurely and the playoffs cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[49]The undefeated Jacksonville Giants captured their seventh and final championship in 2020–21, concluding the team's first perfect season and third in ABA history.[50]A play-in tournament was implemented beginning with the 2021–22 season to determine which teams would advance to the divisional round of the playoffs.[51]Following elimination from the 2021–22 playoffs by the Steel City Yellow Jackets, the Jacksonville Giants ceased operations.[52] The Steel City Yellow Jackets suspended operations after their elimination from the 2022–23 playoffs by the Burning River Buckets.[53]The Burning River Buckets and Indiana Lyons were declared co-champions of the 2022–23 season after storm damage rendered the venue for their championship game unplayable.[54]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TheDigitel_Myrtle_Beach_-_6381376559.jpg"},{"link_name":"official","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indiana_Lyons_2018_n873-55"},{"link_name":"backcourt violation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_basketball_terms#B"},{"link_name":"half-court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-court_shot"},{"link_name":"goaltending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goaltending_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"fouls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_foul_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"free throw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_throw"},{"link_name":"Overtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"publicity stunts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicity_stunts"}],"text":"ABA official.The league employs a number of unconventional rules that are unique to the league:[55]Four-point field goal: Shots made from behind the half-court division line are credited as 4 points.\n3D rule: If a team commits a backcourt violation or turns the ball over in the backcourt, any field goal scored by the opposing team on the ensuing possession shall be awarded an additional point (2-point shots are credited as 3 points, 3-point shots are credited as 4 points, 4-point half-court shots are credited as 5 points).\nBasket interference rule: Once the ball hits the rim, any play for the ball by a defender will not be considered goaltending.\nSixth foul rule: A player who has committed six fouls may stay in the game, but any foul they commit after that point in time results in an uncontested free throw for the opposing team by a player of their choosing, and the opposing team also retains possession.\n3–10 & Out: Overtime begins with a single 3-minute period. If the score is still tied, a second untimed overtime period shall commence, and the first team to reach 10 points wins the game.\n13th man rule: Each team is allowed an additional player to dress for games beyond their normal 12-man squad. This traditionally is a role filled by celebrities and dignitaries as publicity stunts, but teams have also used the rule to strengthen their roster for important games.","title":"Rule changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vermont_Frost_Heaves_at_Halifax_Rainmen_(January_10_2008).jpg"},{"link_name":"Vermont Frost Heaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Frost_Heaves"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_ABA_season"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MyStatsOnline_q350-56"},{"link_name":"Garden State Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_State_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Georgia Gwizzlies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Gwizzlies"},{"link_name":"Oceanside Surf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanside_Surf"}],"text":"Vermont Frost Heaves, winners of the 2006–07 and 2007–08 league championship.109 teams completed at least one game during the 2023–24 season.[56]The league's oldest surviving franchises are the Garden State Warriors (est. 2005), Georgia Gwizzlies (est. 2007), and Oceanside Surf (est. 2009).","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detroit Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Panthers_(PBL)"},{"link_name":"Maximum Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Kitsap Admirals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsap_Admirals"},{"link_name":"Motor City Cruise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_City_Cruise"},{"link_name":"NBA G League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_G_League"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland Rogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_Rogues"},{"link_name":"Basketball Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Super_League_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"Shreveport Mavericks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport_Mavericks"},{"link_name":"The Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Basketball_League"}],"sub_title":"Defunct","text":"Franchises that left the ABA but still compete elsewhere include the Detroit Panthers (Maximum Basketball League), Kitsap Admirals (Independent), Motor City Cruise (NBA G League), Newfoundland Rogues (Basketball Super League), and Shreveport Mavericks (The Basketball League).","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Basketball Association (2000–present) playoff results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_Association_(2000%E2%80%93present)_playoff_results"}],"text":"For complete playoff results of past ABA seasons, see American Basketball Association (2000–present) playoff results.","title":"Championship results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"All-Star Game results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Malik Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Allen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Anthony Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Anderson_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Harold Arceneaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Arceneaux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kayode Ayeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayode_Ayeni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Toby Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Bailey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Antwain Barbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwain_Barbour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Matt Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Barnes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Turner Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Battle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Corey Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Beck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Charlie Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Bell_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Benoit Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoit_Benjamin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Corey Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Benjamin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jason Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Bennett_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Travarus Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travarus_Bennett"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Bibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Bibb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jermaine Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaine_Blackburn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Shad Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shad_Blair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"David Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Booth_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jeff Boschee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Boschee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bryan Bracey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Bracey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Nick Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bradford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Odell Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odell_Bradley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Torraye Braggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torraye_Braggs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Scott Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brooks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Damone Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damone_Brown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kezo Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kezo_Brown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Quinnel Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinnel_Brown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"SirValiant Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SirValiant_Brown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Troy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Brown_(basketball,_born_1971)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kenny Brunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Brunner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Antonio Burks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Burks_(basketball,_born_1982)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cardell Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardell_Butler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kevin Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Butler_(streetball_player)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Geno Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geno_Carlisle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Antoine Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Carr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Aquille Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquille_Carr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Chris Carrawell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Carrawell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Zahir Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahir_Carrington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Maurice Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Carter_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Parrish Casebier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrish_Casebier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Chris Cayole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cayole"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cedric Ceballos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Ceballos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Amir Celestin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Celestin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Brian Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Chase_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Robert Cheeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cheeks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Eric Chenowith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Chenowith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Keith Closs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Closs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"William Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Coleman_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"DeAngelo Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeAngelo_Collins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Dallas Comegys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Comegys"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Dylon Cormier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylon_Cormier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Schea Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schea_Cotton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Modie Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modie_Cox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Joe Cremo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cremo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Joe Crispin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Crispin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Eric Crookshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Crookshank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jason Crowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Crowe_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ramel Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramel_Curry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Glen Dandridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Dandridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Daniels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ben Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Davis_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kelvin Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Davis_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Robert Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Day_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Todd Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Day"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Derrick Dial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Dial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Byron Dinkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Dinkins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Nate Driggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Driggers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ed Elisma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Elisma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Carlos Escalera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Escalera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tony Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Farmer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Marcus Feagin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Feagin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Taurian Fontenette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurian_Fontenette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kevin Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Freeman_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jarrid Frye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrid_Frye"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Will Funn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Funn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Corey Gaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Gaines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Chris Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Garner_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kenny Gasana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Garner_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Eddie Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Gill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Armen Gilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen_Gilliam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Anthony Goldwire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Goldwire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Paul Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Grant_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cortez Groves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortez_Groves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kyle Gupton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Gupton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Chris Hagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hagan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Darrin Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrin_Hancock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tim Hardaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hardaway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Trenton Hassell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton_Hassell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Juaquin Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juaquin_Hawkins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hayles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hayles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Curtis Haywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Haywood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Esian Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esian_Henderson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Sean Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Higgins_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Dametri Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dametri_Hill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Hill_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Rico Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rico_Hill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Chris Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Randy Holcomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Holcomb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jerry Holman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Holman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Shaheen Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheen_Holloway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Derek Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Hood_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jamar Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamar_Howard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Rick Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Hughes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Edward \"Cookie\" Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_%22Cookie%22_Jarvis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Keith Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Jensen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ashante Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashante_Johnson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"DerMarr Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DerMarr_Johnson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Matt Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Johnson_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Charles Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jones_(basketball,_born_1975)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Dominique Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Jones"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Dontae' Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dontae%27_Jones"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kenny Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Jones_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Reggie Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Jordan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mark Karcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Karcher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jimmy King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_King"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Julian King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_King_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Billy Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Knight_(basketball,_born_1979)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Christian Laettner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Laettner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Trajan Langdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan_Langdon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jack Leasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Leasure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tyrone Levett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrone_Levett"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Geno Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geno_Lewis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Steve Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Logan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Justin Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Love"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Sam Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Mack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Gordon Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Malone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Darrick Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrick_Martin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Dan McClintock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_McClintock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jelani McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelani_McCoy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Javon McCrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javon_McCrea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jeremy McNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_McNeil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Pete Mickeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Mickeal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Anthony Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Miller_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Oliver Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Miller"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Percy Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Willie Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Mitchell_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jamario Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamario_Moon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Chris Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Morris_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Isaiah Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Morris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Moten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Moten"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Byron Mouton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Mouton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Eric Murdock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Murdock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tyrone Nesby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrone_Nesby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tyler Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Newton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ed O'Bannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_O%27Bannon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Doug Overton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Overton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Josh Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Pace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Gerald Paddio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Paddio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jannero Pargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jannero_Pargo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Royce Parran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royce_Parran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Anthony Pelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Pelle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mike Penberthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Penberthy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Darren Phillip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Phillip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Chris Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Porter_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Rashaad Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashaad_Powell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"James Reaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Reaves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Khalid Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Reeves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kareem Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareem_Reid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Eric Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Riley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"John Roberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Stanley Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Roberts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ryan Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Robertson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"James Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robinson_(basketball,_born_1970)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mike Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Robinson_(basketball,_born_1976)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Dennis Rodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Rodman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"René Rougeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Rougeau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Trevor Ruffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Ruffin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"JaRon Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JaRon_Rush"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kareem Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareem_Rush"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bryon Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryon_Russell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mark Sanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Sanford_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jason Sasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Sasser"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Akeem Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeem_Scott"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"DeRonn Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeRonn_Scott"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Shea Seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_Seals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Clayton Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Shields"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Paul Shirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shirley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Troy Simons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Simons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Duane Simpkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane_Simpkins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Lazarus Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_Sims"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Reggie Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Slater"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Doug Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Smith_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Eddie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Smith_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tony Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Smith_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Isaac Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Spencer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Curtis Staples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Staples"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Perry Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Stevenson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Anthony Steward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Steward"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"John Strickland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Strickland_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jayceon Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_(rapper)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Doug Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Thomas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jamel Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamel_Thomas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Torey Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torey_Thomas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Scotty Thurman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotty_Thurman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Clay Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Tucker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Joah Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joah_Tucker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Nick VanderLaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_VanderLaan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"David Vanterpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Vanterpool"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Fred Vinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Vinson_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jermaine Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaine_Walker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Matt Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Rex Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Walters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jerod Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerod_Ward"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Reginald Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Warren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jameel Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameel_Watkins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Sylvania Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvania_Watkins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"C. J. Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._J._Webster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tony Weeden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Weeden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Dominick Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominick_Welch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bubba Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubba_Wells"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Robert Whaley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Whaley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"DeJuan Wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeJuan_Wheat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tyson Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Wheeler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Davin White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davin_White"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Lou White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_White"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Donald Whiteside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Whiteside"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Brandon Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Williams_(basketball,_born_1975)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jason Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Williams_(basketball,_born_1979)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jerry Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Williams_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Larry Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Williams_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Richie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Williams_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tim Winn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Winn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Terrence Woodyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Woodyard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Damian Woolfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Woolfolk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Metta World Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metta_World_Peace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Galen Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen_Young"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Matt Freije","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Freije"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Chen Hsin-an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Hsin-an"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Mark Magsumbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Magsumbol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Sun Mingming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Mingming"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Guy Parselany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Parselany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Yoav Saffar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoav_Saffar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Behdad Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behdad_Sami"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Avery Scharer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Scharer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Ha Seung-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_Seung-jin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Lee Seung-jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Seung-jun_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Yuta Tabuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuta_Tabuse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Sun Yue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yue_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Dokun Akingbade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokun_Akingbade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Kueth Duany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kueth_Duany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Deng Gai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Gai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Kenny Gasana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Gasana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Mohamad Hachad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamad_Hachad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Issa Konare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_Konare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Pape Sow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Sow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Anwar Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Ferguson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Reggie Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Freeman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Antoine Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Joseph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Horacio Llamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio_Llamas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Felipe López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_L%C3%B3pez_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Olden Polynice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olden_Polynice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Jermaine Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaine_Anderson_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Manix Auriantal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manix_Auriantal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Kelvin dela Peña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_dela_Pe%C3%B1a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Robbie Sihota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Sihota"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Christian Upshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Upshaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Dwight Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Walton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Howard Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Washington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Tyrone Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrone_Ellis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Neil Fingleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Fingleton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Mureșan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Mure%C8%99an"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Jeff Nordgaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Nordgaard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Ty Harrelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Harrelson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Trueman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Trueman"}],"sub_title":"Players","text":"USA:\n\n Malik Allen\n Anthony Anderson\n Harold Arceneaux\n Kayode Ayeni\n Toby Bailey\n Antwain Barbour\n Matt Barnes\n Turner Battle\n Corey Beck\n Charlie Bell\n Benoit Benjamin\n Corey Benjamin\n Jason Bennett\n Travarus Bennett\n Emmanuel Bibb\n Jermaine Blackburn\n Shad Blair\n David Booth\n Jeff Boschee\n Bryan Bracey\n Nick Bradford\n Odell Bradley\n Torraye Braggs\n Scott Brooks\n Damone Brown\n Kezo Brown\n Quinnel Brown\n SirValiant Brown\n Troy Brown\n Kenny Brunner\n Antonio Burks\n Cardell Butler\n Kevin Butler\n Geno Carlisle\n Antoine Carr\n Aquille Carr\n Chris Carrawell\n Zahir Carrington\n Maurice Carter\n Parrish Casebier\n Chris Cayole\n Cedric Ceballos\n Amir Celestin\n Brian Chase\n Robert Cheeks\n Eric Chenowith\n Keith Closs\n William Coleman\n DeAngelo Collins\n Dallas Comegys\n Dylon Cormier\n Schea Cotton\n Modie Cox\n Joe Cremo\n Joe Crispin\n Eric Crookshank\n Jason Crowe\n Ramel Curry\n Glen Dandridge\n Lloyd Daniels\n Ben Davis\n Kelvin Davis\n Robert Day\n Todd Day\n Derrick Dial\n Byron Dinkins\n Nate Driggers\n Ed Elisma\n Carlos Escalera\n Tony Farmer\n Marcus Feagin\n Taurian Fontenette\n Kevin Freeman\n Jarrid Frye\n Will Funn\n Corey Gaines\n Chris Garner\n Kenny Gasana\n Eddie Gill\n Armen Gilliam\n Anthony Goldwire\n Paul Grant\n Cortez Groves\n Kyle Gupton\n Chris Hagan\n Darrin Hancock\n Tim Hardaway *\n Trenton Hassell\n Juaquin Hawkins\n Andrew Hayles\n Curtis Haywood\n Esian Henderson\n Sean Higgins\n Dametri Hill\n Jeremiah Hill\n Rico Hill\n Chris Hines\n Randy Holcomb\n Jerry Holman\n Shaheen Holloway\n Derek Hood\n Jamar Howard\n Rick Hughes\n Edward \"Cookie\" Jarvis\n Keith Jensen\n Ashante Johnson\n DerMarr Johnson\n Matt Johnson\n Charles Jones\n Dominique Jones\n Dontae' Jones\n Kenny Jones\n Reggie Jordan\n Mark Karcher\n Jimmy King\n Julian King\n Billy Knight\n Christian Laettner\n Trajan Langdon\n Jack Leasure\n Tyrone Levett\n Geno Lewis\n Steve Logan\n Justin Love\n Sam Mack\n Gordon Malone\n Darrick Martin\n Dan McClintock\n Jelani McCoy\n Javon McCrea\n Jeremy McNeil\n Pete Mickeal\n Anthony Miller\n Oliver Miller\n Percy Miller\n Willie Mitchell\n Jamario Moon\n Chris Morris\n Isaiah Morris\n Lawrence Moten\n Byron Mouton\n Eric Murdock\n Tyrone Nesby\n Tyler Newton\n Ed O'Bannon\n Doug Overton\n Josh Pace\n Gerald Paddio\n Jannero Pargo\n Royce Parran\n Anthony Pelle\n Mike Penberthy\n Darren Phillip\n Chris Porter\n Rashaad Powell\n James Reaves\n Khalid Reeves\n Kareem Reid\n Eric Riley\n John Roberson\n Lawrence Roberts\n Stanley Roberts\n Ryan Robertson\n James Robinson\n Mike Robinson\n Dennis Rodman *\n René Rougeau\n Trevor Ruffin\n JaRon Rush\n Kareem Rush\n Bryon Russell\n Mark Sanford\n Jason Sasser\n Akeem Scott\n DeRonn Scott\n Shea Seals\n Clayton Shields\n Paul Shirley\n Troy Simons\n Duane Simpkins\n Lazarus Sims\n Reggie Slater\n Doug Smith\n Eddie Smith\n Tony Smith\n Isaac Spencer\n Curtis Staples\n Perry Stevenson\n Anthony Steward\n John Strickland\n Jayceon Taylor\n Doug Thomas\n Jamel Thomas\n Torey Thomas\n Scotty Thurman\n Clay Tucker\n Joah Tucker\n Nick VanderLaan\n David Vanterpool\n Fred Vinson\n Jermaine Walker\n Matt Walsh\n Rex Walters\n Jerod Ward\n Reginald Warren\n Jameel Watkins\n Sylvania Watkins\n C. J. Webster\n Tony Weeden\n Dominick Welch\n Bubba Wells\n Robert Whaley\n DeJuan Wheat\n Tyson Wheeler\n Davin White\n Lou White\n Donald Whiteside\n Brandon Williams\n Jason Williams\n Jerry Williams\n Larry Williams\n Richie Williams\n Tim Winn\n Terrence Woodyard\n Damian Woolfolk\n Metta World Peace\n Galen Young\nAsia:\n\n Matt Freije\n Chen Hsin-an\n Mark Magsumbol\n Sun Mingming\n Guy Parselany\n Yoav Saffar\n Behdad Sami\n Avery Scharer\n Ha Seung-jin\n Lee Seung-jun\n Yuta Tabuse\n Sun Yue\nAfrica:\n\n Dokun Akingbade\n Kueth Duany\n Deng Gai\n Kenny Gasana\n Mohamad Hachad\n Issa Konare\n Pape Sow\nAmericas:\n\n Anwar Ferguson\n Reggie Freeman\n Antoine Joseph\n Horacio Llamas\n Felipe López\n Olden Polynice\nCanada\n\n Jermaine Anderson\n Manix Auriantal\n Kelvin dela Peña\n Robbie Sihota\n Christian Upshaw\n Dwight Walton\n Howard Washington\nEurope:\n\n Tyrone Ellis\n Neil Fingleton\n Gheorghe Mureșan\n Jeff Nordgaard\nOceania:\n\n Ty Harrelson\n Jeremiah Trueman","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Nate Archibald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Archibald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Isaac Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Austin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Rod Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Baker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bill Bayno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bayno"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Chris Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Beard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Scott Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brooks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Joe Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bryant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Wallace Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Bryant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Paul Butorac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Butorac"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jason Caffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Caffey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Don Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Casey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Earl Cureton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Cureton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Darryl Dawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Dawkins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Terry Dehere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Dehere"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bob Donewald Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Donewald_Jr."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Acie Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acie_Earl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Corey Gaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Gaines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"George Gervin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gervin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Greg Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Graham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Gary Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Grant_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Litterial Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litterial_Green"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ron Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Greene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tim Hardaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hardaway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Antonio Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Harvey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Sean Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Higgins_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bob Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hoffman_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Dennis Hopson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Hopson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Richard Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jacob"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Che' Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%27_Jones"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Antoine Joubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Joubert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kevin Keathley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Keathley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bruce Kreutzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Kreutzer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cliff Levingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Levingston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Freddie Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Lewis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kyle Macy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Macy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Sergio McClain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_McClain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ashley McElhiney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_McElhiney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Joey Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Meyer_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Barry Migliorini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Migliorini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"DeLisha Milton-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLisha_Milton-Jones"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Johnny Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Moore_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Richard Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Morton_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Hernando Planells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_Planells"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kevin Pritchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Pritchard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jerry Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Reynolds_(basketball,_born_1962)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Trevor Ruffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Ruffin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Twiggy Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiggy_Sanders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kelvin Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Scarborough"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Clayton Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Shields"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bob Sundvold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Sundvold"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Dane Suttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_Suttle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"LaSalle Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaSalle_Thompson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ray Tolbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Tolbert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jan van Breda Kolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Breda_Kolff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Will Voigt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Voigt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tirame Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirame_Walker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Teresa Weatherspoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Weatherspoon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Scott Wedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Wedman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Paul Westhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Westhead"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kevin Whitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Whitted"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jerry Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Williams_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kenny Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Williams_(basketball,_born_1972)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Orlando Woolridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Woolridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Galen Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen_Young"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Patrick Zipfel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Zipfel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Maz Trakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maz_Trakh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Olden Polynice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olden_Polynice"}],"sub_title":"Coaches","text":"USA:\n\n Nate Archibald *\n Isaac Austin\n Rod Baker\n Bill Bayno\n Chris Beard\n Scott Brooks\n Joe Bryant\n Wallace Bryant\n Paul Butorac\n Jason Caffey\n Don Casey\n Earl Cureton\n Darryl Dawkins\n Terry Dehere\n Bob Donewald Jr.\n Acie Earl\n Corey Gaines\n George Gervin *\n Greg Graham\n Gary Grant\n Litterial Green\n Ron Greene\n Tim Hardaway *\n Antonio Harvey\n Sean Higgins\n Bob Hoffman\n Dennis Hopson\n Richard Jacob\n Che' Jones\n Antoine Joubert\n Kevin Keathley\n Bruce Kreutzer\n Cliff Levingston\n Freddie Lewis\n Kyle Macy\n Sergio McClain\n Ashley McElhiney\n Joey Meyer\n Barry Migliorini\n DeLisha Milton-Jones\n Johnny Moore\n Richard Morton\n Hernando Planells\n Kevin Pritchard\n Jerry Reynolds\n Trevor Ruffin\n Twiggy Sanders\n Kelvin Scarborough\n Clayton Shields\n Bob Sundvold\n Dane Suttle\n LaSalle Thompson\n Ray Tolbert\n Jan van Breda Kolff\n Will Voigt\n Tirame Walker\n Teresa Weatherspoon *\n Scott Wedman\n Paul Westhead\n Kevin Whitted\n Jerry Williams\n Kenny Williams\n Orlando Woolridge\n Galen Young\n Patrick Zipfel\nAsia:\n\n Maz Trakh\nAmericas:\n\n Olden Polynice","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[{"image_text":"Darryl Dawkins, head coach of the Tampa Bay ThunderDawgs during their 2000–01 season.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/NBA_Nation_%40_CityWalk_037_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-NBA_Nation_%40_CityWalk_037_%28cropped%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sun Yue, two-time ABA All-Star who played for the Beijing Aoshen Olympians from 2005 to 2008.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sun_Yue_with_the_Beijing_Aoshen_Olympians.jpg/170px-Sun_Yue_with_the_Beijing_Aoshen_Olympians.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chris Beard coaching the South Carolina Warriors, who finished their 2011–12 regular season undefeated.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/TheDigitel_Myrtle_Beach_-_6381354769.jpg/220px-TheDigitel_Myrtle_Beach_-_6381354769.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena, which hosted the largest crowd in ABA history on January 16, 2016.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jacksonville_Veterans_Memorial_Arena.JPG/220px-Jacksonville_Veterans_Memorial_Arena.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Indiana Lyons hosting the Indiana Legends on February 24, 2024."},{"image_text":"ABA official.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/TheDigitel_Myrtle_Beach_-_6381376559.jpg/220px-TheDigitel_Myrtle_Beach_-_6381376559.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vermont Frost Heaves, winners of the 2006–07 and 2007–08 league championship.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vermont_Frost_Heaves_at_Halifax_Rainmen_%28January_10_2008%29.jpg/220px-Vermont_Frost_Heaves_at_Halifax_Rainmen_%28January_10_2008%29.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham-e_Yusefali
Cham-e Yusefali
["1 Demographics","1.1 Population","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References"]
Coordinates: 32°26′40″N 51°00′57″E / 32.44444°N 51.01583°E / 32.44444; 51.01583Village in Isfahan province, Iran Village in Isfahan, IranCham-e Yusefali Persian: چم يوسفعليVillageCham-e YusefaliCoordinates: 32°26′40″N 51°00′57″E / 32.44444°N 51.01583°E / 32.44444; 51.01583CountryIranProvinceIsfahanCountyLenjanDistrictBagh-e BahadoranRural DistrictCham KuhPopulation (2016) • Total1,526Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Cham-e Yusefali (Persian: چم يوسفعلي) is a village in, and the capital of, Cham Kuh Rural District of Bagh-e Bahadoran District, Lenjan County, Isfahan province, Iran. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,630 in 380 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,661 people in 458 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,526 people in 434 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district. See also Iran portal Notes ^ Also romanized as Cham-e Yūsef‘alī and Cham-e Yūsof ‘Alī References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (19 June 2023). "Cham-e Yusefali, Lenjan County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 19 June 2023. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Cham-e Yusefali can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "6013473" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ Habibi, Hassan (29 August 1370). "Carrying out reforms in the villages of Isfahan province". Islamic Parliament Research Center (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2024. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022. vteIsfahan province, IranCapital Isfahan Countiesand citiesAran va Bidgol County Aran va Bidgol Abuzeydabad Nushabad Sefidshahr Ardestan County Ardestan Mahabad Zavareh Borkhar County Dowlatabad Dastgerd Habibabad Khvorzuq Komeshcheh Shadpurabad Buin va Miandasht County Buin va Miandasht Afus Chadegan County Chadegan Rozveh Dehaqan County Dehaqan Falavarjan County Falavarjan Abrisham Baharan Shahr Imanshahr Kelishad va Sudarjan Pir Bakran Qahderijan Zazeran Faridan County Daran Damaneh Fereydunshahr County Fereydunshahr Barf Anbar Golpayegan County Golpayegan Golshahr Guged Isfahan County Isfahan Baharestan Ezhiyeh Harand Hasanabad Kuhpayeh Mohammadabad Nasrabad Nikabad Sagzi Tudeshk Varzaneh Kashan County Kashan Barzok Jowsheqan va Kamu Meshkat Neyasar Qamsar Khomeyni Shahr County Khomeyni Shahr Dorcheh Piaz Kushk Khur and Biabanak County Khur Jandaq Farrokhi Khvansar County Khvansar Lenjan County Zarrin Shahr Bagh-e Bahadoran Chamgardan Chermahin Fuladshahr Sedeh Lenjan Varnamkhast Zayandeh Rud Mobarakeh County Mobarakeh Dizicheh Karkevand Talkhvoncheh Zibashahr Nain County Nain Anarak Bafran Najafabad County Najafabad Alavicheh Dehaq Goldasht Jowzdan Kahriz Sang Natanz County Natanz Badrud Khaledabad Semirom County Semirom Hana Komeh Noqol Vanak Shahreza County Shahreza Manzariyeh Shahin Shahr and Meymeh County Shahin Shahr Gaz Meymeh Vazvan Tiran and Karvan County Tiran Asgaran Rezvanshahr Sights Abbāsi House Abyaneh Agha Bozorg Mosque Āmeri House Bazaar of Kashan Borujerdi House Chaharbagh Boulevard Chaharbagh School Fin Garden Fire temple of Isfahan Hasht Behesht Jameh Mosque of Ashtarjan Jameh Mosque of Isfahan Khaju Bridge Monar Jonban Naqsh-e Jahan Square New Julfa Si-o-se-pol Sultan Amir Ahmad Bathhouse Tabatabai House Tepe Sialk See also Greater Isfahan Region List of cities, towns and villages List of universities vte Lenjan CountyCapital Zarrin Shahr DistrictsCentralCities Chamgardan Fuladshahr Sedeh Lenjan Varnamkhast Zarrin Shahr Zayandeh Rud Rural Districts and villagesAshiyan Allahabad Ashiyan Defense Industry Complex, Isfahan Kariz Mobarakabad Qoroq Aqa Sadeqabad Sibeh Khorram Rud Bagh-e Shah Madiseh Now Guran Bagh-e BahadoranCities Bagh-e Bahadoran Charmahin Rural Districts and villagesCham Kuh Cham-e Alishah Cham-e Heydar Cham-e Kahriz Cham-e Nur Cham-e Taq Cham-e Yusefali Jafarabad Parkestan Yal Boland Cham Rud Ay Dughmish Berenjegan Cham-e Pir Durak Hajji Alvan Homam Karchekan Kateh Shur Khoshuiyeh Murkan Qaleh-ye Torki Rahmatabad Sadeqabad Saidabad Zard Khoshuiyeh Zirkuh Cham-e Aseman Hajat Aqa Hardang Kachuiyeh Kelishad-e Rokh Qaleh Aqa Qaleh Lay Bid Qaleh Pain Roknabad Shurjeh Zamanabad This Lenjan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostic_Apocalypse_of_Peter
Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter
["1 Contents","2 Authorship, date, and manuscript","3 Literary influences","4 Analysis","4.1 Christology","4.2 Denunciation of other Christians","4.3 Material world and spiritual world","4.4 Choice of Peter as narrator","5 Translations","6 Notes","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"]
Gnostic Christian text (c. 200 CE) Not to be confused with Apocalypse of Peter. Codex VII of the Nag Hammadi library, page 70, which has the end of the Second Treatise of the Great Seth and the start of the Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter. While the text is in Coptic, the title in the center is retained in Greek: άποκάλυψης πέτρου (transl. Apocalypse Peter).   Part of a series onGnosticism Gnostic concepts Adam kasia Adam pagria Aeon Anima mundi Archon Barbelo Demiurge Five Seals Gnosis Kenoma Luminary Manda Monad Ogdoad Pleroma Sophia Uthra World of Light World of Darkness Yaldabaoth Gnostic sects and founders List of Gnostic sects Proto-Gnosticism Maghāriya Thomasines Judean / Israelite Adam Mandaeism Elksai Elkasaites Samaritan Baptist Dositheos Simon Magus (Simonians) Menander Quqites Christian Gnosticism Apelles Cerinthus Justin Marcion Marcionism Nicolaism Perates Saturninus Syrian-Egyptian Ophites Sethianism Alexandrian Basilides Basilideans Roman Valentinus Valentinianism Marcus Marcosians Florinus Persian Gnosticism Mani Manichaeism Chinese Gnosticism Chinese Manichaeism Islamic Gnosticism Druze Nusayrism Modern Modern schools Scriptures List of Gnostic texts Texts Nag Hammadi library Pseudo-Abdias Clementine literature Gnosticism and the New Testament Mandaean scriptures Codices Codex Tchacos Cologne Mani-Codex Askew Codex Bruce Codex Berlin Codex Codex Nasaraeus Influenced by Apocalyptic literature Early Christianity Christology Docetism Paul and Gnosticism Merkabah mysticism Middle Platonism Philo Wisdom (personification) Influence on Carl Jung Esoteric Christianity Christian theosophy Gnosticism in modern times Neoplatonism and Gnosticism Perennial philosophy Thelema Theosophy (Blavatskian) Western esotericism Rene Guenon Rudolf Steiner vte Part of a series onNew Testament apocryphaFirst page of the Gospel of Judas(Page 33 of Codex Tchacos) Apostolic Fathers 1 Clement 2 Clement Epistles of Ignatius Polycarp to the Philippians Martyrdom of Polycarp Didache Barnabas Diognetus The Shepherd of Hermas Apocryphal gospels Jewish–Christian gospels Ebionites Hebrews Nazarenes Infancy gospels James Thomas Syriac Pseudo-Matthew History of Joseph the Carpenter Gnostic gospels Judas Mary Philip Truth Secret Mark The Saviour Other gospels Thomas Marcion Nicodemus Peter Barnabas Lost gospels Bartholomew Matthias Cerinthus Basilides Mani Gospel of the Hebrews Apocalypses Paul Peter Pseudo-Methodius Thomas Stephen 1 James 2 James 2 John Epistles Apocryphon of James Apocryphon of John Epistula Apostolorum Pseudo-Titus Peter to Philip Paul and Seneca Lost epistles Alexandrians Laodiceans Acts Andrew Andrew and Bartholomew Barnabas John Mar Mari The Martyrs Paul Peter Peter and Andrew Peter and Paul Peter and the Twelve Philip Pilate Thaddeus Thomas Timothy Xanthippe, Polyxena, and Rebecca Misc. Other apocrypha Clementine literature Diatessaron Doctrine of Addai Pilate cycle Prayer of the Apostle Paul Questions of Bartholomew Resurrection of Jesus Christ Related topics Nag Hammadi library Christianity portalvte The Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter, also known as the Coptic Apocalypse of Peter and Revelation of Peter, is the third tractate in Codex VII of the Nag Hammadi library. The work is part of Gnosticism, a sect of early Christianity, and is considered part of the New Testament apocrypha and a work of apocalyptic literature. It was likely originally written in the Koine Greek language and composed around 200 CE. The surviving manuscript from Nag Hammadi is a poor-quality translation of the Greek into Coptic, and likely dates from the 4th century. The work's author is unknown, although it is purportedly written by the disciple Peter (pseudepigrapha) describing revelations given to him during Holy Week by the Savior Christ. Jesus tells Peter "through you I have begun a work for the remnant whom I called to knowledge (gnosis)" and reveals secrets of the future. The work criticizes other Christian groups, comparing them to the blind and deaf. Jesus says that false Christians (presumably the proto-orthodox movement) will hold power for a time, and that they will be haughty, oppose the truth, set up bishops and deacons to rule, mislead their followers, and so on. In contrast, certain blessed ones (presumably Gnostics) have immortal souls, and Jesus reassures Peter that they will eventually reign over the others. Peter has a vision of the coming crucifixion, and Christ explains its true meaning in conversation. The text then propounds docetism: that the divine Christ was invulnerable and never suffered the pains of the mortal world, and certainly did not die during the apparent crucifixion. Rather, only Jesus-the-man suffered in a variant of the substitution hypothesis. Contents In the opening of the text, Jesus is sitting in the temple and talking to Peter about the importance of righteousness and knowledge. Peter envisions that the priests and the people may try to kill them. Jesus tells Peter that they are blind, and to put his hands over his own eyes and see the truth. When Peter does so, he sees a new light. Similarly, Peter listens to the priests and the people twice: first normally, and a second time with the "ears of head", hearing praise of Jesus's glory. Jesus states that the people are both blind and deaf: that many people will initially accept his teachings but will turn away due to the will of the "Father of their error". He also warns Peter to keep these revelations secret from the "children of this age". Jesus continues, saying the upright and pure will be pushed towards death, while others will be lead astray by false teachings propounded by a deceiver with complicated doctrines. Some will proclaim evil teachings and say evil things against each other. These people will ask about dreams given by demons, and will be given destruction instead of immortality. Evil cannot produce good fruit; similarly, the souls of the current fallen age (aeon) are always a slave to their desires, and these souls are destined for eternal destruction. Immortal souls resemble mortal ones but do not reveal their true nature, and have lives of contemplation and faith. What does not really exist will dissolve into non-existence, and the deaf and blind will only join with their own kind. The text describes the actions and attitudes of different groups of people who spread false information. Some individuals will be arrogant and haughty, yet envying pure souls. Others will be messengers of error, creating false laws and harsh fates. There will also be those who pretend to have authority from God and oppress others, but they will be punished. "Little ones" are discussed; the false teachers will rule over them for a time. However, these little ones will eventually rule over their oppressors, turning the tables of the situation. The Savior tells Peter not to be afraid, as the true God will bring judgment, and the futile efforts of the worldly opponents will be put to shame. Even as Peter stands in their midst, they will not understand, as the invisible one stands against them. Peter has a vision of the crucifixion of Jesus. The vision reveals to Peter that the physical form of Jesus being crucified is not the true form of Jesus but only a substitute. The real Christ is the spiritual being who is filled with a Holy Spirit and is joyful, laughing at the lack of perception of those who thought they could kill him. This Jesus is seen as the intellectual Pleroma, which is united with the Holy Spirit and the perfect light. The teachings of this vision should be preserved and given to foreigners of a different age. Finally, Jesus again encourages Peter to be courageous and not to fear, since he will be with Peter and none of his enemies will be able to harm him. After this vision, Peter comes back to reality. Authorship, date, and manuscript The author of the original Greek text is unknown, but he is speculated to have written at some point from the late second century to the third century (c. 150–300 CE), with the most likely option the early third century (c. 200–250 CE). The author was probably Egyptian, although a Palestinian or Syrian origin has also been proposed. The surviving manuscript from Nag Hammadi is a poor-quality translation of the Greek into Coptic, and likely dates from the 4th century. The dialect of the written text is Sahidic Coptic, with some traits from Bohairic Coptic. While the manuscript is in excellent condition as far as reading the text, many puzzling and illogical passages suggest translation errors. The Nag Hammadi library was discovered in 1945, but due to a variety of reasons, it was not until 1972 that a reproduction of Codex VII was published and available to the public. The manuscript is held in the Coptic Museum in Old Cairo. The section of Codex VII with the Apocalypse of Peter is 14 pages long, from page 70 to page 84. As there is only a single manuscript extant, citations to passages are done via page number and line number. Literary influences The Apocalypse of Peter is generally classed as part of apocalyptic literature in genre and inspiration. The term "apocalypse" means "revelation" in Greek, and refers to an uncovering of divine secrets. The work features a few probable allusions to Greek Christian texts that would eventually be included in the New Testament, but no references to Jewish scripture nor to non-canonical Christian and Jewish works. These allusions do not directly call these work as established scripture, though; there are no formulas saying "As it was written" or "Scripture says" before these allusions, nor are they identified directly. This suggests at least something of a shared background material between Gnostic Christians and proto-orthodox Christians of the era, even if the Gnostic interpretation of the Passion was very different. The author appears to be familiar with the Gospel of Matthew and emulates it in several passages, although does not directly quote it. The affectionate use of "little ones" is shared by both works. It also repurposes some of the anti-Jewish rhetoric from Matthew, except aimed at other Christians. Both the opponents warned of by Jesus in the Apocalypse of Peter, as well as the scribes and Pharisees in Matthew, love places of honor, keep others out of the kingdom, and are spiritually "blind". The Apocalypse of Peter itself calls both the Jewish leaders who attempted to kill Jesus as well as Christians that oppose Gnosticism "blind", implicitly tying them together. The work is also possibly influenced by the proto-orthodox epistle 2 Peter. 2 Peter condemns its opponents as "dry springs"; in the Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter, Jesus calls the false Christian opponents "dry canals". Most scholars believe that the Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter has no relationship with the 2nd-century Apocalypse of Peter other than the title and the coincidence of both involving a revelation of Christ to Peter near the end of Jesus's life. The author of the Gnostic work does not appear to be familiar with it or reference it. Analysis Christology The Savior said to me: "He whom you see above the cross, glad and laughing, is the living Jesus. But he into whose hands and feet they are driving the nails is his physical part, which is the substitute. They are putting to shame that which is in his likeness. But look at him and me." — Apocalypse of Peter 81, 15-23 The vision near the end of the Apocalypse in which Jesus states that someone else was crucified rather than the living Jesus is considered a key part of the text by scholars, an example of a Gnostic Christology where Jesus is a docetic redeemer. Comparable language is used in the Second Treatise of the Great Seth, in which Jesus laughs at the ignorance of those who tried to kill him but failed to realize that he "did not die in reality but in appearance", as well as the mostly-lost Gospel of Basilides. In this view, the Savior is a transcendent, living spiritual presence. The evil archons sought to kill Jesus, but only succeeded in killing their own "son", the unimportant material part. While Gnosticism and docetism both had a broad range of interpretations, in one docetic view seen in Gnosticism (called "separationist" by Bart Ehrman), Jesus was originally a mortal flesh-and-blood man who received the Holy Spirit and Christ from heaven, which enabled him to perform miracles and deliver wisdom in teaching. The Christ, as a being from heaven, could not be slain by the mortal world, and offered deliverance from the constraints of the mortal body. Docetism appears to have been a somewhat common view in 1st- and 2nd-century Christianity, but did not ultimately become the orthodox doctrine. While the work is clear enough at distinguishing the mortal body of Jesus and his spiritual essence, the exact nature and breakdown of that spirit is not agreed upon entirely. It is unclear if the Holy Spirit, the intellectual pleroma, an incorporeal living body, and so on are separate aspects or divine beings, or merely different terms for the same divine unity. Jesus is referred to by several titles: Savior, Living One, Christ, Son of Man, Lord, and Revealed One. Several forms of address are given to (presumably) the highest god in the pleroma, the true God: living undefiled greatness who has revealed life; undefiled Father; invisible one. Denunciation of other Christians And there will be others of those who are outside our number who name themselves "bishop" and also "deacons", as if they have received their authority from God. They submit to the judgment of the leaders. Those people are dry canals. — Apocalypse of Peter 79, 22-30 The text has a strong polemical aspect in inter-Christian debates. It emphasizes seeking truth and knowledge (gnosis), and warns that many people will be misled by false teachers: Christians who believed Jesus died, and that this death was what brought salvation in some sense. To the Gnostic view, proto-orthodox Christians completely misunderstood the divine nature of Jesus, and worshipped the "dead" mortal remnant. According to the Gnostic stance, the true Savior would certainly never die nor be able to be harmed at all. He was a transcendent Savior from a higher world. 74.13-15 directly states "And they will hold fast to the name of a dead man, while thinking that they will become pure". The work later echoes this condemnation while also possibly criticizing the Shepherd of Hermas or its author; it reads "For they will create an imitation remnant in the name of a dead man, who is Hermas, the first-born of unrighteousness, in order that the real light might not be believed." It seems to blame the intransigence of these rival Christians on "the father of their error": perhaps a reference to the Demiurge, the chief archon. Proto-orthodox Christians who view Jesus's death (rather than Christ's gnosis, the divine teachings and wisdom) as what is important for salvation "blaspheme the truth and proclaim an evil teaching." The work also mocks the pale imitation of the true teachings as a "sisterhood", in contrast to the "brotherhood" of true knowledge. The likely intent of the author was to encourage its readers to persist in Gnostic Christianity despite being a minority: just as the enemies of the Savior were unable to stop him in his era, so too would the rival theologies to Gnostics be overcome as well. Henriette Havelaar suggests that the author's Gnostic community might have been part of a breakaway from a proto-orthodox community, given the shared background of the Passion yet differing interpretations of it. While the opponents denounced in the text probably included proto-orthodox early Catholics, the opponents may have included rival groups of Gnostics as well. One passage disparagingly refers to a nefarious man and a sensual woman: possibly a reference to Simon Magus and Helen, figures revered by some Gnostics. The references to the misled "little ones" is sometimes read as condemning martyrdom, or more specifically innocents led into martyrdom by the false Christian opponents condemned. While whether these passages are meant as a reference to martyrdom is considered debatable, the work does not play up the glory of martyrdom either, in contrast to proto-orthodox writings. Jesus and Peter are depicted as invincible, rather than as martyrs themselves. Material world and spiritual world Immortal souls are not like these (other souls) (...) She has faith, and desires to renounce these (material) things. — Apocalypse of Peter 75, 26-27; 76, 2-4 In the Gnostic Apocalypse, Peter learns that what he sees with physical sight and hears with his ears is not the true reality; a deeper spiritual plane is more important. This theme recurs again in the explanation of the crucifixion: Jesus's material body is unimportant, and the spiritual being is what matters. The goal of salvation is to transcend the flesh. Similar themes are seen in other works of the Nag Hammadi corpus. This stands starkly in contrast with proto-orthodox Christian works that played up the importance of the fleshly body and a resurrection in the flesh on Earth. Gnostic theology often separated the evil creator of the inferior material world (called Yaldabaoth in other Gnostic works, although not directly named as such in the Apocalypse of Peter) from the true God. Additionally, many Gnostic groups identified this inferior false god as the god of the Old Testament. The Apocalypse of Peter seems to endorse a version of early Christianity that makes a firmer separation from its Jewish roots. It calls the mortal world of the "clay vessel" (body) the "home of demons" and "belonging to Elohim, and belonging to the cross", with Elohim the Hebrew term for "god". The Savior also tells Peter that he should reserve this revelation for foreigners of a different age, presumably a reference to 2nd- and 3rd-century Gnostic Christians. Choice of Peter as narrator Peter, you are to be become perfect in keeping with your name, along with me, the one who has chosen you, for through you I have begun a work for the remnant whom I called to knowledge. — Apocalypse of Peter 71, 15-21 The Apocalypse of Peter is pseudepigrapha: a work written in the name of another person, both as a literary convention of the apocalyptic genre as well as to heighten the authority of its claims. In early Christianity, Peter's authority on matters of doctrine was unquestionable, so attributing favored theological views to Peter (in this work, docetism) was common as a way to buttress arguments that the writer's version of Christian doctrine was the correct one. The work does stand in contrast to some other Gnostic works which portray Peter less positively, such as the Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Mary, and Pistis Sophia. While the final line of the text, that "Peter came to his senses", can be interpreted literally as Peter finishing the vision, it is also possible that the line was meant to be interpreted theologically as Peter becoming enlightened. Jesus urges Peter to become perfect like him early in the text, and Gnostic theology generally held that receiving and understanding knowledge and wisdom was the key to spiritual growth. Thus, the final line can be interpreted as that by hearing this revelation, Peter had achieved the promise of Gnosticism: true knowledge had brought salvation. Translations Translations of the Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter into English include: Brown, S. Kent; Griggs, C. Wilfred (1975). "The Apocalypse of Peter: Introduction and Translation". Brigham Young University Studies Quarterly. 15 (2): 131–145. Bullard, Roger A. (1988) . "Apocalypse of Peter (VII, 3)". In Wisse, Frederik (ed.). The Nag Hammadi Library in English (3rd ed.). Harper & Row. pp. 372–378. Brashler, James (1996). "NHC VII,3: Apocalypse of Peter: Text, Translation, and Notes". In Pearson, Birger (ed.). Nag Hammadi Codex VII. Brill. pp. 218–247. doi:10.1163/9789004437333_010. Havelaar, Henriette W. (1999). The Coptic Apocalypse of Peter (Nag-Hammadi-Codex VII,3). Akademie Verlag. pp. 30–53. doi:10.1515/9783110884449. Meyer, Marvin W. (2007). "The Revelation of Peter". The Nag Hammadi Scriptures. HarperOne. pp. 487–497. Notes ^ Presumably the Second Temple during Jesus's visit to Jerusalem during Holy Week, shortly before the Passion of Jesus. A few scholars have argued that the dialogue takes place after Jesus's resurrection in a heavenly temple, though. References ^ Desjardins & Brashler 1996, pp. 218–219. ^ Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter 71.19-21. Translation is Marvin Meyer's; see Meyer 2007, pp. 488, 491–492. ^ a b c Perkins, Pheme (1980). "The Gnostic Apostle: The Petrine Tradition". The Gnostic Dialogue: The Early Church and the Crisis of Gnosticism. Paulist Press. pp. 113–122. ISBN 0-8091-2320-7. ^ Desjardins & Brashler 1996, p. 203. ^ Desjardins & Brashler 1996, pp. 201–207. ^ a b c d e Meyer 2007, pp. 487–490. ^ Havelaar 1999, pp. 31–53. ^ Desjardins & Brashler 1996, pp. 207–214. ^ a b c d Werner, Andreas (2003). Schneemelcher, Wilhelm (ed.). New Testament Apocrypha: Volume Two: Writings Relating to the Apostles; Apocalypses and Related Subjects. Translated by Wilson, Robert McLachlan (Revised ed.). Westminster Press. pp. 700–712. ^ Havelaar 1999, pp. 15–16. ^ Havelaar 1999, pp. 22–29. ^ Havelaar 1999, pp. 15, 54–69. ^ a b c d e Luttikhuizen, Gerard P. (2003). "The Suffering Jesus and The Invulnerable Christ in the Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter". In Bremmer, Jan N.; Czachesz, István (eds.). The Apocalypse of Peter. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 187–200. ISBN 90-429-1375-4. ^ Robinson, James M., ed. (1972). The Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices: Codex VII. Leiden: Brill. pp. vii–xii. ISBN 9004036024. ^ Havelaar 1999, pp. 19–20. ^ Havelaar 1999, pp. 12–13, 69, 114–130, although note that a few scholars such as Alexander Böhlig  say that the differences with other apocalyptic works are too significant for such a classification. ^ Bauckham, Richard (2015). "Non-canonical Apocalypses and Prophetic Works". In Gregory, Andrew; et al. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Apocrypha. Oxford University Press. pp. 115–138. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199644117.013.7. ISBN 978-0-19-108018-0. ^ Havelaar, Henriette W. (1998). "The Use of Scripture in the Coptic Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter (NHC VII,3)". In Rutgers, Leonard Victor; Van Der Horst, Pieter Willem; Havelaar, Henriette W.; Teugels, Lieve M. (eds.). The Use of Sacred Books in the Ancient World. Leuven: Peeters. pp. 221–233. ISBN 90-429-0696-0. ^ a b c Desjardins & Brashler 1996, pp. 210–212, 245. ^ Meyer 2007, pp. 489–490, 495. ^ Pearson, Birger (1990). "The Apocalypse of Peter and Canonical 2 Peter". Gnosticism & The Early Christian World. Polebridge Press. pp. 67–74. ^ Desjardins & Brashler 1996, p. 201. ^ a b c d e f g h Ehrman, Bart (2012). Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics. Oxford University Press. pp. 407–412, 450–451. ISBN 9780199928033. ^ Desjardins & Brashler 1996, pp. 205, 241–243. ^ a b Brashler, James; Bullard, Roger A. (1981). "Apocalypse of Peter (VII, 3)". In Wisse, Frederik (ed.). The Nag Hammadi Library in English. San Francisco: Harper & Row. pp. 339–340. ISBN 9780060669294. Retrieved 11 February 2023. ^ Second Treatise of the Great Seth, 55-65. See translations at:Riley, Gregory (1996). "Introduction to VII,2 Second Treatise of the Great Seth". Nag Hammadi Codex VII. Brill. pp. 136–137. doi:10.1163/9789004437333_009. ISBN 978-90-04-43733-3.Barnstone, Willis. "The Second Treatise of the Great Seth". The Gnostic Society Library. The Nag Hammadi Library. Retrieved 11 February 2023. ^ a b c d Ehrman, Bart (2003). Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and The Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford University Press. pp. 15, 122–126, 185–187. ISBN 0-19-514183-0. ^ Havelaar 1999, pp. 101–102. ^ Havelaar 1999, pp. 171–191. ^ Desjardins & Brashler 1996, p. 211. ^ Havelaar 1999, pp. 108, 180–181. ^ Desjardins & Brashler 1996, pp. 213, 239. ^ Desjardins & Brashler 1996, pp. 206, 227. ^ Desjardins & Brashler 1996, pp. 235, 238. ^ Havelaar 1999, pp. 98–99. ^ Havelaar 1999, pp. 201–204. ^ Desjardins & Brashler 1996, pp. 212, 229. Brashler's translation of 74.27-33: "And some, because they stand by virtue of the archons, will be given a name of a man and a naked woman who is multifarious and very sensual." ^ Lapham 2004, p. 225. ^ Pagels, Elaine (1989) . The Gnostic Gospels (Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 89–94. ISBN 0-679-72453-2. ^ Reaves, Pamela (2017). "Pseudo-Peter and Persecution: (Counter-) Evaluations of Suffering in the Coptic Apocalypse of Peter (NHC VII,3) and the Letter of Peter to Philip (NHC VIII,2)". In Burke, Tony (ed.). Fakes, Forgeries, and Fictions: Writing Ancient and Modern Christian Apocrypha. Cascade Books. pp. 129–143, 150–151. ISBN 978-1-5326-0373-0. ^ Tite, Philip L. (2015). "Voluntary Martyrdom and Gnosticism". Journal of Early Christian Studies. 23 (1): 46–49. doi:10.1353/earl.2015.0013. ^ Desjardins & Brashler 1996, p. 229-231. ^ Havelaar 1999, pp. 186–190. ^ Desjardins & Brashler 1996, pp. 210–213, 245. However, this view is not universally accepted; see Werner 2003, pp. 702–704 for a contrary position arguing that the Apocalypse of Peter has a Jewish-Christian background, and that one passage denouncing a deceiver with complicated doctrines is possibly denouncing Paul the Apostle and thus Pauline Christianity. ^ Lapham, Fred (2004) . Peter: The Myth, the Man and the Writings: A study of the early Petrine tradition. T&T Clark International. p. 236. ISBN 0567044904. ^ Meyer 2007, pp. 488, 491–492. ^ Havelaar 1999, p. 72. ^ Frey, Jörg (2024). "Petrine Traditions and Petrine Authorship Constructions in Early Christianity". In Maier, Daniel C.; Frey, Jörg; Kraus, Thomas J. (eds.). The Apocalypse of Peter in Context (PDF). Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 21. Peeters. doi:10.2143/9789042952096. ISBN 978-90-429-5208-9. ^ Nicklas, Tobias (2015). "'Gnostic' Perspectives on Peter". In Bond, Helen; Hurtado, Larry (eds.). Peter in Early Christianity. pp. 211–214, 220–221. ISBN 978-0-8028-7171-8. ^ Havelaar 1999, pp. 105–106. ^ Reaves, Pamela (13 May 2016). "Apocalypse of Peter (Coptic)". e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha. Retrieved 11 February 2023. Bibliography Desjardins, Michel; Brashler, James (1996). "Introduction to VII,3 Apocalypse of Peter". In Pearson, Birger (ed.). Nag Hammadi Codex VII. Brill. pp. 201–247. doi:10.1163/9789004437333_010. ISBN 978-90-04-43733-3. Havelaar, Henriette W. (1999). The Coptic Apocalypse of Peter (Nag-Hammadi-Codex VII,3). TU 144. Akademie Verlag. doi:10.1515/9783110884449. ISBN 978-3-11-017332-1. Meyer, Marvin W. (2007). "The Revelation of Peter". The Nag Hammadi Scriptures. HarperOne. pp. 487–496. ISBN 9780060523787. External links "Apocalypse of Peter (Coptic)", overview and bibliography by Pamela Reaves. NASSCAL: e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha. vteNag Hammadi libraryCodex I Prayer of the Apostle Paul Apocryphon of James Gospel of Truth Treatise on the Resurrection Tripartite Tractate Codex II Apocryphon of John Gospel of Thomas Gospel of Philip Hypostasis of the Archons On the Origin of the World Exegesis on the Soul Book of Thomas the Contender Codex III Apocryphon of John (shorter version) Gospel of the Egyptians Eugnostos the Blessed The Sophia of Jesus Christ Dialogue of the Saviour Codex IV Apocryphon of John (longer version) Gospel of the Egyptians Codex V Eugnostos the Blessed Apocalypse of Paul First Apocalypse of James Second Apocalypse of James Apocalypse of Adam Codex VI Acts of Peter and the Twelve The Thunder, Perfect Mind Authoritative Discourse Concept of Our Great Power Plato, The Republic 588A-589B The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth The Prayer of Thanksgiving Asclepius 21-29 Codex VII Paraphrase of Shem Second Treatise of the Great Seth Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter Teachings of Silvanus Three Steles of Seth Codex VIII Zostrianos Letter of Peter to Philip Codex IX Melchizedek Thought of Norea Testimony of Truth Codex X Marsanes Codex XI Interpretation of Knowledge Valentinian Exposition Allogenes Hypsiphrone Codex XII Sentences of Sextus Gospel of Truth Codex XIII Trimorphic Protennoia On the Origin of the World
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apocalypse of Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nag_Hammadi_Codex_vii_70.png"},{"link_name":"Nag Hammadi library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library"},{"link_name":"Second Treatise of the Great Seth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Treatise_of_the_Great_Seth"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardinsBrashler1996218%E2%80%93219-1"},{"link_name":"tractate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masekhet"},{"link_name":"Codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex"},{"link_name":"Nag Hammadi library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library"},{"link_name":"Gnosticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism"},{"link_name":"early Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity"},{"link_name":"New Testament apocrypha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha"},{"link_name":"apocalyptic literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature"},{"link_name":"Koine Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language"},{"link_name":"4th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_century"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"pseudepigrapha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigrapha"},{"link_name":"Holy Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week"},{"link_name":"remnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remnant_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"gnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meyer71-2"},{"link_name":"proto-orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity"},{"link_name":"bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"deacons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"docetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docetism"},{"link_name":"apparent crucifixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"substitution hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_hypothesis"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Apocalypse of Peter.Codex VII of the Nag Hammadi library, page 70, which has the end of the Second Treatise of the Great Seth and the start of the Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter. While the text is in Coptic, the title in the center is retained in Greek: άποκάλυψης πέτρου (transl. Apocalypse [of] Peter).[1]The Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter, also known as the Coptic Apocalypse of Peter and Revelation of Peter, is the third tractate in Codex VII of the Nag Hammadi library. The work is part of Gnosticism, a sect of early Christianity, and is considered part of the New Testament apocrypha and a work of apocalyptic literature. It was likely originally written in the Koine Greek language and composed around 200 CE. The surviving manuscript from Nag Hammadi is a poor-quality translation of the Greek into Coptic, and likely dates from the 4th century.The work's author is unknown, although it is purportedly written by the disciple Peter (pseudepigrapha) describing revelations given to him during Holy Week by the Savior Christ. Jesus tells Peter \"through you I have begun a work for the remnant whom I called to knowledge (gnosis)\"[2] and reveals secrets of the future. The work criticizes other Christian groups, comparing them to the blind and deaf. Jesus says that false Christians (presumably the proto-orthodox movement) will hold power for a time, and that they will be haughty, oppose the truth, set up bishops and deacons to rule, mislead their followers, and so on. In contrast, certain blessed ones (presumably Gnostics) have immortal souls, and Jesus reassures Peter that they will eventually reign over the others. Peter has a vision of the coming crucifixion, and Christ explains its true meaning in conversation. The text then propounds docetism: that the divine Christ was invulnerable and never suffered the pains of the mortal world, and certainly did not die during the apparent crucifixion. Rather, only Jesus-the-man suffered in a variant of the substitution hypothesis.","title":"Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul"},{"link_name":"aeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)"},{"link_name":"destined for eternal destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilationism"},{"link_name":"crucifixion of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Pleroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleroma"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardinsBrashler1996201%E2%80%93207-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meyer-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelaar199931%E2%80%9353-8"}],"text":"In the opening of the text, Jesus is sitting in the temple and talking to Peter about the importance of righteousness and knowledge.[note 1] Peter envisions that the priests and the people may try to kill them. Jesus tells Peter that they are blind, and to put his hands over his own eyes and see the truth. When Peter does so, he sees a new light. Similarly, Peter listens to the priests and the people twice: first normally, and a second time with the \"ears of [his] head\", hearing praise of Jesus's glory. Jesus states that the people are both blind and deaf: that many people will initially accept his teachings but will turn away due to the will of the \"Father of their error\". He also warns Peter to keep these revelations secret from the \"children of this age\".Jesus continues, saying the upright and pure will be pushed towards death, while others will be lead astray by false teachings propounded by a deceiver with complicated doctrines. Some will proclaim evil teachings and say evil things against each other. These people will ask about dreams given by demons, and will be given destruction instead of immortality. Evil cannot produce good fruit; similarly, the souls of the current fallen age (aeon) are always a slave to their desires, and these souls are destined for eternal destruction. Immortal souls resemble mortal ones but do not reveal their true nature, and have lives of contemplation and faith. What does not really exist will dissolve into non-existence, and the deaf and blind will only join with their own kind.The text describes the actions and attitudes of different groups of people who spread false information. Some individuals will be arrogant and haughty, yet envying pure souls. Others will be messengers of error, creating false laws and harsh fates. There will also be those who pretend to have authority from God and oppress others, but they will be punished. \"Little ones\" are discussed; the false teachers will rule over them for a time. However, these little ones will eventually rule over their oppressors, turning the tables of the situation. The Savior tells Peter not to be afraid, as the true God will bring judgment, and the futile efforts of the worldly opponents will be put to shame. Even as Peter stands in their midst, they will not understand, as the invisible one stands against them.Peter has a vision of the crucifixion of Jesus. The vision reveals to Peter that the physical form of Jesus being crucified is not the true form of Jesus but only a substitute. The real Christ is the spiritual being who is filled with a Holy Spirit and is joyful, laughing at the lack of perception of those who thought they could kill him. This Jesus is seen as the intellectual Pleroma, which is united with the Holy Spirit and the perfect light. The teachings of this vision should be preserved and given to foreigners of a different age. Finally, Jesus again encourages Peter to be courageous and not to fear, since he will be with Peter and none of his enemies will be able to harm him. After this vision, Peter comes back to reality.[5][6][7]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardinsBrashler1996207%E2%80%93214-9"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meyer-7"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Judea"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Syria"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Werner-10"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language"},{"link_name":"4th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_century"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelaar199915%E2%80%9316-11"},{"link_name":"Sahidic Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahidic_Coptic"},{"link_name":"Bohairic Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohairic_Coptic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelaar199922%E2%80%9329-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelaar199915,_54%E2%80%9369-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luttikhuizen_2003-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Werner-10"},{"link_name":"Nag Hammadi library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Coptic Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Museum"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelaar199919%E2%80%9320-16"}],"text":"The author of the original Greek text is unknown, but he is speculated to have written at some point from the late second century to the third century (c. 150–300 CE), with the most likely option the early third century (c. 200–250 CE).[8] The author was probably Egyptian,[6] although a Palestinian or Syrian origin has also been proposed.[9] The surviving manuscript from Nag Hammadi is a poor-quality translation of the Greek into Coptic, and likely dates from the 4th century.[10] The dialect of the written text is Sahidic Coptic, with some traits from Bohairic Coptic.[11] While the manuscript is in excellent condition as far as reading the text, many puzzling and illogical passages suggest translation errors.[12][13][9]The Nag Hammadi library was discovered in 1945, but due to a variety of reasons, it was not until 1972 that a reproduction of Codex VII was published and available to the public.[14] The manuscript is held in the Coptic Museum in Old Cairo. The section of Codex VII with the Apocalypse of Peter is 14 pages long, from page 70 to page 84. As there is only a single manuscript extant, citations to passages are done via page number and line number.[15]","title":"Authorship, date, and manuscript"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"apocalyptic literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luttikhuizen_2003-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Gnostic Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism"},{"link_name":"proto-orthodox Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Havelaar1998-19"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardinsBrashler1996210%E2%80%93212,_245-20"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkins-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardinsBrashler1996210%E2%80%93212,_245-20"},{"link_name":"2 Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Peter"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2007489%E2%80%93490,_495-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Apocalypse of Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardinsBrashler1996201-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ehrman2012-24"}],"text":"The Apocalypse of Peter is generally classed as part of apocalyptic literature in genre and inspiration.[16][13][17] The term \"apocalypse\" means \"revelation\" in Greek, and refers to an uncovering of divine secrets. The work features a few probable allusions to Greek Christian texts that would eventually be included in the New Testament, but no references to Jewish scripture nor to non-canonical Christian and Jewish works. These allusions do not directly call these work as established scripture, though; there are no formulas saying \"As it was written\" or \"Scripture says\" before these allusions, nor are they identified directly. This suggests at least something of a shared background material between Gnostic Christians and proto-orthodox Christians of the era, even if the Gnostic interpretation of the Passion was very different.[18]The author appears to be familiar with the Gospel of Matthew and emulates it in several passages, although does not directly quote it. The affectionate use of \"little ones\" is shared by both works. It also repurposes some of the anti-Jewish rhetoric from Matthew, except aimed at other Christians. Both the opponents warned of by Jesus in the Apocalypse of Peter, as well as the scribes and Pharisees in Matthew, love places of honor, keep others out of the kingdom, and are spiritually \"blind\".[19][3] The Apocalypse of Peter itself calls both the Jewish leaders who attempted to kill Jesus as well as Christians that oppose Gnosticism \"blind\", implicitly tying them together.[19]The work is also possibly influenced by the proto-orthodox epistle 2 Peter. 2 Peter condemns its opponents as \"dry springs\"; in the Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter, Jesus calls the false Christian opponents \"dry canals\".[20][21]Most scholars believe that the Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter has no relationship with the 2nd-century Apocalypse of Peter other than the title and the coincidence of both involving a revelation of Christ to Peter near the end of Jesus's life. The author of the Gnostic work does not appear to be familiar with it or reference it.[22][23]","title":"Literary influences"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardinsBrashler1996205,_241%E2%80%93243-25"},{"link_name":"someone else was crucified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Christology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology"},{"link_name":"docetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docetism"},{"link_name":"redeemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhl-26"},{"link_name":"Second Treatise of the Great Seth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Treatise_of_the_Great_Seth"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seth-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ehrman2003-28"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Basilides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Basilides"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meyer-7"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ehrman2012-24"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meyer-7"},{"link_name":"archons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelaar1999101%E2%80%93102-29"},{"link_name":"Bart Ehrman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Ehrman"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ehrman2003-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelaar1999171%E2%80%93191-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardinsBrashler1996211-31"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"pleroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleroma"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ehrman2012-24"},{"link_name":"Son of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Man"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelaar1999108,_180%E2%80%93181-32"}],"sub_title":"Christology","text":"The Savior said to me: \"He whom you see above the cross, glad and laughing, is the living Jesus. But he into whose hands and feet they are driving the nails is his physical part, which is the substitute. They are putting to shame that which is in his likeness. But look at him and me.\"\n— Apocalypse of Peter 81, 15-23[24]The vision near the end of the Apocalypse in which Jesus states that someone else was crucified rather than the living Jesus is considered a key part of the text by scholars, an example of a Gnostic Christology where Jesus is a docetic redeemer.[25] Comparable language is used in the Second Treatise of the Great Seth, in which Jesus laughs at the ignorance of those who tried to kill him but failed to realize that he \"did not die in reality but in appearance\",[26][27] as well as the mostly-lost Gospel of Basilides.[6][23] In this view, the Savior is a transcendent, living spiritual presence.[6] The evil archons sought to kill Jesus, but only succeeded in killing their own \"son\", the unimportant material part.[28]While Gnosticism and docetism both had a broad range of interpretations, in one docetic view seen in Gnosticism (called \"separationist\" by Bart Ehrman), Jesus was originally a mortal flesh-and-blood man who received the Holy Spirit and Christ from heaven, which enabled him to perform miracles and deliver wisdom in teaching. The Christ, as a being from heaven, could not be slain by the mortal world, and offered deliverance from the constraints of the mortal body.[27][29] Docetism appears to have been a somewhat common view in 1st- and 2nd-century Christianity, but did not ultimately become the orthodox doctrine.[30]While the work is clear enough at distinguishing the mortal body of Jesus and his spiritual essence, the exact nature and breakdown of that spirit is not agreed upon entirely. It is unclear if the Holy Spirit, the intellectual pleroma, an incorporeal living body, and so on are separate aspects or divine beings, or merely different terms for the same divine unity.[23] Jesus is referred to by several titles: Savior, Living One, Christ, Son of Man, Lord, and Revealed One. Several forms of address are given to (presumably) the highest god in the pleroma, the true God: living undefiled greatness who has revealed life; undefiled Father; invisible one.[31]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardinsBrashler1996213,_239-33"},{"link_name":"gnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luttikhuizen_2003-14"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardinsBrashler1996206,_227-34"},{"link_name":"Shepherd of Hermas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardinsBrashler1996235,_238-35"},{"link_name":"Demiurge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demiurge"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luttikhuizen_2003-14"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ehrman2003-28"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelaar199998%E2%80%9399-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelaar1999201%E2%80%93204-37"},{"link_name":"Simon Magus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Magus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Werner-10"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhl-26"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapham2004225-39"},{"link_name":"martyrdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrdom"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reaves2017-41"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ehrman2012-24"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Denunciation of other Christians","text":"And there will be others of those who are outside our number who name themselves \"bishop\" and also \"deacons\", as if they have received their authority from God. They submit to the judgment of the leaders. Those people are dry canals.\n— Apocalypse of Peter 79, 22-30[32]The text has a strong polemical aspect in inter-Christian debates. It emphasizes seeking truth and knowledge (gnosis), and warns that many people will be misled by false teachers: Christians who believed Jesus died, and that this death was what brought salvation in some sense. To the Gnostic view, proto-orthodox Christians completely misunderstood the divine nature of Jesus, and worshipped the \"dead\" mortal remnant. According to the Gnostic stance, the true Savior would certainly never die nor be able to be harmed at all. He was a transcendent Savior from a higher world.[13] 74.13-15 directly states \"And they will hold fast to the name of a dead man, while thinking that they will become pure\".[33] The work later echoes this condemnation while also possibly criticizing the Shepherd of Hermas or its author; it reads \"For they will create an imitation remnant in the name of a dead man, who is Hermas, the first-born of unrighteousness, in order that the real light might not be believed.\"[34] It seems to blame the intransigence of these rival Christians on \"the father of their error\": perhaps a reference to the Demiurge, the chief archon.[13] Proto-orthodox Christians who view Jesus's death (rather than Christ's gnosis, the divine teachings and wisdom) as what is important for salvation \"blaspheme the truth and proclaim an evil teaching.\"[27] The work also mocks the pale imitation of the true teachings as a \"sisterhood\", in contrast to the \"brotherhood\" of true knowledge.[35]The likely intent of the author was to encourage its readers to persist in Gnostic Christianity despite being a minority: just as the enemies of the Savior were unable to stop him in his era, so too would the rival theologies to Gnostics be overcome as well. Henriette Havelaar suggests that the author's Gnostic community might have been part of a breakaway from a proto-orthodox community, given the shared background of the Passion yet differing interpretations of it.[36] While the opponents denounced in the text probably included proto-orthodox early Catholics, the opponents may have included rival groups of Gnostics as well. One passage disparagingly refers to a nefarious man and a sensual woman: possibly a reference to Simon Magus and Helen, figures revered by some Gnostics.[9][37][25][38]The references to the misled \"little ones\" is sometimes read as condemning martyrdom, or more specifically innocents led into martyrdom by the false Christian opponents condemned.[39][40] While whether these passages are meant as a reference to martyrdom is considered debatable, the work does not play up the glory of martyrdom either, in contrast to proto-orthodox writings. Jesus and Peter are depicted as invincible, rather than as martyrs themselves.[23][41]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardinsBrashler1996229-231-43"},{"link_name":"resurrection in the flesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_resurrection"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ehrman2012-24"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelaar1999186%E2%80%93190-44"},{"link_name":"Yaldabaoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaldabaoth"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ehrman2003-28"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ehrman2012-24"},{"link_name":"early Christianity that makes a firmer separation from its Jewish roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Judaism_in_early_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ehrman2012-24"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Elohim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardinsBrashler1996210%E2%80%93212,_245-20"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Werner-10"}],"sub_title":"Material world and spiritual world","text":"Immortal souls are not like these (other souls) (...) She has faith, and desires to renounce these (material) things.\n— Apocalypse of Peter 75, 26-27; 76, 2-4[42]In the Gnostic Apocalypse, Peter learns that what he sees with physical sight and hears with his ears is not the true reality; a deeper spiritual plane is more important. This theme recurs again in the explanation of the crucifixion: Jesus's material body is unimportant, and the spiritual being is what matters. The goal of salvation is to transcend the flesh. Similar themes are seen in other works of the Nag Hammadi corpus. This stands starkly in contrast with proto-orthodox Christian works that played up the importance of the fleshly body and a resurrection in the flesh on Earth.[23][43]Gnostic theology often separated the evil creator of the inferior material world (called Yaldabaoth in other Gnostic works, although not directly named as such in the Apocalypse of Peter) from the true God. Additionally, many Gnostic groups identified this inferior false god as the god of the Old Testament.[27][23] The Apocalypse of Peter seems to endorse a version of early Christianity that makes a firmer separation from its Jewish roots.[44][23][45] It calls the mortal world of the \"clay vessel\" (body) the \"home of demons\" and \"belonging to Elohim, and belonging to the cross\", with Elohim the Hebrew term for \"god\".[19] The Savior also tells Peter that he should reserve this revelation for foreigners of a different age, presumably a reference to 2nd- and 3rd-century Gnostic Christians.[9]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2007488,_491%E2%80%93492-47"},{"link_name":"pseudepigrapha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigrapha"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelaar199972-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ehrman2012-24"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Pistis Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistis_Sophia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meyer-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkins-3"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nicklas-50"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luttikhuizen_2003-14"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavelaar1999105%E2%80%93106-51"}],"sub_title":"Choice of Peter as narrator","text":"Peter, you are to be become perfect in keeping with your name, along with me, the one who has chosen you, for through you I have begun a work for the remnant whom I called to knowledge.\n— Apocalypse of Peter 71, 15-21[46]The Apocalypse of Peter is pseudepigrapha: a work written in the name of another person, both as a literary convention of the apocalyptic genre as well as to heighten the authority of its claims.[47] In early Christianity, Peter's authority on matters of doctrine was unquestionable, so attributing favored theological views to Peter (in this work, docetism) was common as a way to buttress arguments that the writer's version of Christian doctrine was the correct one.[48][23] The work does stand in contrast to some other Gnostic works which portray Peter less positively, such as the Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Mary, and Pistis Sophia.[6][3][49]While the final line of the text, that \"Peter came to his senses\", can be interpreted literally as Peter finishing the vision, it is also possible that the line was meant to be interpreted theologically as Peter becoming enlightened. Jesus urges Peter to become perfect like him early in the text, and Gnostic theology generally held that receiving and understanding knowledge and wisdom was the key to spiritual growth. Thus, the final line can be interpreted as that by hearing this revelation, Peter had achieved the promise of Gnosticism: true knowledge had brought salvation.[13][50]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasscal-52"},{"link_name":"Brown, S. Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Kent_Brown"},{"link_name":"Griggs, C. Wilfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Wilfred_Griggs"},{"link_name":"\"The Apocalypse of Peter: Introduction and Translation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byusq/vol15/iss2/2/"},{"link_name":"Pearson, Birger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birger_A._Pearson"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/9789004437333_010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004437333_010"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1515/9783110884449","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110884449"},{"link_name":"Meyer, Marvin W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_W._Meyer"}],"text":"Translations of the Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter into English include:[51]Brown, S. Kent; Griggs, C. Wilfred (1975). \"The Apocalypse of Peter: Introduction and Translation\". Brigham Young University Studies Quarterly. 15 (2): 131–145.\nBullard, Roger A. (1988) [1981]. \"Apocalypse of Peter (VII, 3)\". In Wisse, Frederik (ed.). The Nag Hammadi Library in English (3rd ed.). Harper & Row. pp. 372–378.\nBrashler, James (1996). \"NHC VII,3: Apocalypse of Peter: Text, Translation, and Notes\". In Pearson, Birger (ed.). Nag Hammadi Codex VII. Brill. pp. 218–247. doi:10.1163/9789004437333_010.\nHavelaar, Henriette W. (1999). The Coptic Apocalypse of Peter (Nag-Hammadi-Codex VII,3). Akademie Verlag. pp. 30–53. doi:10.1515/9783110884449.\nMeyer, Marvin W. (2007). \"The Revelation of Peter\". The Nag Hammadi Scriptures. HarperOne. pp. 487–497.","title":"Translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Second Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple"},{"link_name":"Holy Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week"},{"link_name":"Passion of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perkins-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardinsBrashler1996203-4"}],"text":"^ Presumably the Second Temple during Jesus's visit to Jerusalem during Holy Week, shortly before the Passion of Jesus. A few scholars have argued that the dialogue takes place after Jesus's resurrection in a heavenly temple, though.[3][4]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pearson, Birger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birger_A._Pearson"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/9789004437333_010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004437333_010"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-43733-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43733-3"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1515/9783110884449","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110884449"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-11-017332-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017332-1"},{"link_name":"Meyer, Marvin W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_W._Meyer"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780060523787","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060523787"}],"text":"Desjardins, Michel; Brashler, James (1996). \"Introduction to VII,3 Apocalypse of Peter\". In Pearson, Birger (ed.). Nag Hammadi Codex VII. Brill. pp. 201–247. doi:10.1163/9789004437333_010. ISBN 978-90-04-43733-3.\nHavelaar, Henriette W. (1999). The Coptic Apocalypse of Peter (Nag-Hammadi-Codex VII,3). TU 144. Akademie Verlag. doi:10.1515/9783110884449. ISBN 978-3-11-017332-1.\nMeyer, Marvin W. (2007). \"The Revelation of Peter\". The Nag Hammadi Scriptures. HarperOne. pp. 487–496. ISBN 9780060523787.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Codex VII of the Nag Hammadi library, page 70, which has the end of the Second Treatise of the Great Seth and the start of the Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter. While the text is in Coptic, the title in the center is retained in Greek: άποκάλυψης πέτρου (transl. Apocalypse [of] Peter).[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nag_Hammadi_Codex_vii_70.png/290px-Nag_Hammadi_Codex_vii_70.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Brown, S. Kent; Griggs, C. Wilfred (1975). \"The Apocalypse of Peter: Introduction and Translation\". Brigham Young University Studies Quarterly. 15 (2): 131–145.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Kent_Brown","url_text":"Brown, S. Kent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Wilfred_Griggs","url_text":"Griggs, C. Wilfred"},{"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byusq/vol15/iss2/2/","url_text":"\"The Apocalypse of Peter: Introduction and Translation\""}]},{"reference":"Bullard, Roger A. (1988) [1981]. \"Apocalypse of Peter (VII, 3)\". In Wisse, Frederik (ed.). The Nag Hammadi Library in English (3rd ed.). Harper & Row. pp. 372–378.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brashler, James (1996). \"NHC VII,3: Apocalypse of Peter: Text, Translation, and Notes\". In Pearson, Birger (ed.). Nag Hammadi Codex VII. Brill. pp. 218–247. doi:10.1163/9789004437333_010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birger_A._Pearson","url_text":"Pearson, Birger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004437333_010","url_text":"10.1163/9789004437333_010"}]},{"reference":"Havelaar, Henriette W. (1999). The Coptic Apocalypse of Peter (Nag-Hammadi-Codex VII,3). Akademie Verlag. pp. 30–53. doi:10.1515/9783110884449.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110884449","url_text":"10.1515/9783110884449"}]},{"reference":"Meyer, Marvin W. (2007). \"The Revelation of Peter\". The Nag Hammadi Scriptures. HarperOne. pp. 487–497.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_W._Meyer","url_text":"Meyer, Marvin W."}]},{"reference":"Perkins, Pheme (1980). \"The Gnostic Apostle: The Petrine Tradition\". The Gnostic Dialogue: The Early Church and the Crisis of Gnosticism. Paulist Press. pp. 113–122. ISBN 0-8091-2320-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheme_Perkins","url_text":"Perkins, Pheme"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-2320-7","url_text":"0-8091-2320-7"}]},{"reference":"Werner, Andreas (2003). Schneemelcher, Wilhelm (ed.). New Testament Apocrypha: Volume Two: Writings Relating to the Apostles; Apocalypses and Related Subjects. Translated by Wilson, Robert McLachlan (Revised ed.). Westminster Press. pp. 700–712.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Schneemelcher","url_text":"Schneemelcher, Wilhelm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._McL._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, Robert McLachlan"}]},{"reference":"Luttikhuizen, Gerard P. (2003). \"The Suffering Jesus and The Invulnerable Christ in the Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter\". In Bremmer, Jan N.; Czachesz, István (eds.). The Apocalypse of Peter. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 187–200. ISBN 90-429-1375-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Luttikhuizen","url_text":"Luttikhuizen, Gerard P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_N._Bremmer","url_text":"Bremmer, Jan N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeters_(publishing_company)","url_text":"Peeters Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1375-4","url_text":"90-429-1375-4"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, James M., ed. (1972). The Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices: Codex VII. Leiden: Brill. pp. vii–xii. ISBN 9004036024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Robinson","url_text":"Robinson, James M."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/facsimileedition0007unse/","url_text":"The Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices: Codex VII"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004036024","url_text":"9004036024"}]},{"reference":"Bauckham, Richard (2015). \"Non-canonical Apocalypses and Prophetic Works\". In Gregory, Andrew; et al. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Apocrypha. Oxford University Press. pp. 115–138. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199644117.013.7. ISBN 978-0-19-108018-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bauckham","url_text":"Bauckham, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199644117.013.7","url_text":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199644117.013.7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-108018-0","url_text":"978-0-19-108018-0"}]},{"reference":"Havelaar, Henriette W. (1998). \"The Use of Scripture in the Coptic Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter (NHC VII,3)\". In Rutgers, Leonard Victor; Van Der Horst, Pieter Willem; Havelaar, Henriette W.; Teugels, Lieve M. (eds.). The Use of Sacred Books in the Ancient World. Leuven: Peeters. pp. 221–233. ISBN 90-429-0696-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Willem_van_der_Horst","url_text":"Van Der Horst, Pieter Willem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-0696-0","url_text":"90-429-0696-0"}]},{"reference":"Pearson, Birger (1990). \"The Apocalypse of Peter and Canonical 2 Peter\". Gnosticism & The Early Christian World. Polebridge Press. pp. 67–74.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birger_A._Pearson","url_text":"Pearson, Birger"}]},{"reference":"Ehrman, Bart (2012). Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics. Oxford University Press. pp. 407–412, 450–451. ISBN 9780199928033.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Ehrman","url_text":"Ehrman, Bart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199928033","url_text":"9780199928033"}]},{"reference":"Brashler, James; Bullard, Roger A. (1981). \"Apocalypse of Peter (VII, 3)\". In Wisse, Frederik (ed.). The Nag Hammadi Library in English. San Francisco: Harper & Row. pp. 339–340. ISBN 9780060669294. Retrieved 11 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/naghammadilibrar00jame/page/338/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Apocalypse of Peter (VII, 3)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060669294","url_text":"9780060669294"}]},{"reference":"Riley, Gregory (1996). \"Introduction to VII,2 Second Treatise of the Great Seth\". Nag Hammadi Codex VII. Brill. pp. 136–137. doi:10.1163/9789004437333_009. ISBN 978-90-04-43733-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004437333_009","url_text":"10.1163/9789004437333_009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43733-3","url_text":"978-90-04-43733-3"}]},{"reference":"Barnstone, Willis. \"The Second Treatise of the Great Seth\". The Gnostic Society Library. The Nag Hammadi Library. Retrieved 11 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/2seth-barnstone.html","url_text":"\"The Second Treatise of the Great Seth\""}]},{"reference":"Ehrman, Bart (2003). Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and The Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford University Press. pp. 15, 122–126, 185–187. ISBN 0-19-514183-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Ehrman","url_text":"Ehrman, Bart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514183-0","url_text":"0-19-514183-0"}]},{"reference":"Pagels, Elaine (1989) [1979]. The Gnostic Gospels (Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 89–94. ISBN 0-679-72453-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Pagels","url_text":"Pagels, Elaine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72453-2","url_text":"0-679-72453-2"}]},{"reference":"Reaves, Pamela (2017). \"Pseudo-Peter and Persecution: (Counter-) Evaluations of Suffering in the Coptic Apocalypse of Peter (NHC VII,3) and the Letter of Peter to Philip (NHC VIII,2)\". In Burke, Tony (ed.). Fakes, Forgeries, and Fictions: Writing Ancient and Modern Christian Apocrypha. Cascade Books. pp. 129–143, 150–151. ISBN 978-1-5326-0373-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-0373-0","url_text":"978-1-5326-0373-0"}]},{"reference":"Tite, Philip L. (2015). \"Voluntary Martyrdom and Gnosticism\". Journal of Early Christian Studies. 23 (1): 46–49. doi:10.1353/earl.2015.0013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.2015.0013","url_text":"10.1353/earl.2015.0013"}]},{"reference":"Lapham, Fred (2004) [2003]. Peter: The Myth, the Man and the Writings: A study of the early Petrine tradition. T&T Clark International. p. 236. ISBN 0567044904.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0567044904","url_text":"0567044904"}]},{"reference":"Frey, Jörg (2024). \"Petrine Traditions and Petrine Authorship Constructions in Early Christianity\". In Maier, Daniel C.; Frey, Jörg; Kraus, Thomas J. (eds.). The Apocalypse of Peter in Context (PDF). Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 21. Peeters. doi:10.2143/9789042952096. ISBN 978-90-429-5208-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.peeters-leuven.be/pdf/9789042952096.pdf","url_text":"The Apocalypse of Peter in Context"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2143%2F9789042952096","url_text":"10.2143/9789042952096"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-5208-9","url_text":"978-90-429-5208-9"}]},{"reference":"Nicklas, Tobias (2015). \"'Gnostic' Perspectives on Peter\". In Bond, Helen; Hurtado, Larry (eds.). Peter in Early Christianity. pp. 211–214, 220–221. ISBN 978-0-8028-7171-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Bond","url_text":"Bond, Helen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Hurtado","url_text":"Hurtado, Larry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7171-8","url_text":"978-0-8028-7171-8"}]},{"reference":"Reaves, Pamela (13 May 2016). \"Apocalypse of Peter (Coptic)\". e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha. Retrieved 11 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/apocalypse-of-peter-coptic/","url_text":"\"Apocalypse of Peter (Coptic)\""}]},{"reference":"Desjardins, Michel; Brashler, James (1996). \"Introduction to VII,3 Apocalypse of Peter\". In Pearson, Birger (ed.). Nag Hammadi Codex VII. Brill. pp. 201–247. doi:10.1163/9789004437333_010. ISBN 978-90-04-43733-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birger_A._Pearson","url_text":"Pearson, Birger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004437333_010","url_text":"10.1163/9789004437333_010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43733-3","url_text":"978-90-04-43733-3"}]},{"reference":"Havelaar, Henriette W. (1999). The Coptic Apocalypse of Peter (Nag-Hammadi-Codex VII,3). TU 144. Akademie Verlag. doi:10.1515/9783110884449. ISBN 978-3-11-017332-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110884449","url_text":"10.1515/9783110884449"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017332-1","url_text":"978-3-11-017332-1"}]},{"reference":"Meyer, Marvin W. (2007). \"The Revelation of Peter\". The Nag Hammadi Scriptures. HarperOne. pp. 487–496. ISBN 9780060523787.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_W._Meyer","url_text":"Meyer, Marvin W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060523787","url_text":"9780060523787"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_684
List of bus routes in London
["1 Classification of route numbers","1.1 Historic classification","1.2 Current classification","2 List of routes","2.1 1–99","2.2 100–199","2.3 200–299","2.4 300–399","2.5 400–499","2.6 500–599","2.7 600–699","2.8 900–999","2.9 Letter prefixes","2.10 East London Transit routes (EL-prefixed)","2.11 Superloop routes (SL-prefixed)","2.12 Night only routes (N-prefixed)","3 Non-TfL bus routes in Greater London","4 Former routes","5 Future routes","6 Temporary routes","7 See also","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 External links"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of bus routes in London" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Two double-decker buses on routes 8 and 205 at Bishopsgate in 2022 A single-decker bus on route 309 in Aberfeldy Village in 2022 This is a list of Transport for London (TfL) contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area (except coaches). Bus services in London are operated by Arriva London, Go-Ahead London (Blue Triangle, Docklands Buses, London Central and London General), Metroline, RATP Dev Transit London (London Sovereign, London United and London Transit), Stagecoach London (East London, Selkent and Thameside), Sullivan Buses, Transport UK London Bus and Uno. TfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Examples of non TfL-sponsored operators include, but are not limited to: Arriva Herts & Essex, Arriva Southern Counties, Carousel Buses, Diamond South East, Go-Coach, First Beeline, Metrobus, Stagecoach South, Thames Valley Buses and Reading Buses. Classification of route numbers In Victorian times, people who took the bus would recognise the owner and the route of an omnibus (Latin: "for everyone") only by its livery and its line name, with painted signs on the sides showing the two termini to indicate the route. Then, in 1906, George Samuel Dicks of the London Motor Omnibus Company decided that, as the line name 'Vanguard' had proved to be very popular, he would name all lines 'Vanguard' and number the company's five routes 1 through to 5. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a unique route number was easier for the travelling public to remember, and so the practice of using route numbers soon spread. Historic classification Feltham tram (in use up to 1933) showing only two slots for the route number. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows. The London Traffic Act 1924 imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme, named after Superintendent (later Chief Constable) Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. For many decades, variant and short workings used letter suffixes (e.g. "77B"). The numbers reflected the company that operated the route. The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed: From 1934 Route numbers Type of service 1–199 "Central Area" red double-decker services. 200–289 "Central Area" red single-decker services. 290–299 "Central Area" night bus routes. 300–399 "Country Area" north of the River Thames. (Rural services were operated by London Country Bus Services after 1970). 400–499 "Country Area" south of the River Thames. 500–699 Trolleybuses. 701–799 Green Line. 800–899 "Country Area New Towns" routes. Current classification Route numbers Type of service 1–599 Most local day routes, including 24-hour services. 600–699 School services, with the majority of them operating only one return journey per day. 700–799 Regional and national coach services, including Green Line. Also used for temporary TfL routes. 800–899 Regional and national coach services. 900–999 One mobility buses route within TfL, detailed below. Other letter-prefixed routes Local day routes, including 24-hour services, with the letter denoting a key area the bus travels through. EL-prefixed routes East London Transit routes. SL-prefixed routes Superloop routes. N-prefixed routes Night Bus routes. List of routes All routes operate in both directions unless detailed. 1–99 Route Start End Operator Notes 1 Canada Water bus station Hampstead Heath Go-Ahead London 2 Marylebone station Norwood bus garage Arriva London 3 Crystal Palace bus station Victoria bus station Transport UK London Bus 4 Archway tube station Blackfriars station Metroline 5 Canning Town bus station Romford Market Go-Ahead London 6 London Victoria station Willesden bus garage Metroline 24-hour operation. 7 East Acton Oxford Circus Metroline 8 Bow Church Tottenham Court Road station Stagecoach London 9 Aldwych Hammersmith bus station Metroline 11 Fulham Town Hall London Waterloo station Go-Ahead London 12 Dulwich Library Oxford Circus Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 13 North Finchley bus station London Victoria station RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 14 Putney Heath Russell Square Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 15 Blackwall DLR station Charing Cross tube station Go-Ahead London 16 Brent Park London Paddington station Metroline 17 Archway tube station London Bridge bus station Metroline 18 Euston bus station Sudbury & Harrow Road railway station RATP Dev Transit London 19 Battersea Bridge Finsbury Park bus station Arriva London 20 Debden Walthamstow bus station Stagecoach London 21 Lewisham Shopping Centre Holloway Go-Ahead London 22 Oxford Circus Putney Common Go-Ahead London 23 Aldwych Westbourne Park tube station RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 24 Hampstead Heath Pimlico Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation. 25 Ilford St Paul's tube station Stagecoach London Temporarily withdrawn between City Thameslink railway station and St Paul's tube station until 19:00 on 29 September 2024 due to Cadent Gas works closing Farringdon Street northbound from Ludgate Circus to Charterhouse Street. 26 Hackney Wick London Victoria station Stagecoach London 27 Chalk Farm Hammersmith Grove Transport UK London Bus 28 Kensal Rise railway station Southside Wandsworth Metroline 29 Trafalgar Square Wood Green tube station Arriva London 30 Hackney Wick Marble Arch tube station Metroline 31 White City bus station Camden Town tube station Metroline 32 Edgware bus station Kilburn Park tube station Metroline 33 Fulwell railway station Castelnau RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Castelnau and Hammersmith bus station until further notice due to the closure of Hammersmith Bridge. 34 Barnet Church Walthamstow bus station Arriva London 35 Clapham Junction railway station Shoreditch Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 36 New Cross bus garage Queen's Park station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 37 Peckham Putney Heath Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 38 Clapton Pond Victoria bus station Arriva London Several buses start from Hackney Central during weekday daytimes. 39 Clapham Junction railway station Putney Bridge tube station Go-Ahead London 40 Clerkenwell Road Dulwich Library Go-Ahead London 41 Archway tube station Tottenham Hale bus station Arriva London 42 East Dulwich Shoreditch Go-Ahead London Extended from Denmark Hill to East Dulwich on 1 October 2016. 43 Friern Barnet London Bridge bus station Metroline 24-hour operation. 44 Tooting railway station London Victoria station Go-Ahead London 45 Clapham Park Elephant and Castle Transport UK London Bus Ran to London King's Cross railway station until 15 June 2019. 46 London Paddington station St Bartholomew's Hospital Metroline Operated with electric buses since 20 October 2018. 47 Catford bus garage Shoreditch Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 49 Clapham Junction White City bus station RATP Dev Transit London 50 Fairfield Halls Stockwell tube station Arriva London 51 Orpington railway station Beresford Square Go-Ahead London 52 Victoria bus station Willesden bus garage Metroline 24-hour operation. 53 Plumstead railway station Lower Marsh Stagecoach London 54 Woolwich railway station Elmers End station Stagecoach London Transferred from Go-Ahead London to Stagecoach London on 3 May 2014. 55 Walthamstow bus station Oxford Circus Stagecoach London 56 St Bartholomew's Hospital Whipps Cross Stagecoach London 57 Clapham Park Fairfield bus station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 58 East Ham Walthamstow bus station Stagecoach London 59 St Bartholomew's Hospital Streatham Hill Arriva London 60 Old CoulsdonOasis Academy Coulsdon (schoolday journeys to Streatham railway station) Streatham railway station Arriva London 61 Bromley North railway station Chislehurst Stagecoach London 62 Barking Marks Gate Stagecoach London 63 London King's Cross railway station Honor Oak Transport UK London Bus 64 New Addington Thornton Heath Pond Arriva London 24-hour operation. 65 Ealing Broadway station Kingston upon Thames RATP Dev Transit London 66 Leytonstone bus station Romford railway station Arriva London 67 Wood Green tube station Dalston Go-Ahead London 68 Euston bus station West Norwood Transport UK London Bus 69 Canning Town bus station Walthamstow bus station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 70 Chiswick Business Park South Kensington tube station RATP Dev Transit London 71 Chessington World of Adventures Kingston upon Thames RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 72 East Acton Hammersmith Bridge RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Hammersmith Bridge and Roehampton until further notice due to the closure of Hammersmith Bridge. 73 Oxford Circus Stoke Newington Common Arriva London 74 Baker Street tube station Putney Exchange Go-Ahead London 75 Fairfield Halls Lewisham station Stagecoach London 76 Tottenham Hale bus station Lower Marsh Arriva London 24-hour operation. 77 Tooting railway station London Waterloo station Go-Ahead London 78 Nunhead Shoreditch High Street railway station Go-Ahead London 79 Stonebridge Park station Edgware bus station RATP Dev Transit London 80 Downview & High Down Prisons Hackbridge Go-Ahead London 81 Slough Hounslow bus station Metroline Temporarily withdrawn between Slough bus station and Slough until further notice due to Slough bus station being closed due to damage caused by a recent fire. 83 Alperton Golders Green tube station Metroline 85 Kingston upon Thames Putney Bridge tube station RATP Dev Transit London 86 Romford railway station Stratford bus station Stagecoach London 87 Aldwych Wandsworth Go-Ahead London Originally numbered 77A until 3 June 2006. 88 Parliament Hill Fields Clapham Common Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 89 Lewisham station Slade Green railway station Go-Ahead London 90 Feltham Northolt tube station Metroline Operated with double-decker buses since 29 August 2015. 91 Crouch End Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London Transferred from Metroline to Go-Ahead London on 4 February 2023. 92 Ealing Hospital St Raphael's North Metroline 93 North Cheam Putney Bridge tube station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 94 Acton Green Piccadilly Circus RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 95 Shepherd's Bush Green Southall Town Hall Metroline 96 Bluewater Shopping Centre Woolwich Stagecoach London 97 Chingford railway station Stratford City bus station Stagecoach London 98 Red Lion Square Willesden bus garage Metroline 99 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Beresford Square Arriva London Extended from Erith to Bexleyheath Shopping Centre on 24 January 2009. 100–199 Route Start End Operator Notes 100 St Paul's tube station Shadwell railway station Go-Ahead London Operated with electric buses since 18 January 2020. 101 Beckton bus station Wanstead tube station Go-Ahead London 102 Brent Cross bus station Edmonton Green bus station Arriva London 24-hour operation between Edmonton Green bus station and Golders Green tube station. 103 Chase Cross Rainham railway station Arriva London 104 Beckton bus station Stratford bus station Go-Ahead London 105 Greenford station Heathrow Central bus station RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 106 Finsbury Park bus station Whitechapel Go-Ahead London 107 Edgware bus station New Barnet railway station Metroline Crosses border into Hertfordshire at Elstree & Borehamwood railway station. 108 Lewisham Shopping Centre Stratford International station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 108D Lewisham Shopping Centre North Greenwich bus station Go-Ahead London Runs only at night. 109 Croydon Brixton tube station Transport UK London Bus 110 Hammersmith bus station Hounslow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 111 Heathrow Central bus station Kingston upon Thames Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation.Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 112 Ealing Broadway station Tally Ho Corner Metroline 113 Edgware bus station Marble Arch tube station Metroline 114 Mill Hill Broadway railway station Ruislip tube station Metroline 115 Aldgate bus station East Ham Go-Ahead London 116 Ashford Hospital Hounslow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 117 Staines-upon-Thames West Middlesex University Hospital RATP Dev Transit London 118 Morden tube station Brixton tube station Go-Ahead London 119 Bromley North railway station Croydon Colonnades Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 120 Hounslow bus station Northolt tube station Metroline 121 Enfield Island Village Turnpike Lane bus station Arriva London 122 Crystal Palace bus station Plumstead bus garage Stagecoach London 123 Ilford Wood Green tube station Arriva London 24-hour operation. 124 St Dunstan's College Eltham Stagecoach London 125 Colindale tube station Winchmore Hill RATP Dev Transit London 126 Bromley Eltham Go-Ahead London 127 Purley railway station Tooting Broadway tube station Go-Ahead London 128 Claybury Broadway Romford railway station Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 129 Lewisham Shopping Centre North Greenwich bus station Go-Ahead London 130 New Addington Thornton Heath Transport UK London Bus 131 Fairfield bus station Tooting Broadway tube station Go-Ahead London Transferred from London United to Go-Ahead London on 30 September 2017. 132 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre North Greenwich bus station Go-Ahead London Extended from Eltham railway station to North Greenwich bus station on 24 January 2009. 133 Streatham railway station Holborn tube station Transport UK London Bus 134 University College Hospital Tally Ho Corner Metroline 24-hour operation. 135 Cubitt Town Moorfields Eye Hospital Stagecoach London 136 Elephant and Castle Grove Park railway station Stagecoach London 137 Marble Arch tube station Streatham Hill Arriva London 138 Bromley North railway station Coney Hall Go-Ahead London 139 Golders Green tube station London Waterloo station Metroline 24-hour operation. 140 Harrow Weald bus garage Hayes & Harlington railway station Metroline Withdrawn between Heathrow Central bus station and Hayes & Harlington railway station on 7 December 2019. 141 London Bridge bus station Palmers Green Arriva London 142 Brent Cross bus station Watford Junction railway station Metroline 143 Archway tube station Brent Cross bus station Metroline 144 Edmonton Green bus station Muswell Hill Arriva London 145 Dagenham Leytonstone bus station Stagecoach London 146 Bromley North railway station Downe Stagecoach London 147 Canning Town bus station Ilford Go-Ahead London 148 Camberwell Green White City bus station RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 149 Edmonton Green bus station London Bridge bus station Arriva London 24-hour operation. 150 Becontree Heath Chigwell Row Arriva London 151 Wallington Worcester Park railway station Go-Ahead London 152 New Malden Pollards Hill Go-Ahead London 153 Finsbury Park bus station Liverpool Street bus station Go-Ahead London 154 Morden tube station West Croydon bus station Go-Ahead London 155 Elephant and Castle St George's Hospital Go-Ahead London 156 Vauxhall bus station Wimbledon station Transport UK London Bus 157 Crystal Palace bus station Morden tube station Go-Ahead London 158 Chingford Mount Stratford bus station Arriva London 24-hour operation. 159 Oxford Circus Streatham railway station Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation. 160 Catford Bridge railway station Sidcup railway station Stagecoach London 161 Chislehurst North Greenwich bus station Stagecoach London 162 Beckenham Junction station Eltham railway station Go-Ahead London 163 Morden tube station Wimbledon Go-Ahead London 164 Wimbledon Sutton railway station Go-Ahead London 165 Rainham The Brewery Stagecoach London 166 BansteadEpsom Hospital (once per hour) West Croydon bus station Arriva London 167 Ilford Loughton tube station Stagecoach London 169 Barking Clayhall Stagecoach London 170 Roehampton London Victoria station Go-Ahead London 171 Elephant and Castle Catford bus garage Go-Ahead London Ran to Holborn tube station until 15 June 2019. 172 Brockley Rise Aldwych Go-Ahead London Ran to Clerkenwell Green until 15 June 2019. 173 Beckton bus station King George Hospital Stagecoach London 174 Beam Park Harold Hill Stagecoach London 175 Dagenham Hillrise Estate Arriva London 176 Penge Tottenham Court Road station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 177 Peckham Thamesmead Stagecoach London 178 Lewisham station Woolwich Go-Ahead London 179 Chingford railway station Ilford Stagecoach London 180 Erith North Greenwich bus station Stagecoach London 181 Grove Park railway station Lewisham station Stagecoach London 182 Brent Cross bus station Harrow Weald Metroline 183 Golders Green tube station Pinner tube station RATP Dev Transit London 184 Chipping Barnet Turnpike Lane bus station Go-Ahead London 185 Lewisham station London Victoria station Go-Ahead London 186 Brent Cross bus station Northwick Park Hospital Metroline 187 O2 Centre Central Middlesex Hospital Metroline 188 North Greenwich bus station Tottenham Court Road station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 189 Brent Cross bus station Marble Arch tube station Metroline 24-hour operation. 190 Richmond bus station Empress State Building Metroline 191 Brimsdown railway station Edmonton Green bus station Arriva London 192 Enfield Town Tottenham Hale bus station Arriva London 193 County Park Estate Queen's Hospital Stagecoach London 194 Lower Sydenham West Croydon bus station Arriva London 195 Brentford Charville Lane Estate Transport UK London Bus 196 Elephant and Castle Norwood Junction railway station Transport UK London Bus 197 Fairfield Halls Peckham Go-Ahead London 198 Shrublands Thornton Heath Arriva London 199 Canada Water bus station Catford bus garage Stagecoach London 200–299 Route Start End Operator Notes 200 Mitcham Raynes Park Go-Ahead London 201 Herne Hill railway station Morden tube station Transport UK London Bus 202 Crystal Palace bus station Blackheath Arriva London 203 Staines-upon-Thames Hounslow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 204 Edgware bus station Sudbury Town tube station Metroline 205 Bow Church Paddington Stagecoach London 206 Kilburn Park tube station Wembley Park Metroline 207 Hayes Bypass White City bus station Transport UK London Bus 208 Lewisham station Orpington Go-Ahead London 209 Mortlake Castelnau Go-Ahead London Temporarily withdrawn between Castelnau and Hammersmith bus station until further notice due to the closure of Hammersmith Bridge. 210 Brent Cross bus station Finsbury Park bus station Metroline 211 Hammersmith bus station London Waterloo station RATP Dev Transit London 212 Chingford railway station St. James Street railway station Go-Ahead London 213 Fairfield bus station Sutton bus garage Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 214 Highgate Village Finsbury Square Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 215 Walthamstow bus station Lee Valley Campsite Stagecoach London 216 Kingston upon Thames Staines-upon-Thames RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 217 Turnpike Lane bus station Waltham Cross Sullivan Buses 218 North Acton Hammersmith bus station RATP Dev Transit London Introduced on 7 December 2019 with a peak frequency of every 10 minutes. 219 Clapham Junction Wimbledon Go-Ahead London 220 Southside Wandsworth Willesden Junction station RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 221 Edgware bus station Turnpike Lane bus station Arriva London 222 Uxbridge tube station Hounslow bus station Metroline 24-hour operation. 223 Harrow Wembley Central station Metroline 224 St Raphael's Estate Alperton RATP Dev Transit London 225 Canada Water bus station Hither Green railway station Go-Ahead London 226 Ealing Broadway station Golders Green tube station RATP Dev Transit London 227 Crystal Palace bus station Bromley North railway station Go-Ahead London 228 Central Middlesex Hospital Maida Hill Metroline 229 Queen Mary's Hospital Thamesmead Arriva London 230 Upper Walthamstow Wood Green tube station Go-Ahead London Transferred from Arriva London to Go-Ahead London on 20 June 2020. 231 Enfield Chase railway station Turnpike Lane bus station Metroline 232 St Raphael's Estate Turnpike Lane bus station Go-Ahead London 233 Eltham railway station Swanley Go-Ahead London 234 The Spires Barnet Archway tube station Metroline 235 North Brentford Sunbury Village RATP Dev Transit London Extended from Brentford to North Brentford on 7 December 2013.Transferred from Metroline to RATP Dev Transit London on 8 January 2022. 236 Finsbury Park bus station Hackney Wick Stagecoach London 237 Hounslow Heath White City bus station Metroline 238 Barking station Stratford bus station Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 240 Edgware bus station Golders Green tube station Metroline 241 Royal Wharf Stratford City bus station Stagecoach London 242 Homerton University Hospital Aldgate bus station Stagecoach London 243 London Waterloo station Wood Green tube station Arriva London 24-hour operation. 244 Abbey Wood Queen Elizabeth Hospital Go-Ahead London 245 Alperton Golders Green tube station Metroline 246 Bromley North railway station WesterhamChartwell (8 buses on Summer Sundays) Stagecoach London 247 Barkingside tube station Romford railway station Stagecoach London 248 Cranham Romford Market Arriva London 249 Anerley railway station Clapham Common Arriva London 250 West Croydon bus station Brixton tube station Arriva London 251 Arnos Grove tube station Edgware bus station Metroline 252 Collier Row Hornchurch Stagecoach London 253 Euston bus station Hackney Central railway station Arriva London 254 Aldgate bus station Holloway Arriva London 255 Balham station Pollards Hill Arriva London 256 Hornchurch Noak Hill Stagecoach London 257 Stratford bus station Walthamstow bus station (20:00 until 03:00)Bakers Arms (03:00 until 20:00) Stagecoach London Temporarily withdrawn between Walthamstow bus station and Bakers Arms during 03:00-20:00 each day until the end of August due to Walthamstow bus station being closed for works. 258 South Harrow tube station Watford Junction railway station RATP Dev Transit London 259 Edmonton Green bus station King's Cross Arriva London 260 Golders Green tube station White City bus station Metroline 261 Lewisham station Princess Royal University Hospital Stagecoach London 262 Gallions Reach Shopping Park Stratford bus station Go-Ahead London 263 Barnet Hospital Highbury Barn Metroline 264 West Croydon bus station St George's Hospital Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 265 Putney Bridge tube station Tolworth Go-Ahead London 266 Brent Cross bus station Acton RATP Dev Transit London 267 Fulwell Hammersmith bus station Transport UK London Bus 268 O2 Centre Golders Green tube station Metroline 269 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Bromley North railway station Arriva London 270 Mitcham Putney Bridge tube station Transport UK London Bus 272 Shepherd's Bush Green Chiswick RATP Dev Transit London 273 Lewisham Petts Wood railway station Stagecoach London 274 Angel Islington Lancaster Gate tube station Metroline 275 Barkingside St. James Street railway station Stagecoach London Crosses border into Essex in Chigwell. 276 Newham University Hospital Stoke Newington Common Stagecoach London Transferred from Go-Ahead London to Stagecoach London on 16 September 2023. 277 Cubitt Town Dalston Stagecoach London 278 Heathrow Central bus station Ruislip tube station Transport UK London Bus Introduced on 7 December 2019. 279 Manor House tube station Waltham Cross Arriva London 280 St George's Hospital Belmont railway station Go-Ahead London 281 Hounslow bus station Tolworth RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 282 Ealing Hospital Mount Vernon Hospital Metroline 283 East Acton Hammersmith bus station RATP Dev Transit London 284 Lewisham station Grove Park Cemetery Stagecoach London 285 Heathrow Central bus station Kingston upon Thames Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation.Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 286 Cutty Sark Queen Mary's Hospital Go-Ahead London 287 Barking station Rainham Stagecoach London 288 Broadfields Estate Queensbury RATP Dev Transit London 289 Elmers End station Purley railway station Arriva London 290 Staines-upon-Thames Twickenham RATP Dev Transit London 291 Queen Elizabeth Hospital Woodlands Estate Go-Ahead London 292 Borehamwood Colindale Metroline 293 Morden tube station Epsom Hospital RATP Dev Transit London 294 Havering Country Park Noak Hill Stagecoach London 295 Clapham Junction railway station Ladbroke Grove RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 296 Ilford Romford railway station Stagecoach London 297 Ealing Broadway station Willesden bus garage Metroline 24-hour operation. 298 Arnos Grove tube station Potters Bar railway station Sullivan Buses Withdrawn between Potters Bar and Potters Bar railway station on 13 November 2017. 299 Muswell Hill Cockfosters tube station Sullivan Buses 300–399 Route Start End Operator Notes 300 Canning Town bus station East Ham Go-Ahead London 301 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Beresford Square Arriva London Introduced on 13 July 2019. 302 Mill Hill Broadway railway station Kensal Rise railway station Metroline 303 Kingsbury Edgware bus station RATP Dev Transit London 304 Manor Park Custom House station Go-Ahead London Introduced on 21 May 2022 in preparation for the Elizabeth line. 306 Acton Vale Sands End Transport UK London Bus Introduced on 7 December 2019 with a peak frequency of every 12 minutes. 307 Barnet Hospital Brimsdown railway station Arriva London 308 Clapton Pond Wanstead Stagecoach London 309 Bethnal Green Canning Town bus station Stagecoach London 312 Norwood Junction railway station Purley Arriva London 313 Chingford railway stationEnfield bus garage (schoolday journeys to and from Dame Alice Owen's School) Potters Bar railway stationDame Alice Owen's School (schoolday journeys to and from Enfield bus garage) Arriva London 314 New Addington tram stop Eltham railway station Stagecoach London 315 Balham station West Norwood Transport UK London Bus Transferred from Go-Ahead London to Abellio London on 17 October 2020. 316 Brent Cross West railway station White City bus station Metroline Extended from Cricklewood bus garage to Brent Cross West railway station on 10 December 2023. 317 Enfield Town Waltham Cross Metroline 318 North Middlesex University Hospital Stamford Hill Arriva London 319 Sloane Square Streatham Hill Arriva London 320 Biggin Hill Valley Catford Bridge railway station Go-Ahead London 321 Foots Cray New Cross Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 322 Crystal Palace bus station Clapham Common Transport UK London Bus 323 Canning Town bus station Mile End tube station Stagecoach London 324 Brent Cross Elstree Metroline 325 East Beckton Prince Regent DLR station Go-Ahead London 326 The Spires Barnet Brent Cross bus station RATP Dev Transit London 327 Waltham Cross Circular via Elsinge Estate & Turkey Street railway station Sullivan Buses 328 World's End Golders Green tube station Metroline 329 Enfield Town Turnpike Lane bus station Arriva London 330 Thames Barrier Wanstead Park railway station Stagecoach London 331 Uxbridge tube station Ruislip tube station Metroline Runs via Harefield.Crosses border into Hertfordshire at Batchworth Heath and into Buckinghamshire at Denham railway station. 333 Elephant and Castle Tooting Broadway tube station Go-Ahead London 335 Kidbrooke North Greenwich bus station Arriva London Introduced on 26 October 2019. 336 Catford Bridge railway station Locksbottom Stagecoach London 337 Clapham Junction Richmond bus station Go-Ahead London 339 Leytonstone bus station Shadwell DLR station Stagecoach London 340 Edgware bus station Harrow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 341 London Waterloo station Meridian Water railway station Arriva London 24-hour operation. 343 Aldgate bus station New Cross Gate Go-Ahead London 344 Clapham Junction railway station Liverpool Street bus station Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation. 345 Peckham Natural History Museum Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation. 346 Upminster Park Estate Harold Hill Stagecoach London 347 Romford railway station Ockendon railway station Arriva London 349 Enfield bus garage Stamford Hill Arriva London 350 Hayes Heathrow Terminal 5 Transport UK London Bus 352 Bromley North railway station Lower Sydenham Go-Ahead London 353 Forestdale Ramsden Go-Ahead London 354 Bromley North railway station Penge Go-Ahead London 355 Mitcham Brixton tube station Go-Ahead London 356 Shirley Upper Sydenham Stagecoach London 357 Chingford Hatch Whipps CrossWhipps Cross University Hospital (Sundays only) Go-Ahead London 358 Crystal Palace bus station Orpington railway station Go-Ahead London 359 Addington Village Interchange Purley Go-Ahead London 360 Elephant and Castle Royal Albert Hall Go-Ahead London 362 King George Hospital Grange Hill tube station Stagecoach London 363 Crystal Palace bus station Elephant and Castle Transport UK London Bus 364 Dagenham East Ilford Go-Ahead London 365 Beam Park Havering Country Park Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 366 Beckton bus station Redbridge Go-Ahead London 367 West Croydon bus station Bromley North railway station Transport UK London Bus 368 Barking Chadwell Heath Go-Ahead London 370 Romford Lakeside Shopping Centre Arriva London 371 Richmond Kingston upon Thames RATP Dev Transit London 372 Hornchurch Lakeside Shopping Centre Stagecoach London Partially replaced former route 324 that ran between Hornchurch and Bluewater Shopping Centre. 375 Romford railway station Passingford Bridge Arriva London Partially replaced commercial routes 500 and 575. 376 Beckton bus station Newham Town Hall Go-Ahead London 377 Enfield bus garage Oakwood tube station Arriva London 378 Mortlake Putney Bridge Go-Ahead London 379 Chingford railway station Yardley Lane Estate Stagecoach London 380 Lewisham Shopping Centre Belmarsh Prison Stagecoach London 381 County Hall Peckham Transport UK London Bus 382 Southgate tube station Mill Hill East Metroline 383 The Spires Barnet Finchley Memorial Hospital Uno 384 Edgware bus station Cockfosters tube station Metroline 385 Chingford railway station Salisbury Hall Stagecoach London 386 Blackheath Village Woolwich Arsenal station Go-Ahead London 388 London Bridge bus station Stratford City bus station Stagecoach London 389 The Spires Barnet Circular via High Barnet tube station Sullivan Buses 390 Victoria bus station Archway tube station Metroline 24-hour operation. 393 Chalk Farm Clapton Pond Metroline 394 Islington Homerton University Hospital Stagecoach London 395 Greenford Harrow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 396 Ilford King George Hospital Go-Ahead London 397 Salisbury Hall Debden Stagecoach London 398 Ruislip tube station Wood End RATP Dev Transit London 399 The Spires Barnet Circular via Hadley Wood railway station Sullivan Buses 400–499 Route Start End Operator Notes 401 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Thamesmead Arriva London 403 Warlingham West Croydon bus station Go-Ahead London 404 Caterham on the Hill Coulsdon Transport UK London Bus 405 Croydon Redhill Arriva London 406 EpsomEpsom Hospital (schoolday journeys) Kingston upon Thames RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 407 Sutton Caterham Valley Transport UK London Bus 410 Crystal Palace bus station Wallington Arriva London Frequency reduced from a bus every 9 minutes to a bus every 10 minutes on 30 June 2018. 411 Kingston upon Thames West Molesey RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 412 Croydon Purley Arriva London 413 Morden tube station Sutton bus garage Go-Ahead London 414 Putney Bridge tube station Marble Arch tube station RATP Dev Transit London 415 Old Kent Road Tulse Hill railway station Transport UK London Bus 417 Crystal Palace bus station Clapham Common Arriva London 418 Kingston upon Thames Epsom RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 419 Roehampton Richmond bus station RATP Dev Transit London 422 North Greenwich bus station Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Stagecoach London 423 Heathrow Terminal 5 Hounslow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 424 Putney Heath Fulham Go-Ahead London 425 Clapton Ilford Stagecoach London 427 Southall Uxbridge Transport UK London Bus 428 Erith Bluewater Shopping Centre Arriva London 430 Victoria and Albert Museum Roehampton Go-Ahead London 432 Anerley railway station Brixton tube station Arriva London 433 Croydon Addington Village Interchange Transport UK London Bus Originally numbered T33 until 24 October 2015. 434 Coulsdon Caterham Valley Go-Ahead London 436 Battersea Park railway station Lewisham Shopping Centre Go-Ahead London 439 Waddon Marsh tram stop Whyteleafe South Go-Ahead London 440 Wembley Turnham Green Church RATP Dev Transit London 444 Turnpike Lane bus station Chingford railway station Go-Ahead London 450 Lower Sydenham West Croydon bus station Go-Ahead London 452 Ladbroke Grove Vauxhall bus station RATP Dev Transit London Extended from Wandsworth Road railway station to Vauxhall bus station on 19 November 2016.Temporarily withdrawn between Kensal Rise railway station and Ladbroke Grove until further notice due to road layout changes at the bus stand at Kensal Rise railway station by the London Borough of Brent. 453 Marylebone station Deptford Bridge DLR station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 456 North Middlesex University Hospital Crews Hill Go-Ahead London 460 North Finchley bus station Willesden bus garage Metroline 462 Ilford Hainault Stagecoach London Crosses border into Essex at Grange Hill tube station. 463 Pollards Hill Coulsdon South railway station Go-Ahead London 464 Tatsfield New Addington tram stop Transport UK London Bus 465 Kingston upon Thames Dorking RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 466 Caterham on the HillOasis Academy Coulsdon (schoolday journeys) Addington Village Interchange Arriva London 467 HookHinchley Wood School (schoolday journeys from Epsom) EpsomEpsom Hospital (schoolday journeys from Hook) RATP Dev Transit London 468 Elephant and Castle South Croydon Arriva London 469 Queen Elizabeth Hospital Erith Go-Ahead London Extended from Bexleyheath Shopping Centre to Queen Elizabeth Hospital on 24 January 2009. 470 Colliers Wood tube station Sutton railway station Go-Ahead London 472 North Greenwich bus station Abbey Wood railway station Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 473 Stratford bus station North Woolwich Go-Ahead London 474 Canning Town Manor Park railway station Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 476 Northumberland Park railway station London King's Cross railway station Go-Ahead London 481 West Middlesex University Hospital Kingston upon Thames Metroline Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 481D Whitton Kingston upon Thames Transport UK London Bus Schoolday journeys only.Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 482 Southall Town Hall Heathrow Terminal 5 Transport UK London Bus 483 Harrow bus station Windmill Park Metroline 484 Camberwell Green Lewisham station Go-Ahead London 485 Southside Wandsworth Castelnau Go-Ahead London Temporarily withdrawn between Castelnau and Hammersmith bus station until further notice due to the closure of Hammersmith Bridge.Route serves the WWT London Wetland Centre in both directions during opening hours. 486 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre North Greenwich bus station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 487 Willesden Junction station South Harrow tube station Metroline 488 Bromley-by-Bow Dalston Stagecoach London 490 Pools on the Park Heathrow Terminal 5 Transport UK London Bus 491 North Middlesex University Hospital Waltham Cross Metroline 492 Bluewater Shopping Centre Sidcup railway station Arriva London 493 St George's Hospital Richmond bus station Go-Ahead London 496 Queen's Hospital Harold Wood Stagecoach London 498 Queen's Hospital Brentwood Stagecoach London Introduced on 26 December 2005. 499 Gallows Corner loop service via Heath Park Estate Stagecoach London 500–599 Route Start End Operator Notes 533 Hammersmith bus station loop service via Castelnau Go-Ahead London A temporary route replacing routes 33, 72, 209 and 485 until further notice due to the closure of Hammersmith Bridge. 549 Loughton tube station South Woodford tube station Sullivan Buses Frequency reduced from a bus every 67 minutes to a bus every 90 minutes on 12 March 2022.To be withdrawn on 7 September 2024, being replaced by a restructured version of route W14. 600–699 Route numbers from 600 to 699 are used for school services, with the majority of them running one return journey on each weekday during peak times and during school term time. Route Start End Schools Operator Notes 601 Thamesmead Wilmington Academy Wilmington Academy Go-Ahead London 602 Thamesmead Townley Grammar School Townley Grammar School Stagecoach London 603 Swiss Cottage tube station Muswell Hill N/A Metroline 605 Burnt Oak tube station Totteridge & Whetstone tube station Mill Hill County High School Sullivan Buses 606 Queensbury tube station The Totteridge Academy The Totteridge AcademyQueen Elizabeth's School, Barnet Sullivan Buses 608 Gallows Corner Shenfield High School Shenfield High School Go-Ahead London 612 Selsdon Wallington County Grammar School Wallington County Grammar SchoolRiddlesdown CollegiateThe John Fisher SchoolWallington High School for Girls Arriva London 613 Tolworth railway station Glenthorne High School Glenthorne High School RATP Dev Transit London 616 Winchmore Hill Edmonton Green bus station The Latymer School Stagecoach London 617 Turnpike Lane bus station Turkey Street railway station St Ignatius College Sullivan Buses 621 Lewisham station Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Stagecoach London 624 Grove Park railway station Stationers' Crown Woods AcademyWelling (1 bus eastbound only) Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Go-Ahead London 625 Plumstead Common Chislehurst N/A Go-Ahead London 626 Finchley Central tube station Dame Alice Owen's School Dame Alice Owen's School Metroline 627 Wallington High School for Girls Worcester Park railway station Wallington High School for Girls Arriva London 628 JFS Southgate tube station JFS Uno Runs one way to Southgate tube station only. 629 Turkey Street railway station Wood Green bus garage St Ignatius College Sullivan Buses 631 Golders Green tube station Henrietta Barnett School Henrietta Barnett School Metroline 632 Grahame Park Kilburn Park tube station St James' Catholic High School Metroline 633 Pollards Hill Coulsdon South railway station Woodcote High School Go-Ahead London Transferred from Quality Line to Go-Ahead London on 3 April 2021.Extended from Wallington to Pollards Hill on 4 January 2022. 634 Muswell Hill Chipping Barnet Queen Elizabeth's School, Barnet Metroline 635 St Paul's College Hounslow bus station St Paul's College Metroline 638 Coney Hall Kemnal Technology College Chislehurst School for GirlsKemnal Technology CollegeCoopers SchoolEltham College Stagecoach London 639 Roehampton St John Bosco College St John Bosco College Transport UK London Bus Transferred from Go-Ahead London to London United on 5 June 2021 and transferred from RATP Dev Transit London to Transport UK London Bus on 8 June 2024. 640 South Harrow tube station Bentley Wood High School Whitmore High SchoolSalvatorian CollegeSacred Heart Language CollegeBentley Wood High School Sullivan Buses 642 West Hendon London Academy London Academy Metroline 643 Brent Cross bus station Christ's College Finchley Christ's College Finchley Uno 645 Purley Cross Waddon N/A Arriva London Introduced on 4 January 2022 to replace route 405D. 646 Noak Hill Cranham N/A Go-Ahead London 649 Romford bus garage The Campion School The Campion School Go-Ahead London 650 Romford bus garage Emerson Park Academy Emerson Park Academy Go-Ahead London 651 Romford railway station Chase Cross Bower Park Academy Go-Ahead London 652 Rainham Upminster station Sanders Draper SchoolHavering Sixth Form CollegeThe Brittons AcademyHarris Academy Rainham Go-Ahead London 653 JFS Muswell Hill JFS Uno 654 Addington Village Interchange Ramsden Harris Academy OrpingtonRavens Wood School Go-Ahead London 655 Mitcham Raynes Park High School Raynes Park High School RATP Dev Transit London 656 Gallows Corner Emerson Park Academy Emerson Park Academy Go-Ahead London 657 Salisbury Hall Bancroft's School Trinity Catholic High SchoolBancroft's School Go-Ahead London 658 Woolwich Arsenal station Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Go-Ahead London 660 Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Catford bus garage Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Stagecoach London 661 Chislehurst Petts Wood railway station Eltham CollegeCoopers School Stagecoach London 662 Surbiton railway station Holy Cross School Holy Cross School RATP Dev Transit London 663 Thornton Heath railway station Harris Academy Purley Harris Academy Purley Go-Ahead London 664 New Addington Charles Darwin School Charles Darwin SchoolRavens Wood School Go-Ahead London 665 Surbiton Holy Cross School Holy Cross School RATP Dev Transit London 667 Ilford West Hatch High School West Hatch High School Stagecoach London 669 Thamesmead Cleeve Park School Cleeve Park School Stagecoach London 670 Roehampton St John Bosco College St John Bosco College Transport UK London Bus Transferred from Go-Ahead London to London United on 5 June 2021 and transferred from RATP Dev Transit London to Transport UK London Bus on 8 June 2024. 671 Chessington South railway station Tiffin Girls' School Tiffin Girls' School Transport UK London Bus 672 Thamesmead Beresford Square Hawksmoor Primary School Stagecoach London 673 The Warren School Beckton bus station The Warren School Stagecoach London Runs one way to Beckton bus station only. 674 Romford railway station Harold Hill Royal Liberty School Stagecoach London 675 St. James Street railway station Woodbridge High School Woodbridge High School Arriva London 677 Ilford Debden Davenant Foundation School Go-Ahead London 678 Beckton bus station Stratford bus station St Angela's Ursuline SchoolSt Bonaventure'sForest Gate Community SchoolStratford School Stagecoach London 679 Goodmayes Woodford Wells Woodford County High School For GirlsTrinity Catholic High SchoolBancroft's School Go-Ahead London 681 Hounslow bus station Teddington School Teddington School RATP Dev Transit London 683 Friern Barnet JFS JFS Uno 684 Orpington railway station Charles Darwin School Charles Darwin School Stagecoach London 685 Warlingham School Selsdon Warlingham SchoolRiddlesdown Collegiate Arriva London Runs one way to Selsdon only. 686 Romford railway station St Edward's Church of England Academy St Edward's Church of England Academy Go-Ahead London Afternoon journeys from St Edward's Church of England Academy terminate at Harold Hill. 687 Dagenham Park Church of England School Barking station Dagenham Park Church of England School Go-Ahead London 688 Southgate tube station JFS JFS Uno 689 West Croydon bus station Monks Orchard Orchard Park High School Arriva London 690 Burntwood School Norwood bus garage Burntwood School Go-Ahead London 696 Hayes Bishop Ramsey School Bishop Ramsey School RATP Dev Transit London 697 The Douay Martyrs School Hayes End The Douay Martyrs School RATP Dev Transit London Morning journeys from Hayes End terminate at Ickenham tube station. 698 The Douay Martyrs School West Drayton The Douay Martyrs School RATP Dev Transit London Morning journeys from West Drayton terminate at Ickenham tube station. 699 Winchmore Hill Dame Alice Owen's School Dame Alice Owen's School Uno 900–999 Route numbers from 900 to 999 represent mobility buses; these mostly provide a once-a-week return journey to a local shopping centre from relatively low-density neighbourhoods where there is no alternative route in the main bus network. The number of mobility buses routes has declined over the past few years because low-floor and wheelchair-accessible buses run on all London Buses routes. Route Start End Operator Notes 969 Whitton Roehampton Vale Transport UK London Bus Operates one return journey on Tuesdays and Fridays only. Letter prefixes Route Start End Operator Letter code Notes A10 Uxbridge tube station Heathrow Central bus station Metroline Heathrow Airport B11 Bexleyheath bus garage South Thamesmead Go-Ahead London Bexleyheath B12 Erith Joyden's Wood Go-Ahead London Bexleyheath Extended from Bexleyheath Shopping Centre to Joyden's Wood on 24 January 2009.Runs in a loop in Joyden's Wood via Dartford Road, Old Bexley Lane, Oakfield Lane, Leyton Cross Road, Birchwood Road, Summerhouse Drive, Tile Kiln Lane and Baldwyn's Park, exiting the loop at the junction with Baldwyn's Park and Dartford Road. Runs the loop in reverse after 12:00. B13 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre New Eltham railway station Go-Ahead London Bexleyheath B14 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Orpington railway station Stagecoach London Bexleyheath B15 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Horn Park Arriva London Bexleyheath B16 Bexleyheath bus garage Kidbrooke Go-Ahead London Bexleyheath C1 London Victoria station White City bus station RATP Dev Transit London Central London C3 Clapham Junction railway station Earl's Court Transport UK London Bus Chelsea C10 London Victoria station Canada Water bus station Transport UK London Bus Central London C11 Archway tube station Brent Cross bus station Metroline Cricklewood D3 Bethnal Green Leamouth Go-Ahead London London Docklands D6 Ash Grove bus garage Cubitt Town Stagecoach London London Docklands D7 Mile End tube station All Saints Church Stagecoach London London Docklands D8 Cubitt Town Stratford bus station Stagecoach London London Docklands E1 Ealing Broadway station Greenford Broadway Metroline Ealing E2 Brentford Greenford Broadway Metroline Ealing E3 Chiswick Greenford Broadway RATP Dev Transit London Ealing E5 Perivale Southall Transport UK London Bus Dormers Wells E6 Bulls Bridge Greenford Broadway Transport UK London Bus Yeading Temporarily withdrawn between Greenford station and Greenford Broadway until 20:00 on 17 August 2024 due to gas works on Oldfield Lane North. E7 Ealing Broadway station Ruislip tube station Transport UK London Bus Ealing Runs via Wood Lane in Ruislip during shopping hours. E8 Ealing Broadway station Hounslow Metroline Ealing E9 Ealing Broadway station Yeading Metroline Ealing E10 Ealing Broadway station Northolt Transport UK London Bus Ealing E11 Ealing Common Greenford Broadway Transport UK London Bus Ealing G1 Shaftesbury Park Estate Norbury Go-Ahead London St George's Hospital H2 Golders Green tube station Circular via Hampstead Garden Suburb Metroline Hampstead Garden Suburb H3 East Finchley Golders Green tube station Metroline Hampstead Garden Suburb H9 Northwick Park Hospital (circular) anticlockwise via Kenton station RATP Dev Transit London Harrow H10 Northwick Park Hospital (circular) clockwise via South Harrow tube station RATP Dev Transit London Harrow H11 Harrow bus station Mount Vernon Hospital RATP Dev Transit London Harrow H12 South Harrow tube station Stanmore tube station RATP Dev Transit London Hatch End H13 Northwood Hills Ruislip Lido Metroline Ruislip H14 Northwick Park Hospital Hatch End RATP Dev Transit London Harrow H17 Harrow bus station Wembley Central station Metroline Harrow H18 Harrow bus station (circular) clockwise via North Harrow RATP Dev Transit London Harrow H19 Harrow bus station (circular) anticlockwise via Kenton station RATP Dev Transit London Harrow Route terminates at St George's Shopping Centre instead of Harrow bus station. H20 Hounslow Ivybridge Transport UK London Bus Hounslow H22 Hounslow West Middlesex University Hospital RATP Dev Transit London Hounslow H25 Hanworth Hatton Cross tube station Transport UK London Bus Hatton H26 Feltham Hatton Cross tube station Transport UK London Bus Hatton H28 Bulls Bridge Osterley Transport UK London Bus Hounslow H32 Southall Town Hall Hounslow bus station Transport UK London Bus Hounslow H37 Richmond Hounslow RATP Dev Transit London Hounslow H91 Hammersmith bus station Hounslow West tube station Metroline Hounslow H98 Hayes End Hounslow bus station RATP Dev Transit London Hounslow K1 Kingston upon Thames New Malden railway station RATP Dev Transit London Kingston upon Thames Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. K2 Kingston Hospital Hook RATP Dev Transit London Kingston upon Thames K3 Roehampton Vale Esher RATP Dev Transit London Kingston upon Thames K4 Mansfield Park Estate Kingston Hospital RATP Dev Transit London Kingston upon Thames K5 Morden tube station Ham RATP Dev Transit London Kingston upon Thames P4 Lewisham station Brixton tube station Go-Ahead London Dulwich P5 Elephant and Castle Patmore Estate Transport UK London Bus Clapham P12 Surrey Quays Shopping Centre Brockley Rise Go-Ahead London Peckham P13 New Cross Streatham railway station Transport UK London Bus Peckham R1 Green Street Green St Paul's Cray Go-Ahead London Orpington R2 Orpington Biggin Hill Valley Go-Ahead London Orpington R3 Princess Royal University Hospital Orpington railway station Go-Ahead London Orpington R4 Princess Royal University Hospital Paul's Cray Hill Go-Ahead London Orpington R5 Orpington railway station (circular) clockwise via Knockholt Go-Ahead London Orpington R6 Orpington railway station St Mary Cray railway station Go-Ahead London Orpington To be withdrawn on 29 March 2025, being replaced by a reroute of route B14. R7 Chelsfield Village Chislehurst Go-Ahead London Orpington R8 Orpington railway station Biggin Hill Go-Ahead London Orpington R9 Orpington railway station Ramsden Go-Ahead London Orpington R10 Orpington railway station (circular) anticlockwise via Cudham Go-Ahead London Orpington R11 Green Street Green Queen Mary's Hospital Go-Ahead London Orpington R68 Hampton Court railway station Kew Transport UK London Bus Richmond R70 Richmond Hampton Transport UK London Bus Richmond S1 Lavender Fields Banstead Go-Ahead London Sutton S2 St Helier railway station Epsom Go-Ahead London Sutton S3 Belmont railway station Malden Manor railway station Transport UK London Bus Sutton S4 Sutton Waddon Marsh tram stop Transport UK London Bus Sutton U1 Ruislip tube station West Drayton railway station Metroline Uxbridge U2 Uxbridge tube station Brunel University Metroline Uxbridge Runs via Hillingdon tube station.Runs via Leybourne Road in North Hillingdon during Monday-Saturday shopping hours. U3 Uxbridge tube station Heathrow Central bus station Metroline Uxbridge U4 Uxbridge tube station Hayes Metroline Uxbridge U5 Uxbridge Hayes Transport UK London Bus Uxbridge U7 Uxbridge tube station Hayes Transport UK London Bus Uxbridge U9 Uxbridge tube station Harefield Hospital Transport UK London Bus Uxbridge U10 Uxbridge tube station Ruislip Metroline Uxbridge W3 Finsbury Park bus station Northumberland Park railway station Arriva London Wood Green W4 Oakthorpe Park Tottenham Hale Arriva London West Green W5 Archway tube station Harringay Stagecoach London Crouch End W6 Southgate tube station Edmonton Green bus station Arriva London Palmers Green W7 Finsbury Park bus station Muswell Hill Metroline Crouch End W8 Lee Valley Leisure Complex Chase Farm Hospital Metroline Enfield Town W9 Southgate tube station Chase Farm Hospital Sullivan Buses Enfield Town W11 Walthamstow bus station Chingford Hall Estate Stagecoach London Walthamstow W12 Walthamstow Wanstead Stagecoach London Walthamstow W13 Leytonstone bus station Woodford Wells Stagecoach London Woodford W14 Leyton Mills Woodford Bridge Stagecoach London Woodford W15 Hackney Town Hall Higham Hill Go-Ahead London Walthamstow W16 Leytonstone bus station Chingford Mount Stagecoach London Highams Park W19 Walthamstow Ilford Stagecoach London Walthamstow East London Transit routes (EL-prefixed) Main article: East London Transit Route Start End Operator Notes EL1 Barking Riverside Ilford Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation.Originally numbered 369 until 20 February 2010. EL2 Becontree Heath Dagenham Dock Go-Ahead London EL3 Barking Riverside Little Heath Go-Ahead London Originally numbered 387 until 18 February 2017. Superloop routes (SL-prefixed) Main article: London Superloop Route Start End Operator Notes SL1 North Finchley bus station Walthamstow bus station Arriva London SL2 Walthamstow bus station North Woolwich Arriva London SL3 Thamesmead Bromley North railway station Stagecoach London SL5 Bromley North railway station Croydon Arriva London SL6 Russell Square West Croydon bus station Go-Ahead London Runs non-stop between Waterloo and West Norwood.Runs only on weekdays during peak hours only.Runs towards Russell Square in the morning peak, and runs towards West Croydon bus station in the evening peak. SL7 West Croydon bus station Heathrow Central bus station Go-Ahead London SL8 Uxbridge tube station White City bus station Metroline SL9 Heathrow Central bus station Harrow bus station RATP Dev Transit London SL10 Harrow bus station North Finchley bus station RATP Dev Transit London Night only routes (N-prefixed) Main article: Night buses in London Night Bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. However, there are a few N-prefixed route numbers that have no relation to their daytime equivalents: the N5, N20, and N97 all operate in a different part of London to their respective day routes. Also, the N550 and N551 (which provide night service on parts of the DLR network), and the N271 (whose daytime service was withdrawn on 4 February 2023) have no corresponding daytime routes. There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night but usually with a lower frequency during the night hours. The vast majority run the same route at all times. With the introduction of the Night Tube, some day routes have been extended to run during Friday and Saturday nights to serve the stations. Route Start End Operator N1 Thamesmead Tottenham Court Road station Go-Ahead London N2 Crystal Palace bus station Marylebone station Arriva London N3 Bromley North railway station Oxford Circus Transport UK London Bus N5 Edgware bus station Trafalgar Square RATP Dev Transit London N7 Northolt tube station Oxford Circus Metroline N8 Hainault Oxford Circus Stagecoach London N9 Heathrow Terminal 5 Aldwych Metroline N11 Ealing Broadway station Whitehall Go-Ahead London N15 Romford Market Oxford Circus Go-Ahead London N18 Harrow Weald bus garage Trafalgar Square RATP Dev Transit London N19 Clapham Junction railway station Finsbury Park bus station Arriva London N20 Barnet Hospital Trafalgar Square Metroline N21 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London N22 Fulwell Oxford Circus Go-Ahead London N25 Ilford Oxford Circus Stagecoach London N26 Chingford railway station London Victoria station Stagecoach London N27 Hammersmith bus station Chalk Farm Transport UK London Bus N28 Camden Town Southside Wandsworth Metroline N29 Enfield Town Trafalgar Square Arriva London N31 Camden Town Clapham Junction railway station Metroline N32 Edgware bus station London Victoria station Metroline N33 Fulwell railway station Hammersmith bus station RATP Dev Transit London N38 Walthamstow bus station Victoria bus station Arriva London N41 Tottenham Hale bus station Trafalgar Square Arriva London N44 Sutton railway station Aldwych Go-Ahead London N53 Plumstead railway station Whitehall Stagecoach London N55 Woodford Wells Oxford Circus Stagecoach London N63 Crystal Palace bus station London King's Cross railway station Transport UK London Bus N65 Chessington World of Adventures Ealing Broadway station RATP Dev Transit London N68 Old Coulsdon Tottenham Court Road station Transport UK London Bus N72 East Acton Roehampton RATP Dev Transit London N73 Walthamstow bus station Oxford Circus Arriva London N74 Roehampton Baker Street tube station Go-Ahead London N83 Ealing Hospital Golders Green tube station Metroline N86 Harold Hill Stratford bus station Stagecoach London N87 Fairfield bus station Aldwych Go-Ahead London N89 Erith Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London N91 Cockfosters tube station Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London N97 Hammersmith bus station Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London N98 Stanmore tube station Red Lion Square Metroline N109 Croydon Oxford Circus Transport UK London Bus N113 Edgware bus station Trafalgar Square Metroline N133 Morden tube station Liverpool Street bus station Transport UK London Bus N136 Chislehurst Oxford Circus Go-Ahead London N137 Crystal Palace bus station Oxford Circus Arriva London N140 Harrow Weald bus garage Heathrow Central bus station Metroline N155 Morden tube station Aldwych Go-Ahead London N171 Hither Green railway station Tottenham Court Road station Go-Ahead London N199 St Mary Cray railway station Trafalgar Square Stagecoach London N205 Leyton Paddington Stagecoach London N207 Uxbridge tube station Bloomsbury Square Transport UK London Bus N242 Homerton University Hospital Tottenham Court Road station Stagecoach London N250 Brixton Fairfield Halls Arriva London N253 Aldgate bus station Tottenham Court Road station Arriva London N266 Brent Cross bus station Hammersmith bus station RATP Dev Transit London N271 Finsbury Square Tally Ho Corner Metroline N277 Cubitt Town Islington Stagecoach London N279 Waltham Cross Trafalgar Square Arriva London N343 New Cross Gate Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London N381 Peckham Whitehall Transport UK London Bus N550 Canning Town bus station Trafalgar Square Stagecoach London N551 Gallions Reach Shopping Park Trafalgar Square Stagecoach London Non-TfL bus routes in Greater London These bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not 'London Buses', all but three run from villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within. They are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps and appear on TfL bus stops. Route Start End Operator Source Notes 3 Locksbottom Sevenoaks Go-Coach 3 Slough Uxbridge tube station First Beeline 5 Cippenham Heathrow Terminal 5 Thames Valley Buses 7 Britwell Heathrow Terminal 5 First Beeline Limited early morning trips extend to and from to Heathrow Central bus station. 8 Slough Heathrow Terminal 5 First Beeline 84B Barnet Hospital Potters Bar railway station Central Connect 102 High Wycombe Heathrow Central bus station Carousel Buses 104 High Wycombe Uxbridge Carousel Buses 269 Brentwood Grays NIBS Buses Crosses border into Greater London in North Ockendon. 328 Mount Vernon Hospital Abbots Langley Red Rose Travel 355 Carterhatch Nicholas Breakspear School Sullivan Buses 356 Bush Hill Park Nicholas Breakspear School Sullivan Buses 409 East Grinstead Selsdon Metrobus 411 Reigate Selsdon Metrobus Limited service of one journey per day to Selsdon, all other journeys terminate at Warlingham or Chelsham. 420 Sutton bus garage Whitebushes Metrobus Limited Monday-Saturday services extend to and from Gatwick Airport.Sunday services extend to and from Crawley. 429 West Kingsdown Dartford Go-Coach Crosses border into Greater London in Coldblow. 442 Heathrow Terminal 5 Staines-upon-Thames Carlone Limited Limited early morning and late evening buses extend to and from Englefield Green.Special journeys extend to and from Heathrow Central bus station. 446 Hatton Cross tube station Woking railway station White Bus Services 458 Kingston upon Thames Staines-upon-Thames White Bus Services Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 461 Kingston upon Thames St Peter's Hospital Falcon Buses Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 477 Orpington railway station Dartford Arriva Kent Thameside Formerly ran to Bluewater Shopping Centre until 17 April 2022.The Sunday service was also discontinued at that time. 513 Kingston upon Thames Downside Reptons Coaches Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 514 Kingston upon Thames Weybridge Falcon Buses Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 515 Kingston upon Thames Weybridge Falcon Buses Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 555 Heathrow Central bus station Whiteley Village Diamond South East 556 Heathrow Terminal 4 Chertsey Diamond South East Limited early morning and late evening trips extend to and from Heathrow Central bus station. 581 Uxbridge Higher Denham Carousel Buses 583 Uxbridge Hedgerley Carousel Buses 610 Cockfosters tube station Luton railway station Uno 614 Queensbury tube station Hatfield railway station Uno 644 Queensbury tube station Hatfield railway station Uno 668 North Cheam St Andrew's Catholic School Go-Ahead London 695 Oxted School Westerham Metrobus Crosses border into Greater London in Biggin Hill. 702 Legoland Windsor Resort Green Line Coach Station Reading Buses 703 Bracknell bus station Heathrow Terminal 5 Thames Valley Buses 715 Kingston upon Thames Guildford Falcon Buses Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 724 Harlow Heathrow Central bus station Arriva Herts & Essex 820 Sutton bus garage Redhill Metrobus 847 Stratford City bus station Here East Go-Ahead London Runs the Here East shuttle. 866 Coulsdon The Beacon School Metrobus A4 Cippenham Heathrow Central bus station First Beeline E16 Epsom Circular via Worcester Park railway station Falcon Buses KU1 Seething Wells Roehampton Vale RATP Dev Transit London Only runs on schooldays. KU2 Berrylands Circular via Surbiton railway station RATP Dev Transit London Only runs on schooldays. KU3 Seething Wells Circular via Kingston upon Thames and Surbiton railway station RATP Dev Transit London Only runs on schooldays. R1 Maple Cross Mount Vernon Hospital Red Eagle R2 Chorleywood Mount Vernon Hospital Red Eagle Runs to Watford on Tuesdays and Fridays only. R17 Carpenders Park railway station Harrow Arts Centre Red Eagle Only runs on Wednesdays. S3 Orpington Sevenoaks Go-Coach S32 Kemnal Technology College Trinity School Go-Coach X442 Heathrow Terminal 5 Staines-upon-Thames Carlone Limited Limited stop version of route 442, but avoids Ashford Hospital and sections in Stanwell and Stanwell Moor. Z2 Canning Town bus station Tilbury First Essex Only to be used by Amazon Tilbury staff. Former routes Route Start End Withdrawal date(s) Notes 9H Kensington High Street Trafalgar Square 25 July 2014 Heritage route that used AEC Routemaster buses. 10 Hammersmith bus station London King's Cross railway station 24 November 2018 Partially replaced by route 23. 15H Tower Hill tube station Trafalgar Square 14 November 2020 Heritage route that used AEC Routemaster buses. 48 London Bridge bus station Walthamstow bus station 12 October 2019 Replaced by routes 26, 55 and 388. 77A Aldwych Wandsworth 3 June 2006 Renumbered 87. 82 North Finchley bus station Victoria bus station 1 April 2017 Replaced by route 13. 87 Barking Romford Market 25 March 2006 Replaced by an extension of route 5. 129 Claybury Broadway Becontree Heath 26 June 2004 Replaced by revised versions of routes 128 and 150. 143D Christ's College Finchley Archway tube station 4 February 2023 Ran schoolday journeys only. 168 Hampstead Heath Old Kent Road 30 September 2023 Replaced by route 1. 239 London Victoria station Clapham Junction 16 February 2008 Replaced by route 170. 271 Finsbury Square Highgate Village 4 February 2023 Replaced by routes 21, 263 and N271. 305 Edgware bus station Kingsbury 1 September 2018 Replaced by route 303. 332 Brent Park London Paddington station 29 April 2023 Replaced by route 16. 369 Ilford Thames View Estate 20 February 2010 Replaced by new routes EL1 and EL2. 387 Little Heath Barking Riverside 18 February 2017 Renumbered EL3. 391 Richmond Hammersmith bus station 12 December 2020 Replaced by route 110. 405D Purley West Croydon bus station 4 January 2022 Replaced by route 645. 455 Purley Wallington railway station 2 March 2024 Replaced by routes 166, 312 and S4. 497 Harold Wood railway station Harold Hill 9 March 2024 Replaced by an extension of route 346. 507 London Waterloo station Victoria bus station 29 April 2023 Replaced by routes 3, 11 and C10. 521 London Bridge bus station London Waterloo station 29 April 2023 Replaced by routes 59 and 133. 530 Holloway Angel tube station 29 October 2017 A temporary route introduced on 16 August 2017 and operated by Go-Ahead London. Created due to works on Upper Street.Ran one way to Angel tube station only. 541 Prince Regent DLR station Keir Hardie Estate 1 June 201231 March 201330 October 201519 February 2016 A temporary route introduced on 3 May 2011, 1 October 2012, 14 September 2013 and 15 February 2016 and operated by Stagecoach London (3 May 2011 until 1 June 2012 and 1 October 2012 until 31 March 2013) and Go-Ahead London (14 September 2013 until 30 October 2015 and 15 February 2015 until 19 February 2016). Created multiple times due to a temporary withdrawal of route 241 between Canning Town bus station and Prince Regent DLR station. 558 Seven Sisters station Chingford Mount 28 August 2015 A temporary route introduced on 10 August 2015 and operated by Metroline. Created due to a closure of the Victoria line between Seven Sisters and Walthamstow Central stations. 588 Hackney Wick Stratford City bus station 14 December 2013 A temporary route introduced on 13 July 2013 and operated by Stagecoach London. Was the first bus route to operate through the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. 607 Uxbridge tube station White City bus station 15 July 2023 Renumbered SL8. 609 The Harrodian School Hammersmith bus station 18 May 2019 Morning journeys from Hammersmith bus station terminated at Mortlake. 611 Stonebridge Park station Christ's College Finchley 18 July 2020 Partly replaced by route 112. 618 Mill Hill Broadway railway station Avanti House Secondary School 3 April 2018 619 Edgware bus station Avanti House Secondary School 3 April 2018 636 Kemnal Technology College Grove Park 2 September 2017 Ran one way to Grove Park only. 637 Kemnal Technology College Grove Park 2 September 2017 Ran one way to Grove Park only. 641 West Molesey Teddington School 30 September 2017 648 Romford railway station Cranham 24 July 2021 Replaced by route 248 and partially replaced by route 646. 689 Norwood bus garage Burntwood School 30 July 2011 Replaced by route 690. 692 Dame Alice Owen's School Southgate tube station 2 September 2023 Ran one way to Southgate tube station only. 718 (2019-21) Morden tube station Rosehill 5 December 2021 A temporary route introduced on 30 November 2019 and operated by Go-Ahead London. Created due to a closure of Bishopsford Road Bridge. 718 (2022-24) Harrow & Wealdstone station Queen's Park station 23 December 202225 August 202330 October 202327 December 202317 February 2024 A temporary route introduced on 17 December 2022, 23 July 2023, 28 October 2023, 26 December 2023 and 17 February 2024 and operated by Abellio London (17 December 2022 until 23 December 2022, 23 July 2023 until 17 August 2023 and 29 October 2023 until 30 October 2023), Metroline (28 October 2023 until 29 October 2023 and on 17 February 2024 alongside Sullivan Buses) and Sullivan Buses (26 December 2023 until 27 December 2023 and on 17 February 2024 alongside Metroline). Created multiple times due to engineering works on the Watford DC line. 719 Wembley Park tube station Queen's Park station 22 December 202228 July 202317 August 2023 A temporary route introduced on 17 December 2022, 24 July 2023 and 14 August 2023 and operated by Metroline. Created multiple times due to engineering works on the Watford DC line. 720 Harrow bus station Watford Junction railway station 23 December 202225 August 202330 October 202311 December 202318 February 202428 April 2024 A temporary route introduced on 17 December 2022, 23 July 2023, 28 October 2023, 10 December 2023, 17 February 2024 and 27 April 2024 and operated by Sullivan Buses. Created multiple times due to engineering works on the Watford DC line. 728 Fulham Town Hall Southside Wandsworth 2 October 2023 A temporary route introduced on 24 July 2023 and operated by Abellio London. Created due to a closure of Wandsworth Bridge. 733 Oval tube station Finsbury Square 13 May 2022 A temporary route introduced on 15 January 2022 and operated by Tower Transit. Created due to a closure of the Northern line between Moorgate and Oval stations. 931 Crystal Palace Lewisham Shopping Centre 19 May 2017 Operated one return journey on Fridays. Replaced by local routes in the area and the Dial-a-Ride service. 953 Scrattons Eco Park Romford 7 November 2012 Operated two return journeys on Wednesdays. Replaced by local routes in the area and the Dial-a-Ride service. 965 Riverhill Kingston upon Thames 12 October 2018 Operated one return journey on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays only.Replaced by the Dial-a-Ride service.Crossed border into Surrey on Worcester Park Road. C2 Parliament Hill Fields Regent Street 30 March 2019 Replaced by route 88. H50 West Drayton railway station Circular via Stockley Park 21 March 2008 Extended to Heathrow Terminal 5 and renumbered 350. PR1 Willesden Junction station Ealing Broadway station 23 March 2007 Replaced by routes 226 and PR2. PR2 Willesden Junction station Wembley Park 14 October 2011 Replaced by route 206. RV1 Covent Garden Tower Gateway DLR station 15 June 2019 Partly replaced by route 343. S2 Stratford bus station Clapton 5 July 2008 Replaced by routes 425 and 488. S5 Wallington Mitcham Common 1 March 2002 Replaced by a revised version of route 463. T31 New Addington Forestdale 24 October 2015 Replaced by changes to routes 64, 130 and 353. T32 New Addington tram stop Addington Village Interchange Replaced by changes to routes 64 and 130. T33 West Croydon bus station Addington Village Interchange Renumbered 433. W10 Crews Hill Enfield Town 13 March 2021 Replaced by route 456. N10 Richmond London King's Cross railway station 29 January 2010 Replaced by routes 10 and 33. N13 North Finchley bus station Aldwych 1 April 2017 Replaced by a 24-hour service on route 13. N16 Edgware bus station London Victoria station 29 April 2023 Renumbered N32. N35 Clapham Junction railway station Tottenham Court Road station 30 April 2016 Replaced by a 24-hour service on route 35. N36 Queen's Park station Grove Park railway station 9 February 2008 Replaced by a new 24-hour service on route 36 and a new route N136 between Oxford Circus and Grove Park railway station. N47 Trafalgar Square St Mary Cray railway station 12 September 2015 Replaced by new route N199 and a 24-hour service on route 47. N64 New Addington Thornton Heath Pond 24 October 2015 Replaced by a 24-hour service on route 64. N76 Northumberland Park railway station Lower Marsh 8 November 2014 Withdrawn between Tottenham and Northumberland Park railway station and renumbered 76. N93 Putney Bridge tube station North Cheam 3 April 2004 Incorporated into the main service of route 93. N159 Marble Arch tube station New Addington 27 August 2010 Replaced by routes 159, N64 and N109. X26 West Croydon bus station Heathrow Central bus station 19 August 2023 Renumbered SL7. X68 Russell Square West Croydon bus station 31 July 2023 Renumbered SL6. X140 Heathrow Central bus station Harrow bus station 26 August 2023 Renumbered SL9. Future routes Route Start End Notes 618 Ivybridge Osterley To be introduced on 31 August 2024. N518 Ruislip tube station Trafalgar Square Proposed to be introduced in 2024 subject to consultation. SL4 Westferry Circus Grove Park railway station To be introduced in March 2025 when the Silvertown Tunnel opens as part of the Superloop network of orbital express bus routes.To run non-stop between Leamouth and Sun in the Sands. Temporary routes There are three special TfL express routes which only run during the Notting Hill Carnival: 2X, 36X and 205X. Route 23A operates on one day per year to Imber using heritage vehicles. See also Category: London bus operators References ^ Charles Klapper (1984) The Golden Age of Buses Archived 5 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Page 64. Routledge, London ISBN 0-7102-0232-6, ISBN 978-0-7102-0232-1. ^ "How are bus routes (Especially London bus routes) numbered? In my area of south London the numbers vary from 3 to 690, with a few odd letters stuck in there too. Why?! | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk". TheGuardian.com. 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Wandsworth Council. 23 August 2023. ^ "London Underground: Key parts of Northern line to close for four months". ITV News. 5 November 2021. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021. ^ Route 931 Map Transport for London ^ "Bus service proposal: Route 931 - Transport for London - Citizen Space". Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. ^ "953 buse - a Freedom of Information request to Transport for London" (PDF). 20 September 2015. ^ Route 965 Map Transport for London ^ Route C2 Map Transport for London ^ Two central London routes to be withdrawn Buses issue 763 October 2018 page 22 ^ Route RV1 Map Transport for London ^ Permanent Bus Changes 12 April 2019 to 30 June 2019 Transport for London ^ "Central London bus changes". TfL. 29 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023. ^ "Superloop". TfL. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023. ^ "Superloop". TfL. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023. ^ "Superloop". TfL. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023. ^ "Ealing and Hounslow - expanding bus services E1 extension and new school route 618". TfL. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023. ^ "Route N518 – creation of a new night bus service between Central London and Ruislip". TfL. 22 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024. ^ "Superloop". TfL. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023. ^ Stations and buses near the carnival route Archived 29 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Transport for London ^ "On the road to nowhere: A Routemaster trip to remember". The Independent. 26 August 2014. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022. Bibliography Atkin, Michael. "THIS SCEPTRED ISLE", The Guardian Carr, Ken, The London Bus Guide. Boreham: Visions International Entertainment, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9570058-0-8. External links London Buses vteLondon bus routes1–99 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 83 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100–199 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 108D 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200–299 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300–399 300 301 302 303 306 307 308 309 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 333 335 336 337 339 340 341 343 344 345 346 347 349 350 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 370 371 372 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 388 389 390 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400–499 401 403 404 405 406 407 410 411 412 413 414 415 417 418 419 422 423 424 425 427 428 430 432 433 434 436 439 440 444 450 452 453 456 460 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 472 473 474 476 481 481D 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 490 491 492 493 496 498 499 500–599 533 549 600–699 601 602 603 605 606 608 612 613 616 617 621 624 625 626 627 628 629 631 632 633 634 635 638 639 640 642 643 646 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 660 661 662 663 664 665 667 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 677 678 679 681 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 696 697 698 699 900–999 969 Letter prefix A10 B11 B12 B13 B14 B15 B16 C1 C3 C10 C11 D3 D6 D7 D8 E1 E2 E3 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E11 G1 H2 H3 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H17 H18 H19 H20 H22 H25 H26 H28 H32 H37 H91 H98 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 P4 P5 P12 P13 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R68 R70 S1 S2 S3 S4 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U7 U9 U10 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W19 East London Transit EL1 EL2 EL3 Superloop SL1 SL2 SL3 SL5 SL6 SL7 SL8 SL9 SL10 Night only N1 N2 N3 N5 N7 N8 N9 N11 N15 N18 N19 N20 N21 N22 N25 N26 N27 N28 N29 N31 N32 N33 N38 N41 N44 N53 N55 N63 N65 N68 N72 N73 N74 N83 N86 N87 N89 N91 N97 N98 N109 N113 N133 N136 N137 N140 N155 N171 N199 N205 N207 N242 N250 N253 N266 N277 N279 N343 N381 N550 N551 Former 9H 10 15H 48 77A 82 87 129 143D 168 271 305 332 369 387 391 405D 455 497 507 521 530 541 558 588 607 609 611 618 619 636 637 641 648 689 692 718 (2019-21) 718 (2022-24) 719 720 728 733 931 953 965 C2 H50 PR1 PR2 RV1 S2 S5 T31 T32 T33 W10 N10 N13 N16 N35 N36 N47 N64 N76 N93 N159 N213 X26 X68 X140 Future 618 N518 SL4 List of bus routes in London Buses portal London transport portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stagecoach_East_London_routes_8_and_205.jpg"},{"link_name":"routes 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_8"},{"link_name":"205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_205"},{"link_name":"Bishopsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopsgate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HCT_Group_Optare_Solo_whizzing_by,_route_309_Tower_Hamlets.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aberfeldy Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberfeldy_Village"},{"link_name":"Transport for London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"bus routes in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"Arriva London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_London"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Ahead_London"},{"link_name":"Blue Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Triangle"},{"link_name":"Docklands Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Buses"},{"link_name":"London Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Central"},{"link_name":"London General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_General"},{"link_name":"Metroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline"},{"link_name":"RATP Dev Transit London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RATP_Dev_Transit_London"},{"link_name":"London Sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Sovereign"},{"link_name":"London United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_United_Busways"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_London"},{"link_name":"East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"Selkent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkent"},{"link_name":"Thameside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thameside_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"Sullivan Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_Buses"},{"link_name":"Transport UK London Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_UK_London_Bus"},{"link_name":"Uno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uno_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"Arriva Herts & Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_Herts_%26_Essex"},{"link_name":"Arriva Southern Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_Southern_Counties"},{"link_name":"Carousel Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel_Buses"},{"link_name":"Diamond South East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_South_East"},{"link_name":"Go-Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Coach"},{"link_name":"First Beeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Beeline"},{"link_name":"Metrobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrobus_(South_East_England)"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_South"},{"link_name":"Thames Valley Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Valley_Buses"},{"link_name":"Reading Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Buses"}],"text":"Two double-decker buses on routes 8 and 205 at Bishopsgate in 2022A single-decker bus on route 309 in Aberfeldy Village in 2022This is a list of Transport for London (TfL) contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area (except coaches).Bus services in London are operated by Arriva London, Go-Ahead London (Blue Triangle, Docklands Buses, London Central and London General), Metroline, RATP Dev Transit London (London Sovereign, London United and London Transit), Stagecoach London (East London, Selkent and Thameside), Sullivan Buses, Transport UK London Bus and Uno. TfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services.Examples of non TfL-sponsored operators include, but are not limited to: Arriva Herts & Essex, Arriva Southern Counties, Carousel Buses, Diamond South East, Go-Coach, First Beeline, Metrobus, Stagecoach South, Thames Valley Buses and Reading Buses.","title":"List of bus routes in London"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In Victorian times, people who took the bus would recognise the owner and the route of an omnibus (Latin: \"for everyone\") only by its livery and its line name, with painted signs on the sides showing the two termini to indicate the route. Then, in 1906, George Samuel Dicks of the London Motor Omnibus Company decided that, as the line name 'Vanguard' had proved to be very popular, he would name all lines 'Vanguard' and number the company's five routes 1 through to 5. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a unique route number was easier for the travelling public to remember, and so the practice of using route numbers soon spread.[1]","title":"Classification of route numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Feltham331%C2%ABWoodGreen40%C2%BBCrich2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Feltham tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_London"},{"link_name":"London Traffic Act 1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Traffic_Act_1924"},{"link_name":"Superintendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_(police)"},{"link_name":"Chief Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Constable#Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"Arthur Ernest Bassom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Ernest_Bassom"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"London Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Passenger_Transport_Board"}],"sub_title":"Historic classification","text":"Feltham tram (in use up to 1933) showing only two slots for the route number.Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows.The London Traffic Act 1924 imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme, named after Superintendent (later Chief Constable) Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. For many decades, variant and short workings used letter suffixes (e.g. \"77B\"). The numbers reflected the company that operated the route.The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed:","title":"Classification of route numbers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current classification","title":"Classification of route numbers"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All routes operate in both directions unless detailed.","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1–99","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"100–199","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"200–299","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"300–399","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"400–499","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"500–599","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"sub_title":"600–699","text":"Route numbers from 600 to 699 are used for school services, with the majority of them running one return journey on each weekday during peak times and during school term time.[118]","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"}],"sub_title":"900–999","text":"Route numbers from 900 to 999 represent mobility buses; these mostly provide a once-a-week return journey to a local shopping centre from relatively low-density neighbourhoods where there is no alternative route in the main bus network. The number of mobility buses routes has declined over the past few years because low-floor and wheelchair-accessible buses run on all London Buses routes.","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Letter prefixes","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"East London Transit routes (EL-prefixed)","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Superloop routes (SL-prefixed)","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-143"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-143"},{"link_name":"Night Tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Tube"}],"sub_title":"Night only routes (N-prefixed)","text":"Night Bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day.[143]However, there are a few N-prefixed route numbers that have no relation to their daytime equivalents: the N5, N20, and N97 all operate in a different part of London to their respective day routes. Also, the N550 and N551 (which provide night service on parts of the DLR network), and the N271 (whose daytime service was withdrawn on 4 February 2023) have no corresponding daytime routes.[143]There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night but usually with a lower frequency during the night hours. The vast majority run the same route at all times. With the introduction of the Night Tube, some day routes have been extended to run during Friday and Saturday nights to serve the stations.","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TfL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"Oyster cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_card"},{"link_name":"TfL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"TfL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"TfL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"}],"text":"These bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not 'London Buses', all but three run from villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within. They are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps and appear on TfL bus stops.[144]","title":"Non-TfL bus routes in Greater London"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Future routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TfL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"Notting Hill Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"Imber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imber"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"}],"text":"There are three special TfL express routes which only run during the Notting Hill Carnival: 2X, 36X and 205X.[235]Route 23A operates on one day per year to Imber using heritage vehicles.[236]","title":"Temporary routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"THIS SCEPTRED ISLE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-197292,00.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9570058-0-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9570058-0-8"}],"text":"Atkin, Michael. \"THIS SCEPTRED ISLE\", The Guardian\nCarr, Ken, The London Bus Guide. Boreham: Visions International Entertainment, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9570058-0-8.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Two double-decker buses on routes 8 and 205 at Bishopsgate in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Stagecoach_East_London_routes_8_and_205.jpg/220px-Stagecoach_East_London_routes_8_and_205.jpg"},{"image_text":"A single-decker bus on route 309 in Aberfeldy Village in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/HCT_Group_Optare_Solo_whizzing_by%2C_route_309_Tower_Hamlets.jpg/220px-HCT_Group_Optare_Solo_whizzing_by%2C_route_309_Tower_Hamlets.jpg"},{"image_text":"Feltham tram (in use up to 1933) showing only two slots for the route number.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Feltham331%C2%ABWoodGreen40%C2%BBCrich2006.jpg/220px-Feltham331%C2%ABWoodGreen40%C2%BBCrich2006.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Category: London bus operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:London_bus_operators"}]
[{"reference":"\"How are bus routes (Especially London bus routes) numbered? In my area of south London the numbers vary from 3 to 690, with a few odd letters stuck in there too. Why?! | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk\". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-197292,00.html#:~:text=This%20was%20revised%20in%201934,Country%20Area%20(south)%20routes","url_text":"\"How are bus routes (Especially London bus routes) numbered? In my area of south London the numbers vary from 3 to 690, with a few odd letters stuck in there too. Why?! | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheGuardian.com","url_text":"TheGuardian.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230315110401/https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-197292,00.html#:~:text=This%20was%20revised%20in%201934,Country%20Area%20(south)%20routes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"17 bus\". Mayor's Question Time. 5 July 2021. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.london.gov.uk/questions/2021/3053","url_text":"\"17 bus\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220127211927/https://www.london.gov.uk/questions/2021/3053","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mortimer, Josiah (21 December 2021). \"The 41 London bus routes that have quietly been cut in 2021\". MyLondon. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. 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Retrieved 28 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tfl.gov.uk/bus/status/?input=25&lineIds=25&direction=outbound","url_text":"\"Route 25 status updates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"TfL"}]},{"reference":"Kiss, Bori (17 May 2019). \"Buses on newly altered routes in Barnes due to Hammersmith Bridge closure – East Sheen Village\". East Sheen Village. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eastsheenvillage.co.uk/buses-on-newly-altered-routes-in-barnes-due-to-hammersmith-bridge-closure/","url_text":"\"Buses on newly altered routes in Barnes due to Hammersmith Bridge closure – East Sheen Village\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230428155407/https://www.eastsheenvillage.co.uk/buses-on-newly-altered-routes-in-barnes-due-to-hammersmith-bridge-closure/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Update from TfL on changed bus routes following the closure of Hammersmith Bridge\". 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Retrieved 17 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thamesvalleybuses.com/services/CTNY/5","url_text":"\"Route 5: Cippenham to Heathrow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Valley_Buses","url_text":"Thames Valley Buses"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 84B: Potters Bar to Barnet Hospital\" (PDF). Central Connect. Retrieved 16 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://centralconnect.info/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/84B-map-and-TT.pdf","url_text":"\"Route 84B: Potters Bar to Barnet Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route 102: High Wycombe to Heathrow Airport\". Carousel Buses. Retrieved 2 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carouselbuses.co.uk/services/CSLB/102","url_text":"\"Route 102: High Wycombe to Heathrow Airport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel_Buses","url_text":"Carousel Buses"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 104: High Wycombe to Uxbridge\". Carousel Buses. Retrieved 6 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carouselbuses.co.uk/services/CSLB/104","url_text":"\"Route 104: High Wycombe to Uxbridge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel_Buses","url_text":"Carousel Buses"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 269: Brentwood to Grays\" (PDF). NIBS Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nibsbuses.com/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/2019/01/269.pdf","url_text":"\"Route 269: Brentwood to Grays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIBS_Buses","url_text":"NIBS Buses"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 328: Mount Vernon Hospital to Abbots Langley\". Red Rose Travel. Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redrosetravel.com/timetables/8ce97e60-0df0-4e4e-bf85-907e27fe01bc","url_text":"\"Route 328: Mount Vernon Hospital to Abbots Langley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route 355: Carterhatch to Oaklands\" (PDF). Sullivan Buses. 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Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carlonelimited.co.uk/_files/ugd/d3895d_0810a85b0c14423e86fe09b693d62aa9.pdf","url_text":"\"Routes 442/X442: Staines to Heathrow Airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route 446: Hatton Cross to Woking\". White Bus Services. Retrieved 7 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitebus.co.uk/bus-services/446/","url_text":"\"Route 446: Hatton Cross to Woking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Bus_Services","url_text":"White Bus Services"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 458: Kingston to Staines\". White Bus Services. Retrieved 29 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitebus.co.uk/bus-services/458/","url_text":"\"Route 458: Kingston to Staines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Bus_Services","url_text":"White Bus Services"}]},{"reference":"\"Kingston Cromwell Road bus station closure\". Transport for London. 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Retrieved 1 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/20103855.man-sick-death-477-bus-dartford-orpington/","url_text":"\"Passenger 'sick to death of appalling bus service' on south London route\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220501070448/https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/20103855.man-sick-death-477-bus-dartford-orpington/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 513: Kingston to Downside\" (PDF). Reptons Coaches. Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://users.neo.registeredsite.com/8/3/8/22152838/assets/513_timetable_2023.pdf","url_text":"\"Route 513: Kingston to Downside\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route 514: Kingston to Weybridge\". Falcon Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.falconbuses.co.uk/timetables/514/","url_text":"\"Route 514: Kingston to Weybridge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route 515: Kingston to Hersham\". Falcon Buses. 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Retrieved 27 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/buses/central-london-bus-changes?cid=central-london-buses","url_text":"\"Central London bus changes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"TfL"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230428155335/https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/buses/central-london-bus-changes?cid=central-london-buses","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Superloop\". TfL. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/buses/superloop","url_text":"\"Superloop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"TfL"}]},{"reference":"\"Superloop\". TfL. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/buses/superloop","url_text":"\"Superloop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"TfL"}]},{"reference":"\"Superloop\". TfL. 15 July 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Thaxton
Jon Thaxton
["1 Professional career","1.1 WBF title","1.2 British title","1.3 European title challenge","2 Titles","3 Professional boxing record","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
British former professional boxer (born 1974) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Jon Thaxton" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jon ThaxtonBornJonathan Thaxton (1974-09-10) 10 September 1974 (age 49)Norwich, EnglandNationalityBritishOther namesJonoStatisticsWeight(s) Lightweight Light welterweight Height5 ft 6 in (168 cm)StanceSouthpaw Boxing recordTotal fights45Wins34Wins by KO19Losses11 Jonathan Thaxton (born 10 September 1974) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1992 to 2009. He held the British lightweight title from 2006 and 2007, and the EBU European title from 2008 to 2009. Professional career He had his first professional fight in December 1992, beating Scott Smith on points over six rounds in Stoke on Trent. In his early career he fought as a light-welterweight. His first fight for a major title was in September 1996, when he won the WBO Intercontinental Light-Welterweight title, beating Bernard Paul of Mauritius on points. In November 1997, he won the IBF Intercontinental Light-Welterweight title, beating Rimvidas Bilius of Lithuania on points. In September 1998, he lost both titles, when he lost to the American, Emanuel Augustus, being knocked out in the seventh. In November 1999, he fought Jason Rowland for the British light-welterweight title, losing when the fight was stopped in the fifth. In October 2000, he had another shot at the now vacant British light-welterweight title when he fought Ricky Hatton. Despite Hatton being cut badly in the first round, he went on to defeat Thaxton on points. In February 2002, he fought Eamonn Magee for the Commonwealth light-welterweight title, losing when the fight was stopped in the sixth. Between 2002 and 2004, Thaxton spent two years out of the ring with a shoulder injury after a road accident. WBF title In April 2005, he knocked out Frenchman Christophe De Busillet in the fourth, to take the vacant World Boxing Foundation (WBFo) world lightweight title. In September 2005, he defended the title against Romanian Vasile Dragomir, scoring a knockout in the fourth round. British title In December 2006, he fought Lee Meager, the holder of the British lightweight title. Thaxton scored a unanimous points victory to take the title. In March 2007, he defended the British lightweight title against Scott Lawton, winning by a technical knockout in the seventh. In October 2007, he defended the British lightweight title again, this time against Dave Stewart, winning by a technical knockout in the twelfth round. European title challenge In April 2008, he challenged Yuri Romanov, of Belarus, for his European lightweight title. The fight was stopped at the start of the sixth when Thaxton's corner refused to let him come out due to bad cuts. This was Thaxton's first defeat after twelve straight wins. On 4 October 2008, Thaxton captured the vacated European lightweight title in the third round of the contest against Spaniard Juan Carlos Melero Diaz. Titles IBF Inter-Continental light-welterweight champion WBO Inter-Continental light welterweight champion WBF World Lightweight champion British Lightweight champion European Lightweight champion Professional boxing record 45 fights 34 wins 11 losses By knockout 19 6 By decision 15 5 No. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes 45 Loss 34–11 John Murray TKO 4 (12) 3 Oct 2009 Altrincham Leisure Centre, Altrincham, England For vacant British lightweight title 44 Loss 34–10 Tom Glover PTS 8 18 Jul 2009 York Hall, London, England 43 Loss 34–9 Anthony Mazaache UD 12 28 Feb 2009 Norwich Showground, Norwich, England Lost EBU European lightweight title 42 Win 34–8 Juan Carlos Melero Diaz KO 3 (12) 4 Oct 2008 Norwich Showground, Norwich, England Won Vacant EBU European lightweight title 41 Loss 33–8 Yuri Romanov TKO 6 (12) 4 Apr 2008 York Hall, London, England For EBU European lightweight title 40 Win 33–7 Dave Stewart TKO 12 (12), 1:24 5 Oct 2007 York Hall, London, England Retained British lightweight title 39 Win 32–7 Scott Lawton TKO 7 (12), 2:40 16 Mar 2007 Norwich Showground, Norwich, England Retained British lightweight title 38 Win 31–7 Lee Meager UD 12 8 Dec 2006 Goresbrook Leisure Centre, London, England Won British lightweight title 37 Win 30–7 Jorge Daniel Miranda PTS 10 13 May 2006 Ponds Forge Arena, Sheffield, England 36 Win 29–7 Alan Temple TKO 5 (8) 17 Feb 2006 York Hall, London, England 35 Win 28–7 Vasile Dragomir KO 4 (12), 0:20 3 Sep 2005 Carrow Road, Norwich, England Retained WBF lightweight title 34 Win 27–7 Christophe De Busillet KO 4 (12) 9 Apr 2005 Sports Village, Norwich, England Won WBF lightweight title 33 Win 26–7 Carl Allen KO 1 (4), 1:41 13 Dec 2004 Holiday Inn, Birmingham, England 32 Win 25–7 Silence Saheed PTS 6 9 Oct 2004 Sports Village, Norwich, England 31 Win 24–7 Victor Baranov TKO 1 (8) 21 Sep 2002 Sports Village, Norwich, England 30 Win 23–7 Mark Waelkens TKO 7 (8) 15 Jun 2002 Sports Village, Norwich, England 29 Win 22–7 Chill John TKO 2 (8) 13 Apr 2002 Sports Village, Norwich, England 28 Loss 21–7 Eamonn Magee TKO 6 (12) 9 Feb 2002 M.E.N. Arena, Manchester, England For Commonwealth light welterweight title 27 Win 21–6 David Kirk PTS 4 28 Jul 2001 Conference Centre, London, England 26 Win 20–6 Alan Temple PTS 4 26 Mar 2001 Conference Centre, London, England 25 Loss 19–6 Ricky Hatton PTS 12 21 Oct 2000 Conference Centre, London, England For vacant British light welterweight title 24 Win 19–5 Kimoun Kouassi TKO 3 (8) 15 Jul 2000 Sports Village, Norwich, England 23 Loss 18–5 Jason Rowland TKO 5 (12) 15 Nov 1999 York Hall, London, England For British light welterweight title 22 Win 18–4 Brian Coleman PTS 6 7 Aug 1999 Goresbrook Leisure Centre, Essex, England 21 Win 17–4 Karl Taylor PTS 6 15 May 1999 Ponds Forge Arena, Sheffield, England 20 Loss 16–4 Emanuel Augustus TKO 7 (12) 26 Sep 1998 Sports Village, Norwich, England Lost IBF and WBO Inter-Continental light welterweight titles 19 Win 16–3 Rimvydas Bilius UD 12 29 Nov 1997 Sports Village, Norwich, England Retained IBF Inter-Continental light welterweight title 18 Win 15–3 Gagik Khachatryan TKO 2 (12) 28 Jun 1997 Sports Village, Norwich, England 17 Win 14–3 Paul Burke TKO 9 (12) 27 Mar 1997 Sports Village, Norwich, England Retained WBO Inter-Continental light welterweight title 16 Win 13–3 Bernard Paul PTS 12 14 Sep 1996 Concord Centre, Sheffield, England Retained IBF Inter-Continental light welterweight title;Won vacant WBO Inter-Continental light welterweight title 15 Win 12–3 Mark Elliot KO 5 (12) 25 Jun 1996 Mansfield Leisure Centre, Mansfield, England Won vacant IBF Inter-Continental light welterweight title 14 Win 11–3 Paul Ryan TKO 1 (10) 13 Feb 1996 York Hall, London, England 13 Win 10–3 John O'Johnson TKO 4 (6) 20 Jan 1996 Mansfield Leisure Centre, Mansfield, England 12 Loss 9–3 Colin Dunne TKO 5 (10) 8 Dec 1995 York Hall, London, England For vacant British Southern Area lightweight title 11 Loss 9–2 Rene Prins PTS 8 12 Aug 1995 Zaandam, Netherlands 10 Win 9–1 Delroy Leslie PTS 6 23 Jun 1995 York Hall, London, England 9 Win 8–1 David Thompson TKO 6 (6) 26 May 1995 Norwich Lads Boxing Club, Norwich, England 8 Loss 7–1 Keith Marner PTS 10 18 Nov 1994 Bracknell Leisure Centre, Bracknell, England Lost British Southern Area light welterweight title 7 Win 7–0 B. F. Williams TKO 4 (10) 10 Mar 1994 Town Hall, Watford, England Won vacant British Southern Area light welterweight title 6 Win 6–0 Dean Hollington TKO 3 (8) 7 Dec 1993 York Hall, London, England 5 Win 5–0 John Smith PTS 6 22 Sep 1993 Wembley Conference Centre, London, England 4 Win 4–0 Brian Coleman PTS 8 23 Jun 1993 Ocean Rooms, Gorleston, England 3 Win 3–0 John O'Johnson PTS 6 17 Mar 1993 European Sporting Club, Stoke-on-Trent, England 2 Win 2–0 Dean Hiscox PTS 6 3 Mar 1993 Civic Hall, Solihull, England 1 Win 1–0 Scott Smith PTS 6 9 Dec 1992 European Sporting Club, Stoke-on-Trent, England See also List of British lightweight boxing champions References External links Fight stats The Official Website of Jon Thaxton
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_boxer"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Boxing_Board_of_Control"},{"link_name":"lightweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight"},{"link_name":"EBU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Boxing_Union"}],"text":"Jonathan Thaxton (born 10 September 1974) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1992 to 2009. He held the British lightweight title from 2006 and 2007, and the EBU European title from 2008 to 2009.","title":"Jon Thaxton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stoke on Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_on_Trent"},{"link_name":"WBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBO"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"IBF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBF"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Augustus"},{"link_name":"Jason Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Rowland"},{"link_name":"Ricky Hatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Hatton"},{"link_name":"Eamonn Magee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamonn_Magee"},{"link_name":"road accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_accident"}],"text":"He had his first professional fight in December 1992, beating Scott Smith on points over six rounds in Stoke on Trent. In his early career he fought as a light-welterweight. His first fight for a major title was in September 1996, when he won the WBO Intercontinental Light-Welterweight title, beating Bernard Paul of Mauritius on points. In November 1997, he won the IBF Intercontinental Light-Welterweight title, beating Rimvidas Bilius of Lithuania on points. In September 1998, he lost both titles, when he lost to the American, Emanuel Augustus, being knocked out in the seventh.In November 1999, he fought Jason Rowland for the British light-welterweight title, losing when the fight was stopped in the fifth. In October 2000, he had another shot at the now vacant British light-welterweight title when he fought Ricky Hatton. Despite Hatton being cut badly in the first round, he went on to defeat Thaxton on points. In February 2002, he fought Eamonn Magee for the Commonwealth light-welterweight title, losing when the fight was stopped in the sixth.Between 2002 and 2004, Thaxton spent two years out of the ring with a shoulder injury after a road accident.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frenchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"}],"sub_title":"WBF title","text":"In April 2005, he knocked out Frenchman Christophe De Busillet in the fourth, to take the vacant World Boxing Foundation (WBFo) world lightweight title. In September 2005, he defended the title against Romanian Vasile Dragomir, scoring a knockout in the fourth round.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Meager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Meager"},{"link_name":"Scott Lawton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Lawton_(boxer)"}],"sub_title":"British title","text":"In December 2006, he fought Lee Meager, the holder of the British lightweight title. Thaxton scored a unanimous points victory to take the title. In March 2007, he defended the British lightweight title against Scott Lawton, winning by a technical knockout in the seventh. In October 2007, he defended the British lightweight title again, this time against Dave Stewart, winning by a technical knockout in the twelfth round.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yuri Romanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Romanov_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"}],"sub_title":"European title challenge","text":"In April 2008, he challenged Yuri Romanov, of Belarus, for his European lightweight title. The fight was stopped at the start of the sixth when Thaxton's corner refused to let him come out due to bad cuts. This was Thaxton's first defeat after twelve straight wins. On 4 October 2008, Thaxton captured the vacated European lightweight title in the third round of the contest against Spaniard Juan Carlos Melero Diaz.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"IBF Inter-Continental light-welterweight champion\nWBO Inter-Continental light welterweight champion\nWBF World Lightweight champion\nBritish Lightweight champion\nEuropean Lightweight champion","title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional boxing record"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of British lightweight boxing champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_lightweight_boxing_champions"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Ramos
Mari Ramos
["1 Biography","2 References"]
Mari Ramos is a Nicaraguan American weather anchor for CNN International in Atlanta, Georgia. She presents weather segments on CNN Newsroom, News Stream, World Business Today, and the International Desk. Ramos also appears occasionally on CNN/US, Headline News and Airport Network. She also presents special severe weather reports on CNN en Español. Biography Ramos was born in Chinandega, Nicaragua, but moved to the United States when she was only 8 years old. Ramos received a Bachelor of Arts degree in communications and broadcast journalism from Florida International University in Miami. Currently, Ramos is working toward Broadcast Meteorologist Certification from Mississippi State University. Ramos began her broadcasting career at WPLG, an ABC affiliate in Miami, where, as an intern, she practiced newsgathering and writing for the station's evening newscasts. Ramos worked at The Weather Channel as an on-camera meteorologist and reporter for the Latin America division of the network, before joining CNN in 1999. She is fluent in English and Spanish and speaks conversational French. References ^ "Anchors & Reporters; Mari Ramos". CNN. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mari Ramos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinandega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinandega"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication"},{"link_name":"broadcast journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_journalism"},{"link_name":"Florida International University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_International_University"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Meteorologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorologist"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_University"},{"link_name":"The Weather Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_Channel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"}],"text":"Ramos was born in Chinandega, Nicaragua, but moved to the United States when she was only 8 years old.Ramos received a Bachelor of Arts degree in communications and broadcast journalism from Florida International University in Miami. Currently, Ramos is working toward Broadcast Meteorologist Certification from Mississippi State University.Ramos began her broadcasting career at WPLG, an ABC affiliate in Miami, where, as an intern, she practiced newsgathering and writing for the station's evening newscasts. Ramos worked at The Weather Channel as an on-camera meteorologist and reporter for the Latin America division of the network, before joining CNN in 1999.She is fluent in English and Spanish and speaks conversational French.","title":"Biography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_CL-84
Canadair CL-84 Dynavert
["1 Development","2 Design","3 Operational history","3.1 Testing","3.2 Cancellation","4 Aircraft on display","5 Specifications (CL-84-1)","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Canadian experimental tiltwing VSTOL aircraft CL-84 "Dynavert" CL-84-1 (CX8402) on display at the Canada Aviation Museum in Ottawa, Ontario Role Experimental VSTOLType of aircraft National origin Canada Manufacturer Canadair First flight 7 May 1965 Introduction Test evaluation only Retired 1974 Status Cancelled Produced 1964–1972 Number built 4 The Canadair CL-84 "Dynavert", designated by the Canadian Forces as the CX-131, was a V/STOL turbine tiltwing monoplane designed and manufactured by Canadair between 1964 and 1972. Only four of these experimental aircraft were built with three entering flight testing. Two of the CL-84s crashed due to mechanical failures, with no fatalities occurring in either of the accidents. Despite the CL-84 being successful in the experimental and operational trials carried out between 1972 and 1974, none of the prospective customers placed any orders for the type. Development Between 1957 and 1963, Canadair carried out research in VTOL (vertical takeoff and landing) technology with the assistance of the National Research Board (NRB) and the Defense Research Board (DRB) of Canada. The studies pointed the way to a unique tilt-wing design. The wing and the powerplants of the aircraft could be tilted hydro-mechanically (recirculating ball actuator) so that the wing incidence changed through 100 degrees from a normal flight angle to those for STOL and VTOL. The incidence of the tailplane (or stabilizer) was automatically altered to deal with trim changes as the wing-incidence varied. The two sets of tail rotor blades were locked in a fore and aft position in conventional flight. The design team included Canadair's chief designer, Frederick Phillips and Karlis Irbitis as well as many other designers. At the time of the CL-84 project, Canadair was a subsidiary of General Dynamics and the parent company christened the new aircraft, the "Dynavert." Canadair project personnel typically referred to it simply as the "84". Design The CL-84 tail rotor on serial number CX8402 on display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum Contra-rotating rotors on a vertical axis in the tail provided fore-and-aft (pitch) control during hovering and transitional flight. The propulsion and lifting propellers were handed (i.e. revolved in opposite directions) and were interconnected by shafts through a central gearbox from which the tail rotors and accessories were also driven. The thrust from the propellers was matched automatically except when over-ridden by the pilot for lateral (roll) control in slow or hovering flight. A mechanical "mixing" unit was used to adjust the functions of the various controls in the different modes of flight. The flap/ailerons gave yaw control when hovering. In the cockpit fore and aft stick was always pitch, side to side was always roll and the rudder pedals were always yaw, irrespective of the wing position through its full range. Two 1,500 shp (1,100 kW) Lycoming T53 shaft-turbines were used to drive the two 14 ft (4.3 m) four-bladed propellers. The engines were interconnected by cross shafts, so that in the event of the failure of one engine, it would automatically disconnect through torque spring clutches and both propellers would be driven by the remaining engine. There were two main reasons for the technical success of the CL-84 design. Aerodynamic considerations were given a very high priority, and the controlling of power was kept as simple and direct as possible. The propeller disks extended slightly beyond the wingtips, so the whole of the wing (except for the portion above the fuselage) was immersed in the propeller slipstream. This, together with full-span leading edge and trailing edge flaps which were programmed with wing tilt angle, ensured that the wing was never stalled. Trim changes were minimized by programmed tilting of the tailplane. All programming was based on extensive testing in the wind tunnel and on an outdoor mobile test rig. The power of both engines was controlled by a single "power lever" in all flight regimes. To provide crisp thrust control during hover, movement of the power lever caused a direct adjustment of blade angle, analogous to the collective pitch control of a helicopter, with the propeller cpu governor making a follow-up adjustment of blade angle to maintain the selected rpm. The direct adjustment of blade angle was faded out automatically as the blade angle increased with increasing forward speed. The only unfamiliar control function the pilot had to deal with was the wing tilt control, which was a switch on the power lever (and took the place of controlling the flaps). The combination of smooth aerodynamics and simple power control made it easy for fixed-wing pilots to perform transitions between hover and wing-down modes on their first flight in the CL-84. Operational history Testing CL-84 CF-VTO-X during testing CL-84-1 landing on USS Guam in 1973. CF-VTO-X, the CL-84 prototype first flew in hover on 7 May 1965, flown by Canadair Chief Pilot Bill Longhurst. On 12 September 1967, after 305 relatively uneventful flights, CF-VTO-X was at 3,000 ft (910 m) when a bearing in the propeller control system failed. Both pilot and observer successfully ejected but the prototype was lost. Canadair redesigned its replacement, the CL-84-1 incorporating over 150 engineering changes including the addition of dual controls, upgraded avionics, an airframe stretch (5 ft 3 in (1.60 m) longer) and more powerful engines (boosted by 100 hp (75 kW)). The first newly designed CL-84-1 (CX8401) flew on 19 February 1970 with Bill Longhurst at the controls. He continued with the CL-84 program until his retirement from active flying in January 1971. Doug Atkins then assumed the role of chief test pilot. At about the same time, at the height of the Vietnam War, the US Navy expressed interest in the concept. Atkins was dispatched on a cross-country tour that took a CL-84-1 to Washington DC where he landed on the White House lawn, Norfolk, Virginia, Edwards Air Force Base and eventually full trials on USS Guam. The CL-84-1 performed flawlessly, demonstrating versatility in a wide range of onboard roles, including troop deployment, radar surveillance and anti-submarine warfare. It could perform wing transition from zero airspeed and accelerate to 100 knots (190 km/h) in 8 seconds. The potency of the CL-84-1 as a gun platform was dramatically illustrated in a Canadair promotional film. Fitted with a General Electric SUU 11A/A pod with a 7.62 mm minigun, Adkins maintained a rock-steady position as he sprayed a ground target. The rotating six-barrel "Gatling" gun delivered 3,000 rounds per minute. Continuing Tripartite trials by Canadian, US (Navy/Marine) and RAF evaluation pilots at the US Navy's Patuxent River Experimental Test Center showed that the CL-84-1 was a suitable multi-mission aircraft. RAF Flight Lieutenant Ron Ledwidge became the first to make a descending transition from hovering to conventional flight and back to hovering while on instruments. On 8 August 1973, the first CL-84-1 was lost when a catastrophic failure occurred in the left propeller gearbox in a maximum power climb. The US Navy and US Marine pilots aboard ejected safely. Canadair representatives investigated and recorded that the entire propeller and supporting structure of the gearbox had broken away during the climb. The second CL-84-1 (CX8402) was rushed stateside to complete the Phase 2 trials on board USS Guadalcanal. In the face of gale storm conditions, the "84" performed tasks such as ferrying troops and "blind-flight." Phase 3 and 4 trials proceeded immediately after, but, despite positive reviews from over 40 pilots, the CL-84-1 did not win any production contracts. Cancellation The end of the Vietnam War meant a scaling back on military requirements, but Canadair designer Fred Phillips had been cognizant of other factors gravitating against the "84." The first and most crucial was the "NBH" (not built here) factor; Canada had overcome it with other sales to the US military but the de Havilland Canada Beaver, Otter and Caribou loomed as exceptions to the rule. Canadair had tried unsuccessfully to sell the aircraft to other countries including Germany, Holland, Italy, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom with no orders being placed. A prototype and three evaluation aircraft had been built. The three CL-84s that flew made a total of over 700 flights and were flown (besides Canadair test pilots) by 36 pilots from Canadian, UK and US civil and military agencies. Aircraft on display Canadair CL-84 Dynavert Serial number CX8402 on display at the Canada Aviation Museum in Ottawa, Ontario CL-84-03 CX8403 in the collection of the Western Canada Aviation Museum, Winnipeg. The two remaining CL-84s ended up in museums. CX8402 resides in the Canada Aviation Museum in Ottawa alongside the Avro Arrow. CX8403 was never flown and was donated to the Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada, where it was restored and is now on display as part of the permanent collection. Specifications (CL-84-1) Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1971–72General characteristics Crew: 2 Capacity: 12 passengers Length: 47 ft 3.5 in (14.415 m) Wingspan: 34 ft 4 in (10.46 m) Height: 14 ft 3 in (4.34 m) Wing area: 233.3 sq ft (21.67 m2) Airfoil: NACA 633-418 Empty weight: 8,417 lb (3,818 kg) Max takeoff weight: 14,500 lb (6,577 kg) (STOL), 12,600 lb (5,710 kg) (VTOL) Maximum width over propeller tips:34 ft 8 in (10.56 m) Maximum height over propellers during wing tilt: 17 ft 1½ in (5.22 m) Powerplant: 2 × Lycoming T53 shaft-turbines, 1,500 shp (1,100 kW) each Main rotor diameter: 14 ft 0 in (4.27 m) Propellers: 4-bladed, 14 ft 0 in (4.27 m) diameter Performance Maximum speed: 321 mph (517 km/h, 279 kn) Cruise speed: 301 mph (484 km/h, 262 kn) Never exceed speed: 415 mph (668 km/h, 361 kn) Range: 421 mi (678 km, 366 nmi) with max wing fuel, VTOL, & 10% reserves Rate of climb: 4,200 ft/min (21 m/s) Disk loading: 195 kg/m2 Power loading: 1.35 kg/kW See also Aviation portal Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Bell XV-3 Bell XV-15 Curtiss-Wright X-19 Hiller X-18 Kaman K-16B LTV XC-142 Vertol VZ-2 Related lists List of experimental aircraft List of VTOL aircraft References Notes ^ Pickler and Milberry 1995, p. 196. ^ "Canada Successful in Building Tilt-wing Aircraft". Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada. Retrieved 15 April 2016. ^ Boniface 2000, p. 74. ^ Zuk 2004, p. 34. ^ Pickler and Milberry 1995, p. 203. ^ Phillips 1992, p. 91. ^ Boniface 2000, p. 76. ^ Warwick, Graham. "Tilting at targets" page 45 Flight International, February 1992. Accessed: 4 January 2014. ^ Pickler and Milberry 1995, p. 204. ^ Boniface 2000, pp. 76–77. ^ "Canadair CL-84-1 Dynavert". Canada Aviation and Space Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2020. ^ Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada (2023). "Canadair CL-84 Dynavert". royalaviationmuseum.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023. ^ Taylor 1971, pp. 15–17. ^ a b Warwick, Graham. "Tilting at targets" page 44 Flight International, February 1992. Accessed: 4 January 2014. Bibliography Boniface, Patrick. "Tilt-wing Testing". Aeroplane, Vol. 28, no. 3, March 2000, pp. 72–78. "Canada Aviation Museum CL-84 page." Canada Aviation Museum CL-84 page. Retrieved: 9 October 2006. "CL-84 Aircraft Operating Instructions." available on CD from http://www.flight-manuals-on-cd.com Phillips, F.C. "The Canadair CL-84 Experimental Aircraft - Lessons Learned". AIAA-1990-3205, AHS, and ASEE, Aircraft Design, Systems and Operations Conference, Dayton, OH, 17–19 September 1990. Phillips, F.C. "The Canadair CL-84 Tilt-Wing V/STOL Programme". The Aeronautical Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, Vol. 73, No. 704, August 1969. Phillips, Frederick C. "Lessons Learned: The Development of the Canadair CL-84 Dynavert, Experimental V/STOL Research Aircraft." CAHS Journal, Volume 30, No. 3, Fall 1992. Pickler, Ron and Larry Milberry. Canadair: The First 50 Years. Toronto: CANAV Books, 1995. ISBN 0-921022-07-7. Taylor, John W.R. (editor). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1971–72. London: Sampson Low, 1971. ISBN 0-354-00094-2. Zuk, Bill. "Dynamic Dynavert." Canadian Aviator, Vol. 14, no. 6, November/December 2004. Vancouver: OP Publishing Ltd. pp. 33–38. Kārlis Irbītis "Of Struggle and Flight". — Canada's Wings Inc., Stittsville, Ontario 1986. ISBN 0-920002-36-6. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canadair CL-84 Dynavert. The CL-84 Dynavert: Canada’s Convertiplane Canada Aviation and Space museum Archived 22 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine Airliners.net photo 0108113 Summary Of A Flight-Test Evaluation Of The CL-84 Tilt-Wing V/STOL Aircraft NASA TM X-1914 By Henry L. Kelley, John P. Reeder, and Robert A. Champine. Langley Research Center, March 1970 vteCanadair aircraftSequence CL-1 CL-2 CL-3 CL-4 CL-5 CL-7 CL-12 CL-13 CL-15 CL-20 CL-28 CL-30 CL-32 CL-35 CL-41 CL-42 CL-44 CL-51 CL-52 CL-60 CL-66 CL-83 CL-84 CL-88 CL-89 CL-90 CL-201 CL-202 CL-206 CL-209 CL-215 CL-219 CL-226 CL-227 CL-289 CL-415 CL-600 CL-601 CL-604 CL-605 UAVs & missiles CL-20 CL-51 CL-83 CL-89 CL-227 CL-289 Piston-engined CL-1 CL-2 CL-3 CL-4 CL-5 CL-7 CL-12 CL-15 CL-28 CL-42 CL-60 CL-66 CL-215 Turboprops CL-32 CL-35 CL-44 CL-84 CL-202 CL-215T CL-415 Jets CL-13 CL-30 CL-41 CL-52 CL-88 CL-90 CL-201 CL-206 CL-209 CL-219 CL-226 CL-600 CL-601 CL-604 CL-605 CRJ Names Argus Challenger Cosmopolitan CRJ Dynavert Freedom Fighter Midge North Star Sabre Silver Star Starfighter Tutor Velvet Glove Waterbomber (215) Waterbomber (415) Yukon CAF/CF Designations CF-104 CC-106 CP-107 CC-109 CT-114 CX-131 CT-133 CC-144 See also: Bombardier Aviation Canadian Vickers vteCanadian Armed Forces post-1968 unified aircraft designationsNumericalSequence 100 101 1021 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 (I) 119 (II) 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151–1541 155 156 157–1591 160 161 162 163 164–1661 167 168 169 170 1711 172 173 174–1751 176 177 178 179–1871 188 189–2941 295 296–3291 330 RoleCargo (CC) CC-106 CC-108 CC-109 CC-115 CC-117 CC-123 CC-129 CC-130 CC-132 CC-137 CC-138 CC-141 CC-144 CC-150 CC-177 CC-295 CC-330 Fighters (CF) CF-100 CF-101 CF-103 CF-104 CF-105 CF-111 CF-116 CF-188 Helicopter (CH) CH-112 CH-113 CH-118 CH-124 CH-125 CH-126 CH-127 CH-135 CH-136 CH-139 CH-143 CH-146 CH-147 CH-148 CH-149 CH-178 Observation (CO) CO-119 (I) CO-119 (II) Patrol (CP) CP-107 CP-121 CP-122 CP-140 Search & Rescue (CSR) CSR-110 CSR-123 Trainer (CT) CT-114 CT-120 CT-128 CT-133 CT-134 CT-142 CT-145 CT-155 CT-156 Unmanned (CU) CU-160 CU-161 CU-162 CU-163 CU-167 CU-168 CU-169 CU-170 CU-172 CU-173 CU-176 Experimental (CX) CX-131 1 Not assigned vteCertified/factory-built aircraft manufactured in CanadaAirbus Canada A220 Avian Industries 2/180 Gyroplane Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck C-102 Jetliner CF-105 Arrow VZ-9 Avrocar Bell Textron 212 214ST 230 407 412 427 429 GlobalRanger 505 Jet Ranger X 525 Relentless Boeing Aircraft of Canada C-204 Thunderbird A-213 Totem 40H-4 Shark PB2B Catalina Bombardier CRJ100/200/440/700/900/1000 Global Express/Global Q400 CS100/300 Challenger 300/600/850 Dash 8 Bristol/McDonald Brothers Anson Mk.V Canadair CL-4 North Star CL-28 Argus CL-41 Tutor CL-44 Yukon CL-84 Dynavert CL-215 Waterbomber CL-415 Super Scooper CL-600 Challenger Cosmopolitan Canso Freedom Fighter Sabre Silver Star Starfighter Canadian Aerodrome Company Baddeck No. 1 Baddeck No. 2 Hubbard Monoplane Canadian Aeroplanes/Toronto Curtiss Aeroplanes JN-4C Canuck C-1 Canada Avro 504 F5L Canadian Associated Aircraft Hampden Canadian Car and Foundry Maple Leaf Trainer II Anson Mk.II & Mk.V T-34A Mentor CBY-3 Loadmaster SBW Helldiver FDB-1 Goblin/Delfín Hurricane Mk.X, XI & XII Norseman Mk.V & VII Harvard Mk.IIB and Mk.4 Canadian Vickers Vancouver Vanessa Varuna Vedette Velos Vigil Vista Avro 504N Avro 552 CH-300 Pacemaker PBV-1 Canso HS-3L FC-2 Super Universal Delta Stranraer Viking IV Cub Aircraft J-2 Cub J-3 Cub J-4 Cub Coupe J-5 Cub Cruiser de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk DHC-2 Beaver DHC-3 Otter DHC-4 Caribou DHC-5 Buffalo DHC-6 Twin Otter Dash 7 Dash 8 DH.60 Gipsy Moth DH.82C Tiger Moth & Menasco Moth DH.83C Fox Moth DH.98 Mosquito CS2F Tracker Diamond Aircraft DA20 DA40-180 Star Fairchild 34-42 45-80 Sekani F-11 Husky Super 71 51 71 Cornell FC-2 Bolingbroke HS-2L SBF Helldiver Federal Aircraft Anson Mk.II Fleet 1,2,5 & 21 7 Fawn 16 Finch 50 Freighter 60 Fort 80 Canuck Cornell Found FBA-1 FBA-2 Centennial 100 Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Bo 105 National Research Council tailless glider National Steel Car Lysander Noorduyn Norseman Harvard Mk.II Ontario Provincial Air Service CA-6M Airsedan Ottawa Car and Aircraft Atlas Siskin Tutor Prefect Reid/Curtiss-Reid Courier Rambler Saunders ST-27 ST-28 Victory Aircraft Lancaster Mk.X Lancastrian Lincoln Mk.XV York C.1 Special Viking Air DHC-6 Twin Otter CL-515 First Responder
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces"},{"link_name":"V/STOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V/STOL"},{"link_name":"tiltwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiltwing"},{"link_name":"Canadair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair"}],"text":"The Canadair CL-84 \"Dynavert\", designated by the Canadian Forces as the CX-131, was a V/STOL turbine tiltwing monoplane designed and manufactured by Canadair between 1964 and 1972. Only four of these experimental aircraft were built with three entering flight testing. Two of the CL-84s crashed due to mechanical failures, with no fatalities occurring in either of the accidents. Despite the CL-84 being successful in the experimental and operational trials carried out between 1972 and 1974, none of the prospective customers placed any orders for the type.","title":"Canadair CL-84 Dynavert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"STOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STOL"},{"link_name":"VTOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTOL"},{"link_name":"Karlis Irbitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlis_Irbitis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"General Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Between 1957 and 1963, Canadair carried out research in VTOL (vertical takeoff and landing) technology with the assistance of the National Research Board (NRB) and the Defense Research Board (DRB) of Canada.[1] The studies pointed the way to a unique tilt-wing design. The wing and the powerplants of the aircraft could be tilted hydro-mechanically (recirculating ball actuator) so that the wing incidence changed through 100 degrees from a normal flight angle to those for STOL and VTOL. The incidence of the tailplane (or stabilizer) was automatically altered to deal with trim changes as the wing-incidence varied. The two sets of tail rotor blades were locked in a fore and aft position in conventional flight.The design team included Canadair's chief designer, Frederick Phillips and Karlis Irbitis as well as many other designers.[2]At the time of the CL-84 project, Canadair was a subsidiary of General Dynamics and the parent company christened the new aircraft, the \"Dynavert.\"[3] Canadair project personnel typically referred to it simply as the \"84\".[4][5]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canadair_CL-84-1_Dynavert_tail_rotor_02.JPG"},{"link_name":"Canada Aviation and Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Aviation_and_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"Lycoming T53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_T53"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The CL-84 tail rotor on serial number CX8402 on display at the Canada Aviation and Space MuseumContra-rotating rotors on a vertical axis in the tail provided fore-and-aft (pitch) control during hovering and transitional flight. The propulsion and lifting propellers were handed (i.e. revolved in opposite directions) and were interconnected by shafts through a central gearbox from which the tail rotors and accessories were also driven. The thrust from the propellers was matched automatically except when over-ridden by the pilot for lateral (roll) control in slow or hovering flight. A mechanical \"mixing\" unit was used to adjust the functions of the various controls in the different modes of flight. The flap/ailerons gave yaw control when hovering. In the cockpit fore and aft stick was always pitch, side to side was always roll and the rudder pedals were always yaw, irrespective of the wing position through its full range.Two 1,500 shp (1,100 kW) Lycoming T53 shaft-turbines were used to drive the two 14 ft (4.3 m) four-bladed propellers. The engines were interconnected by cross shafts, so that in the event of the failure of one engine, it would automatically disconnect through torque spring clutches and both propellers would be driven by the remaining engine.There were two main reasons for the technical success of the CL-84 design. Aerodynamic considerations were given a very high priority, and the controlling of power was kept as simple and direct as possible.The propeller disks extended slightly beyond the wingtips, so the whole of the wing (except for the portion above the fuselage) was immersed in the propeller slipstream. This, together with full-span leading edge and trailing edge flaps which were programmed with wing tilt angle, ensured that the wing was never stalled. Trim changes were minimized by programmed tilting of the tailplane. All programming was based on extensive testing in the wind tunnel and on an outdoor mobile test rig.The power of both engines was controlled by a single \"power lever\" in all flight regimes. To provide crisp thrust control during hover, movement of the power lever caused a direct adjustment of blade angle, analogous to the collective pitch control of a helicopter, with the propeller cpu governor making a follow-up adjustment of blade angle to maintain the selected rpm. The direct adjustment of blade angle was faded out automatically as the blade angle increased with increasing forward speed.The only unfamiliar control function the pilot had to deal with was the wing tilt control, which was a switch on the power lever (and took the place of controlling the flaps). The combination of smooth aerodynamics and simple power control made it easy for fixed-wing pilots to perform transitions between hover and wing-down modes on their first flight in the CL-84.[6]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canadair_CL-84.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canadair_CL-84_Dynavert_landing_on_USS_Guam_(LPH-9)_in_1973.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Guam_(LPH-9)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Washington DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_DC"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Edwards Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"USS Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Guam_(LPH-9)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"minigun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minigun"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Flight Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"USS Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Guadalcanal_(LPH-7)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Testing","text":"CL-84 CF-VTO-X during testingCL-84-1 landing on USS Guam in 1973.CF-VTO-X, the CL-84 prototype first flew in hover on 7 May 1965, flown by Canadair Chief Pilot Bill Longhurst. On 12 September 1967, after 305 relatively uneventful flights, CF-VTO-X was at 3,000 ft (910 m) when a bearing in the propeller control system failed. Both pilot and observer successfully ejected but the prototype was lost. Canadair redesigned its replacement, the CL-84-1 incorporating over 150 engineering changes including the addition of dual controls, upgraded avionics, an airframe stretch (5 ft 3 in (1.60 m) longer) and more powerful engines (boosted by 100 hp (75 kW)).The first newly designed CL-84-1 (CX8401) flew on 19 February 1970 with Bill Longhurst at the controls. He continued with the CL-84 program until his retirement from active flying in January 1971. Doug Atkins then assumed the role of chief test pilot.[7] At about the same time, at the height of the Vietnam War, the US Navy expressed interest in the concept. Atkins was dispatched on a cross-country tour that took a CL-84-1 to Washington DC where he landed on the White House lawn, Norfolk, Virginia, Edwards Air Force Base and eventually full trials on USS Guam. The CL-84-1 performed flawlessly, demonstrating versatility in a wide range of onboard roles, including troop deployment, radar surveillance and anti-submarine warfare. It could perform wing transition from zero airspeed and accelerate to 100 knots (190 km/h) in 8 seconds.[8]The potency of the CL-84-1 as a gun platform was dramatically illustrated in a Canadair promotional film. Fitted with a General Electric SUU 11A/A pod with a 7.62 mm minigun, Adkins maintained a rock-steady position as he sprayed a ground target. The rotating six-barrel \"Gatling\" gun delivered 3,000 rounds per minute.[9]Continuing Tripartite trials by Canadian, US (Navy/Marine) and RAF evaluation pilots at the US Navy's Patuxent River Experimental Test Center showed that the CL-84-1 was a suitable multi-mission aircraft. RAF Flight Lieutenant Ron Ledwidge became the first to make a descending transition from hovering to conventional flight and back to hovering while on instruments.On 8 August 1973, the first CL-84-1 was lost when a catastrophic failure occurred in the left propeller gearbox in a maximum power climb. The US Navy and US Marine pilots aboard ejected safely. Canadair representatives investigated and recorded that the entire propeller and supporting structure of the gearbox had broken away during the climb. The second CL-84-1 (CX8402) was rushed stateside to complete the Phase 2 trials on board USS Guadalcanal. In the face of gale storm conditions, the \"84\" performed tasks such as ferrying troops and \"blind-flight.\" Phase 3 and 4 trials proceeded immediately after, but, despite positive reviews from over 40 pilots, the CL-84-1 did not win any production contracts.[10]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Canada Beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_Beaver"},{"link_name":"Otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_Otter"},{"link_name":"Caribou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-4_Caribou"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"sub_title":"Cancellation","text":"The end of the Vietnam War meant a scaling back on military requirements, but Canadair designer Fred Phillips had been cognizant of other factors gravitating against the \"84.\" The first and most crucial was the \"NBH\" (not built here) factor; Canada had overcome it with other sales to the US military but the de Havilland Canada Beaver, Otter and Caribou loomed as exceptions to the rule.Canadair had tried unsuccessfully to sell the aircraft to other countries including Germany, Holland, Italy, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom with no orders being placed.A prototype and three evaluation aircraft had been built. The three CL-84s that flew made a total of over 700 flights and were flown (besides Canadair test pilots) by 36 pilots from Canadian, UK and US civil and military agencies.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CanadairCL-84Dynavert02.JPG"},{"link_name":"Canada Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Aviation_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canadair_CL-84.JPG"},{"link_name":"Western Canada Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canada_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Canada Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Avro Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aviation_Museum_of_Western_Canada"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Canadair CL-84 Dynavert Serial number CX8402 on display at the Canada Aviation Museum in Ottawa, OntarioCL-84-03 CX8403 in the collection of the Western Canada Aviation Museum, Winnipeg.The two remaining CL-84s ended up in museums. CX8402 resides in the Canada Aviation Museum[11] in Ottawa alongside the Avro Arrow.CX8403 was never flown and was donated to the Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada, where it was restored and is now on display as part of the permanent collection.[12]","title":"Aircraft on display"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janes_71_p15-17-13"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"Lycoming T53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_T53"},{"link_name":"Never exceed speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds#VNE"},{"link_name":"Disk loading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_loading"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wickTilt-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wickTilt-14"}],"text":"Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1971–72[13]General characteristicsCrew: 2\nCapacity: 12 passengers\nLength: 47 ft 3.5 in (14.415 m)\nWingspan: 34 ft 4 in (10.46 m)\nHeight: 14 ft 3 in (4.34 m)\nWing area: 233.3 sq ft (21.67 m2)\nAirfoil: NACA 633-418\nEmpty weight: 8,417 lb (3,818 kg)\nMax takeoff weight: 14,500 lb (6,577 kg) (STOL), 12,600 lb (5,710 kg) (VTOL)\nMaximum width over propeller tips:34 ft 8 in (10.56 m)\nMaximum height over propellers during wing tilt: 17 ft 1½ in (5.22 m)\nPowerplant: 2 × Lycoming T53 shaft-turbines, 1,500 shp (1,100 kW) each\nMain rotor diameter: 14 ft 0 in (4.27 m)\nPropellers: 4-bladed, 14 ft 0 in (4.27 m) diameterPerformanceMaximum speed: 321 mph (517 km/h, 279 kn)\nCruise speed: 301 mph (484 km/h, 262 kn)\nNever exceed speed: 415 mph (668 km/h, 361 kn)\nRange: 421 mi (678 km, 366 nmi) with max wing fuel, VTOL, & 10% reserves\nRate of climb: 4,200 ft/min (21 m/s)\nDisk loading: 195 kg/m2[14]\nPower loading: 1.35 kg/kW[14]","title":"Specifications (CL-84-1)"}]
[{"image_text":"The CL-84 tail rotor on serial number CX8402 on display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Canadair_CL-84-1_Dynavert_tail_rotor_02.JPG/220px-Canadair_CL-84-1_Dynavert_tail_rotor_02.JPG"},{"image_text":"CL-84 CF-VTO-X during testing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Canadair_CL-84.jpg/220px-Canadair_CL-84.jpg"},{"image_text":"CL-84-1 landing on USS Guam in 1973.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Canadair_CL-84_Dynavert_landing_on_USS_Guam_%28LPH-9%29_in_1973.jpg/220px-Canadair_CL-84_Dynavert_landing_on_USS_Guam_%28LPH-9%29_in_1973.jpg"},{"image_text":"Canadair CL-84 Dynavert Serial number CX8402 on display at the Canada Aviation Museum in Ottawa, Ontario","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/CanadairCL-84Dynavert02.JPG/220px-CanadairCL-84Dynavert02.JPG"},{"image_text":"CL-84-03 CX8403 in the collection of the Western Canada Aviation Museum, Winnipeg.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Canadair_CL-84.JPG/220px-Canadair_CL-84.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Canada Successful in Building Tilt-wing Aircraft\". Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada. Retrieved 15 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.royalaviationmuseum.com/3388/canada-successful-in-building-tilt-wing-aircraft/","url_text":"\"Canada Successful in Building Tilt-wing Aircraft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aviation_Museum_of_Western_Canada","url_text":"Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadair CL-84-1 Dynavert\". Canada Aviation and Space Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ingeniumcanada.org/aviation/artifact/canadair-cl-84-1-dynavert","url_text":"\"Canadair CL-84-1 Dynavert\""}]},{"reference":"Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada (2023). \"Canadair CL-84 Dynavert\". royalaviationmuseum.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aviation_Museum_of_Western_Canada","url_text":"Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada"},{"url":"https://royalaviationmuseum.com/aircraft/cl-84-dynavert/","url_text":"\"Canadair CL-84 Dynavert\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230227030123/https://royalaviationmuseum.com/aircraft/cl-84-dynavert/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.royalaviationmuseum.com/3388/canada-successful-in-building-tilt-wing-aircraft/","external_links_name":"\"Canada Successful in Building Tilt-wing Aircraft\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200263.html","external_links_name":"Tilting at targets"},{"Link":"http://ingeniumcanada.org/aviation/artifact/canadair-cl-84-1-dynavert","external_links_name":"\"Canadair CL-84-1 Dynavert\""},{"Link":"https://royalaviationmuseum.com/aircraft/cl-84-dynavert/","external_links_name":"\"Canadair CL-84 Dynavert\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20230227030123/https://royalaviationmuseum.com/aircraft/cl-84-dynavert/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200262.html","external_links_name":"Tilting at targets"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061010031127/http://www.aviation.technomuses.ca/collections/artifacts/aircraft/CanadairCL-84Dynavert.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Canada Aviation Museum CL-84 page.\""},{"Link":"http://www.flight-manuals-on-cd.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.flight-manuals-on-cd.com"},{"Link":"http://www.aafo.com/news/old/dynavert.htm","external_links_name":"The CL-84 Dynavert: Canada’s Convertiplane"},{"Link":"http://casmuseum.techno-science.ca/en/collection-research/artifact-canadair-dynavert.php","external_links_name":"Canada Aviation and Space museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161222174941/http://casmuseum.techno-science.ca/en/collection-research/artifact-canadair-dynavert.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.airliners.net/open.file?id=0108113","external_links_name":"Airliners.net photo 0108113"},{"Link":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700013309_1970013309.pdf","external_links_name":"Summary Of A Flight-Test Evaluation Of The CL-84 Tilt-Wing V/STOL Aircraft"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPHAN
National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage
["1 History","1.1 Inspetoria de Monumentos Nacionais","1.2 Serviço do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional","1.3 Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional","2 Chronology","3 Categories","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
National Historic and Artistic Heritage InstituteInstituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico NacionalAgency overviewFormedJuly 14, 1934Agency executiveLeandro Grass, PresidentParent agencyMinistry of CultureWebsitewww.gov.br/iphan/ The National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute (Portuguese: Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional, IPHAN) is a heritage register of the federal government of Brazil. It is responsible for the preservation of buildings, monuments, structures, objects and sites, as well as the register and safeguard of intangible cultural heritage deemed of historic or cultural importance to the country. IPHAN maintains 1,047 sites, which include historic buildings, city centers, and landscapes. It additionally lists a growing number of intangible cultural heritage entities. The presidency of the institute was held by only two individuals over its first forty years. Rodrigo Melo Franco led SPHAN/IPHAN from 1937 until his retirement in 1967; his successor was the architect Renato Soeiro, who led the institute from 1967 to 1979. History Inspetoria de Monumentos Nacionais The federal agency dedicated to the preservation of historic sites Brazil was created in 1933 under the name Inspetoria de Monumentos Nacionais (IMN). It was established as a unit linked to the National Historical Museum (NHM). IMN was established by Federal Decree No. 24,735 of July 14, 1934. Its main purpose was to prevent the export of historic objects from Brazil to the international antiquities trade and the demolition of buildings and monuments as part of the rapid urban reforms in Brazil during the early 20th century. Serviço do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional The Serviço do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (SPHAN) was established in 1937 and replace to IMN; it was linked to the Ministry of Education and Health. SPHAN was established through Article no. 378 of the "Estado Novo" Constitution of 1937) by Getúlio Vargas, President of the Republic. The establishment of SPHAN was led by Education Minister Gustavo Capanema and a team which included the poet Mário de Andrade. The team, together with the lawyer Rodrigo Melo Franco, undertook a project to research and catalog a large number of historic sites across Brazil. Rodrigo Melo Franco would lead the institute from Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional SPHAN was replaced by the National Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute (IPHAN) in 1970. It again underwent various name changes again in 1979; the name IPHAN was reinstated in 1994. Chronology 1936—Provisional creation of the Serviço do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (SPHAN) 1937—SPHAN established under Article no. 378 of the Constitution of 1937 1946—SPHAN became Departamento do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (DPHAN) 1970—DPHAN became Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN) 1979—IPHAN is divided into SPHAN and the Fundação Nacional Pró-Memória (FNPN) 1990—SPHAN and FNPM were merged to become the Instituto Brasileiro do Patrimônio Cultural (IBPC) 1994—IBPC became the Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN) Categories Entities listed by IPHAN are organized under the Livros do Tombo, which includes the: Livro do Tombo Arqueológico, Etnográfico e Paisagístico: includes cultural objects and practices of archaeological, ethnographic value; landscapes, city centers, and architectural complexes are included in this category. Livro do Tombo Histórico: includes cultural objects of historical value, such as buildings, landmarks, individuals images, and paintings. Livro do Tombo das Belas Artes: includes cultural objects of artistic value, generally the fine arts of "non-utilitarian character". Livro do Tombo das Artes Aplicadas: include cultural objects associated with a "utilitarian function" as opposed to those of the fine arts; the category includes the decorative arts, graphic arts and furniture. See also List of National Historic Heritage of Brazil List of IPHAN heritage sites in the North of Brazil References ^ List of National Historic Heritage of Brazil National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute. Retrieved on 2012-03-27. (in Portuguese). ^ a b "Linha do Tempo - Iphan 80 Anos" (in Portuguese). IPHAN. 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-05-03. Retrieved 2018-09-06. ^ a b c d Da Silva, Marcela Virginia Thimoteo (2005). "Do SPHAN ao IBRAM: Subsídios Para Compreender a Produção Documental dos Museus do Instituto Brasileiro De Museus (IBRAM)" (PDF). Revista Eletrônica Ventilando Acervos. 3 (1): 60–75. Retrieved 2018-09-06. ^ "Livros do Tombo" (in Portuguese). IPHAN. 2016. Retrieved 2018-09-06. External links Interview with Jurema de Sousa Machado, president of IPHAN since 2012. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Catalonia Israel United States Other IdRef
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It is responsible for the preservation of buildings, monuments, structures, objects and sites, as well as the register and safeguard of intangible cultural heritage deemed of historic or cultural importance to the country.IPHAN maintains 1,047 sites, which include historic buildings, city centers, and landscapes. It additionally lists a growing number of intangible cultural heritage entities.[1]The presidency of the institute was held by only two individuals over its first forty years. 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Its main purpose was to prevent the export of historic objects from Brazil to the international antiquities trade and the demolition of buildings and monuments as part of the rapid urban reforms in Brazil during the early 20th century.[2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Estado Novo\" Constitution of 1937)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Getúlio Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Capanema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustavo_Capanema&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mário de Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_de_Andrade"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Melo Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Melo_Franco"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s-3"}],"sub_title":"Serviço do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional","text":"The Serviço do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (SPHAN) was established in 1937 and replace to IMN; it was linked to the Ministry of Education and Health. SPHAN was established through Article no. 378 of the \"Estado Novo\" Constitution of 1937) by Getúlio Vargas, President of the Republic. The establishment of SPHAN was led by Education Minister Gustavo Capanema and a team which included the poet Mário de Andrade. The team, together with the lawyer Rodrigo Melo Franco, undertook a project to research and catalog a large number of historic sites across Brazil. Rodrigo Melo Franco would lead the institute from [2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s-3"}],"sub_title":"Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional","text":"SPHAN was replaced by the National Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute (IPHAN) in 1970. It again underwent various name changes again in 1979; the name IPHAN was reinstated in 1994.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s-3"}],"text":"1936—Provisional creation of the Serviço do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (SPHAN)\n1937—SPHAN established under Article no. 378 of the Constitution of 1937\n1946—SPHAN became Departamento do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (DPHAN)\n1970—DPHAN became Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN)\n1979—IPHAN is divided into SPHAN and the Fundação Nacional Pró-Memória (FNPN)\n1990—SPHAN and FNPM were merged to become the Instituto Brasileiro do Patrimônio Cultural (IBPC)\n1994—IBPC became the Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN)[3]","title":"Chronology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tombo-4"}],"text":"Entities listed by IPHAN are organized under the Livros do Tombo, which includes the:Livro do Tombo Arqueológico, Etnográfico e Paisagístico: includes cultural objects and practices of archaeological, ethnographic value; landscapes, city centers, and architectural complexes are included in this category.\nLivro do Tombo Histórico: includes cultural objects of historical value, such as buildings, landmarks, individuals images, and paintings.\nLivro do Tombo das Belas Artes: includes cultural objects of artistic value, generally the fine arts of \"non-utilitarian character\".\nLivro do Tombo das Artes Aplicadas: include cultural objects associated with a \"utilitarian function\" as opposed to those of the fine arts; the category includes the decorative arts, graphic arts and furniture.[4]","title":"Categories"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeal_transcription
Archaeal transcription
["1 Initiation","2 Elongation","2.1 Backtracking","3 Termination","4 References"]
Part of a series onGenetics Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Genome Heredity Nucleotide Mutation Genetic variation Allele Amino acid Outline Index History and topics Introduction History Evolution (molecular) Population genetics Mendelian inheritance Quantitative genetics Molecular genetics Research Geneticist DNA sequencing Genetic engineering Genomics ( template) Medical genetics Branches of genetics Fields Classical Conservation Cytogenetics Ecological Immunogenetics Microbial Molecular Population Quantitative Personalized medicine Personalized medicine  Categoryvte Transcription is the process of copying DNA into RNA, usually mRNA. Archaeal transcription is the process in which a segment of archaeal DNA is copied into a newly synthesized strand of RNA using the sole Pol II-like RNA polymerase (RNAP). The process occurs in three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination; and the end result is a strand of RNA that is complementary to a single strand of DNA. A number of transcription factors govern this process with homologs in both bacteria and eukaryotes, with the core machinery more similar to eukaryotic transcription. Because archaea lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus like bacteria do, transcription and translation can happen at the same time on a newly-generated piece of mRNA. Operons are widespread in archaea. Initiation Initiation in archaea is governed by TATA-binding protein (TBP), Archaeal transcription factor B (TFB), and Archaeal transcription factor E (TFE) that are homologous to eukaryotic TBP, TFIIB, and TFIIE respectively. These factors recognize the promoter core sequence (TATA box, B recognition element) upstream of the coding region and recruits the RNAP to form a closed transcription preinitiation complex (PIC). The PIC is turned into an open state with the local DNA helix "melting" to load the template strand of DNA. The RNAP undergoes "abortive initiation": it makes and releases many short (2-15nt) segments before generating a transcript of significant length. This continues until it moves past the promoter (promoter escape), loosening TBP's grasp on the DNA, and swapping TFE out for elongation factors Spt4/5. How this escape happens exactly remains to be studied. Elongation After getting out of the promoter region, the RNAP moves into the elongation state, where it keeps growing the new RNA strand in a processive process. Double stranded DNA that enters from the front of the enzyme is unzipped to avail the template strand for RNA synthesis. For every DNA base pair separated by the advancing polymerase, one hybrid RNA:DNA base pair is immediately formed. DNA strands and nascent RNA chain exit from separate channels; the two DNA strands reunite at the trailing end of the transcription bubble while the single strand RNA emerges alone. A number of elongation factors help with the rate and processivity of the RNAP. Factors of the Spt4/Spt5 family (bacterial homolog of Spt5 is called NusG) stimulate transcription by binding to the RNAP clamp on one side of the DNA channel and to the gate loop on the other. The resultant DSIF locks the clamp into a closed state to prevent the elongation complex (EC) from dissociating. Spt5 also has a NGN domain that helps the two strands separate. A KOW domain probably hooks the RNAP up to a ribosome so that translation and transcription happen together. Some archaea have an Elf1 homolog that might also act as an elongation factor. Backtracking The RNAP occasionally stops and starts moving backwards when it encounters a roadblock or some difficult sequences. When this happens, the EC gets stuck because the reactive 3' edge of the RNA is out of the active site. The transcript cleavage factor TFS (a TFIIS homolog) helps resolve this issue by generating a cut so that a new 3' end is available in the active site. Some archaeon have up to 4 paralogs of TFS with divergent functions. Termination Not much is known about archaeal termination. Euryarchaeal RNAPs seem to terminate on their own when poly-U stretches appear. References ^ Kyrpides, NC; Ouzounis, CA (20 July 1999). "Transcription in archaea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (15): 8545–50. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.8545K. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.15.8545. PMC 17553. PMID 10411912. ^ a b c d e f g h Robinson, Nicholas P.; Fouqueau, Thomas; Blombach, Fabian; Cackett, Gwenny; Carty, Alice E.; Matelska, Dorota M.; Ofer, Sapir; Pilotto, Simona; Phung, Duy Khanh; Werner, Finn (14 December 2018). "The cutting edge of archaeal transcription". Emerging Topics in Life Sciences. 2 (4): 517–533. doi:10.1042/ETLS20180014. PMC 7289017. PMID 33525828. ^ Santangelo, TJ; Cubonová, L; Matsumi, R; Atomi, H; Imanaka, T; Reeve, JN (March 2008). "Polarity in archaeal operon transcription in Thermococcus kodakaraensis". Journal of Bacteriology. 190 (6): 2244–8. doi:10.1128/JB.01811-07. PMC 2258858. PMID 18192385. vteGene expressionIntroductionto genetics Genetic code Central dogma DNA → RNA → Protein Special transfers RNA→RNA RNA→DNA Protein→Protein TranscriptionTypes Bacterial Archaeal Eukaryotic Key elements Transcription factor RNA polymerase Promoter Post-transcription Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA / hnRNA) 5' capping Splicing Polyadenylation Histone acetylation and deacetylation TranslationTypes Bacterial Archaeal Eukaryotic Key elements Ribosome Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosome-nascent chain complex (RNC) Post-translational modification Regulation Epigenetic imprinting Transcriptional Gene regulatory network cis-regulatory element lac operon Post-transcriptional sequestration (P-bodies) alternative splicing microRNA Translational Post-translational reversible irreversible Influential people François Jacob Jacques Monod vteTranscription (Bacterial, Eukaryotic)Transcriptional regulationprokaryotic Operon lac operon trp operon gab operon Gua Operon ara operon gal operon Repressor lac repressor trp repressor eukaryoticHistone-modifying enzymes(histone/nucleosome): Histone methylation/Histone methyltransferase EZH2 Histone demethylase Histone acetylation and deacetylation Histone deacetylase HDAC1 Histone acetyltransferase DNA methylation: DNA methyltransferase Chromatin remodeling: CHD7 both Transcription coregulator Activator Coactivator Corepressor Inducer Promotion Promoter Pribnow box TATA box BRE CAAT box Response element Enhancer E-box Response element Insulator Silencer Internal control region Initiation Bacterial Eukaryotic Archaeal transcription factor B Elongation bacterial RNA polymerase: rpoB eukaryotic RNA polymerase: RNA polymerase II Termination(bacterial, eukaryotic) Terminator Intrinsic termination Rho factor
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Process_of_transcription_(13080846733).jpg"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA"},{"link_name":"mRNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA"},{"link_name":"RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA"},{"link_name":"Pol II-like","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase_II"},{"link_name":"RNA polymerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase"},{"link_name":"transcription factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factors"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"eukaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotes"},{"link_name":"eukaryotic transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_transcription"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10411912-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edge-2"},{"link_name":"translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeal_translation"},{"link_name":"Operons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Transcription is the process of copying DNA into RNA, usually mRNA.Archaeal transcription is the process in which a segment of archaeal DNA is copied into a newly synthesized strand of RNA using the sole Pol II-like RNA polymerase (RNAP). The process occurs in three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination; and the end result is a strand of RNA that is complementary to a single strand of DNA. A number of transcription factors govern this process with homologs in both bacteria and eukaryotes, with the core machinery more similar to eukaryotic transcription.[1][2]Because archaea lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus like bacteria do, transcription and translation can happen at the same time on a newly-generated piece of mRNA. Operons are widespread in archaea.[3]","title":"Archaeal transcription"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TATA-binding protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA-binding_protein"},{"link_name":"Archaeal transcription factor B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeal_transcription_factor_B"},{"link_name":"TFIIB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFIIB"},{"link_name":"TFIIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFIIE"},{"link_name":"promoter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"TATA box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box"},{"link_name":"B recognition element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_recognition_element"},{"link_name":"transcription preinitiation complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_preinitiation_complex"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edge-2"},{"link_name":"abortive initiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortive_initiation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edge-2"}],"text":"Initiation in archaea is governed by TATA-binding protein (TBP), Archaeal transcription factor B (TFB), and Archaeal transcription factor E (TFE) that are homologous to eukaryotic TBP, TFIIB, and TFIIE respectively. These factors recognize the promoter core sequence (TATA box, B recognition element) upstream of the coding region and recruits the RNAP to form a closed transcription preinitiation complex (PIC).[2]The PIC is turned into an open state with the local DNA helix \"melting\" to load the template strand of DNA. The RNAP undergoes \"abortive initiation\": it makes and releases many short (2-15nt) segments before generating a transcript of significant length. This continues until it moves past the promoter (promoter escape), loosening TBP's grasp on the DNA, and swapping TFE out for elongation factors Spt4/5. How this escape happens exactly remains to be studied.[2]","title":"Initiation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"processive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processivity"},{"link_name":"base pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edge-2"},{"link_name":"Spt4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUPT4H1"},{"link_name":"Spt5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUPT5H"},{"link_name":"DSIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSIF"},{"link_name":"NGN domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NGN_domain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"KOW domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KOW_domain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edge-2"},{"link_name":"Elf1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ELOF1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edge-2"}],"text":"After getting out of the promoter region, the RNAP moves into the elongation state, where it keeps growing the new RNA strand in a processive process. Double stranded DNA that enters from the front of the enzyme is unzipped to avail the template strand for RNA synthesis. For every DNA base pair separated by the advancing polymerase, one hybrid RNA:DNA base pair is immediately formed. DNA strands and nascent RNA chain exit from separate channels; the two DNA strands reunite at the trailing end of the transcription bubble while the single strand RNA emerges alone.[2]A number of elongation factors help with the rate and processivity of the RNAP. Factors of the Spt4/Spt5 family (bacterial homolog of Spt5 is called NusG) stimulate transcription by binding to the RNAP clamp on one side of the DNA channel and to the gate loop on the other. The resultant DSIF locks the clamp into a closed state to prevent the elongation complex (EC) from dissociating. Spt5 also has a NGN domain that helps the two strands separate. A KOW domain probably hooks the RNAP up to a ribosome so that translation and transcription happen together.[2]Some archaea have an Elf1 homolog that might also act as an elongation factor.[2]","title":"Elongation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TFIIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TFIIS&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edge-2"}],"sub_title":"Backtracking","text":"The RNAP occasionally stops and starts moving backwards when it encounters a roadblock or some difficult sequences. When this happens, the EC gets stuck because the reactive 3' edge of the RNA is out of the active site. The transcript cleavage factor TFS (a TFIIS homolog) helps resolve this issue by generating a cut so that a new 3' end is available in the active site. Some archaeon have up to 4 paralogs of TFS with divergent functions.[2]","title":"Elongation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edge-2"}],"text":"Not much is known about archaeal termination. Euryarchaeal RNAPs seem to terminate on their own when poly-U stretches appear.[2]","title":"Termination"}]
[{"image_text":"Transcription is the process of copying DNA into RNA, usually mRNA.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Process_of_transcription_%2813080846733%29.jpg/300px-Process_of_transcription_%2813080846733%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Kyrpides, NC; Ouzounis, CA (20 July 1999). \"Transcription in archaea\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (15): 8545–50. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.8545K. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.15.8545. PMC 17553. PMID 10411912.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC17553","url_text":"\"Transcription in archaea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...96.8545K","url_text":"1999PNAS...96.8545K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.15.8545","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.96.15.8545"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC17553","url_text":"17553"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10411912","url_text":"10411912"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Nicholas P.; Fouqueau, Thomas; Blombach, Fabian; Cackett, Gwenny; Carty, Alice E.; Matelska, Dorota M.; Ofer, Sapir; Pilotto, Simona; Phung, Duy Khanh; Werner, Finn (14 December 2018). \"The cutting edge of archaeal transcription\". Emerging Topics in Life Sciences. 2 (4): 517–533. doi:10.1042/ETLS20180014. PMC 7289017. PMID 33525828.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7289017","url_text":"\"The cutting edge of archaeal transcription\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2FETLS20180014","url_text":"10.1042/ETLS20180014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7289017","url_text":"7289017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33525828","url_text":"33525828"}]},{"reference":"Santangelo, TJ; Cubonová, L; Matsumi, R; Atomi, H; Imanaka, T; Reeve, JN (March 2008). \"Polarity in archaeal operon transcription in Thermococcus kodakaraensis\". Journal of Bacteriology. 190 (6): 2244–8. doi:10.1128/JB.01811-07. PMC 2258858. PMID 18192385.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258858","url_text":"\"Polarity in archaeal operon transcription in Thermococcus kodakaraensis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.01811-07","url_text":"10.1128/JB.01811-07"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258858","url_text":"2258858"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18192385","url_text":"18192385"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDEP-28
HDEP-28
["1 Legality","2 See also","3 References"]
Stimulant drug HDEP-28Legal statusLegal status CA: Schedule III DE: NpSG (Industrial and scientific use only) UK: Class B Identifiers IUPAC name Ethyl (naphthalen-2-yl)(piperidin-2-yl)acetate CAS Number2170529-69-6PubChem CID91844468ChemSpider52085106UNIIA8326SH248CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID601336139 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC19H23NO2Molar mass297.398 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES CCOC(=O)C(C1CCCCN1)c2ccc3ccccc3c2 InChI InChI=1S/C19H23NO2/c1-2-22-19(21)18(17-9-5-6-12-20-17)16-11-10-14-7-3-4-8-15(14)13-16/h3-4,7-8,10-11,13,17-18,20H,2,5-6,9,12H2,1H3Key:OTQVTBPHZRARTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N HDEP-28 or ethylnaphthidate is a piperidine based stimulant drug, closely related to ethylphenidate, but with the benzene ring replaced by naphthalene. It is even more closely related to HDMP-28, which acts as a potent serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor with several times the potency of methylphenidate and a short duration of action. It has been sold as a designer drug since around 2015. Legality HDEP-28 was banned in the UK as a Temporary Class Drug from June 2015 following its unapproved sale as a designer drug, alongside 4-Methylmethylphenidate. See also 2β-Propanoyl-3β-(2-naphthyl)-tropane (WF-23) 3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate 4-Methylmethylphenidate 4-Fluoromethylphenidate Isopropylphenidate Naphthylisopropylamine Naphyrone Propylphenidate References ^ Lile JA, Wang Z, Woolverton WL, France JE, Gregg TC, Davies HM, et al. (October 2003). "The reinforcing efficacy of psychostimulants in rhesus monkeys: the role of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 307 (1): 356–66. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.049825. PMID 12954808. S2CID 5654856. ^ Luethi D, Kaeser PJ, Brandt SD, Krähenbühl S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (May 2018). "Pharmacological profile of methylphenidate-based designer drugs". Neuropharmacology. 134 (Pt A): 133–140. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.020. PMID 28823611. ^ "Methylphenidate-based NPS: A review of the evidence of use and harm" (PDF). Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. 31 March 2015. ^ "Letter to Mike Penning on methylphenidate-based novel psychoactive substances". Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015. ^ "Ministerial response to the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs about 2 new methylphenidate-based substances". Home Office. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015. vteStimulantsAdamantanes Adapromine Amantadine Bromantane Memantine Rimantadine Adenosine antagonists 8-Chlorotheophylline 8-Cyclopentyltheophylline 8-Phenyltheophylline Aminophylline Caffeine CGS-15943 Dimethazan Istradefylline Paraxanthine SCH-58261 Theobromine Theophylline Alkylamines Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Heptaminol Isometheptene Levopropylhexedrine Methylhexaneamine Octodrine Propylhexedrine Tuaminoheptane Ampakines CX-516 CX-546 CX-614 CX-691 CX-717 IDRA-21 LY-404,187 LY-503,430 Nooglutyl Org 26576 PEPA S-18986 Sunifiram Unifiram Arylcyclohexylamines Benocyclidine Dieticyclidine Esketamine Eticyclidine Gacyclidine Ketamine Phencyclamine Phencyclidine Rolicyclidine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Benzazepines 6-Br-APB SKF-77434 SKF-81297 SKF-82958 Cathinones 3-Fluoromethcathinone 3,4-DMMC 4-BMC 4-CMC 4-Methylbuphedrone 4-Methylcathinone 4-MEAP 4-Methylpentedrone Amfepramone Benzedrone Buphedrone Bupropion Butylone Cathinone Dimethylcathinone Ethcathinone Ethylone Flephedrone Hexedrone Isoethcathinone Mephedrone Methcathinone Methedrone Methylenedioxycathinone Methylone Mexedrone N-Ethylbuphedrone N-Ethylhexedrone Pentedrone Pentylone Phthalimidopropiophenone Cholinergics A-84,543 A-366,833 ABT-202 ABT-418 AR-R17779 Altinicline Anabasine Arecoline Bradanicline Cotinine Cytisine Dianicline Epibatidine Epiboxidine GTS-21 Ispronicline Nicotine PHA-543,613 PNU-120,596 PNU-282,987 Pozanicline Rivanicline Sazetidine A SIB-1553A SSR-180,711 TC-1698 TC-1827 TC-2216 Tebanicline UB-165 Varenicline WAY-317,538 Convulsants Anatoxin-a Bicuculline DMCM Flurothyl Gabazine Pentetrazol Picrotoxin Strychnine Thujone Eugeroics Adrafinil Armodafinil CRL-40,940 CRL-40,941 Fluorenol Modafinil Oxazolines 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone Phenethylamines 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane 1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane 2-Fluoroamphetamine 2-Fluoromethamphetamine 2-OH-PEA 2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane 2,3-MDA 3-Fluoroamphetamine 3-Fluoroethamphetamine 3-Methoxyamphetamine 3-Methylamphetamine 4-Fluoroamphetamine 4-Fluoromethamphetamine 4-MA 4-MMA 4-MTA 6-FNE AL-1095 Alfetamine a-Ethylphenethylamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amidephrine 2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene 2-Aminoindane 5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole 2-Aminotetralin Acridorex Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Levoamphetamine) Amphetaminil Arbutamine β-Methylphenethylamine β-Phenylmethamphetamine Benfluorex Benzphetamine BDB BOH 3-Benzhydrylmorpholine BPAP Camfetamine Cathine Chlorphentermine Cilobamine Cinnamedrine Clenbuterol Clobenzorex Cloforex Clortermine Cypenamine D-Deprenyl Denopamine Dimethoxyamphetamine Dimethylamphetamine Dobutamine DOPA (Dextrodopa, Levodopa) Dopamine Dopexamine Droxidopa EBDB Ephedrine Epinephrine Epinine Etafedrine Ethylnorepinephrine Etilamfetamine Etilefrine Famprofazone Fencamfamin Fencamine Fenethylline Fenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine, Levofenfluramine) Fenproporex Feprosidnine Fludorex Formetorex Furfenorex Gepefrine Hexapradol HMMA Hordenine 4-Hydroxyamphetamine 5-Iodo-2-aminoindane Ibopamine Indanylamphetamine Iofetamine Isoetarine Isoprenaline L-Deprenyl (Selegiline) Lefetamine Lisdexamfetamine Lophophine MBDB MDA (tenamfetamine) MDBU MDEA MDMA (midomafetamine) MDMPEA MDOH MDPR MDPEA Mefenorex Mephentermine Metanephrine Metaraminol Mesocarb Methamphetamine (Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine) Methoxamine Methoxyphenamine MMA Methoxyphenamine MMDA MMDMA MMMA Morforex N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine Naphthylamphetamine Nisoxetine Norepinephrine Norfenefrine Norfenfluramine Normetanephrine L-Norpseudoephedrine Octopamine Orciprenaline Ortetamine Oxifentorex Oxilofrine PBA PCA PCMA PHA Pentorex Phenatine Phenpromethamine Phentermine Phenylalanine Phenylephrine Phenylpropanolamine Pholedrine PIA PMA PMEA PMMA PPAP Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Ropinirole Salbutamol (Levosalbutamol) Sibutramine Solriamfetol Synephrine Theodrenaline Tiflorex Tranylcypromine Tyramine Tyrosine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Phenylmorpholines 3-Fluorophenmetrazine Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide G-130 Manifaxine Morazone Morforex Oxaflozane PD-128,907 Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine 2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine Pseudophenmetrazine Radafaxine Piperazines 2C-B-BZP 3C-PEP BZP CM156 DBL-583 GBR-12783 GBR-12935 GBR-13069 GBR-13098 GBR-13119 MeOPP MBZP oMPP Vanoxerine Piperidines 1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine 2-Benzylpiperidine 2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine 3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate 4-Benzylpiperidine 4-Fluoromethylphenidate 4-Methylmethylphenidate Desoxypipradrol Difemetorex Diphenylpyraline Ethylnaphthidate Ethylphenidate Methylnaphthidate Isopropylphenidate JZ-IV-10 Methylphenidate (Dexmethylphenidate) Nocaine Phacetoperane Pipradrol Propylphenidate Serdexmethylphenidate SCH-5472 Pyrrolidines 2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine 4-Cl-PVP 5-DBFPV α-PPP α-PBP α-PCYP α-PHiP α-PHP α-PHPP α-PVP α-PVT Diphenylprolinol DMPVP FPOP FPVP MDPPP MDPBP MPBP MPHP MPPP MOPVP MOPPP Indapyrophenidone MDPV Naphyrone PEP Picilorex Prolintane Pyrovalerone Racetams Oxiracetam Phenylpiracetam Phenylpiracetam hydrazide Tropanes 4-fluorotropacocaine 4'-Fluorococaine Altropane (IACFT) Brasofensine CFT (WIN 35,428) β-CIT (RTI-55) Cocaethylene Cocaine Dichloropane (RTI-111) Difluoropine FE-β-CPPIT FP-β-CPPIT Ioflupane (123I) Norcocaine PIT PTT RTI-31 RTI-32 RTI-51 RTI-112 RTI-113 RTI-120 RTI-121 (IPCIT) RTI-126 RTI-150 RTI-177 RTI-229 RTI-336 RTI-354 RTI-371 RTI-386 Salicylmethylecgonine Tesofensine Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2) Tropoxane WF-23 WF-33 Tryptamines 4-HO-αMT 4-Methyl-αET 4-Methyl-αMT 5-Chloro-αMT 5-Fluoro-αMT 5-MeO-αET 5-MeO-αMT 5-MeO-DIPT 6-Fluoro-αMT 7-Methyl-αET αET αMT Others 2-MDP 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine Amfonelic acid Amineptine Amiphenazole Atipamezole Atomoxetine Bemegride Benzydamine BTQ BTS 74,398 Centanafadine Ciclazindol Clofenciclan Cropropamide Crotetamide D-161 Desipramine Diclofensine Dimethocaine Efaroxan Etamivan Fenisorex Fenpentadiol Gamfexine Gilutensin GSK1360707F GYKI-52895 Hexacyclonate Idazoxan Indanorex Indatraline JNJ-7925476 Lazabemide Leptacline Lomevactone LR-5182 Mazindol Meclofenoxate Medifoxamine Mefexamide Methamnetamine Methastyridone Methiopropamine Naphthylaminopropane Nefopam Nikethamide Nomifensine O-2172 Oxaprotiline PNU-99,194 PRC200-SS Rasagiline Rauwolscine Rubidium chloride Setazindol Tametraline Tandamine Thiopropamine Thiothinone Trazium UH-232 Yohimbine ATC code: N06B vteAdrenergic receptor modulatorsα1Agonists 6-FNE Amidephrine Buspirone Cirazoline Corbadrine Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine) Desglymidodrine Dexisometheptene Dipivefrine Dopamine Droxidopa (L-DOPS) Epinephrine Etilefrine Etilevodopa Ethylnorepinephrine Ibopamine Indanidine Isometheptene L-DOPA (levodopa) L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Melevodopa Metaraminol Methoxamine Methyldopa Midodrine Naphazoline Norepinephrine Octopamine Oxymetazoline Phenylephrine Phenylpropanolamine Synephrine Tetryzoline Tiamenidine XP21279 Xylometazoline Antagonists Abanoquil Ajmalicine Alfuzosin Anisodamine Anisodine Atiprosin Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., brexpiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone) Benoxathian Beta blockers (e.g., adimolol, amosulalol, arotinolol, carvedilol, eugenodilol, labetalol) Buflomedil Bunazosin Corynanthine Dapiprazole Domesticine Doxazosin Ergolines (e.g., acetergamine, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, lisuride, nicergoline, terguride) Etoperidone Fenspiride Hydroxyzine Indoramin Ketanserin L-765,314 mCPP Mepiprazole Metazosin Monatepil Moxisylyte Naftopidil Nantenine Neldazosin Niaprazine Niguldipine Pardoprunox Pelanserin Perlapine Phendioxan Phenoxybenzamine Phentolamine Phenylpiperazine antidepressants (e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione) Piperoxan Prazosin Quinazosin Quinidine Silodosin Spegatrine Spiperone Talipexole Tamsulosin Terazosin Tiodazosin Tolazoline Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine) Trimazosin Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine) Urapidil WB-4101 Zolertine α2Agonists (R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline 4-NEMD 6-FNE Amitraz Apraclonidine Brimonidine Clonidine Corbadrine Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine) Detomidine Dexmedetomidine Dihydroergotamine Dipivefrine Dopamine Droxidopa (L-DOPS) Etilevodopa Ergotamine Epinephrine Etilefrine Ethylnorepinephrine Guanabenz Guanfacine Guanoxabenz L-DOPA (levodopa) L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Ibopamine Lofexidine Medetomidine Melevodopa Methyldopa Mivazerol Moxonidine Naphazoline Norepinephrine Oxymetazoline Phenylpropanolamine Piperoxan PS75 Rezatomidine Rilmenidine Romifidine Talipexole Tasipimidine Tetryzoline Tiamenidine Tizanidine Tolonidine Urapidil Vatinoxan XP21279 Xylazine Xylometazoline Antagonists 1-PP Adimolol Amesergide Aptazapine Atipamezole Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, brexpiprazole, clozapine, lurasidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, zotepine) Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, tandospirone) BRL-44408 Buflomedil Cirazoline Efaroxan Esmirtazapine Fenmetozole Fluparoxan Idazoxan Ketanserin Lisuride mCPP Mianserin Mirtazapine NAN-190 Pardoprunox Phentolamine Phenoxybenzamine Piperoxan Piribedil Rauwolscine Rotigotine Setiptiline Spegatrine Spiroxatrine Sunepitron Terguride Tolazoline Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine) Yohimbine βAgonists Abediterol Alifedrine Amibegron Arbutamine Arformoterol Arotinolol BAAM Bambuterol Befunolol Bitolterol Broxaterol Buphenine Carbuterol Carmoterol Cimaterol Clenbuterol Colterol Corbadrine Denopamine Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine) Dipivefrine Dobutamine Dopamine Dopexamine Droxidopa (L-DOPS) Epinephrine Etafedrine Etilefrine Etilevodopa Ethylnorepinephrine Eugenodilol Fenoterol Formoterol Hexoprenaline Higenamine Ibopamine Indacaterol Isoetarine Isoprenaline Isoxsuprine L-DOPA (levodopa) L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Levosalbutamol Lubabegron Mabuterol Melevodopa Methoxyphenamine Methyldopa Mirabegron Norepinephrine Orciprenaline Oxyfedrine PF-610355 Phenylpropanolamine Pirbuterol Prenalterol Ractopamine Procaterol Reproterol Rimiterol Ritodrine Salbutamol Salmeterol Solabegron Terbutaline Tretoquinol Tulobuterol Vibegron Vilanterol Xamoterol XP21279 Zilpaterol Zinterol Antagonists Acebutolol Adaprolol Adimolol Afurolol Alprenolol Alprenoxime Amosulalol Ancarolol Arnolol Arotinolol Atenolol Befunolol Betaxolol Bevantolol Bisoprolol Bopindolol Bornaprolol Brefonalol Bucindolol Bucumolol Bufetolol Bufuralol Bunitrolol Bunolol Bupranolol Butaxamine Butidrine Butofilolol Capsinolol Carazolol Carpindolol Carteolol Carvedilol Celiprolol Cetamolol Cicloprolol Cinamolol Cloranolol Cyanopindolol Dalbraminol Dexpropranolol Diacetolol Dichloroisoprenaline Dihydroalprenolol Dilevalol Diprafenone Draquinolol Ecastolol Epanolol Ericolol Ersentilide Esatenolol Esprolol Eugenodilol Exaprolol Falintolol Flestolol Flusoxolol Hydroxycarteolol Hydroxytertatolol ICI-118,551 Idropranolol Indenolol Indopanolol Iodocyanopindolol Iprocrolol Isoxaprolol Isamoltane Labetalol Landiolol Levobetaxolol Levobunolol Levomoprolol Medroxalol Mepindolol Metipranolol Metoprolol Moprolol Nadolol Nadoxolol Nebivolol Nifenalol Nipradilol Oxprenolol Pacrinolol Pafenolol Pamatolol Pargolol Penbutolol Pindolol Practolol Primidolol Procinolol Pronethalol Propafenone Propranolol Ridazolol Ronactolol Soquinolol Sotalol Spirendolol SR 59230A Sulfinalol Talinolol Tazolol Tertatolol Tienoxolol Tilisolol Timolol Tiprenolol Tolamolol Toliprolol Xibenolol Xipranolol See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Dopaminergics Serotonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Monoamine releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins vteDopamine receptor modulatorsD1-likeAgonists Benzazepines: 6-Br-APB Fenoldopam SKF-38,393 SKF-77,434 SKF-81,297 SKF-82,958 SKF-83,959 Trepipam Zelandopam Ergolines: Cabergoline CY-208,243 Dihydroergocryptine LEK-8829 Lisuride Pergolide Terguride Dihydrexidine derivatives: A-77636 A-86929 Adrogolide (ABT-431, DAS-431) Dihydrexidine Dinapsoline Dinoxyline Doxanthrine Phenethylamines: BCO-001 Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine) Dopexamine Etilevodopa Ibopamine L-DOPA (levodopa) Melevodopa L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine XP21279 Others: A-68930 Apomorphine Isocorypalmine Nuciferine PF-6649751 PF 6669571 Propylnorapomorphine Rotigotine SKF-89,145 SKF-89,626 Stepholidine Tavapadon Tetrahydropalmatine PAMs Tetrahydroisoquinolines: DETQ DPTQ Mevidalen Antagonists Typical antipsychotics: Butaclamol Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Flupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen) Fluphenazine Loxapine Perphenazine (+amitriptyline) Pifluthixol Thioridazine Thiothixene Trifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine) Zuclopenthixol Atypical antipsychotics: Asenapine Clorotepine Clotiapine Clozapine DHA-clozapine Fluperlapine Iloperidone Norclozapine Norquetiapine Olanzapine (+fluoxetine) Paliperidone Quetiapine Risperidone Tefludazine Zicronapine Ziprasidone Zotepine Others: Berupipam Ecopipam EEDQ Metitepine (methiothepin) Odapipam Perlapine SCH-23390 D2-likeAgonists Adamantanes: Amantadine Memantine Rimantadine Aminotetralins: 5-OH-DPAT 7-OH-DPAT 8-OH-PBZI Rotigotine UH-232 Ergolines: Bromocriptine Cabergoline Chanoclavine Dihydroergocryptine Epicriptine Ergocornine Lergotrile Lisuride LSD Pergolide Terguride Dihydrexidine derivatives: 2-OH-NPA Ciladopa Dihydrexidine Dinoxyline N,N-Propyldihydrexidine Phenethylamines: Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine) Dopexamine Etilevodopa Ibopamine L-DOPA (levodopa) L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Melevodopa XP21279 Atypical antipsychotics: Alentemol (U-66444B) Aripiprazole (+sertraline) Aripiprazole lauroxil Bifeprunox Brexpiprazole Brilaroxazine Cariprazine F-15063 Lumateperone Norclozapine Others: 3-PPP A-412997 ABT-670 ABT-724 Adrafinil Aplindore Apomorphine Arketamine Armodafinil BP-897 Captodiame CP-226,269 Dizocilpine Esketamine Flibanserin Ketamine Mesulergine Modafinil OSU-6162 Pardoprunox PD-128,907 PD-168,077 PF-219,061 PF-592,379 Phencyclidine Piribedil Pramipexole Preclamol Propylnorapomorphine Pukateine Quinagolide Quinelorane Quinpirole RDS-127 Ro10-5824 Ropinirole Roxindole Salvinorin A SKF-83,959 Sumanirole Talipexole Umespirone WAY-100,635 Antagonists Typical antipsychotics: Acepromazine Acetophenazine Azaperone Benperidol Bromperidol Butaclamol Butaperazine Chloracizine Chlorproethazine Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Ciclindole Clopenthixol Clothixamide Clopimozide Droperidol Fluacizine Fluanisone Flucindole Fluotracen Flupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen) Fluphenazine Fluprothixene Fluspirilene Haloperidol Homopipramol Lenperone Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine) Levosulpiride Loxapine Mesoridazine Moperone Naranol Nemonapride Penfluridol Perathiepin Perazine Pericyazine (periciazine) Perphenazine (+amitriptyline) Piflutixol (pifluthixol) Pimozide Pipamperone Preclamol Prochlorperazine Promazine Prothipendyl Spiperone (spiroperidol) Sulforidazine Sulpiride Sultopride Teflutixol Thiopropazate Thioproperazine Thioridazine Thiothixene Timiperone Trifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine) Triflupromazine Trifluperidol Zetidoline Zuclopenthixol Atypical antipsychotics: Amisulpride Asenapine BL-1020 Blonanserin Carpipramine Cinuperone Clocapramine Clorotepine Clotiapine (clothiapine) Clozapine Cyamemazine DHA-clozapine Dixyrazine Elopiprazole Flumezapine Fluperlapine Gevotroline Iloperidone Lurasidone Mazapertine Melperone Molindone Mosapramine Ocaperidone Olanzapine (+fluoxetine) Paliperidone Perospirone Piperacetazine Pipotiazine Piquindone Quetiapine Remoxipride Risperidone Sertindole Tefludazine Tenilapine Tiospirone Veralipride Zicronapine Ziprasidone Zotepine Antiemetics/gastroprokinetics/sedatives: Aceprometazine AS-8112 Alimemazine Alizapride Benzquinamide Bromopride Clebopride Deudomperidone Domperidone Eticlopride Hydroxyzine Itopride Metoclopramide Metopimazine Promethazine Thiethylperazine Trazpiroben Trimethobenzamide Antidepressants: Amoxapine Nefazodone Opipramol Propiomazine Trimipramine Others: 3-PPP Alpiropride Azapride Bromerguride Bromocriptine Buspirone Desmethoxyfallypride EEDQ F-15063 Fallypride Fananserin Fenfluramine Iodobenzamide Isocorypalmine L-741,626 L-745,870 Levofenfluramine LEK-8829 Metergoline Metitepine (methiothepin) N-Methylspiperone Nafadotride Nuciferine PNU-99,194 Pridopidine Raclopride Sarizotan SB-277,011-A Seridopidine Sonepiprazole Spiroxatrine Stepholidine SV-293 Terguride Tetrahydropalmatine Tiapride UH-232 Yohimbine See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Adrenergics Serotonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Monoamine releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins vteSerotonin receptor modulators5-HT15-HT1A Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT Adatanserin Amphetamine Antidepressants (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione, vilazodone, vortioxetine) Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone) Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, eptapirone, gepirone, perospirone, tandospirone) Bay R 1531 Befiradol BMY-14802 Cannabidiol Dimemebfe Dopamine Ebalzotan Eltoprazine Enciprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) F-11,461 F-12826 F-13714 F-14679 F-15063 F-15,599 Flesinoxan Flibanserin Flumexadol Hypidone Lesopitron LY-293284 LY-301317 mCPP MKC-242 Naluzotan NBUMP Osemozotan Oxaflozane Pardoprunox Piclozotan Rauwolscine Repinotan Roxindole RU-24,969 S-14,506 S-14671 S-15535 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) SSR-181507 Sunepitron Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MT, bufotenin, DMT, indorenate, N-Me-5-HT, psilocin, psilocybin) TGBA01AD U-92,016-A Urapidil Vilazodone Xaliproden Yohimbine Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., iloperidone, risperidone, sertindole) AV965 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindobind, pindolol, propranolol, tertatolol) BMY-7,378 CSP-2503 Dotarizine Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) FCE-24379 Flopropione GR-46611 Isamoltane Lecozotan Mefway Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) MPPF NAN-190 Robalzotan S-15535 SB-649,915 SDZ 216-525 Spiperone Spiramide Spiroxatrine UH-301 WAY-100135 WAY-100635 Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Carvedilol Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT1B Agonists: Anpirtoline CGS-12066A CP-93129 CP-94253 CP-122,288 CP-135807 Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) mCPP RU-24,969 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) TFMPP Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, DMT) Vortioxetine Antagonists: AR-A000002 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, propranolol, tertatolol) Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Isamoltane LY-393558 Metitepine (methiothepin) SB-216641 SB-224289 SB-236057 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, ergometrine (ergonovine), lisuride) 5-HT1D Agonists: CP-122,288 CP-135807 CP-286601 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LSD, methysergide) GR-46611 L-694247 L-772405 mCPP PNU-109291 PNU-142633 Serotonin (5-HT) TGBA01AD Triptans (e.g., almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-Et-DMT, 5-MT, 5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine, DMT) Antagonists: Alniditan BRL-15,572 Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Ketanserin LY-310762 LY-367642 LY-393558 LY-456219 LY-456220 Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin Ritanserin Yohimbine Ziprasidone Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, lysergol, pergolide) 5-HT1E Agonists: BRL-54443 Ergolines (e.g., methysergide) Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., tryptamine) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) 5-HT1F Agonists: BRL-54443 CP-122,288 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) methysergide) Lasmiditan LY-334370 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-MT) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin 5-HT25-HT2A Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF, 25I-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25TFM-NBOMe, 2CBCB-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 2CBFly-NBOMe) 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 2C-B-FLY 2CB-Ind 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) AL-34662 AL-37350A Bromo-DragonFLY Dimemebfe DMBMPP DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., 1P-LSD, ALD-52, bromocriptine, cabergoline, ergine (LSA), ergometrine (ergonovine), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), pergolide) Flumexadol IHCH-7113 Jimscaline Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) O-4310 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 PNU-22394 PNU-181731 RH-34 SCHEMBL5334361 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., BZP, quipazine, TFMPP) Serotonin (5-HT) TCB-2 TFMFly Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: 5-I-R91150 5-MeO-NBpBrT AC-90179 Adatanserin Altanserin Antihistamines (e.g., cyproheptadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, perlapine) AMDA Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amperozide, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, brexpiprazole, carpipramine, clocapramine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, gevotroline, iloperidone, lurasidone, melperone, mosapramine, ocaperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, zicronapine, ziprasidone, zotepine) Chlorprothixene Cinanserin CSP-2503 Deramciclane Dotarizine Eplivanserin Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Fananserin Flibanserin Glemanserin Irindalone Ketanserin KML-010 Landipirdine LY-393558 mCPP Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) Naftidrofuryl Nantenine Nelotanserin Opiranserin (VVZ-149) Pelanserin Phenoxybenzamine Pimavanserin Pirenperone Pizotifen Pruvanserin Rauwolscine Ritanserin Roluperidone S-14671 Sarpogrelate Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, lubazodone, mepiprazole, nefazodone, triazoledione, trazodone) SR-46349B TGBA01AD Teniloxazine Temanogrel Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, prochlorperazine, setoperone, spiperone, spiramide, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine) Volinanserin Xylamidine Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergotamine, nicergoline) 5-HT2B Agonists: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Amphetamines (e.g., chlorphentermine, cloforex, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, levofenfluramine, norfenfluramine) BW-723C86 DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) Piperazines (e.g., TFMPP) PNU-22394 Ro60-0175 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, α-Me-5-HT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine), N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine), olanzapine, pipamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone) Cyproheptadine EGIS-7625 Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, lisuride, LY-53857, LY-272015, mesulergine) Ketanserin LY-393558 mCPP Metadoxine Metitepine (methiothepin) Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol PRX-08066 Rauwolscine Ritanserin RS-127445 Sarpogrelate SB-200646 SB-204741 SB-206553 SB-215505 SB-221284 SB-228357 SDZ SER-082 Tegaserod Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Trazodone Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine) TIK-301 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT2C Agonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) A-372159 AL-38022A Alstonine CP-809101 Dimemebfe DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., ALD-52, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergine (LSA), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, pergolide) Flumexadol Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) MK-212 ORG-12962 ORG-37684 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., aripiprazole, BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP) PNU-22394 PNU-181731 Ro60-0175 Ro60-0213 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Vabicaserin WAY-629 WAY-161503 YM-348 Antagonists: Adatanserin Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine) Captodiame CEPC Cinanserin Cyproheptadine Deramciclane Desmetramadol Dotarizine Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Etoperidone Fluoxetine FR-260010 Irindalone Ketanserin Ketotifen Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) Nefazodone Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol Ritanserin RS-102221 S-14671 SB-200646 SB-206553 SB-221284 SB-228357 SB-242084 SB-243213 SDZ SER-082 Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) TIK-301 Tramadol Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine, pimozide, pipamperone, thioridazine) Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), methylergometrine (methylergonovine)) 5-HT3–75-HT3 Agonists: Alcohols (e.g., butanol, ethanol (alcohol), trichloroethanol) m-CPBG Phenylbiguanide Piperazines (e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine) RS-56812 Serotonin (5-HT) SR-57227 SR-57227A Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-CT, bufotenidine (5-HTQ)) Volatiles/gases (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane) YM-31636 Antagonists: Alosetron Anpirtoline Arazasetron AS-8112 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine) Azasetron Batanopride Bemesetron (MDL-72222) Bupropion Cilansetron CSP-2503 Dazopride Dolasetron Galanolactone Granisetron Hydroxybupropion Lerisetron Memantine Ondansetron Palonosetron Ramosetron Renzapride Ricasetron Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Thujone Tropanserin Tropisetron Typical antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine) Volatiles/gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, xenon) Vortioxetine Zacopride Zatosetron Unknown/unsorted: LY-53857 Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT4 Agonists: 5-MT BIMU8 Capeserod Cinitapride Cisapride CJ-033466 Dazopride Metoclopramide Minesapride Mosapride Prucalopride PRX-03140 Renzapride RS-67,333 RS-67,506 Serotonin (5-HT) Tegaserod Usmarapride Velusetrag Zacopride Antagonists: GR-113808 GR-125487 L-Lysine Piboserod RS-39604 RS-67532 SB-203186 SB-204070 5-HT5A Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), ergotamine, LSD) Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT) Valerenic acid Antagonists: Asenapine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-699551 Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., metergoline, methysergide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT6 Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide) Hypidone Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, Bufotenin, E-6801, E-6837, EMD-386088, EMDT, LY-586713, N-Me-5-HT, ST-1936, tryptamine) WAY-181187 WAY-208466 Antagonists: ABT-354 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, tiospirone) AVN-101 AVN-211 AVN-322 AVN-397 BGC20-760 BVT-5182 BVT-74316 Cerlapirdine EGIS-12,233 GW-742457 Idalopirdine Ketanserin Landipirdine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Masupirdine Metitepine (methiothepin) MS-245 PRX-07034 Ritanserin Ro 04-6790 Ro 63-0563 SB-258585 SB-271046 SB-357134 SB-399885 SB-742457 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), bromocriptine, lergotrile, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT7 Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT AS-19 Bifeprunox E-55888 Ergolines (e.g., LSD) LP-12 LP-44 LP-211 RU-24,969 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., frovatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MT, bufotenin, N-Me-5-HT) Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, tiospirone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Butaclamol DR-4485 EGIS-12,233 Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), amesergide, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) JNJ-18038683 Ketanserin LY-215,840 Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-258719 SB-258741 SB-269970 SB-656104 SB-656104A SB-691673 SLV-313 SLV-314 Spiperone SSR-181507 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., acetophenazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, fluphenazine, loxapine, pimozide) Vortioxetine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Adrenergics Dopaminergics Melatonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins This drug article relating to the nervous system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"piperidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperidine"},{"link_name":"stimulant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant"},{"link_name":"ethylphenidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylphenidate"},{"link_name":"benzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene"},{"link_name":"naphthalene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalene"},{"link_name":"HDMP-28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMP-28"},{"link_name":"serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine%E2%80%93dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"methylphenidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12954808-1"},{"link_name":"designer drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer_drug"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid28823611-2"}],"text":"HDEP-28 or ethylnaphthidate is a piperidine based stimulant drug, closely related to ethylphenidate, but with the benzene ring replaced by naphthalene. It is even more closely related to HDMP-28, which acts as a potent serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor with several times the potency of methylphenidate and a short duration of action.[1] It has been sold as a designer drug since around 2015.[2]","title":"HDEP-28"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Temporary Class Drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_Class_Drug"},{"link_name":"4-Methylmethylphenidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Methylmethylphenidate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"HDEP-28 was banned in the UK as a Temporary Class Drug from June 2015 following its unapproved sale as a designer drug, alongside 4-Methylmethylphenidate.[3][4][5]","title":"Legality"}]
[]
[{"title":"2β-Propanoyl-3β-(2-naphthyl)-tropane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-(2-naphthyl)-tropane"},{"title":"3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate"},{"title":"4-Methylmethylphenidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Methylmethylphenidate"},{"title":"4-Fluoromethylphenidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Fluoromethylphenidate"},{"title":"Isopropylphenidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopropylphenidate"},{"title":"Naphthylisopropylamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthylisopropylamine"},{"title":"Naphyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphyrone"},{"title":"Propylphenidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylphenidate"}]
[{"reference":"Lile JA, Wang Z, Woolverton WL, France JE, Gregg TC, Davies HM, et al. (October 2003). \"The reinforcing efficacy of psychostimulants in rhesus monkeys: the role of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics\". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 307 (1): 356–66. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.049825. PMID 12954808. S2CID 5654856.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fjpet.103.049825","url_text":"10.1124/jpet.103.049825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12954808","url_text":"12954808"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5654856","url_text":"5654856"}]},{"reference":"Luethi D, Kaeser PJ, Brandt SD, Krähenbühl S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (May 2018). \"Pharmacological profile of methylphenidate-based designer drugs\". Neuropharmacology. 134 (Pt A): 133–140. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.020. PMID 28823611.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuropharm.2017.08.020","url_text":"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28823611","url_text":"28823611"}]},{"reference":"\"Methylphenidate-based NPS: A review of the evidence of use and harm\" (PDF). Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. 31 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/420983/TCDO_methylphenidate_NPS.pdf","url_text":"\"Methylphenidate-based NPS: A review of the evidence of use and harm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Letter to Mike Penning on methylphenidate-based novel psychoactive substances\". Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/letter-to-mike-penning-on-methylphenidate-based-novel-psychoactive-substances","url_text":"\"Letter to Mike Penning on methylphenidate-based novel psychoactive substances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ministerial response to the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs about 2 new methylphenidate-based substances\". Home Office. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ministerial-response-to-the-advisory-council-on-the-misuse-of-drugs-about-2-new-methylphenidate-based-substances","url_text":"\"Ministerial response to the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs about 2 new methylphenidate-based substances\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure_Factory
Pleasure Factory
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Origins","3.2 Casting","4 Reception","5 Soundtrack","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Film by Ekachai Uekrongtham Pleasure FactoryThe international promotional poster.Directed byEkachai UekrongthamWritten byEkachai UekrongthamProduced byEkachai UekrongthamWouter BarendrechtMichael J. WernerLim TeckStarringZihan LooKuei-mei YangAnanda EveringhamCinematographyBrian Gothong TanEdited byBrian Gothong TanMusic byBruno BrugnanoProductioncompaniesFortissimo FilmsSpicy Apple FilmsDistributed byShaw Organisation (Singapore)Release dates May 23, 2007 (2007-05-23) (Cannes) October 18, 2007 (2007-10-18) (Thailand) October 25, 2007 (2007-10-25) (Singapore) Running time88 minutesCountriesSingaporeThailandLanguagesMandarinEnglish Pleasure Factory (快乐工厂 Kuaile Gongchang) is a 2007 Singaporean-Thai docudrama film set in Geylang, the red-light district of Singapore. Directed by Ekachai Uekrongtham, the film was selected for the Un Certain Regard competition at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. The film is unusual in Southeast Asian cinema for its frank depiction of subjects traditionally hidden in Asian society, such as prostitution and same-sex relationships, and features explicit male nudity. Plot A series of intertwining tales involve "pleasure seekers and pleasure providers" during the course of one night in Geylang, Singapore's red-light district. There are three distinct stories, united only by the presence of characters from all the stories in a streetside eatery: Jonathan, who has yet to lose his virginity, is escorted around Geylang by his army buddy, Kiat, who wants to help his friend make his passage into manhood. The two men visit various brothels, where the touts bestow the various qualities and nationalities of their women, who hail from China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, India and elsewhere. Jonathan eventually settles on a young Chinese woman whom he envisions being wrapped in a towel. A teenage girl is called to meet an older prostitute in a hotel room, where the older woman, Linda, is servicing a heavyset older man, who wants to take the younger girl's virginity. The girl is followed to the hotel by a young man named Chris. When she goes in the hotel room, Chris sits outside and waits. A woman in a red dress gets in a convertible with a man. She later shows up at the streetside restaurant and pays a young busker for his "special song", which he doesn't end up singing, and instead is taken back to the woman's room. Cast Yang Kuei-Mei as Linda Ananda Everingham as Chris Zihan Loo as Jonathan Katashi Chen as Kiat Jeszlene Zhou as Girl in Red Dress Isabella Chen as Teenage Girl Xu Er as Girl in White Towel Ian Francis Low as Busker Production Origins According to the film's production notes, Pleasure Factory is the first feature film to be shot entirely on actual locations in Geylang, the red-light district of Singapore. "In the old days, the Geylang area used to be populated by processing factories for the coconut plantations," director Ekachai Uekrongtham said in notes prepared for the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. "These days, the machines are still running at full steam – producing pleasure for those seeking it, night after night. With Pleasure Factory, I've tried to strip bare the shields that prevent characters in the film from experiencing true pleasure. I'd like the film to have a vivid sense of realism and honesty. I'd like it to confront a world that's at once seedy and beautiful, dark and bright, sad and humorous, cold and warm, naked and all wrapped up. If pleasure can be mass-produced, what would be left on the assembly line when the machines stop?" The film is the second feature film for director Ekachai, a Singapore-based theatre director who had previously directed the 2003 Thai biographical drama film, Beautiful Boxer. It is a co-production of Singapore-based Spicy Apple Films, the Hong Kong-Netherlands company, Fortissimo Films and Singapore's InnoForm Media. Casting The major known cast members are Taiwanese actress Yang Kuei-mei who had been in such films as Ang Lee's 'Eat Drink Man Woman and Tsai Ming-liang's Goodbye, Dragon Inn, and Ananda Everingham from the Thai horror hit, Shutter. Other actors were newcomers, found through street casting in Geylang and around Singapore. Reception The film was an "official selection" for the Un Certain Regard programme at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. It was acclaimed by European critics who attended the premiere screening. Nana A. T. Rebhan of Germany's arts and culture Channel Arte described the film as a "convincing portrait of a never-before-seen red-light district" and said "what makes this movie so special are the moments when people in the 'factory' step out of their usual rhythms - not functioning the way they should, unsure of their own actions and emotions." Leonardo Lardieri of Italy's Sentieri Selvaggi called the film "a pleasurable surprise" and said it was able to "capture the fragility, the sense of abandonment and the pulsation of incessant desire - in a chain of beginnings and ends that continue to reincarnate itself night after night." The approach of the film was described by other critics as "characterized by a unique tenderness." French website Monsieur Cinema said "visually, the film is an enchantment – a contemplative waltz powered by the lights." It also said the director managed to "coldly show the horrors of sexual subordination and the distress of pleasure slaves" but "was also able to give the film a light touch when needed." Orient Extrême called the film "a beautiful surprise" and said it's "a brilliant film on loneliness which avoids pessimism, and surprises by its mature and enlightened glance on a world too often caricaturized." It was poorly received by critic Russell Edwards of the film industry journal Variety, who called the digital-video film "shoddy" and said "neither sexual nor audience satisfaction is guaranteed." Because of homoerotic elements, Edwards said he thought the film's chances of release in Singapore were slim. In the past, government censors had banned films with homosexual themes, before the introduction of a proper film classification system. However, Christopher Chia, chief executive of Singapore's Media Development Authority, indicated in an interview that the film would be welcome, signaling that Singapore is loosening up on artistic expressions of sexuality. "We don't freak out about these things these days," Chia was quoted as saying. The director Ekachai expressed optimism that his film would be shown in Singapore cinemas, saying "I think Singapore has been making conscious efforts to be less rigid. The country has a proper film classification system in place. It's also aspiring to have the creative freedom that comes with being a first-world country." The Media Development Authority announced in October that Pleasure Factory was among a record five Singaporean films playing at the 2007 Pusan International Film Festival, where it was screened in the "Midnight Passion" section. The film had a limited release in Thailand cinemas on October 18, 2007, and released in Singapore on October 25. Soundtrack The score is composed by Bruno Brugnano, and consists of ambient instrumental tracks. The song during the opening credits is "Gei Wo Yige Wen" ("Give Me A Kiss") performed by Chang Loo. "Yueliang Daibiao Wo De Xin" ("The Moon Represents My Heart") is the busker's song. "Jinxiao Duo Zhenzhang" ("This Precious Night"), performed by Cui Ping, is played after the story of the Girl in Red and the busker. See also List of Thai films List of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films List of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender-related films by storyline Nudity in film (East Asian cinema since 1929) References ^ Saul Symonds (2007-04-24). "Fortissimo clocks in for 'Factory' pic". The Hollywood Reporter. Associated Press. Retrieved 2023-02-28. ^ a b c d "Cannes archive". 19 May 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2007. ^ "Fortissimo Films catalogue". Archived from the original on 17 September 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2007. ^ Kuaile Gongchang – ARTE Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine ^ Festival di Venezia di Cannes scuole corsi di cinema sceneggiatura recitazione scuole corsi Roma Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine ^ cinemad.gr | ο κόσμος του cinema - ΚΑΝΕΣ, ΗΜΕΡΕΣ 7η & 8η Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine ^ "PLEASURE FACTORY (2006 - KUAILE GONGCHANG)". Archived from the original on 21 October 2007. Retrieved 31 Aug 2007. ^ "Orient Extrême" (in French). Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2007-08-31. ^ Edwards, Russell. "Pleasure Factory". Variety. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2007. ^ Arnold, Wayne. "The director Ekachai Uekrongtham explores Singapore's underbelly". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 25 May 2007.. ^ Rithdee, Kong. "The possibility of pleasure". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 25 May 2007. ^ "Singapore sending five Pusan's way". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 23 October 2007. External links Official site Fortissimo Films catalogue Kuaile gongchang at IMDb
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"docudrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docudrama"},{"link_name":"Geylang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geylang"},{"link_name":"red-light district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-light_district"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Ekachai Uekrongtham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekachai_Uekrongtham"},{"link_name":"Un Certain Regard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_Certain_Regard"},{"link_name":"2007 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Pleasure Factory (快乐工厂 Kuaile Gongchang) is a 2007 Singaporean-Thai docudrama film set in Geylang, the red-light district of Singapore. Directed by Ekachai Uekrongtham, the film was selected for the Un Certain Regard competition at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.[2]The film is unusual in Southeast Asian cinema[citation needed] for its frank depiction of subjects traditionally hidden in Asian society, such as prostitution and same-sex relationships, and features explicit male nudity.","title":"Pleasure Factory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geylang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geylang"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"red-light district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-light_district"},{"link_name":"virginity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginity"},{"link_name":"prostitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution"},{"link_name":"convertible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertible"},{"link_name":"busker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busking"}],"text":"A series of intertwining tales involve \"pleasure seekers and pleasure providers\" during the course of one night in Geylang, Singapore's red-light district. There are three distinct stories, united only by the presence of characters from all the stories in a streetside eatery:Jonathan, who has yet to lose his virginity, is escorted around Geylang by his army buddy, Kiat, who wants to help his friend make his passage into manhood. The two men visit various brothels, where the touts bestow the various qualities and nationalities of their women, who hail from China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, India and elsewhere. Jonathan eventually settles on a young Chinese woman whom he envisions being wrapped in a towel.\nA teenage girl is called to meet an older prostitute in a hotel room, where the older woman, Linda, is servicing a heavyset older man, who wants to take the younger girl's virginity. The girl is followed to the hotel by a young man named Chris. When she goes in the hotel room, Chris sits outside and waits.\nA woman in a red dress gets in a convertible with a man. She later shows up at the streetside restaurant and pays a young busker for his \"special song\", which he doesn't end up singing, and instead is taken back to the woman's room.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yang Kuei-Mei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Kuei-Mei"},{"link_name":"Ananda Everingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Everingham"},{"link_name":"Zihan Loo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zihan_Loo"},{"link_name":"Jeszlene Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeszlene_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Xu Er","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xu_Er&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Yang Kuei-Mei as Linda\nAnanda Everingham as Chris\nZihan Loo as Jonathan\nKatashi Chen as Kiat\nJeszlene Zhou as Girl in Red Dress\nIsabella Chen as Teenage Girl\nXu Er as Girl in White Towel\nIan Francis Low as Busker","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geylang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geylang"},{"link_name":"red-light district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-light_district"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2007 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives-2"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_film"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Boxer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives-2"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"According to the film's production notes, Pleasure Factory is the first feature film to be shot entirely on actual locations in Geylang, the red-light district of Singapore.[3]\"In the old days, the Geylang area used to be populated by processing factories for the coconut plantations,\" director Ekachai Uekrongtham said in notes prepared for the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. \"These days, the machines are still running at full steam – producing pleasure for those seeking it, night after night. With Pleasure Factory, I've tried to strip bare the shields that prevent characters in the film from experiencing true pleasure. I'd like the film to have a vivid sense of realism and honesty. I'd like it to confront a world that's at once seedy and beautiful, dark and bright, sad and humorous, cold and warm, naked and all wrapped up. If pleasure can be mass-produced, what would be left on the assembly line when the machines stop?\"[2]The film is the second feature film for director Ekachai, a Singapore-based theatre director who had previously directed the 2003 Thai biographical drama film, Beautiful Boxer.It is a co-production of Singapore-based Spicy Apple Films, the Hong Kong-Netherlands company, Fortissimo Films and Singapore's InnoForm Media.[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yang Kuei-mei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Kuei-mei"},{"link_name":"Ang Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Lee"},{"link_name":"Eat Drink Man Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat_Drink_Man_Woman"},{"link_name":"Tsai Ming-liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsai_Ming-liang"},{"link_name":"Goodbye, Dragon Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye,_Dragon_Inn"},{"link_name":"Ananda Everingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Everingham"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Shutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_(Thai_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives-2"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"The major known cast members are Taiwanese actress Yang Kuei-mei who had been in such films as Ang Lee's 'Eat Drink Man Woman and Tsai Ming-liang's Goodbye, Dragon Inn, and Ananda Everingham from the Thai horror hit, Shutter. Other actors were newcomers, found through street casting in Geylang and around Singapore.[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Un Certain Regard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_un_certain_regard"},{"link_name":"2007 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Arte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sentieri Selvaggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentieri_Selvaggi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"homoerotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoeroticism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-9"},{"link_name":"government censors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"homosexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"Media Development Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Development_Authority"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arnold-10"},{"link_name":"Singapore cinemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cinemas_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Possibility-11"},{"link_name":"Singaporean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Pusan International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusan_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Thailand cinemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cinemas_in_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cinemas_in_Singapore"}],"text":"The film was an \"official selection\" for the Un Certain Regard programme at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.It was acclaimed by European critics who attended the premiere screening. Nana A. T. Rebhan of Germany's arts and culture Channel Arte described the film as a \"convincing portrait of a never-before-seen red-light district\" and said \"what makes this movie so special are the moments when people in the 'factory' step out of their usual rhythms - not functioning the way they should, unsure of their own actions and emotions.\"[4]Leonardo Lardieri of Italy's Sentieri Selvaggi called the film \"a pleasurable surprise\" and said it was able to \"capture the fragility, the sense of abandonment and the pulsation of incessant desire - in a chain of beginnings and ends that continue to reincarnate itself night after night.\"[5]The approach of the film was described by other critics as \"characterized by a unique tenderness.\"[6]French website Monsieur Cinema said \"visually, the film is an enchantment – a contemplative waltz powered by the lights.\" It also said the director managed to \"coldly show the horrors of sexual subordination and the distress of pleasure slaves\" but \"was also able to give the film a light touch when needed.\"[7]Orient Extrême called the film \"a beautiful surprise\" and said it's \"a brilliant film on loneliness which avoids pessimism, and surprises by its mature and enlightened glance on a world too often caricaturized.\"[8]It was poorly received by critic Russell Edwards of the film industry journal Variety, who called the digital-video film \"shoddy\" and said \"neither sexual nor audience satisfaction is guaranteed.\" Because of homoerotic elements, Edwards said he thought the film's chances of release in Singapore were slim.[9] In the past, government censors had banned films with homosexual themes, before the introduction of a proper film classification system.However, Christopher Chia, chief executive of Singapore's Media Development Authority, indicated in an interview that the film would be welcome, signaling that Singapore is loosening up on artistic expressions of sexuality. \"We don't freak out about these things these days,\" Chia was quoted as saying.[10]The director Ekachai expressed optimism that his film would be shown in Singapore cinemas, saying \"I think Singapore has been making conscious efforts to be less rigid. The country has a proper film classification system in place. It's also aspiring to have the creative freedom that comes with being a first-world country.\"[11]The Media Development Authority announced in October that Pleasure Factory was among a record five Singaporean films playing at the 2007 Pusan International Film Festival, where it was screened in the \"Midnight Passion\" section.[12]The film had a limited release in Thailand cinemas on October 18, 2007, and released in Singapore on October 25.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruno Brugnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Brugnano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ambient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_music"},{"link_name":"The Moon Represents My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_Represents_My_Heart"},{"link_name":"Cui Ping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cui_Ping"}],"text":"The score is composed by Bruno Brugnano, and consists of ambient instrumental tracks.The song during the opening credits is \"Gei Wo Yige Wen\" (\"Give Me A Kiss\") performed by Chang Loo. \"Yueliang Daibiao Wo De Xin\" (\"The Moon Represents My Heart\") is the busker's song. \"Jinxiao Duo Zhenzhang\" (\"This Precious Night\"), performed by Cui Ping, is played after the story of the Girl in Red and the busker.","title":"Soundtrack"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Thai films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thai_films"},{"title":"List of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lesbian,_gay,_bisexual_or_transgender-related_films"},{"title":"List of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender-related films by storyline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lesbian,_gay,_bisexual,_or_transgender-related_films_by_storyline"},{"title":"Nudity in film (East Asian cinema since 1929)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudity_in_film#East_Asian_cinema_since_1929"}]
[{"reference":"Saul Symonds (2007-04-24). \"Fortissimo clocks in for 'Factory' pic\". The Hollywood Reporter. Associated Press. Retrieved 2023-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fortissimo-clocks-factory-pic-134656/","url_text":"\"Fortissimo clocks in for 'Factory' pic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cannes archive\". 19 May 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/index.php/en/archives/film/4434820","url_text":"\"Cannes archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fortissimo Films catalogue\". Archived from the original on 17 September 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070917220939/http://www.fortissimo.nl/catalogue/title.asp?filmID=321","url_text":"\"Fortissimo Films catalogue\""},{"url":"http://www.fortissimo.nl/catalogue/title.asp?filmID=321","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PLEASURE FACTORY (2006 - KUAILE GONGCHANG)\". Archived from the original on 21 October 2007. Retrieved 31 Aug 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071021093149/http://cinema.aliceadsl.fr/film/avis_redaction/default.aspx?filmid=FI00017777","url_text":"\"PLEASURE FACTORY (2006 - KUAILE GONGCHANG)\""},{"url":"http://cinema.aliceadsl.fr/film/avis_redaction/default.aspx?filmid=FI00017777","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Orient Extrême\" (in French). Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2007-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093437/http://www.orient-extreme.net/index.php?menu=cinema&sub=artistes&article=375","url_text":"\"Orient Extrême\""},{"url":"http://www.orient-extreme.net/index.php?menu=cinema&sub=artistes&article=375","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Russell. \"Pleasure Factory\". Variety. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927082436/http://www.varietyasiaonline.com/content/view/1447/53/","url_text":"\"Pleasure Factory\""},{"url":"http://www.varietyasiaonline.com/content/view/1447/53/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Wayne. \"The director Ekachai Uekrongtham explores Singapore's underbelly\". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 25 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/05/25/arts/singfest.php","url_text":"\"The director Ekachai Uekrongtham explores Singapore's underbelly\""}]},{"reference":"Rithdee, Kong. \"The possibility of pleasure\". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 25 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bangkokpost.com/180507_Realtime/18May2007_real21.php","url_text":"\"The possibility of pleasure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Singapore sending five Pusan's way\". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 23 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/awards_festivals/news/e3ifc48524a38f52c09b774522c80f9a0cw","url_text":"\"Singapore sending five Pusan's way\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McIntosh_(disambiguation)
James McIntosh
["1 See also"]
James, Jamie, Jim or Jimmy McIntosh may refer to: James Mackintosh (percussionist), Scottish percussionist and drummer James M. McIntosh (1828–1862), Confederate Army general James McIntosh (Medal of Honor) (1829–1908), American Medal of Honor recipient James McIntosh (rower) (1930–2018), American rower Jamie McIntosh (fl. 2002–2012), director of International Justice Mission Canada James McIntosh (footballer, born 1886) (1886–1959), Scottish footballer James McIntosh (food writer) (born 1978), Northern Irish food writer Jim McIntosh (born 1950), Scottish footballer Jimmy McIntosh (1918–2000), Scottish footballer and manager Jimmy McIntosh (baseball), American baseball player Jimmy McIntosh (footballer, born 1936) (1936–2016), Scottish footballer See also James Mackintosh (1765–1832), Scottish jurist, Whig politician and historian Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistel
Mistel
["1 Design and development","1.1 Warhead and operational history","2 Survivors","3 Variants","4 Mistel combinations","4.1 Operational","4.2 Projected","4.3 Design proposals","5 Operators","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
World War II aircraft For the River in Bavaria, Germany, see Mistel (Red Main). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mistel" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A captured example of a Mistel trainer. United States Army personnel examined the aircraft. Ju 88H and Fw 190 combined to form a model 3B Mistel Mistel (German for "mistletoe", a parasitic plant) was the larger, unmanned component of a composite aircraft configuration developed in Germany during the later stages of World War II. The composite comprised a small piloted control aircraft mounted above a large explosives-carrying drone, the Mistel, and as a whole was referred to as the Huckepack ("Piggyback"), also known as the Beethoven-Gerät ("Beethoven Device") or Vati und Sohn ("Daddy and Son"). The most successful of these used a modified Junkers Ju 88 bomber as the Mistel, with the entire nose-located crew compartment replaced by a specially designed nose filled with a large load of explosives, formed into a shaped charge. The upper component was a fighter aircraft, joined to the Mistel by struts. The combination would be flown to its target by a pilot in the fighter; then the unmanned bomber was released to hit its target and explode, leaving the fighter free to return to base. The first such composite aircraft flew in July 1943 and was promising enough to begin a programme by Luftwaffe test unit KG 200, code-named "Beethoven", eventually entering operational service. Other Mistel composites included the Ta 154/Fw 190, Ar 234/Fi 103, Do 217K/DFS 228 and Si 204/Lippisch DM-1. Projects included the Ju 287/Me 262 and Ar 234C/Arado E.377. Design and development Initial experiments in Nazi Germany concerning composite aircraft of any type were performed with the DFS 230 troop glider as the "lower" component and using established, piston engine-powered Luftwaffe aircraft, such as the Focke-Wulf Fw 56 or the Messerschmitt Bf 109E, as the upper component in an attempt to provide the troop glider with a longer range than if it were simply towed in the conventional manner. Later, the technique became more refined, and the bomber component (which was often a new aircraft rather than surplus) was fitted with a specialised 1,800 kg (3,960 lb.) warhead. The final stage of Mistel development was of specialised purpose-built jet-powered bomber components, including ones developed from the Messerschmitt Me 262, the Junkers Ju 287 and the entirely new Arado Ar 234. None of these ambitious schemes, with the exception of the Me 262 Mistel, had left the drawing board before the end of the war. Warhead and operational history Model of the proposed Mistel Heinkel He 162 with an Arado E.377a glide bomb at the Technikmuseum Speyer The definitive Mistel warhead was a shaped charge weighing nearly two tonnes (the weight of a blockbuster bomb) fitted with a copper or aluminium liner. The use of a shaped charge was expected to allow penetration of up to seven meters of reinforced concrete. Some 250 Mistels of various combinations were built during the war, but they met with limited success. They were first flown in combat against the Allied invasion fleet during the Battle of Normandy, targeting the British-held harbour at Courseulles-sur-Mer. An RCAF Mosquito piloted by Walter Dinsdale was first to shoot down a Mistel over Normandy, causing it to crash behind enemy lines and cause a large explosion. The night-fighter ace described the Bf 109 and Ju 88 composite as "lumbering" and a "cinch to shoot down". While Mistel pilots claimed hits, none of these match Allied records; they may have been made against the hulk of the old French battleship Courbet, which had been included as a component of the Mulberry harbour at Arromanches and specially dressed up as a decoy by the Allies. Serious blast and shrapnel damage from a near-miss was suffered by HMS Nith, a River-class frigate being used as a floating headquarters, on 24 June. Nine men were killed and 26 wounded, and Nith was towed back to England for repairs. A second opportunity to use the Mistels, in Scapa Flow in 1944, was abandoned after the sinking of the German battleship Tirpitz led to the departure of all of the Royal Navy's major surface units from the target. As part of Operation Iron Hammer in late 1943 and early 1944, Mistels were selected to carry out key raids against Soviet weapons-manufacturing facilities—specifically, electricity-generating power stations around Moscow and Gorky. These plants were known to be poorly defended by the Soviets and irreplaceable. However, before the plan could be implemented, the Red Army had entered Germany, and it was decided to use the Mistels against their bridgehead at Küstrin instead. On 12 April 1945, Mistels attacked the bridges being built there, but the damage caused was negligible and delayed the Soviet forces for only a day or two. Subsequent Mistel attacks on other bridges being thrown across the Oder were similarly ineffective. Survivors A Focke-Wulf Fw 190, equipped to be attached to a Mistel drone aircraft, RAF Museum Cosford, 2018 The underside of the RAF Museum's Fw 190. One of the attachment points to the lower aircraft can be seen on the right. A Focke-Wulf Fw 190 (Werk Nr. 733682), preserved at the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford, was the fighter part of a Mistel system. It was one of four that were captured by British forces at Tirstrup in Denmark in 1945. In service, it had been flown by a unit that trained Mistel crews. After capture, the aircraft were flown as a combined pair in Allied hands as they were ferried to Schleswig Air Base, along with two other captured Mistels, The Fw 190 was later flown to Britain while its Ju 88 partner is thought to have been scrapped. The Fw 190 retains its Kugelverschraubung mit Sprengbolzen ("ball joints with explosive bolts"), fittings that attached it to the other aircraft. The aircraft became the property of the RAF Museum in 1998 when its title was transferred from the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence. It was put on display at the RAF Museum Cosford in 2013 after previously being on long-term loan to the Imperial War Museum Variants Variants of the Mistel included: Mistel Prototype: Ju 88 A-4 and Bf 109 F-4 Mistel 1: Ju 88 A-4 and Bf 109 F-4 Mistel S1: Trainer version of Mistel 1 Mistel 2: Ju 88 G-1 and Fw 190 A-8 or F-8 Mistel S2: Trainer version of Mistel 2 Mistel 3A: Ju 88 A-4 and Fw 190 A-8 Mistel S3A: Trainer version of Mistel 3A Mistel 3B: Ju 88 H-4 and Fw 190 A-8 Mistel 3C: Ju 88 G-10 and Fw 190 F-8 Mistel Führungsmaschine: Ju 88 A-4/H-4 and Fw 190 A-8 Mistel 4: Ju 287 and Me 262 Mistel 5: Arado E.377A and He 162 Mistel combinations Operational Ju 88 A-4/Bf 109 F-4 Ju 88 A-4/Fw 190 A-8 Projected Ju 88 G-1/Fw 190 A-6 Ju 88 A-6/Fw 190 A-6 Ju 88G-1/Fw 190F-8 Ju 88H-4/Fw 190A-8 Ju 88H-4/Fw 190F-8 Design proposals Ju 88 G-7/Ta 152H Ta 154/Fw 190 Ar 234/Fi 103 Do 217K/DFS 228 Si 204/Lippisch DM-1 Ju 287/Me 262 Operators Germany Luftwaffe See also Operation Aphrodite References ^ Green, William (1970). The warplanes of the Third Reich (1st 1973 reprint ed.). New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0385057822. ^ Wood, A.; Gunston, W. (1977). Hitler's Luftwaffe. London: Salamander. p. 241. ^ "Manitobans First To Bag Nazi Pick-A-Back Planes". The Winnipeg Evening Tribune. Winnipeg. 4 August 1944. Retrieved 18 February 2023. ^ "Walter Gilbert "Dinny" Dinsdale". flying for your life. The Canadian Fighter Pilot & Air Gunner Museum. Retrieved 18 February 2023. ^ "HMS NITH Ship No 327 (River Class Frigate)" ^ Simpson, Andrew (2013). "INDIVIDUAL HISTORY " (PDF). Royal Air Force Museum. Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 5 March 2017. ^ a b c Simpson, Andrew (2013-10-14). "Focke-Wulf FW190 now on display at Cosford" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 2022-06-19. ^ Forsyth, Robert (2001). Mistel: German Composite Aircraft and Operations, 1942–1945. Midland Publishing. ISBN 1903223091. ^ Ford, Roger (2013). Germany's Secret Weapons of World War II. London, United Kingdom: Amber Books. p. 224. ISBN 9781909160569. Further reading Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Prelude to 'Stand-Off'". Air Enthusiast, Thirty-four, September–December 1989. Bromley, UK: Fine Scroll. ISSN 0143-5450. pp. 43–47, 80. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mistel Project. Short description with Mistel photography Photograph of Mistel aircraft from Spiegel Online Mistel Composite Aircraft at Luftwaffe Resource Center Authority control databases: National Israel United States
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United States Army personnel examined the aircraft.Ju 88H and Fw 190 combined to form a model 3B MistelMistel (German for \"mistletoe\", a parasitic plant) was the larger, unmanned component of a composite aircraft configuration developed in Germany during the later stages of World War II. The composite comprised a small piloted control aircraft mounted above a large explosives-carrying drone, the Mistel, and as a whole was referred to as the Huckepack (\"Piggyback\"), also known as the Beethoven-Gerät (\"Beethoven Device\") or Vati und Sohn (\"Daddy and Son\").[1]The most successful of these used a modified Junkers Ju 88 bomber as the Mistel, with the entire nose-located crew compartment replaced by a specially designed nose filled with a large load of explosives, formed into a shaped charge. The upper component was a fighter aircraft, joined to the Mistel by struts. The combination would be flown to its target by a pilot in the fighter; then the unmanned bomber was released to hit its target and explode, leaving the fighter free to return to base. The first such composite aircraft flew in July 1943 and was promising enough to begin a programme by Luftwaffe test unit KG 200, code-named \"Beethoven\", eventually entering operational service.Other Mistel composites included the Ta 154/Fw 190, Ar 234/Fi 103, Do 217K/DFS 228 and Si 204/Lippisch DM-1. Projects included the Ju 287/Me 262 and Ar 234C/Arado E.377.[2]","title":"Mistel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DFS 230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFS_230"},{"link_name":"Focke-Wulf Fw 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_56"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Bf 109E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109E"},{"link_name":"warhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhead"},{"link_name":"jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_engine"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Me 262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262"},{"link_name":"Junkers Ju 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_287"},{"link_name":"Arado Ar 234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado_Ar_234"}],"text":"Initial experiments in Nazi Germany concerning composite aircraft of any type were performed with the DFS 230 troop glider as the \"lower\" component and using established, piston engine-powered Luftwaffe aircraft, such as the Focke-Wulf Fw 56 or the Messerschmitt Bf 109E, as the upper component in an attempt to provide the troop glider with a longer range than if it were simply towed in the conventional manner.Later, the technique became more refined, and the bomber component (which was often a new aircraft rather than surplus) was fitted with a specialised 1,800 kg (3,960 lb.) warhead. The final stage of Mistel development was of specialised purpose-built jet-powered bomber components, including ones developed from the Messerschmitt Me 262, the Junkers Ju 287 and the entirely new Arado Ar 234. None of these ambitious schemes, with the exception of the Me 262 Mistel, had left the drawing board before the end of the war.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HE_162_mit_Bombe_pic2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Heinkel He 162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_162"},{"link_name":"Arado E.377a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado_E.377"},{"link_name":"Technikmuseum Speyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technikmuseum_Speyer"},{"link_name":"shaped charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaped_charge"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"blockbuster bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_bomb"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"reinforced concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete"},{"link_name":"Battle of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord"},{"link_name":"Courseulles-sur-Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courseulles-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"Walter Dinsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Dinsdale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Courbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Courbet_(1911)"},{"link_name":"Mulberry harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry_harbour"},{"link_name":"Arromanches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arromanches"},{"link_name":"decoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoy"},{"link_name":"HMS Nith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Nith_(K215)"},{"link_name":"River-class frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Scapa Flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapa_Flow"},{"link_name":"German battleship Tirpitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Tirpitz"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Operation Iron Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eisenhammer"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"power stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_station"},{"link_name":"Gorky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Küstrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostrzyn_nad_Odr%C4%85"},{"link_name":"Oder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder_River"}],"sub_title":"Warhead and operational history","text":"Model of the proposed Mistel Heinkel He 162 with an Arado E.377a glide bomb at the Technikmuseum SpeyerThe definitive Mistel warhead was a shaped charge weighing nearly two tonnes (the weight of a blockbuster bomb) fitted with a copper or aluminium liner. The use of a shaped charge was expected to allow penetration of up to seven meters of reinforced concrete.Some 250 Mistels of various combinations were built during the war, but they met with limited success. They were first flown in combat against the Allied invasion fleet during the Battle of Normandy, targeting the British-held harbour at Courseulles-sur-Mer. An RCAF Mosquito piloted by Walter Dinsdale was first to shoot down a Mistel over Normandy, causing it to crash behind enemy lines and cause a large explosion. The night-fighter ace described the Bf 109 and Ju 88 composite as \"lumbering\" and a \"cinch to shoot down\".[3][4]While Mistel pilots claimed hits, none of these match Allied records; they may have been made against the hulk of the old French battleship Courbet, which had been included as a component of the Mulberry harbour at Arromanches and specially dressed up as a decoy by the Allies. Serious blast and shrapnel damage from a near-miss was suffered by HMS Nith, a River-class frigate being used as a floating headquarters,[5] on 24 June. Nine men were killed and 26 wounded, and Nith was towed back to England for repairs.A second opportunity to use the Mistels, in Scapa Flow in 1944, was abandoned after the sinking of the German battleship Tirpitz led to the departure of all of the Royal Navy's major surface units from the target.As part of Operation Iron Hammer in late 1943 and early 1944, Mistels were selected to carry out key raids against Soviet weapons-manufacturing facilities—specifically, electricity-generating power stations around Moscow and Gorky. These plants were known to be poorly defended by the Soviets and irreplaceable. However, before the plan could be implemented, the Red Army had entered Germany, and it was decided to use the Mistels against their bridgehead at Küstrin instead. On 12 April 1945, Mistels attacked the bridges being built there, but the damage caused was negligible and delayed the Soviet forces for only a day or two. Subsequent Mistel attacks on other bridges being thrown across the Oder were similarly ineffective.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Focke-Wulf_Fw190A-8_R6_-733682-_(47076572501).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Focke_Wulf_Fw190A-8_(50108016201).jpg"},{"link_name":"Focke-Wulf Fw 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force Museum Cosford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum_Cosford"},{"link_name":"Tirstrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirstrup"},{"link_name":"Schleswig Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAFM-7"},{"link_name":"explosive bolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_bolt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forsyth-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAFM-7"},{"link_name":"Imperial War Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAFM-7"}],"text":"A Focke-Wulf Fw 190, equipped to be attached to a Mistel drone aircraft, RAF Museum Cosford, 2018The underside of the RAF Museum's Fw 190. One of the attachment points to the lower aircraft can be seen on the right.A Focke-Wulf Fw 190 (Werk Nr. 733682), preserved at the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford, was the fighter part of a Mistel system. It was one of four that were captured by British forces at Tirstrup in Denmark in 1945. In service, it had been flown by a unit that trained Mistel crews. After capture, the aircraft were flown as a combined pair in Allied hands as they were ferried to Schleswig Air Base, along with two other captured Mistels,[6] The Fw 190 was later flown to Britain while its Ju 88 partner is thought to have been scrapped.[7]The Fw 190 retains its Kugelverschraubung mit Sprengbolzen (\"ball joints with explosive bolts\"), fittings that attached it to the other aircraft.[8][7]The aircraft became the property of the RAF Museum in 1998 when its title was transferred from the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence. It was put on display at the RAF Museum Cosford in 2013 after previously being on long-term loan to the Imperial War Museum[7]","title":"Survivors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ford-9"}],"text":"Variants of the Mistel included:[9]Mistel Prototype: Ju 88 A-4 and Bf 109 F-4\nMistel 1: Ju 88 A-4 and Bf 109 F-4\nMistel S1: Trainer version of Mistel 1\nMistel 2: Ju 88 G-1 and Fw 190 A-8 or F-8\nMistel S2: Trainer version of Mistel 2\nMistel 3A: Ju 88 A-4 and Fw 190 A-8\nMistel S3A: Trainer version of Mistel 3A\nMistel 3B: Ju 88 H-4 and Fw 190 A-8\nMistel 3C: Ju 88 G-10 and Fw 190 F-8\nMistel Führungsmaschine: Ju 88 A-4/H-4 and Fw 190 A-8\nMistel 4: Ju 287 and Me 262\nMistel 5: Arado E.377A and He 162","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mistel combinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Operational","text":"Ju 88 A-4/Bf 109 F-4\nJu 88 A-4/Fw 190 A-8","title":"Mistel combinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Projected","text":"Ju 88 G-1/Fw 190 A-6\nJu 88 A-6/Fw 190 A-6\nJu 88G-1/Fw 190F-8\nJu 88H-4/Fw 190A-8\nJu 88H-4/Fw 190F-8","title":"Mistel combinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DFS 228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFS_228"},{"link_name":"Lippisch DM-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippisch_DM-1"}],"sub_title":"Design proposals","text":"Ju 88 G-7/Ta 152H\nTa 154/Fw 190\nAr 234/Fi 103\nDo 217K/DFS 228\nSi 204/Lippisch DM-1\nJu 287/Me 262","title":"Mistel combinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"}],"text":"GermanyLuftwaffe","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Enthusiast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Enthusiast"}],"text":"Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. \"Prelude to 'Stand-Off'\". Air Enthusiast, Thirty-four, September–December 1989. Bromley, UK: Fine Scroll. ISSN 0143-5450. pp. 43–47, 80.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A captured example of a Mistel trainer. United States Army personnel examined the aircraft.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mistel-4s.jpg/300px-Mistel-4s.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ju 88H and Fw 190 combined to form a model 3B Mistel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Junkers_Ju_88_Mistel.jpg/220px-Junkers_Ju_88_Mistel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Model of the proposed Mistel Heinkel He 162 with an Arado E.377a glide bomb at the Technikmuseum Speyer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/HE_162_mit_Bombe_pic2.JPG/300px-HE_162_mit_Bombe_pic2.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Focke-Wulf Fw 190, equipped to be attached to a Mistel drone aircraft, RAF Museum Cosford, 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Focke-Wulf_Fw190A-8_R6_-733682-_%2847076572501%29.jpg/220px-Focke-Wulf_Fw190A-8_R6_-733682-_%2847076572501%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The underside of the RAF Museum's Fw 190. One of the attachment points to the lower aircraft can be seen on the right.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Focke_Wulf_Fw190A-8_%2850108016201%29.jpg/220px-Focke_Wulf_Fw190A-8_%2850108016201%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Operation Aphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Aphrodite"}]
[{"reference":"Green, William (1970). The warplanes of the Third Reich (1st 1973 reprint ed.). New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0385057822.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385057822","url_text":"0385057822"}]},{"reference":"Wood, A.; Gunston, W. (1977). Hitler's Luftwaffe. London: Salamander. p. 241.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Manitobans First To Bag Nazi Pick-A-Back Planes\". The Winnipeg Evening Tribune. Winnipeg. 4 August 1944. Retrieved 18 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcollections.lib.umanitoba.ca/islandora/object/uofm%3A1377134?solr%5Bquery%5D=%28%22Walter%20Dinsdale%22%29%20AND%20%28pick-a-back%20OR%20pickaback%29&solr%5Bparams%5D%5BdefType%5D=edismax&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bsort%5D=score%20desc&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet%5D=true&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.mincount%5D=1&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.limit%5D=2000&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.field%5D%5B0%5D=collection_title_ms&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.field%5D%5B1%5D=type_of_resource_facet_ms&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.field%5D%5B2%5D=subject_topic_facet_ms&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.field%5D%5B4%5D=hierarchicGeographic_country_facet_ms&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.field%5D%5B5%5D=hierarchicGeographic_province_state_facet_ms&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.field%5D%5B6%5D=hierarchicGeographic_county_facet_ms&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.field%5D%5B7%5D=hierarchicGeographic_city_facet_ms&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.field%5D%5B8%5D=hierarchicGeographic_citySection_facet_ms&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.field%5D%5B9%5D=subject_name_facet_ms&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.field%5D%5B10%5D=name_organization_facet_ms&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.field%5D%5B11%5D=facet_group_title_ms&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.range%5D%5B0%5D=mods_custom_date_facet_mdt&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.mods_custom_date_facet_mdt.facet.range.start%5D=1890-01-01T00%3A00%3A00Z&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.mods_custom_date_facet_mdt.facet.range.end%5D=NOW&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.mods_custom_date_facet_mdt.facet.range.gap%5D=%2B1YEAR&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.mods_custom_date_facet_mdt.facet.mincount%5D=0&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.hierarchicGeographic_country_facet_ms.facet.sort%5D=index&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.hierarchicGeographic_province_state_facet_ms.facet.sort%5D=index&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.hierarchicGeographic_county_facet_ms.facet.sort%5D=index&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.hierarchicGeographic_city_facet_ms.facet.sort%5D=index&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.hierarchicGeographic_citySection_facet_ms.facet.sort%5D=index&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.facet_group_title_ms.facet.sort%5D=index&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bhl%5D=true&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bhl.fl%5D=title_sort_ms%2Ccollection_title_ms%2Csubject_temporal_facet_ms%2Cname_personal_facet_ms%2Cname_organization_facet_ms%2Cdc.description&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bhl.fragsize%5D=400&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bhl.simple.pre%5D=%3Cspan%20class%3D%22islandora-solr-highlight%22%3E&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bhl.simple.post%5D=%3C/span%3E&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfq%5D%5B0%5D=-RELS_EXT_hasModel_uri_ms%3A%22info%3Afedora/islandora%3AnewspaperIssueCModel%22&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfq%5D%5B1%5D=RELS_EXT_hasModel_uri_ms%3A%28%22info%3Afedora/islandora%3AnewspaperPageCModel%22%20OR%20%22info%3Afedora/islandora%3AnewspaperCModel%22%20OR%20%22info%3Afedora/islandora%3AnewspaperIssueCModel%22%29&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfq%5D%5B2%5D=PID%3Auofm%5C%3A%2A&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfq%5D%5B3%5D=-RELS_EXT_isConstituentOf_uri_mt%3A%2A&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfq%5D%5B4%5D=RELS_EXT_isViewableByUser_literal_ms%3A%22anonymous%22%20OR%20RELS_EXT_isViewableByRole_literal_ms%3A%22anonymous%20user%22%20OR%20%28%28%2A%3A%2A%20-RELS_EXT_isViewableByUser_literal_ms%3A%5B%2A%20TO%20%2A%5D%29%20AND%20%28%2A%3A%2A%20-RELS_EXT_isViewableByRole_literal_ms%3A%5B%2A%20TO%20%2A%5D%29%29&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bqf%5D=title_mt%5E6%20dc.description%5E6%20pb_pbcoreDescription_descriptionType_Summary_mt%5E6%20name_personal_facet_mt%5E5%20OCR_t%5E5%20RELS_EXT_isMemberOf_uri_mt%5E4%20RELS_EXT_isMemberOfCollection_uri_mt%5E4%20subject_mt%5E3%20dc.title%5E2%20pb_pbcoreTitle_mt%5E2","url_text":"\"Manitobans First To Bag Nazi Pick-A-Back Planes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walter Gilbert \"Dinny\" Dinsdale\". flying for your life. The Canadian Fighter Pilot & Air Gunner Museum. Retrieved 18 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://flyingforyourlife.com/pilots/ww2/d/dinsdale/","url_text":"\"Walter Gilbert \"Dinny\" Dinsdale\""}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Andrew (2013). \"INDIVIDUAL HISTORY [733682]\" (PDF). Royal Air Force Museum. Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 5 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/collections/1998-0214-A-FW190-A-8.pdf","url_text":"\"INDIVIDUAL HISTORY [733682]\""}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Andrew (2013-10-14). \"Focke-Wulf FW190 now on display at Cosford\" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 2022-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/press_releases/cosford/Focke-Wulf%20Fw%20190.pdf","url_text":"\"Focke-Wulf FW190 now on display at Cosford\""}]},{"reference":"Forsyth, Robert (2001). Mistel: German Composite Aircraft and Operations, 1942–1945. Midland Publishing. ISBN 1903223091.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1903223091","url_text":"1903223091"}]},{"reference":"Ford, Roger (2013). Germany's Secret Weapons of World War II. London, United Kingdom: Amber Books. p. 224. ISBN 9781909160569.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909160569","url_text":"9781909160569"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Johnsgard
Paul Johnsgard
["1 Childhood and education","2 Career","3 Selected publications","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
American ornithologist (1931–2021) Paul JohnsgardJohnsgard in Nebraska (2011)Born(1931-06-28)June 28, 1931Christine, North Dakota, United StatesDiedMay 28, 2021(2021-05-28) (aged 89)Lincoln, NebraskaAlma materNorth Dakota State University, Washington State University, Cornell UniversityKnown forNumerous publications on birds and natural historyScientific careerFieldsOrnithologyInstitutionsUniversity of Nebraska Paul Austin Johnsgard (28 June 1931 – 28 May 2021) was an ornithologist, artist and emeritus professor at the University of Nebraska. His works include nearly fifty books including several monographs, principally about the waterfowl and cranes. Childhood and education Born in Christine, North Dakota, a small village around 20 miles south of Fargo, he was introduced to the study of birds by a distant cousin who was a game warden. He spent these early years taking part in duck counts. After high school and junior college at Wahpeton, he enrolled at North Dakota State University to major in zoology. He then moved to Washington State University for his master's degree, encouraged by a professor who suggested that he could have a career in ornithology. His master's study was on the impact of the construction of O'Sullivan Dam to wetland habitats. Apart from the data collected and his interpretation, it included his pen sketches. This was published in The Condor and the article attracted the attention of Charles Sibley who invited him to consider a Ph.D. at Cornell University with him, with his work focusing on the phylogeny of six ducks. Career After completing his graduate degree, Johnsgard moved to England at the Wildfowl Trust at Gloucestershire founded by Sir Peter Scott. Over the course of two years, he produced his first book, the Handbook of Waterfowl Behaviour, which was published by Cornell University in 1965. He is considered one of the most prolific authors of ornithology books. Selected publications Grouse and Quails of North America. 1973. The Plovers, Sandpipers and Snipes of the World. The Grouse of the World. 1983. The Hummingbirds of North America. 1983, 2nd ed. 1997, ebook for 2nd ed. 2016. The Platte: Channels in Time. 1984, 2nd ed. The Pheasants of the World. 1986. 2nd. ed. 1999. Diving Birds of North America. 1987. The Quails, Partridges and Francolins of the World. 1988. North American Owls: Biology and Natural History. 1988. 2nd. ed. 2002. Hawks, Eagles and Falcons of North America: Biology and Natural History. 1990. Bustards, Hemipodes and Sandgrouse: Birds of Dry Places. 1991. Cormorants, Darters and Pelicans of the World. 1993. Arena Birds: Sexual Selection and Behavior. 1994 This Fragile Land: A Natural History of the Nebraska Sandhills. 1995. Ruddy Ducks and other Stifftails: Their Behavior and Biology. 1996 (With M. Carbonell) The Avian Brood Parasites: Deception at the Nest. 1997. Trogons and Quetzals of the World. 2000. Prairie Birds: Fragile Splendor in the Great Plains. 2001. The Nature of Nebraska: Ecology and Biodiversity. 2001. Grassland Grouse and their Conservation. 2002. ebook 2014 Great Wildlife of the Great Plains. 2003. Lewis and Clark on the Great Plains: A Natural History. 2003. Prairie Dog Empire: A Saga of the Shortgrass Prairie. 2004. 2005 pbk edition The Niobrara: A River Running Through Time. 2007. Ancient Voices over America's Wetlands: The Sandhill and Whooping Cranes. 2011. Rocky Mountain Birds: Birds and Birding in the Central and Northern Rocky Mountains. 2011. Wetland Birds of the Central Plains: South Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas. 2012. Nebraska's Wetlands: Their Wildlife and Ecology. 2012. Yellowstone Wildlife: Ecology and Natural History of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. 2012. ebook 2013 A Prairie’s Not Scary. 2012. (Children’s book on prairie ecology) Birds of the Central Platte Valley, Nebraska. 2013. 182 pp. (With Mary B. Brown.) The Birds of Nebraska. Revised edition 2013. Birds and Birding in the Bighorn Mountains Region of Wyoming. 2013, With Jacqueline R. Canterbury & Helen Downing. Musica de las Grullas: Una Historia Natural de las Grullas de América. 2014. Spanish translation by E. Weir & Karine Gil-Weir of Crane Music (1991, rev. 2013.) Game Birds of the World: A Catalog of the Madson Collection. 2014. Seasons of the Tallgrass Prairie: A Nebraska Year. 2014. Global Warming and Population Responses among Great Plains Birds. 2015. Natural Treasures of the Great Plains: An Ecological Perspective. 2015. Edited with T. Lynch & J. Phillips (6 drawings and 4 contributed essays). At Home and at Large on the Great Plains: Essays and Memories. 2015. A Chorus of Cranes. The Cranes of North America and the World. 2015. Birding Nebraska’s Central Platte Valley and Rainwater Basin. 2015. Swans: Their Biology and Natural History. 2016. The North American Grouse: Biology and Behavior. 2016. The North American Geese: Their Biology and Behavior. 2016. The North American Sea Ducks. 2016. The North American Perching and Dabbling Ducks. 2017. The North American Whistling-Ducks, Pochards and Stiff-tailed Ducks. 2017. Common Birds of The Brinton Museum and The Bighorn Mountains Foothills. (with J. L. Canterbury). 2017. The North American Quails, Partridges and Pheasants. 2017. A Naturalist’s Guide to the Great Plains. 2018 Wyoming’s Ucross Ranch: Its Birds, History, and Natural Environment. 2018. (With Jacqueline L. Canterbury) The Ecology of a Tallgrass Treasure: Audubon’s Spring Creek Prairie. 2018. Wyoming Wildlife: A Natural History. 2019. The North American Swans Their Biology and Conservation. 2020. The Abyssinian Art of Louis Agassiz Fuertes in the Field Museum, 2020. Audubon’s Lillian Annette Rowe Sanctuary: A Refuge, a River, and a Migration. 2020. Wildlife of Nebraska: A Natural History. 2020. Cranes in Life, Lore and Literature: A Catechism for Crane-lovers, 2020. Birds of the Nebraska Sandhills. 2020. With Josef Kren. References ^ Klopfer, Peter H. (1965). "Review of Handbook of Waterfowl Behavior by Paul A. Johnsgard". Science. 150 (3700): 1144. doi:10.1126/science.150.3700.1144.a. S2CID 239571271. ^ Hayward, J. (1994). "Beguiled by birds". Living Bird. 13 (4): 6–7. ^ Beissinger, Steven R. (1994). "Review of Cormorants, Darters, and Pelicans of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 69 (3): 416–417. doi:10.1086/418705. ISSN 0033-5770. ^ Houston, C. Stuart (2005). "Review of Grassland Grouse and their Conservation by Paul A. Johnsgard". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 119 (4): 598. doi:10.22621/cfn.v119i4.224. ISSN 0008-3550. Sources Farrar, J. 1993. Paul Johnsgard, Nebraska's Birdman. Nebraskaland 71(2): 38–47. Johnsgard, Paul. 2010. My life in biology. Nebraska Bird Review 78(3):103-120. Klucas, G. 2002. A beautiful mind. Nebraska Magazine. Summer, 2002. pp. 24–27. Miles, L. 1993. Paul Johnsgard and the Harmony of Nature. pp. 91–93, in A. Jenkins (ed.), The Platte River: An Atlas of the Big Bend Region. Univ. Nebr. Kearney. 194 pp. Scully, M. G. 2001. Heeding the call of sandhill cranes. Chronicle of Higher Educ. 47(30:): B-17. External links Downloadable publications by Johnsgard Vita and biography Audubon award Profile Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Other SNAC IdRef
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Carbonell)\nThe Avian Brood Parasites: Deception at the Nest. 1997.\nTrogons and Quetzals of the World. 2000.\nPrairie Birds: Fragile Splendor in the Great Plains. 2001.\nThe Nature of Nebraska: Ecology and Biodiversity. 2001.\nGrassland Grouse and their Conservation. 2002.[4] ebook 2014\nGreat Wildlife of the Great Plains. 2003.\nLewis and Clark on the Great Plains: A Natural History. 2003.\nPrairie Dog Empire: A Saga of the Shortgrass Prairie. 2004. 2005 pbk edition\nThe Niobrara: A River Running Through Time. 2007.\nAncient Voices over America's Wetlands: The Sandhill and Whooping Cranes. 2011.\nRocky Mountain Birds: Birds and Birding in the Central and Northern Rocky Mountains. 2011.\nWetland Birds of the Central Plains: South Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas. 2012.\nNebraska's Wetlands: Their Wildlife and Ecology. 2012.\nYellowstone Wildlife: Ecology and Natural History of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. 2012. ebook 2013\nA Prairie’s Not Scary. 2012. (Children’s book on prairie ecology)\nBirds of the Central Platte Valley, Nebraska. 2013. 182 pp. (With Mary B. Brown.)\nThe Birds of Nebraska. Revised edition 2013.\nBirds and Birding in the Bighorn Mountains Region of Wyoming. 2013, With Jacqueline R. Canterbury & Helen Downing.\nMusica de las Grullas: Una Historia Natural de las Grullas de América. 2014. Spanish translation by E. Weir & Karine Gil-Weir of Crane Music (1991, rev. 2013.)\nGame Birds of the World: A Catalog of the Madson Collection. 2014.\nSeasons of the Tallgrass Prairie: A Nebraska Year. 2014.\nGlobal Warming and Population Responses among Great Plains Birds. 2015.\nNatural Treasures of the Great Plains: An Ecological Perspective. 2015. Edited with T. Lynch & J. Phillips (6 drawings and 4 contributed essays).\nAt Home and at Large on the Great Plains: Essays and Memories. 2015.\nA Chorus of Cranes. The Cranes of North America and the World. 2015.\nBirding Nebraska’s Central Platte Valley and Rainwater Basin. 2015.\nSwans: Their Biology and Natural History. 2016.\nThe North American Grouse: Biology and Behavior. 2016.\nThe North American Geese: Their Biology and Behavior. 2016.\nThe North American Sea Ducks. 2016.\nThe North American Perching and Dabbling Ducks. 2017.\nThe North American Whistling-Ducks, Pochards and Stiff-tailed Ducks. 2017.\nCommon Birds of The Brinton Museum and The Bighorn Mountains Foothills. (with J. L. Canterbury). 2017.\nThe North American Quails, Partridges and Pheasants. 2017.\nA Naturalist’s Guide to the Great Plains. 2018\nWyoming’s Ucross Ranch: Its Birds, History, and Natural Environment. 2018. (With Jacqueline L. Canterbury)\nThe Ecology of a Tallgrass Treasure: Audubon’s Spring Creek Prairie. 2018.\nWyoming Wildlife: A Natural History. 2019.\nThe North American Swans Their Biology and Conservation. 2020.\nThe Abyssinian Art of Louis Agassiz Fuertes in the Field Museum, 2020.\nAudubon’s Lillian Annette Rowe Sanctuary: A Refuge, a River, and a Migration. 2020.\nWildlife of Nebraska: A Natural History. 2020.\nCranes in Life, Lore and Literature: A Catechism for Crane-lovers, 2020.\nBirds of the Nebraska Sandhills. 2020. With Josef Kren.","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"My life in biology.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosciornithology/82/"}],"text":"Farrar, J. 1993. Paul Johnsgard, Nebraska's Birdman. Nebraskaland 71(2): 38–47.\nJohnsgard, Paul. 2010. My life in biology. Nebraska Bird Review 78(3):103-120.\nKlucas, G. 2002. A beautiful mind. Nebraska Magazine. Summer, 2002. pp. 24–27.\nMiles, L. 1993. Paul Johnsgard and the Harmony of Nature. pp. 91–93, in A. Jenkins (ed.), The Platte River: An Atlas of the Big Bend Region. Univ. Nebr. Kearney. 194 pp.\nScully, M. G. 2001. Heeding the call of sandhill cranes. Chronicle of Higher Educ. 47(30:): B-17.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Klopfer, Peter H. (1965). \"Review of Handbook of Waterfowl Behavior by Paul A. Johnsgard\". Science. 150 (3700): 1144. doi:10.1126/science.150.3700.1144.a. S2CID 239571271.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_H._Klopfer","url_text":"Klopfer, Peter H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.150.3700.1144.a","url_text":"10.1126/science.150.3700.1144.a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239571271","url_text":"239571271"}]},{"reference":"Hayward, J. (1994). \"Beguiled by birds\". Living Bird. 13 (4): 6–7.","urls":[{"url":"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=biosciornithology&sei-redir=1","url_text":"\"Beguiled by birds\""}]},{"reference":"Beissinger, Steven R. (1994). \"Review of Cormorants, Darters, and Pelicans of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard\". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 69 (3): 416–417. doi:10.1086/418705. ISSN 0033-5770.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F418705","url_text":"10.1086/418705"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5770","url_text":"0033-5770"}]},{"reference":"Houston, C. Stuart (2005). \"Review of Grassland Grouse and their Conservation by Paul A. Johnsgard\". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 119 (4): 598. doi:10.22621/cfn.v119i4.224. ISSN 0008-3550.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Stuart_Houston","url_text":"Houston, C. Stuart"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.22621%2Fcfn.v119i4.224","url_text":"\"Review of Grassland Grouse and their Conservation by Paul A. Johnsgard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.22621%2Fcfn.v119i4.224","url_text":"10.22621/cfn.v119i4.224"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-3550","url_text":"0008-3550"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savior%27s_Shadow
Savior's Shadow
["1 Background and composition","2 Reception","3 Promotion","4 Track listing","5 Credits and personnel","6 Charts","7 Release history","8 References"]
2016 single by Blake Shelton"Savior's Shadow"Single by Blake Sheltonfrom the album If I'm Honest ReleasedApril 8, 2016 (2016-04-08)Recorded2016GenreCountrygospelLength2:42LabelWarner Bros. NashvilleSongwriter(s)Blake SheltonJessi AlexanderJon RandallProducer(s)Scott HendricksBlake Shelton singles chronology "Came Here to Forget" (2016) "Savior's Shadow" (2016) "She's Got a Way with Words" (2016) Music video"Savior's Shadow" on YouTube "Savior's Shadow" is a song recorded by American country music artist Blake Shelton, taken as the second single from his tenth studio album, If I'm Honest (2016). It was released digitally on April 8, 2016, before being sent to Christian and country radio on April 11. The track was written by Shelton, Jessi Alexander and Jon Randall, while production was handled by Scott Hendricks. A gospel song with Christian themes, "Savior's Shadow" served as a reminder that his faith was strong. Additionally, its lyrics detail losing faith during troubling times in his life, but ultimately result in him gaining more. It was generally well received by music critics, who applauded Shelton's change in musical genre. Some critics even positively noted his maturity through the track. A black and white music video was filmed for the track, and premiered on May 19, 2016. The singer performed it live for the first time on May 26, 2016 for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day 2016 on NBC. Background and composition According to Shelton himself, the initial idea for "Savior's Shadow" came to him in his sleep in May 2015. Although the singer did not remember the exact dream, he recalled "four lines of lyrics and melody", which drew him to "grab his smartphone and s the passage into the memo function before it was lost". He enlisted the help of married couple Jessi Alexander and Jon Randall to complete the track, who were ironically experiencing changes in their lives, much like Shelton. The finalized recording was done at Shelton's private home in Los Angeles, California in his bedroom's closet for "best effect". Alexander claimed that the track "came deep from Blake's soul" and demonstrated that his tenth studio album If I'm Honest would "be extremely personal". She remarked that the writing became more emotional, as the track was finished "just one month after his divorce from Miranda Lambert". When Shelton released the single on April 8, 2016 through Warner Bros. Nashville, he expressed gratitude from his fans, stating: "In all the years I've been doing this I've never experience this kind of reaction from a song. So proud." "Savior's Shadow" was written by Shelton, Alexander, and Randall, while production was handled by longtime collaborator Scott Hendricks. It is composed in the key of D major using common time with a tempo of 96-100 beats per minute. His vocal range, which spanned from A3-E5, was accompanied by a piano, in addition to backup vocals. An "introspective" gospel song, it serves as "a guide" to demonstrate his faith "through trying times". The gospel section and string arrangements was imagined by Charlie Judge, while Russ Pahl helped Shelton in creating "bittersweet steel notes" for the production. Shelton sings: "I feel the rain, I hear the thunder / As He cries for me", demonstrating that Jesus was "a powerful source of strength" for the singer. The first verse displays Shelton's "longing and willingness to stand" with Jesus after his relationship struggles: "Though the devil tried to break me / My sweet Jesus won't forsake me / When I'm in my Savior's shadow where I'm supposed to be". Jeff Nelson of People claimed that the single offered some of Shelton's "most revealing lyrics", particularly the aforementioned lines. The song commences with the singer praying: "I'm standing in my Savior's shadow, following his footsteps there / Every mountain, every ocean, He hears my prayer". Reception "Savior's Shadow" was well received by music critics. AXS's Lori Melton applauded Shelton for making "a huge creative departure" from his previous work. Keith Harris, writing for Rolling Stone enjoyed the single, and felt "that the good ol' boy's maturing into a man". Scott Stroud from The National appreciated the recording's honesty, in addition to it for containing "emotional sincerity". Entertainment Tonight's Sophie Schillaci declared it a "deeply heartfelt ballad" and lauded its lyrics contrasting the Devil and Jesus. Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times was more mixed in his review of the parent album; Wood was not impressed by the lyrics, summarizing that instead of being about religion and Christian faith, they are "mostly familiar images of thunder and rain, mountains and oceans". For the week ending April 30, 2016, "Savior's Shadow" debuted at the bottom position of the Hot Country Songs chart, peaking at number 50. Additionally, the single was the week's forty-third best selling digital country song, selling approximately 7,000 copies in its first week available, which allowed it to chart at number 43 on the Country Digital Songs, and at number 4 on both the Christian Digital Songs and Christian/Gospel Digital Songs component charts. The single did not appear the following week on the Country Digital Songs chart, but lasted an additional seven weeks on the Christian Digital Songs and Christian/Gospel Digital Songs charts. On the Christian Songs chart, it debuted at number 17, for the week ending April 30, and managed to peak at number 14 two months later, for the week ending June 18. Promotion A black-and-white music video for "Savior's Shadow" premiered on May 19, 2016 on Shelton's official YouTube account. For the entirety of the video's duration, it features the singer sitting on a stool and playing the guitar. He sits in front of a solid white background while close-ups of Shelton strumming the guitar occasionally appear. Shelton performed the song live for the first time as part of Comic Relief's Red Nose Day 2016 on May 26, 2016. Track listing Digital downloadNo.TitleLength1."Savior's Shadow"2:42 Credits and personnel Personnel Blake Shelton – lead vocals, songwriting Jessi Alexander – songwriting Scott Hendricks – production Charlie Judge – string arrangements Russ Pahl – additional instruments Jon Randall – songwriting Credits adapted from the liner notes of If I'm Honest. Charts Chart performance for "Savior's Shadow" Chart (2016) Peak position US Christian Songs (Billboard) 14 US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) 50 Release history Country Date Format Label Ref. North America April 8, 2016 Digital download Warner Bros. Nashville United States April 11, 2016 Christian radio Country radio References ^ a b c d e f Roland, Tom (May 11, 2016). "Blake Shelton Steps Out of His Own Past With 'Savior's Shadow'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 23, 2016. ^ a b Dukes, Billy (April 11, 2016). "New Blake Shelton Song 'Savior's Shadow' Came in a Dream ". Taste of Country. Retrieved August 14, 2016. ^ Nolfi, Joey (April 11, 2016). "Hear Blake Shelton's new hymn-inspired song 'Savior's Shadow'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 15, 2016. ^ a b If I'm Honest (CD liner notes). Blake Shelton. Warner Bros. Records. 2016. 2-555352.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ a b "Blake Shelton 'Savior's Shadow'". Musicnotes.com. 2016. ^ Taste of Country staff (May 20, 2016). "Album Spotlight: Blake Shelton, 'If I'm Honest'". Taste of Country. Retrieved August 14, 2016. ^ Freeman, Jon (April 11, 2016). "Hear Blake Shelton's Hymn-Like 'Savior's Shadow'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 14, 2016. ^ a b Melton, Lori (April 22, 2016). "Review: Blake Shelton takes a strong leap of faith with 'Savior's Shadow'". AXS. Retrieved August 14, 2016. ^ Nelson, Jeff (May 20, 2016). "Nine of the Most Revealing Lyrics on Blake Shelton's New Album". People. Retrieved August 14, 2016. ^ Scott, Jason (April 11, 2016). "Listen to Blake Shelton's new inspirational 'Savior's Shadow'". AXS. Retrieved August 15, 2016. ^ Harris, Keith (May 20, 2016). "Blake Shelton: If I'm Honest". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 14, 2016. ^ Stroud, Scott (June 13, 2016). "Album review: Blake Shelton's If I'm Honest is a crowd-pleaser". The National. Retrieved August 14, 2016. ^ Schillaci, Sophie (May 20, 2016). "Blake Shelton's 'If I'm Honest': A Deep Dive Into the Album's Telling Lyrics". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved August 14, 2016. ^ Wood, Mikael (May 20, 2016). "Review: Blake Shelton could use more truth on the too-polished 'If I'm Honest'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 14, 2016. ^ a b "Blake Shelton Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 9, 2016. ^ Bjorke, Matt (April 19, 2016). "Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Chart: April 20, 2016". Roughstock. Retrieved August 15, 2016. ^ "Blake Shelton Chart History (Country Digital Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 15, 2016. ^ a b "Blake Shelton Chart History (Christian Digital Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 15, 2016. ^ a b "Blake Shelton Chart History (Christian/Gospel Digital Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 15, 2016. ^ a b "Blake Shelton Chart History (Hot Christian Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 9, 2016. ^ Radio.com staff (May 18, 2016). "Blake Shelton Debuts 'Savior's Shadow' Music Video". Radio.com. Retrieved August 15, 2016. ^ Vinson, Christina (May 19, 2016). "Blake Shelton Shares Serious Video for 'Savior's Shadow'". The Boot. Townsquare Media. Retrieved June 23, 2016. ^ WNWN-FM staff (May 27, 2016). "Blake Shelton Sings "Savior's Shadow" on "Red Nose Day" Event". WNWN-FM. Retrieved August 15, 2016. ^ "Blake Shelton's Honesty Earns Him The Number One Selling Album In America With If I'm Honest". Blake Shelton. May 31, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2016. ^ "Blake Shelton – Savior's Shadow". Amazon. May 27, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016. ^ "Blake Shelton: Savior's Shadow - Music on Google Play". Google Play. Retrieved 23 June 2016. ^ Bonaguro, Alison (April 12, 2016). "Blake Shelton Delivers His First Song to Christian Radio". CMT. Viacom. Retrieved 23 June 2016. vteBlake SheltonDiscographyStudio albums Blake Shelton The Dreamer Blake Shelton's Barn & Grill Pure BS Startin' Fires Red River Blue Cheers, It's Christmas Based on a True Story... Bringing Back the Sunshine If I'm Honest Texoma Shore Body Language Extended plays Hillbilly Bone All About Tonight Compilations Loaded: The Best of Blake Shelton Reloaded: 20 #1 Hits Fully Loaded: God's Country Singles "Austin" "All Over Me" "Ol' Red" "The Baby" "Playboys of the Southwestern World" "Some Beach" "Goodbye Time" "Nobody but Me" "Don't Make Me" "The More I Drink" "Home" "She Wouldn't Be Gone" "I'll Just Hold On" "Hillbilly Bone" "All About Tonight" "Who Are You When I'm Not Looking" "Honey Bee" "God Gave Me You" "Drink on It" "Over" "Sure Be Cool If You Did" "Boys 'Round Here" "Mine Would Be You" "Doin' What She Likes" "My Eyes" "Neon Light" "Lonely Tonight" "Sangria" "Gonna" "Came Here to Forget" "Savior's Shadow" "She's Got a Way with Words" "A Guy with a Girl" "Every Time I Hear That Song" "I'll Name the Dogs" "I Lived It" "Turnin' Me On" "God's Country" "Hell Right" "Nobody but You" "Happy Anywhere" "Minimum Wage" "Come Back as a Country Boy" "No Body" Collaborations "The Truth About Men" "Just a Fool" "You Make It Feel Like Christmas" "Dive Bar" "Get Ready" "Tuesday I'll Be Gone" "Out in the Middle" "Forever Country" "Pour Me a Drink" Promotional singles "Go Ahead and Break My Heart" "Straight Outta Cold Beer" Other songs "Footloose" "Over You" "Medicine" "Christmas Eve" Concert tours Ten Times Crazier Tour
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Blake Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Shelton"},{"link_name":"If I'm Honest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I%27m_Honest"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_radio"},{"link_name":"country radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_radio"},{"link_name":"Jessi Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessi_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Jon Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Randall"},{"link_name":"Scott Hendricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hendricks"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"Comic Relief's Red Nose Day 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Relief,_Inc."},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"}],"text":"2016 single by Blake Shelton\"Savior's Shadow\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Blake Shelton, taken as the second single from his tenth studio album, If I'm Honest (2016). It was released digitally on April 8, 2016, before being sent to Christian and country radio on April 11. The track was written by Shelton, Jessi Alexander and Jon Randall, while production was handled by Scott Hendricks.A gospel song with Christian themes, \"Savior's Shadow\" served as a reminder that his faith was strong. Additionally, its lyrics detail losing faith during troubling times in his life, but ultimately result in him gaining more. It was generally well received by music critics, who applauded Shelton's change in musical genre. Some critics even positively noted his maturity through the track. A black and white music video was filmed for the track, and premiered on May 19, 2016. The singer performed it live for the first time on May 26, 2016 for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day 2016 on NBC.","title":"Savior's Shadow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_radio-1"},{"link_name":"Jessi Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessi_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Jon Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Randall"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_radio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taste_of_Country_SS-2"},{"link_name":"Miranda Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Lambert"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taste_of_Country_SS-2"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entertainment_Weekly_review-3"},{"link_name":"Scott Hendricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hendricks"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-If_I'm_Honest-4"},{"link_name":"D major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_major"},{"link_name":"common time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_time"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo"},{"link_name":"beats per minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_per_minute"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digital_Sheet_Music-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digital_Sheet_Music-5"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taste_of_Country_review-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone_review-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_radio-1"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_radio-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AXS_review-8"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_review-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AXS_release-10"}],"text":"According to Shelton himself, the initial idea for \"Savior's Shadow\" came to him in his sleep in May 2015. Although the singer did not remember the exact dream, he recalled \"four lines of lyrics and [the] melody\", which drew him to \"grab his smartphone and s[ing] the passage into the memo function before it was lost\".[1] He enlisted the help of married couple Jessi Alexander and Jon Randall to complete the track, who were ironically experiencing changes in their lives, much like Shelton. The finalized recording was done at Shelton's private home in Los Angeles, California in his bedroom's closet for \"best effect\".[1] Alexander claimed that the track \"came deep from Blake's soul\" and demonstrated that his tenth studio album If I'm Honest would \"be extremely personal\".[2] She remarked that the writing became more emotional, as the track was finished \"just one month after his divorce from Miranda Lambert\".[2] When Shelton released the single on April 8, 2016 through Warner Bros. Nashville, he expressed gratitude from his fans, stating: \"In all the years I've been doing this I've never experience this kind of reaction from a song. So proud.\"[3]\"Savior's Shadow\" was written by Shelton, Alexander, and Randall, while production was handled by longtime collaborator Scott Hendricks.[4] It is composed in the key of D major using common time with a tempo of 96-100 beats per minute.[5] His vocal range, which spanned from A3-E5, was accompanied by a piano, in addition to backup vocals.[5] An \"introspective\" gospel song,[6] it serves as \"a guide\" to demonstrate his faith \"through trying times\".[7] The gospel section and string arrangements was imagined by Charlie Judge, while Russ Pahl helped Shelton in creating \"bittersweet steel notes\" for the production.[1] Shelton sings: \"I feel the rain, I hear the thunder / As He cries for me\", demonstrating that Jesus was \"a powerful source of strength\" for the singer.[1] The first verse displays Shelton's \"longing and willingness to stand\" with Jesus after his relationship struggles: \"Though the devil tried to break me / My sweet Jesus won't forsake me / When I'm in my Savior's shadow where I'm supposed to be\".[8] Jeff Nelson of People claimed that the single offered some of Shelton's \"most revealing lyrics\", particularly the aforementioned lines.[9] The song commences with the singer praying: \"I'm standing in my Savior's shadow, following his footsteps there / Every mountain, every ocean, He hears my prayer\".[10]","title":"Background and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"AXS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXS_(ticket_merchant)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AXS_review-8"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone_album_review-11"},{"link_name":"The National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_National_review-12"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight"},{"link_name":"Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entertainment_Tonight_review-13"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_review-14"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Country-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Country Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Songs"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Country_Digital-17"},{"link_name":"Christian Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Songs"},{"link_name":"Christian/Gospel Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Songs"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christian_Digital-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christian/Gospel_Digital-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christian_Digital-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christian/Gospel_Digital-19"},{"link_name":"Christian Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Songs"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christian-20"}],"text":"\"Savior's Shadow\" was well received by music critics. AXS's Lori Melton applauded Shelton for making \"a huge creative departure\" from his previous work.[8] Keith Harris, writing for Rolling Stone enjoyed the single, and felt \"that the good ol' boy's maturing into a man\".[11] Scott Stroud from The National appreciated the recording's honesty, in addition to it for containing \"emotional sincerity\".[12] Entertainment Tonight's Sophie Schillaci declared it a \"deeply heartfelt ballad\" and lauded its lyrics contrasting the Devil and Jesus.[13] Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times was more mixed in his review of the parent album; Wood was not impressed by the lyrics, summarizing that instead of being about religion and Christian faith, they are \"mostly familiar images of thunder and rain, mountains and oceans\".[14]For the week ending April 30, 2016, \"Savior's Shadow\" debuted at the bottom position of the Hot Country Songs chart, peaking at number 50.[15] Additionally, the single was the week's forty-third best selling digital country song, selling approximately 7,000 copies in its first week available,[16] which allowed it to chart at number 43 on the Country Digital Songs,[17] and at number 4 on both the Christian Digital Songs and Christian/Gospel Digital Songs component charts.[18][19] The single did not appear the following week on the Country Digital Songs chart, but lasted an additional seven weeks on the Christian Digital Songs and Christian/Gospel Digital Songs charts.[18][19] On the Christian Songs chart, it debuted at number 17, for the week ending April 30, and managed to peak at number 14 two months later, for the week ending June 18.[20]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio.com_video-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Comic Relief's Red Nose Day 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Relief,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Red_Nose_Day-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blake_Shelton_website-24"}],"text":"A black-and-white music video for \"Savior's Shadow\" premiered on May 19, 2016 on Shelton's official YouTube account.[21] For the entirety of the video's duration, it features the singer sitting on a stool and playing the guitar. He sits in front of a solid white background while close-ups of Shelton strumming the guitar occasionally appear.[22] Shelton performed the song live for the first time as part of Comic Relief's Red Nose Day 2016 on May 26, 2016.[23][24]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Digital download[25]No.TitleLength1.\"Savior's Shadow\"2:42","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blake Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Shelton"},{"link_name":"Jessi Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessi_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Scott Hendricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hendricks"},{"link_name":"Jon Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Randall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-If_I'm_Honest-4"}],"text":"PersonnelBlake Shelton – lead vocals, songwriting\nJessi Alexander – songwriting\nScott Hendricks – production\n\n\nCharlie Judge – string arrangements\nRuss Pahl – additional instruments\nJon Randall – songwritingCredits adapted from the liner notes of If I'm Honest.[4]","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Roland, Tom (May 11, 2016). \"Blake Shelton Steps Out of His Own Past With 'Savior's Shadow'\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/country/7364644/blake-shelton-saviors-shadow","url_text":"\"Blake Shelton Steps Out of His Own Past With 'Savior's Shadow'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"Dukes, Billy (April 11, 2016). \"New Blake Shelton Song 'Savior's Shadow' Came in a Dream [Listen]\". Taste of Country. Retrieved August 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/blake-shelton-saviors-shadow-dream/","url_text":"\"New Blake Shelton Song 'Savior's Shadow' Came in a Dream [Listen]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsquare_Media#Web_publications_and_services","url_text":"Taste of Country"}]},{"reference":"Nolfi, Joey (April 11, 2016). \"Hear Blake Shelton's new hymn-inspired song 'Savior's Shadow'\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/article/2016/04/11/blake-shelton-saviors-shadow","url_text":"\"Hear Blake Shelton's new hymn-inspired song 'Savior's Shadow'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"If I'm Honest (CD liner notes). Blake Shelton. Warner Bros. Records. 2016. 2-555352.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I%27m_Honest","url_text":"If I'm Honest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records","url_text":"Warner Bros. Records"}]},{"reference":"\"Blake Shelton 'Savior's Shadow'\". Musicnotes.com. 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0162974","url_text":"\"Blake Shelton 'Savior's Shadow'\""}]},{"reference":"Taste of Country staff (May 20, 2016). \"Album Spotlight: Blake Shelton, 'If I'm Honest'\". Taste of Country. Retrieved August 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/blake-shelton-if-im-honest/","url_text":"\"Album Spotlight: Blake Shelton, 'If I'm Honest'\""}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Jon (April 11, 2016). \"Hear Blake Shelton's Hymn-Like 'Savior's Shadow'\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/hear-blake-sheltons-hymn-like-saviors-shadow-20160411","url_text":"\"Hear Blake Shelton's Hymn-Like 'Savior's Shadow'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Melton, Lori (April 22, 2016). \"Review: Blake Shelton takes a strong leap of faith with 'Savior's Shadow'\". AXS. Retrieved August 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.axs.com/review-blake-shelton-takes-a-strong-leap-of-faith-with-savior-s-shadow-82285","url_text":"\"Review: Blake Shelton takes a strong leap of faith with 'Savior's Shadow'\""}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Jeff (May 20, 2016). \"Nine of the Most Revealing Lyrics on Blake Shelton's New Album\". People. Retrieved August 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.people.com/article/blake-shelton-if-im-honest-album-review-revealing-lyrics","url_text":"\"Nine of the Most Revealing Lyrics on Blake Shelton's New Album\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Jason (April 11, 2016). \"Listen to Blake Shelton's new inspirational 'Savior's Shadow'\". AXS. Retrieved August 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.axs.com/listen-to-blake-shelton-s-new-inspirational-savior-s-shadow-81215","url_text":"\"Listen to Blake Shelton's new inspirational 'Savior's Shadow'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXS_(ticket_merchant)","url_text":"AXS"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Keith (May 20, 2016). \"Blake Shelton: If I'm Honest\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/blake-shelton-if-im-honest-20160520","url_text":"\"Blake Shelton: If I'm Honest\""}]},{"reference":"Stroud, Scott (June 13, 2016). \"Album review: Blake Shelton's If I'm Honest is a crowd-pleaser\". The National. Retrieved August 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenational.ae/arts-life/music/album-review-blake-sheltons-if-im-honest-is-a-crowd-pleaser","url_text":"\"Album review: Blake Shelton's If I'm Honest is a crowd-pleaser\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)","url_text":"The National"}]},{"reference":"Schillaci, Sophie (May 20, 2016). \"Blake Shelton's 'If I'm Honest': A Deep Dive Into the Album's Telling Lyrics\". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved August 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etonline.com/news/188950_blake_shelton_if_i_m_honest_a_deep_dive_into_the_album_telling_lyrics/","url_text":"\"Blake Shelton's 'If I'm Honest': A Deep Dive Into the Album's Telling Lyrics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight","url_text":"Entertainment Tonight"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Mikael (May 20, 2016). \"Review: Blake Shelton could use more truth on the too-polished 'If I'm Honest'\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-blake-shelton-review-20160519-snap-story.html","url_text":"\"Review: Blake Shelton could use more truth on the too-polished 'If I'm Honest'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Bjorke, Matt (April 19, 2016). \"Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Chart: April 20, 2016\". Roughstock. Retrieved August 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://roughstock.com/news/2016/04/40164-top-30-digital-singles-report-april-20-2016","url_text":"\"Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Chart: April 20, 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blake Shelton Chart History (Country Digital Songs)\". Billboard. Retrieved August 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=is_bmdb_track_id%3A7336349&f%5b1%5d=itm_field_chart_id%3A1088&refine=1","url_text":"\"Blake Shelton Chart History (Country Digital Songs)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blake Shelton Chart History (Christian Digital Songs)\". Billboard. Retrieved August 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=is_bmdb_track_id%3A7336349&f%5b1%5d=itm_field_chart_id%3A1095&refine=1","url_text":"\"Blake Shelton Chart History (Christian Digital Songs)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blake Shelton Chart History (Christian/Gospel Digital Songs)\". Billboard. Retrieved August 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=is_bmdb_track_id%3A7336349&f%5b1%5d=itm_field_chart_id%3A1097&refine=1","url_text":"\"Blake Shelton Chart History (Christian/Gospel Digital Songs)\""}]},{"reference":"Radio.com staff (May 18, 2016). \"Blake Shelton Debuts 'Savior's Shadow' Music Video\". Radio.com. Retrieved August 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://radio.com/2016/05/18/blake-shelton-saviors-shadow-video/","url_text":"\"Blake Shelton Debuts 'Savior's Shadow' Music Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_CBS#Radio","url_text":"Radio.com"}]},{"reference":"Vinson, Christina (May 19, 2016). \"Blake Shelton Shares Serious Video for 'Savior's Shadow'\". The Boot. Townsquare Media. Retrieved June 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://theboot.com/blake-shelton-saviors-shadow-video/","url_text":"\"Blake Shelton Shares Serious Video for 'Savior's Shadow'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsquare_Media","url_text":"Townsquare Media"}]},{"reference":"WNWN-FM staff (May 27, 2016). \"Blake Shelton Sings \"Savior's Shadow\" on \"Red Nose Day\" Event\". WNWN-FM. Retrieved August 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://wincountry.com/news/articles/2016/may/27/blake-shelton-sings-saviors-shadow-on-red-nose-day-event/","url_text":"\"Blake Shelton Sings \"Savior's Shadow\" on \"Red Nose Day\" Event\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNWN_(FM)","url_text":"WNWN-FM"}]},{"reference":"\"Blake Shelton's Honesty Earns Him The Number One Selling Album In America With If I'm Honest\". Blake Shelton. May 31, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blakeshelton.com/news/blake-shelton-s-honesty-earns-him-number-one-selling-album-america-if-im-honest-22421","url_text":"\"Blake Shelton's Honesty Earns Him The Number One Selling Album In America With If I'm Honest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Shelton","url_text":"Blake Shelton"}]},{"reference":"\"Blake Shelton – Savior's Shadow\". Amazon. May 27, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Warner-Bros-Saviors-Shadow/dp/B01F71ITTK","url_text":"\"Blake Shelton – Savior's Shadow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blake Shelton: Savior's Shadow - Music on Google Play\". Google Play. Retrieved 23 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://play.google.com/store/music/album/Blake_Shelton_Savior_s_Shadow?id=Bsvuft2yzax5lnct2dznxsr5s6a","url_text":"\"Blake Shelton: Savior's Shadow - Music on Google Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play","url_text":"Google Play"}]},{"reference":"Bonaguro, Alison (April 12, 2016). \"Blake Shelton Delivers His First Song to Christian Radio\". CMT. Viacom. Retrieved 23 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmt.com/news/1765086/blake-shelton-delivers-his-first-song-to-christian-radio/","url_text":"\"Blake Shelton Delivers His First Song to Christian Radio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMT_(U.S._TV_channel)","url_text":"CMT"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%93present)","url_text":"Viacom"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Contemporary_music
Contemporary Christian music
["1 History","1.1 Beginnings (1950s–60s)","1.2 Popularity (1970s–90s)","2 Modern CCM","3 Controversy","3.1 Rejection of the label \"CCM\"","4 Notable contemporary Christian musicians","5 Growth","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading"]
Genre of modern popular music Contemporary Christian musicStylistic origins Christian music Church music Gospel music Jesus music American popular music Cultural originsLate 1960s, United StatesSubgenres Christian alternative rock Christian country music Christian electronic dance music Christian hip hop Christian metal Christian rock Contemporary worship music Urban contemporary gospel Other topicsChristian media Part of a series onChristian culture Christian culture Christian tradition Eastern Christianity Western Christianity Byzantine culture Protestant culture Holidays Mormon culture Cultural Christian Art Christian symbolism Early art Catholic art Lutheran art Church architecture Icons Media Film industry Radio formats Video games Literature American Catholic literature Bible fiction Christian drama Christian poetry Christian novel Christian science fiction Spiritual autobiography Music CCM Christmas music Church music Gospel music Liturgical music Science List of Christian scientists Merton thesis List of Christian Nobel laureates Catholic Church and science Parson-naturalist Quakers in science History Christianity in Civilization Christian history Catholic history Eastern Orthodox history Christian influences in Islam Christianity portalvte Contemporary Christian music (CCM), also known as Christian pop, and occasionally inspirational music, is a genre of modern popular music, and an aspect of Christian media, which is lyrically focused on matters related to the Christian faith and stylistically rooted in Christian music. Originating in the United States, it was formed by those affected by the 1960s Jesus movement revival who began to express themselves in other styles of popular music, beyond the church music of hymns, gospel and Southern gospel music that was prevalent in the church at the time. Initially referred to as Jesus music, today, the term is typically used to refer to pop, but also includes rock, alternative rock, hip hop, metal, contemporary worship, punk, hardcore punk, Latin, electronic dance music, R&B-influenced gospel, and country styles. After originating in the US, it has since become a globally recognized style of popular music. It has representation on several music charts, including Billboard's Christian Albums, Christian Songs, Hot Christian AC (Adult Contemporary), Christian CHR, Soft AC/Inspirational, and Christian Digital Songs as well as the UK's Official Christian & Gospel Albums Chart. Top-selling CCM artists will also appear on the Billboard 200. In the iTunes Store, the genre is represented as part of the Christian and gospel genre while the Google Play Music system labels it as Christian/Gospel. History The Stellar Kart group, at a press conference, after the GMA Dove Award in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, in 2007 Beginnings (1950s–60s) The growing popularity of rock and roll music in the 1950s was initially dismissed by the church because it was believed to encourage sinfulness. Yet as evangelical churches adapted to appeal to more people, the musical styles used in worship changed as well by adopting the sounds of this popular style. The genre became known as contemporary Christian music as a result of the Jesus movement revival in the latter 1960s and early 1970s, and was originally called Jesus music. "About that time, many young people from the sixties' counterculture professed to believe in Jesus. Convinced of the "bareness" of a lifestyle based on drugs, free sex and "radical politics", some of the Jesus 'hippies' became known as 'Jesus people'". It was during the 1970s Jesus movement that Christian music started to become an industry within itself. "Jesus music" started by playing instruments and singing songs about love and peace, which then translated into love of God. Paul Wohlegemuth, who wrote the book Rethinking Church Music, said " 1970s will see a marked acceptance of rock-influenced music in all levels of church music. The rock style will become more familiar to all people, its rhythmic excesses will become refined, and its earlier secular associations will be less remembered." Evangelical artists made significant contributions to CCM in the 1960s, developing various Christian music styles, from Christian rock to Christian hip-hop passing through the Christian punk or the Christian metal. Those involved were affected by the late 1960s to early 1970s Jesus movement, whose adherents colloquially called themselves the "Jesus Freaks", as an Evangelical Christian response to the counterculture movements such as hippies and flower children who were finding widespread traction. The Calvary Chapel was one such response, which launched Maranatha Music in 1971. They soon began to express themselves in alternative styles of popular music and worship music. The Dove Awards, an annual ceremony which rewards Christian music, was created in Memphis, Tennessee in October 1969 by the Gospel Music Association. There was some internal critique of CCM at its advent. The Christian college Bob Jones University discourages its dormitory students from listening to CCM. Controversy caused by evangelical pop music was explored by Gerald Clarke in his Time magazine article "New Lyrics for the Devil's Music". Larry Norman is often remembered as the "father of Christian rock", because of his early contributions (before the Jesus movement) to the developing new genre that mixed rock rhythms with the Christian messages. Though his style was not initially well received by many in the Christian community of the time, he continued throughout his career to create controversial hard-rock songs such as "Why Should the Devil Have All the Good Music?". He is remembered as the artist "who first combined rock 'n' roll with Christian lyrics" in the Gospel Music Hall of Fame. Though there were Christian albums in the 1960s that contained contemporary-sounding songs, there were two albums recorded in 1969 that are considered to be the first complete albums of "Jesus rock": Upon This Rock (1969) by Larry Norman initially released on Capitol Records, and Mylon – We Believe by Mylon LeFevre, released by Cotillion, which was LeFevre's attempt at blending gospel music with southern rock. Unlike traditional or southern gospel music, this new Jesus music was birthed out of rock and folk music. Pioneers of this movement also included Andraé Crouch and the Disciples, the Imperials, Michael Omartian, 2nd Chapter of Acts, Phil Keaggy, Love Song, Barry McGuire, Evie, Paul Clark, Randy Matthews, Randy Stonehill and Keith Green among others. The small Jesus music culture had expanded into a multimillion-dollar industry by the 1980s. Many CCM artists such as Benny Hester, Amy Grant, DC Talk, Michael W. Smith, Stryper, and Jars of Clay found crossover success with Top 40 mainstream radio play. Popularity (1970s–90s) The genre emerged and became prevalent in the 1970s and 1980s. Beginning in July 1978, CCM Magazine began covering "contemporary Christian music" artists and a wide range of spiritual themes until it launched online publications in 2009. It has certain themes and messages behind the songs and their lyrics, including praise and worship, faith, encouragement, and prayer. These songs also focus on themes of devotion, inspiration, redemption, reconciliation, and renewal. Many people listen to contemporary Christian music for comfort through tough times. The lyrics and messages conveyed in CCM songs have had varied, positive Christian messages over the decades. For instance, some of the songs have been aimed to evangelize and some of the lyrics are meant to praise and worship Jesus. One of the earliest goals of CCM was to spread the news of Jesus to non-Christians. In addition, contemporary Christian music also strengthens the faith of Christians. Various evangelical record labels have supported the movement. In Christian rock, there is Sparrow Records founded in 1976 in the United States by Billy Ray Hearn, a Christian music graduate from the Baylor University. The songs of Hillsong Music, founded in 1991 by Hillsong Church, in Sydney, Australia, have been translated into various languages and have had an influence considerable in evangelical churches worldwide. In Christian hip-hop, TobyMac, Todd Collins, and Joey Elwood founded the first specialized label Gotee Records in 1994. The founding of the label Reach Records in 2004 by Lecrae and Ben Washer also had a significant impact in the development of Christian hip-hop. Modern CCM Contemporary Christian music has influences from folk, gospel, pop and rock music. Genres of music such as soft rock, folk rock, alternative, hip-hop, etc. have played a large influence on CCM. Charismatic churches have had a large influence on contemporary Christian music and are one of the largest producers of CCM. Hillsong Church is one of the many prominent CCM artists. Contemporary Christian music has also expanded into many subgenres. Christian punk, Christian hardcore, Christian metal and Christian hip hop, although not normally considered CCM, can also come under the genre's umbrella. Contemporary worship music is also incorporated in modern CCM. Contemporary worship is both recorded and performed during church services. In the 2000s, contemporary worship music with a distinctly theological focus has emerged, primarily in the Baptist, Reformed and more traditional non-denominational branches of Protestant Christianity. Artists include well-known groups such as Shane & Shane and Hillsong United and modern hymn-writers, Keith & Kristyn Getty as well as others like Sovereign Grace Music, Matt Boswell and Aaron Keyes. The format is gaining traction in many churches and other areas in culture as well as being heard in CCM collections & musical algorithms on several internet streaming services. Controversy This article's "criticism" or "controversy" section may compromise the article's neutrality. Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections through discussion on the talk page. (July 2023) Brian Schwertley of the Reformed Presbyterian tradition wrote in 2001 that the inclusion of CCM in a worship service violates the second commandment and the regulative principle of worship because it adds man-made inventions, lyrics, and instrumental music to the biblically appointed way of worshipping God. Contemporary Christian musicians and listeners have sought to extend their music into settings where religious music traditionally might not be heard. For instance, MercyMe's song "I Can Only Imagine" was a crossover success despite having a clear Christian message. Paul Baker, author of Contemporary Christian Music, addressed the question, "Is the music a ministry, or is it entertainment? The motives, on both sides, were nearly always sincere and well intentioned, rarely malicious." "The responsibility of the church is not to provide escape from reality", according to Donald Ellsworth, the author of Christian Music in Contemporary Witness, "but to give answers to contemporary problems through legitimate, biblical means." James Emery White, a consultant for preaching and worship within the Southern Baptist Convention, made a statement about how many churches that changed styles to using more contemporary Christian music, appeared to have a quicker growth. According to Vice magazine, CCM "has often functioned as a propaganda wing of the Christian right", presenting views on topics such as the war on drugs, Christian nationalism, mission trips, school prayer, and the LGBT community. Rejection of the label "CCM" Several high-profile bands have rejected the label "Christian music," such as Needtobreathe and Mutemath, with the latter suing their record label over being marketed as such. Of the categorization, Needtobreathe said to Rolling Stone, "any label is limiting. That one in particular is especially limiting. To me, I think people pass over the band all the time because they read that....I hate the idea that they somehow feel like I didn't make the music for them, that we didn't play music for everyone. Christian record deals came and we said no to all of them. Waited a couple years until the right record deal came, which was Atlantic, which we've been on ever since. But we just said to them in passing when we first started, we want the records to be available to everyone." Notable contemporary Christian musicians Chris Tomlin Rebecca St. James Michael W. Smith Aron Shust Growth This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2023) Contemporary Christian album sales had increased from 31 million in 1996 to 44 million sales in 2000. Since EMI's purchase of Sparrow Records, sales had increased 100 percent. However, the main goal of the label continues to be aspiring to make a positive impact on the world through contemporary Christian music. The company has given back money to the CCM community. Overall, CCM sales in 2014 had dropped to 17 million in sales. See also Christian alternative rock – Alternative rock music lyrically grounded in a Christian worldview Christian country music – Music genre, country music with Christian message Christian electronic dance music – music genrePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Christian hip hop – Subgenre of hip hop music and Christian music Christian metal – Heavy metal music with a Christian message and band members Christian rock – Rock music with lyrics related to Jesus and Christianity Contemporary Commercial Music – term used by some vocal pedagogists in the United States of America to refer to non-classical music; encompasses jazz, pop, blues, soul, country, folk, and rock stylesPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Contemporary worship music – Modern genre of music sung in many churches Latin Christian music – Fusion of Latin music and various forms of modern Christian music Neues Geistliches Lied – Contemporary genre of German music intended for use in churches Notes ^ In the US iTunes store, the section is entitled Christian & Gospel. In the UK iTunes store, it's Gospel. Canada's and Australia's iTunes section is entitled Inspirational. References ^ Tomlin, Edward (April 10, 2024). "10 Best Hillsong Worship Songs of All Time". Singersroom.com - R&B Music, R&B Videos, R&B News. Retrieved June 3, 2024. ^ "「Third Day」　３月にライブツアー、スタジオアルバム同時リリース". クリスチャントゥデイ (in Japanese). May 20, 2002. Retrieved June 3, 2024. ^ Llamas, Cora (January 1, 1970). "Pandemic Streaming Inspires New Filipino Christian Music Label". News & Reporting. Retrieved June 3, 2024. ^ "Google Play Music". play.google.com. Retrieved March 26, 2019. ^ McDowell, Amy D. "Contemporary Christian Music" – via Oxford Music and Art Online. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b c d Banjo, Omotayo O.; Williams, Kesha Morant (2011). "A House Divided? Christian Music in Black and White". Journal of Media & Religion. 10 (3): 115–137. doi:10.1080/15348423.2011.599640. S2CID 144756181. ^ "Who killed the contemporary Christian music industry?". February 17, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2017. ^ Forbes, Bruce David; Mahan, Jeffrey H. (2017). Religion and Popular Culture in America, Third Edition. Univ of California Press. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-0-520-29146-1. ^ Frame, John M. Contemporary Worship Music. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 1997. ^ a b Powell, Mark Allan (2002). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. p. 10. ISBN 1-56563-679-1. By the '80s, the special-interest network that Jesus music had spawned had developed into a multimillion-dollar industry. Contemporary Christian music had its own magazines, radio stations and award shows. The Jesus movement revival was over. ^ Baker, Paul. Page 140. Contemporary Christian Music: Where it came from What it is Where It's Going. Westchester, Illinois: Crossway Books, 1985. Print. ^ David Horn, John Shepherd, Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World Volume 8: Genres: North America, Continuum International Publishing Group, USA, 2012, pp. 144, 147. ^ Don Cusic, Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music: Pop, Rock, and Worship: Pop, Rock, and Worship, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2009, p. 77. ^ W. K. McNeil, Encyclopedia of American Gospel Music, Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames, 2013, p. 108. ^ a b Powell, Mark Allan (2002). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music (First printing ed.). Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 1-56563-679-1. ^ "BJU ~ Residence Hall Life". Bob Jones University. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2009. ^ Clarke, Gerald (June 24, 2001). "New Lyrics for the Devil's Music". Time. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011. ^ a b c Hevesi, Dennis. "Larry Norman, 60, Singer of Christian Rock Music". The New York Times March 4, 2008: 1. Print. February 3, 2016. ^ John J. Thompson, Raised by Wolves: The Story of Christian Rock & Roll (2000):49. ^ Oord, Bill. "Mylon LeFevre Biography". Retrieved June 26, 2010. ^ Powell, Mark Allan (2002). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. p. 520. ISBN 1-56563-679-1. Musically, the 1970 album Mylon (a.k.a. We Believe) is deservedly a Christian classic, a raw example of down-home southern rock. A dominant organ, spicy guitars, and generous use of female background vocals give the project a funky-and-gritty combination of R&B soul and roots rock. ^ Di Sabatino, David (1999). The Jesus People Movement: an annotated bibliography and general resource. Lake Forest, CA. p. 136.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "It's a long way from 'Jesus music' to CCM industry". Canadianchristianity.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013. ^ "News Digest". Pe.ag.org. March 16, 2003. Archived from the original on January 13, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2013. ^ "CCM Legends – Benny Hester". CBN.com. ^ Billboard Top 50 Adult Contemporary Chart – Nov 7, 1981 – 'Nobody Knows Me Like You' Debuts No. 44 Mainstream. Billboard.com. November 7, 1981. ^ "Amy Grant – Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved May 8, 2013. ^ "dc Talk – Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved May 8, 2013. ^ "Michael W. Smith – Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved May 8, 2013. ^ "Stryper – Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved May 8, 2013. ^ "Jars of Clay – Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved May 8, 2013. ^ a b c d Nantais, David (2007). "What Would Jesus Listen To?". America. 196 (18): 22–24. ^ "CCM Magazine". TodaysChristianMusic. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013. ^ "CCM Magazine Subscription Options". CCM Magazine. Retrieved January 26, 2013. ^ Adedeji, Femi (2006). "Essentials of Christian Music in Contemporary Times: A Prognosis". Asia Journal of Theology. 20 (2): 230–240. ^ Don Cusic, Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music: Pop, Rock, and Worship: Pop, Rock, and Worship, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2009, p. 359. ^ Kelsey McKinney, How Hillsong Church conquered the music industry in God's name, thefader.com, USA, October 11, 2018. ^ Justin Sarachik, TobyMac's Influence on Christian Hip-Hop and How Gotee Records Signed John Reuben Over KJ-52, rapzilla.com, USA, February 9, 2016. ^ Randall Herbert Balmer, Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and expanded edition, Baylor University Press, USA, 2004, pp. 296-297. ^ Mumford, Lawrence R. "A variety of religious composition: the music we sing, in and out of church, is more varied and interesting than we've been led to believe." Christianity Today, June 2011: 42+. Fine Arts and Music Collection. Retrieved February 8, 2014. ^ Evans, Mark. Studies in Popular Music: Open up the Doors: Music in the Modern Church. London: Equinox Publishing Ltd, 2006. eBook. ^ "Keith Getty Is Still Fighting the Worship Wars". Christianity Today. March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2019. ^ "BRnow.org – Getty worship conference strikes a chord | Baptist News". brnow.org. Retrieved March 26, 2019. ^ "Modern Hymn Writers Aim To Take Back Sunday". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved March 26, 2019. ^ McEachen, Ben (June 25, 2018). "What do you mean by worship?". Eternity News. Retrieved March 26, 2019. ^ Smith, Rew (November 15, 2018). "Doxology & Theology conference: Churches need to sing the Word of God". Kentucky Today. Retrieved March 26, 2019. ^ "Hymn Writer Keith Getty Becomes First Christian Artist To Be Appointed Officer Of The Order Of The British Empire (OBE) By The Queen". BREATHEcast. July 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2019. ^ Schwertley, Brian. "Musical Instruments in the Public Worship of God". Archived from the original on February 12, 2013. ^ Adams, Ramsay (July 6, 2003). "Christian Rock Crosses Over". Fox News Channel. Retrieved October 6, 2010. ^ Baker, Paul (1985). Contemporary Christian Music: Where it came from What it is Where It's Going. Westchester, Illinois: Crossway Books. p. 133. ^ Ellsworth, Donald (1979). Christian Music in Contemporary Witness: Historical Antecedents and Contemporary Practices. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House. ^ Miller, Steve. The Contemporary Christian Music Debate. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale Publishers, 1993. Print. p. 3. ^ Hesse, Josiah (July 14, 2022). "Christian Rock Has Demonized LGBTQ People for Years. Now It Needs Them to Survive". Vice. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ "INTERVIEW- Unmuted: Did mother Earthsuit beget Mute Math? | The Hook - Charlottesville's weekly newspaper, news magazine". May 5, 2014. Archived from the original on May 5, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2023. ^ Freeman, Jon (August 23, 2016). "Needtobreathe Talk Christian-Band Stigma, Experimental New LP". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 4, 2023. ^ Black, Beau (March 11, 2002). "CCM's growing pains: a survey of labels finds the message—if not the creativity—is intact". Christianity Today. Fine Arts and Music Collection. ^ "Who killed the contemporary Christian music industry?". The Week. June 21, 2017. Further reading Alfonso, Barry. The Billboard Guide . Billboard Books, 2002. Beaujon, Andrew (2006). Body Piercing Saved My Life: Inside the Phenomenon of Christian Rock. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81457-9. Di Sabatino, David (1999). The Jesus People Movement: An Annotated Bibliography and General Resource. Bibliographies and Indexes in Religious Studies, Number 49. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30268-5. Du, Paul (2003). "Contemporary Christian Music". The Encyclopedia of Music. New York City: Billboard Books. pp. 422–423. ISBN 0-8230-7869-8. Granger, Thom (2001). CCM Presents: The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music. Nashville: CCM Books. Hendershot, Heather (2004). "Why Should the Devil Have all the Good Music? Christian Music and the Secular Marketplace". Shaking the World for Jesus: Media and Conservative Evangelical Culture. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-32679-9. Howard, Jay R (1999). Apostles of Rock: The Splintered World of Contemporary Christian Music. Lexington, 0-8131-9086-X: The University of Kentucky Press. ISBN 9780813121055.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) Joseph, Mark (1999). The Rock and Roll Rebellion: Why People of Faith Abandoned Rock Music-- And Why They're Coming Back. Nashville: Broadman & Holman. Joseph, Mark (2003). Faith, God & Rock 'n' Roll. London: Sanctuary. ISBN 9781860744655. Kyle, Richard (2006). "If You Can't Beat 'em Join 'em". Evangelicalism: An Americanized Christianity. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 281–286. ISBN 0-7658-0324-0. Lucarini, Dan. Why I left the Contemporary Christian Music Movement. Evangelical Press. Miller, Steve (1993). The Contemporary Christian Music Debate. Tyndale House. Powell, Mark Allan (2002). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 1-56563-679-1. Romanowski, William D. Eyes Wide Open: Looking for God in Popular Culture. Brazos Press, 2001. Sears, Gordon E. Is Today's Christian Music Sacred? Coldwater, Mich.: . 32, p. Without ISBN Stephens, Randall J. (2018). The Devil's Music: How Christians Inspired, Condemned, and Embraced Rock 'n' Roll. Harvard University Press. Stowe, David W. (2013). No Sympathy for the Devil: Christian Pop Music and the Transformation of American Evangelicalism. University of North Carolina Press. Young, Shawn David (2015). Gray Sabbath: Jesus People USA, the Evangelical Left, and the Evolution of Christian Rock. Columbia University Press. Passannanti, Erminia (2023). Leonard Cohen: A Jewish Mind's Fascination with Jesus of Nazareth. Mask Press. ISBN 979-8-8609-6254-5 vteContemporary Christian musicSubgenres Christian country music Christian electronic dance music Christian hip hop Christian rock Christian alternative rock Christian metal Unblack metal Christian punk Christian hardcore Christian ska Contemporary worship music Urban contemporary gospel Background Religious music in America Jesus music Contemporary Christian music Key executives Ralph Carmichael Tommy Coomes Mike Curb Cam Floria Billy Ray Hearn Kurt Kaiser Popular culture Christian culture Godspell Jesus Christ Superstar Politics and contemporary Christian music Popular music and contemporary Christian music Television and contemporary Christian music Distribution and events Christian Artists Seminar in the Rockies Christian Booksellers Association Christian radio and contemporary Christian music GMA Dove Award Christian festivals Gospel Grammy Awards Gospel Music Association Gospel Music Hall of Fame Praise and Worship music Christan record labels Retail and contemporary Christian music Zondervan vteChristian musicRoots and beginnings Homophony vs. Polyphony Chorale Hymn Hymn tune Hymnody of continental Europe Exclusive psalmody Jesus music Sacred Harp Shape note Spirituals Modern genres Christian adult contemporary Contemporary Christian music Contemporary worship music Gospel music Neues Geistliches Lied Mass (music) Fusion genres Christian country music Christian electronic dance music Christian hip hop Christian R&B Christian rock Christian alternative rock Christian metal Unblack metal Christian punk Christian hardcore Christian ska Gospel blues Gospel reggae Latin Christian music Southern gospel Black Gospel music Traditional Urban contemporary gospel ChantvteChristian liturgical chantEastern Armenian Byzantine Coptic Ethiopian and Eritrean Galician Obikhod Kievan Prostopinije Syrian Znamenny Western(Plainsong) Ambrosian (Milanese) Anglican Beneventan Celtic Gallican Gelineau Gregorian Mozarabic Old Roman Ravenna Lists Anglican church composers Christian bands and artists by genre Christian country artists Christian hardcore bands Christian rock bands Christian metal artists Christian hip hop artists Christian punk bands Christian ska bands Christian record labels Christian vocal artists Christian worship music artists Gospel musicians Related topics Anglican church music Christian media Christian music festival Christian music industry Church music Contemporary Catholic liturgical music Category Commons vtePop musicStylistic origins Tin Pan Alley Traditional pop Rock and roll Styles Adult contemporary Christian Quiet storm Rhythmic Urban Alternative Paisley Underground Ambient Art Avant Beach Beat Brill Building Bubblegum Chamber Contemporary Christian music Country Bro-country Cowboy Cringe Dancehall Dance Freestyle Disco polo Dream Experimental Folk Hyperpop Hypnagogic Indie Dunedin sound Twee Operatic Orchestral Baroque Pop rap Pop rock Emo Jangle Pop metal Pop-punk Power Progressive Psychedelic Sophisti-pop Space age Sunshine Swamp Synth-pop Electropop Futurepop Teen Traditional Wonky Regional variantsAfrica Africa Afrobeats Moroccan The Americas American Argentine Brazilian (MPB) Latin Tropipop Mexican Nueva ola Asia Arabic Assyrian Azerbaijani Chinese Cantopop Hakka Hokkien Mandopop French Xinyao Zhongguo feng Chinoiserie Hong Kong English Indian Bhangra Filmi Hindutva Indonesian Iranian Japanese City Kayōkyoku Ryūkōka Shibuya-kei Kazakhstani Korean North South Lao Malaysian Pakistani Philippine Thai Vietnamese Europe Austropop Balkan pop-folk Chalga Laïko Manele Tallava Turbo-folk British Dutch Nederbeat New pop Eurodance Europop French pop French Mandopop Yé-yé Hungarian Italian Macedonian Čalgija Romanian Manele Russian Schlager Serbian Swedish Turkish SFR Yugoslavia Soviet VIA music Ukrainian Related topics Celebrity Bobby soxer Sasaeng fan Teenybopper Wota Honorific nicknames Music and fashion Pop music automation Popular music pedagogy Rockism and poptimism Songwriter Talent manager Talent agent Teen idol Boy band Girl group Verse–chorus form Virtual band Worldbeat Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"Christian media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_media"},{"link_name":"Christian faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_music"},{"link_name":"Jesus movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_movement"},{"link_name":"church music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_music"},{"link_name":"hymns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"Southern gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_gospel"},{"link_name":"Jesus music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_music"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_rock"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_hip_hop"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_metal"},{"link_name":"contemporary worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_punk"},{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_hardcore"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Christian_music"},{"link_name":"electronic dance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"R&B-influenced gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_contemporary_gospel"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_country_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Christian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Albums"},{"link_name":"Christian Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Songs"},{"link_name":"Hot Christian AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Christian_AC"},{"link_name":"Official Christian & Gospel Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Christian_%26_Gospel_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"iTunes Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"[notes 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Google Play Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Music"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Contemporary Christian music (CCM), also known as Christian pop, and occasionally inspirational music, is a genre of modern popular music, and an aspect of Christian media, which is lyrically focused on matters related to the Christian faith and stylistically rooted in Christian music. Originating in the United States, it was formed by those affected by the 1960s Jesus movement revival who began to express themselves in other styles of popular music, beyond the church music of hymns, gospel and Southern gospel music that was prevalent in the church at the time. Initially referred to as Jesus music, today, the term is typically used to refer to pop, but also includes rock, alternative rock, hip hop, metal, contemporary worship, punk, hardcore punk, Latin, electronic dance music, R&B-influenced gospel, and country styles.After originating in the US, it has since become a globally recognized style of popular music.[1][2][3] It has representation on several music charts, including Billboard's Christian Albums, Christian Songs, Hot Christian AC (Adult Contemporary), Christian CHR, Soft AC/Inspirational, and Christian Digital Songs as well as the UK's Official Christian & Gospel Albums Chart. Top-selling CCM artists will also appear on the Billboard 200. In the iTunes Store, the genre is represented as part of the Christian and gospel genre[notes 1] while the Google Play Music system labels it as Christian/Gospel.[4]","title":"Contemporary Christian music"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stellar_kart_dove_award.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stellar Kart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_Kart"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"}],"text":"The Stellar Kart group, at a press conference, after the GMA Dove Award in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, in 2007","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jesus movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_movement"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BanjoWilliams-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jesus music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_music"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForbesMahan2017-9"},{"link_name":"hippies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frame-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-by_the_80s-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"music styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_styles"},{"link_name":"Christian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_rock"},{"link_name":"Christian hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_hip-hop"},{"link_name":"Christian punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_punk"},{"link_name":"Christian metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_metal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Jesus movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_movement"},{"link_name":"counterculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture"},{"link_name":"hippies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie"},{"link_name":"flower children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_children"},{"link_name":"Calvary Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary_Chapel_Association"},{"link_name":"Maranatha Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranatha!_Music"},{"link_name":"popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"Dove Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Dove_Award"},{"link_name":"Memphis, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell_Fe-16"},{"link_name":"Bob Jones University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Jones_University"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BJU_Hall-17"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Larry Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Norman"},{"link_name":"Jesus movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_movement"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"Gospel Music Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_Music_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Upon This Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upon_This_Rock_(Larry_Norman_album)"},{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_J._Thompson_2000-20"},{"link_name":"Mylon LeFevre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylon_LeFevre"},{"link_name":"gospel music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"southern rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_rock"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Andraé Crouch and the Disciples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrae_Crouch"},{"link_name":"the Imperials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imperials"},{"link_name":"Michael Omartian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Omartian"},{"link_name":"2nd Chapter of Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Chapter_of_Acts"},{"link_name":"Phil Keaggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Keaggy"},{"link_name":"Love Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Song_(band)"},{"link_name":"Barry McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_McGuire"},{"link_name":"Evie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evie_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Paul Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Clark_(Christian_musician)"},{"link_name":"Randy Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Randy Stonehill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Stonehill"},{"link_name":"Keith Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Green"},{"link_name":"industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_music_industry"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-by_the_80s-11"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Benny Hester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Hester"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCM_Legends-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BillboardAdultContemporaryTop50Chart-27"},{"link_name":"Amy Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Grant"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"DC Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Talk"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Michael W. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_W._Smith"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Stryper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryper"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Jars of Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jars_of_Clay"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(music)"},{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings (1950s–60s)","text":"The growing popularity of rock and roll music in the 1950s was initially dismissed by the church because it was believed to encourage sinfulness. Yet as evangelical churches adapted to appeal to more people, the musical styles used in worship changed as well by adopting the sounds of this popular style.[5]The genre became known as contemporary Christian music as a result of the Jesus movement revival in the latter 1960s and early 1970s,[6][7] and was originally called Jesus music.[8] \"About that time, many young people from the sixties' counterculture professed to believe in Jesus. Convinced of the \"bareness\" of a lifestyle based on drugs, free sex and \"radical politics\", some of the Jesus 'hippies' became known as 'Jesus people'\".[9] It was during the 1970s Jesus movement that Christian music started to become an industry within itself.[10] \"Jesus music\" started by playing instruments and singing songs about love and peace, which then translated into love of God. Paul Wohlegemuth, who wrote the book Rethinking Church Music, said \"[the] 1970s will see a marked acceptance of rock-influenced music in all levels of church music. The rock style will become more familiar to all people, its rhythmic excesses will become refined, and its earlier secular associations will be less remembered.\"[11]Evangelical artists made significant contributions to CCM in the 1960s, developing various Christian music styles, from Christian rock to Christian hip-hop passing through the Christian punk or the Christian metal.[12][13] Those involved were affected by the late 1960s to early 1970s Jesus movement, whose adherents colloquially called themselves the \"Jesus Freaks\", as an Evangelical Christian response to the counterculture movements such as hippies and flower children who were finding widespread traction. The Calvary Chapel was one such response, which launched Maranatha Music in 1971. They soon began to express themselves in alternative styles of popular music and worship music. The Dove Awards, an annual ceremony which rewards Christian music, was created in Memphis, Tennessee in October 1969 by the Gospel Music Association.[14]There was some internal critique of CCM at its advent.[15] The Christian college Bob Jones University discourages its dormitory students from listening to CCM.[16] Controversy caused by evangelical pop music was explored by Gerald Clarke in his Time magazine article \"New Lyrics for the Devil's Music\".[17]Larry Norman is often remembered as the \"father of Christian rock\", because of his early contributions (before the Jesus movement) to the developing new genre that mixed rock rhythms with the Christian messages.[18] Though his style was not initially well received by many in the Christian community of the time, he continued throughout his career to create controversial hard-rock songs such as \"Why Should the Devil Have All the Good Music?\".[18] He is remembered as the artist \"who first combined rock 'n' roll with Christian lyrics\" in the Gospel Music Hall of Fame.[18] Though there were Christian albums in the 1960s that contained contemporary-sounding songs, there were two albums recorded in 1969 that are considered[by whom?] to be the first complete albums of \"Jesus rock\": Upon This Rock (1969) by Larry Norman initially released on Capitol Records,[19] and Mylon – We Believe by Mylon LeFevre, released by Cotillion, which was LeFevre's attempt at blending gospel music with southern rock.[20][21] Unlike traditional or southern gospel music, this new Jesus music was birthed out of rock and folk music.[22]Pioneers of this movement also included Andraé Crouch and the Disciples, the Imperials, Michael Omartian, 2nd Chapter of Acts, Phil Keaggy, Love Song, Barry McGuire, Evie, Paul Clark, Randy Matthews, Randy Stonehill and Keith Green among others. The small Jesus music culture had expanded into a multimillion-dollar industry by the 1980s.[10][23][24] Many CCM artists such as Benny Hester,[25][26] Amy Grant,[27] DC Talk,[28] Michael W. Smith,[29] Stryper,[30] and Jars of Clay[31] found crossover success with Top 40 mainstream radio play.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nantais196.18-33"},{"link_name":"CCM Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCM_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BanjoWilliams-7"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nantais196.18-33"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BanjoWilliams-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BanjoWilliams-7"},{"link_name":"record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_labels"},{"link_name":"Christian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_rock"},{"link_name":"Sparrow Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparrow_Records"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_music"},{"link_name":"Baylor University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylor_University"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Hillsong Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsong_Music"},{"link_name":"Hillsong Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsong_Church"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Christian hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_hip-hop"},{"link_name":"TobyMac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TobyMac"},{"link_name":"Gotee Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotee_Records"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Reach Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reach_Records"},{"link_name":"Lecrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecrae"}],"sub_title":"Popularity (1970s–90s)","text":"The genre emerged and became prevalent in the 1970s and 1980s.[32] Beginning in July 1978, CCM Magazine began covering \"contemporary Christian music\" artists and a wide range of spiritual themes until it launched online publications in 2009.[33][34]It has certain themes and messages behind the songs and their lyrics, including praise and worship, faith, encouragement, and prayer.[35] These songs also focus on themes of devotion, inspiration, redemption, reconciliation, and renewal.[6] Many people listen to contemporary Christian music for comfort through tough times. The lyrics and messages conveyed in CCM songs have had varied, positive Christian messages over the decades. For instance, some of the songs have been aimed to evangelize and some of the lyrics are meant to praise and worship Jesus.[32] One of the earliest goals of CCM was to spread the news of Jesus to non-Christians.[6] In addition, contemporary Christian music also strengthens the faith of Christians.[6]Various evangelical record labels have supported the movement. In Christian rock, there is Sparrow Records founded in 1976 in the United States by Billy Ray Hearn, a Christian music graduate from the Baylor University.[36] The songs of Hillsong Music, founded in 1991 by Hillsong Church, in Sydney, Australia, have been translated into various languages and have had an influence considerable in evangelical churches worldwide.[37]In Christian hip-hop, TobyMac, Todd Collins, and Joey Elwood founded the first specialized label Gotee Records in 1994.[38][39] The founding of the label Reach Records in 2004 by Lecrae and Ben Washer also had a significant impact in the development of Christian hip-hop.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nantais196.18-33"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Hillsong Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsong_Church"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"subgenres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgenre"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nantais196.18-33"},{"link_name":"Christian punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_punk"},{"link_name":"Christian hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_hardcore"},{"link_name":"Christian metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_metal"},{"link_name":"Christian hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_hip_hop"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell_Fe-16"},{"link_name":"Contemporary worship music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music"},{"link_name":"Contemporary worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_worship"},{"link_name":"church services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_service"},{"link_name":"contemporary worship music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music"},{"link_name":"theological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"Reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Shane & Shane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_%26_Shane"},{"link_name":"Hillsong United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsong_United"},{"link_name":"Keith & Kristyn Getty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_%26_Kristyn_Getty"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Sovereign Grace Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Grace_Churches"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Aaron Keyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Keyes"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Genome_Project"}],"text":"Contemporary Christian music has influences from folk, gospel, pop and rock music.[32] Genres of music such as soft rock, folk rock, alternative, hip-hop, etc. have played a large influence on CCM.[40]Charismatic churches have had a large influence on contemporary Christian music and are one of the largest producers of CCM. Hillsong Church is one of the many prominent CCM artists.[41] Contemporary Christian music has also expanded into many subgenres.[32] Christian punk, Christian hardcore, Christian metal and Christian hip hop, although not normally considered CCM, can also come under the genre's umbrella.[15] Contemporary worship music is also incorporated in modern CCM. Contemporary worship is both recorded and performed during church services.In the 2000s, contemporary worship music with a distinctly theological focus has emerged, primarily in the Baptist, Reformed and more traditional non-denominational branches of Protestant Christianity.[42][43] Artists include well-known groups such as Shane & Shane and Hillsong United and modern hymn-writers, Keith & Kristyn Getty[44] as well as others like Sovereign Grace Music,[45] Matt Boswell and Aaron Keyes. The format is gaining traction in many churches[46] and other areas in culture[47] as well as being heard in CCM collections & musical algorithms on several internet streaming services.","title":"Modern CCM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reformed Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_(denominational_group)"},{"link_name":"second commandment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_make_unto_thee_any_graven_image"},{"link_name":"regulative principle of worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"MercyMe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MercyMe"},{"link_name":"I Can Only Imagine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can_Only_Imagine_(MercyMe_song)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOXNewsJuly062003-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"James Emery White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Emery_White"},{"link_name":"Southern Baptist Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Christian right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right"},{"link_name":"war on drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_drugs"},{"link_name":"Christian nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"mission trips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_trips"},{"link_name":"school prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_prayer"},{"link_name":"LGBT community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_community"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Brian Schwertley of the Reformed Presbyterian tradition wrote in 2001 that the inclusion of CCM in a worship service violates the second commandment and the regulative principle of worship because it adds man-made inventions, lyrics, and instrumental music to the biblically appointed way of worshipping God.[48]Contemporary Christian musicians and listeners have sought to extend their music into settings where religious music traditionally might not be heard. For instance, MercyMe's song \"I Can Only Imagine\" was a crossover success despite having a clear Christian message.[49]Paul Baker, author of Contemporary Christian Music, addressed the question, \"Is the music a ministry, or is it entertainment? The motives, on both sides, were nearly always sincere and well intentioned, rarely malicious.\"[50]\"The responsibility of the church is not to provide escape from reality\", according to Donald Ellsworth, the author of Christian Music in Contemporary Witness, \"but to give answers to contemporary problems through legitimate, biblical means.\"[51]James Emery White, a consultant for preaching and worship within the Southern Baptist Convention, made a statement about how many churches that changed styles to using more contemporary Christian music, appeared to have a quicker growth.[52]According to Vice magazine, CCM \"has often functioned as a propaganda wing of the Christian right\", presenting views on topics such as the war on drugs, Christian nationalism, mission trips, school prayer, and the LGBT community.[53]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Needtobreathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needtobreathe#Categorization"},{"link_name":"Mutemath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutemath#Religion"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Rejection of the label \"CCM\"","text":"Several high-profile bands have rejected the label \"Christian music,\" such as Needtobreathe and Mutemath, with the latter suing their record label over being marketed as such.[54] Of the categorization, Needtobreathe said to Rolling Stone, \"any label is limiting. That one in particular is especially limiting. To me, I think people pass over the band all the time because they read that....I hate the idea that they somehow feel like I didn't make the music for them, that we didn't play music for everyone. Christian record deals came and we said no to all of them. Waited a couple years until the right record deal came, which was Atlantic, which we've been on ever since. But we just said to them in passing when we first started, we want the records to be available to everyone.\"[55]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chris_Tomlin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chris Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Tomlin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RebeccaStJamesApril2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rebecca St. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_St._James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_W._Smith_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michael W. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_W._Smith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aaron_Shust_Lifest_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aron Shust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Shust"}],"text":"Chris Tomlin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRebecca St. James\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMichael W. Smith\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAron Shust","title":"Notable contemporary Christian musicians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sparrow Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparrow_Records"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"Contemporary Christian album sales had increased from 31 million in 1996 to 44 million sales in 2000. Since EMI's purchase of Sparrow Records, sales had increased 100 percent.[when?] However, the main goal of the label continues to be aspiring to make a positive impact on the world through contemporary Christian music. The company has given back money to the CCM community.[56] Overall, CCM sales in 2014 had dropped to 17 million in sales.[57]","title":"Growth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ In the US iTunes store, the section is entitled Christian & Gospel. In the UK iTunes store, it's Gospel. Canada's and Australia's iTunes section is entitled Inspirational.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Body Piercing Saved My Life: Inside the Phenomenon of Christian Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bodypiercingsave00beauj"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-306-81457-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81457-9"},{"link_name":"Westport, CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_CT"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-313-30268-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30268-5"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8230-7869-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-7869-8"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-226-32679-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-32679-9"},{"link_name":"Apostles of Rock: The Splintered World of Contemporary Christian Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/apostlesofrocksp0000howa"},{"link_name":"Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"University of Kentucky Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kentucky_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780813121055","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813121055"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location"},{"link_name":"Faith, God & Rock 'n' Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/faithgodrocknrol0000jose"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781860744655","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860744655"},{"link_name":"Kyle, Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_G._Kyle"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7658-0324-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0324-0"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian 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ska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_ska"},{"link_name":"Contemporary worship music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music"},{"link_name":"Urban contemporary gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_contemporary_gospel"},{"link_name":"Religious music in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_music_in_America&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jesus music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_music"},{"link_name":"Contemporary Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ralph Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"Tommy Coomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommy_Coomes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mike Curb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Curb"},{"link_name":"Cam Floria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cam_Floria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Billy Ray Hearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Ray_Hearn"},{"link_name":"Kurt Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Kaiser"},{"link_name":"Christian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_culture"},{"link_name":"Godspell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godspell"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ Superstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar"},{"link_name":"Politics and contemporary Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_and_contemporary_Christian_music&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Popular music and contemporary Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popular_music_and_contemporary_Christian_music&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Television and contemporary Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television_and_contemporary_Christian_music&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christian Artists Seminar in the Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Artists_Seminar_in_the_Rockies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christian Booksellers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Booksellers_Association"},{"link_name":"Christian radio and contemporary Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_radio_and_contemporary_Christian_music&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"GMA Dove Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Dove_Award"},{"link_name":"Christian festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_festivals"},{"link_name":"Gospel Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel_Grammy_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gospel Music Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"Gospel Music Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_Music_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Praise and Worship music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praise_and_Worship_music"},{"link_name":"Christan record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_record_labels"},{"link_name":"Retail and contemporary Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retail_and_contemporary_Christian_music&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zondervan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zondervan"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Christian_music"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_music"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_music"},{"link_name":"Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_music"},{"link_name":"Homophony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophony"},{"link_name":"Polyphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony#European_polyphony"},{"link_name":"Chorale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorale"},{"link_name":"Hymn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn"},{"link_name":"Hymn tune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn_tune#The_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Hymnody of continental Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe"},{"link_name":"Exclusive psalmody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_psalmody"},{"link_name":"Jesus music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_music"},{"link_name":"Sacred Harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Harp"},{"link_name":"Shape 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reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_reggae"},{"link_name":"Latin Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Christian_music"},{"link_name":"Southern gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_gospel"},{"link_name":"Black Gospel music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"Traditional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_black_gospel"},{"link_name":"Urban contemporary gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_contemporary_gospel"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chant"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chant"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chant"},{"link_name":"Christian 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Eritrean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_chant"},{"link_name":"Galician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_chant"},{"link_name":"Obikhod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obikhod"},{"link_name":"Kievan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_chant"},{"link_name":"Prostopinije","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostopinije"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_chant"},{"link_name":"Znamenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znamenny_chant"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"Plainsong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainsong"},{"link_name":"Ambrosian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosian_chant"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_chant"},{"link_name":"Beneventan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneventan_chant"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_chant"},{"link_name":"Gallican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallican_chant"},{"link_name":"Gelineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelineau_psalmody"},{"link_name":"Gregorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_chant"},{"link_name":"Mozarabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarabic_chant"},{"link_name":"Old Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Roman_chant"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravenna_chant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anglican church composers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Anglican_church_composers"},{"link_name":"Christian bands and artists by genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_bands_and_artists_by_genre"},{"link_name":"Christian country artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_country_artists"},{"link_name":"Christian hardcore bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_hardcore_bands"},{"link_name":"Christian rock bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_rock_bands"},{"link_name":"Christian metal artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_metal_artists"},{"link_name":"Christian hip hop artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_hip_hop_artists"},{"link_name":"Christian punk bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_punk_bands"},{"link_name":"Christian ska bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_ska_bands"},{"link_name":"Christian record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_record_labels"},{"link_name":"Christian vocal artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_vocal_artists"},{"link_name":"Christian worship music artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_worship_music_artists"},{"link_name":"Gospel musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gospel_musicians"},{"link_name":"Anglican church music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_church_music"},{"link_name":"Christian media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_media"},{"link_name":"Christian music festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_music_festival"},{"link_name":"Christian music industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_music_industry"},{"link_name":"Church music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_music"},{"link_name":"Contemporary Catholic liturgical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Catholic_liturgical_music"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Christian_music"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Christian_music"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pop_music"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pop_music"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pop_music"},{"link_name":"Pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"Tin Pan Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley"},{"link_name":"Traditional pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_pop"},{"link_name":"Rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"Styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styles_of_pop_music"},{"link_name":"Adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"Quiet storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet_storm"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"Urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"Alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_pop"},{"link_name":"Paisley Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_Underground"},{"link_name":"Ambient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_pop"},{"link_name":"Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_pop"},{"link_name":"Avant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-pop"},{"link_name":"Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_music"},{"link_name":"Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_music"},{"link_name":"Brill Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Building_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Bubblegum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubblegum_music"},{"link_name":"Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_pop"},{"link_name":"Contemporary Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_pop"},{"link_name":"Bro-country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro-country"},{"link_name":"Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy_pop"},{"link_name":"Cringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cringe_pop"},{"link_name":"Dancehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancehall_pop"},{"link_name":"Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"},{"link_name":"Freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_music"},{"link_name":"Disco polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_polo"},{"link_name":"Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_pop"},{"link_name":"Experimental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_pop"},{"link_name":"Folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk-pop"},{"link_name":"Hyperpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpop"},{"link_name":"Hypnagogic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnagogic_pop"},{"link_name":"Indie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_pop"},{"link_name":"Dunedin sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin_sound"},{"link_name":"Twee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twee_pop"},{"link_name":"Operatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatic_pop"},{"link_name":"Orchestral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestral_pop"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_pop"},{"link_name":"Pop rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rap"},{"link_name":"Pop rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rock"},{"link_name":"Emo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo_pop"},{"link_name":"Jangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangle_pop"},{"link_name":"Pop metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_metal"},{"link_name":"Pop-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop-punk"},{"link_name":"Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_pop"},{"link_name":"Progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_pop"},{"link_name":"Psychedelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_pop"},{"link_name":"Sophisti-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophisti-pop"},{"link_name":"Space age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_age_pop"},{"link_name":"Sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_pop"},{"link_name":"Swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp_pop"},{"link_name":"Synth-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth-pop"},{"link_name":"Electropop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropop"},{"link_name":"Futurepop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurepop"},{"link_name":"Teen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_pop"},{"link_name":"Traditional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_pop"},{"link_name":"Wonky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonky_pop"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_popular_music"},{"link_name":"Afrobeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeats"},{"link_name":"Moroccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_pop"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_popular_music"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Argentina#Popular_music"},{"link_name":"Brazilian (MPB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_popular_brasileira"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_pop"},{"link_name":"Tropipop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropipop"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_pop_music"},{"link_name":"Nueva ola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_ola"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_pop"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_folk/pop_music"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_pop_music"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-pop"},{"link_name":"Cantopop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantopop"},{"link_name":"Hakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_popular_music"},{"link_name":"Hokkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien_pop"},{"link_name":"Mandopop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandopop"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Mandopop"},{"link_name":"Xinyao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinyao"},{"link_name":"Zhongguo feng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongguo_feng_(music)"},{"link_name":"Chinoiserie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinoiserie_music"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_English_pop"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_pop"},{"link_name":"Bhangra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhangra_(music)"},{"link_name":"Filmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmi"},{"link_name":"Hindutva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva_pop"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo_pop"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_pop_music"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-pop"},{"link_name":"City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_pop"},{"link_name":"Kayōkyoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay%C5%8Dkyoku"},{"link_name":"Ryūkōka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABk%C5%8Dka"},{"link_name":"Shibuya-kei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibuya-kei"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-pop"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea#Pop_music"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop"},{"link_name":"Lao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_pop"},{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_pop"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_pop_music"},{"link_name":"Philippine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinoy_pop"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_pop_music"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-pop"},{"link_name":"Austropop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austropop"},{"link_name":"Chalga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalga"},{"link_name":"Laïko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%AFko"},{"link_name":"Manele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manele"},{"link_name":"Tallava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallava"},{"link_name":"Turbo-folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo-folk"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_pop_music"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederpop"},{"link_name":"Nederbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederbeat"},{"link_name":"New pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_pop"},{"link_name":"Eurodance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurodance"},{"link_name":"Europop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europop"},{"link_name":"French pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_pop_music"},{"link_name":"French Mandopop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Mandopop"},{"link_name":"Yé-yé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9-y%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_pop"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_popular_music#Rock_and_pop"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia#Pop_music"},{"link_name":"Čalgija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Calgija"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_popular%C4%83"},{"link_name":"Manele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manele"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_pop"},{"link_name":"Schlager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlager_music"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_pop"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_popular_music"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_pop_music"},{"link_name":"SFR Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union#Popular_music"},{"link_name":"VIA music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIA_music"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Celebrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity"},{"link_name":"Bobby soxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_soxer_(music)"},{"link_name":"Sasaeng fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasaeng_fan"},{"link_name":"Teenybopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenybopper"},{"link_name":"Wota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_idol#Fan_culture"},{"link_name":"Honorific nicknames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music"},{"link_name":"Music and fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_and_fashion"},{"link_name":"Pop music automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music_automation"},{"link_name":"Popular music pedagogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music_pedagogy"},{"link_name":"Rockism and poptimism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockism_and_poptimism"},{"link_name":"Songwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriter"},{"link_name":"Talent manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_manager"},{"link_name":"Talent agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_agent"},{"link_name":"Teen idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_idol"},{"link_name":"Boy band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_band"},{"link_name":"Girl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_group"},{"link_name":"Verse–chorus form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verse%E2%80%93chorus_form"},{"link_name":"Virtual band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_band"},{"link_name":"Worldbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldbeat"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379958#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548748605171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86002542"}],"text":"Alfonso, Barry. The Billboard Guide . Billboard Books, 2002.\nBeaujon, Andrew (2006). Body Piercing Saved My Life: Inside the Phenomenon of Christian Rock. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81457-9.\nDi Sabatino, David (1999). The Jesus People Movement: An Annotated Bibliography and General Resource. Bibliographies and Indexes in Religious Studies, Number 49. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30268-5.\nDu, Paul (2003). \"Contemporary Christian Music\". The Encyclopedia of Music. New York City: Billboard Books. pp. 422–423. ISBN 0-8230-7869-8.\nGranger, Thom (2001). CCM Presents: The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music. Nashville: CCM Books.\nHendershot, Heather (2004). \"Why Should the Devil Have all the Good Music? Christian Music and the Secular Marketplace\". Shaking the World for Jesus: Media and Conservative Evangelical Culture. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-32679-9.\nHoward, Jay R (1999). Apostles of Rock: The Splintered World of Contemporary Christian Music. Lexington, 0-8131-9086-X: The University of Kentucky Press. ISBN 9780813121055.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)\nJoseph, Mark (1999). The Rock and Roll Rebellion: Why People of Faith Abandoned Rock Music-- And Why They're Coming Back. Nashville: Broadman & Holman.\nJoseph, Mark (2003). Faith, God & Rock 'n' Roll. London: Sanctuary. ISBN 9781860744655.\nKyle, Richard (2006). \"If You Can't Beat 'em Join 'em\". Evangelicalism: An Americanized Christianity. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 281–286. ISBN 0-7658-0324-0.\nLucarini, Dan. Why I left the Contemporary Christian Music Movement. Evangelical Press.\nMiller, Steve (1993). The Contemporary Christian Music Debate. Tyndale House.\nPowell, Mark Allan (2002). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 1-56563-679-1.\nRomanowski, William D. Eyes Wide Open: Looking for God in Popular Culture. Brazos Press, 2001.\nSears, Gordon E. Is Today's Christian Music Sacred? Coldwater, Mich.: [s.n., 199-?]. 32, [1] p. Without ISBN\nStephens, Randall J. (2018). The Devil's Music: How Christians Inspired, Condemned, and Embraced Rock 'n' Roll. Harvard University Press.\nStowe, David W. (2013). No Sympathy for the Devil: Christian Pop Music and the Transformation of American Evangelicalism. University of North Carolina Press.\nYoung, Shawn David (2015). Gray Sabbath: Jesus People USA, the Evangelical Left, and the Evolution of Christian Rock. Columbia University Press.\nPassannanti, Erminia (2023). Leonard Cohen: A Jewish Mind's Fascination with Jesus of Nazareth. Mask Press. ISBN 979-8-8609-6254-5vteContemporary Christian musicSubgenres\nChristian country music\nChristian electronic dance music\nChristian hip hop\nChristian rock\nChristian alternative rock\nChristian metal\nUnblack metal\nChristian punk\nChristian hardcore\nChristian ska\nContemporary worship music\nUrban contemporary gospel\nBackground\nReligious music in America\nJesus music\nContemporary Christian music\nKey executives\nRalph Carmichael\nTommy Coomes\nMike Curb\nCam Floria\nBilly Ray Hearn\nKurt Kaiser\nPopular culture\nChristian culture\nGodspell\nJesus Christ Superstar\nPolitics and contemporary Christian music\nPopular music and contemporary Christian music\nTelevision and contemporary Christian music\nDistribution and events\nChristian Artists Seminar in the Rockies\nChristian Booksellers Association\nChristian radio and contemporary Christian music\nGMA Dove Award\nChristian festivals\nGospel Grammy Awards\nGospel Music Association\nGospel Music Hall of Fame\nPraise and Worship music\nChristan record labels\nRetail and contemporary Christian music\nZondervanvteChristian musicRoots and beginnings\nHomophony vs. Polyphony\nChorale\nHymn\nHymn tune\nHymnody of continental Europe\nExclusive psalmody\nJesus music\nSacred Harp\nShape note\nSpirituals\nModern genres\nChristian adult contemporary\nContemporary Christian music\nContemporary worship music\nGospel music\nNeues Geistliches Lied\nMass (music)\nFusion genres\nChristian country music\nChristian electronic dance music\nChristian hip hop\nChristian R&B\nChristian rock\nChristian alternative rock\nChristian metal\nUnblack metal\nChristian punk\nChristian hardcore\nChristian ska\nGospel blues\nGospel reggae\nLatin Christian music\nSouthern gospel\nBlack Gospel music\nTraditional\nUrban contemporary gospel\nChantvteChristian liturgical chantEastern\nArmenian\nByzantine\nCoptic\nEthiopian and Eritrean\nGalician\nObikhod\nKievan\nProstopinije\nSyrian\nZnamenny\nWestern(Plainsong)\nAmbrosian (Milanese)\nAnglican\nBeneventan\nCeltic\nGallican\nGelineau\nGregorian\nMozarabic\nOld Roman\nRavenna\nLists\nAnglican church composers\nChristian bands and artists by genre\nChristian country artists\nChristian hardcore bands\nChristian rock bands\nChristian metal artists\nChristian hip hop artists\nChristian punk bands\nChristian ska bands\nChristian record labels\nChristian vocal artists\nChristian worship music artists\nGospel musicians\nRelated topics\nAnglican church music\nChristian media\nChristian music festival\nChristian music industry\nChurch music\nContemporary Catholic liturgical music\n\n Category\n CommonsvtePop musicStylistic origins\nTin Pan Alley\nTraditional pop\nRock and roll\nStyles\nAdult contemporary\nChristian\nQuiet storm\nRhythmic\nUrban\nAlternative\nPaisley Underground\nAmbient\nArt\nAvant\nBeach\nBeat\nBrill Building\nBubblegum\nChamber\nContemporary Christian music\nCountry\nBro-country\nCowboy\nCringe\nDancehall\nDance\nFreestyle\nDisco polo\nDream\nExperimental\nFolk\nHyperpop\nHypnagogic\nIndie\nDunedin sound\nTwee\nOperatic\nOrchestral\nBaroque\nPop rap\nPop rock\nEmo\nJangle\nPop metal\nPop-punk\nPower\nProgressive\nPsychedelic\nSophisti-pop\nSpace age\nSunshine\nSwamp\nSynth-pop\nElectropop\nFuturepop\nTeen\nTraditional\nWonky\nRegional variantsAfrica\nAfrica\nAfrobeats\nMoroccan\nThe Americas\nAmerican\nArgentine\nBrazilian (MPB)\nLatin\nTropipop\nMexican\nNueva ola\nAsia\nArabic\nAssyrian\nAzerbaijani\nChinese\nCantopop\nHakka\nHokkien\nMandopop\nFrench\nXinyao\nZhongguo feng\nChinoiserie\nHong Kong English\nIndian\nBhangra\nFilmi\nHindutva\nIndonesian\nIranian\nJapanese\nCity\nKayōkyoku\nRyūkōka\nShibuya-kei\nKazakhstani\nKorean\nNorth\nSouth\nLao\nMalaysian\nPakistani\nPhilippine\nThai\nVietnamese\nEurope\nAustropop\nBalkan pop-folk\nChalga\nLaïko\nManele\nTallava\nTurbo-folk\nBritish\nDutch\nNederbeat\nNew pop\nEurodance\nEuropop\nFrench pop\nFrench Mandopop\nYé-yé\nHungarian\nItalian\nMacedonian\nČalgija\nRomanian\nManele\nRussian\nSchlager\nSerbian\nSwedish\nTurkish\nSFR Yugoslavia\nSoviet\nVIA music\nUkrainian\nRelated topics\nCelebrity\nBobby soxer\nSasaeng fan\nTeenybopper\nWota\nHonorific nicknames\nMusic and fashion\nPop music automation\nPopular music pedagogy\nRockism and poptimism\nSongwriter\nTalent manager\nTalent agent\nTeen idol\nBoy band\nGirl group\nVerse–chorus form\nVirtual band\nWorldbeatAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Collage-Christian-culture.jpg/250px-Collage-Christian-culture.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Stellar Kart group, at a press conference, after the GMA Dove Award in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Stellar_kart_dove_award.jpg/220px-Stellar_kart_dove_award.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg/75px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Christian alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_alternative_rock"},{"title":"Christian country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_country_music"},{"title":"Christian electronic dance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_electronic_dance_music"},{"title":"Christian hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_hip_hop"},{"title":"Christian metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_metal"},{"title":"Christian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_rock"},{"title":"Contemporary Commercial Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Commercial_Music"},{"title":"Contemporary worship music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music"},{"title":"Latin Christian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Christian_music"},{"title":"Neues Geistliches Lied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Geistliches_Lied"}]
[{"reference":"Tomlin, Edward (April 10, 2024). \"10 Best Hillsong Worship Songs of All Time\". Singersroom.com - R&B Music, R&B Videos, R&B News. Retrieved June 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://singersroom.com/w44/best-hillsong-worship-songs-of-all-time/","url_text":"\"10 Best Hillsong Worship Songs of All Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"「Third Day」　３月にライブツアー、スタジオアルバム同時リリース\". クリスチャントゥデイ (in Japanese). May 20, 2002. Retrieved June 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.christiantoday.co.jp/articles/1956/20080207/news.htm","url_text":"\"「Third Day」　３月にライブツアー、スタジオアルバム同時リリース\""}]},{"reference":"Llamas, Cora (January 1, 1970). \"Pandemic Streaming Inspires New Filipino Christian Music Label\". News & Reporting. Retrieved June 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2022/march/philippines-sony-christian-music-label-waterwalk-pandemic.html","url_text":"\"Pandemic Streaming Inspires New Filipino Christian Music Label\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google Play Music\". play.google.com. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/wbsc/JZC222","url_text":"\"Google Play Music\""}]},{"reference":"McDowell, Amy D. \"Contemporary Christian Music\" – via Oxford Music and Art Online.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2234810?q=contemporary%20christian%20music&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1","url_text":"\"Contemporary Christian Music\""}]},{"reference":"Banjo, Omotayo O.; Williams, Kesha Morant (2011). \"A House Divided? Christian Music in Black and White\". Journal of Media & Religion. 10 (3): 115–137. doi:10.1080/15348423.2011.599640. S2CID 144756181.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15348423.2011.599640","url_text":"10.1080/15348423.2011.599640"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144756181","url_text":"144756181"}]},{"reference":"\"Who killed the contemporary Christian music industry?\". February 17, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://theweek.com/articles/555603/who-killed-contemporary-christian-music-industry","url_text":"\"Who killed the contemporary Christian music industry?\""}]},{"reference":"Forbes, Bruce David; Mahan, Jeffrey H. (2017). Religion and Popular Culture in America, Third Edition. Univ of California Press. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-0-520-29146-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OaswDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9","url_text":"Religion and Popular Culture in America, Third Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29146-1","url_text":"978-0-520-29146-1"}]},{"reference":"Powell, Mark Allan (2002). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. p. 10. ISBN 1-56563-679-1. By the '80s, the special-interest network that Jesus music had spawned had developed into a multimillion-dollar industry. Contemporary Christian music had its own magazines, radio stations and award shows. The Jesus movement revival was over.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark/page/10","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark/page/10","url_text":"10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56563-679-1","url_text":"1-56563-679-1"}]},{"reference":"Powell, Mark Allan (2002). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music (First printing ed.). Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 1-56563-679-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody,_Massachusetts","url_text":"Peabody"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts","url_text":"Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56563-679-1","url_text":"1-56563-679-1"}]},{"reference":"\"BJU ~ Residence Hall Life\". Bob Jones University. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125043737/http://www.bju.edu/become-a-student/accepted-students/expectations/residence.php","url_text":"\"BJU ~ Residence Hall Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Jones_University","url_text":"Bob Jones University"},{"url":"http://www.bju.edu/become-a-student/accepted-students/expectations/residence.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Gerald (June 24, 2001). \"New Lyrics for the Devil's Music\". Time. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111120220504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,141289,00.html","url_text":"\"New Lyrics for the Devil's Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,141289,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Oord, Bill. \"Mylon LeFevre Biography\". Retrieved June 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tributetomylon.com/biography.htm","url_text":"\"Mylon LeFevre Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Powell, Mark Allan (2002). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. p. 520. ISBN 1-56563-679-1. Musically, the 1970 album Mylon (a.k.a. We Believe) is deservedly a Christian classic, a raw example of down-home southern rock. A dominant organ, spicy guitars, and generous use of female background vocals give the project a funky-and-gritty combination of R&B soul and roots rock.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark/page/520","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark/page/520","url_text":"520"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56563-679-1","url_text":"1-56563-679-1"}]},{"reference":"Di Sabatino, David (1999). The Jesus People Movement: an annotated bibliography and general resource. Lake Forest, CA. p. 136.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"It's a long way from 'Jesus music' to CCM industry\". Canadianchristianity.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130215165622/http://www.canadianchristianity.com/cgi-bin/bc.cgi?bc/bccn/0303/artccm","url_text":"\"It's a long way from 'Jesus music' to CCM industry\""},{"url":"http://www.canadianchristianity.com/cgi-bin/bc.cgi?bc/bccn/0303/artccm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News Digest\". Pe.ag.org. March 16, 2003. Archived from the original on January 13, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140113071112/http://pe.ag.org/News2003/4636_ccm.cfm","url_text":"\"News Digest\""},{"url":"http://pe.ag.org/News2003/4636_ccm.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CCM Legends – Benny Hester\". CBN.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbn.com/cbnmusic/Artists/Hester_Benny.aspx","url_text":"\"CCM Legends – Benny Hester\""}]},{"reference":"Billboard Top 50 Adult Contemporary Chart – Nov 7, 1981 – 'Nobody Knows Me Like You' Debuts No. 44 Mainstream. Billboard.com. November 7, 1981.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3iQEAAAAMBAJ&q=Benny+Hester&pg=PT32","url_text":"Billboard Top 50 Adult Contemporary Chart – Nov 7, 1981 – 'Nobody Knows Me Like You' Debuts No. 44 Mainstream"}]},{"reference":"\"Amy Grant – Chart history\". Billboard. Retrieved May 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/amy-grant/chart-history/","url_text":"\"Amy Grant – Chart history\""}]},{"reference":"\"dc Talk – Chart history\". Billboard. Retrieved May 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/dc-talk/chart-history/","url_text":"\"dc Talk – Chart history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michael W. Smith – Chart history\". Billboard. Retrieved May 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/michael-w.-smith/chart-history/","url_text":"\"Michael W. Smith – Chart history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stryper – Chart history\". Billboard. Retrieved May 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/stryper/chart-history/","url_text":"\"Stryper – Chart history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jars of Clay – Chart history\". Billboard. Retrieved May 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/jars-of-clay/chart-history/","url_text":"\"Jars of Clay – Chart history\""}]},{"reference":"Nantais, David (2007). \"What Would Jesus Listen To?\". America. 196 (18): 22–24.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"CCM Magazine\". TodaysChristianMusic. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130122003708/http://www.todayschristianmusic.com/ccm-magazine/","url_text":"\"CCM Magazine\""},{"url":"http://www.todayschristianmusic.com/ccm-magazine/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CCM Magazine Subscription Options\". CCM Magazine. Retrieved January 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ccmmagazine.com/magazines/","url_text":"\"CCM Magazine Subscription Options\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCM_Magazine","url_text":"CCM Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Adedeji, Femi (2006). \"Essentials of Christian Music in Contemporary Times: A Prognosis\". Asia Journal of Theology. 20 (2): 230–240.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Keith Getty Is Still Fighting the Worship Wars\". Christianity Today. March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2018/march-web-only/keith-getty-is-still-fighting-worship-wars.html","url_text":"\"Keith Getty Is Still Fighting the Worship Wars\""}]},{"reference":"\"BRnow.org – Getty worship conference strikes a chord | Baptist News\". brnow.org. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://brnow.org/News/September-2018/Getty-worship-conference-strikes-a-chord","url_text":"\"BRnow.org – Getty worship conference strikes a chord | Baptist News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Modern Hymn Writers Aim To Take Back Sunday\". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2013/07/08/200013769/modern-hymn-writers-aim-to-take-back-sunday","url_text":"\"Modern Hymn Writers Aim To Take Back Sunday\""}]},{"reference":"McEachen, Ben (June 25, 2018). \"What do you mean by worship?\". Eternity News. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eternitynews.com.au/culture/what-do-you-mean-by-worship/,%20https://www.eternitynews.com.au/culture/what-do-you-mean-by-worship/","url_text":"\"What do you mean by worship?\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Rew (November 15, 2018). \"Doxology & Theology conference: Churches need to sing the Word of God\". Kentucky Today. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://kentuckytoday.com/stories/doxology-theology-conference-churches-need-to-sing-the-word-of-god,16237","url_text":"\"Doxology & Theology conference: Churches need to sing the Word of God\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hymn Writer Keith Getty Becomes First Christian Artist To Be Appointed Officer Of The Order Of The British Empire (OBE) By The Queen\". BREATHEcast. July 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.breathecast.com/articles/hymn-writer-keith-getty-becomes-first-christian-artist-to-be-appointed-officer-of-the-order-of-the-british-empire-obe-by-the-queen-37965/","url_text":"\"Hymn Writer Keith Getty Becomes First Christian Artist To Be Appointed Officer Of The Order Of The British Empire (OBE) By The Queen\""}]},{"reference":"Schwertley, Brian. \"Musical Instruments in the Public Worship of God\". Archived from the original on February 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130212233146/https://www.reformedonline.com/view/reformedonline/music.htm","url_text":"\"Musical Instruments in the Public Worship of God\""},{"url":"http://reformedonline.com/view/reformedonline/music.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Ramsay (July 6, 2003). \"Christian Rock Crosses Over\". Fox News Channel. Retrieved October 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,91175,00.html","url_text":"\"Christian Rock Crosses Over\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Channel","url_text":"Fox News Channel"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Paul (1985). Contemporary Christian Music: Where it came from What it is Where It's Going. Westchester, Illinois: Crossway Books. p. 133.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ellsworth, Donald (1979). Christian Music in Contemporary Witness: Historical Antecedents and Contemporary Practices. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hesse, Josiah (July 14, 2022). \"Christian Rock Has Demonized LGBTQ People for Years. Now It Needs Them to Survive\". Vice. Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/akeg9b/christian-rock-music-lgbtq-musicians-acceptance","url_text":"\"Christian Rock Has Demonized LGBTQ People for Years. Now It Needs Them to Survive\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERVIEW- Unmuted: Did mother Earthsuit beget Mute Math? | The Hook - Charlottesville's weekly newspaper, news magazine\". May 5, 2014. Archived from the original on May 5, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140505161050/https://www.readthehook.com/80056/interview-unmuted-did-mother-earthsuit-beget-mute-math","url_text":"\"INTERVIEW- Unmuted: Did mother Earthsuit beget Mute Math? | The Hook - Charlottesville's weekly newspaper, news magazine\""},{"url":"https://www.readthehook.com/80056/interview-unmuted-did-mother-earthsuit-beget-mute-math","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Jon (August 23, 2016). \"Needtobreathe Talk Christian-Band Stigma, Experimental New LP\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/needtobreathe-talk-christian-band-stigma-experimental-new-lp-101938/","url_text":"\"Needtobreathe Talk Christian-Band Stigma, Experimental New LP\""}]},{"reference":"Black, Beau (March 11, 2002). \"CCM's growing pains: a survey of labels finds the message—if not the creativity—is intact\". Christianity Today. Fine Arts and Music Collection.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2002/marchweb-only/36.75.html","url_text":"\"CCM's growing pains: a survey of labels finds the message—if not the creativity—is intact\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who killed the contemporary Christian music industry?\". The Week. June 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://theweek.com/articles/555603/who-killed-contemporary-christian-music-industry","url_text":"\"Who killed the contemporary Christian music industry?\""}]},{"reference":"Beaujon, Andrew (2006). Body Piercing Saved My Life: Inside the Phenomenon of Christian Rock. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81457-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bodypiercingsave00beauj","url_text":"Body Piercing Saved My Life: Inside the Phenomenon of Christian Rock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts","url_text":"Cambridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts","url_text":"Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81457-9","url_text":"0-306-81457-9"}]},{"reference":"Di Sabatino, David (1999). The Jesus People Movement: An Annotated Bibliography and General Resource. Bibliographies and Indexes in Religious Studies, Number 49. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30268-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_CT","url_text":"Westport, CT"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30268-5","url_text":"0-313-30268-5"}]},{"reference":"Du, Paul (2003). \"Contemporary Christian Music\". The Encyclopedia of Music. New York City: Billboard Books. pp. 422–423. ISBN 0-8230-7869-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-7869-8","url_text":"0-8230-7869-8"}]},{"reference":"Granger, Thom (2001). CCM Presents: The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music. Nashville: CCM Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville","url_text":"Nashville"}]},{"reference":"Hendershot, Heather (2004). \"Why Should the Devil Have all the Good Music? Christian Music and the Secular Marketplace\". Shaking the World for Jesus: Media and Conservative Evangelical Culture. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-32679-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago","url_text":"Chicago"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois","url_text":"Illinois"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press","url_text":"University of Chicago Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-32679-9","url_text":"0-226-32679-9"}]},{"reference":"Howard, Jay R (1999). Apostles of Rock: The Splintered World of Contemporary Christian Music. Lexington, 0-8131-9086-X: The University of Kentucky Press. ISBN 9780813121055.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/apostlesofrocksp0000howa","url_text":"Apostles of Rock: The Splintered World of Contemporary Christian Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky","url_text":"Lexington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kentucky_Press","url_text":"University of Kentucky Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813121055","url_text":"9780813121055"}]},{"reference":"Joseph, Mark (1999). The Rock and Roll Rebellion: Why People of Faith Abandoned Rock Music-- And Why They're Coming Back. Nashville: Broadman & Holman.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Joseph, Mark (2003). Faith, God & Rock 'n' Roll. London: Sanctuary. ISBN 9781860744655.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/faithgodrocknrol0000jose","url_text":"Faith, God & Rock 'n' Roll"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860744655","url_text":"9781860744655"}]},{"reference":"Kyle, Richard (2006). \"If You Can't Beat 'em Join 'em\". Evangelicalism: An Americanized Christianity. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 281–286. ISBN 0-7658-0324-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_G._Kyle","url_text":"Kyle, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey","url_text":"New Brunswick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey","url_text":"New Jersey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0324-0","url_text":"0-7658-0324-0"}]},{"reference":"Lucarini, Dan. Why I left the Contemporary Christian Music Movement. Evangelical Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Miller, Steve (1993). The Contemporary Christian Music Debate. Tyndale House.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Powell, Mark Allan (2002). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 1-56563-679-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody,_Massachusetts","url_text":"Peabody"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts","url_text":"Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56563-679-1","url_text":"1-56563-679-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Louis_Culberson
William Louis Culberson
["1 Professional history","2 Personal life","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
American lichenologist William Louis CulbersonBorn(1929-04-05)April 5, 1929Indianapolis, Indiana, United StatesDiedFebruary 8, 2003(2003-02-08) (aged 73)Durham, North Carolina, United StatesAlma materUniversity of Cincinnati, University of Paris, University of Wisconsin–MadisonSpouseChicita F. Forman (m. 1953)AwardsAcharius Medal (1992)Scientific careerFieldsLichenologyInstitutionsDuke UniversityDoctoral advisorJohn Walter Thomson William Louis "Bill" Culberson (April 5, 1929 in Indianapolis, Indiana – February 8, 2003 in Durham, North Carolina) was an American lichenologist. Professional history Culberson earned his bachelor's degree at the University of Cincinnati, where he was influenced by E. Lucy Braun; he subsequently attended the University of Paris and the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 1955, Culberson joined the botany department at Duke University; he subsequently managed Duke's acquisition of the lichen-centric herbaria of Julien Harmand and Johan Havaas. He served as the Hugo L. Blomquist Professor. In 2010, the lichen collection was officially named the William Louis & Chicita F. Culberson Lichen Herbarium & Library. He served as president of the Botanical Society of America and the American Bryological and Lichenological Society and as director of the Sarah P. Duke Gardens. He was the first editor-in-chief of the journal Systematic Botany. In 1992, he became one of the first modern recipients of the Acharius Medal. In 2000, botanist Theodore Esslinger circumscribed Culbersonia, which is a fungal genus in the family Caliciaceae and named in Bill Culberson and Chicita F. Culberson's honour, his "longtime friends and mentors". Personal life In 1953, Dr. Culberson married fellow lichenologist Chicita F. Forman. The standard author abbreviation W.L.Culb. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. See also Category:Taxa named by William Louis Culberson References ^ WILLIAM LOUIS CULBERSON (1929-2003) in BOTANICAL ELECTRONIC NEWS (archived at the University of Oklahoma); by Lewis E. Anderson; published February 26, 2003 ^ Yoon, Carol Kaesuk (June 13, 1995). "Pariahs of the Fungal World, Lichens Finally Get Some Respect". The New York Times. ^ Elix, John A.; Nash III, Thomas H. (2003). "A tribute to William Louis Culberson". The Lichenologist. 35 (2): 93–95. doi:10.1016/S0024-2829(03)00025-2. S2CID 86322587. ^ Obituary: Dr. William Louis Culberson (1929 - 2003); by Isao Yoshimura; in the Newsletter of the Japanese Society for Lichenology, no. 21 (page 72 - English version); retrieved October 22, 2013 ^ PLANT SCIENCE BULLETIN: A Publication of the Botanical Society of America, December 1975 Vol. 21 No. 4; archived at Botany.org ^ Acharius Medallists at Lichenology.org; retrieved October 22, 2013 ^ Esslinger, Theodore L. (2000). "Culbersonia americana, a rare new lichen (Ascomycota) from Western America". The Bryologist. 103 (4): 771–773. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2000)1032.0.CO;2. S2CID 86045065. ^ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8. S2CID 246307410. Retrieved January 27, 2022. ^ Acharius Medallists: William Louis Culberson at Lichenology.org; retrieved October 22, 2013 ^ International Plant Names Index.  W.L.Culb. External links Photos of the dedication ceremony of the William Louis & Chicita F. Culberson Lichen Herbarium & Library on YouTube. vtePresidents of the Botanical Society of America1894–1924 William Trelease (1894) Charles Edwin Bessey (1895) John Merle Coulter (1896) Nathaniel Lord Britton (1897) Lucien Marcus Underwood (1898) Benjamin Lincoln Robinson (1899) Byron Halsted (1900) Joseph Charles Arthur (1901) Beverly Thomas Galloway (1902) Charles Reid Barnes (1903) Robert Almer Harper (1904) William Ashbrook Kellerman (1905) Franklin Sumner Earle (1906) George Francis Atkinson (1907) William Francis Ganong (1908) Roland Thaxter (1909) Erwin Frink Smith (1910) William Gilson Farlow (1911) Lewis Ralph Jones (1912) Douglas Houghton Campbell (1913) A. S. Hitchcock (1914) John Merle Coulter (1915) Robert Almer Harper (1916) Frederick Charles Newcombe (1917) William Trelease (1918) Joseph Charles Arthur (1919) Nathaniel Lord Britton (1920) Charles Elmer Allen (1921) Henry Chandler Cowles (1922) Benjamin Minge Duggar (1923) William Chambers Coker (1924) 1925–1949 Jacob R. Schramm (1925) Liberty Hyde Bailey (1926) Harley Harris Bartlett (1927) Arthur Henry Reginald Buller (1928) Margaret Clay Ferguson (1929) Lester W. Sharp (1930) Charles Joseph Chamberlain (1931) George James Peirce (1932) Ezra Jacob Kraus (1933) E. D. Merrill (1934) Aven Nelson (1935) C. Stuart Gager (1936) Edmund Ware Sinnott (1937) Arthur Johnson Eames (1938) Karl McKay Wiegand (1939) Edgar Nelson Transeau (1940) John Theodore Buchholz (1941) Merritt Lyndon Fernald (1942) William Jacob Robbins (1943) Gilbert Morgan Smith (1944) Irving Widmer Bailey (1945) Neil Everett Stevens (1946) Ralph Erskine Cleland (1947) Henry Allan Gleason (1948) Ivey Foreman Lewis (1949) 1950–1974 Albert Francis Blakeslee (1950) Katherine Esau (1951) Edgar Anderson (1952) Ralph H. Wetmore (1953) Adriance S. Foster (1954) Oswald Tippo (1955) Harriet Creighton (1956) George Sherman Avery, Jr. (1957) Frits Warmolt Went (1958) William Campbell Steere (1959) Kenneth V. Thimann (1960) Vernon Cheadle (1961) G. Ledyard Stebbins (1962) Constantine John Alexopoulos (1963) Paul J. Kramer (1964) Aaron John Sharp (1965) Harold Charles Bold (1966) Ralph Emerson (1967) Arthur Galston (1968) Harlan Parker Banks (1969) Lincoln Constance (1970) Richard C. Starr (1971) Charles Heimsch (1972) Arthur Cronquist (1973) Theodore Delevoryas (1974) 1975–1999 Peter H. Raven (1975) Barbara Frances Palser (1976) Warren H. Wagner (1977) William August Jensen ( 1978) Herbert George Baker (1979) Charles Bixler Heiser (1980) Patricia Kern Holmgren (1981) Ernest M. Gifford, Jr. (1982) Barbara D. Webster (1983) Mildred Esther Mathias (1984) William Louis Stern (1985–86) Ray Franklin Evert (1986–87) Shirley Cotter Tucker (1987–88) W. Hardy Eshbaugh (1988–89) David Leonard Dilcher (1989–90) Beryl B. Simpson (1990–91) William Louis Culberson (1991–92) Gregory Joseph Anderson (1992–93) Grady Webster (1993–94) Harry T. Horner (1994–95) Barbara A. Schaal (1995–96) Daniel Crawford (1996–97) Nancy Dengler (1997–98) Carol C. Baskin (1998–99) 2000–present Douglas E. Soltis (1999–2000) Patricia G. Gensel (2000–1) Judy Jernstedt (2001–2) Scott D. Russell (2002–3) Linda E. Graham (2003–4) Allison A. Snow (2004–5) Edward L. Schneider (2005–6) Christopher H. Haufler (2006–7) Pamela S. Soltis (2007–8) Karl J. Niklas (2008–9) Kent Holsinger (2009–10) Judith Skog (2010–11) Stephen G. Weller (2011–12) Elizabeth Kellogg (2012–13) Pamela Diggle (2013–14) Tom Ranker (2014–15) Richard Olmstead (2015–16) Gordon Uno (2016–17) Loren Rieseberg (2017–18) Andrea Wolfe (2018–19) Linda Watson (2019–20) Cynthia S. Jones (2020–21) Michael Donoghue (2021-22) Vivian Negron-Ortiz (2022-23) vtePresidents of the American Bryological and Lichenological Society1899-1949 Abel Joel Grout (1899–1900) George Newton Best (1901–1902) John Michael Holzinger (1903–1904) Edward Blanchard Chamberlain (1905–1907) Theodore Christian Frye (1908–1909) Bruce Fink (1910) Alexander William Evans (1911–1915) Elizabeth Gertrude Britton (1916–1919) Annie Morrill Smith (1920–1921) Albert LeRoy Andrews (1922–1923) Robert Statham Williams (1924–1930) Edwin Bunting Bartram (1931–1932) Aaron John Sharp (1933–1935) William Campbell Steere (1936–1937) George Elwood Nichols (1938–1939) Hugo Leander Blomquist (1940–1941) Henry Shoemaker Conard (1942–1945) Richard T. Wareham (1946–1947) Paul Morrison Patterson (1948–1949) 1950–1999 Lewis Edward Anderson (1950–1951) Geneva Sayre (1952–1953) Winona H. Welch (1954–1955) Ruth Schornherst Breen (1956–1957) John Walter Thomson (1958–1959) Roy Franklin Cain (1960–1961) Betty Wilson Higinbotham (1962) Howard Alvin Crum (1962–1963) Harvey A. Miller (1964–1965) Seville Flowers (1965–1967) Wilfred B. Schofield (1967–1969) William Alfred Weber (1969–1970) Paul Leslie Redfearn (1971–1973) Emanuel David Rudolph (1974–1975) Ronald A. Pursell (1975–1977) Irwin M. Brodo (1977–1979) William D. Reese (1979–1981) Thomas Hawkes Nash III (1981–1983) Norton G. Miller (1985–1987) William Louis Culberson (1987–1989) Dale H. Vitt (1989–1991) Vernon Ahmadjian (1992–1993) Barbara J. Crandall-Stotler (1993–1995) Chicita Frances Culberson (1995–1997) Brent D. Mishler (1997–1999) 2000-present Robert S. Egan (1999–2001) William Russel Buck (2001–2003) James Donald Lawrey (2003–2005) Nancy G. Slack (2005–2007) Theodore Lee Esslinger (2007–2009) Karen S. Renzaglia (2009–2011) Roger Rosentreter (2011–2013) A. Jonathan Shaw (2013–2015) Larry L. St. Clair (2015–2017) Catherine La Farge (2017–2019) Doug Ladd (2019–2021) Scott Schuette (2021-2023) vteRecipients of the Acharius Medal Per Magnus Jørgensen (2021) James D. Lawrey (2021) William Alfred Weber (2018) Allan Green (2016) Josef Hafellner (2016) Bruce McCune (2016) Peter Crittenden (2014) Pier Luigi Nimis (2014) Ana Crespo (2012) Leif Tibell (2012) Brian John Coppins (2010) Thomas Hawkes Nash III (2010) David Galloway (2008) Hannes Hertel (2008) Rosmarie Honegger (2008) Mark Seaward (2006) Jack Elix (2004) Ludger Kappen (2004) Marie-Agnès Letrouit-Galinou (2004) David Cecil Smith (2003) David Leslie Hawksworth (2002) Teuvo Ahti (2000) Georges Clauzade (2000) Nina Golubkova (2000) Vernon Ahmadjian (1996) Siegfried Huneck (1996) Christian Leuckert (1996) Ernie Brodo (1994) Margalith Galun (1994) Syo Kurokawa (1994) Elisabeth Tschermak-Woess (1994) Dharani Awasthi (1992) Chicita F. Culberson (1992) William Louis Culberson (1992) Gunnar Degelius (1992) Aino Henssen (1992) Peter James (1992) Hildur Krog (1992) Otto Ludwig Lange (1992) Josef Poelt (1992) Rolf Santesson (1992) John Walter Thomson (1992) Hans Trass (1992) Antonín Vězda (1992) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany Israel United States Netherlands Academics International Plant Names Index People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand)
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[]
[{"title":"Category:Taxa named by William Louis Culberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_William_Louis_Culberson"}]
[{"reference":"Yoon, Carol Kaesuk (June 13, 1995). \"Pariahs of the Fungal World, Lichens Finally Get Some Respect\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/13/science/pariahs-of-the-fungal-world-lichens-finally-get-some-respect.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm","url_text":"\"Pariahs of the Fungal World, Lichens Finally Get Some Respect\""}]},{"reference":"Elix, John A.; Nash III, Thomas H. (2003). \"A tribute to William Louis Culberson\". The Lichenologist. 35 (2): 93–95. doi:10.1016/S0024-2829(03)00025-2. S2CID 86322587.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0024-2829%2803%2900025-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0024-2829(03)00025-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86322587","url_text":"86322587"}]},{"reference":"Esslinger, Theodore L. (2000). \"Culbersonia americana, a rare new lichen (Ascomycota) from Western America\". The Bryologist. 103 (4): 771–773. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0771:CAARNL]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86045065.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1639%2F0007-2745%282000%29103%5B0771%3ACAARNL%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0771:CAARNL]2.0.CO;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86045065","url_text":"86045065"}]},{"reference":"Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8. S2CID 246307410. Retrieved January 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2022","url_text":"Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3372%2Fepolist2022","url_text":"10.3372/epolist2022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-946292-41-8","url_text":"978-3-946292-41-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246307410","url_text":"246307410"}]},{"reference":"International Plant Names Index.  W.L.Culb.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=W.L.Culb.","url_text":"W.L.Culb"}]}]
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