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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek_rifle | Chiang Kai-shek rifle | ["1 History","2 Design","3 Users","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"] | Chinese bolt action rifle
Type 24 / Type Zhongzheng Type Chiang Kai-shek rifle/Type 24 rifleTypeBolt action riflePlace of originRepublic of ChinaService historyIn service1935–1980sUsed bySee UsersWarsChinese Civil WarSecond Sino-Japanese WarWorld War IIFirst Indochina WarKorean WarVietnam WarProduction historyDesigned1934ManufacturerGongxian, Hanyang, Jinling and Canton ArsenalsProduced1935–1949No. built~600,000SpecificationsMass4.08 kg (9.0 lb)Length1,110 mm (44 in)Barrel length600 mm (24 in)Cartridge8×57mm IS (7.92×57mm Mauser)ActionBolt actionRate of fire15 rounds per minuteMuzzle velocity810 m/s (2,657 ft/s)Effective firing range500 m (550 yd)Feed system5-round stripper clip, internal magazine
The Type Chiang Kai-shek rifle (Chinese: 中正式), also known as the Generalissimo rifle, and Type 24 (二四式), named after the Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, was a Chinese-made copy of the German Standardmodell rifle, the forerunner of the Karabiner 98k. Preproduction of the Chiang Kai-shek rifle started in 1935 (year 24 of the Republican calendar, hence the Type 24). It was designated the Type 79 by the Chinese Communists.
The rifle was in full-scale production as early as late 1935. However, full standardization for the production of the Type Chiang Kai-shek rifle only started during the Second Sino-Japanese war and the Hanyang 88 rifle was produced in greater numbers.
History
The Chinese Chiang Kai-shek rifle with the HY1935 bayonet
A National Revolutionary Army soldier armed with a Chiang Kai-shek rifle guarding P-40 fighter planes
The weapon served as one of the main battle rifles for the Chinese National Revolutionary Army (NRA, or Nationalists). Like the Karabiner 98k, it was a shortened and lightened version of the Gewehr 98, specifically, a copy of the Oberndorf Export Mauser named Standard Modell. 10,000 had been bought by China in 1934 and the Germans provided the tooling to produce the Type 24. The 1934 materials proved to be incorrect and new tools were sent in early 1935.
Although it entered production at the Gongxian Arsenal in July 1935, China's limited industrial capacity meant that the rifle was built in relatively low numbers. Initial CKS rifles were made. The name of the rifle was changed from Type 24 to Type Chiang Kai-shek after a visit of the Generalissimo to the factory.
As the war progressed, however, China's industry in western cities like Chongqing and Kunming allowed more and more of these rifles to be produced, although quality controls persisted due to the need to move machinery in order to avoid being captured or destroyed by Japanese troops.
Together with the Mauser C96 handgun and the M35 Helmet, these weapons have become recognizable features of the Generalissimo's National Revolutionary Army during China's turbulent early 20th century. In an ironic twist, the rifle, although named after Chiang Kai-shek, was also heavily used by the Communists that he fought against during the Chinese Civil War.
Chinese Sergeant Tung Chih Yeh claimed to have shot and killed over 100 Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) soldiers using a Chiang Kai-shek rifle with and without a scope in the Yangtze area.
In 1941 the Chinese Communists managed to make copies of this rifle, dubbing theirs the Type 55 rifle in honour of Eighth Route Army Commander-in-chief Zhu De's (later Marshal) 55th birthday.
About 600,000 of all models were produced between 1935 and 1949, of which ~400,000 had been produced during the war.
By the end of the 1940s, the Type Chiang Kai-shek rifle was phased out from frontline service in favor of superior American aid equipment, such as the semiautomatic M1 Garand, M1 carbine, and Thompson submachine gun for the Nationalists. Despite being replaced by more modern infantry weapons, the Type Zhongzheng still served the ROC armed forces well into the 1970s as a rifle for reserve forces. The Type Zhongzheng Rifle (along with the American M1 Garand) is still used by the ROC Army as a ceremonial/parade rifle to this very day. The Chinese People's Volunteer Army used the Type Zhongzheng rifle during the Korean War alongside other small arms that were provided as military aid to the PRC by the Soviet Union. Among the weapons provided to Chinese Communist forces in Korea by the Soviet Union included Soviet capture Mauser Karabiner 98k rifles. The Type Zhongzheng rifle was also seen in the hands of the Viet Minh during the final stage at First Indochina War and of the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.
The Chinese People's Militia and smaller local paramilitaries were using Chiang Kai-shek rifles (as well as Arisakas and Mosin–Nagants) up until 1980 before it was replaced with more modern small arms (e.g. the Chinese Type 56 assault rifle and the Chinese Type 56 carbine) and became a supplemental ceremonial weapon (the main ceremonial rifle is the SKS) for the People's Liberation Army to the present day. Many of these rifles (along with other PLA and People's Militia small arms) were used by various Red Guard factions during the Cultural Revolution in the mid- to late 1960s.
Design
The major advantage of the Type Chiang Kai-shek over the Arisaka was that it had better stopping power with the use of the 7.92x57 Mauser cartridge (.323 inch bullet diameter); the rifle also had a better rate of fire and a greater range than the Arisaka. The weapon was shorter, (similar in length to the Karabiner 98k) when compared with the Gewehr 98 and the Arisaka Type 38 but firing produced more blast and recoil.
The rifle can have a HY1935 bayonet attached with the same Mauser bayonet lug.
Users
Republic of China (1912-1949): National Revolutionary Army, various Chinese Warlords and pro-Japanese Collaborationist Chinese Army
China: People's Liberation Army, called the Type 79
North Vietnam: Viet Minh and Viet Cong
See also
Mukden Arsenal Mauser
Notes
^ Sometimes known as Kung Hsien Arsenal in certain translations.
References
^ a b c Ness & Shih 2016, p. 251.
^ a b c Ness & Shih 2016, p. 258.
^ a b c Smith, Joseph E. (1969). "Chinese rifles". Small Arms of the World (11 ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company. p. 294.
^ Ness & Shih 2016, p. 250.
^ a b c "中正式步枪：作用有限的抗战利器(图)". chinanews.com (in Chinese). 5 February 2015.
^ a b Yeung, Norton (March 31, 2016). "An Unexpected Partnership: Nazi Germany and the Republic of China".
^ a b c "火器堂 - 奮戰八年 - 中正式步騎槍". www.chinesefirearms.com.
^ Bolt Action: Empires in Flames: The Pacific and the Far East by Andy Chambers, page 39.
^ "55式步枪的来历,55式步枪".
^ "奋战八年－－中正式步骑枪" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on March 31, 2007.
^ a b Ness & Shih 2016, p. 263.
^ Notes on the Viet Minh Army on the final stage of the Indochina war, The War Office, June 1956, p.25
^ a b Rottman, Gordon L. (10 Feb 2009). North Vietnamese Army Soldier 1958–75. Warrior 135. Osprey Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 9781846033711.
^ Smith, Joseph E. (1969). "Chinese communist militia weapons". Small Arms of the World (11 ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company. p. 299.
^ "Chinese Mauser Chiang Kai Shek or Zhong Zheng Shi : : C&Rsenal". surplused.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-01.
^ Jowett, Philip S. (2004). Rays of the Rising Sun: Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45: Volume 1: China and Manchukuo. Helion & Company Limited. p. 75. ISBN 9781906033781.
^ Tucker-Jones, Anthony (30 August 2017). Dien Bien Phu. Pen and Sword. p. 28. ISBN 9781526708007.
Ness, Leland; Shih, Bin (July 2016). Kangzhan: Guide to Chinese Ground Forces 1937–45. Helion & Company. ISBN 9781910294420.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chiang Kai-shek rifle.
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7.62×54mmR
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13.9×99mmB Boys
14.5×114mm | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-4"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai-shek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek"},{"link_name":"Standardmodell rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser_Standardmodell"},{"link_name":"Karabiner 98k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabiner_98k"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_war"},{"link_name":"Hanyang 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyang_88"}],"text":"The Type Chiang Kai-shek rifle (Chinese: 中正式), also known as the Generalissimo rifle,[3] and Type 24 (二四式), named after the Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, was a Chinese-made copy of the German Standardmodell rifle, the forerunner of the Karabiner 98k. 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Like the Karabiner 98k, it was a shortened and lightened version of the Gewehr 98, specifically, a copy of the Oberndorf Export Mauser named Standard Modell. 10,000 had been bought by China in 1934 and the Germans provided the tooling to produce the Type 24. The 1934 materials proved to be incorrect and new tools were sent in early 1935.[4]Although it entered production at the Gongxian Arsenal in July 1935, China's limited industrial capacity meant that the rifle was built in relatively low numbers. Initial CKS rifles were made. The name of the rifle was changed from Type 24 to Type Chiang Kai-shek after a visit of the Generalissimo to the factory.[1]As the war progressed, however, China's industry in western cities like Chongqing and Kunming allowed more and more of these rifles to be produced, although quality controls persisted due to the need to move machinery in order to avoid being captured or destroyed by Japanese troops.[1][5]Together with the Mauser C96 handgun and the M35 Helmet, these weapons have become recognizable features of the Generalissimo's National Revolutionary Army during China's turbulent early 20th century.[6] In an ironic twist, the rifle, although named after Chiang Kai-shek, was also heavily used by the Communists that he fought against during the Chinese Civil War.[7]Chinese Sergeant Tung Chih Yeh claimed to have shot and killed over 100 Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) soldiers using a Chiang Kai-shek rifle with and without a scope in the Yangtze area.[8]In 1941 the Chinese Communists managed to make copies of this rifle, dubbing theirs the Type 55 rifle in honour of Eighth Route Army Commander-in-chief Zhu De's (later Marshal) 55th birthday.[9]About 600,000 of all models were produced between 1935 and 1949,[10] of which ~400,000 had been produced during the war.[11]By the end of the 1940s, the Type Chiang Kai-shek rifle was phased out from frontline service in favor of superior American aid equipment, such as the semiautomatic M1 Garand, M1 carbine, and Thompson submachine gun for the Nationalists. Despite being replaced by more modern infantry weapons, the Type Zhongzheng still served the ROC armed forces well into the 1970s as a rifle for reserve forces. The Type Zhongzheng Rifle (along with the American M1 Garand) is still used by the ROC Army as a ceremonial/parade rifle to this very day.[citation needed] The Chinese People's Volunteer Army used the Type Zhongzheng rifle during the Korean War alongside other small arms that were provided as military aid to the PRC by the Soviet Union. Among the weapons provided to Chinese Communist forces in Korea by the Soviet Union included Soviet capture Mauser Karabiner 98k rifles.[3] The Type Zhongzheng rifle was also seen in the hands of the Viet Minh during the final stage at First Indochina War[12] and of the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.[13]The Chinese People's Militia and smaller local paramilitaries were using Chiang Kai-shek rifles (as well as Arisakas and Mosin–Nagants) up until 1980 before it was replaced with more modern small arms (e.g. the Chinese Type 56 assault rifle and the Chinese Type 56 carbine) and became a supplemental ceremonial weapon (the main ceremonial rifle is the SKS) for the People's Liberation Army to the present day.[7] Many of these rifles (along with other PLA and People's Militia small arms) were used by various Red Guard factions during the Cultural Revolution in the mid- to late 1960s.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arisaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisaka"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CF-8"},{"link_name":"Type 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_38_rifle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENessShih2016263-12"},{"link_name":"HY1935 bayonet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HY1935_bayonet"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SUR-16"}],"text":"The major advantage of the Type Chiang Kai-shek over the Arisaka was that it had better stopping power with the use of the 7.92x57 Mauser cartridge (.323 inch bullet diameter);[5] the rifle also had a better rate of fire and a greater range than the Arisaka.[7] The weapon was shorter, (similar in length to the Karabiner 98k) when compared with the Gewehr 98 and the Arisaka Type 38[5] but firing produced more blast and recoil.[11]The rifle can have a HY1935 bayonet attached with the same Mauser bayonet lug.[15]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of China (1912-1949)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"National Revolutionary Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army"},{"link_name":"Chinese Warlords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord_era"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO-7"},{"link_name":"Collaborationist Chinese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-4"},{"link_name":"North Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Viet Minh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Viet Cong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NVA-14"}],"text":"Republic of China (1912-1949): National Revolutionary Army, various Chinese Warlords[6] and pro-Japanese Collaborationist Chinese Army[16]\n China: People's Liberation Army, called the Type 79[3]\n North Vietnam: Viet Minh[17] and Viet Cong[13]","title":"Users"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Sometimes known as Kung Hsien Arsenal in certain translations.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"The Chinese Chiang Kai-shek rifle with the HY1935 bayonet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kampfer%27s_ZZS_3.png/220px-Kampfer%27s_ZZS_3.png"},{"image_text":"A National Revolutionary Army soldier armed with a Chiang Kai-shek rifle guarding P-40 fighter planes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/A_Chinese_soldier_guards_a_line_of_American_P-40_fighter_planes%2C_painted_with_the_shark-face_emblem_of_the_Flying..._-_NARA_-_535531.jpg/220px-A_Chinese_soldier_guards_a_line_of_American_P-40_fighter_planes%2C_painted_with_the_shark-face_emblem_of_the_Flying..._-_NARA_-_535531.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Mukden Arsenal Mauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukden_Arsenal_Mauser"}] | [{"reference":"Smith, Joseph E. (1969). \"Chinese rifles\". Small Arms of the World (11 ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company. p. 294.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"中正式步枪：作用有限的抗战利器(图)\". chinanews.com (in Chinese). 5 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinanews.com/mil/2015/02-05/7039171.shtml","url_text":"\"中正式步枪：作用有限的抗战利器(图)\""}]},{"reference":"Yeung, Norton (March 31, 2016). \"An Unexpected Partnership: Nazi Germany and the Republic of China\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.warhistoryonline.com/guest-bloggers/unexpected-partnership-nazi-germany-republic-china.html","url_text":"\"An Unexpected Partnership: Nazi Germany and the Republic of China\""}]},{"reference":"\"火器堂 - 奮戰八年 - 中正式步騎槍\". www.chinesefirearms.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinesefirearms.com/110108/articles/modelcks.htm","url_text":"\"火器堂 - 奮戰八年 - 中正式步騎槍\""}]},{"reference":"\"55式步枪的来历,55式步枪\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sgss8.com/tpdq/19962552/","url_text":"\"55式步枪的来历,55式步枪\""}]},{"reference":"\"奋战八年－－中正式步骑枪\" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on March 31, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070331231357/http://www.secwar.net/News/2007128154426.html","url_text":"\"奋战八年－－中正式步骑枪\""},{"url":"http://www.secwar.net/News/2007128154426.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rottman, Gordon L. (10 Feb 2009). North Vietnamese Army Soldier 1958–75. Warrior 135. Osprey Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 9781846033711.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iC21CwAAQBAJ","url_text":"North Vietnamese Army Soldier 1958–75"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing","url_text":"Osprey Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846033711","url_text":"9781846033711"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Joseph E. (1969). \"Chinese communist militia weapons\". Small Arms of the World (11 ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company. p. 299.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Chinese Mauser Chiang Kai Shek or Zhong Zheng Shi : : C&Rsenal\". surplused.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180901111924/http://surplused.com/rifle-chinese-zhong-zheng-shi-mauser-rifle-chiang-kai-shek/","url_text":"\"Chinese Mauser Chiang Kai Shek or Zhong Zheng Shi : : C&Rsenal\""},{"url":"http://surplused.com/rifle-chinese-zhong-zheng-shi-mauser-rifle-chiang-kai-shek/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jowett, Philip S. (2004). Rays of the Rising Sun: Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45: Volume 1: China and Manchukuo. Helion & Company Limited. p. 75. ISBN 9781906033781.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906033781","url_text":"9781906033781"}]},{"reference":"Tucker-Jones, Anthony (30 August 2017). Dien Bien Phu. Pen and Sword. p. 28. ISBN 9781526708007.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V4QwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28","url_text":"Dien Bien Phu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526708007","url_text":"9781526708007"}]},{"reference":"Ness, Leland; Shih, Bin (July 2016). Kangzhan: Guide to Chinese Ground Forces 1937–45. Helion & Company. ISBN 9781910294420.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYQwDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Kangzhan: Guide to Chinese Ground Forces 1937–45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781910294420","url_text":"9781910294420"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.chinanews.com/mil/2015/02-05/7039171.shtml","external_links_name":"\"中正式步枪：作用有限的抗战利器(图)\""},{"Link":"https://www.warhistoryonline.com/guest-bloggers/unexpected-partnership-nazi-germany-republic-china.html","external_links_name":"\"An Unexpected Partnership: Nazi Germany and the Republic of China\""},{"Link":"http://www.chinesefirearms.com/110108/articles/modelcks.htm","external_links_name":"\"火器堂 - 奮戰八年 - 中正式步騎槍\""},{"Link":"https://www.sgss8.com/tpdq/19962552/","external_links_name":"\"55式步枪的来历,55式步枪\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070331231357/http://www.secwar.net/News/2007128154426.html","external_links_name":"\"奋战八年－－中正式步骑枪\""},{"Link":"http://www.secwar.net/News/2007128154426.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iC21CwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"North Vietnamese Army Soldier 1958–75"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180901111924/http://surplused.com/rifle-chinese-zhong-zheng-shi-mauser-rifle-chiang-kai-shek/","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Mauser Chiang Kai Shek or Zhong Zheng Shi : : C&Rsenal\""},{"Link":"http://surplused.com/rifle-chinese-zhong-zheng-shi-mauser-rifle-chiang-kai-shek/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V4QwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28","external_links_name":"Dien Bien Phu"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYQwDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Kangzhan: Guide to Chinese Ground Forces 1937–45"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronfield_Henry_Fanshawe_School | Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School | ["1 History","1.1 Dronfield Grammar School, The Henry Fanshawe School","1.2 The Gladys Buxton School","1.3 The Gosforth School","2 Blocks","3 Past Heads","4 Catchment area","5 Academic performance","6 Alumni","6.1 Dronfield Grammar School","7 References","8 External links","8.1 News items"] | Coordinates: 53°18′05″N 1°27′59″W / 53.30145°N 1.46638°W / 53.30145; -1.46638This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Voluntary controlled school in Dronfield, Derbyshire, EnglandThe Dronfield Henry Fanshawe SchoolAddressGreen LaneDronfield, Derbyshire, S18 8FZEnglandCoordinates53°18′05″N 1°27′59″W / 53.30145°N 1.46638°W / 53.30145; -1.46638InformationTypeVoluntary controlled schoolMottoSuccess With CareEstablished1579; 445 years ago (1579)FounderThomas FanshaweLocal authorityDerbyshire County CouncilDepartment for Education URN112969 TablesOfstedReportsChair of GovernorsAlan ThomasHeadteacherMartyn CooperStaff150GenderMixedAge11 to 19Enrolment1779Colour(s)Green and Black School sealLatin: SIGILLU COIS LIBERAE SCOLE GRAMATICAL HENR FANSHAW AR IN DRONFELD OVH VII REMEMERATOR REGIN ELIZABETH IN SCACARIOWebsitehttp://www.dronfield.derbyshire.sch.uk
The Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School is a co-educational state comprehensive school for 11- to 18-year-olds, in the town of Dronfield, Derbyshire, United Kingdom.
History
Dronfield Grammar School, later renamed the Henry Fanshawe School, was founded in 1578, by the will of Henry Fanshawe, whose wish it was for his nephew, Thomas Fanshawe, to establish the school. Henry Fanshawe had been a local boys' schoolmaster in the town, with a school on a small site on the outskirts of neighbouring Holmesfield. Although his school building no longer exists, a small lane leads into the fields, called 'Fanshawe Lane'. The present school succeeds three previous schools, the Henry Fanshawe School, Gosforth Secondary School and the Gladys Buxton School. The Henry Fanshawe School and The Gosforth School merged in 1990 to form The Dronfield School (a two site school) with the closure of the Gladys Buxton School, and this then became the Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School in 2004, a single site school, with the closure of the Gosforth site. At present, the Gladys Buxton site remains disused for public schooling use, yet is retained as a reserve should numbers rise, or alternative teaching space be needed. The Gosforth site (formerly the Gosforth School) was demolished in 2005, and Derbyshire County Council have used the extensive fields for a sports development. The Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School was officially opened on 28 January 1991 by Harry Barnes, then Labour MP for North East Derbyshire. The renamed and refurbished school was opened in September 2004 by Ruth Kelly, secretary of state for Education at the time. The school was awarded Technology College status in 2001.
Dronfield Grammar School, The Henry Fanshawe School
Dronfield Grammar School, later the Henry Fanshawe School, opened to educate boys of Dronfield in 1578, by Thomas Fanshawe, nephew of Henry Fanshawe. However, there is evidence to suggest Henry Fanshawe had educated boys in neighbouring Holmesfield for some years. Originally the school occupied a houses on Church Street which still stands today with the original inscriptions on the walls from former pupils with in the school hall and original stained glass. Although the school was relocated with increasing pupil numbers, to the current site, on Green Lane, Dronfield. The first building to be built here is now the western edge of 'A block', which now houses I.T. rooms, management offices, finance and reprographics. Before the 1970s, it was also known as Dronfield Grammar School, after this point, it was renamed the Dronfield School. A devastating fire in 1993 destroyed 60% of this site. These buildings were rebuilt, and are now known as 'E block'.
The Gladys Buxton School
Opening in 1960, the Gladys Buxton School opened to serve 11–14 year olds in the recently developed area of Coal Aston. It was officially opened on 7 March 1961 by Gladys Buxton. The school was similar to the Gosforth High School, relatively the same size with sizeable playing fields. Students would later feed into Henry Fanshawe School. The school was closed in 1990 in order that the Gladys Buxton School, Gosforth Secondary School and Henry Fanshawe School would form the Dronfield School. As a consequence of this, Gladys Buxton School was closed, mainly due to increasing building maintenance costs and falling numbers. Remaining staff and students were relocated, staff going to both sites, students to the Gosforth site.
The Gosforth School
The Gosforth Secondary Modern School was opened in 1955 to serve 11–15 year olds in the Dronfield area, and the larger numbers brought in by the new housing estates. It was officially opened in June 1956 by Lady Simon of Wythenshawe (Shena Potter), the wife of Ernest Simon, 1st Baron Simon of Wythenshawe. It operated under the Gosforth name until 1990 when it was merged with The Gladys Buxton School and the Henry Fanshawe School to form The Dronfield School, when after this it received some staff and students from The Gladys Buxton School. From 1990 up to 2001 it catered for all 11–14 year olds in Dronfield, and for the 2002–3 academic years this was reduced to 11–13, to form the initial stages of another merger. The Dronfield School would become a single site school, and so The Dronfield School, Gosforth site was decommissioned in 2003, and demolished in early 2005, with all students and staff being relocated to the Fanshawe site, being now known as 'Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School', often shortened to 'Henry Fanshawe', 'Fanshawe' or 'DHFS'.
Blocks
A Block – This is the original Victorian block, although it has been extended many times. It is located in the southernmost area of the school site. The southern side, overlooking Chesterfield Road, is the oldest section. This building houses ICT and Citizenship/Lifeskills rooms, as well as a few English classrooms, the Leadership Team, Reprographics and the Finance department. It also home to the ELC (E-Learning Centre), used by the school for classes if teachers are missing or need computer space. There is a quadrangle (courtyard) in the centre, named the Memorial Garden, with a pond and memorial to war victims and former students and staff that have died.
B Block- This block was also built in the Victorian era and was originally the headmaster's house, however has changed much since then. In more modern times, it housed Student Services, a facility to aid students throughout the school day if they require assistance and to integrate with students with learning or behavioural difficulties. However, Student Services recently moved to the E-Block, making B-Block largely redundant.
C Block – This block was built in 1970 next to B Block, housing a variety of facilities. On the lower-ground floor is the Post-16 area, Business Studies and Law. The Post-16 area also includes the Hub, a dedicated Post-16 social and dining space, which was refurbished in 2013. On the ground floor is Geography; on the mezzanine level is Vocational Education (which includes Health and Social Care, Leisure and Tourism, etc.); on the first floor is Sociology; and on the second floor is History, Religious Education and Psychology.
D Block – This block was also built in 1970 in the same architectural style as C Block, only smaller. It stands immediately to the north of C Block on the western side of the site, adjacent to the Princess Road entrance, and is the smallest block on the site. On the ground floor, the block currently houses the Fanshawe Learning Resource Centre, the school's library, which was extended in 2013 Also on the ground floor, and on the mezzanine level, are a pair of dynamic teaching rooms (large rooms, with large numbers of computers and tables) which house Film Studies and non-practical Science lessons, with the second floor housing Religious Education and a Physical Education theory room.
E Block – This is the largest building, built in 1996, replacing an old block that was destroyed by fire. This houses the school reception; part of the English, Science and Design & Technology faculties; the Phoenix Hall assembly hall and dining area; and two other, dedicated dining areas, the Henry's Diner and Fanshawe Diner. It also now houses the new Student Services after they were moved from B-Block in 2020. E Block takes up much of the eastern part of the site.
F Block – Completed in 2005, this is the second largest block, stretching across the northern area of the site from east to west. The block houses the Modern Foreign Languages, Mathematics, Science, Art, Drama and Music faculties; the Fanshawe Hall (used for drama and school performances); the Foyer, used by the School Band and drama for performance practices; and one set of PE changing rooms.
G Block – Completed in September 2022 and previously the Terrapins, it is a newer version of the Terrapins housing Creative and Expressive Arts (music and drama), a classroom for PSHE (Physical, Social and Health Education) and a classroom for English. Located immediately to the west of E Block on the opposite side of one of the main outdoor pathways between blocks. The block features full DDA compliance and several other facilities such as sound-proofing and air-conditioning.
Sports Hall – rebuilt in the 1980s following the fire. On the ground floor, as well as the main sports hall, there is a set of changing rooms and toilets and also the Multi-Gym, which houses gym equipment. On the second floor is the Movement Hall, used as a secondary sports hall to the main downstairs space, and mainly used for dance and table tennis lessons; the table tennis tables are stored up here. During examination periods, the Sports Hall and Movement Hall are often converted into examination halls.
To the north of F Block are a set of concrete tennis courts and, to the north of that, a modern synthetic grass full-size football field with floodlights. The synthetic grass was replaced with a more modern variant in 2013. In between D and E Blocks is an outdoor covered seating area which is used for dining in summer. It includes many wooden benches for the students to sit as they eat, as well as many forms of entertainment for the students, such as Table-Tennis tables. The school also own a field off Green Lane opposite to the school, adjacent to Cliffe Park, which is used by the PE faculty and contains marked rounders and javelin fields, a running track and long jump sand pit. The PE faculty also occasionally make use of Cliffe Park itself, usually when examinations mean the closure of the Sports Hall and reduced on-site capacity, with the faculty making use of the tennis courts and 5-a-side astroturf football pitch.
Past Heads
Thomas Revell (1579–1584)
? Fletcher (1584–1592)
? Waterhouse (1592–1626)
? Peck (1626 – c.1636)
Francis Alsopp (c.1636–1640)
? Poole (1640–1660)
William Whitaker (1660–1680)
? Mason (1680 – c.1692)
Robert Good (c.1692–1722)
John Baynes (1722 – c.1750)
? Allison (c.1750–1774)
John Walker (1774–1797)
John Russell (1797 – c.1809)
school closed c.1809–1814
William Pidcock (1814–1847)
John Cockerton (1847–1857)
John F. Fanshawe (1857–1866)
Edward Young Haslam (1866–1869)
Waller K. Bedingfield (1869–1888)
Charles Chapman Baggaley (1888–1926)
Norman Shera Millican (1926–1953)
Peter John Wallis (1953–1958)
Maurice Edmundson (1958–1964)
Peter Henry Andrews (1964–1985)
Thomas I. Thomas (1985–1994)
Christopher J. Burke (1994–2005)
Anton Gibbs (acting) (2005–2006)
Theresa B. Roche (2006–2019)
M. Cooper (2019–)
Catchment area
The School takes pupils from a wide area surrounding Dronfield, including the areas surrounding Apperknowle, Holmesfield, and Unstone, and parts of southern Sheffield and northern Chesterfield. and also Barlow.
Academic performance
The school gets GCSE results well above the England average and A-level results also above the England average. In 2010, A-level results were: 98% Pass Grade and 24% A* Grade. As of the latest Ofsted inspection in November 2015, the school is considered to be officially Outstanding in all aspects, including effectiveness of leadership and management; quality of teaching, learning and assessment; personal development, behaviour and welfare; outcomes for pupils; 16 to 19 study programmes; and overall.
Alumni
This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (September 2017)
Rick Allen, drummer of Def Leppard
Gary Cahill, professional footballer for Crystal Palace and the England national football team
Adam Etches, boxer
Richard Peacock, footballer
Kevin Pressman, Howard's brother, and goalkeeper for many years for Sheffield Wednesday
Mark Roe, golfer
Alison Slack, Miss United Kingdom 1986
Dronfield Grammar School
Roy Goodall, former captain of Huddersfield Town in the 1930s
Ron Hall, former Head Boy, co-founded The Sunday Times' Insight team in 1963 (with Clive Irving and Jeremy Wallington under Denis Hamilton) which helped to expose John Profumo; Editor of Insight from 1964 to 1966; Editor from 1978 to 1981 of The Sunday Times Magazine, and from 1982 to 1986 of Sunday Express Magazine
References
^ 'Parishes: Doveridge – Duffield', Magna Britannia: volume 5: Derbyshire (1817), pp. 129–142. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50727. Date accessed: 13 October 2008
^ Commemorative brochure produced by the school in 1968 to mark
the 400th anniversary of its endowment
^ "Find an inspection report and registered childcare". 6 October 2020.
^ Anderson, David (24 March 2015). "I once had a champagne bottle smashed over my head! Former bouncer swaps club doors for fight nights". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 29 June 2021. Etches, who went to the same school in Dronfield as Gary Cahill.
^ "Ron Hall obituary". The Guardian. 2 February 2014. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023.
The Dronfield School by R. A. Redfern., published by The Cottage Press in 1994.
External links
The Dronfield School website
North East Derbyshire Council
EduBase
News items
King Charles Spaniel helps disruptive pupils in 2003
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ISNI | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"co-educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-educational"},{"link_name":"state comprehensive school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-funded_schools_(England)"},{"link_name":"Dronfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronfield"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"}],"text":"Voluntary controlled school in Dronfield, Derbyshire, EnglandThe Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School is a co-educational state comprehensive school for 11- to 18-year-olds, in the town of Dronfield, Derbyshire, United Kingdom.","title":"Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Fanshawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fanshawe_(1506%E2%80%931568)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Fanshawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fanshawe_(remembrancer_of_the_exchequer)"},{"link_name":"schoolmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolmaster"},{"link_name":"Harry Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Barnes_(Labour_politician)"},{"link_name":"North East Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_Derbyshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Technology College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_College"}],"text":"Dronfield Grammar School, later renamed the Henry Fanshawe School, was founded in 1578, by the will of Henry Fanshawe, whose wish it was for his nephew, Thomas Fanshawe, to establish the school. 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However, Student Services recently moved to the E-Block, making B-Block largely redundant.\nC Block – This block was built in 1970 next to B Block, housing a variety of facilities. On the lower-ground floor is the Post-16 area, Business Studies and Law. The Post-16 area also includes the Hub, a dedicated Post-16 social and dining space, which was refurbished in 2013. On the ground floor is Geography; on the mezzanine level is Vocational Education (which includes Health and Social Care, Leisure and Tourism, etc.); on the first floor is Sociology; and on the second floor is History, Religious Education and Psychology.\nD Block – This block was also built in 1970 in the same architectural style as C Block, only smaller. It stands immediately to the north of C Block on the western side of the site, adjacent to the Princess Road entrance, and is the smallest block on the site. On the ground floor, the block currently houses the Fanshawe Learning Resource Centre, the school's library, which was extended in 2013 Also on the ground floor, and on the mezzanine level, are a pair of dynamic teaching rooms (large rooms, with large numbers of computers and tables) which house Film Studies and non-practical Science lessons, with the second floor housing Religious Education and a Physical Education theory room.\nE Block – This is the largest building, built in 1996, replacing an old block that was destroyed by fire. This houses the school reception; part of the English, Science and Design & Technology faculties; the Phoenix Hall assembly hall and dining area; and two other, dedicated dining areas, the Henry's Diner and Fanshawe Diner. It also now houses the new Student Services after they were moved from B-Block in 2020. E Block takes up much of the eastern part of the site.\nF Block – Completed in 2005, this is the second largest block, stretching across the northern area of the site from east to west. The block houses the Modern Foreign Languages, Mathematics, Science, Art, Drama and Music faculties; the Fanshawe Hall (used for drama and school performances); the Foyer, used by the School Band and drama for performance practices; and one set of PE changing rooms.\nG Block – Completed in September 2022 and previously the Terrapins, it is a newer version of the Terrapins housing Creative and Expressive Arts (music and drama), a classroom for PSHE (Physical, Social and Health Education) and a classroom for English. Located immediately to the west of E Block on the opposite side of one of the main outdoor pathways between blocks. The block features full DDA compliance and several other facilities such as sound-proofing and air-conditioning.\nSports Hall – rebuilt in the 1980s following the fire. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Tragedies_(rock_group) | Little Tragedies (rock group) | ["1 Style","2 History","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","4 References","5 External links"] | Russian musical group
For other uses, see Little Tragedies.
Little TragediesOriginKursk, RussiaGenresProgressive rockart rocksymphonic rockYears active1994–presentLabelsBoheme Music (2000)Musea (2005, 2009-2014)MALS (2006-2008)Macalla records (2019-present)MembersGennady Ilyin – composer, keyboards, vocals (1994-present)Oleg Babynin – bass guitar(1994-present)Yuri Skripkin – drums (1994-present)Alexander Malakhovsky – guitar (2000-present)Aleksey Bildin – saxophone (2000-present)WebsiteLittletragedies.com
Little Tragedies (Russian: Маленькие Трагедии-Malenkiye Tragediyi) are a Russian language progressive rock, art rock and symphonic rock band from Russia. Arguably the most important progressive rock band in Russia.
Style
The band described its style as "a battery of keyboards - drums - bass; hard rhythm section support and soloing keyboards". Little Tragedies has their very own style, influenced by classical music and heavy art rock. The music of Little Tragedies is very melodic and always features a keyboard solo with an improvisation accent. The band are one of the only progressive rock bands in Russia using Moog and Hammond keyboards. Most of the songs of the band are based on known Russian poets, especially Nikolai Gumilev. The name of the group itself is taken from a piece by Alexander Pushkin.
Due to the fact Ilyin moved to live in Germany, he sends the music scores to the band members via email, and after they learn it he arrives to Kursk for the rehearsals and recordings.
History
Little Tragedies were founded in 1994 by the graduate of St. Petersburg Conservatory, composer Gennady Ilyin, in the city of Kursk, after previously performing with a band called Paradox. The name was taken from a play by Alexander Pushkin. The group's first recording, 1, was never recorded as an album. It exists only on an amateur videotape made from the group's only concert at that moment.
Since 1995 the band was a trio: Gennady Ilyin - keyboards; Yuri Skripkin - drums; Oleg Babynin - bass. With such a line-up the group played till 2000. After visiting Paris, Gennady Ilyin started working on the Paris Symphony.
1997 - the beginning of 1998. It took G. Ilyin a month to compose a fairytale ballet "Magic Shop" about a little girl's Christmas adventures. He practiced it with the band and it was performed on the stage only two and a half years later. In the year 2000, Little Tragedies released their first two albums, The Sun of Spirit and Porcelain Pavilion, on the record label Boheme Music. The albums were recorded by Ilyin in 1998–1999, with the help of musicians Igor Mihel (guitar) and Yevgeniy Shukin (audio engineering). Though originally recorded as Gennady Ilyin's solo albums, Ilyin decided to release the albums under the Little Tragedies name.
In summer 2000, Alexander Malakhovsky (guitar) and Aleksey Bildin (saxophone) joined the original trio (Ilyin, Skripkin and Babynin). With the new line-up, in 2001 the group created the last album of the trilogy to the poems of N. Gumilev, Return (the first were The Sun of Spirit and Porcelain Pavilion). The album was first released by the French label Musea Records. At the same time the band signed with the record label MALS, the biggest progressive music label in Russia, and the album also became available for the Russian public.
In 2003 the band released their fourth album, New Faust, a double concept album which was written back in 1997–98.
In 2006 the band released a fifth album, The Sixth Sense. In the same year the band opened the second day of the InProg 2006 festival. In 2007 the band released the first and later the second part of their sixth album based on Russian translations to Chinese poetry, Chinese Songs, with the main theme of the album being the relationship between man and nature.
In 2006 an event happened which attracted the media attention when the instruments of the band were stolen from their rehearsal studio. The thief was caught and the instruments were returned to the band.
In August 2008 the band recorded an instrumental Christmas album called The Magic Shop, which was written ten years before. It was released in November 2009 as a free download on the band's web-site as a Christmas gift for the fans. In 2009 the band finished recording a new album called Obsessed.
In 2014 Little Tragedies held a special performance in the Kursk Philharmonic Hall to celebrate twenty years since the founding of the band. It was planned show would be later released on a double DVD. It was the first live concert held by the band since 2006. The concert was the band's first live performance in seven years, mostly due to the fact the lead singer had moved to Germany, whilst the rest remained in Kursk
In 2019, the band released Paradise behind the Stove with a different record label, Macalla records. The band celebrated the release of the new album with a show commemorating their 25's anniversary.
Discography
Studio albums
The Sun of Spirit – Солнце Духа (2000, Boheme Music) (2009, re-release, MALS) •
Porcelain Pavilion – Фарфоровый павильон (2000, Boheme Music) (2009, re-release, MALS) •
Return – Возвращение (2005, Musea Records) (2006, re-release, MALS)
New Faust – Новый Фауст (2006, MALS, Double Album)
The Sixth Sense – Шестое чувство (2006, MALS)
Chinese Songs – Китайские песни (2007, MALS, Double Album)
Cross – Крест (2008, MALS)
Paris Symphony – Парижская симфония (2009, Musea Records)
The Magic Shop – Волшебная лавка (2009, released as a free download on the internet) (2014, re-release, Musea Records)
Obsessed – Одержимый (2011, Musea Records)
At Nights – По ночам (2014, Musea Records)
Paradise behind the Stove - Запечный рай (2019, Macalla records)
• Re-released in 2009 as Gennady Ilyin's solo albums by MALS.
References
^ "LITTLE TRAGEDIES". Progarchives.com.
^ "Маленькие Трагедии « Рок и Метал музыка на InRok.ru". Archived from the original on 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2013-06-23.
^ a b c d "Interviste". www.arlequins.it.
^ "Little Tragedies".
^ "Маленькие Трагедии - Солнце Духа | Рок и Метал музыка на InRok.ru". Archived from the original on 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2013-06-23.
^ "Маленькие Трагедии". Archived from the original on 2009-12-06. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
^ a b "Маленькие Трагедии – "20 лет", 6 сентября 2014 г., Курская государственная филармония". September 14, 2014.
^ a b "Музыкальная жизнь Курска - Наша музыка рассчитана на чистую публику..." kurskmusic.ru.
^ a b "Маленькие трагедии биография". www.muzdb.info.
^ a b ""Маленькая трагедия" в Доме офицеров". www.dddkursk.ru.
^ "Little Tragedies". Archived from the original on 2010-02-17. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
^ "Курская рок-группа "Маленькие трагедии" отметит 20-летие концертом". Archived from the original on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
^ ""Маленькие трагедии" — "20 лет" | Репортажи | Рок Восточной Европы". gaevski.ru.
^ "Курская рок-группа "Маленькие трагедии" отметит 20-летие концертом". КУРС - радио Соловьиного края.
^ a b Backstrøm, Ulf (November 30, 2019). "Little Tragedies Paradise Behind The Stove,(Маленькие Трагедии Запечный рай): Always with a keyboard solo!".
^ "Группа "Маленькие трагедии" отметила 25-летний юбилей".
^ "Группа "Маленькие трагедии" отметила 25-летний юбилей".
^ "Геннадий ИЛЬИН - Солнце духа / PROG-SHOP". www.mals.ru. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
^ "Detailed Reviews - ProgressoR". www.progressor.net.
^ "Геннадий ИЛЬИН - Фарфоровый павильон / PROG-SHOP". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
^ "Detailed Reviews - ProgressoR". www.progressor.net.
^ "Detailed Reviews - ProgressoR". www.progressor.net.
^ "LITTLE TRAGEDIES - New Faust (2CD) 2006 MALS". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
^ "Detailed Review - ProgressoR". www.progressor.net.
^ "Detailed Reviews - ProgressoR". www.progressor.net.
^ "Detailed Review - ProgressoR". www.progressor.net.
^ "Detailed Review - ProgressoR". www.progressor.net.
^ "LITTLE TRAGEDIES - Cross 2008 MALS". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
^ "Review: "Little Tragedies: Cross" - Sea of Tranquility - The Web Destination for Progressive Music!". www.seaoftranquility.org.
^ "Detailed Reviews - ProgressoR". www.progressor.net.
^ "BACKGROUND MAGAZINE Review: Little Tragedies - The Paris Symphony". www.backgroundmagazine.nl.
^ "BACKGROUND MAGAZINE Review: Little Tragedies - Magic Shop". www.backgroundmagazine.nl.
^ "ProgressiveWorld.net - Musea's March Through May Releases Roundup". www.progressiveworld.net.
External links
The band's official web-site
The history of the band on their official web-site
About the band in the Prog Archives
An English-language interview from an Italian web-site
English translations to the lyrics of the band
An interview with the leader of the band on another web-site (Russian)
History of the band on another web-site (Russian)
An article about main Russian Progressive rock and art rock bands where Little Tragedies are mentioned (Russian)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Little Tragedies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Tragedies_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"art rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_rock"},{"link_name":"symphonic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonic_rock"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Little Tragedies.Little Tragedies (Russian: Маленькие Трагедии-Malenkiye Tragediyi) are a Russian language progressive rock, art rock and symphonic rock band from Russia.[1][2] Arguably the most important progressive rock band in Russia.[3]","title":"Little Tragedies (rock group)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"art rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_rock"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Moog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_organ"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Gumilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Gumilev"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-7"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-8"}],"text":"The band described its style as \"a battery of keyboards - drums - bass; hard rhythm section support and soloing keyboards\". Little Tragedies has their very own style, influenced by classical music and heavy art rock.[3] The music of Little Tragedies is very melodic and always features a keyboard solo with an improvisation accent.[4] The band are one of the only progressive rock bands in Russia using Moog and Hammond keyboards.[5] Most of the songs of the band are based on known Russian poets, especially Nikolai Gumilev.[6][3] The name of the group itself is taken from a piece by Alexander Pushkin.[7]Due to the fact Ilyin moved to live in Germany, he sends the music scores to the band members via email, and after they learn it he arrives to Kursk for the rehearsals and recordings.[8]","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-8"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-9"},{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"InProg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InProg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_poetry"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Little Tragedies were founded in 1994 by the graduate of St. Petersburg Conservatory, composer Gennady Ilyin, in the city of Kursk, after previously performing with a band called Paradox.[8] The name was taken from a play by Alexander Pushkin. The group's first recording, 1, was never recorded as an album. It exists only on an amateur videotape made from the group's only concert at that moment.\nSince 1995 the band was a trio: Gennady Ilyin - keyboards; Yuri Skripkin - drums; Oleg Babynin - bass. With such a line-up the group played till 2000. After visiting Paris, Gennady Ilyin started working on the Paris Symphony.1997 - the beginning of 1998. It took G. Ilyin a month to compose a fairytale ballet \"Magic Shop\" about a little girl's Christmas adventures. He practiced it with the band and it was performed on the stage only two and a half years later. In the year 2000, Little Tragedies released their first two albums, The Sun of Spirit and Porcelain Pavilion, on the record label Boheme Music. The albums were recorded by Ilyin in 1998–1999, with the help of musicians Igor Mihel (guitar) and Yevgeniy Shukin (audio engineering). Though originally recorded as Gennady Ilyin's solo albums, Ilyin decided to release the albums under the Little Tragedies name.[3]In summer 2000, Alexander Malakhovsky (guitar) and Aleksey Bildin (saxophone) joined the original trio (Ilyin, Skripkin and Babynin). With the new line-up, in 2001 the group created the last album of the trilogy to the poems of N. Gumilev, Return (the first were The Sun of Spirit and Porcelain Pavilion). The album was first released by the French label Musea Records. At the same time the band signed with the record label MALS, the biggest progressive music label in Russia, and the album also became available for the Russian public.[9]In 2003 the band released their fourth album, New Faust, a double concept album which was written back in 1997–98.In 2006 the band released a fifth album, The Sixth Sense. In the same year the band opened the second day of the InProg 2006 festival. In 2007 the band released the first and later the second part of their sixth album based on Russian translations to Chinese poetry, Chinese Songs, with the main theme of the album being the relationship between man and nature.[9]In 2006 an event happened which attracted the media attention when the instruments of the band were stolen from their rehearsal studio.[10] The thief was caught and the instruments were returned to the band.[10]In August 2008 the band recorded an instrumental Christmas album called The Magic Shop, which was written ten years before. It was released in November 2009 as a free download on the band's web-site as a Christmas gift for the fans.[11] In 2009 the band finished recording a new album called Obsessed.In 2014 Little Tragedies held a special performance in the Kursk Philharmonic Hall to celebrate twenty years since the founding of the band.[12] It was planned show would be later released on a double DVD. It was the first live concert held by the band since 2006.[7][13] The concert was the band's first live performance in seven years, mostly due to the fact the lead singer had moved to Germany, whilst the rest remained in Kursk[14]In 2019, the band released Paradise behind the Stove with a different record label, Macalla records.[15][16] The band celebrated the release of the new album with a show commemorating their 25's anniversary.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-15"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"The Sun of Spirit – Солнце Духа (2000, Boheme Music) (2009, re-release, MALS) • [18][19]\nPorcelain Pavilion – Фарфоровый павильон (2000, Boheme Music) (2009, re-release, MALS) • [20][21]\nReturn – Возвращение (2005, Musea Records) (2006, re-release, MALS)[22]\nNew Faust – Новый Фауст (2006, MALS, Double Album)[23][24]\nThe Sixth Sense – Шестое чувство (2006, MALS)[25]\nChinese Songs – Китайские песни (2007, MALS, Double Album)[26][27]\nCross – Крест (2008, MALS)[28][29]\nParis Symphony – Парижская симфония (2009, Musea Records)[30][31]\nThe Magic Shop – Волшебная лавка (2009, released as a free download on the internet) (2014, re-release, Musea Records)[32]\nObsessed – Одержимый (2011, Musea Records)\nAt Nights – По ночам (2014, Musea Records)[33]\nParadise behind the Stove - Запечный рай (2019, Macalla records)[15]• Re-released in 2009 as Gennady Ilyin's solo albums by MALS.","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"LITTLE TRAGEDIES\". Progarchives.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.progarchives.com/artist.asp?id=2055","url_text":"\"LITTLE TRAGEDIES\""}]},{"reference":"\"Маленькие Трагедии « Рок и Метал музыка на InRok.ru\". Archived from the original on 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2013-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140606205433/http://inrok.ru/tag/malenkie-tragedii","url_text":"\"Маленькие Трагедии « Рок и Метал музыка на InRok.ru\""},{"url":"http://inrok.ru/tag/malenkie-tragedii","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Interviste\". www.arlequins.it.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arlequins.it/pagine/articoli/corpointerviste.asp?chi=170","url_text":"\"Interviste\""}]},{"reference":"\"Little Tragedies\".","urls":[{"url":"http://littletragedies.com/history_e.htm","url_text":"\"Little Tragedies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Маленькие Трагедии - Солнце Духа | Рок и Метал музыка на InRok.ru\". Archived from the original on 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2013-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140606222912/http://inrok.ru/malenkie_tragedii_solnce_duha.htm","url_text":"\"Маленькие Трагедии - Солнце Духа | Рок и Метал музыка на InRok.ru\""},{"url":"http://inrok.ru/malenkie_tragedii_solnce_duha.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Маленькие Трагедии\". Archived from the original on 2009-12-06. Retrieved 2012-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091206105424/http://www.littletragedies.com/AlbomiMT.htm","url_text":"\"Маленькие Трагедии\""},{"url":"http://littletragedies.com/AlbomiMT.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Маленькие Трагедии – \"20 лет\", 6 сентября 2014 г., Курская государственная филармония\". September 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://rockzenekar.livejournal.com/129110.html","url_text":"\"Маленькие Трагедии – \"20 лет\", 6 сентября 2014 г., Курская государственная филармония\""}]},{"reference":"\"Музыкальная жизнь Курска - Наша музыка рассчитана на чистую публику...\" kurskmusic.ru.","urls":[{"url":"http://kurskmusic.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1071&Itemid=67","url_text":"\"Музыкальная жизнь Курска - Наша музыка рассчитана на чистую публику...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Маленькие трагедии биография\". www.muzdb.info.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.muzdb.info/detail622.html","url_text":"\"Маленькие трагедии биография\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Маленькая трагедия\" в Доме офицеров\". www.dddkursk.ru.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dddkursk.ru/number/623/criminal/000333/","url_text":"\"\"Маленькая трагедия\" в Доме офицеров\""}]},{"reference":"\"Little Tragedies\". Archived from the original on 2010-02-17. Retrieved 2010-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100217081013/http://www.littletragedies.com/magic_shop.htm","url_text":"\"Little Tragedies\""},{"url":"http://littletragedies.com/magic_shop.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Курская рок-группа \"Маленькие трагедии\" отметит 20-летие концертом\". Archived from the original on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2015-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160603232729/http://ru.geosnews.com/post/ru/2014/08/29/13/2827256-news.html","url_text":"\"Курская рок-группа \"Маленькие трагедии\" отметит 20-летие концертом\""},{"url":"http://ru.geosnews.com/post/ru/2014/08/29/13/2827256-news.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Маленькие трагедии\" — \"20 лет\" | Репортажи | Рок Восточной Европы\". gaevski.ru.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaevski.ru/report4.html","url_text":"\"\"Маленькие трагедии\" — \"20 лет\" | Репортажи | Рок Восточной Европы\""}]},{"reference":"\"Курская рок-группа \"Маленькие трагедии\" отметит 20-летие концертом\". КУРС - радио Соловьиного края.","urls":[{"url":"https://radio-kurs.ru/18280-kurskaya-rok-gruppa-malenkie-tragedii-otmetit-20-letie-koncertom.html","url_text":"\"Курская рок-группа \"Маленькие трагедии\" отметит 20-летие концертом\""}]},{"reference":"Backstrøm, Ulf (November 30, 2019). \"Little Tragedies Paradise Behind The Stove,(Маленькие Трагедии Запечный рай): Always with a keyboard solo!\".","urls":[{"url":"http://permafrost.today/2019/11/30/little-tragedies-paradise-behind-the-stove%d0%bc%d0%b0%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%8c%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b3%d0%b5%d0%b4%d0%b8%d0%b8-%d0%b7%d0%b0%d0%bf%d0%b5%d1%87%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b9/","url_text":"\"Little Tragedies Paradise Behind The Stove,(Маленькие Трагедии Запечный рай): Always with a keyboard solo!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Группа \"Маленькие трагедии\" отметила 25-летний юбилей\".","urls":[{"url":"https://kino.rambler.ru/other/42800328-gruppa-malenkie-tragedii-otmetila-25-letniy-yubiley/","url_text":"\"Группа \"Маленькие трагедии\" отметила 25-летний юбилей\""}]},{"reference":"\"Группа \"Маленькие трагедии\" отметила 25-летний юбилей\".","urls":[{"url":"https://kursktv.ru/21347","url_text":"\"Группа \"Маленькие трагедии\" отметила 25-летний юбилей\""}]},{"reference":"\"Геннадий ИЛЬИН - Солнце духа / PROG-SHOP\". www.mals.ru. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001647/http://www.mals.ru/Gennady%20ILYIN%20%20-%20%20The%20Sun%20of%20the%20Spirit%201999/2009","url_text":"\"Геннадий ИЛЬИН - Солнце духа / PROG-SHOP\""},{"url":"http://www.mals.ru/Gennady%20ILYIN%20%20-%20%20The%20Sun%20of%20the%20Spirit%201999/2009","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Detailed Reviews [Little Tragedies - 2000/2001 - \"Sun of the Spirits\"] - ProgressoR\". www.progressor.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.progressor.net/review/little_tragedies_2000.html","url_text":"\"Detailed Reviews [Little Tragedies - 2000/2001 - \"Sun of the Spirits\"] - ProgressoR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Геннадий ИЛЬИН - Фарфоровый павильон / PROG-SHOP\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402163643/http://www.mals.ru/Gennady%20ILYIN%20%20-%20%20Porcelain%20Pavilion%201999/2009","url_text":"\"Геннадий ИЛЬИН - Фарфоровый павильон / PROG-SHOP\""},{"url":"http://www.mals.ru/Gennady%20ILYIN%20%20-%20%20Porcelain%20Pavilion%201999/2009","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Detailed Reviews [Little Tragedies - 1999/2001 - \"Porcelain Pavilion\"] - ProgressoR\". www.progressor.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.progressor.net/review/little_tragedies_1999.html","url_text":"\"Detailed Reviews [Little Tragedies - 1999/2001 - \"Porcelain Pavilion\"] - ProgressoR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Detailed Reviews [Little Tragedies - 2005 - \"Return\"] - ProgressoR\". www.progressor.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.progressor.net/review/little_tragedies_2005.html","url_text":"\"Detailed Reviews [Little Tragedies - 2005 - \"Return\"] - ProgressoR\""}]},{"reference":"\"LITTLE TRAGEDIES - New Faust (2CD) 2006 MALS\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120229/http://www.mals.ru/LITTLE%20TRAGEDIES%20-%20New%20Faust%20%202006%20%20%20MALS","url_text":"\"LITTLE TRAGEDIES - New Faust (2CD) 2006 MALS\""},{"url":"http://www.mals.ru/LITTLE%20TRAGEDIES%20-%20New%20Faust%20%202006%20%20%20MALS","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Detailed Review [Little Tragedies - 2006 - \"New Faust\"] - ProgressoR\". www.progressor.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.progressor.net/review/little_tragedies_2006.html","url_text":"\"Detailed Review [Little Tragedies - 2006 - \"New Faust\"] - ProgressoR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Detailed Reviews [Little Tragedies - 2006 - \"The Sixth Sense\"] - ProgressoR\". www.progressor.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.progressor.net/review/little_tragedies_2006_2.html","url_text":"\"Detailed Reviews [Little Tragedies - 2006 - \"The Sixth Sense\"] - ProgressoR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Detailed Review [Little Tragedies - 2007 - \"Chinese Songs Parts I & II\"] - ProgressoR\". www.progressor.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.progressor.net/review/little_tragedies_2007.html","url_text":"\"Detailed Review [Little Tragedies - 2007 - \"Chinese Songs Parts I & II\"] - ProgressoR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Detailed Review [Little Tragedies - 2007 - \"Chinese Songs Parts I & II\"] - ProgressoR\". www.progressor.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.progressor.net/review/little_tragedies_2007.html#p2","url_text":"\"Detailed Review [Little Tragedies - 2007 - \"Chinese Songs Parts I & II\"] - ProgressoR\""}]},{"reference":"\"LITTLE TRAGEDIES - Cross 2008 MALS\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402161802/http://www.mals.ru/LITTLE%20TRAGEDIES%20-%20Cross%20%20%202008%20%20%20MALS","url_text":"\"LITTLE TRAGEDIES - Cross 2008 MALS\""},{"url":"http://www.mals.ru/LITTLE%20TRAGEDIES%20-%20Cross%20%20%202008%20%20%20MALS","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: \"Little Tragedies: Cross\" - Sea of Tranquility - The Web Destination for Progressive Music!\". www.seaoftranquility.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seaoftranquility.org/reviews.php?op=showcontent&id=7534","url_text":"\"Review: \"Little Tragedies: Cross\" - Sea of Tranquility - The Web Destination for Progressive Music!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Detailed Reviews [Little Tragedies 2009 - \"The Paris Symphony\"] - ProgressoR\". www.progressor.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.progressor.net/review/little_tragedies_2009.html","url_text":"\"Detailed Reviews [Little Tragedies 2009 - \"The Paris Symphony\"] - ProgressoR\""}]},{"reference":"\"BACKGROUND MAGAZINE Review: Little Tragedies - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Huell | Ballet West | ["1 History of Ballet West","2 Artistic directors","3 Dance company","3.1 Principal Dancers","3.2 First Soloists","3.3 Soloists","3.4 Demi-soloists","3.5 Corps de Ballet","3.6 Ballet West II, Second Company Artists","3.7 Notable Dancers","4 References","5 External links"] | Ballet WestGeneral informationNameBallet WestYear founded1963FoundersWillam F. ChristensenGlenn Walker WallaceWebsitewww.balletwest.orgArtistic staffArtistic DirectorAdam SkluteOtherOfficial schoolBallet West AcademyFormationPrincipal ArtistsSoloistsDemi-SoloistsArtists
Ballet West is an American ballet company based in Salt Lake City, Utah. It was founded in 1963 as the Utah Civic Ballet by Willam F. Christensen, the company's first artistic director, and Glenn Walker Wallace, who served as its first president. Christensen had previously established the first ballet department in an American university at the University of Utah in 1951.
In 1968, the Federation of Rocky Mountain States chose the company to represent that group, and by extension, to represent the western United States. Due to that choice, the group's name was changed to Ballet West. This is not to be confused with Ballet West in Taynuilt, Scotland.
The Ballet West Academy is the official school of Ballet West and is located in Salt Lake City.
Ballet West was featured in the reality TV series Breaking Pointe in the Summer of 2012 and 2013 aired on the CW Network, part of a BBC Production.
History of Ballet West
Ballet West was established in Salt Lake City in 1963. Willam F. Christensen was the company's first artistic director, co-founding the company together with Utah's “First Lady of the Arts” Glenn Walker Wallace. In 1951, Christensen had established the first ballet department in an American university at The University of Utah and with the tireless assistance of Mrs. Enid Cosgriff this program grew into the Utah Civic Ballet, Ballet West's first incarnation. But this was not the first ballet company Willam Christensen's founded. Along with his brothers Lew and Harold, Christensen made history by establishing the oldest ballet company in the western United States, the San Francisco Ballet. There he went on to create the first full-length American productions of Coppélia, Swan Lake, and The Nutcracker, which remains in Ballet West's repertoire to this day.
A 20th Century ballet pioneer, Christensen developed a distinctly American and theatrical repertoire for his company based on his early training in Utah and New York City as well as his years traversing the American Vaudeville circuit. He also built a strong connection to the works of George Balanchine. In 1975 Christensen invited the great American dancer Bruce Marks to join him as Ballet West's Co-Artistic Director. Marks became Artistic Director in 1978 when Christensen retired. Under Marks’ direction, the company presented its first full production of Swan Lake and it earned a reputation for developing emerging choreographers of the time. Also during this period Marks made history, along with his wife, the acclaimed Danish Ballerina, Toni Lander, by presenting the first American full-length production of Abdallah by renowned 19th Century Danish choreographer, August Bournonville. John Hart, CBE, former dancer, administrator, and Assistant Director of The Royal Ballet in England succeeded Marks as Artistic Director of Ballet West In 1985. Under his leadership, the company's repertoire was expanded to include more well-loved 19th Century classics such as The Sleeping Beauty. Hart further enriched the company's repertoire of ballets with the works of many early 20th Century masters, most notably the great English choreographer, Sir Frederick Ashton. From 1985 to 1996, Hart engaged San Francisco-based Val Caniparoli as Ballet West's resident choreographer. Dancer and choreographer Jonas Kåge served as Artistic Director from 1997 to 2006. During this time Kåge maintained Ballet West's repertoire of classics while revitalizing its profile with notable late 20th Century choreographers such as Christopher Bruce, Hans van Manen, Glen Tetley and William Forsythe.
Artistic directors
The founding artistic director, Willam Christensen, retired in 1978. He was succeeded by Bruce Marks, who had been co-artistic director since 1975. Starting in 1985, the company's third artistic director was John Hart, CBE, a former dancer, administrator, and assistant director of The Royal Ballet. From 1997 through 2006, the position belonged to Jonas Kåge, a dancer and choreographer.
The company's fifth and current artist director is Adam Sklute, who has served in that capacity since 2007. Sklute was dancer, ballet master and associate director with The Joffrey Ballet.
Dance company
Dancers with Ballet West as of June 2023 include:
Principal Dancers
Name
Nationality
Training
Joined Ballet West
Promoted to Principal
Emily Adams
United States
School of American BalletStudio MaestroBallet TechniquePrinceton Ballet
2007
2015
Katlyn Addison
National Ballet School of Canada, Quinte Ballet School of Canada, Pacific Northwest Ballet School, Boston ballet, and Houston Ballet Ben Stevenson Academy
2010
2021
Hadriel Dinz
Brazil
Guiomar Boaventura at the Vortice Escola de Dancas
2015
2021
Adrian Fry
Canada
Omaha Theater Ballet SchoolSchool of American BalletPacific Northwest Ballet School
2010
2017
Jenna Rae Herrera
United States
She trained under Cynthia Young, Lawrence Blake, and Randall Graham
2010
2021
Amy Potter
Nutmeg Conservatory for the Arts
2012, 2021
2022
Jordan Veit
Pacific Northwest Ballet School
2013
2022
First Soloists
Name
Nationality
Training
Joined Ballet West
Promoted to First Soloist
Tyler Gum
United States
Ballet Society of Colorado SpringsSangre de Cristo Ballet Theatre
2010
2018
Chelsea Keefer
Ballet West AcademyUniversity of Utah
2014
2022
Soloists
Name
Nationality
Training
Joined Ballet West
Promoted to Soloist
David Huffmire
United States
Ballet West Academy
2018
2022
Brian Waldrep
North Carolina School of the Arts
2022
N/A, Joined as Soloist
Demi-soloists
Name
Nationality
Training
Joined Ballet West
Promoted to Demi-Soloist
Dominic Ballard
Australia
Australian Ballet School
2017
2022
Olivia Gusti
United States
Ballet West Academy
2016
2022
Kazlyn Nielsen
2014
2022
Jake Preece
Canada
Goh Ballet AcademyPacific Northwest Ballet School
2019
2022
Kristina Weimer
United States
2017
2022
Joshua Whitehead
Ballet West Academy
2012
2016
Corps de Ballet
Jazz Khai Bynum
Lillian Casscells
Beau Chesivoir
Isabella Corridon
Amelia Dencker
Nicole Fanney
Robert Fowler
Connor Hammond
Jacob Hancock
Noel Jensen
Vinicius Lima
Joseph Lynch
Amber Miller
Rylee Ann Rogers
Anisa Sinteral
Tatiana Stevenson
Victoria Vassos
Loren Walton
Claire Wilson
Ballet West II, Second Company Artists
Stella Birkinshaw
Micheal Bushman
Kye Cooley
Anderson Duhan
Maren Florence
Luca Freudenberg
Victor Galeana
Elijah Hartley
Schuyler Lian
William Lynch
Jonas Malinka-Thompson
Lexi McCloud
Julia Outmesguine
Kennedy Sheriff
Rebecca Trockel
Kaeli Ware
Notable Dancers
Name
Rank
Date Joined
Date Left
Beckanne Sisk
Principal
2011
2022
Chase O'Connell
Principal
2013
2022
Allison Debona
First Soloist
2007
2022
Christopher Sellers
First Soloist
2006
2019
Christopher Ruud
Principal
1998
2019
Rex Tilton
Principal
2008
2022
Kathrine Lawrence
Principal
2004
2021
Elizabeth Weldon
Soloist
2009
2018
Jeff Rogers
Principal
1980
2000
Max Hall
BW II
2002
2010
Silver Barkes
Corps de Ballet
2004
2012
Jane Wood
Principal
1981
2001
References
^ a b c "About Us". Ballet West. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
^ "Ballet West", Utah History Encyclopedia, University of Utah Press, 1994, ISBN 9780874804256, archived from the original on November 3, 2022, retrieved April 2, 2024
^ "Ballet West - Ichrachan House - Taynuilt - Argyll - Scotland". Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
^ "Ballet West Academy". Ballet West. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
^ "Artistic Director". Ballet West. Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
^ "Dancers : Ballet West". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Emily Adams : Ballet West". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Katlyn Addison : Ballet West". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Hadriel Diniz : Ballet West". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Adrian Fry : Ballet West". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Jenna Rae Herrera : Ballet West". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Amy Potter : Ballet West". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Tyler Gum : Ballet West". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Chelsea Keefer : Ballet West". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "David Huffmire : Ballet West". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Brian Waldrep : Ballet West". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Dominic Ballard : Ballet West". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Olivia Gusti : Ballet West". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Kazlyn Nielsen : Ballet West". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Jake Preece : Ballet West". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Kristina Weimer : Ballet West". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Joshua Whitehead : Ballet West". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
External links
Official website
Official website
vteDance companies in the United StatesBallet
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Wonderbound
Oceania
The Australian Ballet
Ballet Theatre of Queensland
Queensland Ballet
Melbourne City Ballet
Royal New Zealand Ballet
West Australian Ballet
SouthAmerica
Ballet Municipal de Lima
Chilean National Ballet
Colon Theater Ballet
National Ballet of Uruguay | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ballet company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_company"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Willam F. Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willam_F._Christensen"},{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Us-1"},{"link_name":"Federation of Rocky Mountain States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federation_of_Rocky_Mountain_States&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Taynuilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taynuilt"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Breaking Pointe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Pointe"}],"text":"Ballet West is an American ballet company based in Salt Lake City, Utah. It was founded in 1963 as the Utah Civic Ballet by Willam F. Christensen, the company's first artistic director, and Glenn Walker Wallace, who served as its first president. Christensen had previously established the first ballet department in an American university at the University of Utah in 1951.[1]In 1968, the Federation of Rocky Mountain States chose the company to represent that group, and by extension, to represent the western United States. Due to that choice, the group's name was changed to Ballet West.[2] This is not to be confused with Ballet West in Taynuilt, Scotland.[3]The Ballet West Academy is the official school of Ballet West and is located in Salt Lake City.[4]Ballet West was featured in the reality TV series Breaking Pointe in the Summer of 2012 and 2013 aired on the CW Network, part of a BBC Production.","title":"Ballet West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hart_(dancer)"}],"text":"Ballet West was established in Salt Lake City in 1963. Willam F. Christensen was the company's first artistic director, co-founding the company together with Utah's “First Lady of the Arts” Glenn Walker Wallace. In 1951, Christensen had established the first ballet department in an American university at The University of Utah and with the tireless assistance of Mrs. Enid Cosgriff this program grew into the Utah Civic Ballet, Ballet West's first incarnation. But this was not the first ballet company Willam Christensen's founded. Along with his brothers Lew and Harold, Christensen made history by establishing the oldest ballet company in the western United States, the San Francisco Ballet. There he went on to create the first full-length American productions of Coppélia, Swan Lake, and The Nutcracker, which remains in Ballet West's repertoire to this day.A 20th Century ballet pioneer, Christensen developed a distinctly American and theatrical repertoire for his company based on his early training in Utah and New York City as well as his years traversing the American Vaudeville circuit. He also built a strong connection to the works of George Balanchine. In 1975 Christensen invited the great American dancer Bruce Marks to join him as Ballet West's Co-Artistic Director. Marks became Artistic Director in 1978 when Christensen retired. Under Marks’ direction, the company presented its first full production of Swan Lake and it earned a reputation for developing emerging choreographers of the time. Also during this period Marks made history, along with his wife, the acclaimed Danish Ballerina, Toni Lander, by presenting the first American full-length production of Abdallah by renowned 19th Century Danish choreographer, August Bournonville. John Hart, CBE, former dancer, administrator, and Assistant Director of The Royal Ballet in England succeeded Marks as Artistic Director of Ballet West In 1985. Under his leadership, the company's repertoire was expanded to include more well-loved 19th Century classics such as The Sleeping Beauty. Hart further enriched the company's repertoire of ballets with the works of many early 20th Century masters, most notably the great English choreographer, Sir Frederick Ashton. From 1985 to 1996, Hart engaged San Francisco-based Val Caniparoli as Ballet West's resident choreographer. Dancer and choreographer Jonas Kåge served as Artistic Director from 1997 to 2006. During this time Kåge maintained Ballet West's repertoire of classics while revitalizing its profile with notable late 20th Century choreographers such as Christopher Bruce, Hans van Manen, Glen Tetley and William Forsythe.","title":"History of Ballet West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruce Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Marks_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"John Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hart_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBE"},{"link_name":"The Royal Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Jonas Kåge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Kage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Us-1"},{"link_name":"Adam Sklute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_Sklute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Joffrey Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joffrey_Ballet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Us-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The founding artistic director, Willam Christensen, retired in 1978. He was succeeded by Bruce Marks, who had been co-artistic director since 1975. Starting in 1985, the company's third artistic director was John Hart, CBE, a former dancer, administrator, and assistant director of The Royal Ballet. From 1997 through 2006, the position belonged to Jonas Kåge, a dancer and choreographer.[1]The company's fifth and current artist director is Adam Sklute, who has served in that capacity since 2007. Sklute was dancer, ballet master and associate director with The Joffrey Ballet.[1][5]","title":"Artistic directors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Dancers with Ballet West as of June 2023 include: [6]","title":"Dance company"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Principal Dancers","title":"Dance company"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"First Soloists","title":"Dance company"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Soloists","title":"Dance company"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Demi-soloists","title":"Dance company"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Corps de Ballet","text":"Jazz Khai Bynum\nLillian Casscells\nBeau Chesivoir\nIsabella Corridon\nAmelia Dencker\nNicole Fanney\nRobert Fowler\nConnor Hammond\nJacob Hancock\nNoel Jensen\nVinicius Lima\nJoseph Lynch\nAmber Miller\nRylee Ann Rogers\nAnisa Sinteral\nTatiana Stevenson\nVictoria Vassos\nLoren Walton\nClaire Wilson","title":"Dance company"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ballet West II, Second Company Artists","text":"Stella Birkinshaw\nMicheal Bushman\nKye Cooley\nAnderson Duhan\nMaren Florence\nLuca Freudenberg\nVictor Galeana\nElijah Hartley\nSchuyler Lian\nWilliam Lynch\nJonas Malinka-Thompson\nLexi McCloud\nJulia Outmesguine\nKennedy Sheriff\nRebecca Trockel\nKaeli Ware","title":"Dance company"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Notable Dancers","title":"Dance company"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"About Us\". Ballet West. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120225100714/http://www.balletwest.org/AboutUs","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"http://www.balletwest.org/AboutUs","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ballet West\", Utah History Encyclopedia, University of Utah Press, 1994, ISBN 9780874804256, archived from the original on November 3, 2022, retrieved April 2, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221103115741/https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/b/BALLET_WEST.shtml","url_text":"\"Ballet West\""},{"url":"https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/","url_text":"Utah History Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874804256","url_text":"9780874804256"},{"url":"https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/b/BALLET_WEST.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ballet West - Ichrachan House - Taynuilt - Argyll - Scotland\". Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304212823/http://www.balletwest.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Ballet West - Ichrachan House - Taynuilt - Argyll - Scotland\""},{"url":"http://www.balletwest.co.uk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ballet West Academy\". Ballet West. Retrieved February 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.balletwest.org/Academy","url_text":"\"Ballet West Academy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artistic Director\". Ballet West. Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120224153813/http://balletwest.org/AboutUs/ArtisticDirector","url_text":"\"Artistic Director\""},{"url":"http://www.balletwest.org/AboutUs/ArtisticDirector","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dancers : Ballet West\". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://balletwest.org/about/dancers","url_text":"\"Dancers : Ballet West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emily Adams : Ballet West\". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/emily-adams","url_text":"\"Emily Adams : Ballet West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Katlyn Addison : Ballet West\". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/katlyn-addison","url_text":"\"Katlyn Addison : Ballet West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hadriel Diniz : Ballet West\". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/hadriel-diniz","url_text":"\"Hadriel Diniz : Ballet West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adrian Fry : Ballet West\". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/adrian-fry","url_text":"\"Adrian Fry : Ballet West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jenna Rae Herrera : Ballet West\". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/jenna-herrera","url_text":"\"Jenna Rae Herrera : Ballet West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amy Potter : Ballet West\". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/amy-potter","url_text":"\"Amy Potter : Ballet West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tyler Gum : Ballet West\". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/tyler-gum","url_text":"\"Tyler Gum : Ballet West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chelsea Keefer : Ballet West\". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/chelsea-keefer","url_text":"\"Chelsea Keefer : Ballet West\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Huffmire : Ballet West\". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/david-huffmire","url_text":"\"David Huffmire : Ballet West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brian Waldrep : Ballet West\". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/brian-waldrep","url_text":"\"Brian Waldrep : Ballet West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dominic Ballard : Ballet West\". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/dominic-ballard","url_text":"\"Dominic Ballard : Ballet West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olivia Gusti : Ballet West\". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/olivia-gusti","url_text":"\"Olivia Gusti : Ballet West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kazlyn Nielsen : Ballet West\". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/kazlyn-nielsen","url_text":"\"Kazlyn Nielsen : Ballet West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jake Preece : Ballet West\". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/jake-preece","url_text":"\"Jake Preece : Ballet West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kristina Weimer : Ballet West\". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/kristina-weimer","url_text":"\"Kristina Weimer : Ballet West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joshua Whitehead : Ballet West\". balletwest.org. Retrieved 2023-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/joshua-whitehead","url_text":"\"Joshua Whitehead : Ballet West\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.balletwest.org/","external_links_name":"www.balletwest.org"},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/jordan-veit","external_links_name":"Jordan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120225100714/http://www.balletwest.org/AboutUs","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"http://www.balletwest.org/AboutUs","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221103115741/https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/b/BALLET_WEST.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Ballet West\""},{"Link":"https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/","external_links_name":"Utah History Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/b/BALLET_WEST.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304212823/http://www.balletwest.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Ballet West - Ichrachan House - Taynuilt - Argyll - Scotland\""},{"Link":"http://www.balletwest.co.uk/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.balletwest.org/Academy","external_links_name":"\"Ballet West Academy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120224153813/http://balletwest.org/AboutUs/ArtisticDirector","external_links_name":"\"Artistic Director\""},{"Link":"http://www.balletwest.org/AboutUs/ArtisticDirector","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/about/dancers","external_links_name":"\"Dancers : Ballet West\""},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/emily-adams","external_links_name":"\"Emily Adams : Ballet West\""},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/katlyn-addison","external_links_name":"\"Katlyn Addison : Ballet West\""},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/hadriel-diniz","external_links_name":"\"Hadriel Diniz : Ballet West\""},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/adrian-fry","external_links_name":"\"Adrian Fry : Ballet West\""},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/jenna-herrera","external_links_name":"\"Jenna Rae Herrera : Ballet West\""},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/amy-potter","external_links_name":"\"Amy Potter : Ballet West\""},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/tyler-gum","external_links_name":"\"Tyler Gum : Ballet West\""},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/chelsea-keefer","external_links_name":"\"Chelsea Keefer : Ballet West\""},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/david-huffmire","external_links_name":"\"David Huffmire : Ballet West\""},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/brian-waldrep","external_links_name":"\"Brian Waldrep : Ballet West\""},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/dominic-ballard","external_links_name":"\"Dominic Ballard : Ballet West\""},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/olivia-gusti","external_links_name":"\"Olivia Gusti : Ballet West\""},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/kazlyn-nielsen","external_links_name":"\"Kazlyn Nielsen : Ballet West\""},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/jake-preece","external_links_name":"\"Jake Preece : Ballet West\""},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/kristina-weimer","external_links_name":"\"Kristina Weimer : Ballet West\""},{"Link":"https://balletwest.org/dancers/joshua-whitehead","external_links_name":"\"Joshua Whitehead : Ballet West\""},{"Link":"http://www.balletwest.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.balletwestacademy.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Japan | List of capitals in Japan | ["1 Japan","1.1 List of Japanese prefectural capitals","1.2 Non-capitals which share a name with their prefecture","1.3 Capitals that are not the largest city/metropolitan area in their prefecture","2 References"] | A prefectural capital is a city where a prefectural government and assembly is located.
Japan
In Japan, a prefectural capital is officially called todōfukenchō shozaichi (都道府県庁所在地, "seat of a prefectural government", singular: 都庁所在地,tochō shozaichi in the -to, 道庁所在地, dōchō shozaichi in the -dō, 府庁所在地, fuchō shozaichi in -fu, 県庁所在地, kenchō shozaichi in -ken), but the term kento (県都, "prefectural capital") is also used (dōto (道都, in the -dō, but never "futo" or "toto")).
List of Japanese prefectural capitals
Capital
Prefecture
Region
Island
Pop.¹
ISO
Status
Akita
Akita
Tōhoku
Honshū
327,651
JP-05
Core city
Aomori
Aomori
Tōhoku
Honshū
304,657
JP-02
Core city
Chiba
Chiba
Kantō
Honshū
943,568
JP-12
Designated city
Fukui
Fukui
Chūbu
Honshū
268,210
JP-18
Core city
Fukuoka
Fukuoka
Kyūshū
Kyūshū
1,434,650
JP-40
Designated city
Fukushima
Fukushima
Tōhoku
Honshū
288,602
JP-07
Core city
Gifu
Gifu
Chūbu
Honshū
411,753
JP-21
Core city
Hiroshima
Hiroshima
Chūgoku
Honshū
1,164,885
JP-34
Designated city
Kagoshima
Kagoshima
Kyūshū
Kyūshū
604,268
JP-46
Core city
Kanazawa
Ishikawa
Chūbu
Honshū
455,952
JP-17
Core city
KobeKōbe
Hyōgo
Kansai
Honshū
1,532,305
JP-28
Designated city
KochiKōchi
Kōchi
Shikoku
Shikoku
345,418
JP-39
Core city
KofuKōfu
Yamanashi
Chūbu
Honshū
198,757
JP-19
Core city
Kumamoto
Kumamoto
Kyūshū
Kyūshū
670,014
JP-43
Designated city
Kyōto
Kyōto
Kansai
Honshū
1,468,065
JP-26
Designated city
Maebashi
Gunma
Kantō
Honshū
317,167
JP-10
Core city
Matsue
Shimane
Chūgoku
Honshū
195,008
JP-32
Core city
Matsuyama
Ehime
Shikoku
Shikoku
514,771
JP-38
Core city
Mito
Ibaraki
Kantō
Honshū
263,299
JP-08
Core city
Miyazaki
Miyazaki
Kyūshū
Kyūshū
368,984
JP-45
Core city
Morioka
Iwate
Tōhoku
Honshū
298,959
JP-03
Core city
Nagano
Nagano
Chūbu
Honshū
377,328
JP-20
Core city
Nagasaki
Nagasaki
Kyūshū
Kyūshū
446,551
JP-42
Core city
Nagoya
Aichi
Chūbu
Honshū
2,243,564
JP-23
Designated city
Naha
Okinawa
Kyūshū
Ryūkyū Islands
313,436
JP-47
Core city
Nara
Nara
Kansai
Honshū
366,863
JP-29
Core city
Niigata
Niigata
Chūbu
Honshū
811,613
JP-15
Designated city
OitaŌita
Ōita
Kyūshū
Kyūshū
467,617
JP-44
Core city
Okayama
Okayama
Chūgoku
Honshū
700,646
JP-33
Designated city
Ōsaka
Ōsaka
Kansai
Honshū
2,649,601
JP-27
Designated city
OtsuŌtsu
Shiga
Kansai
Honshū
330,044
JP-25
Core city
Saga
Saga
Kyūshū
Kyūshū
239,003
JP-41
Special city
Saitama
Saitama
Kantō
Honshū
1,197,471
JP-11
Designated city
Sapporo
Hokkaidō
Hokkaidō
Hokkaidō
1,896,704
JP-01
Designated city
Sendai
Miyagi
Tōhoku
Honshū
1,029,576
JP-04
Designated city
Shinjuku
Tōkyō
Kantō
Honshū
314,262
JP-13
Special wards
Shizuoka
Shizuoka
Chūbu
Honshū
709,888
JP-22
Designated city
Takamatsu
Kagawa
Shikoku
Shikoku
417,671
JP-37
Core city
Tokushima
Tokushima
Shikoku
Shikoku
265,248
JP-36
City
Tottori
Tottori
Chūgoku
Honshū
199,319
JP-31
Core city
Toyama
Toyama
Chūbu
Honshū
420,584
JP-16
Core city
Tsu
Mie
Kansai
Honshū
287,849
JP-24
City
Utsunomiya
Tochigi
Kantō
Honshū
508,114
JP-09
Core city
Wakayama
Wakayama
Kansai
Honshū
371,504
JP-30
Core city
Yamagata
Yamagata
Tōhoku
Honshū
254,724
JP-06
Core city
Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Chūgoku
Honshū
191,714
JP-35
City
Yokohama
Kanagawa
Kantō
Honshū
3,643,641
JP-14
Designated city
Notes: ¹ As of 1 May 2008
Non-capitals which share a name with their prefecture
In most cases, a city that shares a name with its prefecture is a prefectural capital. However, there are some municipalities that are not capitals.
Iwate, Iwate Prefecture
Ibaraki, Ibaraki Prefecture
Okinawa, Okinawa Prefecture
Tochigi, Tochigi Prefecture
Yamanashi, Yamanashi Prefecture
Capitals that are not the largest city/metropolitan area in their prefecture
Those in italics are prefectural capitals, or metropolitan areas of them.
Fukushima Prefecture
1.
Iwaki
348,322
1.
Kōriyama Metropolitan Area
537,493
2.
Kōriyama
338,887
2.
Fukushima Metropolitan Area
412,353
3.
Fukushima
294,724
3.
Iwaki Metropolitan Area
365,864
Gunma Prefecture
1.
Takasaki
342,662
1.
Takasaki Metropolitan Area
532,271
2.
Maebashi
317,114
2.
Maebashi Metropolitan Area
458,996
Mie Prefecture
1.
Yokkaichi
307,418
1.
Yokkaichi Metropolitan Area
606,071
2.
Tsu
288,874
2.
Tsu Metropolitan Area
308,375
Shizuoka Prefecture
1.
Hamamatsu
812,692
1.
Shizuoka Metropolitan Area
999,360
2.
Shizuoka
709,772
2.
Hamamatsu Metropolitan Area
919,933
Tottori Prefecture
1.
Tottori
199,263
1.
Yonago Metropolitan Area
252,387
2.
Yonago
148,234
2.
Tottori Metropolitan Area
249,067
Yamaguchi Prefecture
1.
Shimonoseki
284,693
1.
Shimonoseki Metropolitan Area
287,935
2.
Yamaguchi
191,740
2.
Ube Metropolitan Area
258,180
3.
Ube
175,334
3.
Yamaguchi Metropolitan Area
178,402
Notes:
City populations are as of July 2008.
Metropolitan area populations are as of 2000. (Urban Employment Areas)
References
^ 都庁の所在地 Archived 2014-04-19 at the Wayback Machine Shinjuku is the location of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, Tokyo not having itself been a "municipality" since 1943.
vteMetropolitan cities of JapanTokyo Metropolis
Special wards of Tokyo※
Adachi
Arakawa
Bunkyō
Chiyoda
Chūō
Edogawa
Itabashi
Katsushika
Kita
Kōtō
Meguro
Minato
Nakano
Nerima
Ōta
Setagaya
Shibuya
Shinagawa
Shinjuku
Suginami
Sumida
Toshima
Taitō
Designated cities
Chiba※
Fukuoka※
Hamamatsu
Hiroshima※
Kawasaki
Kitakyushu
Kobe※
Kumamoto※
Kyoto※
Nagoya※
Niigata※
Okayama※
Osaka※
Sagamihara
Saitama※
Sakai
Sapporo※
Sendai※
Shizuoka※
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※ also a prefectural capital; † eligible for core city status but not yet nominated; ☆ to become core cities | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of capitals in Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"都道府県庁所在地","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E9%81%93%E5%BA%9C%E7%9C%8C%E5%BA%81%E6%89%80%E5%9C%A8%E5%9C%B0"},{"link_name":"県都","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%8C%E9%83%BD"},{"link_name":"道都","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E9%83%BD"}],"text":"In Japan, a prefectural capital is officially called todōfukenchō shozaichi (都道府県庁所在地, \"seat of a prefectural government\", singular: 都庁所在地,tochō shozaichi in the [Tōkyō]-to, 道庁所在地, dōchō shozaichi in the [Hokkai]-dō, 府庁所在地, fuchō shozaichi in -fu, 県庁所在地, kenchō shozaichi in -ken), but the term kento (県都, \"prefectural capital\") is also used (dōto (道都, in the -dō, but never \"futo\" or \"toto\")).","title":"Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_capitals_in_Japan&action=edit"}],"sub_title":"List of Japanese prefectural capitals","text":"Notes: ¹ As of 1 May 2008[update]","title":"Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Iwate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwate,_Iwate"},{"link_name":"Iwate Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwate_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Ibaraki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibaraki,_Ibaraki"},{"link_name":"Ibaraki Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibaraki_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Tochigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochigi,_Tochigi"},{"link_name":"Tochigi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochigi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Yamanashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanashi,_Yamanashi"},{"link_name":"Yamanashi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture"}],"sub_title":"Non-capitals which share a name with their prefecture","text":"In most cases, a city that shares a name with its prefecture is a prefectural capital. However, there are some municipalities that are not capitals.Iwate, Iwate Prefecture\nIbaraki, Ibaraki Prefecture\nOkinawa, Okinawa Prefecture\nTochigi, Tochigi Prefecture\nYamanashi, Yamanashi Prefecture","title":"Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fukushima Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Gunma Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Mie Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Shizuoka Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Tottori Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottori_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Yamaguchi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Urban Employment Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Employment_Area"}],"sub_title":"Capitals that are not the largest city/metropolitan area in their prefecture","text":"Those in italics are prefectural capitals, or metropolitan areas of them.Fukushima PrefectureGunma PrefectureMie PrefectureShizuoka PrefectureTottori PrefectureYamaguchi PrefectureNotes:\n\nCity populations are as of July 2008.\nMetropolitan area populations are as of 2000. (Urban Employment Areas)","title":"Japan"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_capitals_in_Japan&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.chijihon.metro.tokyo.jp/sonota/syozaiti.htm","external_links_name":"都庁の所在地"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419085331/http://www.chijihon.metro.tokyo.jp/sonota/syozaiti.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haig_v._Agee | Haig v. Agee | ["1 Facts of the case","2 Majority opinion","3 Concurrence","4 Dissent","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Haig v. Agee" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1981 United States Supreme Court caseHaig v. AgeeSupreme Court of the United StatesArgued January 14, 1981Decided June 29, 1981Full case nameHaig, Secretary of State v. Philip AgeeCitations453 U.S. 280 (more)101 S. Ct. 2766; 69 L. Ed. 2d 640; 1981 U.S. LEXIS 39; 49 U.S.L.W. 4869; 7 Media L. Rep. 1545HoldingThe Passport Act of 1926 granted the Executive the power to revoke a passport when necessary for national security. Constitutional protections on due process right to travel are subordinate to national security and foreign policy considerations and subject to reasonable government regulation. Revocation of passport here acted as inhibition of action rather than inhibition of speech. Prerevocation hearings are not required in cases involving discernible adverse effects on the nation's security.Court membership
Chief Justice
Warren E. Burger
Associate Justices
William J. Brennan Jr. · Potter StewartByron White · Thurgood MarshallHarry Blackmun · Lewis F. Powell Jr.William Rehnquist · John P. Stevens
Case opinionsMajorityBurger, joined by Stewart, White, Blackmun, Powell, Rehnquist, StevensConcurrenceBlackmunDissentBrennan, joined by MarshallLaws appliedU.S. Const. amend. V, Passport Act of 1926
Haig v. Agee, 453 U.S. 280 (1981), was a United States Supreme Court case that upheld the right of the executive branch to revoke a citizen's passport for reasons of national security and the foreign policy interests of the U.S. under the Passport Act of 1926.
The case involved Congressional delegation of authority over control of passports and the right to international travel. Philip Agee was an ex-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer living overseas who in 1974 declared a "campaign to fight the U.S. CIA wherever it is operating" and revealed the identities of several CIA officers resulting in violence against them. The Secretary of State revoked Agee's passport in 1979. Agee sued, alleging the secretary had no such authority, had denied him procedural due process rights, his substantive due process "liberty" right to travel under the Fifth Amendment, and had violated his First Amendment right to criticize government policies.
The district court found the Secretary lacked the power to revoke the passport and the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia affirmed that decision. The Supreme Court reversed the lower court, holding that the broad discretion accorded the executive branch in matters of national security and foreign policy requires that the Passport Act of 1926 (currently codified at 22 U.S.C. § 211a et seq.) should be interpreted as granting the power to revoke a passport when necessary for national security.
Facts of the case
Philip Agee, an American citizen, was employed by the Central Intelligence Agency from 1957 to 1968, holding key positions in the division of the Agency responsible for covert intelligence gathering in foreign countries. In 1974, Agee announced in London that he was launching a "campaign to fight the United States CIA wherever it is operating" and intended "to expose CIA officers and agents and to take the measures necessary to drive them out of the countries where they are operating." Agee and his collaborators repeatedly and publicly identified individuals and organizations in foreign countries as undercover CIA agents, employees, or sources. They divulged classified information, violated Agee's express contract not to make any public statements about Agency matters without prior clearance by the Agency, and prejudiced the ability of the United States to obtain intelligence. They were followed by episodes of violence against the persons and organizations identified.
In December 1979, Secretary of State Cyrus Vance revoked Agee's passport and delivered an explanatory notice to Agee in West Germany, where he was living. It advised Agee that his activities abroad were causing or were likely to cause serious damage to the national security or the foreign policy of the United States and that he had a right to an administrative hearing. It offered to hold such a hearing in West Germany on 5 days' notice.
Agee at once filed suit against the Secretary. He alleged that the regulation invoked by the Secretary, 22 CFR 51.70 (b)(4)(1980), was not authorized by Congress and was invalid; that the regulation was impermissibly overbroad; that revocation prior to a hearing violated his Fifth Amendment right to procedural due process; and that the revocation violated a Fifth Amendment liberty interest in a right to travel and a First Amendment right to criticize Government policies. He sought declaratory and injunctive relief, and he moved for summary judgment on the question of the authority to promulgate the regulation and on the constitutional claims. For purposes of that motion, Agee conceded that his activities were causing or were likely to cause serious damage to the national security or foreign policy of the United States. The District Court held that the regulation exceeded the statutory powers of the Secretary under the Passport Act of 1926, 22 U.S.C. 211a, granted summary judgment for Agee, and ordered the Secretary to restore his passport.
A divided panel of the Court of Appeals affirmed the district court. It held that the Secretary was required to show that Congress had authorized the regulation either by an express delegation or by implied approval of a "substantial and consistent" administrative practice, citing Zemel v. Rusk (1965). The court found no express statutory authority for the revocation. The Court of Appeals took note of the Secretary's reliance on "a series of statutes, regulations, proclamations, orders and advisory opinions dating back to 1856," but declined to consider those authorities, reasoning that "the criterion for establishing congressional assent by inaction is the actual imposition of sanctions and not the mere assertion of power." The Court of Appeals held that it was not sufficient that "Agee's conduct may be considered by some to border on treason," since "e are bound by the law as we find it." The court also regarded it as material that most of the Secretary's authorities dealt with powers of the Executive Branch "during time of war or national emergency" or with respect to persons "engaged in criminal conduct."
The Court granted certiorari in the case, then called Muskie v. Agee, and stayed the judgment of the Court of Appeals until its disposition of the case.
Majority opinion
The Court began by examining the language of the statute, concluding that although the Passport Act did not in so many words confer upon the Secretary a power to revoke or to deny passport applications, it was beyond dispute that the Secretary had the power to deny a passport for reasons not specified in the statutes. A consistent administrative construction of the 1926 Act must be followed by the courts "`unless there are compelling indications that it is wrong.'" Matters intimately related to foreign policy and national security were rarely proper subjects for judicial intervention particularly in light of the "broad rule-making authority granted in the 1926 Act," citing Zemel.
It then surveyed passport law and administrative policy and practice from 1835 to 1966, concluding that the history of passport controls since the earliest days of the Republic showed congressional recognition of Executive authority to withhold passports on the basis of substantial reasons of national security and foreign policy. It compared Congressional action and inaction concerning the broad rule-making authority granted in earlier Acts, concluding that there was "weighty" evidence of congressional approval of the Secretary's interpretation that it had been delegated the power to restrict passports on the basis of national security. The Court rejected Agee's argument that the only way the Executive could establish implicit congressional approval is by proof of longstanding and consistent enforcement of the claimed power. It distinguished Kent noting that although there had been few situations involving substantial likelihood of serious damage to the national security or foreign policy of the United States as a result of a passport holder's activities abroad, that in the cases which had arisen, the Secretary had consistently exercised his power to withhold passports. And it rejected Agee's contention that the statements of Executive policy are entitled to diminished weight because many of them concern the powers of the Executive in wartime.
It held incorrect the notion that "illegal conduct" and problems of allegiance were, "so far as relevant here, ... the only which it could fairly be argued were adopted by Congress in light of prior administrative practice," Kent at 127-128, was not correct because Kent also recognized that the legitimacy of the objective of safeguarding our national security was "obvious and unarguable." id at 509 and that the protection accorded beliefs standing alone is very different from the protection accorded conduct. Thus, it held that the policy announced in the challenged regulations is "sufficiently substantial and consistent" to compel the conclusion that Congress has approved it.
Regarding Agee's Constitutional attacks, the Court held that they, too, were without merit. The revocation of his passport did not impermissibly burdens his freedom to travel because the freedom to travel abroad with a "letter of introduction" in the form of a passport issued by the sovereign is subordinate to national security and foreign policy considerations; as such, it is subject to reasonable governmental regulation. The action was not intended to penalize his exercise of free speech and deter his criticism of Government policies and practices because assuming, arguendo, that First Amendment protections reach beyond our national boundaries, revocation of Agee's passport rested in part on the content of his speech. To the extent the revocation of his passport operates to inhibit Agee, "it is an inhibition of action," rather than of speech. And that failure to accord him a prerevocation hearing did not violate his Fifth Amendment right to procedural due process because when there is a substantial likelihood of "serious damage" to national security or foreign policy as a result of a passport holder's activities in foreign countries, the Government may take action to ensure that the holder may not exploit the sponsorship of his travels by the United States.
The Court found that the right to hold a passport is subordinate to national security and foreign policy considerations, and is subject to reasonable governmental regulation. Denial of Agee's passport was not protected under the First Amendment because unlike Kent v. Dulles and Aptheker v. Secretary of State involving denials of passports solely on the basis of political beliefs entitled to First Amendment protection, Agee's actions amounted to more than speech and that the national security interests here, as in Zemel v. Rusk, were sufficiently important to justify revocation. Finally, the Court held that the Government was not required to hold a pre-revocation hearing, since where there was a substantial likelihood of "serious damage" to national security or foreign policy as the result of a passport holder's activities abroad, the Government may take action to ensure that the holder may not exploit the United States' sponsorship of his travels. Further, a statement of reasons and an opportunity for a prompt post-revocation hearing were sufficient to satisfy the Constitution's due process guarantees.
Concurrence
Blackmun concurred, stating simply that he believed this case had cut back somewhat on the standards articulated in Zemel v. Rusk and Kent v. Dulles sub silencio and that it would have been better if the Court had forthrightly construed the law such that evidence of a longstanding Executive policy or construction in this area be probative of the issue of congressional authorization.
Dissent
Justice Brennan wrote a dissent that Justice Marshall joined. He found that the decision strayed from the precedent set by Zemel and Kent because neither Zemel nor Kent held that a longstanding Executive policy or construction was sufficient proof that Congress had implicitly authorized the Secretary's action. Those cases held that an administrative practice must be demonstrated; Kent unequivocally stated that mere construction by the Executive - no matter how longstanding and consistent - was not sufficient. Only when Congress had maintained its silence in the face of a consistent and substantial pattern of actual passport denials or revocations - where the parties will presumably object loudly, perhaps through legal action, to the Secretary's exercise of discretion - can this Court be sure that Congress is aware of the Secretary's actions and has implicitly approved that exercise of discretion.
The decision also relied on the very Executive construction and policy deemed irrelevant in Kent. The Court's reliance on material expressly abjured in Kent was understandable only when considering the paucity of recorded administrative practice - the only evidence upon which Kent and Zemel permit reliance - with respect to passport denials or revocations based on foreign policy or national security considerations relating to an individual. Only three occasions were cited over the past 33 years when the Secretary revoked passports for such reasons.
Finally, just as the Constitution protected both popular and unpopular speech, it likewise protected both popular and unpopular travelers. The decision applied not only to Philip Agee, whose activities could be perceived as harming the national security, but also to other citizens who may merely disagree with Government foreign policy and express their views. The Justices feared that the majority decision handed too much lawmaking function over the government when the Constitution allocated it to the Congress. The point that Kent and Zemel made, and the majority opinion should make, is that the Executive's authority to revoke passports touched an area fraught with important constitutional rights, and that the Court should therefore "construe narrowly all delegated powers that curtail or dilute them". Kent v. Dulles at 129 The presumption should be that Congress must expressly delegate authority to the Secretary to deny or revoke passports for foreign policy or national security reasons before he may exercise such authority and to overcome the presumption against an implied delegation, the Government must show "an administrative practice sufficiently substantial and consistent". Zemel v. Rusk, at 12.
See also
Freedom of speech portalLaw portalUnited States portal
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 453
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving the First Amendment
References
^ US Supreme Court, Haig v. Agee, 453 U.S. 280 (1981), accessed 5 April 2023
^ "Excerpts from Court Opinions on Revocation of Passport on Security Grounds". The New York Times. June 30, 1981.
^ "Excerpts from Court Opinions on Revocation of Passport on Security Grounds". The New York Times. June 30, 1981.
^ Agee v. Vance, 483 F. Supp. 729 (DC 1980).
^ Agee v. Muskie, 203 U.S. App. D.C. 46, 629 F.2d 80 (1980).
External links
Text of Haig v. Agee, 453 U.S. 280 (1981) is available from: Justia Library of Congress Oyez (oral argument audio)
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List | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Passport Act of 1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passport_Act_of_1926"},{"link_name":"Philip Agee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Agee"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Passport Act of 1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Passport_Act_of_1926"},{"link_name":"codified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codification_(law)"},{"link_name":"22 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_22_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 211a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/211a"}],"text":"1981 United States Supreme Court caseHaig v. Agee, 453 U.S. 280 (1981), was a United States Supreme Court case that upheld the right of the executive branch to revoke a citizen's passport for reasons of national security and the foreign policy interests of the U.S. under the Passport Act of 1926.The case involved Congressional delegation of authority over control of passports and the right to international travel. Philip Agee was an ex-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer living overseas who in 1974 declared a \"campaign to fight the U.S. CIA wherever it is operating\" and revealed the identities of several CIA officers resulting in violence against them. The Secretary of State revoked Agee's passport in 1979. Agee sued, alleging the secretary had no such authority, had denied him procedural due process rights, his substantive due process \"liberty\" right to travel under the Fifth Amendment, and had violated his First Amendment right to criticize government policies.The district court found the Secretary lacked the power to revoke the passport and the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia[1] affirmed that decision. The Supreme Court reversed the lower court, holding that the broad discretion accorded the executive branch in matters of national security and foreign policy requires that the Passport Act of 1926 (currently codified at 22 U.S.C. § 211a et seq.) should be interpreted as granting the power to revoke a passport when necessary for national security.","title":"Haig v. Agee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cyrus Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Vance"},{"link_name":"Passport Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passport_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"divided panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_opinion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Zemel v. Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemel_v._Rusk"}],"text":"Philip Agee, an American citizen, was employed by the Central Intelligence Agency from 1957 to 1968, holding key positions in the division of the Agency responsible for covert intelligence gathering in foreign countries. In 1974, Agee announced in London that he was launching a \"campaign to fight the United States CIA wherever it is operating\" and intended \"to expose CIA officers and agents and to take the measures necessary to drive them out of the countries where they are operating.\"[2] Agee and his collaborators repeatedly and publicly identified individuals and organizations in foreign countries as undercover CIA agents, employees, or sources. They divulged classified information, violated Agee's express contract not to make any public statements about Agency matters without prior clearance by the Agency, and prejudiced the ability of the United States to obtain intelligence. They were followed by episodes of violence against the persons and organizations identified.[3]In December 1979, Secretary of State Cyrus Vance revoked Agee's passport and delivered an explanatory notice to Agee in West Germany, where he was living. It advised Agee that his activities abroad were causing or were likely to cause serious damage to the national security or the foreign policy of the United States and that he had a right to an administrative hearing. It offered to hold such a hearing in West Germany on 5 days' notice.Agee at once filed suit against the Secretary. He alleged that the regulation invoked by the Secretary, 22 CFR 51.70 (b)(4)(1980), was not authorized by Congress and was invalid; that the regulation was impermissibly overbroad; that revocation prior to a hearing violated his Fifth Amendment right to procedural due process; and that the revocation violated a Fifth Amendment liberty interest in a right to travel and a First Amendment right to criticize Government policies. He sought declaratory and injunctive relief, and he moved for summary judgment on the question of the authority to promulgate the regulation and on the constitutional claims. For purposes of that motion, Agee conceded that his activities were causing or were likely to cause serious damage to the national security or foreign policy of the United States. The District Court held that the regulation exceeded the statutory powers of the Secretary under the Passport Act of 1926, 22 U.S.C. 211a, granted summary judgment for Agee, and ordered the Secretary to restore his passport.[4]A divided panel of the Court of Appeals affirmed the district court.[5] It held that the Secretary was required to show that Congress had authorized the regulation either by an express delegation or by implied approval of a \"substantial and consistent\" administrative practice, citing Zemel v. Rusk (1965). The court found no express statutory authority for the revocation. The Court of Appeals took note of the Secretary's reliance on \"a series of statutes, regulations, proclamations, orders and advisory opinions dating back to 1856,\" but declined to consider those authorities, reasoning that \"the criterion for establishing congressional assent by inaction is the actual imposition of sanctions and not the mere assertion of power.\" The Court of Appeals held that it was not sufficient that \"Agee's conduct may be considered by some to border on treason,\" since \"[w]e are bound by the law as we find it.\" The court also regarded it as material that most of the Secretary's authorities dealt with powers of the Executive Branch \"during time of war or national emergency\" or with respect to persons \"engaged in criminal conduct.\"The Court granted certiorari in the case, then called Muskie v. Agee, and stayed the judgment of the Court of Appeals until its disposition of the case.","title":"Facts of the case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kent v. Dulles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_v._Dulles"},{"link_name":"Aptheker v. Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptheker_v._Secretary_of_State"}],"text":"The Court began by examining the language of the statute, concluding that although the Passport Act did not in so many words confer upon the Secretary a power to revoke or to deny passport applications, it was beyond dispute that the Secretary had the power to deny a passport for reasons not specified in the statutes. A consistent administrative construction of the 1926 Act must be followed by the courts \"`unless there are compelling indications that it is wrong.'\" Matters intimately related to foreign policy and national security were rarely proper subjects for judicial intervention particularly in light of the \"broad rule-making authority granted in the 1926 Act,\" citing Zemel.It then surveyed passport law and administrative policy and practice from 1835 to 1966, concluding that the history of passport controls since the earliest days of the Republic showed congressional recognition of Executive authority to withhold passports on the basis of substantial reasons of national security and foreign policy. It compared Congressional action and inaction concerning the broad rule-making authority granted in earlier Acts, concluding that there was \"weighty\" evidence of congressional approval of the Secretary's interpretation that it had been delegated the power to restrict passports on the basis of national security. The Court rejected Agee's argument that the only way the Executive could establish implicit congressional approval is by proof of longstanding and consistent enforcement of the claimed power. It distinguished Kent noting that although there had been few situations involving substantial likelihood of serious damage to the national security or foreign policy of the United States as a result of a passport holder's activities abroad, that in the cases which had arisen, the Secretary had consistently exercised his power to withhold passports. And it rejected Agee's contention that the statements of Executive policy are entitled to diminished weight because many of them concern the powers of the Executive in wartime.It held incorrect the notion that \"illegal conduct\" and problems of allegiance were, \"so far as relevant here, ... the only [grounds] which it could fairly be argued were adopted by Congress in light of prior administrative practice,\" Kent at 127-128, was not correct because Kent also recognized that the legitimacy of the objective of safeguarding our national security was \"obvious and unarguable.\" id at 509 and that the protection accorded beliefs standing alone is very different from the protection accorded conduct. Thus, it held that the policy announced in the challenged regulations is \"sufficiently substantial and consistent\" to compel the conclusion that Congress has approved it.Regarding Agee's Constitutional attacks, the Court held that they, too, were without merit. The revocation of his passport did not impermissibly burdens his freedom to travel because the freedom to travel abroad with a \"letter of introduction\" in the form of a passport issued by the sovereign is subordinate to national security and foreign policy considerations; as such, it is subject to reasonable governmental regulation. The action was not intended to penalize his exercise of free speech and deter his criticism of Government policies and practices because assuming, arguendo, that First Amendment protections reach beyond our national boundaries, revocation of Agee's passport rested in part on the content of his speech. To the extent the revocation of his passport operates to inhibit Agee, \"it is an inhibition of action,\" rather than of speech. And that failure to accord him a prerevocation hearing did not violate his Fifth Amendment right to procedural due process because when there is a substantial likelihood of \"serious damage\" to national security or foreign policy as a result of a passport holder's activities in foreign countries, the Government may take action to ensure that the holder may not exploit the sponsorship of his travels by the United States.The Court found that the right to hold a passport is subordinate to national security and foreign policy considerations, and is subject to reasonable governmental regulation. Denial of Agee's passport was not protected under the First Amendment because unlike Kent v. Dulles and Aptheker v. Secretary of State involving denials of passports solely on the basis of political beliefs entitled to First Amendment protection, Agee's actions amounted to more than speech and that the national security interests here, as in Zemel v. Rusk, were sufficiently important to justify revocation. Finally, the Court held that the Government was not required to hold a pre-revocation hearing, since where there was a substantial likelihood of \"serious damage\" to national security or foreign policy as the result of a passport holder's activities abroad, the Government may take action to ensure that the holder may not exploit the United States' sponsorship of his travels. Further, a statement of reasons and an opportunity for a prompt post-revocation hearing were sufficient to satisfy the Constitution's due process guarantees.","title":"Majority opinion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zemel v. Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemel_v._Rusk"},{"link_name":"Kent v. Dulles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_v._Dulles"},{"link_name":"sub silencio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_silentio"}],"text":"Blackmun concurred, stating simply that he believed this case had cut back somewhat on the standards articulated in Zemel v. Rusk and Kent v. Dulles sub silencio and that it would have been better if the Court had forthrightly construed the law such that evidence of a longstanding Executive policy or construction in this area be probative of the issue of congressional authorization.","title":"Concurrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dissent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissent"},{"link_name":"precedent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent"}],"text":"Justice Brennan wrote a dissent that Justice Marshall joined. He found that the decision strayed from the precedent set by Zemel and Kent because neither Zemel nor Kent held that a longstanding Executive policy or construction was sufficient proof that Congress had implicitly authorized the Secretary's action. Those cases held that an administrative practice must be demonstrated; Kent unequivocally stated that mere construction by the Executive - no matter how longstanding and consistent - was not sufficient. Only when Congress had maintained its silence in the face of a consistent and substantial pattern of actual passport denials or revocations - where the parties will presumably object loudly, perhaps through legal action, to the Secretary's exercise of discretion - can this Court be sure that Congress is aware of the Secretary's actions and has implicitly approved that exercise of discretion.The decision also relied on the very Executive construction and policy deemed irrelevant in Kent. The Court's reliance on material expressly abjured in Kent was understandable only when considering the paucity of recorded administrative practice - the only evidence upon which Kent and Zemel permit reliance - with respect to passport denials or revocations based on foreign policy or national security considerations relating to an individual. Only three occasions were cited over the past 33 years when the Secretary revoked passports for such reasons.Finally, just as the Constitution protected both popular and unpopular speech, it likewise protected both popular and unpopular travelers. The decision applied not only to Philip Agee, whose activities could be perceived as harming the national security, but also to other citizens who may merely disagree with Government foreign policy and express their views. The Justices feared that the majority decision handed too much lawmaking function over the government when the Constitution allocated it to the Congress. The point that Kent and Zemel made, and the majority opinion should make, is that the Executive's authority to revoke passports touched an area fraught with important constitutional rights, and that the Court should therefore \"construe narrowly all delegated powers that curtail or dilute them\". Kent v. Dulles at 129 The presumption should be that Congress must expressly delegate authority to the Secretary to deny or revoke passports for foreign policy or national security reasons before he may exercise such authority and to overcome the presumption against an implied delegation, the Government must show \"an administrative practice sufficiently substantial and consistent\". Zemel v. Rusk, at 12.","title":"Dissent"}] | [] | [{"title":"Freedom of speech portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Freedom_of_speech"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"title":"Law portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 453","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_453"},{"title":"List of United States Supreme Court cases involving the First Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_involving_the_First_Amendment"}] | [{"reference":"\"Excerpts from Court Opinions on Revocation of Passport on Security Grounds\". The New York Times. June 30, 1981.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/30/us/excerpts-from-court-opinions-on-revocation-of-passport-on-security-grounds.html","url_text":"\"Excerpts from Court Opinions on Revocation of Passport on Security Grounds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Excerpts from Court Opinions on Revocation of Passport on Security Grounds\". The New York Times. June 30, 1981.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/30/us/excerpts-from-court-opinions-on-revocation-of-passport-on-security-grounds.html","url_text":"\"Excerpts from Court Opinions on Revocation of Passport on Security Grounds\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Haig+v.+Agee%22","external_links_name":"\"Haig v. Agee\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Haig+v.+Agee%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Haig+v.+Agee%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Haig+v.+Agee%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Haig+v.+Agee%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Haig+v.+Agee%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/us/453/280/case.html","external_links_name":"280"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/211a","external_links_name":"§ 211a"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/453/280/","external_links_name":"Haig v. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle | Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr. | ["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Writings","3 Personal life","4 Legacy","5 References","6 External links"] | American philanthropist
Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr.Biddle in 1918Born(1874 -10-01)October 1, 1874Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedMay 27, 1948(1948-05-27) (aged 73)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.Resting placeThe Woodlands (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)SpouseCordelia Rundell BradleyChildren3, including Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Jr.RelativesAnthony Joseph Drexel (grandfather)Nicholas Biddle (great-grandfather)
Biddle as a boxer in 1909
Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr. (October 1, 1874 – May 27, 1948) was a millionaire whose fortune allowed him to pursue theatricals, self-published writing, athletics, and Christianity on a full-time basis.
He trained men in hand-to-hand combat in both World Wars, was a fellow of the American Geographical Society and founded a movement called "Athletic Christianity" that eventually attracted 300,000 members around the world. Sports Illustrated called him "boxing's greatest amateur" in 1955, as well as a "major factor in the re-establishment of boxing as a legal and, at that time, estimable sport."
A fictionalized Biddle appears in the 1967 Disney musical film The Happiest Millionaire.
Early life
He was born on October 1, 1874, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Edward Biddle II and Emily Drexel. He was a grandson of banker Anthony Joseph Drexel, and a great-grandson of banker Nicholas Biddle. Biddle was a graduate of Germany's Heidelberg University.
Career
An officer in the United States Marine Corps, Biddle was an expert in close-quarters fighting and the author of Do or Die: A Supplementary Manual on Individual Combat, a book on combat methods, including knives and empty-hand skills, training both the United States Marine Corps in two world wars and special agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He can be seen training Marines in the RKO short documentary Soldiers of the Sea. He was considered not just an expert in fighting, but also a pioneer of United States Marine Corps training in the bayonet and hand-to-hand combat. He based his style on fencing, though this approach was sometimes criticized as being unrealistic for military combat.
Having joined the Marines in 1917 at the age of 41, he also convinced his superiors to include boxing in Marine Corps recruit training. In 1919, he was promoted to the rank of major, and became a lieutenant colonel in 1934. In Lansdowne, Pennsylvania, right outside of Philadelphia, Biddle opened a military training facility, where he trained 4,000 men. His training included long hours of calisthenics and gymnastics, and taught skills such as machete, saber, dagger, and bayonet combat, as well as hand grenade use, boxing, wrestling, savate and jiujitsu. He also served two years in the National Guard.
A keen boxer, Biddle sparred with Jack Johnson and taught boxing to Gene Tunney. He even hosted "boxing teas" in his home, where other boxers would spar a couple of rounds with him and then join the family for dinner. A February 1909 match with Philadelphia Jack O'Brien was attended by society leaders including women in elegant evening gowns.
He served as a judge in the fight between Jack Dempsey and Jess Willard on 4 July 1919.
On February 5, 1920, Biddle, as chairman of the Army Navy and Civilian Board of Boxing Control of New York, became a member the International Boxing Union.
During World War II, Biddle returned to active duty with the Marine Corps with the rank of colonel and taught hand-to-hand combat to recruits.
Writings
Biddle also worked in and on periodicals. He spent time as a sports reporter for the Public Ledger, and jokingly referred to himself as "the poorest and richest reporter in Philadelphia". He also revived the Philadelphia Sunday Graphic for a short interval, before it was forced to fold, and founded a short-lived "society weekly"–type publication, The People. After organizing the also short-lived Drexel Biddle Publishing House, he acted as its head for two years.
Books written by Biddle include:
A dual rôle: and other stories. The Warwick Book Publishing Company. 1894.
The Madeira Islands. Philadelphia: Drexel, Biddle & Bradley Publishing Company. 1896.
Shantytown Sketches. Philadelphia: Drexel, Biddle & Bradley Publishing Company. 1897.
The Froggy Fairy Book (1896) and The Second Froggy Fairy Book (1900) Drexel, Biddle & Bradley publishing company
The Flowers of Life. Philadelphia: Drexel, Biddle & Bradley Publishing Company. 1897.
Word for Word and Letter for Letter; a biographical romance. Gay & Bird. 1898.
The Land of the Wine. London: The Author's Syndicate. 1901.
Do or Die: A Supplementary Manual on Individual Combat. U.S. Marine Corps. 1937. (reprinted 1944 with new material, reprinted 1975)
Personal life
In 1895, he married Cordelia Rundell Bradley. Together, they had:
Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Jr. (1897–1961), who married Mary Duke (1887–1960). They were the parents of Mary Duke Biddle (1920–2012) and Nicholas Benjamin Duke Biddle
Cordelia Drexel Biddle (1898–1984), who married firstly Angier Buchanan Duke (1884–1923), the son of Benjamin Newton Duke. They were the parents of Angier Biddle Duke (1915–1995) and Anthony Drexel Duke (1918–2014). Her second marriage was to then architect Thomas Markoe Robertson in 1924.
Livingston Ludlow Biddle (1899–1981), who married Kate Raboteau Page (b. 1903), daughter of Robert N. Page. They were the parents of Livingston Ludlow Biddle III. Kate obtained a divorce in Reno in 1937, citing cruelty. Biddle married Suzanne Hutchinson Burke (1909-2000) whose mother was Mary Forbes Fay, the daughter of Alfred Forbes Fay (1843-1881). Suzanne donated two paintings by Jane Stuart of her mother and great uncle Sigourney Webster Fay (1836-1908) to the Boston Athenaeum in 1983. Monsignor Cyril Sigourney Webster Fay (1875-1919) was her uncle.
He died May 27, 1948, from a cerebral hemorrhage and uremic poisoning and is interred at the Woodlands Cemetery in Philadelphia.
Legacy
His daughter Cordelia Drexel Biddle collaborated with Kyle Crichton (father of Robert Crichton) to write the 1955 novel My Philadelphia Father, based on her family. The book was adapted as a stage play starring Walter Pidgeon in 1956. The story of the eccentric millionaire patriarch was adapted as a musical film in 1967, with Fred MacMurray portraying Biddle in The Happiest Millionaire, the last film to have personal involvement from Walt Disney. The book Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr.: Pioneer of Combatives in the U.S.A. was published in 2023.
References
^ p.253 Baltzell, Edward Digby Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a National Upper Class 1958 Free Press
^ a b "Col. A. J. Biddle Sr. Dead at Age of 73. Trained Men in Two World Wars for Hand-to-Hand Combat. Sponsored Boxing Groups". The New York Times. May 28, 1948. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
^ "Shantytown sketches". 1899.
^ "Foreign Service: Athletic Christian". Time magazine. August 5, 1935. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
^ a b "Events & Discoveries". Sports Illustrated. May 9, 1955. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
^ The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, v.7, 1897
^ "Letters to the editor". Life magazine. October 25, 1943. p. 2. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
^ a b c Philadelphia Inquirer, Friday Morning, 28 May 1948
^ James N. Wright (April 1940). "On the Art of Hand to Hand: An Interview with Col. A. J. Drexel Biddle, USMCR". Leatherneck Magazine.
^ a b Joseph R. Svinth (December 2001). "Anthony J. Drexel Biddle, USMC CQB Pioneer". Journal of Non-Lethal Combatives.
^ "Women See Biddle Box: Bout with "Jack" O'Brien for Society Friends at Philadelphia" (PDF). The New York Times. 24 February 1909. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
^ "Le congrès de l'International Boxing Union". Le Temps (in French). February 6, 1920. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ "Angier Buchanan Duke". Duke University. Archived from the original on 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2008-07-03.
^ "Livingston Ludlow Biddle, III". Our Family Tree. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
^ Karl Schuon (1963). U S Marine Corps Biographical Dictionary. New York: Franklin Watts. pp. 16–17.
^ Woodlands Cemetery
^ Crichton, Kyle; Biddle, Cordelia Drexel (1955). My Philadelphia Father. Doubleday – via Internet Archive.
^ "The Theater: New Plays in Manhattan". Time magazine. December 3, 1956. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
^ "The Happiest Millionaire". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
^ Sabet, Robert H and Fred Bauer (2023). Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr.: Pioneer of Combatives in the U.S.A. LuLu.com. ISBN 9781387379620. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
External links
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle,_Sr._in_1909.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"hand-to-hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand-to-hand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"American Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-5"},{"link_name":"The Happiest Millionaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happiest_Millionaire"}],"text":"Biddle as a boxer in 1909Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr. (October 1, 1874 – May 27, 1948) was a millionaire whose fortune allowed him to pursue theatricals, self-published writing, athletics, and Christianity on a full-time basis.[1]He trained men in hand-to-hand combat in both World Wars,[2] was a fellow of the American Geographical Society and founded a movement called \"Athletic Christianity\" that eventually attracted 300,000 members around the world.[3][4] Sports Illustrated called him \"boxing's greatest amateur\" in 1955, as well as a \"major factor in the re-establishment of boxing as a legal and, at that time, estimable sport.\"[5]A fictionalized Biddle appears in the 1967 Disney musical film The Happiest Millionaire.","title":"Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Anthony Joseph Drexel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Biddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Biddle_(banker)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philly-8"}],"text":"He was born on October 1, 1874, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Edward Biddle II and Emily Drexel.[6] He was a grandson of banker Anthony Joseph Drexel, and a great-grandson of banker Nicholas Biddle.[7] Biddle was a graduate of Germany's Heidelberg University.[8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"RKO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO"},{"link_name":"Soldiers of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fatwing-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svinth-10"},{"link_name":"Lansdowne, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansdowne,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"calisthenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calisthenics"},{"link_name":"savate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savate"},{"link_name":"jiujitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiujitsu"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svinth-10"},{"link_name":"National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Jack Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Gene Tunney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Tunney"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-5"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Jack O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Jack_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"evening gowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_gown"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jack Dempsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dempsey"},{"link_name":"Jess Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_Willard"},{"link_name":"International Boxing Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Union_(1913%E2%80%931946)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"An officer in the United States Marine Corps, Biddle was an expert in close-quarters fighting and the author of Do or Die: A Supplementary Manual on Individual Combat, a book on combat methods, including knives and empty-hand skills, training both the United States Marine Corps in two world wars and special agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He can be seen training Marines in the RKO short documentary Soldiers of the Sea. He was considered not just an expert in fighting, but also a pioneer of United States Marine Corps training in the bayonet and hand-to-hand combat. He based his style on fencing, though this approach was sometimes criticized as being unrealistic for military combat.[9]Having joined the Marines in 1917 at the age of 41, he also convinced his superiors to include boxing in Marine Corps recruit training.[10] In 1919, he was promoted to the rank of major, and became a lieutenant colonel in 1934. In Lansdowne, Pennsylvania, right outside of Philadelphia, Biddle opened a military training facility, where he trained 4,000 men. His training included long hours of calisthenics and gymnastics, and taught skills such as machete, saber, dagger, and bayonet combat, as well as hand grenade use, boxing, wrestling, savate and jiujitsu.[10] He also served two years in the National Guard.A keen boxer, Biddle sparred with Jack Johnson and taught boxing to Gene Tunney.[5] He even hosted \"boxing teas\" in his home, where other boxers would spar a couple of rounds with him and then join the family for dinner. A February 1909 match with Philadelphia Jack O'Brien was attended by society leaders including women in elegant evening gowns.[11]He served as a judge in the fight between Jack Dempsey and Jess Willard on 4 July 1919.On February 5, 1920, Biddle, as chairman of the Army Navy and Civilian Board of Boxing Control of New York, became a member the International Boxing Union.[12]During World War II, Biddle returned to active duty with the Marine Corps with the rank of colonel and taught hand-to-hand combat to recruits.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philly-8"}],"sub_title":"Writings","text":"Biddle also worked in and on periodicals. He spent time as a sports reporter for the Public Ledger, and jokingly referred to himself as \"the poorest and richest reporter in Philadelphia\". He also revived the Philadelphia Sunday Graphic for a short interval, before it was forced to fold, and founded a short-lived \"society weekly\"–type publication, The People. After organizing the also short-lived Drexel Biddle Publishing House, he acted as its head for two years.[8]Books written by Biddle include:A dual rôle: and other stories. The Warwick Book Publishing Company. 1894.\nThe Madeira Islands. Philadelphia: Drexel, Biddle & Bradley Publishing Company. 1896.\nShantytown Sketches. Philadelphia: Drexel, Biddle & Bradley Publishing Company. 1897.\nThe Froggy Fairy Book (1896) and The Second Froggy Fairy Book (1900) Drexel, Biddle & Bradley publishing company\nThe Flowers of Life. Philadelphia: Drexel, Biddle & Bradley Publishing Company. 1897.\nWord for Word and Letter for Letter; a biographical romance. Gay & Bird. 1898.\nThe Land of the Wine. London: The Author's Syndicate. 1901.\nDo or Die: A Supplementary Manual on Individual Combat. U.S. Marine Corps. 1937. (reprinted 1944 with new material, reprinted 1975)","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Jr."},{"link_name":"Mary Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Duke_Biddle"},{"link_name":"Mary Duke Biddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Duke_Biddle_Trent_Semans"},{"link_name":"Angier Buchanan Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angier_Buchanan_Duke"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Newton Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Newton_Duke"},{"link_name":"Angier Biddle Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angier_Biddle_Duke"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Robert N. Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_N._Page"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"cerebral hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"uremic poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uremic_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philly-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Woodlands Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlands_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In 1895, he married Cordelia Rundell Bradley. Together, they had:Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Jr. (1897–1961), who married Mary Duke (1887–1960). They were the parents of Mary Duke Biddle (1920–2012) and Nicholas Benjamin Duke Biddle\nCordelia Drexel Biddle (1898–1984), who married firstly Angier Buchanan Duke (1884–1923), the son of Benjamin Newton Duke. They were the parents of Angier Biddle Duke (1915–1995) and Anthony Drexel Duke (1918–2014).[13] Her second marriage was to then architect Thomas Markoe Robertson in 1924.\nLivingston Ludlow Biddle (1899–1981), who married Kate Raboteau Page (b. 1903), daughter of Robert N. Page. They were the parents of Livingston Ludlow Biddle III.[14] Kate obtained a divorce in Reno in 1937, citing cruelty. Biddle married Suzanne Hutchinson Burke (1909-2000) whose mother was Mary Forbes Fay, the daughter of Alfred Forbes Fay (1843-1881). Suzanne donated two paintings by Jane Stuart of her mother and great uncle Sigourney Webster Fay (1836-1908) to the Boston Athenaeum in 1983. Monsignor Cyril Sigourney Webster Fay (1875-1919) was her uncle.He died May 27, 1948, from a cerebral hemorrhage and uremic poisoning[2][8][15] and is interred at the Woodlands Cemetery in Philadelphia.[16]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Crichton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Crichton_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Walter Pidgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Pidgeon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mill-18"},{"link_name":"musical film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"Fred MacMurray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_MacMurray"},{"link_name":"The Happiest Millionaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happiest_Millionaire"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"His daughter Cordelia Drexel Biddle collaborated with Kyle Crichton (father of Robert Crichton) to write the 1955 novel My Philadelphia Father, based on her family.[17] The book was adapted as a stage play starring Walter Pidgeon in 1956.[18] The story of the eccentric millionaire patriarch was adapted as a musical film in 1967, with Fred MacMurray portraying Biddle in The Happiest Millionaire, the last film to have personal involvement from Walt Disney.[19] The book Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr.: Pioneer of Combatives in the U.S.A. was published in 2023.[20]","title":"Legacy"}] | [{"image_text":"Biddle as a boxer in 1909","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle%2C_Sr._in_1909.jpg/220px-Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle%2C_Sr._in_1909.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Col. A. J. Biddle Sr. Dead at Age of 73. Trained Men in Two World Wars for Hand-to-Hand Combat. Sponsored Boxing Groups\". The New York Times. May 28, 1948. Retrieved March 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70F12FD3954177A93CAAB178ED85F4C8485F9","url_text":"\"Col. A. J. Biddle Sr. Dead at Age of 73. Trained Men in Two World Wars for Hand-to-Hand Combat. Sponsored Boxing Groups\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Shantytown sketches\". 1899.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/shantytownsketches00biddiala/shantytownsketches00biddiala_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Shantytown sketches\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foreign Service: Athletic Christian\". Time magazine. August 5, 1935. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved March 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101119105939/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,711672,00.html","url_text":"\"Foreign Service: Athletic Christian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time magazine"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,711672,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Events & Discoveries\". Sports Illustrated. May 9, 1955. Retrieved March 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1129593/4/index.htm","url_text":"\"Events & Discoveries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"\"Letters to the editor\". Life magazine. October 25, 1943. p. 2. Retrieved March 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BVcEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA2","url_text":"\"Letters to the editor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)","url_text":"Life magazine"}]},{"reference":"James N. Wright (April 1940). \"On the Art of Hand to Hand: An Interview with Col. A. J. Drexel Biddle, USMCR\". Leatherneck Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jimmy_fatwing/Military/biddle.htm","url_text":"\"On the Art of Hand to Hand: An Interview with Col. A. J. Drexel Biddle, USMCR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherneck_Magazine","url_text":"Leatherneck Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Joseph R. Svinth (December 2001). \"Anthony J. Drexel Biddle, USMC CQB Pioneer\". Journal of Non-Lethal Combatives.","urls":[{"url":"http://ejmas.com/jnc/jncart_Svinth_1201.htm","url_text":"\"Anthony J. Drexel Biddle, USMC CQB Pioneer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women See Biddle Box: Bout with \"Jack\" O'Brien for Society Friends at Philadelphia\" (PDF). The New York Times. 24 February 1909. Retrieved 22 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/02/24/106117845.pdf","url_text":"\"Women See Biddle Box: Bout with \"Jack\" O'Brien for Society Friends at Philadelphia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Le congrès de l'International Boxing Union\". Le Temps (in French). February 6, 1920. Retrieved May 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k243913f/f5.item","url_text":"\"Le congrès de l'International Boxing Union\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Temps_(Paris)","url_text":"Le Temps"}]},{"reference":"\"Angier Buchanan Duke\". Duke University. Archived from the original on 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2008-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080501112730/http://library.duke.edu/lilly/about/lillyartproj/angier-buchanan-duke.html","url_text":"\"Angier Buchanan Duke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University","url_text":"Duke University"},{"url":"http://library.duke.edu/lilly/about/lillyartproj/angier-buchanan-duke.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Livingston Ludlow Biddle, III\". Our Family Tree. Retrieved 20 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourfamtree.org/browse.php/Livingston-Ludlow-Biddle/p549679","url_text":"\"Livingston Ludlow Biddle, III\""}]},{"reference":"Karl Schuon (1963). U S Marine Corps Biographical Dictionary. New York: Franklin Watts. pp. 16–17.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/usmarinecorpsbio017890mbp","url_text":"U S Marine Corps Biographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/usmarinecorpsbio017890mbp/page/n29","url_text":"16"}]},{"reference":"Crichton, Kyle; Biddle, Cordelia Drexel (1955). My Philadelphia Father. Doubleday – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/myphiladelphiafa0000bidd","url_text":"My Philadelphia Father"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"The Theater: New Plays in Manhattan\". Time magazine. December 3, 1956. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. Retrieved March 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070208174257/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866393,00.html","url_text":"\"The Theater: New Plays in Manhattan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time magazine"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866393,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Happiest Millionaire\". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Film/23697-THE-HAPPIESTMILLIONAIRE?sid=5a462cdc-a7ae-4213-87a6-e85b0551f575&sr=9.714488&cp=1&pos=0","url_text":"\"The Happiest Millionaire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI_Catalog_of_Feature_Films","url_text":"AFI Catalog of Feature Films"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute","url_text":"American Film Institute"}]},{"reference":"Sabet, Robert H and Fred Bauer (2023). Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr.: Pioneer of Combatives in the U.S.A. LuLu.com. ISBN 9781387379620. Retrieved 30 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/82380003-anthony-joseph-drexel-biddle-sr","url_text":"Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr.: Pioneer of Combatives in the U.S.A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781387379620","url_text":"9781387379620"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70F12FD3954177A93CAAB178ED85F4C8485F9","external_links_name":"\"Col. A. J. Biddle Sr. Dead at Age of 73. Trained Men in Two World Wars for Hand-to-Hand Combat. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN_codes | AN codes | ["1 Arithmetic Weight and Distance","2 AN Codes","3 Mandelbaum-Barrows Codes","4 See also","5 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "AN codes" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
AN codes are error-correcting code that are used in arithmetic applications. Arithmetic codes were commonly used in computer processors to ensure the accuracy of its arithmetic operations when electronics were more unreliable. Arithmetic codes help the processor to detect when an error is made and correct it. Without these codes, processors would be unreliable since any errors would go undetected. AN codes are arithmetic codes that are named for the integers
A
{\displaystyle A}
and
N
{\displaystyle N}
that are used to encode and decode the codewords.
These codes differ from most other codes in that they use arithmetic weight to maximize the arithmetic distance between codewords as opposed to the hamming weight and hamming distance. The arithmetic distance between two words is a measure of the number of errors made while computing an arithmetic operation. Using the arithmetic distance is necessary since one error in an arithmetic operation can cause a large hamming distance between the received answer and the correct answer.
Arithmetic Weight and Distance
The arithmetic weight of an integer
x
{\displaystyle x}
in base
r
{\displaystyle r}
is defined by
w
(
x
)
=
min
{
t
|
x
=
∑
i
=
1
t
a
i
r
n
(
i
)
}
{\displaystyle w(x)=\min\{t|x=\sum _{i=1}^{t}a_{i}r^{n(i)}\}}
where
|
a
i
|
{\displaystyle |{a_{i}}|}
<
r
{\displaystyle r}
,
n
(
i
)
≥
0
{\displaystyle n(i)\geq 0}
, and
r
,
n
(
i
)
∈
Z
{\displaystyle r,n(i)\in \mathbb {Z} }
. The arithmetic distance of a word is upper bounded by its hamming weight since any integer can be represented by its standard polynomial form of
x
=
∑
i
=
1
n
b
i
r
i
{\displaystyle x=\sum _{i=1}^{n}b_{i}r^{i}}
where the
b
i
{\displaystyle b_{i}}
are the digits in the integer. Removing all the terms where
b
i
=
0
{\displaystyle b_{i}=0}
will simulate a
t
{\displaystyle t}
equal to its hamming weight. The arithmetic weight will usually be less than the hamming weight since the
a
i
{\displaystyle a_{i}}
are allowed to be negative. For example, the integer
x
=
29
{\displaystyle x=29}
which is
11101
{\displaystyle 11101}
in binary has a hamming weight of
4
{\displaystyle 4}
. This is a quick upper bound on the arithmetic weight since
x
=
2
0
+
2
2
+
2
3
+
2
4
{\displaystyle x=2^{0}+2^{2}+2^{3}+2^{4}}
. However, since the
a
i
{\displaystyle a_{i}}
can be negative, we can write
x
=
2
5
−
2
1
−
2
0
{\displaystyle x=2^{5}-2^{1}-2^{0}}
which makes the arithmetic weight equal to
3
{\displaystyle 3}
.
The arithmetic distance between two integers is defined by
d
(
x
,
y
)
=
w
(
x
−
y
)
{\displaystyle d(x,y)=w(x-y)}
This is one of the primary metrics used when analyzing arithmetic codes.
AN Codes
AN codes are defined by integers
A
{\displaystyle A}
and
B
{\displaystyle B}
and are used to encode integers from
0
{\displaystyle 0}
to
B
−
1
{\displaystyle B-1}
such that
C
=
{
A
N
|
N
∈
Z
,
0
≤
N
{\displaystyle C=\{AN|N\in \mathbb {Z} ,0\leq N}
<
B
}
{\displaystyle B\}}
Each choice of
A
{\displaystyle A}
will result in a different code, while
B
{\displaystyle B}
serves as a limiting factor to ensure useful properties in the distance of the code. If
B
{\displaystyle B}
is too large, it could let a codeword with a very small arithmetic weight into the code which will degrade the distance of the entire code. To utilize these codes, before an arithmetic operation is performed on two integers, each integer is multiplied by
A
{\displaystyle A}
. Let the result of the operation on the codewords be
R
{\displaystyle R}
. Note that
R
{\displaystyle R}
must also be between
0
{\displaystyle 0}
to
B
−
1
{\displaystyle B-1}
for proper decoding. To decode, simply divide
R
/
A
{\displaystyle R/A}
. If
A
{\displaystyle A}
is not a factor of
R
{\displaystyle R}
, then at least one error has occurred and the most likely solution will be the codeword with the least arithmetic distance from
R
{\displaystyle R}
. As with codes using hamming distance, AN codes can correct up to
⌊
d
−
1
2
⌋
{\displaystyle \lfloor {\frac {d-1}{2}}\rfloor }
errors where
d
{\displaystyle d}
is the distance of the code.
For example, an AN code with
A
=
3
{\displaystyle A=3}
, the operation of adding
15
{\displaystyle 15}
and
16
{\displaystyle 16}
will start by encoding both operands. This results in the operation
R
=
45
+
48
=
93
{\displaystyle R=45+48=93}
. Then, to find the solution we divide
93
/
3
=
31
{\displaystyle 93/3=31}
. As long as
B
{\displaystyle B}
>
31
{\displaystyle 31}
, this will be a possible operation under the code. Suppose an error occurs in each of the binary representation of the operands such that
45
=
101101
→
101111
{\displaystyle 45=101101\rightarrow 101111}
and
48
=
110000
→
110001
{\displaystyle 48=110000\rightarrow 110001}
, then
R
=
101111
+
110001
=
1100000
{\displaystyle R=101111+110001=1100000}
. Notice that since
93
=
1011101
{\displaystyle 93=1011101}
, the hamming weight between the received word and the correct solution is
5
{\displaystyle 5}
after just
2
{\displaystyle 2}
errors. To compute the arithmetic weight, we take
1100000
−
1011101
=
11
{\displaystyle 1100000-1011101=11}
which can be represented as
11
=
2
0
+
2
1
{\displaystyle 11=2^{0}+2^{1}}
or
11
=
2
2
−
2
0
{\displaystyle 11=2^{2}-2^{0}}
. In either case, the arithmetic distance is
2
{\displaystyle 2}
as expected since this is the number of errors that were made. To correct this error, an algorithm would be used to compute the nearest codeword to the received word in terms of arithmetic distance. We will not describe the algorithms in detail.
To ensure that the distance of the code will not be too small, we will define modular AN codes. A modular AN code
C
{\displaystyle C}
is a subgroup of
Z
/
m
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /m\mathbb {Z} }
, where
m
=
A
B
{\displaystyle m=AB}
. The codes are measured in terms of modular distance which is defined in terms of a graph with vertices being the elements of
Z
/
m
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /m\mathbb {Z} }
. Two vertices
x
(
mod
m
)
{\displaystyle x{\pmod {m}}}
and
x
′
(
mod
m
)
{\displaystyle x'{\pmod {m}}}
are connected iff
x
−
x
′
≡
±
c
⋅
r
j
(
mod
m
)
{\displaystyle x-x'\equiv \pm c\cdot r^{j}{\pmod {m}}}
where
c
,
j
∈
Z
{\displaystyle c,j\in \mathbb {Z} }
and
0
{\displaystyle 0}
<
c
{\displaystyle c}
<
r
{\displaystyle r}
,
j
≥
0
{\displaystyle j\geq 0}
. Then the modular distance between two words is the length of the shortest path between their nodes in the graph. The modular weight of a word is its distance from
0
{\displaystyle 0}
which is equal to
w
m
(
x
)
=
m
i
n
{
w
(
y
)
|
y
∈
Z
,
y
≡
x
(
mod
m
)
}
{\displaystyle w_{m}(x)=min\{w(y)|y\in \mathbb {Z} ,y\equiv x{\pmod {m}}\}}
In practice, the value of
m
{\displaystyle m}
is typically chosen such that
m
=
r
n
−
1
{\displaystyle m=r^{n}-1}
since most computer arithmetic is computed
mod
2
n
−
1
{\displaystyle \mod 2^{n}-1}
so there is no additional loss of data due to the code going out of bounds since the computer will also be out of bounds. Choosing
m
=
r
n
−
1
{\displaystyle m=r^{n}-1}
also tends to result in codes with larger distances than other codes.
By using modular weight with
m
=
r
n
−
1
{\displaystyle m=r^{n}-1}
, the AN codes will be cyclic code.
definition: A cyclic AN code is a code
C
{\displaystyle C}
that is a subgroup of
[
r
n
−
1
]
{\displaystyle }
, where
[
r
n
−
1
]
=
{
0
,
1
,
2
,
…
,
r
n
−
1
}
{\displaystyle =\{0,1,2,\dots ,r^{n}-1\}}
.
A cyclic AN code is a principal ideal of the ring
[
r
n
−
1
]
{\displaystyle }
. There are integers
A
{\displaystyle A}
and
B
{\displaystyle B}
where
A
B
=
r
n
−
1
{\displaystyle AB=r^{n}-1}
and
A
,
B
{\displaystyle A,B}
satisfy the definition of an AN code. Cyclic AN codes are a subset of cyclic codes and have the same properties.
Mandelbaum-Barrows Codes
The Mandelbaum-Barrows Codes are a type of cyclic AN codes introduced by D. Mandelbaum and J. T. Barrows. These codes are created by choosing
B
{\displaystyle B}
to be a prime number that does not divide
r
{\displaystyle r}
such that
Z
/
B
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /B\mathbb {Z} }
is generated by
r
{\displaystyle r}
and
−
1
{\displaystyle -1}
, and
m
=
r
n
−
1
{\displaystyle m=r^{n}-1}
. Let
n
{\displaystyle n}
be a positive integer where
r
n
≡
1
(
mod
B
)
{\displaystyle r^{n}\equiv 1{\pmod {B}}}
and
A
=
(
r
n
−
1
)
/
B
{\displaystyle A=(r^{n}-1)/B}
. For example, choosing
r
=
2
,
B
=
5
,
n
=
4
{\displaystyle r=2,B=5,n=4}
, and
A
=
(
r
n
−
1
)
/
B
=
3
{\displaystyle A=(r^{n}-1)/B=3}
the result will be a Mandelbaum-Barrows Code such that
C
=
{
3
N
|
N
∈
Z
,
0
≤
N
{\displaystyle C=\{3N|N\in \mathbb {Z} ,0\leq N}
<
5
}
{\displaystyle 5\}}
in base
2
{\displaystyle 2}
.
To analyze the distance of the Mandelbaum-Barrows Codes, we will need the following theorem.
theorem: Let
C
⊂
[
r
n
−
1
]
{\displaystyle C\subset }
be a cyclic AN code with generator
A
{\displaystyle A}
, and
B
=
|
C
|
=
(
r
n
−
1
)
/
A
{\displaystyle B=|C|=(r^{n}-1)/A}
Then,
∑
x
∈
C
w
m
(
x
)
=
n
(
⌊
r
B
r
+
1
⌋
−
⌊
B
r
+
1
⌋
)
{\displaystyle \sum _{x\in C}w_{m}(x)=n(\lfloor {\frac {rB}{r+1}}\rfloor -\lfloor {\frac {B}{r+1}}\rfloor )}
proof: Assume that each
x
∈
C
{\displaystyle x\in C}
has a unique cyclic NAF representation which is
x
≡
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
c
i
,
x
r
i
(
mod
r
n
−
1
)
{\displaystyle x\equiv \sum _{i=0}^{n-1}c_{i,x}r^{i}{\pmod {r^{n}-1}}}
We define an
n
×
B
{\displaystyle n\times B}
matrix with elements
c
i
,
x
{\displaystyle c_{i,x}}
where
0
≤
i
≤
n
−
1
{\displaystyle 0\leq i\leq n-1}
and
x
∈
C
{\displaystyle x\in C}
. This matrix is essentially a list of all the codewords in
C
{\displaystyle C}
where each column is a codeword. Since
C
{\displaystyle C}
is cyclic, each column of the matrix has the same number of zeros. We must now calculate
n
|
{
x
∈
C
|
c
n
−
1
,
x
≠
0
}
|
{\displaystyle n|\{x\in C|c_{n-1,x}\neq 0\}|}
, which is
n
{\displaystyle n}
times the number of codewords that don't end with a
0
{\displaystyle 0}
. As a property of being in cyclic NAF,
c
n
−
1
,
x
≠
0
{\displaystyle c_{n-1,x}\neq 0}
iff there is a
y
∈
Z
{\displaystyle y\in \mathbb {Z} }
with
y
≡
x
(
mod
r
n
−
1
)
,
m
r
+
1
{\displaystyle y\equiv x{\pmod {r^{n}-1}},{\frac {m}{r+1}}}
<
y
≤
m
r
r
+
1
{\displaystyle y\leq {\frac {mr}{r+1}}}
. Since
x
=
A
N
(
mod
r
n
−
1
)
{\displaystyle x=AN{\pmod {r^{n}-1}}}
with
0
≤
N
{\displaystyle 0\leq N}
<
B
{\displaystyle B}
, then
B
r
+
1
{\displaystyle {\frac {B}{r+1}}}
<
N
≤
B
r
r
+
1
{\displaystyle N\leq {\frac {Br}{r+1}}}
. Then the number of integers that have a zero as their last bit are
⌊
r
B
r
+
1
⌋
−
⌊
B
r
+
1
⌋
{\displaystyle \lfloor {\frac {rB}{r+1}}\rfloor -\lfloor {\frac {B}{r+1}}\rfloor }
. Multiplying this by the
n
{\displaystyle n}
characters in the codewords gives us a sum of the weights of the codewords of
n
(
⌊
r
B
r
+
1
⌋
−
⌊
B
r
+
1
⌋
)
{\displaystyle n(\lfloor {\frac {rB}{r+1}}\rfloor -\lfloor {\frac {B}{r+1}}\rfloor )}
as desired.
We will now use the previous theorem to show that the Mandelbaum-Barrows Codes are equidistant (which means that every pair of codewords have the same distance), with a distance of
n
B
−
1
(
⌊
r
B
r
+
1
⌋
−
⌊
B
r
+
1
⌋
)
{\displaystyle {\frac {n}{B-1}}(\lfloor {\frac {rB}{r+1}}\rfloor -\lfloor {\frac {B}{r+1}}\rfloor )}
proof: Let
x
∈
C
,
x
≠
0
{\displaystyle x\in C,x\neq 0}
, then
x
=
A
N
(
mod
r
n
−
1
)
{\displaystyle x=AN{\pmod {r^{n}-1}}}
and
N
{\displaystyle N}
is not divisible by
B
{\displaystyle B}
. This implies there
∃
j
(
N
≡
±
r
j
(
mod
B
)
)
{\displaystyle \exists j(N\equiv \pm r^{j}{\pmod {B}})}
. Then
w
m
(
x
)
=
w
m
(
±
r
j
A
)
=
w
m
(
A
)
{\displaystyle w_{m}(x)=w_{m}(\pm r^{j}A)=w_{m}(A)}
. This proves that
C
{\displaystyle C}
is equidistant since all codewords have the same weight as
A
{\displaystyle A}
. Since all codewords have the same weight, and by the previous theorem we know the total weight of all codewords, the distance of the code is found by dividing the total weight by the number of codewords (excluding 0).
See also
Error detection and correction
Forward Error Correction
References
^ Peterson, W. W. and Weldon, E. J.: Error-correcting Codes. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1972
^ Massey, J. L. and Garcia, O. N.: Error-correcting codes in computer arithmetic. In: Advances in Information Systems Science, Vol. 4, Ch. 5. (Edited by J. T. Ton). New York: Plenum Press, 1972
^ J.H. Van Lint (1982). Introduction to Coding Theory. GTM. 86. New York: Springer-Verlag.
^ Clark, W. E. and Liang, J. J.: On modular weight and cyclic nonadjacent forms for arithmetic codes. IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, 20 pp. 767-770(1974) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"error-correcting code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error-correcting_code"},{"link_name":"Arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic"},{"link_name":"hamming weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_weight"},{"link_name":"hamming distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_distance"}],"text":"AN codes[1] are error-correcting code that are used in arithmetic applications. Arithmetic codes were commonly used in computer processors to ensure the accuracy of its arithmetic operations when electronics were more unreliable. Arithmetic codes help the processor to detect when an error is made and correct it. Without these codes, processors would be unreliable since any errors would go undetected. AN codes are arithmetic codes that are named for the integers \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n and \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n that are used to encode and decode the codewords.These codes differ from most other codes in that they use arithmetic weight to maximize the arithmetic distance between codewords as opposed to the hamming weight and hamming distance. The arithmetic distance between two words is a measure of the number of errors made while computing an arithmetic operation. Using the arithmetic distance is necessary since one error in an arithmetic operation can cause a large hamming distance between the received answer and the correct answer.","title":"AN codes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The arithmetic weight of an integer \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n in base \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n is defined byw\n (\n x\n )\n =\n min\n {\n t\n \n |\n \n x\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n t\n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n \n r\n \n n\n (\n i\n )\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w(x)=\\min\\{t|x=\\sum _{i=1}^{t}a_{i}r^{n(i)}\\}}\n \n [citation needed]where \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |{a_{i}}|}\n \n< \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n, \n \n \n \n n\n (\n i\n )\n ≥\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n(i)\\geq 0}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n r\n ,\n n\n (\n i\n )\n ∈\n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle r,n(i)\\in \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n. The arithmetic distance of a word is upper bounded by its hamming weight since any integer can be represented by its standard polynomial form of \n \n \n \n x\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n \n r\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=\\sum _{i=1}^{n}b_{i}r^{i}}\n \n where the \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b_{i}}\n \n are the digits in the integer. Removing all the terms where \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b_{i}=0}\n \n will simulate a \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n equal to its hamming weight. The arithmetic weight will usually be less than the hamming weight since the \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{i}}\n \n are allowed to be negative. For example, the integer \n \n \n \n x\n =\n 29\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=29}\n \n which is \n \n \n \n 11101\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 11101}\n \n in binary has a hamming weight of \n \n \n \n 4\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 4}\n \n. This is a quick upper bound on the arithmetic weight since \n \n \n \n x\n =\n \n 2\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n 2\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n 2\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n \n 2\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=2^{0}+2^{2}+2^{3}+2^{4}}\n \n. However, since the \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{i}}\n \n can be negative, we can write \n \n \n \n x\n =\n \n 2\n \n 5\n \n \n −\n \n 2\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n 2\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=2^{5}-2^{1}-2^{0}}\n \n which makes the arithmetic weight equal to \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 3}\n \n.The arithmetic distance between two integers is defined byd\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n w\n (\n x\n −\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d(x,y)=w(x-y)}\n \n [citation needed]This is one of the primary metrics used when analyzing arithmetic codes. [citation needed]","title":"Arithmetic Weight and Distance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyclic code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_code"}],"text":"AN codes are defined by integers \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n and \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n and are used to encode integers from \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0}\n \n to \n \n \n \n B\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B-1}\n \n such thatC\n =\n {\n A\n N\n \n |\n \n N\n ∈\n \n Z\n \n ,\n 0\n ≤\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C=\\{AN|N\\in \\mathbb {Z} ,0\\leq N}\n \n<\n \n \n \n B\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B\\}}Each choice of \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n will result in a different code, while \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n serves as a limiting factor to ensure useful properties in the distance of the code. If \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n is too large, it could let a codeword with a very small arithmetic weight into the code which will degrade the distance of the entire code. To utilize these codes, before an arithmetic operation is performed on two integers, each integer is multiplied by \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n. Let the result of the operation on the codewords be \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n. Note that \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n must also be between \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0}\n \n to \n \n \n \n B\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B-1}\n \n for proper decoding. To decode, simply divide \n \n \n \n R\n \n /\n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R/A}\n \n. If \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n is not a factor of \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n, then at least one error has occurred and the most likely solution will be the codeword with the least arithmetic distance from \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n. As with codes using hamming distance, AN codes can correct up to \n \n \n \n ⌊\n \n \n \n d\n −\n 1\n \n 2\n \n \n ⌋\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lfloor {\\frac {d-1}{2}}\\rfloor }\n \n errors where \n \n \n \n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d}\n \n is the distance of the code.For example, an AN code with \n \n \n \n A\n =\n 3\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A=3}\n \n, the operation of adding \n \n \n \n 15\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 15}\n \n and \n \n \n \n 16\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 16}\n \n will start by encoding both operands. This results in the operation \n \n \n \n R\n =\n 45\n +\n 48\n =\n 93\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R=45+48=93}\n \n. Then, to find the solution we divide \n \n \n \n 93\n \n /\n \n 3\n =\n 31\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 93/3=31}\n \n. As long as \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n>\n \n \n \n 31\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 31}\n \n, this will be a possible operation under the code. Suppose an error occurs in each of the binary representation of the operands such that \n \n \n \n 45\n =\n 101101\n →\n 101111\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 45=101101\\rightarrow 101111}\n \n and \n \n \n \n 48\n =\n 110000\n →\n 110001\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 48=110000\\rightarrow 110001}\n \n, then \n \n \n \n R\n =\n 101111\n +\n 110001\n =\n 1100000\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R=101111+110001=1100000}\n \n. Notice that since \n \n \n \n 93\n =\n 1011101\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 93=1011101}\n \n, the hamming weight between the received word and the correct solution is \n \n \n \n 5\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 5}\n \n after just \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2}\n \n errors. To compute the arithmetic weight, we take \n \n \n \n 1100000\n −\n 1011101\n =\n 11\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1100000-1011101=11}\n \n which can be represented as \n \n \n \n 11\n =\n \n 2\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n 2\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 11=2^{0}+2^{1}}\n \n or \n \n \n \n 11\n =\n \n 2\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n 2\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 11=2^{2}-2^{0}}\n \n. In either case, the arithmetic distance is \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2}\n \n as expected since this is the number of errors that were made. To correct this error, an algorithm would be used to compute the nearest codeword to the received word in terms of arithmetic distance. We will not describe the algorithms in detail.To ensure that the distance of the code will not be too small, we will define modular AN codes. A modular AN code \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n is a subgroup of \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n /\n \n m\n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} /m\\mathbb {Z} }\n \n, where \n \n \n \n m\n =\n A\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m=AB}\n \n. The codes are measured in terms of modular distance which is defined in terms of a graph with vertices being the elements of \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n /\n \n m\n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} /m\\mathbb {Z} }\n \n. Two vertices \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n (\n mod\n \n m\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x{\\pmod {m}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n x\n ′\n \n \n \n (\n mod\n \n m\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x'{\\pmod {m}}}\n \n are connected iffx\n −\n \n x\n ′\n \n ≡\n ±\n c\n ⋅\n \n r\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n (\n mod\n \n m\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x-x'\\equiv \\pm c\\cdot r^{j}{\\pmod {m}}}where \n \n \n \n c\n ,\n j\n ∈\n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c,j\\in \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n and \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0}\n \n<\n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n<\n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n, \n \n \n \n j\n ≥\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j\\geq 0}\n \n. Then the modular distance between two words is the length of the shortest path between their nodes in the graph. The modular weight of a word is its distance from \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0}\n \n which is equal tow\n \n m\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n m\n i\n n\n {\n w\n (\n y\n )\n \n |\n \n y\n ∈\n \n Z\n \n ,\n y\n ≡\n x\n \n \n (\n mod\n \n m\n )\n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{m}(x)=min\\{w(y)|y\\in \\mathbb {Z} ,y\\equiv x{\\pmod {m}}\\}}In practice, the value of \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n is typically chosen such that \n \n \n \n m\n =\n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m=r^{n}-1}\n \n since most computer arithmetic is computed \n \n \n \n \n mod\n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mod 2^{n}-1}\n \n so there is no additional loss of data due to the code going out of bounds since the computer will also be out of bounds. Choosing \n \n \n \n m\n =\n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m=r^{n}-1}\n \n also tends to result in codes with larger distances than other codes.By using modular weight with \n \n \n \n m\n =\n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m=r^{n}-1}\n \n, the AN codes will be cyclic code.definition: A cyclic AN code is a code \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n that is a subgroup of \n \n \n \n [\n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [r^{n}-1]}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n [\n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n ]\n =\n {\n 0\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n …\n ,\n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [r^{n}-1]=\\{0,1,2,\\dots ,r^{n}-1\\}}\n \n.A cyclic AN code is a principal ideal of the ring \n \n \n \n [\n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [r^{n}-1]}\n \n. There are integers \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n and \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n where \n \n \n \n A\n B\n =\n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle AB=r^{n}-1}\n \n and \n \n \n \n A\n ,\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A,B}\n \n satisfy the definition of an AN code. Cyclic AN codes are a subset of cyclic codes and have the same properties.","title":"AN Codes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"NAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-adjacent_form"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Mandelbaum-Barrows Codes are a type of cyclic AN codes introduced by D. Mandelbaum and J. T. Barrows.[2][3] These codes are created by choosing \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n to be a prime number that does not divide \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n /\n \n B\n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} /B\\mathbb {Z} }\n \n is generated by \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n and \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -1}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n m\n =\n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m=r^{n}-1}\n \n. Let \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n be a positive integer where \n \n \n \n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n ≡\n 1\n \n \n (\n mod\n \n B\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle r^{n}\\equiv 1{\\pmod {B}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n A\n =\n (\n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n )\n \n /\n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A=(r^{n}-1)/B}\n \n. For example, choosing \n \n \n \n r\n =\n 2\n ,\n B\n =\n 5\n ,\n n\n =\n 4\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r=2,B=5,n=4}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n A\n =\n (\n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n )\n \n /\n \n B\n =\n 3\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A=(r^{n}-1)/B=3}\n \n the result will be a Mandelbaum-Barrows Code such that \n \n \n \n C\n =\n {\n 3\n N\n \n |\n \n N\n ∈\n \n Z\n \n ,\n 0\n ≤\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C=\\{3N|N\\in \\mathbb {Z} ,0\\leq N}\n \n<\n \n \n \n 5\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 5\\}}\n \n in base \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2}\n \n.To analyze the distance of the Mandelbaum-Barrows Codes, we will need the following theorem.theorem: Let \n \n \n \n C\n ⊂\n [\n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C\\subset [r^{n}-1]}\n \n be a cyclic AN code with generator \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n, andB\n =\n \n |\n \n C\n \n |\n \n =\n (\n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n )\n \n /\n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B=|C|=(r^{n}-1)/A}Then,∑\n \n x\n ∈\n C\n \n \n \n w\n \n m\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n n\n (\n ⌊\n \n \n \n r\n B\n \n \n r\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n ⌋\n −\n ⌊\n \n \n B\n \n r\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n ⌋\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{x\\in C}w_{m}(x)=n(\\lfloor {\\frac {rB}{r+1}}\\rfloor -\\lfloor {\\frac {B}{r+1}}\\rfloor )}proof: Assume that each \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in C}\n \n has a unique cyclic NAF[4] representation which isx\n ≡\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n c\n \n i\n ,\n x\n \n \n \n r\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n (\n mod\n \n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\equiv \\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}c_{i,x}r^{i}{\\pmod {r^{n}-1}}}We define an \n \n \n \n n\n ×\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\times B}\n \n matrix with elements \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n i\n ,\n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{i,x}}\n \n where \n \n \n \n 0\n ≤\n i\n ≤\n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0\\leq i\\leq n-1}\n \n and \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in C}\n \n. This matrix is essentially a list of all the codewords in \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n where each column is a codeword. Since \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n is cyclic, each column of the matrix has the same number of zeros. We must now calculate \n \n \n \n n\n \n |\n \n {\n x\n ∈\n C\n \n |\n \n \n c\n \n n\n −\n 1\n ,\n x\n \n \n ≠\n 0\n }\n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n|\\{x\\in C|c_{n-1,x}\\neq 0\\}|}\n \n, which is \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n times the number of codewords that don't end with a \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0}\n \n. As a property of being in cyclic NAF, \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n n\n −\n 1\n ,\n x\n \n \n ≠\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{n-1,x}\\neq 0}\n \n iff there is a \n \n \n \n y\n ∈\n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle y\\in \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n with \n \n \n \n y\n ≡\n x\n \n \n (\n mod\n \n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n )\n \n ,\n \n \n m\n \n r\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle y\\equiv x{\\pmod {r^{n}-1}},{\\frac {m}{r+1}}}\n \n<\n \n \n \n y\n ≤\n \n \n \n m\n r\n \n \n r\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle y\\leq {\\frac {mr}{r+1}}}\n \n. Since \n \n \n \n x\n =\n A\n N\n \n \n (\n mod\n \n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=AN{\\pmod {r^{n}-1}}}\n \n with \n \n \n \n 0\n ≤\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0\\leq N}\n \n<\n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n, then \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n r\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {B}{r+1}}}\n \n<\n \n \n \n N\n ≤\n \n \n \n B\n r\n \n \n r\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle N\\leq {\\frac {Br}{r+1}}}\n \n. Then the number of integers that have a zero as their last bit are \n \n \n \n ⌊\n \n \n \n r\n B\n \n \n r\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n ⌋\n −\n ⌊\n \n \n B\n \n r\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n ⌋\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lfloor {\\frac {rB}{r+1}}\\rfloor -\\lfloor {\\frac {B}{r+1}}\\rfloor }\n \n. Multiplying this by the \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n characters in the codewords gives us a sum of the weights of the codewords of \n \n \n \n n\n (\n ⌊\n \n \n \n r\n B\n \n \n r\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n ⌋\n −\n ⌊\n \n \n B\n \n r\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n ⌋\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n(\\lfloor {\\frac {rB}{r+1}}\\rfloor -\\lfloor {\\frac {B}{r+1}}\\rfloor )}\n \n as desired.We will now use the previous theorem to show that the Mandelbaum-Barrows Codes are equidistant (which means that every pair of codewords have the same distance), with a distance ofn\n \n B\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n (\n ⌊\n \n \n \n r\n B\n \n \n r\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n ⌋\n −\n ⌊\n \n \n B\n \n r\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n ⌋\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {n}{B-1}}(\\lfloor {\\frac {rB}{r+1}}\\rfloor -\\lfloor {\\frac {B}{r+1}}\\rfloor )}proof: Let \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n C\n ,\n x\n ≠\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in C,x\\neq 0}\n \n, then \n \n \n \n x\n =\n A\n N\n \n \n (\n mod\n \n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=AN{\\pmod {r^{n}-1}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n is not divisible by \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n. This implies there \n \n \n \n ∃\n j\n (\n N\n ≡\n ±\n \n r\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n (\n mod\n \n B\n )\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exists j(N\\equiv \\pm r^{j}{\\pmod {B}})}\n \n. Then \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n m\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n w\n \n m\n \n \n (\n ±\n \n r\n \n j\n \n \n A\n )\n =\n \n w\n \n m\n \n \n (\n A\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{m}(x)=w_{m}(\\pm r^{j}A)=w_{m}(A)}\n \n. This proves that \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n is equidistant since all codewords have the same weight as \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n. Since all codewords have the same weight, and by the previous theorem we know the total weight of all codewords, the distance of the code is found by dividing the total weight by the number of codewords (excluding 0).","title":"Mandelbaum-Barrows Codes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Error detection and correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction"},{"title":"Forward Error Correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Error_Correction"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22AN+codes%22","external_links_name":"\"AN codes\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22AN+codes%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22AN+codes%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22AN+codes%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22AN+codes%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22AN+codes%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Grand_National | 1935 Grand National | ["1 Finishing order","2 Non-finishers","3 References"] | English steeplechase horse race
1935 Grand NationalGrand NationalLocationAintree RacecourseDate29 March 1935Winning horseReynoldstownStarting price22/1Jockey Mr. Frank FurlongTrainer Maj. Noel FurlongOwner Maj. Noel FurlongConditionsGood to firm← 19341936 →
The 1935 Grand National was the 94th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 29 March 1935.
The race was won by Reynoldstown, a 22/1 shot owned and trained by Major Noel Furlong, and ridden by his son, amateur jockey Frank Furlong. Reynoldstown followed up with a second consecutive victory one year later in the 1936 Grand National.
The favourite was Golden Miller who unseated his rider Gerry Wilson on the first circuit.
Finishing order
Position
Name
Jockey
Age
Handicap (st-lb)
SP
Distance
1
Reynoldstown
Frank Furlong
8
11-04
22/1
3 Lengths
2
Blue Prince
Billy Parvin
7
3
Thomond II
Billy Speck
9
4
Lazy Boots
George Owen
9
5
Uncle Batt
Tom Isaac
9
6
Bachelor Prince
W.O'Grady
8
This list of sports fixtures or results is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (October 2021)
Non-finishers
Position/Fate
Name
Jockey
Age
Handicap (st-lb)
SP
Unseated Rider (11th)
Golden Miller
Gerry Wilson
8
12-7
Royal Ransom
Tim Hamey
8
Brienz
William Kidney
10
Southern Hero
Jack Fawcus
10
Fell (6th)
Really True
Danny Morgan
11
Castle Irwell
Pete Bostwick
7
Ballybrack
Reg Tweedie
11
Brave Cry
Mr J.W.Lewis
13
Master Orange
Anthony Mildmay
10
Huic Holloa
J.Ward
10
Tapinois
Fred Gurney
7
Alexena
Peter Payne-Gallwey
9
Emancipator
Peter Cazalet
7
Trocadero
Tommy Cullinan
11
Southern Hue
P Powell
11
Red Park
Patrick Fitzgerald
9
Theras
Tommy Carey
10
Jimmy James
Frenchie Nicholson
8
Slater
F.Maxwell
10
Princess Mir
Mr D.Jackson
10
Fouquet
Eric Brown
7
This list of sports fixtures or results is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (October 2021)
References
^ "1935".
^ "Aintree Grand National 1935".
^ "Grand National Winners – Sportsbook Guardian". Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
^ "1935".
vteGrand NationalRaces by year
(1836)
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2020
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Course
Aintree Racecourse
Becher's Brook
Canal Turn
The Chair
Valentine's Brook
Famous horses
Aldaniti
Battleship
Corbiere
Crisp
Devon Loch
The Duke
E.S.B.
Foinavon
Golden Miller
L'Escargot
Lord Gyllene
Lottery
Mr Frisk
Party Politics
Peter Simple
Red Rum
Tiger Roll
West Tip
Famous jockeys
Duke of Alburquerque
Jack Anthony
Martin Becher
Rachael Blackmore
Tommy Carberry
Bob Champion
Richard Dunwoody
Brian Fletcher
Dick Francis
Josh Gifford
Bruce Hobbs
Count Karl Kinsky
Jem Mason
Tony McCoy
Tom Olliver
Ernest Piggott
Richard Pitman
Davy Russell
Ruby Walsh
Fred Winter
Other people
Peter Bromley
Ginger McCain
Vincent O'Brien
Michael O'Hehir
Peter O'Sullevan
Jenny Pitman
Fred Rimell
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
Lord Oaksey
Lord Sefton
Lists
List of Grand National winners
List of Grand National first four placings
List of equine fatalities in the Grand National
List of female Grand National jockeys
This horse race article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National"},{"link_name":"Aintree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aintree_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"1936 Grand National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Grand_National"}],"text":"The 1935 Grand National was the 94th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 29 March 1935.The race was won by Reynoldstown, a 22/1 shot owned and trained by Major Noel Furlong, and ridden by his son, amateur jockey Frank Furlong. Reynoldstown followed up with a second consecutive victory one year later in the 1936 Grand National.The favourite was Golden Miller who unseated his rider Gerry Wilson on the first circuit.","title":"1935 Grand National"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Finishing order"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"[2]\n[3]\n[4]","title":"Non-finishers"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"1935\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grandnationalultimatehistory.com/races-1935.html","url_text":"\"1935\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aintree Grand National 1935\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greyhoundderby.com/GN1935.html","url_text":"\"Aintree Grand National 1935\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grand National Winners – Sportsbook Guardian\". Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131227085539/https://www.sportsbookguardian.com/horse-racing/grand-national/winners","url_text":"\"Grand National Winners – Sportsbook Guardian\""},{"url":"http://www.sportsbookguardian.com/horse-racing/grand-national/winners","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1935\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grandnationalultimatehistory.com/races-1935.html","url_text":"\"1935\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1935_Grand_National&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1935_Grand_National&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://www.grandnationalultimatehistory.com/races-1935.html","external_links_name":"\"1935\""},{"Link":"http://www.greyhoundderby.com/GN1935.html","external_links_name":"\"Aintree Grand National 1935\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131227085539/https://www.sportsbookguardian.com/horse-racing/grand-national/winners","external_links_name":"\"Grand National Winners – Sportsbook Guardian\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportsbookguardian.com/horse-racing/grand-national/winners","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.grandnationalultimatehistory.com/races-1935.html","external_links_name":"\"1935\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1935_Grand_National&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstad_(municipality) | Sandstad (municipality) | ["1 History","1.1 Name","2 Government","2.1 Mayors","2.2 Municipal council","3 See also","4 References"] | Coordinates: 63°31′21″N 9°05′43″E / 63.5224°N 09.0954°E / 63.5224; 09.0954Former municipality in Norway
Former municipality in Sør-Trøndelag, NorwaySandstad Municipality
Sandstad herredFormer municipalitySør-Trøndelag within NorwaySandstad within Sør-TrøndelagCoordinates: 63°31′21″N 9°05′43″E / 63.5224°N 09.0954°E / 63.5224; 09.0954CountryNorwayCountySør-TrøndelagDistrictFosenEstablished1 July 1914 • Preceded byFillan MunicipalityDisestablished1 Jan 1964 • Succeeded byHitra MunicipalityAdministrative centreSandstadArea (upon dissolution) • Total160 km2 (60 sq mi)Population • Total1,028 • Density6.4/km2 (17/sq mi)DemonymSandstadværingTime zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)ISO 3166 codeNO-1615Data from Statistics Norway
Sandstad is a former municipality in the old Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The 160-square-kilometre (62 sq mi) municipality existed from 1914 until its dissolution in 1964 when it was merged into what is now Hitra municipality in Trøndelag county. The former municipality of Sandstad included all of the southern and southeastern parts of the island of Hitra, plus the several islands in the Trondheimsleia off the shores of Hitra. The municipality had one church, Sandstad church, located in the village of Sandstad.
History
Map of the old municipal boundaries on the island of Hitra
Sandstad Church
On 1 July 1914, the southern district of the municipality Fillan was separated to form a municipality of its own called Sandstad. The initial population was 947. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the municipalities of Sandstad, Fillan, Kvenvær, and Hitra were merged to form a new, larger municipality of Hitra. Prior to the merger, the population of Sandstad was 1,028.
Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Sandstad farm (Old Norse: Sǫndulfsstaðir). The first element is the old male name Sǫndulfr. The last element is the plural nominative case of staðr which means "place" or "abode".
Government
While it existed, this municipality was responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment, social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elected a mayor.
Mayors
The mayors of Sandstad:
1915-1920: Kasper Utsetø (V)
1921-1928: Ole Aalmo (H)
1929-1934: Nils Strøm (H)
1935-1945: John Aalmo (H)
1946-1947: Alf Nesset (Ap)
1948-1955: John Aalmo (H)
1956-1963: Olaf Sivertsen (Ap)
Municipal council
The municipal council (Herredsstyre) of Sandstad was made up of 15representatives that were elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:
Sandstad herredsstyre 1960–1963
Party name (in Norwegian)
Number ofrepresentatives
Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)
9
Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister)
6
Total number of members:15
Sandstad herredsstyre 1956–1959
Party name (in Norwegian)
Number ofrepresentatives
Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)
8
Conservative Party (Høyre)
4
Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)
1
Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister)
2
Total number of members:15
Sandstad herredsstyre 1952–1955
Party name (in Norwegian)
Number ofrepresentatives
Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)
6
Local List(s) (Lokale lister)
6
Total number of members:12
Sandstad herredsstyre 1948–1951
Party name (in Norwegian)
Number ofrepresentatives
Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)
6
Local List(s) (Lokale lister)
6
Total number of members:12
Sandstad herredsstyre 1945–1947
Party name (in Norwegian)
Number ofrepresentatives
Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)
7
Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister)
5
Total number of members:12
Sandstad herredsstyre 1938–1941*
Party name (in Norwegian)
Number ofrepresentatives
Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)
6
Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister)
4
Local List(s) (Lokale lister)
2
Total number of members:12Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.
See also
List of former municipalities of Norway
References
^ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
^ Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023). "Kommunenummer". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget.
^ Haugen, Morten, ed. (28 November 2014). "Sandstad – tidligere kommune". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
^ Jukvam, Dag (1999). Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845.
^ Rygh, Oluf (1901). Norske gaardnavne: Søndre Trondhjems amt (in Norwegian) (14 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. p. 79.
^ Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). "kommunestyre". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
^ Utseth, Sverre R. (1989). Hitraboka. Gårds- og slektshistorie, Sandstad sokn (in Norwegian). Hitra kommune. ISBN 9788299198301.
^ Utseth, Sverre R.; Aalmo, Lars (1957). "Sandstad". In Fiskaa, Haakon M.; Myckland, Haakon Falck (eds.). Norges bebyggelse: Nordlige seksjon: Herredsbindet for Sør-Trøndelag: Nordre del (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk faglitteratur. p. 274.
^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
vteTrøndelag county, Norway
Main article: Trøndelag
Capital: Steinkjer
County government: Trøndelag County Municipality
County lists:
County Governors
Villages
Churches
Towns and cities
Trondheim (997)
Røros (1683)
Namsos (1845)
Steinkjer (1857)
Levanger (1836-1961, 1997)
Stjørdalshalsen (1997)
Verdalsøra (1998)
Kolvereid (2002)
Brekstad (2005)
Orkanger (2014)
Rørvik (2020)
MunicipalitiesNamdalen
Flatanger
Grong
Høylandet
Leka
Lierne
Namsos
Namsskogan
Nærøysund
Overhalla
Røyrvik
Innherred
Frosta
Inderøy
Levanger
Snåsa
Steinkjer
Verdal
Fosen
Frøya
Heim
Hitra
Indre Fosen
Osen
Ørland
Åfjord
Gauldalen/Trondheim
Holtålen
Malvik
Melhus
Midtre Gauldal
Røros
Trondheim
Orkdalen
Oppdal
Orkland
Rennebu
Rindal
Skaun
Stjørdalen/Neadalen
Meråker
Selbu
Stjørdal
Tydal
Former Municipalities in TrøndelagTrøndelag
Agdenes (1896-2020)
Bjugn (1853-2020)
Fosnes (1838-2020)
Hemne (1838-2020)
Klæbu (1838-2020)
Meldal (1838-2020)
Namdalseid (1838-2020)
Nærøy (1838-2020)
Orkdal (1838-2020)
Roan (1892-2020)
Snillfjord (1924-2020)
Verran (1901-2020)
Vikna (1869-2020)
Nord-Trøndelag
Beitstad (1838-1964)
Egge (1869-1964)
Foldereid (1886-1964)
Frol (1856-1962)
Gravvik (1909-1964)
Harran (1823-1964)
Hegra (1874-1962)
Klinga (1891-1964)
Kolvereid (1838-1964)
Kvam (1909-1964)
Leksvik (1838-2018)
Lånke (1902-1962)
Malm (1913-1964)
Mosvik og Verran (1867-1901)
Mosvik (1901-2012)
Nedre Stjørdal (1850-1902)
Nordli (1915-1964)
Ogndal (1885-1964)
Otterøy (1913-1964)
Røra (1907-1962)
Sandvollan (1907-1962)
Skatval (1902-1962)
Skogn (1838-1962)
Sparbu (1838-1964)
Stjørdalen (1838-1850)
Stod (1838-1964)
Sørli (1915-1964)
Vemundvik (1838-1964)
Ytterøy (1838-1964)
Øvre Stjørdal (1850-1874)
Åsen (1838-1962)
Sør-Trøndelag
Bjørnør (1838-1892)
Brekken (1926-1964)
Budal (1879-1964)
Buvik (1855-1965)
Byneset (1838-1964)
Børsa (1838-1965)
Fillan (1886-1964)
Flå (1880-1964)
Geitastrand (1905-1963)
Glåmos (1926-1964)
Haltdalen (1838-1972)
Heim (1911-1964)
Horg (1841-1964)
Hølonda (1865-1964)
Jøssund (1896-1964)
Kvenvær (1913-1964)
Leinstrand (1838-1964)
Lensvik (1905-1964)
Nes (1899-1964)
Nord-Frøya (1906-1964)
Orkanger (1920-1963)
Orkland (1920-1963)
Rissa (1860-2018)
Røros landsogn (1926-1964)
Sandstad (1914-1964)
Singsås (1841-1964)
Soknedal (1841-1964)
Stadsbygd (1838-1964)
Stjørna (1899-1964)
Stoksund (1892-1964)
Strinda (1838-1964)
Støren (1838-1964)
Sør-Frøya (1906-1964)
Tiller (1899-1964)
Vinje (1924-1964)
Ålen (1855-1972)
Note: The former counties of Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag were merged to form Trøndelag on 1 January 2018. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"former municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_municipalities_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Sør-Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Hitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitra"},{"link_name":"Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"island of Hitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitra_(island)"},{"link_name":"Trondheimsleia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheimsleia"},{"link_name":"Sandstad church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstad_church"},{"link_name":"Sandstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-3"}],"text":"Former municipality in NorwayFormer municipality in Sør-Trøndelag, NorwaySandstad is a former municipality in the old Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The 160-square-kilometre (62 sq mi) municipality existed from 1914 until its dissolution in 1964 when it was merged into what is now Hitra municipality in Trøndelag county. The former municipality of Sandstad included all of the southern and southeastern parts of the island of Hitra, plus the several islands in the Trondheimsleia off the shores of Hitra. The municipality had one church, Sandstad church, located in the village of Sandstad.[3]","title":"Sandstad (municipality)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hitra_old_county_borders.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandstadkirk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sandstad Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstad_Church"},{"link_name":"Fillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillan_(municipality)"},{"link_name":"Schei Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schei_Committee"},{"link_name":"Fillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillan_(municipality)"},{"link_name":"Kvenvær","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvenv%C3%A6r_(municipality)"},{"link_name":"Hitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitra"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dag-4"}],"text":"Map of the old municipal boundaries on the island of HitraSandstad ChurchOn 1 July 1914, the southern district of the municipality Fillan was separated to form a municipality of its own called Sandstad. The initial population was 947. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the municipalities of Sandstad, Fillan, Kvenvær, and Hitra were merged to form a new, larger municipality of Hitra. Prior to the merger, the population of Sandstad was 1,028.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestegjeld"},{"link_name":"Sandstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstad"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_language"},{"link_name":"nominative case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case"},{"link_name":"staðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sta%C3%B0r#Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"abode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abode"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Name","text":"The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Sandstad farm (Old Norse: Sǫndulfsstaðir). The first element is the old male name Sǫndulfr. The last element is the plural nominative case of staðr which means \"place\" or \"abode\".[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education"},{"link_name":"health services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care"},{"link_name":"senior citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_age"},{"link_name":"unemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment"},{"link_name":"social services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_work"},{"link_name":"zoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning"},{"link_name":"economic development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development"},{"link_name":"roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road"},{"link_name":"municipal council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_council_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election"},{"link_name":"in turn elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_election"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ks-6"}],"text":"While it existed, this municipality was responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment, social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elected a mayor.[6]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor#Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"John Aalmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aalmo"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Ap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"John Aalmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aalmo"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Ap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"}],"sub_title":"Mayors","text":"The mayors of Sandstad:[7][8]1915-1920: Kasper Utsetø (V)\n1921-1928: Ole Aalmo (H)\n1929-1934: Nils Strøm (H)\n1935-1945: John Aalmo (H)\n1946-1947: Alf Nesset (Ap)\n1948-1955: John Aalmo (H)\n1956-1963: Olaf Sivertsen (Ap)","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipal council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_council_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygdeliste"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygdeliste"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Local List(s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygdeliste"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Local List(s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygdeliste"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygdeliste"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygdeliste"},{"link_name":"Local List(s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygdeliste"},{"link_name":"German occupation of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"sub_title":"Municipal council","text":"The municipal council (Herredsstyre) of Sandstad was made up of 15representatives that were elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:Sandstad herredsstyre 1960–1963 [9] \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n9\n \nJoint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister)\n6\nTotal number of members:15\n\n\nSandstad herredsstyre 1956–1959 [10] \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n8\n \nConservative Party (Høyre)\n4\n \nChristian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)\n1\n \nJoint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister)\n2\nTotal number of members:15\n\n\nSandstad herredsstyre 1952–1955 [11] \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n6 \nLocal List(s) (Lokale lister)\n6\nTotal number of members:12\n\n\nSandstad herredsstyre 1948–1951 [12] \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n6 \nLocal List(s) (Lokale lister)\n6\nTotal number of members:12\n\n\nSandstad herredsstyre 1945–1947 [13] \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n7\n \nJoint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister)\n5\nTotal number of members:12\n\n\nSandstad herredsstyre 1938–1941* [14] \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n6\n \nJoint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister)\n4 \nLocal List(s) (Lokale lister)\n2\nTotal number of members:12Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.","title":"Government"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of the old municipal boundaries on the island of Hitra","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hitra_old_county_borders.jpg/220px-Hitra_old_county_borders.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sandstad Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sandstadkirk.jpg/220px-Sandstadkirk.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of former municipalities of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_municipalities_of_Norway"}] | [{"reference":"\"Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn\" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sprakradet.no/sprakhjelp/Skriverad/navn-pa-steder-og-personer/Innbyggjarnamn/","url_text":"\"Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn\""}]},{"reference":"Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023). \"Kommunenummer\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/kommunenummer","url_text":"\"Kommunenummer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnskapsforlaget","url_text":"Kunnskapsforlaget"}]},{"reference":"Haugen, Morten, ed. (28 November 2014). \"Sandstad – tidligere kommune\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 15 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/Sandstad_-_tidligere_kommune","url_text":"\"Sandstad – tidligere kommune\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnskapsforlaget","url_text":"Kunnskapsforlaget"}]},{"reference":"Jukvam, Dag (1999). Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ssb.no/emner/00/90/rapp_9913/rapp_9913.pdf","url_text":"Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Norway","url_text":"Statistisk sentralbyrå"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788253746845","url_text":"9788253746845"}]},{"reference":"Rygh, Oluf (1901). Norske gaardnavne: Søndre Trondhjems amt (in Norwegian) (14 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. p. 79.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oluf_Rygh","url_text":"Rygh, Oluf"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AGxBAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Norske gaardnavne: Søndre Trondhjems amt"}]},{"reference":"Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). \"kommunestyre\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 1 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/kommunestyre","url_text":"\"kommunestyre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnskapsforlaget","url_text":"Kunnskapsforlaget"}]},{"reference":"Utseth, Sverre R. (1989). Hitraboka. Gårds- og slektshistorie, Sandstad sokn (in Norwegian). Hitra kommune. ISBN 9788299198301.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788299198301","url_text":"9788299198301"}]},{"reference":"Utseth, Sverre R.; Aalmo, Lars (1957). \"Sandstad\". In Fiskaa, Haakon M.; Myckland, Haakon Falck (eds.). Norges bebyggelse: Nordlige seksjon: Herredsbindet for Sør-Trøndelag: Nordre del (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk faglitteratur. p. 274.","urls":[{"url":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2016101448037","url_text":"Norges bebyggelse: Nordlige seksjon: Herredsbindet for Sør-Trøndelag: Nordre del"}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xii_022.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xi_252.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xi_120.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_x_165.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_x_133.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_ix_133.pdf","url_text":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sandstad_(municipality)¶ms=63.5224_N_9.0954_E_region:NO_type:city(1028)","external_links_name":"63°31′21″N 9°05′43″E / 63.5224°N 09.0954°E / 63.5224; 09.0954"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sandstad_(municipality)¶ms=63.5224_N_9.0954_E_region:NO_type:city(1028)","external_links_name":"63°31′21″N 9°05′43″E / 63.5224°N 09.0954°E / 63.5224; 09.0954"},{"Link":"http://ssb.no/kommunefakta/","external_links_name":"Data from Statistics Norway"},{"Link":"https://www.sprakradet.no/sprakhjelp/Skriverad/navn-pa-steder-og-personer/Innbyggjarnamn/","external_links_name":"\"Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn\""},{"Link":"https://snl.no/kommunenummer","external_links_name":"\"Kommunenummer\""},{"Link":"https://snl.no/Sandstad_-_tidligere_kommune","external_links_name":"\"Sandstad – tidligere kommune\""},{"Link":"http://www.ssb.no/emner/00/90/rapp_9913/rapp_9913.pdf","external_links_name":"Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AGxBAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Norske gaardnavne: Søndre Trondhjems amt"},{"Link":"https://snl.no/kommunestyre","external_links_name":"\"kommunestyre\""},{"Link":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2016101448037","external_links_name":"Norges bebyggelse: Nordlige seksjon: Herredsbindet for Sør-Trøndelag: Nordre del"},{"Link":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xii_022.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959\""},{"Link":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xi_252.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955\""},{"Link":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_xi_120.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951\""},{"Link":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_x_165.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947\""},{"Link":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_x_133.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945\""},{"Link":"https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/nos/nos_ix_133.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_phase_change | Reflection phase change | ["1 General theory","2 Optics","3 Sound waves","4 Strings","5 Electrical transmission lines","6 See also","7 References"] | Difference between phase angles
A phase change sometimes occurs when a wave is reflected, specifically from a medium with faster wave speed to the boundary of a medium with slower wave speed. Such reflections occur for many types of wave, including light waves, sound waves, and waves on vibrating strings.
General theory
For an incident wave traveling from one medium (where the wave speed is c1) to another medium (where the wave speed is c2), one part of the wave will transmit into the second medium, while another part reflects back into the other direction and stays in the first medium. The amplitude of the transmitted wave and the reflected wave can be calculated by using the continuity condition at the boundary.
Consider the component of the incident wave with an angular frequency of ω, which has the waveform
u
i
n
c
(
x
,
t
)
=
A
e
i
(
k
1
x
−
ω
t
)
;
A
∈
C
{\displaystyle u^{inc}(x,t)=Ae^{i(k_{1}x-\omega t)};\ A\in \mathbb {C} }
At t=0, the incident reaches the boundary between the two mediums at x=0. Therefore, the corresponding reflected wave and the transmitted wave will have the waveforms
u
r
e
f
(
x
,
t
)
=
B
e
i
(
−
k
1
x
−
ω
t
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;
u
t
r
a
n
s
(
x
,
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)
=
C
e
i
(
k
2
x
−
ω
t
)
;
B
,
C
∈
C
{\displaystyle u^{\mathrm {ref} }(x,t)=Be^{i(-k_{1}x-\omega t)};\ u^{\mathrm {trans} }(x,t)=Ce^{i(k_{2}x-\omega t)};\ B,C\in \mathbb {C} }
The continuity condition at the boundary is
u
i
n
c
(
0
,
t
)
+
u
r
e
f
(
0
,
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)
=
u
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a
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s
(
0
,
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)
;
∂
∂
x
u
i
n
c
(
0
,
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)
+
∂
∂
x
u
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0
,
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)
=
∂
∂
x
u
t
r
a
n
s
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0
,
t
)
{\displaystyle u^{\mathrm {inc} }(0,t)+u^{\mathrm {ref} }(0,t)=u^{\mathrm {trans} }(0,t);\ {\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}u^{\mathrm {inc} }(0,t)+{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}u^{\mathrm {ref} }(0,t)={\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}u^{\mathrm {trans} }(0,t)}
This gives the equations
A
+
B
=
C
;
A
−
B
=
k
2
k
1
C
=
c
1
c
2
C
{\displaystyle A+B=C;\ A-B={\frac {k_{2}}{k_{1}}}C={\frac {c_{1}}{c_{2}}}C}
And we have the reflectivity and transmissivity
B
A
=
c
2
−
c
1
c
2
+
c
1
;
C
A
=
2
c
2
c
2
+
c
1
{\displaystyle {\frac {B}{A}}={\frac {c_{2}-c_{1}}{c_{2}+c_{1}}};\ {\frac {C}{A}}={\frac {2c_{2}}{c_{2}+c_{1}}}}
When c2 < c1, the reflected wave has a reflection phase change of 180°, since B/A < 0. The energy conservation can be verified by
B
2
c
1
+
C
2
c
2
=
A
2
c
1
{\displaystyle {\frac {B^{2}}{c_{1}}}+{\frac {C^{2}}{c_{2}}}={\frac {A^{2}}{c_{1}}}}
The above discussion holds true for any component, regardless of its angular frequency of ω.
The limiting case of c2 = 0 corresponds to a "fixed end" that doesn't move, whereas the limiting case of c2 → ∞ corresponds to a "free end".
Optics
Light waves change phase by 180° when they reflect from the surface of a medium with higher refractive index than that of the medium in which they are travelling. A light wave travelling in air that is reflected by a glass barrier will undergo a 180° phase change, while light travelling in glass will not undergo a phase change if it is reflected by a boundary with air. For this reason, optical boundaries are normally specified as an ordered pair (air-glass, glass-air); indicating which material the light is moving out of, and in to, respectively.
"Phase" here is the phase of the electric field oscillations, not the magnetic field oscillations (while the electric field will undergo 180° phase change, the magnetic field will undergo 0° phase change. Vice versa is true when reflection occurs at lower refractive index interface.) Also, this is referring to near-normal incidence—for p-polarized light reflecting off glass at glancing angle, beyond the Brewster angle, the phase change is 0°. The phase changes that take place upon reflection play an important part in thin film interference.
Sound waves
Sound waves in air, in a tube
Sound waves in a solid experience a phase reversal (a 180° change) when they reflect from a boundary with air. Sound waves in air do not experience a phase change when they reflect from a solid, but they do exhibit a 180° change when reflecting from a region with lower acoustic impedance. An example of this is when a sound wave in a hollow tube encounters the open end of the tube. The phase change on reflection is important in the physics of wind instruments.
Strings
Standing waves on a string
A wave on a string experiences a 180° phase change when it reflects from a point where the string is fixed. Reflections from the free end of a string exhibit no phase change. The phase change when reflecting from a fixed point contributes to the formation of standing waves on strings, which produce the sound from stringed instruments.
The same 180° phase change happens when the wave traveling in a lighter string (lower linear mass density) reflects off of the boundary of a heavier string (higher linear mass density). This happens because the heavier string doesn't respond as quickly to the tension force as the lighter string, and therefore the amplitude of the oscillation at the boundary point is less than the incoming wave. By the superposition principle, the reflected wave must cancel part of the incoming wave, and therefore it is phase shifted. Note that when the wave traveling in a heavier string reflects off of the boundary of a lighter string, since the boundary point has the freedom to move as quickly as possible, no such phase shift would occur in the reflected wave.
Electrical transmission lines
Reflections of signals on conducting lines typically exhibit a phase change from the incident signal. There are two extreme cases of termination: short circuit (closed line), and open circuit (broken line). In both cases the full amplitude of the wave is reflected.
short circuit
The voltage wave reflection on a line terminated with a short circuit is 180° phase shifted. This is analogous (by the mobility analogy) to a string where the end is fixed in position, or a sound wave in a tube with a blocked off end. The current wave, on the other hand, is not phase shifted.
broken / open line
A transmission line terminated with an open circuit is the dual case; the voltage wave is shifted by 0° and the current wave is shifted by 180°.
reactive termination
A transmission line terminated with a pure capacitance or inductance will also give rise to a phase shifted wave at full amplitude. The voltage phase shift is given by: 275
φ
=
2
tan
−
1
Z
0
X
{\displaystyle \varphi =2\tan ^{-1}{Z_{0} \over X}}
where
Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the line
X is the susceptance of the inductance or capacitance, given respectively by ωL or −1⁄ωC
L and C are, respectively, inductance and capacitance, and
ω is the angular frequency.
In the case of reactive termination the phase shift will be between 0 and +180° for inductors and between 0 and −180° for capacitors. The phase shift will be exactly ±90° when |X| = Z0.
For the general case when the line is terminated with some arbitrary impedance, Z, the reflected wave is generally less than the incident wave. The full expression for phase shift needs to be used,: 273
φ
=
tan
−
1
(
2
sin
(
arg
Z
)
(
|
Z
|
Z
0
−
Z
0
|
Z
|
)
)
{\displaystyle \varphi =\tan ^{-1}\left({\frac {2\sin(\arg Z)}{\left({\frac {|Z|}{Z_{0}}}-{\frac {Z_{0}}{|Z|}}\right)}}\right)}
This expression assumes the characteristic impedance is purely resistive.
See also
Reflection coefficient
References
^ a b Nave, C.R. "Reflection Phase Change". Hyperphysics. Georgia State University. Retrieved 2016-03-28.
^ a b c Nave, C.R. "Reflection of Sound". Hyperphysics. Georgia State University. Retrieved 2016-03-28.
^ a b Russell, Daniel A. "Reflection of Waves from Boundaries". Graduate Program in Acoustics. Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
^ Byrnes, Steven J. (2016). "Multilayer optical calculations". arXiv:1603.02720 . Appendix A
^ a b Bleaney, B.I. & Bleaney, Brebis (2013). Electricity and Magnetism. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199645428.
Authority control databases: National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phase change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_change_(waves)"},{"link_name":"wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave"},{"link_name":"reflected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hypRPC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hypSound-2"},{"link_name":"light waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_wave"},{"link_name":"sound waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_wave"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anim-3"}],"text":"A phase change sometimes occurs when a wave is reflected, specifically from a medium with faster wave speed to the boundary of a medium with slower wave speed.[1][2] Such reflections occur for many types of wave, including light waves, sound waves, and waves on vibrating strings.[3]","title":"Reflection phase change"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"angular frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_frequency"}],"text":"For an incident wave traveling from one medium (where the wave speed is c1) to another medium (where the wave speed is c2), one part of the wave will transmit into the second medium, while another part reflects back into the other direction and stays in the first medium. The amplitude of the transmitted wave and the reflected wave can be calculated by using the continuity condition at the boundary.Consider the component of the incident wave with an angular frequency of ω, which has the waveformu\n \n i\n n\n c\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n t\n )\n =\n A\n \n e\n \n i\n (\n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n x\n −\n ω\n t\n )\n \n \n ;\n \n A\n ∈\n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle u^{inc}(x,t)=Ae^{i(k_{1}x-\\omega t)};\\ A\\in \\mathbb {C} }u\n \n \n r\n e\n f\n \n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n t\n )\n =\n B\n \n e\n \n i\n (\n −\n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n x\n −\n ω\n t\n )\n \n \n ;\n \n \n u\n \n \n t\n r\n a\n n\n s\n \n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n t\n )\n =\n C\n \n e\n \n i\n (\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n x\n −\n ω\n t\n )\n \n \n ;\n \n B\n ,\n C\n ∈\n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle u^{\\mathrm {ref} }(x,t)=Be^{i(-k_{1}x-\\omega t)};\\ u^{\\mathrm {trans} }(x,t)=Ce^{i(k_{2}x-\\omega t)};\\ B,C\\in \\mathbb {C} }u\n \n \n i\n n\n c\n \n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n t\n )\n +\n \n u\n \n \n r\n e\n f\n \n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n t\n )\n =\n \n u\n \n \n t\n r\n a\n n\n s\n \n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n t\n )\n ;\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n i\n n\n c\n \n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n t\n )\n +\n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n r\n e\n f\n \n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n t\n )\n =\n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n t\n r\n a\n n\n s\n \n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u^{\\mathrm {inc} }(0,t)+u^{\\mathrm {ref} }(0,t)=u^{\\mathrm {trans} }(0,t);\\ {\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial x}}u^{\\mathrm {inc} }(0,t)+{\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial x}}u^{\\mathrm {ref} }(0,t)={\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial x}}u^{\\mathrm {trans} }(0,t)}A\n +\n B\n =\n C\n ;\n \n A\n −\n B\n =\n \n \n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n C\n =\n \n \n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A+B=C;\\ A-B={\\frac {k_{2}}{k_{1}}}C={\\frac {c_{1}}{c_{2}}}C}B\n A\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ;\n \n \n \n C\n A\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 2\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {B}{A}}={\\frac {c_{2}-c_{1}}{c_{2}+c_{1}}};\\ {\\frac {C}{A}}={\\frac {2c_{2}}{c_{2}+c_{1}}}}c2 < c1B/A < 0B\n \n 2\n \n \n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n A\n \n 2\n \n \n \n c\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {B^{2}}{c_{1}}}+{\\frac {C^{2}}{c_{2}}}={\\frac {A^{2}}{c_{1}}}}ωThe limiting case of c2 = 0 corresponds to a \"fixed end\" that doesn't move, whereas the limiting case of c2 → ∞ corresponds to a \"free end\".","title":"General theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(optics)"},{"link_name":"refractive index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hypRPC-1"},{"link_name":"electric field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field"},{"link_name":"magnetic field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"normal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"Brewster angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster_angle"},{"link_name":"thin film interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_interference"}],"text":"Light waves change phase by 180° when they reflect from the surface of a medium with higher refractive index than that of the medium in which they are travelling.[1] A light wave travelling in air that is reflected by a glass barrier will undergo a 180° phase change, while light travelling in glass will not undergo a phase change if it is reflected by a boundary with air. For this reason, optical boundaries are normally specified as an ordered pair (air-glass, glass-air); indicating which material the light is moving out of, and in to, respectively.\"Phase\" here is the phase of the electric field oscillations, not the magnetic field oscillations (while the electric field will undergo 180° phase change, the magnetic field will undergo 0° phase change. Vice versa is true when reflection occurs at lower refractive index interface.)[4] Also, this is referring to near-normal incidence—for p-polarized light reflecting off glass at glancing angle, beyond the Brewster angle, the phase change is 0°. The phase changes that take place upon reflection play an important part in thin film interference.","title":"Optics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ClosedCylinderResonance.svg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hypSound-2"},{"link_name":"acoustic impedance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_impedance"},{"link_name":"wind instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument"}],"text":"Sound waves in air, in a tubeSound waves in a solid experience a phase reversal (a 180° change) when they reflect from a boundary with air.[2] Sound waves in air do not experience a phase change when they reflect from a solid, but they do exhibit a 180° change when reflecting from a region with lower acoustic impedance. An example of this is when a sound wave in a hollow tube encounters the open end of the tube. The phase change on reflection is important in the physics of wind instruments.","title":"Sound waves"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standing_waves_on_a_string.gif"},{"link_name":"wave on a string","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrating_string"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hypSound-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anim-3"},{"link_name":"standing waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave"},{"link_name":"stringed instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stringed_instrument"},{"link_name":"superposition principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposition_principle"}],"text":"Standing waves on a stringA wave on a string experiences a 180° phase change when it reflects from a point where the string is fixed.[2][3] Reflections from the free end of a string exhibit no phase change. The phase change when reflecting from a fixed point contributes to the formation of standing waves on strings, which produce the sound from stringed instruments.The same 180° phase change happens when the wave traveling in a lighter string (lower linear mass density) reflects off of the boundary of a heavier string (higher linear mass density). This happens because the heavier string doesn't respond as quickly to the tension force as the lighter string, and therefore the amplitude of the oscillation at the boundary point is less than the incoming wave. By the superposition principle, the reflected wave must cancel part of the incoming wave, and therefore it is phase shifted. Note that when the wave traveling in a heavier string reflects off of the boundary of a lighter string, since the boundary point has the freedom to move as quickly as possible, no such phase shift would occur in the reflected wave.","title":"Strings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reflections of signals on conducting lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_of_signals_on_conducting_lines"},{"link_name":"mobility analogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_analogy"},{"link_name":"transmission line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_line"},{"link_name":"dual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality_(electrical_circuits)"},{"link_name":"capacitance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitance"},{"link_name":"inductance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bleaney_Bleaney2013-5"},{"link_name":"characteristic impedance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_impedance"},{"link_name":"susceptance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susceptance"},{"link_name":"angular frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_frequency"},{"link_name":"inductors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor"},{"link_name":"capacitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor"},{"link_name":"impedance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bleaney_Bleaney2013-5"},{"link_name":"resistive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistive"}],"text":"Reflections of signals on conducting lines typically exhibit a phase change from the incident signal. There are two extreme cases of termination: short circuit (closed line), and open circuit (broken line). In both cases the full amplitude of the wave is reflected.short circuit\nThe voltage wave reflection on a line terminated with a short circuit is 180° phase shifted. This is analogous (by the mobility analogy) to a string where the end is fixed in position, or a sound wave in a tube with a blocked off end. The current wave, on the other hand, is not phase shifted.\nbroken / open line\nA transmission line terminated with an open circuit is the dual case; the voltage wave is shifted by 0° and the current wave is shifted by 180°.\nreactive termination\nA transmission line terminated with a pure capacitance or inductance will also give rise to a phase shifted wave at full amplitude. The voltage phase shift is given by[5]: 275 \n \n \n \n φ\n =\n 2\n \n tan\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n 0\n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi =2\\tan ^{-1}{Z_{0} \\over X}}\n \n where\nZ0 is the characteristic impedance of the line\nX is the susceptance of the inductance or capacitance, given respectively by ωL or −1⁄ωC\nL and C are, respectively, inductance and capacitance, and\nω is the angular frequency.In the case of reactive termination the phase shift will be between 0 and +180° for inductors and between 0 and −180° for capacitors. The phase shift will be exactly ±90° when |X| = Z0.For the general case when the line is terminated with some arbitrary impedance, Z, the reflected wave is generally less than the incident wave. The full expression for phase shift needs to be used,[5]: 273φ\n =\n \n tan\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 2\n sin\n \n (\n arg\n \n Z\n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n Z\n \n |\n \n \n \n Z\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n Z\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n Z\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi =\\tan ^{-1}\\left({\\frac {2\\sin(\\arg Z)}{\\left({\\frac {|Z|}{Z_{0}}}-{\\frac {Z_{0}}{|Z|}}\\right)}}\\right)}This expression assumes the characteristic impedance is purely resistive.","title":"Electrical transmission lines"}] | [{"image_text":"Sound waves in air, in a tube","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/ClosedCylinderResonance.svg/170px-ClosedCylinderResonance.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Standing waves on a string","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Standing_waves_on_a_string.gif/170px-Standing_waves_on_a_string.gif"}] | [{"title":"Reflection coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_coefficient"}] | [{"reference":"Nave, C.R. \"Reflection Phase Change\". Hyperphysics. Georgia State University. Retrieved 2016-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/interf.html#c2","url_text":"\"Reflection Phase Change\""}]},{"reference":"Nave, C.R. \"Reflection of Sound\". Hyperphysics. Georgia State University. Retrieved 2016-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/reflec.html","url_text":"\"Reflection of Sound\""}]},{"reference":"Russell, Daniel A. \"Reflection of Waves from Boundaries\". Graduate Program in Acoustics. Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 2021-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/reflect/reflect.html","url_text":"\"Reflection of Waves from Boundaries\""}]},{"reference":"Byrnes, Steven J. (2016). \"Multilayer optical calculations\". arXiv:1603.02720 [physics.comp-ph].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.02720","url_text":"1603.02720"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/physics.comp-ph","url_text":"physics.comp-ph"}]},{"reference":"Bleaney, B.I. & Bleaney, Brebis (2013). Electricity and Magnetism. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199645428.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199645428","url_text":"978-0199645428"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/interf.html#c2","external_links_name":"\"Reflection Phase Change\""},{"Link":"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/reflec.html","external_links_name":"\"Reflection of Sound\""},{"Link":"https://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/reflect/reflect.html","external_links_name":"\"Reflection of Waves from Boundaries\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.02720","external_links_name":"1603.02720"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/physics.comp-ph","external_links_name":"physics.comp-ph"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4200566-8","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearing_the_Channel_Coast | Clearing the Channel Coast | ["1 Background","1.1 Normandy to the Seine","2 Prelude","2.1 Allied armies","2.2 German","2.3 Advance to the Seine","2.4 Crossing the Seine","3 Liberations","3.1 Dieppe","3.2 Le Havre","3.3 Boulogne","3.4 Rocket sites","3.5 Calais and Cap Gris Nez","3.6 Dunkirk","3.7 Belgium","3.8 Scheldt","4 Aftermath","5 See also","6 Footnotes","7 References","8 Further reading"] | World War II campaign to liberate northern France
Clearing the Channel CoastPart of Siegfried Line CampaignThe Channel coastDateSeptember–November 1944LocationFrance and BelgiumResult
Allied victoryBelligerents
Canada United Kingdom Poland Czechoslovakia Belgium Netherlands France
GermanyCommanders and leaders
Harry Crerar
Gustav-Adolf von ZangenUnits involved
First Canadian Army
15th ArmyStrength
2 armoured divisions4 infantry divisions
3 divisions(in France)2 divisions(in Holland)Casualties and losses
14,300 casualties
13,100 killed, wounded, missing70,971 capturedTotal:84,071 casualtiesvteSiegfried Line campaign
France
Channel Coast
Dieppe
Le Havre
Dunkirk
Boulogne
Calais
Lorraine
Nancy
Dompaire
Arracourt
Metz
Fort Driant
Strasbourg
Belgium
Moerbrugge
Geel
Scheldt
Netherlands
Market Garden
Nijmegen bridgehead
Pheasant
Overloon
Broekhuizen
Germany
Hürtgen Forest
Aachen
Crucifix Hill
Geilenkirchen
Queen
Logistics
British
American
Transportation
Services and supply
vteWestern Front(1944–1945)
Overlord
Chastity
Dragoon
Paris
Siegfried Line campaign
Channel Coast
Dieppe
Le Havre
Dunkirk
Boulogne
Calais
Market Garden
Lorraine
Aachen
Hürtgen Forest
Scheldt
Queen
Bulge
Nordwind
Blackcock
Colmar Pocket
Reichswald
Alps
Invasion of Germany
End of World War II in Europe
Clearing the Channel Coast was a World War II task undertaken by the First Canadian Army in August 1944, following the Allied Operation Overlord and the victory, break-out and pursuit from Normandy.
The Canadian army advanced from Normandy to the Scheldt river in Belgium. En route, they were to capture the Channel ports needed to supply the Allied armies, clear the Germans from the Channel littoral and launch sites for the V-1 flying bombs. The German 15th Army was able only to oppose the advance with sporadic resistance, wary of being outflanked and isolated by the rapidly advancing British Second Army on the right of the Canadians and executed an orderly retreat north-eastwards towards the Scheldt.
On 4 September Adolf Hitler declared the Channel ports to be fortresses but Dieppe and Ostend were taken without opposition. Le Havre, Boulogne and Calais were subjected to set-piece assaults, after massed bombing and an attack on Dunkirk was cancelled and the garrison contained. Troops investing Dunkirk were freed for the Battle of the Scheldt, where the First Canadian Army reduced the Breskens Pocket, cleared the mouth of the Scheldt and opened Antwerp to Allied shipping.
Background
Normandy to the Seine
The German armies had strongly resisted the Allied break-out from Normandy and when the German front collapsed in August they had insufficient reserves of manpower and equipment to resist and no defence lines between Normandy and the Siegfried Line. The British I Corps, with four divisions, attached to the Canadian army, had been advancing eastwards from the River Dives along the coast. The 6th Airborne Division and attached units captured Troarn and overran the German coastal artillery at Houlgate but deliberate flooding by the Germans, the defences of Cabourg and positions nearby at Dozulé, slowed the advance across the Dives delta. On 16 August, German resistance faltered; Canadian reconnaissance had been ordered on 19 August and the authorization for a full advance and pursuit by the Canadians was issued on 23 August.
General Bernard Montgomery, the 21st Army Group commander, issued a directive on 26 August, that all German forces in the Pas de Calais and Flanders were to be destroyed and Antwerp was to be captured. The First Canadian Army was required to cross the Seine and capture Dieppe and Le Havre with the minimum of forces and delay, while occupying the coast as far as Bruges. The Canadian army was to advance with a strong right wing and envelop resistance by swinging towards the coast; support could be expected from the First Allied Airborne Army. The Second Army was to operate on the inland flank of the Canadians and dash for Amiens, cutting the communications of the German forces facing the Canadian Army.
It is a measure of the German disintegration that the 1st Polish Armoured Division was in Ypres on 6 September and Canadian units were at Dunkirk on 7 September, just fifteen days after Falaise, despite their losses in the Normandy battles. There was significant resistance in the Canadian sector. Adolf Hitler had ordered that most of the Channel ports be established as fortresses and prepared to withstand a siege. Since the Allies needed the port facilities to supply their advance, they could not be sealed off and left to wither on the vine. The Germans had established artillery positions capable of shelling Dover, threatening allied shipping and there were launch sites for the V-1 flying bombs bombarding London.
Prelude
Allied armies
The composition of the First Canadian Army varied to meet changing demands but in general terms it was composed of the II Canadian Corps and the I British Corps. Within these formations, at various times, were Czech, Polish, French, Dutch and Belgian units. After Normandy, the Polish and Czech formations were augmented by countrymen who had been conscripted into the German Army and changed sides.
The First Canadian Army had fought several battles in Normandy, resulting in depleted commanders and manpower at all levels. This was particularly serious in the infantry rifle companies. The I British Corps (commanded by Lieutenant-General John Crocker), attached to the First Canadian Army, had the 7th Armoured Division and the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division, 51st (Highland) Division and the British 6th Airborne Division. The infantry divisions had not performed satisfactorily in Normandy and had been relegated to defensive positions on the eastern flank of the bridgehead. The 6th Airborne Division had landed in Operation Tonga on D-Day and despite its lack of heavy weapons, remained defending the area. It had suffered many casualties and Major-General Richard Gale, had been ordered to harry the German retreat yet conserve its manpower for the rebuilding that was due. The 6th Airborne Division was reinforced by the 1st Belgian Infantry Brigade and the Royal Netherlands Brigade (Prinses Irene), which were to gain "operational experience in quieter sections of the line in the hope that ultimately they would return to their own countries and form nuclei around which larger national forces might be organized".
The I British Corps advanced along the Channel coast, with the II Canadian Corps on the right.
German
Much of Army Group B (Heeresgruppe B) had been destroyed in Normandy and the Falaise Pocket but divisions deployed east of the Allied bridgehead were largely intact. German troops within the "fortress cities" were generally second-rate and included some Austrian and other nationalities, that were not trusted enough to carry arms.
Advance to the Seine
British troops cross the River Seine over a Bailey bridge at Vernon, 27 August 1944.
The First Canadian Army advance to the Seine was called Operation Paddle. It had been hoped by the Allied commanders that a defeat comparable with the Falaise Pocket could be inflicted on the Germans by trapping them against the Seine and the sea. The American Third Army advanced northwards to Elbeuf, across the Second Army line of advance, to cut off the route towards Paris and was a partial success. Although much of its remaining transport and the bulk of its armour was lost west of the Seine, Army Group B held up the Canadians, protecting improvised river crossings and significant quantities of men and materiel were saved.
The towns along the River Touques were evacuated by the Germans around 24 August and the capture of Lisieux, about 45 km (28 mi) east of Caen, opened an important route eastwards. Next day, the next natural barrier, the River Risle was crossed just north of Brionne by the 11th Hussars, with other units close behind. The 6th Airlanding Brigade of the 6th Airborne Division took Honfleur on the Seine estuary but progress along the coast was slower than inland, rivers being wider and more difficult to cross. The 6th Airborne Division occupied the west bank of the Risle from Pont Audemer downstream to the Seine on 26 August, completing its tasks in France and the division returned to Britain on 3 September. Clearance of the last German units west of the Seine was completed on 30 August.
Crossing the Seine
I British Corps put patrols across the Seine on 31 August. The advance to the Seine had outstripped the preparations of the Royal Canadian Engineers for bridging equipment and assault boats but newly assembled assault boats carried the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division across the Seine at Elbeuf on 27 August. Ferries for wheeled and armoured vehicles were in operation in the afternoon.
Liberations
Dieppe
Main articles: Liberation of France and Operation Fusilade
Dieppe had been abandoned by the Germans before the order Hitler sent for it to be defended as a "fortress" had been received and it was captured by the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division on 1 September, which had last been in the port during the Dieppe Raid in 1942. A ceremonial parade was held on 5 September and despite demolitions, the port was cleared and in use on 7 September, a delivery of oil and petrol being shipped to Brussels on 9 September.
Le Havre
Main article: Operation Astonia
Le Havre was attacked by the I British Corps, supported by Hobart's Funnies, specialized armoured vehicles of the 79th Armoured Division and bombardment from land, sea and air. It was taken on 12 September after 48 hours but the port needed lengthy clearance and repair.
Boulogne
Main article: Operation Wellhit
Boulogne was reached on 5 September but the garrison had received the Hitler "fortress" order. The city was protected by high ground and was attacked by the 3rd Canadian Division with extensive air and artillery support from 17 to 22 September.
Rocket sites
On 1 September, the last V-1 was launched against London as the Canadians were moving through the launch areas.
Calais and Cap Gris Nez
Main article: Operation Undergo
Calais was sealed off in early September and Wissant was quickly captured, though an early attack on Cap Gris Nez failed.
The assault on Calais itself opened on 25 September and the town fell on 30 September. A second attack on the Cap Gris Nez batteries opened on 29 September and the positions secured by the afternoon of the same day. Despite the strong defences and although the city had been declared a Fortress, the garrison needed little persuasion to surrender and their reluctance to fight to the end was repeated at Cap Gris Nez.
Dunkirk
Main article: Siege of Dunkirk (1944)
Diagram showing the investment of Dunkirk
Although Dunkirk had been reached by 7 September, it soon became clear that the garrison would fight to hold a port that was largely destroyed. It was then judged to be a better use of men and materiel to clear the Germans from the Scheldt estuary and open the port of Antwerp, which had been captured intact. A brigade sized force was left to isolate Dunkirk, which eventually surrendered on 9 May 1945, after the general German surrender. The investment was conducted by the 1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade, in which Belgian Resistance members assisted with information and French Resistance members were converted to regular units.
Belgium
Ostend had been omitted from Hitler's list of "fortresses" and so was evacuated, despite its strong defences. The port had been demolished. The 1st Polish Armoured Division crossed the Belgian border and captured Ypres on 6 September, reaching the Ghent–Bruges Canal on 9 September.
Scheldt
Main article: Battle of the Scheldt
A long and costly operation was required to clear the Germans from both banks of the Scheldt, so that the Port of Antwerp could be opened.
Aftermath
Although Dieppe came rapidly into use, it could supply only a quarter of the needs of the 21st Army Group. The capture of Le Havre, Boulogne, Calais and Ostend only eased Allied supply problems after extensive clearance of debris and mines. Ostend was restricted to personnel only but the Boulogne terminal for a Pluto oil pipeline (Dumbo) was of great benefit, becoming the "... main supplies of fuel during the winter and spring campaigns" of the Allies. It has been questioned whether the capture of the defended ports was worthwhile, given the need for much effort to bring them into use and the greater potential benefit of Antwerp.
After the failure of Operation Market Garden, Eisenhower "turned to Antwerp, which despite the long-delayed capture of Le Havre on 12 September, of Brest on the 18th and of Calais on the 30th, remained, as the closest, largest and best-preserved of the ports, the necessary solution to the difficulties of supply." Antwerp was not opened until 29 November 1944 after the Battle of the Scheldt to clear the approaches to the Port Of Antwerp, which had been delayed by Montgomery. This largely solved Allied supply problems.
See also
Operation Undergo
Channel ports
Footnotes
^ Report 183, p.16
^ Ellis 2004, p. 448.
^ Ellis 2004, p. 465.
^ Report 183, p.39
^ Chapter XII, p.320
^ Report 183, p.52
^ Report 183, pp.53-55
^ Report 183, pp.65-67
^ Report 183, pp.133-135
^ Chapter XIV, p.355
^ Hyrman, Jan. "The port of Dunkirk in WWII". Naše Noviny. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
^ Report 183, p.157
^ a b Chapter XIV, p.356
^ Ehrman 1956, p. 528.
References
Ehrman, John (1956). Grand Strategy: August 1943 – September 1944. Vol. V. London: HMSO. OCLC 809657212.
Ellis, Major L. F.; et al. (2004) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). Victory in the West: The Battle of Normandy. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-1-84574-058-0.
Ellis, L. F.; et al. (2004a) . Butler, Sir James (ed.). Victory in the West: The Defeat of Germany. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II (pbk. facs. repr. Imperial War Museum Department of Printed Books and Naval & Military Press ed.). Uckfield, UK: HMSO. ISBN 978-1-84574-059-7.
Stacey, C. P. "Part IV: First Canadian Army in the Pursuit (23 Aug – 30 Sep) (Report 183)" (PDF). Canadian Participation in the Operations in North West Europe, 1944. Historical section, Canadian Military Headquarters. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
Stacey, Colonel Charles Perry; Bond, Major C. C. J. (1960). "XIV; Clearing the Coastal Belt and the Ports, September 1944" (PDF). The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945 (PDF). Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. III (online ed.). The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa. OCLC 256471407. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
Stacey, C. P. (1966). "Chapter XII: The Campaign in North-West Europe: The Battle of Normandy, June–August 1944". Official History of the Canadian Army. Department of National Defence. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
Further reading
Books
Brown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. London: Arms and Armour. ISBN 978-0-85368-802-0.
Buckley, J. (2014) . Monty's Men: The British Army and the Liberation of Europe (pbk. ed.). London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-20534-3.
Copp, Terry (2006). Cinderella Army: The Canadians in Northwest Europe, 1944–1945. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3925-5.
Doherty, R. (2004). Normandy 1944: The Road to Victory. Staplehurst: Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-224-8.
Hinsley, F. H. (1994) . British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations (abridged). History of the Second World War (2nd rev. ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-630961-7.
LeBlanc, S. S. G. (23 November 2016). Breaching the Ramparts: The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division's Capture of Boulogne in World War Two (PDF) (pdf). Fort Leavenworth, KS: School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College. OCLC 965801279. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
Plant, J. (2014). Infantry Tank Warfare (rev. enl. ed.). London: New Generation. ISBN 978-1-78507-158-4.
St George Saunders, H.; Richards, D. (1975) . Royal Air Force 1939–45: The Fight is Won. Vol. III (pbk. ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-771594-3.
Shulman, Milton (2003) . Defeat in the West (repr. Cassell Military Paperbacks ed.). London: Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0-304-36603-3.
Stacey, Colonel C. P.; Bond, Major C. C. J. (1960). The Victory Campaign: The operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945 (PDF). Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. III. The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa. OCLC 606015967. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Webster, C.; Frankland, N. (1994) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany 1939–1945. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military series. Vol. III. Part 5 (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-89839-205-0.
Reports
Clearing of the Scheldt Estuary, October–November 1944 (pdf) (Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library online ed.). 21st Army Group. 2008 . N10209. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
Notes on the Operations of 21 Army Group, 6 June 1944 – 5 May 1945 (pdf) (Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library online ed.). British Army of the Rhine. 2004 . N13331. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
Williams, M. P. (22 May 2014). Rough Road to Antwerp: The First Canadian Army's Operations Along the Channel Coast (pdf). Command and General Staff College (CGSC), School of Advanced Military Studies (SAMS) Monograph. US Army Command and General Staff College. OCLC 913594548. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
vteWorld War II
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Bibliography
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siegfried Line Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_advance_from_Paris_to_the_Rhine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strait_of_Dover_map.png"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Harry 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victoryBelligerents\n Canada United Kingdom Poland Czechoslovakia Belgium Netherlands France\n GermanyCommanders and leaders\n Harry Crerar\n Gustav-Adolf von ZangenUnits involved\n First Canadian Army\n 15th ArmyStrength\n2 armoured divisions4 infantry divisions\n3 divisions(in France)2 divisions(in Holland)Casualties and losses\n14,300 casualties\n13,100 killed, wounded, missing70,971 capturedTotal:84,071 casualtiesvteSiegfried Line campaign\nFrance\nChannel Coast\nDieppe\nLe Havre\nDunkirk\nBoulogne\nCalais\nLorraine\nNancy\nDompaire\nArracourt\nMetz\nFort Driant\nStrasbourg\nBelgium\nMoerbrugge\nGeel\nScheldt\nNetherlands\nMarket Garden\nNijmegen bridgehead\nPheasant\nOverloon\nBroekhuizen\nGermany\nHürtgen Forest\nAachen\nCrucifix Hill\nGeilenkirchen\nQueen\n\nLogistics\nBritish\nAmerican\nTransportation\nServices and supply\n\nvteWestern Front(1944–1945)\nOverlord\nChastity\nDragoon\nParis\nSiegfried Line campaign\nChannel Coast\nDieppe\nLe Havre\nDunkirk\nBoulogne\nCalais\nMarket Garden\nLorraine\nAachen\nHürtgen Forest\nScheldt\nQueen\nBulge\nNordwind\nBlackcock\nColmar Pocket\nReichswald\nAlps\nInvasion of Germany\nEnd of World War II in EuropeClearing the Channel Coast was a World War II task undertaken by the First Canadian Army in August 1944, following the Allied Operation Overlord and the victory, break-out and pursuit from Normandy.The Canadian army advanced from Normandy to the Scheldt river in Belgium. En route, they were to capture the Channel ports needed to supply the Allied armies, clear the Germans from the Channel littoral and launch sites for the V-1 flying bombs. The German 15th Army was able only to oppose the advance with sporadic resistance, wary of being outflanked and isolated by the rapidly advancing British Second Army on the right of the Canadians and executed an orderly retreat north-eastwards towards the Scheldt.On 4 September Adolf Hitler declared the Channel ports to be fortresses but Dieppe and Ostend were taken without opposition. Le Havre, Boulogne and Calais were subjected to set-piece assaults, after massed bombing and an attack on Dunkirk was cancelled and the garrison contained. Troops investing Dunkirk were freed for the Battle of the Scheldt, where the First Canadian Army reduced the Breskens Pocket, cleared the mouth of the Scheldt and opened Antwerp to Allied shipping.","title":"Clearing the Channel Coast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German front collapsed in August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaise_pocket"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Line"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"I Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"River Dives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dives"},{"link_name":"6th Airborne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Troarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troarn"},{"link_name":"Houlgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houlgate"},{"link_name":"Cabourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabourg"},{"link_name":"Dozulé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dozul%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2004448-2"},{"link_name":"Bernard Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"21st Army Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Army_Group"},{"link_name":"Pas de Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas_de_Calais"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Second Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2004465-3"},{"link_name":"1st Polish Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Polish_Armoured_Division"},{"link_name":"Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover"},{"link_name":"V-1 flying bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb"}],"sub_title":"Normandy to the Seine","text":"The German armies had strongly resisted the Allied break-out from Normandy and when the German front collapsed in August they had insufficient reserves of manpower and equipment to resist and no defence lines between Normandy and the Siegfried Line.[1] The British I Corps, with four divisions, attached to the Canadian army, had been advancing eastwards from the River Dives along the coast. The 6th Airborne Division and attached units captured Troarn and overran the German coastal artillery at Houlgate but deliberate flooding by the Germans, the defences of Cabourg and positions nearby at Dozulé, slowed the advance across the Dives delta.[2] On 16 August, German resistance faltered; Canadian reconnaissance had been ordered on 19 August and the authorization for a full advance and pursuit by the Canadians was issued on 23 August.General Bernard Montgomery, the 21st Army Group commander, issued a directive on 26 August, that all German forces in the Pas de Calais and Flanders were to be destroyed and Antwerp was to be captured. The First Canadian Army was required to cross the Seine and capture Dieppe and Le Havre with the minimum of forces and delay, while occupying the coast as far as Bruges. The Canadian army was to advance with a strong right wing and envelop resistance by swinging towards the coast; support could be expected from the First Allied Airborne Army. The Second Army was to operate on the inland flank of the Canadians and dash for Amiens, cutting the communications of the German forces facing the Canadian Army.[3]It is a measure of the German disintegration that the 1st Polish Armoured Division was in Ypres on 6 September and Canadian units were at Dunkirk on 7 September, just fifteen days after Falaise, despite their losses in the Normandy battles. There was significant resistance in the Canadian sector. Adolf Hitler had ordered that most of the Channel ports be established as fortresses and prepared to withstand a siege. Since the Allies needed the port facilities to supply their advance, they could not be sealed off and left to wither on the vine. The Germans had established artillery positions capable of shelling Dover, threatening allied shipping and there were launch sites for the V-1 flying bombs bombarding London.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"II Canadian Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Canadian_Corps"},{"link_name":"conscripted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"rifle companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"John Crocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crocker"},{"link_name":"7th Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"49th (West Riding) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/49th_(West_Riding)_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"51st (Highland) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Division"},{"link_name":"British 6th Airborne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Operation Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tonga"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings"},{"link_name":"Major-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Richard Gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gale_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"1st Belgian Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Belgian_Infantry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Brigade (Prinses Irene)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Motorized_Infantry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep183-39-4"}],"sub_title":"Allied armies","text":"The composition of the First Canadian Army varied to meet changing demands but in general terms it was composed of the II Canadian Corps and the I British Corps. Within these formations, at various times, were Czech, Polish, French, Dutch and Belgian units. After Normandy, the Polish and Czech formations were augmented by countrymen who had been conscripted into the German Army and changed sides.The First Canadian Army had fought several battles in Normandy, resulting in depleted commanders and manpower at all levels. This was particularly serious in the infantry rifle companies. The I British Corps (commanded by Lieutenant-General John Crocker), attached to the First Canadian Army, had the 7th Armoured Division and the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division, 51st (Highland) Division and the British 6th Airborne Division. The infantry divisions had not performed satisfactorily in Normandy and had been relegated to defensive positions on the eastern flank of the bridgehead. The 6th Airborne Division had landed in Operation Tonga on D-Day and despite its lack of heavy weapons, remained defending the area. It had suffered many casualties and Major-General Richard Gale, had been ordered to harry the German retreat yet conserve its manpower for the rebuilding that was due. The 6th Airborne Division was reinforced by the 1st Belgian Infantry Brigade and the Royal Netherlands Brigade (Prinses Irene), which were to gain \"operational experience in quieter sections of the line in the hope that ultimately they would return to their own countries and form nuclei around which larger national forces might be organized\".[4]The I British Corps advanced along the Channel coast, with the II Canadian Corps on the right.","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Army Group B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_B"},{"link_name":"Falaise Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaise_Pocket"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"German","text":"Much of Army Group B (Heeresgruppe B) had been destroyed in Normandy and the Falaise Pocket but divisions deployed east of the Allied bridgehead were largely intact. German troops within the \"fortress cities\" were generally second-rate and included some Austrian and other nationalities, that were not trusted enough to carry arms.[citation needed]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_BU185.jpg"},{"link_name":"Operation Paddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Paddle_article&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Third Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Central"},{"link_name":"Elbeuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbeuf"},{"link_name":"materiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XII-5"},{"link_name":"River Touques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touques_(river)"},{"link_name":"Lisieux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisieux"},{"link_name":"Caen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"River Risle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risle"},{"link_name":"Brionne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brionne"},{"link_name":"11th Hussars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Hussars"},{"link_name":"6th Airlanding Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Airlanding_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Honfleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honfleur"},{"link_name":"Pont Audemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Audemer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Advance to the Seine","text":"British troops cross the River Seine over a Bailey bridge at Vernon, 27 August 1944.The First Canadian Army advance to the Seine was called Operation Paddle. It had been hoped by the Allied commanders that a defeat comparable with the Falaise Pocket could be inflicted on the Germans by trapping them against the Seine and the sea. The American Third Army advanced northwards to Elbeuf, across the Second Army line of advance, to cut off the route towards Paris and was a partial success. Although much of its remaining transport and the bulk of its armour was lost west of the Seine, Army Group B held up the Canadians, protecting improvised river crossings and significant quantities of men and materiel were saved.[5]The towns along the River Touques were evacuated by the Germans around 24 August and the capture of Lisieux, about 45 km (28 mi) east of Caen, opened an important route eastwards.[6] Next day, the next natural barrier, the River Risle was crossed just north of Brionne by the 11th Hussars, with other units close behind. The 6th Airlanding Brigade of the 6th Airborne Division took Honfleur on the Seine estuary but progress along the coast was slower than inland, rivers being wider and more difficult to cross. The 6th Airborne Division occupied the west bank of the Risle from Pont Audemer downstream to the Seine on 26 August, completing its tasks in France and the division returned to Britain on 3 September. Clearance of the last German units west of the Seine was completed on 30 August.[7]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Engineers"},{"link_name":"3rd Canadian Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Crossing the Seine","text":"I British Corps put patrols across the Seine on 31 August. The advance to the Seine had outstripped the preparations of the Royal Canadian Engineers for bridging equipment and assault boats but newly assembled assault boats carried the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division across the Seine at Elbeuf on 27 August. Ferries for wheeled and armoured vehicles were in operation in the afternoon.[8]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Liberations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2nd Canadian Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Dieppe Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe_Raid"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Dieppe","text":"Dieppe had been abandoned by the Germans before the order Hitler sent for it to be defended as a \"fortress\" had been received and it was captured by the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division on 1 September, which had last been in the port during the Dieppe Raid in 1942. A ceremonial parade was held on 5 September and despite demolitions, the port was cleared and in use on 7 September, a delivery of oil and petrol being shipped to Brussels on 9 September.[9]","title":"Liberations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hobart's Funnies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart%27s_Funnies"}],"sub_title":"Le Havre","text":"Le Havre was attacked by the I British Corps, supported by Hobart's Funnies, specialized armoured vehicles of the 79th Armoured Division and bombardment from land, sea and air. It was taken on 12 September after 48 hours but the port needed lengthy clearance and repair.","title":"Liberations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3rd Canadian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division"}],"sub_title":"Boulogne","text":"Boulogne was reached on 5 September but the garrison had received the Hitler \"fortress\" order. The city was protected by high ground and was attacked by the 3rd Canadian Division with extensive air and artillery support from 17 to 22 September.","title":"Liberations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XIV355-10"}],"sub_title":"Rocket sites","text":"On 1 September, the last V-1 was launched against London as the Canadians were moving through the launch areas.[10]","title":"Liberations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wissant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissant"},{"link_name":"Cap Gris Nez batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Channel_guns_in_the_Second_World_War#German_guns"},{"link_name":"Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_World_War_II_strongholds"}],"sub_title":"Calais and Cap Gris Nez","text":"Calais was sealed off in early September and Wissant was quickly captured, though an early attack on Cap Gris Nez failed.\nThe assault on Calais itself opened on 25 September and the town fell on 30 September. A second attack on the Cap Gris Nez batteries opened on 29 September and the positions secured by the afternoon of the same day. Despite the strong defences and although the city had been declared a Fortress, the garrison needed little persuasion to surrender and their reluctance to fight to the end was repeated at Cap Gris Nez.","title":"Liberations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkirk.png"},{"link_name":"Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt"},{"link_name":"1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Czechoslovak_Armoured_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Belgian Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Resistance"},{"link_name":"French Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Resistance"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nn-11"}],"sub_title":"Dunkirk","text":"Diagram showing the investment of DunkirkAlthough Dunkirk had been reached by 7 September, it soon became clear that the garrison would fight to hold a port that was largely destroyed. It was then judged to be a better use of men and materiel to clear the Germans from the Scheldt estuary and open the port of Antwerp, which had been captured intact. A brigade sized force was left to isolate Dunkirk, which eventually surrendered on 9 May 1945, after the general German surrender. The investment was conducted by the 1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade, in which Belgian Resistance members assisted with information and French Resistance members were converted to regular units.[11]","title":"Liberations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ghent–Bruges Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Belgium","text":"Ostend had been omitted from Hitler's list of \"fortresses\" and so was evacuated, despite its strong defences. The port had been demolished. The 1st Polish Armoured Division crossed the Belgian border and captured Ypres on 6 September, reaching the Ghent–Bruges Canal on 9 September.[12]","title":"Liberations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Scheldt","text":"A long and costly operation was required to clear the Germans from both banks of the Scheldt, so that the Port of Antwerp could be opened.","title":"Liberations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pluto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pluto"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XIV356-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XIV356-13"},{"link_name":"Operation Market Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1956528-14"}],"text":"Although Dieppe came rapidly into use, it could supply only a quarter of the needs of the 21st Army Group. The capture of Le Havre, Boulogne, Calais and Ostend only eased Allied supply problems after extensive clearance of debris and mines. Ostend was restricted to personnel only but the Boulogne terminal for a Pluto oil pipeline (Dumbo) was of great benefit, becoming the \"... main supplies of fuel during the winter and spring campaigns\" of the Allies.[13] It has been questioned whether the capture of the defended ports was worthwhile, given the need for much effort to bring them into use and the greater potential benefit of Antwerp.[13]After the failure of Operation Market Garden, Eisenhower \"turned to Antwerp, which despite the long-delayed capture of Le Havre on 12 September, of Brest on the 18th and of Calais on the 30th, remained, as the closest, largest and best-preserved of the ports, the necessary solution to the difficulties of supply.\" Antwerp was not opened until 29 November 1944 after the Battle of the Scheldt to clear the approaches to the Port Of Antwerp, which had been delayed by Montgomery. This largely solved Allied supply problems.[14]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis2004448_2-0"},{"link_name":"Ellis 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEllis2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis2004465_3-0"},{"link_name":"Ellis 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEllis2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rep183-39_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-XII_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-XIV355_10-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nn_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"The port of Dunkirk in WWII\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110714154719/http://www.nasenoviny.com/DunkirkEN1944_45.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nasenoviny.com/DunkirkEN1944_45.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-XIV356_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-XIV356_13-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1956528_14-0"},{"link_name":"Ehrman 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEhrman1956"}],"text":"^ Report 183, p.16\n\n^ Ellis 2004, p. 448.\n\n^ Ellis 2004, p. 465.\n\n^ Report 183, p.39\n\n^ Chapter XII, p.320\n\n^ Report 183, p.52\n\n^ Report 183, pp.53-55\n\n^ Report 183, pp.65-67\n\n^ Report 183, pp.133-135\n\n^ Chapter XIV, p.355\n\n^ Hyrman, Jan. \"The port of Dunkirk in WWII\". Naše Noviny. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2010.\n\n^ Report 183, p.157\n\n^ a b Chapter XIV, p.356\n\n^ Ehrman 1956, p. 528.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85368-802-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-802-0"},{"link_name":"Buckley, J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buckley_(historian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-20534-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20534-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8020-3925-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3925-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-86227-224-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-224-8"},{"link_name":"HMSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSO"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-11-630961-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-630961-7"},{"link_name":"Breaching the Ramparts: The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division's Capture of Boulogne in World War Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1022084.pdf"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"965801279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/965801279"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78507-158-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78507-158-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-11-771594-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-771594-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-304-36603-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36603-3"},{"link_name":"The Victory Campaign: The operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201221111225/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/Victory_e.pdf"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"606015967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/606015967"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/Victory_e.pdf"},{"link_name":"Webster, C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Webster_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Frankland, N.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Frankland"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89839-205-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-205-0"},{"link_name":"Clearing of the Scheldt Estuary, October–November 1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171210071820/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/2615/rec/4"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/2615/rec/4"},{"link_name":"Notes on the Operations of 21 Army Group, 6 June 1944 – 5 May 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/357/rec/42"},{"link_name":"Rough Road to Antwerp: The First Canadian Army's Operations Along the Channel Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll3/id/3155/rec/1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"913594548","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/913594548"},{"link_name":"permanent dead 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Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands"},{"link_name":"Shumshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu"},{"link_name":"Surrender of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Potsdam Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration"},{"link_name":"document","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender"},{"link_name":"End of World War II in Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg"},{"link_name":"World portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World"},{"link_name":"Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_War_II"}],"text":"BooksBrown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. London: Arms and Armour. ISBN 978-0-85368-802-0.\nBuckley, J. (2014) [2013]. Monty's Men: The British Army and the Liberation of Europe (pbk. ed.). London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-20534-3.\nCopp, Terry (2006). Cinderella Army: The Canadians in Northwest Europe, 1944–1945. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3925-5.\nDoherty, R. (2004). Normandy 1944: The Road to Victory. Staplehurst: Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-224-8.\nHinsley, F. H. (1994) [1993]. British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations (abridged). History of the Second World War (2nd rev. ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-630961-7.\nLeBlanc, S. S. G. (23 November 2016). Breaching the Ramparts: The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division's Capture of Boulogne in World War Two (PDF) (pdf). Fort Leavenworth, KS: School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College. OCLC 965801279. Retrieved 30 November 2017.\nPlant, J. (2014). Infantry Tank Warfare (rev. enl. ed.). London: New Generation. ISBN 978-1-78507-158-4.\nSt George Saunders, H.; Richards, D. (1975) [1954]. Royal Air Force 1939–45: The Fight is Won. Vol. III (pbk. ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-771594-3.\nShulman, Milton (2003) [1947]. Defeat in the West (repr. Cassell Military Paperbacks ed.). London: Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0-304-36603-3.\nStacey, Colonel C. P.; Bond, Major C. C. J. (1960). The Victory Campaign: The operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945 (PDF). Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. III. The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa. OCLC 606015967. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2017.\nWebster, C.; Frankland, N. (1994) [1961]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany 1939–1945. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military series. Vol. III. Part 5 (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-89839-205-0.ReportsClearing of the Scheldt Estuary, October–November 1944 (pdf) (Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library online ed.). 21st Army Group. 2008 [1944]. N10209. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.\nNotes on the Operations of 21 Army Group, 6 June 1944 – 5 May 1945 (pdf) (Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library online ed.). British Army of the Rhine. 2004 [1945]. N13331. Retrieved 2 December 2017.\nWilliams, M. P. (22 May 2014). Rough Road to Antwerp: The First Canadian Army's Operations Along the Channel Coast (pdf). Command and General Staff College (CGSC), School of Advanced Military Studies (SAMS) Monograph. US Army Command and General Staff College. OCLC 913594548. Retrieved 9 December 2017.[permanent dead link]vteWorld War II\nOutline\nBattles\nOperations\nLeaders\nAllied\nAxis\nCommanders\nCasualties\nConferences\nGeneralTopics\nAir warfare of World War II\nIn Europe\nBlitzkrieg\nComparative military ranks\nCryptography\nDeclarations of war\nDiplomacy\nGovernments in exile\nHome front\nAustralian\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nLend-Lease\nManhattan Project\nBritish contribution\nMilitary awards\nMilitary equipment\nMilitary production\nNaval history\nNazi plunder\nOpposition\nTechnology\nAllied cooperation\nMulberry harbour\nTotal war\nStrategic bombing\nPuppet states\nWomen\nArt and World War II\nMusic in World War II\nTheaters\nAsia and Pacific\nChina\nSouth-East Asia\nPacific\nNorth and Central Pacific\nSouth-West Pacific\nIndian Ocean\nEurope\nWestern Front\nEastern Front\nMediterranean and Middle East\nNorth Africa\nEast Africa\nItaly\nWest Africa\nAtlantic\ntimeline\nAmericas\nAftermath\nChinese Civil War\nCold War\nDecolonization\nDivision of Korea\nFirst Indochina War\nExpulsion of Germans\nGreek Civil War\nIndonesian National Revolution\nKeelhaul\nMarshall Plan\nOccupation of Germany\nOccupation of Japan\nOsoaviakhim\nPaperclip\nSoviet occupations\nBaltic\nHungary\nPoland\nRomania\nTerritorial changes of Germany\nTreaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany\nUnited Nations\nWar crimes\nAllied war crimes\nSoviet war crimes\nBritish war crimes\nUnited States war crimes\nGerman war crimes\nforced labour\nWehrmacht war crimes\nThe Holocaust\nAftermath\nResponse\nNuremberg trials\nItalian war crimes\nJapanese war crimes\nNanjing Massacre\nUnit 731\nProsecution\nCroatian war crimes\nGenocide of Serbs\nPersecution of Jews\nRomanian war crimes\nSexual violence\nGerman military brothels\nCamp brothels\nRape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland\nRape during the liberation of France / Serbia\nSook Ching\nComfort women\nRape of Manila\nMarocchinate\nParticipantsAllies\nAlgeria\nAustralia\nBelgium\nBrazil\nBulgaria (from September 1944)\nCanada\nChina\nCuba\nCzechoslovakia\nDenmark\nEthiopia\nEswatini (formerly Swaziland)\nFinland (from September 1944)\nFrance\nFree France\nGreece\nIndia\nItaly (from September 1943)\nLuxembourg\nMexico\nNetherlands\nNewfoundland\nNew Zealand\nNorway\nPhilippines\nPoland\nRomania (from August 1944)\nSierra Leone\nSouth Africa\nSouthern Rhodesia\nSoviet Union\nTuva\nUnited Kingdom\nBritish Empire\nUnited States\nPuerto Rico\nYugoslavia\nAxis\nAlbania protectorate\nBulgaria (until September 1944)\nWang Jingwei regime\nIndependent State of Croatia\nFinland (until September 1944)\nGerman Reich\nHungary\nAzad Hind\nFrench Indochina\nIraq\nItaly (until September 1943)\nItalian Social Republic\nEmpire of Japan\nManchukuo\nPhilippines\nRomania (until August 1944)\nSlovak Republic\nThailand\nVichy France\nNeutral\nAfghanistan\nAndorra\nBhutan\nIreland\nLiechtenstein\nPortugal\nSpain\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nTibet\nVatican City\nResistance\nAlbania\nAustria\nBelgium\nBulgaria\nCzech lands\nDenmark\nDutch East Indies\nEstonia\nEthiopia\nFrance\nGermany\nGreece\nHong Kong\nItaly\nJapan\nJews\nKorea\nKorean Liberation Army\nKorean Volunteer Army\nLatvia\nLithuania\nLuxembourg\nMalaya\nNetherlands\nNortheast China\nNorway\nPhilippines\nPoland\nRomania\nThailand\nSoviet Union\nSlovakia\nWestern Ukraine\nVietnam\nQuốc dân Đảng\nViet Minh\nYugoslavia\nPOWs\nFinnish prisoners in the Soviet Union\nGerman prisoners\nSoviet Union\nAzerbaijan\nUnited States\nUnited Kingdom\nItalian prisoners in the Soviet Union\nJapanese prisoners\nSoviet Union\nSoviet prisoners\nFinland\natrocities by Germans\nPolish prisoners in the Soviet Union\nRomanian prisoners in the Soviet Union\nTimelinePrelude\nAfrica\nSecond Italo-Ethiopian War\nAsia\nSecond Sino-Japanese War\nBattles of Khalkhin Gol\nEurope\nAnschluss\nMunich Agreement\nOccupation of Czechoslovakia\nOperation Himmler\nItalian invasion of Albania\n1939\nInvasion of Poland\nBattle of the Atlantic\nPhoney War\nFirst Battle of Changsha\nBattle of South Guangxi\nWinter War\n1939–1940 Winter Offensive\n1940\nNorwegian campaign\nGerman invasion of Denmark\nBattle of Zaoyang–Yichang\nGerman invasion of Luxembourg\nGerman invasion of the Netherlands\nGerman invasion of Belgium\nBattle of France\nDunkirk evacuation\nBattle of Britain\nBattle of the Mediterranean\nNorth Africa\nWest Africa\nBritish Somaliland\nHundred Regiments Offensive\nBaltic states\nEastern Romania\nJapanese invasion of French Indochina\nItalian invasion of Greece\nCompass\n1941\nBattle of South Henan\nBattle of Shanggao\nInvasion of Yugoslavia\nGerman invasion of Greece\nBattle of Crete\nAnglo-Iraqi War\nBattle of South Shanxi\nSyria–Lebanon campaign\nEast African campaign\nInvasion of the Soviet Union\nSummer War\nFinland (Silver Fox)\nLithuania\nBattle of Kiev\nAnglo-Soviet invasion of Iran\nSecond Battle of Changsha\nSiege of Leningrad\nBattle of Moscow\nBombing of Gorky\nSiege of Sevastopol\nAttack on Pearl Harbor\nJapanese invasion of Thailand\nFall of Hong Kong\nFall of the Philippines\nBattle of Guam\nBattle of Wake Island\nMalayan campaign\nBattle of Borneo\nJapanese invasion of Burma\nThird Battle of Changsha\nGreek famine of 1941–1944\n1942\nFall of Singapore\nBattle of the Java Sea\nSt Nazaire Raid\nBattle of Christmas Island\nBattle of the Coral Sea\nBattle of Madagascar\nZhejiang-Jiangxi campaign\nBattle of Gazala\nBattle of Dutch Harbor\nBattle of Midway\nAleutian Islands campaign\nKiska\n Attu\nBlue\nFirst Battle of El Alamein\nBattle of Stalingrad\nRzhev\nJubilee\nSecond Battle of El Alamein\nGuadalcanal campaign\nTorch\nChinese famine of 1942–1943\n1943\nTunisian campaign\nBattle of West Hubei\nBattle of Attu\nBombing of Gorky\nBattle of Kursk\nAllied invasion of Sicily\nSmolensk\nSolomon Islands campaign\nCottage\nBattle of the Dnieper\nAllied invasion of Italy\nArmistice of Cassibile\nBurma\nNorthern Burma and Western Yunnan\nChangde\nSecond Battle of Kiev\nGilbert and Marshall Islands campaign\nTarawa\nMakin\nBengal famine of 1943\n1944\nTempest\nMonte Cassino / Anzio\nKorsun–Cherkassy\nNarva\nIchi-Go\nOverlord\nNeptune\nMariana and Palau\nBagration\nWestern Ukraine\nSecond Battle of Guam\nTannenberg Line\nWarsaw Uprising\nEastern Romania\nLiberation of Paris\nDragoon\nGothic Line\nBelgrade offensive\nLapland\nMarket Garden\nEstonia\nCrossbow\nPointblank\nVietnamese famine of 1944–1945\nPhilippines (1944–1945)\nLeyte\nSyrmian Front\nHungary\nBudapest\nBurma (1944–1945)\nArdennes\nBodenplatte\nDutch famine of 1944–1945\n1945\nVistula–Oder\nBattle of Manila\nBattle of Iwo Jima\nIndochina\nVienna offensive\nProject Hula\nWestern invasion of Germany\nBratislava–Brno offensive\nBattle of Okinawa\nSecond Guangxi campaign\nWest Hunan\nItaly (Spring 1945)\nBattle of Berlin\nPrague offensive\nSurrender of Germany\ndocument\nBorneo\nTaipei\nNaval bombardment of Japan\nManchuria\nAtomic bombings\nDebate\nSouth Sakhalin\nKuril Islands\nShumshu\nSurrender of Japan\nPotsdam Declaration\ndocument\nEnd of World War II in Asia\n\n World portal\nBibliography\nCategory","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"British troops cross the River Seine over a Bailey bridge at Vernon, 27 August 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_BU185.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_BU185.jpg"},{"image_text":"Diagram showing the investment of Dunkirk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dunkirk.png/220px-Dunkirk.png"}] | [{"title":"Operation Undergo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Undergo"},{"title":"Channel ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_ports"}] | [{"reference":"Hyrman, Jan. \"The port of Dunkirk in WWII\". Naše Noviny. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714154719/http://www.nasenoviny.com/DunkirkEN1944_45.html","url_text":"\"The port of Dunkirk in WWII\""},{"url":"http://www.nasenoviny.com/DunkirkEN1944_45.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ehrman, John (1956). Grand Strategy: August 1943 – September 1944. Vol. V. London: HMSO. OCLC 809657212.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ehrman","url_text":"Ehrman, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSO","url_text":"HMSO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/809657212","url_text":"809657212"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Major L. F.; et al. (2004) [1962]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). Victory in the West: The Battle of Normandy. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-1-84574-058-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Ellis","url_text":"Ellis, Major L. F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler","url_text":"Butler, J. R. M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Second_World_War","url_text":"History of the Second World War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSO","url_text":"HMSO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-058-0","url_text":"978-1-84574-058-0"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, L. F.; et al. (2004a) [1968]. Butler, Sir James (ed.). Victory in the West: The Defeat of Germany. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II (pbk. facs. repr. Imperial War Museum Department of Printed Books and Naval & Military Press ed.). Uckfield, UK: HMSO. ISBN 978-1-84574-059-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Ellis","url_text":"Ellis, L. F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-059-7","url_text":"978-1-84574-059-7"}]},{"reference":"Stacey, C. P. \"Part IV: First Canadian Army in the Pursuit (23 Aug – 30 Sep) (Report 183)\" (PDF). Canadian Participation in the Operations in North West Europe, 1944. Historical section, Canadian Military Headquarters. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._P._Stacey","url_text":"Stacey, C. P."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202227/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/rep-rap/doc/cmhq/cmhq183.pdf","url_text":"\"Part IV: First Canadian Army in the Pursuit (23 Aug – 30 Sep) (Report 183)\""},{"url":"http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/rep-rap/doc/cmhq/cmhq183.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stacey, Colonel Charles Perry; Bond, Major C. C. J. (1960). \"XIV; Clearing the Coastal Belt and the Ports, September 1944\" (PDF). The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945 (PDF). Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. III (online ed.). The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa. OCLC 256471407. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201221111225/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/Victory_e.pdf","url_text":"\"XIV; Clearing the Coastal Belt and the Ports, September 1944\""},{"url":"http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/Victory_e.pdf","url_text":"The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/256471407","url_text":"256471407"},{"url":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/Canada/CA/Victory/Victory-14.html#cn31","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stacey, C. P. (1966). \"Chapter XII: The Campaign in North-West Europe: The Battle of Normandy, June–August 1944\". Official History of the Canadian Army. Department of National Defence. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._P._Stacey","url_text":"Stacey, C. P."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100706083407/http://ibiblio.net/hyperwar/UN/Canada/CA/OpSumm/OpSumm-12.html","url_text":"\"Chapter XII: The Campaign in North-West Europe: The Battle of Normandy, June–August 1944\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)","url_text":"Department of National Defence"},{"url":"http://ibiblio.net/hyperwar/UN/Canada/CA/OpSumm/OpSumm-12.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. London: Arms and Armour. ISBN 978-0-85368-802-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-802-0","url_text":"978-0-85368-802-0"}]},{"reference":"Buckley, J. (2014) [2013]. Monty's Men: The British Army and the Liberation of Europe (pbk. ed.). London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-20534-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buckley_(historian)","url_text":"Buckley, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20534-3","url_text":"978-0-300-20534-3"}]},{"reference":"Copp, Terry (2006). Cinderella Army: The Canadians in Northwest Europe, 1944–1945. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3925-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3925-5","url_text":"978-0-8020-3925-5"}]},{"reference":"Doherty, R. (2004). Normandy 1944: The Road to Victory. Staplehurst: Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-224-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-224-8","url_text":"978-1-86227-224-8"}]},{"reference":"Hinsley, F. H. (1994) [1993]. British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations (abridged). History of the Second World War (2nd rev. ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-630961-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSO","url_text":"HMSO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-630961-7","url_text":"978-0-11-630961-7"}]},{"reference":"LeBlanc, S. S. G. (23 November 2016). Breaching the Ramparts: The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division's Capture of Boulogne in World War Two (PDF) (pdf). Fort Leavenworth, KS: School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College. OCLC 965801279. Retrieved 30 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1022084.pdf","url_text":"Breaching the Ramparts: The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division's Capture of Boulogne in World War Two"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/965801279","url_text":"965801279"}]},{"reference":"Plant, J. (2014). Infantry Tank Warfare (rev. enl. ed.). London: New Generation. ISBN 978-1-78507-158-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78507-158-4","url_text":"978-1-78507-158-4"}]},{"reference":"St George Saunders, H.; Richards, D. (1975) [1954]. Royal Air Force 1939–45: The Fight is Won. Vol. III (pbk. ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-771594-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-771594-3","url_text":"978-0-11-771594-3"}]},{"reference":"Shulman, Milton (2003) [1947]. Defeat in the West (repr. Cassell Military Paperbacks ed.). London: Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0-304-36603-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36603-3","url_text":"978-0-304-36603-3"}]},{"reference":"Stacey, Colonel C. P.; Bond, Major C. C. J. (1960). The Victory Campaign: The operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945 (PDF). Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. III. The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa. OCLC 606015967. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201221111225/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/Victory_e.pdf","url_text":"The Victory Campaign: The operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606015967","url_text":"606015967"},{"url":"http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/Victory_e.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Webster, C.; Frankland, N. (1994) [1961]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany 1939–1945. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military series. Vol. III. Part 5 (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-89839-205-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Webster_(historian)","url_text":"Webster, C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Frankland","url_text":"Frankland, N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-205-0","url_text":"978-0-89839-205-0"}]},{"reference":"Clearing of the Scheldt Estuary, October–November 1944 (pdf) (Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library online ed.). 21st Army Group. 2008 [1944]. N10209. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171210071820/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/2615/rec/4","url_text":"Clearing of the Scheldt Estuary, October–November 1944"},{"url":"http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/2615/rec/4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Notes on the Operations of 21 Army Group, 6 June 1944 – 5 May 1945 (pdf) (Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library online ed.). British Army of the Rhine. 2004 [1945]. N13331. Retrieved 2 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/357/rec/42","url_text":"Notes on the Operations of 21 Army Group, 6 June 1944 – 5 May 1945"}]},{"reference":"Williams, M. P. (22 May 2014). Rough Road to Antwerp: The First Canadian Army's Operations Along the Channel Coast (pdf). Command and General Staff College (CGSC), School of Advanced Military Studies (SAMS) Monograph. US Army Command and General Staff College. OCLC 913594548. Retrieved 9 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll3/id/3155/rec/1","url_text":"Rough Road to Antwerp: The First Canadian Army's Operations Along the Channel Coast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913594548","url_text":"913594548"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714154719/http://www.nasenoviny.com/DunkirkEN1944_45.html","external_links_name":"\"The port of Dunkirk in WWII\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasenoviny.com/DunkirkEN1944_45.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/809657212","external_links_name":"809657212"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202227/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/rep-rap/doc/cmhq/cmhq183.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Part IV: First Canadian Army in the Pursuit (23 Aug – 30 Sep) (Report 183)\""},{"Link":"http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/rep-rap/doc/cmhq/cmhq183.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201221111225/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/Victory_e.pdf","external_links_name":"\"XIV; Clearing the Coastal Belt and the Ports, September 1944\""},{"Link":"http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/Victory_e.pdf","external_links_name":"The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/256471407","external_links_name":"256471407"},{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/Canada/CA/Victory/Victory-14.html#cn31","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100706083407/http://ibiblio.net/hyperwar/UN/Canada/CA/OpSumm/OpSumm-12.html","external_links_name":"\"Chapter XII: The Campaign in North-West Europe: The Battle of Normandy, June–August 1944\""},{"Link":"http://ibiblio.net/hyperwar/UN/Canada/CA/OpSumm/OpSumm-12.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1022084.pdf","external_links_name":"Breaching the Ramparts: The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division's Capture of Boulogne in World War Two"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/965801279","external_links_name":"965801279"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201221111225/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/Victory_e.pdf","external_links_name":"The Victory Campaign: The operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606015967","external_links_name":"606015967"},{"Link":"http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/Victory_e.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171210071820/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/2615/rec/4","external_links_name":"Clearing of the Scheldt Estuary, October–November 1944"},{"Link":"http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/2615/rec/4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/357/rec/42","external_links_name":"Notes on the Operations of 21 Army Group, 6 June 1944 – 5 May 1945"},{"Link":"http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll3/id/3155/rec/1","external_links_name":"Rough Road to Antwerp: The First Canadian Army's Operations Along the Channel Coast"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913594548","external_links_name":"913594548"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Connick_Jr.:_In_Concert_on_Broadway | Your Songs | ["1 Background","2 Promotion","3 Release","4 Tour","4.1 Tour dates","5 Broadway","6 Track listing","6.1 Barnes & Noble Exclusive Version","6.2 iTunes","6.3 European Editions","6.4 Japan Edition","6.5 Deluxe Limited Edition CD/DVD package","7 Personnel","8 Release history","9 Chart positions","10 Awards and nominations","11 References","12 External links"] | For the Elton John song, see Your Song.
2009 studio album by Harry Connick Jr.Your SongsCover to the Compact Disc edition of the albumStudio album by Harry Connick Jr.ReleasedAugust 25, 2009Recorded2008–June 2009StudioThe Music Shed, New Orleans; Capitol Studios, HollywoodGenreJazz, vocal jazz, pop, rockLength49:42LabelColumbiaProducerClive Davis (executive,) Tracey Freeman, Harry Connick Jr.Harry Connick Jr. chronology
What a Night! A Christmas Album(2008)
Your Songs(2009)
In Concert on Broadway(2011)
Alternative coverVinyl LP Album Cover
Singles from Your Songs
"(They Long to Be) Close to You"Released: August 25, 2009
"Just the Way You Are"Released: September 22, 2009
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicBillboard(favorable)Daily Music GuideThe Advocate(favorable)
Your Songs is a studio album by American jazz singer Harry Connick Jr. that was released by Columbia. It was released first in the United States on a limited edition double vinyl LP on August 25, 2009, then on CD on September 22.
Background
Most of the songs were chosen by record producer Clive Davis, who aimed towards classic, familiar songs, as contemporary as possible. Davis had expressed an interest in working with Connick. Connick had an idea of bringing in a famous arranger for the album, but Davis suggested Connick do the arrangements himself.
The song "Bésame Mucho" was suggested by Connick's father, Harry Connick Sr., a former district attorney for the Parish of Orleans. They sang a duet on the album New Orleans...My Home Town (1998). Branford and Wynton Marsalis contribute to the album. Both are multiple Grammy winners. Both are childhood friends of Connick. Trumpeter Wayne Bergeron and guitarist Bryan Sutton also play on the album.
Connick said in a radio interview that "Smile" was dedicated to a girl named Nicola. She and her mother attended one of Connick's shows in Paris, France, several years before. Nicola was seven at the time, and Connick took her on a tour of Paris. They stood under the Eiffel Tower. Although she was blind, she knew where she was and had a smile on her face.
Promotion
On August 4, 2009, Connick had an album listening party in New York City, hosted by Sony Music chief creative executive Clive Davis. Amongst those in attendance were Alan Cumming, Bernadette Peters, Brian Williams, Kelli O'Hara, Rachael Ray, Mario Cantone, Rosie Perez, and David Hyde Pierce.
A number of public listening events were held, from August 24–30, 2009. Connick did not attend the exclusive vinyl listening events, which were held in cities such as Orlando, Florida, Washington, D.C., Chicago, New York, Oakland, California, New Orleans, West Babylon, New York, and Los Angeles.
He made a number of TV appearances in September and October 2009. In September he appeared on Oprah on the 25th, then on Today (28th), The View (29th), and Late Show with David Letterman and Imus in the Morning on September 30. In October, he was a guest on the Today on the 1st, Rachael Ray in the week of October 5, and he set out to a week-long promotional tour in Australia from October 2 through to 9th, which included a visit to Hey Hey It's Saturday, and an appearance as a guest judge on Australian Idol on October 11, 2009.
Release
French First Lady Carla Bruni
The album was released first in the United States on a limited edition double vinyl LP on August 25, 2009. The CD album was released on September 22.
The first single of the album was Burt Bacharach and Hal David's "(They Long to Be) Close to You", and it was released exclusively on Amazon.com on August 25, 2009.
After the U.S. release, Connick was in Paris, France in September 2009, to record a song with French First Lady Carla Bruni. She and Connick's wife, Jill Goodacre, both former supermodels, are long time friends. The duet is a French and Italian version of "And I love her", written by Lennon–McCartney. The duet is released as a bonus track on European editions of Your Songs.
As of 2013, the album has sold 396,000 copies in United States.
Tour
A worldwide concert tour began in January 2010.
Tour dates
List of concerts, showing date, city, and venue
Date
City
Venue
North America (Early 2010)
January 23, 2010
Indio, California
Fantasy Springs Casino
January 24, 2010
Temecula, California
Pechanga Resort & Casino
January 26, 2010
Santa Barbara, California
Arlington Theatre
January 27, 2010
Friant, California
Table Mountain Casino
January 28, 2010
San Diego
Copley Symphony Hall
February 11, 2010
Fort Myers, Florida
Barbara B. Mann Performing Arts Hall
February 12, 2010
Clearwater, Florida
Ruth Eckerd Hall
February 13, 2010
Melbourne, Florida
King Center for Performing Arts
February 14, 2010
Jacksonville, Florida
Florida Theatre
February 16, 2010
Durham, North Carolina
Durham Performing Arts Center
February 17, 2010
Charleston, West Virginia
The Clay Center
February 18, 2010
Baltimore
The Lyric Opera House
February 19, 2010
Virginia Beach, Virginia
Sandler Center for the Performing Arts
February 23, 2010
Nashville, Tennessee
Ryman Auditorium
February 25, 2010
Huntsville, Alabama
Von Braun Center
February 26, 2010
Birmingham, Alabama
Alabama Theatre
February 27, 2010
Memphis, Tennessee
Cannon Center
February 28, 2010
Indianapolis
Murat Theatre
New Zealand (2010)
March 13, 2010
Auckland
Civic Theatre
March 14, 2010
Wellington
Michael Fowler Centre
March 16, 2010
Christchurch
Town Hall
Australia (2010)
March 19, 2010
Melbourne
Plenary
March 20, 2010
Adelaide
Her Majesty's Theatre
March 22, 2010
Sydney
Opera House
March 25, 2010
Brisbane
Convention Centre
March 27, 2010
Perth
Kings Park
Europe (2010)
May 13, 2010
Paris
Salle Pleyel
May 14, 2010
Asia (2010)
May 16 – Abu Dhabi Hall – Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Europe (2010)
May 18 – Istanbul Kongre Merkezi – Istanbul, Turkey
May 21 – Mawazine Festival – Rabat, Morocco
North America (2010)
June 9 – The View, New York
June 10 – Late Show with David Letterman, New York
June 11 – Fox Theatre, St. Louis
June 12 – PNC Pavilion, Cincinnati
June 13 – Charlottesville Pavilion, Charlottesville, Virginia
June 15 – The Filene Center at Wolf Trap Vienna, Virginia
June 16 – Blumenthal Performing Arts Center, Charlotte, North Carolina
June 18 – Peace Center for the Performing Arts, Greenville, South Carolina
June 19 – Chastain Park Amphitheatre, Atlanta
June 21 – Morris Performing Arts Center, South Bend, Indiana
June 22–23 – Chicago Theatre, Chicago
June 25 – Jazz Aspen Snowmass, Aspen, Colorado
June 27 – Toronto Jazz Festival – Canon Theatre, Toronto
Asia (2010)
July 2 – USA Pavilion, National Day Gala Performance, Shanghai, China
North America (2010)
July 15–31 Neil Simon Theatre, New York
August 13–14 – Hollywood Bowl, Hollywood, California
September 17 – Grand Theatre at Grand Sierra Resort Reno, Nevada
September 18 – The Mountain Winery, Saratoga, California
September 19 – Monterey Jazz Festival – Jimmy Lyons Stage, Monterey, California
September 21 – Wente Vineyards, Livermore, California
September 22 – Britt Pavilion, Jacksonville, Oregon
September 24 – Queen Elizabeth Theatre, Vancouver, BC
September 25 – Chateau Ste. Michelle, Woodinville, Washington
September 26 – Chateau Ste. Michelle, Woodinville, Washington
September 28 – Schnitzer Concert Hall, Portland, Oregon
September 29 – Borgata Hotel Casino & Spa, Atlantic City, New Jersey
September 30 – The Academy of Music, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
|-
North America (2011)
March 25 – WinStar World Casino, Thackerville, Oklahoma
March 26 – Long Center for the Performing Arts, Austin, Texas
March 28 – River Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
March 29 – Jones Hall, Houston
April 1 – IP Casino Resort & Spa, Biloxi, Mississippi
April 2 – IP Casino Resort & Spa, Biloxi, Mississippi
April 4 – Mahalia Jackson Theater, New Orleans
April 7 – Van Wezel Performing Arts Hall, Sarasota, Florida
April 8 – Ruth Eckerd Hall, Clearwater, Florida
April 9 – Mizner Park Amphitheater at Downtown Boca, Boca Raton, Florida
April 10 – Bob Carr Performing Arts Centre, Orlando, Florida
April 11 – Philharmonic Center for the Arts, Naples, Florida
April 20 – Count Basie Theatre, Red Bank, New Jersey
April 21 – Count Basie Theatre, Red Bank, New Jersey
April 22 – MGM Grand Theater at MGM Grand at Foxwoods, Mashantucket, Connecticut
04/26/2011 – 04/30/2011 The Colonial Theatre, Boston
Broadway
He held a series of concerts, called Harry Connick Jr. in Concert on Broadway, at the Neil Simon Theatre on Broadway, from July 15 to July 31, 2010. The concerts on July 30 and 31 were filmed live, and aired on PBS on March 2, 2011 for a "Great Performances" special on the concerts. These were also released on video, CD/DVD and album in March 2011, as Harry Connick Jr.: In Concert on Broadway.
Harry Connick Jr. won an Emmy Award in the category Outstanding Music Direction for Harry Connick Jr. In Concert on Broadway.
The In Concert on Broadway album is nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album.
Track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."All the Way(featuring Branford Marsalis)"Jimmy Van Heusen, Sammy Cahn3:332."Just the Way You Are"Billy Joel3:483."Can't Help Falling in Love With You(featuring Wynton Marsalis)"George David Weiss, Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore3:154."And I Love Her"John Lennon, Paul McCartney3:125."(They Long to Be) Close to You(featuring Leroy Jones)"Burt Bacharach, Hal David3:166."Bésame Mucho"Consuelo Velázquez4:117."The Way You Look Tonight"Jerome Kern, Dorothy Fields3:458."First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"Ewan MacColl3:239."Your Song"Elton John, Bernie Taupin3:3510."Some Enchanted Evening"Oscar Hammerstein, Richard Rodgers4:0711."And I Love You So"Don McLean3:3012."Who Can I Turn To (When Nobody Needs Me)"Leslie Bricusse, Anthony Newley3:5213."Smile"Charlie Chaplin, John Turner, Geoffrey Parsons3:1114."Mona Lisa"Jay Livingston, Ray Evans3:08
Barnes & Noble Exclusive Version
No.TitleWriter(s)Length15."Killing Me Softly"Charles Fox, Norman Gimbel03:24
iTunes
No.TitleWriter(s)Length15."All the Way music video"Jimmy Van Heusen, Sammy Cahn
European Editions
No.TitleWriter(s)Length15."And I Love Her(featuring Carla Bruni)"Lennon–McCartney
Japan Edition
No.TitleWriter(s)Length15."Killing Me Softly"Charles Fox, Norman Gimbel03:2416."Who's Sorry Now"Ted Snyder, Bert Kalmar, Harry Ruby 17."Answer Me My Love"Gerhard Winkler, Fred Rauch, Carl Sigman
Deluxe Limited Edition CD/DVD package
US only. Available through hconnickjr.com.
DVD includes behind the scenes footage, and the "(They Long To Be) Close To You" music video
No.TitleWriter(s)Length15."Who's Sorry Now"Ted Snyder, Bert Kalmar, Harry Ruby 16."Answer Me My Love"Gerhard Winkler, Fred Rauch, Carl Sigman
Personnel
Harry Connick Jr. – vocals, piano
Branford Marsalis – saxophone (track #1)
Wynton Marsalis – trumpet (track #3)
Leroy Jones – trumpet (track #5)
Ben Wolfe – bass
Arthur Latin II – drums
Bryan Sutton – guitar
Roger Ingram – trumpet
Wayne Bergeron – trumpet
John Fumo – trumpet
Warren Lunning – trumpet
The Honolulu Heartbreakers – vocals
Release history
Country
Date
Label
Format
United States
August 25, 2009
Columbia
LP
September 22, 2009
CD, digital download
Canada
September 22, 2009
Sony
Australia
September 25, 2009
United Kingdom
October 26, 2009
Columbia
Denmark
October 26, 2009
Sony
France
October 26, 2009
Columbia, Sony
Norway
October 26, 2009
Sony
Finland
October 28, 2009
Netherlands
October 28, 2009
Germany
October 30, 2009
Japan
November 11, 2009
Sony Music Japan
CD
Chart positions
Chart (2009)
Peakposition
Australian Albums Chart
9
Belgian Wallonia Chart
71
Canadian Albums (Billboard)
11
French Albums Chart
51
Irish Albums Chart
40
New Zealand Top Albums
10
UK Albums Chart
28
US Billboard 200
8
US Top Jazz Albums (Billboard)
1
Awards and nominations
Your Songs was nominated for a Grammy Award, in the category Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album. This was announced on Wednesday, December 2, 2009. The 52nd Grammy Awards took place on January 31, 2010 in Los Angeles. The award went to Michael Bublé for his Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden.
References
^ Collar, Matt. Your Songs at AllMusic
^ "Billboard CD reviews: Jay-Z, Harry Connick, Pearl Jam". Billboard. 2009-09-12. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
^ Salvo, Natalie. Your Songs Album Review.
^ CD reviews for Oct. 2, 2009, The Advocate, October 2, 2009
^ a b Harry Connick Jr. – Your Songs, previewnewmusic.com
^ a b On the Radar: Harry Connick Jr., directcurrentmusic.com, July 27, 2009
^ Radio interview: Harry Connick Jr. Album tracks played (mp3 & download) at JAZZ.FM91
^ Harry Connick Jr. "Your Songs" Listening Event With Clive Davis, Getty Images, August 4, 2009
^ Harry Connick Jr. "Your Songs" Listening Event With Clive Davis, Wireimage, August 4, 2009
^ Music >> All Shows for Harry Connick Jr., Harry Connick Jr.'s Official MySpace site, August 20, 2009
^ Idol: Harry Connick Jr., tvtonight.com, September 25, 2009
^ (They Long To Be) Close To You: Harry Connick Jr.: MP3 Downloads, Amazon.com
^ a b Harry Connick Jr. collaborated with Clive Davis on forthcoming album of standards, The Times Picayune, July 30, 2009
^ Le duo de Carla et Harry Connick Jr (French), parismatch.com, September 26, 2009
^ "Upcoming Releases 2013". Hits Daily Double. January 25, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-01-26. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
^ a b "Tour". The Official Harry Connick Jr. Site. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
^ Harry Connick Jr to tour NZ, stuff.co.nz, January 21, 2010
^ Harry Connick Jr Touring in March, undercover.com.au, January 21, 2010
^ , Internet Broadway Database
^ Harry Connick Jr. In Concert on Broadway Ends Limited Run July 31, Playbill.com, July 31, 2010
^ PBS 'Great Performances' to feature Harry Connick Jr., The Times-Picayune, December 3, 2010
^ Harry Connick Jr store, Sony Music
^ Primetime Emmy Music Nominations Announced, filmmusicsociety.org, July 14, 2011
^ Harry Connick Jr. takes on Elvis and the Beatles, CNN: The Marquee Blog, July 30, 2009
^ Your Songs Barnes & Noble Exclusive, AllMusic
^ New Harry Connick will be released on vinyl first, blogs.knoxnews.com, July 29, 2009
^ His guitar speaks many languages, newsobserver.com, May 8, 2009
^ News: Harry Connick Jr. – April 3, 2009, fumosonic.com, August 2, 2009
^ Harry Connick Jr is back with a new album "Your Songs", Koffee, September 8, 2009
^ Connick Harry Jr: Your songs (Danish), Sony Columbia France on MySpace
^ Kommende utgivelser fra Sony Music (Norwegian), Sony Music Norway
^ Sony Music Entertainment Finland – Uudet julkaisut (Finnish, Sony Music Entertainment Finland
^ Your Songs, Connick, Harry -Jr-, bol.com
^ Harry Connick Jr – 恋人たちのラブソング (Japanese), sonymusicshop.jp
^ Top 50 Albums Chart – australian-charts.com. ARIACharts.com. Retrieved on October 11, 2009.
^ Your Songs – Harry Connick Jr., ultratop.be
^ "Harry Connick, Jr. Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard.
^ a b c d "Harry Connick Jr. – Your Songs – Music Charts". aCharts. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
^ "Harry Connick, Jr. Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard.
^ "Harry Connick, Jr. Chart History (Top Jazz Albums)". Billboard.
^ Hair, Harry Connick Jr., Liza Minnelli, et al. Nominated for Grammy Awards, theatermania, December 2, 2009
External links
Official site
Harry Connick Jr. online interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' November 2009
Video interview: Harry Connick Jr. and Clive Davis Talks About the Album at Access Hollywood
vteHarry Connick Jr.Vocal albums
20 (1988)
We Are in Love (1990)
Blue Light, Red Light (1991)
25 (1992)
When My Heart Finds Christmas (1993)
She (1994)
Star Turtle (1996)
To See You (1997)
Come by Me (1999)
30 (2001)
Songs I Heard (2001)
Harry for the Holidays (2003)
Only You (2004)
Oh, My Nola (2007)
What a Night! (2008)
Your Songs (2009)
Instrumental albums
Dixieland Plus (1977)
Pure Dixieland (1979)
Harry Connick Jr. (1987)
Lofty's Roach Souffle (1990)
Other Hours (2003)
Occasion (2005)
Chanson du Vieux Carré (2007)
Soundtrack albums
When Harry Met Sally... (1989)
Compilation albums
Forever for Now
It Had to Be You
Cast recordings
Thou Shalt Not (2002)
Harry on Broadway, Act I (2006)
Home media
Singin' & Swingin' (1990)
Swinging Out Live (1991)
The New York Big Band Concert (1993)
The Christmas Special (1994)
Harry for the Holidays (2003)
Only You: In Concert (2004)
A Duo Occasion (2005)
In Concert on Broadway (2011)
Musicals
Thou Shalt Not (2001)
Tours
My New Orleans Tour
Related articles
Discography
Songs
Musicians' Village
Krewe of Orpheus
Jill Goodacre
Harry Connick Sr.
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Your Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Song"},{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Harry Connick Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Connick_Jr."},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harry_Connick_Jr._%E2%80%93_Your_Songs-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-On_the_Radar:_Harry_Connick_Jr-6"}],"text":"For the Elton John song, see Your Song.2009 studio album by Harry Connick Jr.Your Songs is a studio album by American jazz singer Harry Connick Jr. that was released by Columbia. 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Davis had expressed an interest in working with Connick. Connick had an idea of bringing in a famous arranger for the album, but Davis suggested Connick do the arrangements himself.The song \"Bésame Mucho\" was suggested by Connick's father, Harry Connick Sr., a former district attorney for the Parish of Orleans. They sang a duet on the album New Orleans...My Home Town (1998). Branford and Wynton Marsalis contribute to the album. Both are multiple Grammy winners. Both are childhood friends of Connick. Trumpeter Wayne Bergeron and guitarist Bryan Sutton also play on the album.Connick said in a radio interview that \"Smile\" was dedicated to a girl named Nicola. She and her mother attended one of Connick's shows in Paris, France, several years before. Nicola was seven at the time, and Connick took her on a tour of Paris. They stood under the Eiffel Tower. Although she was blind, she knew where she was and had a smile on her face.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"Clive Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Davis"},{"link_name":"Alan Cumming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cumming"},{"link_name":"Bernadette Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadette_Peters"},{"link_name":"Brian Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Williams"},{"link_name":"Kelli O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelli_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"Rachael Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachael_Ray"},{"link_name":"Mario Cantone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Cantone"},{"link_name":"Rosie Perez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosie_Perez"},{"link_name":"David Hyde Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hyde_Pierce"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Orlando, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Oakland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"West Babylon, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Babylon,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Oprah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show"},{"link_name":"Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)"},{"link_name":"The View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_View_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Late Show with David Letterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman"},{"link_name":"Imus in the Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imus_in_the_Morning"},{"link_name":"Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)"},{"link_name":"Rachael Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachael_Ray_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hey Hey It's Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Hey_It%27s_Saturday"},{"link_name":"Australian Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Idol"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"On August 4, 2009, Connick had an album listening party in New York City, hosted by Sony Music chief creative executive Clive Davis. Amongst those in attendance were Alan Cumming, Bernadette Peters, Brian Williams, Kelli O'Hara, Rachael Ray, Mario Cantone, Rosie Perez, and David Hyde Pierce.[8][9]A number of public listening events were held, from August 24–30, 2009. Connick did not attend the exclusive vinyl listening events, which were held in cities such as Orlando, Florida, Washington, D.C., Chicago, New York, Oakland, California, New Orleans, West Babylon, New York, and Los Angeles.[10]He made a number of TV appearances in September and October 2009. In September he appeared on Oprah on the 25th, then on Today (28th), The View (29th), and Late Show with David Letterman and Imus in the Morning on September 30. In October, he was a guest on the Today on the 1st, Rachael Ray in the week of October 5, and he set out to a week-long promotional tour in Australia from October 2 through to 9th, which included a visit to Hey Hey It's Saturday, and an appearance as a guest judge on Australian Idol on October 11, 2009.[11]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carla_Bruni-Sarkozy_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"Carla Bruni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Bruni"},{"link_name":"vinyl LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_LP"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harry_Connick_Jr._%E2%80%93_Your_Songs-5"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-On_the_Radar:_Harry_Connick_Jr-6"},{"link_name":"Burt Bacharach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Bacharach"},{"link_name":"Hal David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_David"},{"link_name":"(They Long to Be) Close to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(They_Long_to_Be)_Close_to_You"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nola-13"},{"link_name":"Paris, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_France"},{"link_name":"Carla Bruni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Bruni"},{"link_name":"Jill Goodacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Goodacre"},{"link_name":"Lennon–McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennon%E2%80%93McCartney"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"French First Lady Carla BruniThe album was released first in the United States on a limited edition double vinyl LP on August 25, 2009.[5] The CD album was released on September 22.[6]The first single of the album was Burt Bacharach and Hal David's \"(They Long to Be) Close to You\", and it was released exclusively on Amazon.com on August 25, 2009.[12][13]After the U.S. release, Connick was in Paris, France in September 2009, to record a song with French First Lady Carla Bruni. She and Connick's wife, Jill Goodacre, both former supermodels, are long time friends. The duet is a French and Italian version of \"And I love her\", written by Lennon–McCartney.[14] The duet is released as a bonus track on European editions of Your Songs.As of 2013, the album has sold 396,000 copies in United States.[15]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tour-16"}],"text":"A worldwide concert tour began in January 2010.[16]","title":"Tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Istanbul, Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Rabat, Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat,_Morocco"},{"link_name":"The View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_View_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Late Show with David Letterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman"},{"link_name":"Fox Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Theatre_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Charlotte, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Greenville, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Morris Performing Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Performing_Arts_Center"},{"link_name":"South Bend, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Chicago Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Aspen, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Toronto Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"Canon Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Hollywood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_California"},{"link_name":"Saratoga, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga,_California"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tour-16"}],"sub_title":"Tour dates","text":"Asia (2010)May 16 – Abu Dhabi Hall – Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesEurope (2010)May 18 – Istanbul Kongre Merkezi – Istanbul, Turkey\nMay 21 – Mawazine Festival – Rabat, MoroccoNorth America (2010)June 9 – The View, New York\nJune 10 – Late Show with David Letterman, New York\nJune 11 – Fox Theatre, St. Louis\nJune 12 – PNC Pavilion, Cincinnati\nJune 13 – Charlottesville Pavilion, Charlottesville, Virginia\nJune 15 – The Filene Center at Wolf Trap Vienna, Virginia\nJune 16 – Blumenthal Performing Arts Center, Charlotte, North Carolina\nJune 18 – Peace Center for the Performing Arts, Greenville, South Carolina\nJune 19 – Chastain Park Amphitheatre, Atlanta\nJune 21 – Morris Performing Arts Center, South Bend, Indiana\nJune 22–23 – Chicago Theatre, Chicago\nJune 25 – Jazz Aspen Snowmass, Aspen, Colorado\nJune 27 – Toronto Jazz Festival – Canon Theatre, TorontoAsia (2010)July 2 – USA Pavilion, National Day Gala Performance, Shanghai, ChinaNorth America (2010)July 15–31 Neil Simon Theatre, New York\nAugust 13–14 – Hollywood Bowl, Hollywood, California\nSeptember 17 – Grand Theatre at Grand Sierra Resort Reno, Nevada\nSeptember 18 – The Mountain Winery, Saratoga, California\nSeptember 19 – Monterey Jazz Festival – Jimmy Lyons Stage, Monterey, California\nSeptember 21 – Wente Vineyards, Livermore, California\nSeptember 22 – Britt Pavilion, Jacksonville, Oregon\nSeptember 24 – Queen Elizabeth Theatre, Vancouver, BC\nSeptember 25 – Chateau Ste. Michelle, Woodinville, Washington\nSeptember 26 – Chateau Ste. Michelle, Woodinville, Washington\nSeptember 28 – Schnitzer Concert Hall, Portland, Oregon\nSeptember 29 – Borgata Hotel Casino & Spa, Atlantic City, New Jersey\nSeptember 30 – The Academy of Music, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|-\nNorth America (2011)March 25 – WinStar World Casino, Thackerville, Oklahoma\nMarch 26 – Long Center for the Performing Arts, Austin, Texas\nMarch 28 – River Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\nMarch 29 – Jones Hall, Houston\nApril 1 – IP Casino Resort & Spa, Biloxi, Mississippi\nApril 2 – IP Casino Resort & Spa, Biloxi, Mississippi\nApril 4 – Mahalia Jackson Theater, New Orleans\nApril 7 – Van Wezel Performing Arts Hall, Sarasota, Florida\nApril 8 – Ruth Eckerd Hall, Clearwater, Florida\nApril 9 – Mizner Park Amphitheater at Downtown Boca, Boca Raton, Florida\nApril 10 – Bob Carr Performing Arts Centre, Orlando, Florida\nApril 11 – Philharmonic Center for the Arts, Naples, Florida\nApril 20 – Count Basie Theatre, Red Bank, New Jersey\nApril 21 – Count Basie Theatre, Red Bank, New Jersey\nApril 22 – MGM Grand Theater at MGM Grand at Foxwoods, Mashantucket, Connecticut\n04/26/2011 – 04/30/2011 The Colonial Theatre, Boston[16]","title":"Tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neil Simon Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Simon_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Traditional_Pop_Vocal_Album"}],"text":"He held a series of concerts, called Harry Connick Jr. in Concert on Broadway, at the Neil Simon Theatre on Broadway, from July 15 to July 31, 2010.[19] The concerts on July 30 and 31 were filmed live,[20] and aired on PBS on March 2, 2011 for a \"Great Performances\" special on the concerts.[21] These were also released on video, CD/DVD and album in March 2011, as Harry Connick Jr.: In Concert on Broadway.[22]Harry Connick Jr. won an Emmy Award in the category Outstanding Music Direction for Harry Connick Jr. In Concert on Broadway.[23]The In Concert on Broadway album is nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album.","title":"Broadway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"All the Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Way_(Frank_Sinatra_song)"},{"link_name":"Branford Marsalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branford_Marsalis"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Van Heusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Van_Heusen"},{"link_name":"Sammy Cahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Cahn"},{"link_name":"Just the Way You Are","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_the_Way_You_Are_(Billy_Joel_song)"},{"link_name":"Billy Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Joel"},{"link_name":"Can't Help Falling in Love With You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Help_Falling_in_Love_With_You"},{"link_name":"Wynton Marsalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis"},{"link_name":"George David Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_David_Weiss"},{"link_name":"Hugo Peretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Peretti"},{"link_name":"Luigi Creatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Creatore"},{"link_name":"And I Love Her","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_I_Love_Her"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennon%E2%80%93McCartney"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennon%E2%80%93McCartney"},{"link_name":"(They Long to Be) Close to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(They_Long_to_Be)_Close_to_You"},{"link_name":"Leroy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Jones_(trumpeter)"},{"link_name":"Burt Bacharach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Bacharach"},{"link_name":"Hal David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_David"},{"link_name":"Bésame Mucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9same_Mucho"},{"link_name":"Consuelo Velázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consuelo_Vel%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"The Way You Look Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_You_Look_Tonight"},{"link_name":"Jerome Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Kern"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Fields"},{"link_name":"First Time Ever I Saw Your Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Time_Ever_I_Saw_Your_Face"},{"link_name":"Ewan MacColl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_MacColl"},{"link_name":"Your Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Song"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Bernie Taupin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Taupin"},{"link_name":"Some Enchanted Evening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Enchanted_Evening_(song)"},{"link_name":"Oscar Hammerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"And I Love You So","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_I_Love_You_So_(song)"},{"link_name":"Don McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_McLean"},{"link_name":"Who Can I Turn To (When Nobody Needs Me)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Can_I_Turn_To%3F"},{"link_name":"Leslie Bricusse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Bricusse"},{"link_name":"Anthony Newley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Newley"},{"link_name":"Smile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smile_(Charlie_Chaplin_song)"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"John Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turner_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Claremont_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Mona Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa_(Nat_King_Cole_song)"},{"link_name":"Jay Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Ray Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Evans"}],"text":"[24][25]No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"All the Way(featuring Branford Marsalis)\"Jimmy Van Heusen, Sammy Cahn3:332.\"Just the Way You Are\"Billy Joel3:483.\"Can't Help Falling in Love With You(featuring Wynton Marsalis)\"George David Weiss, Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore3:154.\"And I Love Her\"John Lennon, Paul McCartney3:125.\"(They Long to Be) Close to You(featuring Leroy Jones)\"Burt Bacharach, Hal David3:166.\"Bésame Mucho\"Consuelo Velázquez4:117.\"The Way You Look Tonight\"Jerome Kern, Dorothy Fields3:458.\"First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\"Ewan MacColl3:239.\"Your Song\"Elton John, Bernie Taupin3:3510.\"Some Enchanted Evening\"Oscar Hammerstein, Richard Rodgers4:0711.\"And I Love You So\"Don McLean3:3012.\"Who Can I Turn To (When Nobody Needs Me)\"Leslie Bricusse, Anthony Newley3:5213.\"Smile\"Charlie Chaplin, John Turner, Geoffrey Parsons3:1114.\"Mona Lisa\"Jay Livingston, Ray Evans3:08","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Killing Me Softly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Me_Softly_with_His_Song"},{"link_name":"Charles Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fox_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Norman Gimbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Gimbel"}],"sub_title":"Barnes & Noble Exclusive Version","text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length15.\"Killing Me Softly\"Charles Fox, Norman Gimbel03:24","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All the Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Way_(Frank_Sinatra_song)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Van Heusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Van_Heusen"},{"link_name":"Sammy Cahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Cahn"}],"sub_title":"iTunes","text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length15.\"All the Way music video\"Jimmy Van Heusen, Sammy Cahn","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"And I Love Her","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_I_Love_Her"},{"link_name":"Carla Bruni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Bruni"},{"link_name":"Lennon–McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennon%E2%80%93McCartney"}],"sub_title":"European Editions","text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length15.\"And I Love Her(featuring Carla Bruni)\"Lennon–McCartney","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Killing Me Softly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Me_Softly_with_His_Song"},{"link_name":"Charles Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fox_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Norman Gimbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Gimbel"},{"link_name":"Who's Sorry Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Sorry_Now%3F_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ted Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Snyder"},{"link_name":"Bert Kalmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Kalmar"},{"link_name":"Harry Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Ruby"},{"link_name":"Answer Me My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answer_Me,_My_Love"},{"link_name":"Carl Sigman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sigman"}],"sub_title":"Japan Edition","text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length15.\"Killing Me Softly\"Charles Fox, Norman Gimbel03:2416.\"Who's Sorry Now\"Ted Snyder, Bert Kalmar, Harry Ruby 17.\"Answer Me My Love\"Gerhard Winkler, Fred Rauch, Carl Sigman","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hconnickjr.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//harryconnickjr.skyroo.com/se/view/music/index.html"},{"link_name":"Who's Sorry Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Sorry_Now%3F_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ted Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Snyder"},{"link_name":"Bert Kalmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Kalmar"},{"link_name":"Harry Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Ruby"},{"link_name":"Answer Me My 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Available through hconnickjr.com.\nDVD includes behind the scenes footage, and the \"(They Long To Be) Close To You\" music videoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length15.\"Who's Sorry Now\"Ted Snyder, Bert Kalmar, Harry Ruby 16.\"Answer Me My Love\"Gerhard Winkler, Fred Rauch, Carl Sigman","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Connick Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Connick_Jr."},{"link_name":"Branford Marsalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branford_Marsalis"},{"link_name":"Wynton Marsalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis"},{"link_name":"Leroy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Jones_(trumpeter)"},{"link_name":"Bryan Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Sutton"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Roger Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ingram"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Wayne Bergeron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Bergeron"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nola-13"}],"text":"Harry Connick Jr. – vocals, piano\nBranford Marsalis – saxophone (track #1)\nWynton Marsalis – trumpet (track #3)\nLeroy Jones – trumpet (track #5)\nBen Wolfe – bass\nArthur Latin II – drums\nBryan Sutton – guitar[26][27]\nRoger Ingram – trumpet[28]\nWayne Bergeron – trumpet\nJohn Fumo – trumpet\nWarren Lunning – trumpet[13]\nThe Honolulu Heartbreakers – vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Traditional_Pop_Vocal_Album"},{"link_name":"52nd Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Michael Bublé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bubl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bubl%C3%A9_Meets_Madison_Square_Garden"}],"text":"Your Songs was nominated for a Grammy Award, in the category Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album. This was announced on Wednesday, December 2, 2009. The 52nd Grammy Awards took place on January 31, 2010 in Los Angeles.[41] The award went to Michael Bublé for his Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden.","title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [{"image_text":"French First Lady Carla Bruni","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Carla_Bruni-Sarkozy_%283%29.jpg/122px-Carla_Bruni-Sarkozy_%283%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Billboard CD reviews: Jay-Z, Harry Connick, Pearl Jam\". Billboard. 2009-09-12. Retrieved 2009-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://au.news.yahoo.com/a/-/entertainment/6024956/billboard-cd-reviews-jay-z-harry-connick-pearl-jam/","url_text":"\"Billboard CD reviews: Jay-Z, Harry Connick, Pearl Jam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Upcoming Releases 2013\". Hits Daily Double. January 25, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-01-26. 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store"},{"Link":"http://www.filmmusicsociety.org/news_events/features/2011/071411.html","external_links_name":"Primetime Emmy Music Nominations Announced"},{"Link":"http://marquee.blogs.cnn.com/2009/07/30/harry-connick-jr-takes-on-elvis-and-the-beatles/","external_links_name":"Harry Connick Jr. takes on Elvis and the Beatles"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1656632","external_links_name":"Your Songs Barnes & Noble Exclusive"},{"Link":"http://blogs.knoxnews.com/bledsoe/2009/07/new-harry-connick-will-be-rele.html","external_links_name":"New Harry Connick will be released on vinyl first"},{"Link":"http://www.newsobserver.com/105/story/1516508.html","external_links_name":"His guitar speaks many languages"},{"Link":"http://www.fumosonic.com/news.html","external_links_name":"News: Harry Connick Jr. – April 3, 2009"},{"Link":"http://koffee.com.au/Article_Harry-Connick-Jr-is-back-with-a-new-album-Your-Songs_300","external_links_name":"Harry Connick Jr is back with a new album \"Your 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Jr."},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Harry-Connick,-Jr./chart-history/CNA","external_links_name":"\"Harry Connick, Jr. Chart History (Canadian Albums)\""},{"Link":"http://acharts.us/album/50766","external_links_name":"\"Harry Connick Jr. – Your Songs – Music Charts\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Harry-Connick,-Jr./chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"Harry Connick, Jr. Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Harry-Connick,-Jr./chart-history/JLS","external_links_name":"\"Harry Connick, Jr. Chart History (Top Jazz Albums)\""},{"Link":"http://www.theatermania.com/new-york/news/12-2009/hair-harry-connick-jr-liza-minnelli-et-al-nominate_23287.html","external_links_name":"Hair, Harry Connick Jr., Liza Minnelli, et al. Nominated for Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"http://www.harryconnickjr.com/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/478/harry_connick_jr._connick_timing/","external_links_name":"Harry Connick Jr. online interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' November 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.accesshollywood.com/access-extended-harry-connick-jr-talks-new-album-your-songs_video_1142235","external_links_name":"Video interview: Harry Connick Jr. and Clive Davis Talks About the Album"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/0c536b37-5f9f-4b58-8275-0eac486f496f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Ridge_(region) | Pine Ridge (region) | ["1 Ecology","2 History","3 Protected areas","4 See also","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°45′01″N 103°00′05″W / 42.75028°N 103.00139°W / 42.75028; -103.00139 (Pine Ridge)Escarpment in Nebraska
The Pine Ridge region has forested hills.
The Pine Ridge is an escarpment between the Niobrara River and the White River in far northwestern Nebraska (a small section extends into South Dakota). The high tableland between the rivers has been eroded into a region of forested buttes, ridges and canyons.
Ecology
The plant and animal life in the Pine Ridge is atypical for Nebraska; the ecology is very similar to the Black Hills, 50 miles (80 km) to the north. The dominant tree in the Pine Ridge is the ponderosa pine; deciduous trees (such as cottonwoods) are also present in canyon bottoms. The Pine Ridge is one of two regions in Nebraska that support bighorn sheep; elk, river otters, mule deer, and wild turkeys are also common.
History
The Pine Ridge region was the setting of the closing chapters of the Indian Wars. The region was home to several bands of Lakota; several skirmishes between the Lakota and the U.S. Army took place in the 1860s and 1870s. Crazy Horse was killed at Fort Robinson in 1877. In 1879, Dull Knife led the Cheyenne Outbreak from Fort Robinson.
Protected areas
A large portion of the Pine Ridge is owned or managed by either the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission or by various U.S. Government agencies for preservation and recreation uses. These areas include:
Chadron State Park
Fort Robinson
Metcalf Wildlife Management Area
Nebraska National Forest
Pine Ridge National Recreation Area
Soldier Creek Wilderness
Oglala National Grassland
Hudson-Meng Bison Kill
Toadstool Geologic Park
Peterson Wildlife Management Area
Ponderosa Wildlife Management Area
See also
Sowbelly Canyon
External links
U.S. Forest Service - Pine Ridge Ranger District
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Land Atlas
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Pine Ridge
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42°45′01″N 103°00′05″W / 42.75028°N 103.00139°W / 42.75028; -103.00139 (Pine Ridge) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pine_ridge_nebraska.jpg"},{"link_name":"escarpment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarpment"},{"link_name":"Niobrara River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobrara_River"},{"link_name":"White River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_River_(Missouri_River)"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"buttes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte"},{"link_name":"canyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon"}],"text":"Escarpment in NebraskaThe Pine Ridge region has forested hills.The Pine Ridge is an escarpment between the Niobrara River and the White River in far northwestern Nebraska (a small section extends into South Dakota). The high tableland between the rivers has been eroded into a region of forested buttes, ridges and canyons.","title":"Pine Ridge (region)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills"},{"link_name":"ponderosa pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponderosa_pine"},{"link_name":"cottonwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_sect._Aegiros"},{"link_name":"bighorn sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighorn_sheep"},{"link_name":"elk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_elk"},{"link_name":"river otters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_river_otter"},{"link_name":"mule deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule_deer"},{"link_name":"wild turkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_turkey"}],"text":"The plant and animal life in the Pine Ridge is atypical for Nebraska; the ecology is very similar to the Black Hills, 50 miles (80 km) to the north. The dominant tree in the Pine Ridge is the ponderosa pine; deciduous trees (such as cottonwoods) are also present in canyon bottoms. The Pine Ridge is one of two regions in Nebraska that support bighorn sheep; elk, river otters, mule deer, and wild turkeys are also common.","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Lakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_people"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Crazy Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Horse"},{"link_name":"Fort Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Dull Knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dull_Knife"},{"link_name":"Cheyenne Outbreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne_Outbreak&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Pine Ridge region was the setting of the closing chapters of the Indian Wars. The region was home to several bands of Lakota; several skirmishes between the Lakota and the U.S. Army took place in the 1860s and 1870s. Crazy Horse was killed at Fort Robinson in 1877. In 1879, Dull Knife led the Cheyenne Outbreak from Fort Robinson.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nebraska Game and Parks Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Game_and_Parks_Commission"},{"link_name":"U.S. Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Chadron State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadron_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Fort Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Metcalf Wildlife Management Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metcalf_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nebraska National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Pine Ridge National Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Ridge_National_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"Soldier Creek Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_Creek_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Oglala National Grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglala_National_Grassland"},{"link_name":"Hudson-Meng Bison Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson-Meng_Bison_Kill"},{"link_name":"Toadstool Geologic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toadstool_Geologic_Park"},{"link_name":"Peterson Wildlife Management Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peterson_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ponderosa Wildlife Management Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ponderosa_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"A large portion of the Pine Ridge is owned or managed by either the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission or by various U.S. Government agencies for preservation and recreation uses. These areas include:Chadron State Park\nFort Robinson\nMetcalf Wildlife Management Area\nNebraska National Forest\nPine Ridge National Recreation Area\nSoldier Creek Wilderness\nOglala National Grassland\nHudson-Meng Bison Kill\nToadstool Geologic Park\nPeterson Wildlife Management Area\nPonderosa Wildlife Management Area","title":"Protected areas"}] | [{"image_text":"The Pine Ridge region has forested hills.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pine_ridge_nebraska.jpg/250px-Pine_ridge_nebraska.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Sowbelly Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowbelly_Canyon"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pine_Ridge_(region)¶ms=42_45_01_N_103_00_05_W_type:mountain_region:US-NE_source:GNIS&title=Pine+Ridge","external_links_name":"42°45′01″N 103°00′05″W / 42.75028°N 103.00139°W / 42.75028; -103.00139 (Pine Ridge)"},{"Link":"http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/nebraska/units/prrd/prrd.html","external_links_name":"U.S. Forest Service - Pine Ridge Ranger District"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041216025901/http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/realty/gpland/","external_links_name":"Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Land Atlas"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1930551","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Pine Ridge"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pine_Ridge_(region)¶ms=42_45_01_N_103_00_05_W_type:mountain_region:US-NE_source:GNIS&title=Pine+Ridge","external_links_name":"42°45′01″N 103°00′05″W / 42.75028°N 103.00139°W / 42.75028; -103.00139 (Pine Ridge)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States_lira | Papal lira | ["1 History","2 Coins","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Former currency of the Papal States
Papal liralira pontificia (Italian) 20 lireUnitNicknamefrancDenominationsSubunit 1⁄20soldo (s.) 1⁄100centesimo (c.)Coinsc.1, s.1⁄2, s.1, s.2, s.4, s.5, s.10 L.1, L.2, L.2+1⁄2, L.5 Rarely usedL.10, L.20, L.50, L.100DemographicsOfficial user(s) Papal StatesUnofficial user(s) France Italy Switzerland Belgium Monaco AndorraIssuanceMintPapal MintValuationPegged withFrench francThis infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.
The lira was the currency of the Papal States between 1866 and 1870. It was subdivided into 20 soldi, each of 5 centesimi.
History
See also: History of coins in Italy
In 1866 Pope Pius IX, whose temporal domain had been reduced to only the province of Latium, decided to match its coinage to the Latin Monetary Union. The Papal States was never a formal member of that currency union, but this coinage was used in all of its neighboring countries.
The lira, was introduced with the same value of the French franc and the Italian lira replacing the scudo at a rate of 5.375 lire = 1 scudo : the rate was calculated thanks to the silver value of the old scudo (26.9 grams of 0.900 fine silver) and the new lira (5 grams of 0.900 fine silver). Silver denominations below 5 lire were 0.835 fine, according to the Latin Monetary Union standard. With the annexation of the Papal States to Italy in 1870, the Papal lira was replaced by the Italian lira at par.
The lira was subdivided into 100 centesimi and, differently from the other currencies of the union, into 20 soldi. However, all denomination in soldo had an equivalence in cents.
Coins
Copper coins were issued in denominations of c.1, s.1⁄2, (c.2+1⁄2), s.1 (c.5), s.2 (c.10) and s.4 (c.20), with silver s.5 (c.25) and s.10 (c.50), 1, 2, 2+1⁄2 and 5 lire, and gold 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 lire.
See also
Money portalNumismatics portal
Vatican lira
Vatican euro coins
History of coins in Italy
References
Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
External links
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Sardinian scudo
Sicilian piastra
Tuscan florin
Tuscan lira
Two Sicilies ducat
Contemporary
Italian lira
AM-Lira
Coins of the Italian lira
Italian euro coins
Commemorative coins of Italy
Italy portal
Category
Economy of Italy
Economic history of Italy
This article about a unit of currency is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Italian history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"}],"text":"The lira was the currency of the Papal States between 1866 and 1870. It was subdivided into 20 soldi, each of 5 centesimi.","title":"Papal lira"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of coins in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"Latium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latium"},{"link_name":"Latin Monetary Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union"},{"link_name":"French franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_franc"},{"link_name":"Italian lira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_lira"},{"link_name":"scudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_scudo"},{"link_name":"grams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"grams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Italian lira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_lira"},{"link_name":"centesimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cent_(currency)"},{"link_name":"soldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilling"}],"text":"See also: History of coins in ItalyIn 1866 Pope Pius IX, whose temporal domain had been reduced to only the province of Latium, decided to match its coinage to the Latin Monetary Union. The Papal States was never a formal member of that currency union, but this coinage was used in all of its neighboring countries.The lira, was introduced with the same value of the French franc and the Italian lira replacing the scudo at a rate of 5.375 lire = 1 scudo : the rate was calculated thanks to the silver value of the old scudo (26.9 grams of 0.900 fine silver[citation needed]) and the new lira (5 grams of 0.900 fine silver). Silver denominations below 5 lire were 0.835 fine, according to the Latin Monetary Union standard. With the annexation of the Papal States to Italy in 1870, the Papal lira was replaced by the Italian lira at par.The lira was subdivided into 100 centesimi and, differently from the other currencies of the union, into 20 soldi. However, all denomination in soldo had an equivalence in cents.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Copper coins were issued in denominations of c.1, s.1⁄2, (c.2+1⁄2), s.1 (c.5), s.2 (c.10) and s.4 (c.20), with silver s.5 (c.25) and s.10 (c.50), 1, 2, 2+1⁄2 and 5 lire, and gold 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 lire.","title":"Coins"}] | [] | [{"title":"Money portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Money"},{"title":"Numismatics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Numismatics"},{"title":"Vatican lira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_lira"},{"title":"Vatican euro coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins"},{"title":"History of coins in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy"}] | [{"reference":"Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Catalog_of_World_Coins","url_text":"Standard Catalog of World Coins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873411501","url_text":"0873411501"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papal_lira&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papal_lira&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ussher | Robert Ussher | ["1 Life","2 References"] | Irish priest (1592–1642)
The Right ReverendRobert Ussher6th Provost of Trinity College DublinIn office1 August 1629 – 30 July 1634Preceded byWilliam BedellSucceeded byWilliam Chappell
Personal detailsBorn(1592-04-04)4 April 1592Dublin, IrelandDied18 July 1642(1642-07-18) (aged 50)Ellesmere, Shropshire, EnglandAlma materTrinity College, Dublin(B.A., 1612; M.A., 1614; B.D., 1621)
Robert Ussher (4 April 1592 – 18 July 1642) was an Irish Protestant bishop who served as the 6th Provost of Trinity College Dublin 1629 to 1634. He was also Bishop of Kildare for some time.
Life
The youngest son of Henry Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh and his first wife Margaret Eliot, daughter of Thomas Elliott of Balreask, he was educated at Trinity College Dublin, being made a fellow in 1611, and graduating B.A. 1612, M.A. 1614, vice provost 1615; B.D. 1621. He was prebendary of St. Audoen's Church, Dublin (1617); rector of Ardstra (1617); prebendary of Dromaragh (1624); and rector of Lurgan (1629).
On the death in 1627 of Sir William Temple, there was a disputed election to the Provostship. The senior Fellows elected Joseph Mead, who declined; the junior Fellows elected Ussher (14 April 1627), and he was sworn in the same day. He was set aside by royal letter in favor of William Bedell, who was sworn in on 16 August. On Bedell's promotion as Bishop of Kilmore, Ussher was again elected (3 October 1629) and sworn in on 13 January 1630. He owed his appointment to a temperate letter in his favour by his cousin, James Ussher, to whom an appeal had been made.
He was an able preacher, promoted the study of the Irish language, and defended the college's charter rights; but was considered too dovish by the formidable Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford. On 11 August 1634, he resigned the Provostship on being appointed Archdeacon of Meath. On 25 February 1635, he was consecrated Bishop of Kildare. He died at Panta Birsley, near Ellesmere, Shropshire, on 7 September 1642, and was buried at Dudleston (Doddleston) Chapel, near Oswestry. He married Jane, eldest daughter of Francis Kynaston, of Panta Birsley, and left children. Many thought his early death at fifty to have been hastened by the troubles of the English Civil War.
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Ussher, Henry (1550?-1613)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
Academic offices
Preceded byWilliam Bedell
Provost of Trinity College Dublin 1629–1634
Succeeded byWilliam Chappell
vteBishops of Kildare
William Miagh
Thomas Lancaster
Thomas Leverous
Alexander Craike
Robert Daly
Daniel Neylan
William Pilsworth
Robert Ussher
William Golborne
Thomas Price
Ambrose Jones
Anthony Dopping
William Moreton
Welbore Ellis
Charles Cobbe
George Stone
Thomas Fletcher
Richard Robinson
Charles Jackson
George Jones
Charles Lindsay
vteProvosts of Trinity College Dublin
Adam Loftus
Walter Travers
Henry Alvey
William Temple
William Bedell
Robert Ussher
William Chappell
Richard Washington
Anthony Martin
Samuel Winter
Thomas Seele
Michael Ward
Narcissus Marsh
Robert Huntington
St George Ashe
George Browne
Peter Browne
Benjamin Pratt
Richard Baldwin
Francis Andrews
John Hely-Hutchinson
Richard Murray
John Kearney
George Hall
Thomas Elrington
Samuel Kyle
Bartholomew Lloyd
Franc Sadleir
Richard MacDonnell
Humphrey Lloyd
John Hewitt Jellett
George Salmon
Anthony Traill
John Pentland Mahaffy
John Bernard
Edward Gwynn
William Thrift
Ernest Alton
Albert Joseph McConnell
F. S. L. Lyons
William Arthur Watts
Thomas Mitchell
John Hegarty
Patrick Prendergast
Linda Doyle
Authority control databases: People
Ireland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"6th Provost of Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Provosts_of_Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Kildare"}],"text":"Robert Ussher (4 April 1592 – 18 July 1642) was an Irish Protestant bishop who served as the 6th Provost of Trinity College Dublin 1629 to 1634. He was also Bishop of Kildare for some time.","title":"Robert Ussher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Ussher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ussher"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Armagh"},{"link_name":"prebendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebendary"},{"link_name":"St. Audoen's Church, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Audoen%27s_Church,_Dublin_(Church_of_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Lurgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurgan"},{"link_name":"Sir William Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Temple"},{"link_name":"Joseph Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mead"},{"link_name":"William Bedell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bedell"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Kilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Kilmore"},{"link_name":"James Ussher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ussher"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth,_1st_Earl_of_Strafford"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Meath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Meath"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Dudleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudleston"},{"link_name":"Oswestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswestry"},{"link_name":"Francis Kynaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Kynaston"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"}],"text":"The youngest son of Henry Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh and his first wife Margaret Eliot, daughter of Thomas Elliott of Balreask, he was educated at Trinity College Dublin, being made a fellow in 1611, and graduating B.A. 1612, M.A. 1614, vice provost 1615; B.D. 1621. He was prebendary of St. Audoen's Church, Dublin (1617); rector of Ardstra (1617); prebendary of Dromaragh (1624); and rector of Lurgan (1629).On the death in 1627 of Sir William Temple, there was a disputed election to the Provostship. The senior Fellows elected Joseph Mead, who declined; the junior Fellows elected Ussher (14 April 1627), and he was sworn in the same day. He was set aside by royal letter in favor of William Bedell, who was sworn in on 16 August. On Bedell's promotion as Bishop of Kilmore, Ussher was again elected (3 October 1629) and sworn in on 13 January 1630. He owed his appointment to a temperate letter in his favour by his cousin, James Ussher, to whom an appeal had been made.He was an able preacher, promoted the study of the Irish language, and defended the college's charter rights; but was considered too dovish by the formidable Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford. On 11 August 1634, he resigned the Provostship on being appointed Archdeacon of Meath. On 25 February 1635, he was consecrated Bishop of Kildare. He died at Panta Birsley, near Ellesmere, Shropshire, on 7 September 1642, and was buried at Dudleston (Doddleston) Chapel, near Oswestry. He married Jane, eldest daughter of Francis Kynaston, of Panta Birsley, and left children. Many thought his early death at fifty to have been hastened by the troubles of the English Civil War.","title":"Life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ussher, Henry (1550?-1613)\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Ussher,_Henry_(1550%3F-1613)","url_text":"Ussher, Henry (1550?-1613)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.008778.v1","external_links_name":"Ireland"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatta_Wale | Shatta Wale | ["1 Early life","1.1 2019–2020","1.2 2021–present","2 Concerts","3 Accolades","4 Endorsements","5 Charity works and Donations","6 Controversy","6.1 #OccupyJulorbiHouse","6.2 The Lawyer Dream","7 Discography","7.1 Albums","7.2 Singles","8 Videography","9 Filmography","10 Awards and nominations","11 References","12 External links"] | Ghanaian reggae-dancehall artist (born 1984)
Shatta WaleBackground informationBirth nameCharles Nii Armah Mensah Jr.Also known asBandanaBorn (1984-10-17) 17 October 1984 (age 39)Accra, GhanaGenres
Highlife
hiplife
reggae
dancehall
Afrobeats
Occupation(s)
Singer
songwriter
record producer
actor
sound engineer
Instrument(s)
Vocals
keyboard
Years active2004–presentLabels
Shatta Movement Records
Zylofon Music
Musical artist
Charles Nii Armah Mensah Jr., (born 17 October 1984) is a Ghanaian reggae-dancehall artist. He is known by his stage name Shatta Wale, formerly Bandana. His best-known singles are "Dancehall King", "My Level" and "We Taking Over". He is also known for "Already" from Beyoncé's The Lion King: The Gift, which also featured Major Lazer. His song "Dancehall King" earned him the Artiste of the Year at the 2014 edition of the Vodafone Ghana Music Awards. Wale is also an actor who appeared in the films Never Say Never, The trial of Shatta Wale and Shattered Lives. Wale's 2004 recording "Moko Hoo" was nominated for a Ghana Music Award.
In 2014, he peaked to number 38 on E.tv's "Top 100 Most Influential Ghanaian" Awards chart. He has since then appeared on the chart every year. He was ranked "Most Influential Musician" on social media in 2017. He made a record-setting as a dancehall artist to have won 11 awards at the 2019 3 Music Awards ceremony.
Early life
Charles Nii Armah Mensah Jr. was born in Accra, Ghana at the Police Hospital on 17 October 1984 to Charles Nii Armah Mensah Snr and Elsie Evelyn Avemegah. His father is a politician, businessman and legal practitioner.
Shatta Wale attended Seven Great Princes Academy at Dansoman, a suburb in Accra, where he demonstrated an affinity for arts and acted in a popular drama series, By the Fireside, at the National Theatre of Ghana. He then continued to the Winneba Secondary School where he obtained his second cycle education. He started his young music career known as Doggy.
2019–2020
In 2019 he had a collaboration with Beyoncé titled "Already" on her album The Lion King: The Gift which was nominated at the Grammy Awards.
2021–present
In 2021, he was nominated for two awards and won the 'Best Virtual Entertainer of the Year' Award at the International Reggae and World Music Awards (IRAWMA).
Wale released a song in January 2024 titled "Balloon", with an accompanying video.
Concerts
He was the first Ghanaian to organize a digital concert on YouTube which was dubbed the Faith Concert. The concert was organized to bring hope to Ghanaians and his global audience at large during the fight against COVID-19 pandemic.
He was selected by The Ministry of Communications, Ghana, alongside Highlife musician Kuami Eugene as the headline artistes for the COVID-19 app virtual launch concert held on Monday April 13, 2020. On Saturday 17 October 2020, he threw a massive birthday party, which saw attendance by family and friends at his East Legon residence to mark his 36th birthday..He is on record to be the first artist to host a stadium show all by himself and filled to capacity
Accolades
Mayor of Worcester, Joseph Petty, presented Shatta Wale with the Key to the City on 8 July 2017.
On 18 March 2018, Wale was presented an honoree award for his contribution to reggae in Ghana at the 37th Annual Chicago Music Awards (CMA), in conjunction with the 36th International Reggae & World Music Awards (IRAWMA).
Endorsements
In 2014, Wale became a brand ambassador for Guinness Ghana Breweries. and as the brand ambassador for Rush Energy Drink.
In September 2017, Kasapreko Company, producers of several alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages in Ghana, unveiled Wale as their newest brand ambassador for Storm Energy Drink.
On 17 November 2017, Shatta Wale signed a deal with Boss Baker Beef Roll as the brand ambassador.
Infinix Ghana, a smartphone company, on Wednesday, September 11, 2019, announced Shatta Wale as its Brand Ambassador
Charity works and Donations
Last week, on June 12 2024, Shatta Wale supported the "Buzstop Boys" in a community clean up exercise at Alajo in Accra and donated some amount through his foundation to the organization to keep up with their environmental initiatives.
Controversy
In October 2021, Shatta Wale allegedly created a hoax that he was shot and was receiving treatment. He later turned himself in due to the police declaring him wanted. He was arrested by the Ghana Police Service for allegedly involved in the creation and circulation of information to create fear and panic. He was remanded into prison custody for a week. On Tuesday, 26 October 2021, Shatta Wale was granted a GH¢100,000 self-recognizance bail at today's hearing. The case has been adjourned to November 9, 2021. A fortnight after the artist was released on bail, he got caught in another confrontation with the Police as he stormed out of meeting with celebrities called at the behest of Ghana's Police Chief. Shatta Wale complained of unfair treatment at the meeting after all his colleagues were allegedly allowed to use their phones and he was not. He later reported to the meeting and knelt before the IGP George Akuffo Dampare to ask for forgiveness.
Beef with Sheldon
In 2023, Charles and Kwadwo Sheldon of Kwadwo Sheldon Studios (KSS) went into entertainment beefing. The source of this beef was a comment made by Sheldon; "In his songs, Shatta Wale portrays himself as a gangster, yet he contacted the police following an online dispute". Sheldon said in an interview that he was reported to the IGP of Ghana, George Akuffo Dampare by Shatta Wale on charges of belittling his work. On May 3, 2024, upon Shatta arriving at the London airport before his performance at Indigo at The O2, Shatta Wale visibly snubbed YouTuber Kwadwo Sheldon, who had extended his hand in greeting.
#OccupyJulorbiHouse
Dancehall artist Shatta Wale joined the discussion surrounding the OccupyJulorbiHouse protest, expressing his disapproval of the arrest of demonstrators who were marching towards Jubilee House on September 21. His criticism of the arrests garnered support from many of his fans, some of whom suggested that he should create a song dedicated to President Akufo-Addo.
The Lawyer Dream
During an October 2023 interview with BBC's Stefania Okereke, Shatta Wale expressed regret for not pursuing a career in law. He said, "I'm considering becoming a lawyer in the future when he feels financially ready" , despite his music career, as law was his initial aspiration.
Discography
Albums
After the Storm (2016)
Cloud 9 (2017, hip hop mixtape)
Reign (2018)
Wonder Boy (2019)
Manacles Of A Shatta (2020)
Maali (2023)
Konet (2024)
Singles
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (January 2016)
Year
Title
Album
Ref.
2016
Aroma
Currency Year Mixtape
2016
Like You
After the Storm
2015
Reality
Unknown
2016
Kill Dem with Prayers
Unknown
2016
Kakai
Unknown
2016
Longtime
After the Storm
2016
Dancehall King (Part 2)
After The Storm
2017
Haters
Unknown
2017
Affi Di Money
Unknown
2017
Shame On You
Unknown
2017
Disaster
African Takeover
2017
Patoranking
African Takeover
2018
Zylofon
Unknown
2018
True Believer
Unknown
2018
Ego Taya Dem
Unknown
2018
Storm
Unknown
2018
Shito
Unknown
2018
Performer
Unknown
2018
Thunder Fire
Unknown
2018
Don't Baby My baby
Reign
2018
Bend Over
Reign
2018
Squeeze
Reign
2018
I Regret
Reign
2018
If i See
Reign
2018
Give Dem Something
Reign
2018
Crazy
Reign
2018
Amount
Reign
2018
Wonders
Reign
2018
Rosalinda
Reign
2018
Sister Sister
Reign
2018
Mama Stories
Reign
2018
Gringo
Reign
2018
My Mind Is Made Up
Reign
2018
Caesar
Reign
2018
Exodus
Reign
2018
One Way Style
Reign
2018
My Level
Unknown
2019
Shatta with 9 (feat. 9TYZ)
Unknown
2019
Packaging (feat. Medikal)
Unknown
2019
Run 4 yuh life
Unknown
2019
No Look
Unknown
2019
Weather Forecast
Unknown
2019
I Hate Nonsense
Unknown
2019
Borjor
Unknown
2020
Miss Money
Unknown
2020
Ahodwo Las Vegas ft Kofi Jamar, Amerado, Ypee, Kweku Flick, King Paluta, Phrimpong & Phaize
Unknown
2020
Party with the Stars (Feat. Munga Honorable, Tifa)
Unknown
2022
Born Crey
Unknown
2022
Bess Lyf ft Jupitar
Unknown
2022
Fear Mi
Unknown
2022
On God
Unknown
2022
Shoulder
Unknown
2022
Hunter
Unknown
2024
2024
Unknown
2024
Designer
Unknown
2024
Who say
Unknown
Videography
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (September 2017)
Year
Title
Director
Ref.
2020
Hajia Bintu (feat. Ara B & Captan)
Shatta Wale & PKMI
2019
Island
Yaw Skyface
2019
Crazy
sesan
201
My level
Sesan
2018
Gringo
Sesan
2018
Bullet Proof
Sesan
2017
Nobody Go Talk
Rex
2017
Life Changer
Rex
2017
Waitti
Will Drey
2017
Ayoo
Sire Chopperson
2017
Taking Over
Sire Chopperson
2016
Shatta Story
Mexx Studio
2016
Krom Aye Shi (Town Make Hot)
Lex MacCarthy
2016
Too Sweet
Will Drey
2016
Story to Tell
Prince Dovlo
2016
Too Much Chemical
Prince Dovlo
2016
Kill Dem with Prayers
Lex MacCarthy
2016
Kakai
Xpress Philms
2016
Baby (Chop Kiss)
Lex MacCarthy
2013
Every Body Like My Tin
PressPlay Vidz
48
2015
Gather Around
Lex MacCarthy
49
Filmography
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2016)
Year
Title
Role
Ref.
2016
Shattered Lives
—
2014
Never Say Never
—
2018
"The Trial of Shatta Wale(Kejetia Vs Makola)"
Shatta Wale
2023
Serwaa
Awards and nominations
In 2014, Shatta Wale was nominated for the Maiden GN Bank Awards as the People's Choice Male Musician of the year.
Year
Event
Prize
Recipient
Result
Reference
2013
Ghana Music Awards
Reggae Dancehall Song of the Year – Shatta City
Shatta Wale
Nominated
2014
Channel O Music Video Awards
Most Gifted Ragga Dancehall Video
"Everybody Likes My Ting"
Nominated
4Syte TV Music Video Awards
Best Reggae/Dancehall Video
Won
Most Popular Video
Won
2014 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
African Artiste of the Year
Won
African Muzik Magazine Awards
Best Male West Africa
Nominated
Best Dancehall Artiste
Nominated
Ghana Music Awards
Artiste of the Year
Won
Best Collaboration of the Year
"Hot Cake"Pope Skinny feat. Shatta Wale
Nominated
Reggae/Dancehall Song of the Year
Nominated
"Fever"D2 feat. Shatta Wale
Nominated
"Dancehall King"
Won
Nigerian Entertainment Awards
African Artiste of the Year
Won
BASS Awards
Best Performer of the Year
Won
Best Collaboration of the year
D2 ft. Shatta Wale – "Fever"
Nominated
Shatta Wale ft. D Black – "Ina the Party"
Nominated
Best Video Dancehall
"Like My Thing"
Won
Dancehall Artiste of the Year
Shatta Wale – "Enter the Net"
Won
International Reggae and World Music Awards
Best New Entertainer
Shatta Wale
Won
Jigwe Awards
Jigwe Musician of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
Ghana DJ Awards
DJ's Song of the Year
Shatta Wale – Dancehall King
Won
2015
African Entertainment Awards
Best African Reggae / Dancehall Artiste
Shatta Wale
Nominated
African Muzik Magazine Awards
Best Dancehall Artiste
Shatta Wale
Nominated
Swish HQ UK Awards
Best Song
Shatta Wale & Sonni Bali
Nominated
International Reggae and World Music Awards
Best Music Video – You Can't Touch Me
Shatta Wale
Nominated
3G Awards
Publisher's Choice Award
Shatta Wale
Won
MOBO Awards
Best African Act
Shatta Wale
Nominated
GN Bank Awards
People's Choice Male Musician
Shatta Wale
Won
2016
Blogging and Social Media Awards
Artiste with the Best Social Media Presence
Shatta Wale
Won
Golden Movie Awards Africa
Golden Discovery
Shatta Wale
Won
Africa Europe DJ Awards (Italy)
Best Song of the Year – Kakai
Shatta Wale
Won
Nigeria Entertainment Awards
African Male Artiste of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
Afrimma Awards
Dancehall Artiste of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
Africa Youth Choice Awards
Artiste of the Year
Shatta Wale
Nominated
City People Entertainment Awards
Ghana Musician of the Year Award – Male
Shatta Wale
Won
Africa Entertainment Awards – US
Best Dancehall Artiste
Shatta wale
Won
International Reggae and World Music Awards
Best African Song/Entertainer – Chop Kiss
Shatta wale
Won
International Reggae and World Music Awards
Best Music Video -Chop Kiss
Shatta Wale
Nominated
Ghana Kids Choice Awards
Best Dancehall Icon of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
African Royal Awards
Best International Act
Shatta Wale
Won
Ghana DJ Awards
DJ's Song of the Year – Kakai
Shatta Wale
Won
African Entertainment Legends Awards
African Dancehall Act of the Year
Shatta Wale
Nominated
Ghana Music Awards UK
Music Producer of the Year
Shatta Wale (Da Maker)
Won
Ghana Music Awards UK
Most Popular Song – Kakai
Shatta Wale
Won
Most Popular Song – Chop Kiss
Nominated
Reggae / Dancehall Song of the Year – Kakai
Nominated
Reggae / Dancehall Song of the Year – Hol' It
Nominated
Reggae / Dancehall Artiste of the Year
Won
Album of the Year
After the Storm – Shatta Wale
Nominated
Artiste of the Year
Shatta Wale
Nominated
Ghana Music Awards UK 2018
Raggae/Dancehall song of the Year
Shatta Wale
Nominated
WatsUp African Music Video Awards
Best West African Video
Chop Kiss – Shatta Wale
Nominated
WatsUp African Music Video Awards
Best African Male Video
Chop Kiss – Shatta Wale
Nominated
WatsUp African Music Video Awards
Best African Performance
After The Storm – Shatta Wale
Nominated
WatsUp African Music Video Awards
Best African Reggae/Dancehall Video
Chop Kiss – Shatta Wale
Won
4Syte Music Video Awards
Best Reggae/Dancehall Video
Shatta Wale
Won
4Syte Music Video Awards
Most Popular Video
Shatta Wale
Nominated
4Syte Music Video Awards
Best Directed Video
Shatta Wale
Nominated
4Syte Music Video Awards
Best Story Line Video
Shatta Wale
Nominated
4Syte Music Video Awards
Best Male Video
Shatta Wale
Nominated
4Syte Music Video Awards
Most Influential Artiste
Shatta Wale
Won
Ghana Peace Awards
Art for Peace of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
muzato emmerson Music Awards
People Choice of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
Africa Youth Awards
Musician of the Year
Shatta Wale
Nominated
Jigwe Awards
Jigwe Musician of the Year
Shatta Wale
Nominated
2017
Ghana Music Honours
Best Producer
Shatta Wale
Won
Ghana Music Honours
People's Choice Award
Shatta Wale
Won
Ghana Naija Showbiz Awards
Best Male Act
Shatta Wale
Won
Ghana Entertainment Awards USA
Best Song
Shatta Wale-Kakai
Won
EMY Africa Awards
Man of the Year – Entertainment
Shatta Wale
Nominated
Ghana Entertainment Awards USA
Best Entertainer
Shatta Wale
Won
African Pride Awards
Artiste of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
Ghana Events Awards
Best Event Set Up
Shatta Wale (After the Storm Concert)
Won
Ghana Music Awards UK
Afro Beats Artiste of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
Ghana Music Awards UK
Collaboration of the Year
Shatta Wale ft Addi sef, Captan & Joint 77
Won
Ghana Music Awards UK
Artiste of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
Ghana Music Awards UK
Afro Pop Artiste of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
Ghana Music Awards UK
Reggae/Dancehall Artiste of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
Eastern Music Awards
Most Influential Artiste of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
African Entertainment Awards (US)
Best Dancehall Artiste
Shatta Wale
Won
People's Celebrity Awards
Favourite Male Musician
Shatta Wale
Won
Ultimate People's Celebrity
Shatta Wale
Won
4Syte Music Video Awards
Most Popular Video
Shatta Wale- Taking Over
Won
Soundcity MVP Awards Festival
Best Male MVP
Shatta Wale
Nominated
African Artiste of the Year
Shatta Wale
Nominated
Digital Artiste of the Year
Himself
Nominated
2018
3 Music Awards
Song of the Year
Ayoo
Won
Song Writer of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
Facebook Star of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
Male Act of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
Ghana Music Awards
Best Collaboration of the Year
Taking Over
Won
Dancehall Artiste of the Year
Shatta Wale
Nominated
Dancehall Song of the Year
Dem Confuse
Nominated
Hiplife Song of the Year
Ayoo
Nominated
Song of the Year
Taking Over
Nominated
African Entertainment Awards (US)
Best Dancehall Act
Shatta Wale
Won
Ghana Entertainment Awards (US)
Best Song
Taking Over
Won
Best Collaboration
Taking Over
Won
Best Entertainer
Shatta Wale
Won
Best Reggae/Dancehall Act
Shatta Wale
Nominated
2019
Ugandan Music Excellence Awards
Best African Music Video
Shatta Wale
Won
3 Music Awards
Viral Song of the Year
Shatta Wale-Gringo
Won
Highlife Song of the Year
Shatta Wale
Nominated
Reggae Dancehall Song of the Year
Shatta Wale-Gringo
Won
Digital Artiste of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
Fan Army of the Year
Shatta movement-Shatta Wale
Won
Reggae Dancehall Act of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
Music Video of the Year
Shatta Wale-Gringo
Won
Album of the Year
Shatta Wale-Reign Album
Nominated
Song of the Year
Shatta Wale-My Level
Won
Male Act of the Year
Shatta Wale
Won
2019
Vodafone Ghana Music Awards
Artiste of the Year
Shatta Wale
Pending
Highlife Song of the Year
Shatta Wale-My Level
Won
Reggae Dancehall Song of the Year
Shatta Wale-Gringo
Won
Afro Pop Song of the Year
Shatta Wale – Thunder Fire feat SM Militants
Nominated
Reggae Dancehall Artiste of the Year
Shatta Wale
Nominated
Best Video of the Year
Shatta Wale – Gringo (Dir Sesan)
Nominated
Vodafone Most Popular Song of the Year
Shatta Wale-My Level
Pending
Album of the Year
Shatta Wale-Reign Album
Nominated
Best African Collaboration
Shatta Wale ft Olamide
Nominated
Artiste of the Decade
Shatta Wale
Nominated
Ghana Music Awards UK
Reggae Dancehall Artist of the Year
Himself
Won
Popular Song of the Year
"My Level"
Won
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^ "Shatta Wale Nominated For 2017 Africa Youth Awards – EOnlineGh.Com". www.eonlinegh.com. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "Full list of Ghanaian winners at City People Entertainment Awards". ghanaweb.com. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ "Vote – AEAUSA". Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
^ "African Entertainment Awards USA – Entertainment, Awards, Live Music". aeausa.net. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ a b "IRAWMA " 35th INTERNATIONAL REGGAE & WORLD MUSIC AWARD NOMINEES TO BE REVEALED". irawma.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ a b "Shatta Wale wins Best African Song Award at IRAWMA 2016 | Kasapa102.5FM". Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
^ "Full list of winners at Ghana Kids Choice Awards 2016". ghanaweb.com. 22 August 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ Mawuli, David (12 August 2016). "Ghana Kids Choice Awards 2016: Gifty Osei, D Cryme, Funny Face, Praye, others to rock Ghana Kids Choice Awards". pulse.com.gh. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ "African Royal Awards". 18 June 2015. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015.
^ Online, Peace FM. "Full List Of Winners From 2016 Ghana DJ Awards". peacefmonline.com. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ Buabeng, Abert Benefo (19 March 2016). "Ghana DJ Awards 2016: Full list of winners". pulse.com.gh. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ "AEL AWARDS (AELA) -". aelaawards.com. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ "Sarkodie adjudged African Legend Artiste of the year". ghanaweb.com. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ a b Mawuli, David. "Ghana Music Awards UK 2016: Shatta Wale tops with 8 nominations; see the complete list of nominees". pulse.com.gh. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ "Ghana Music Awards UK 2018: Full list of nominees". ghanaweb.com. 18 July 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
^ a b c d "Shatta Wale, Sarkodie, MzVee, Others Nominated For WAMVA 2016 + Full List". livefmghana.com. 1 October 2016. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ Online, Peace FM. "Stonebwoy Tops MTN 4syte Music Video Awards 2016+Full List of Nominees". peacefmonline.com. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ "Full list of winners – MTN 4stye music video awards 2016". ghanaweb.com. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ a b "No stopping him: Shatta Wale keeps winning!". ghanaweb.com. 8 November 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ "Kwesé – TV for Africa – Live Sports- Series – Movies – Kids Television – Music – Kwesé – TV for Africa – live sport, movies, series and more". viasat1.com.gh. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
^ "The winners, the slayers and more from Jigwe Awards 2016 – AmeyawDebrah.Com". ameyawdebrah.com. 23 December 2016. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ "Fancy Gadam, Selly Galley, Obour others win at Jigwe Awards 2016". ghanaweb.com. 22 December 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ Mawuli, David (5 March 2017). "Ghana Music Honours 2017 winners: VVIP, Shatta Wale top with two, see full list of winners". pulse.com.gh. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
^ "Full list of winners at Ghana Music Honours 2017". www.ghanaweb.com. 5 March 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
^ Staff, Pulse (18 May 2017). "Pulse.com.gh: Ghana"s 24/7 news platform wins "Best Entertainment Website" award at 2017 Ghana-Naija Showbiz Awards". pulse.com.gh. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
^ Owusu-Amoah, Gifty. "Shatta, AK Songstress 'save' Ghana at Ghana Naija Showbiz awards – Graphic Online". Graphic Online. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
^ a b "Bola Ray, Jay Foley, Anita Erskine, Others honoured @ Ghana Entertainment Awards 2017". Kasapa102.5FM. 22 May 2017. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
^ a b Ghana, YFM. "FULL LIST of Winners at Ghana Entertainment Awards USA". YFM Ghana. Archived from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
^ "Shatta Wale, Joe Mettle, KOD, Others nominated for 2017 EMY Awards". Kasapa102.5FM. 5 June 2017. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
^ Quashie, Richard (16 August 2017). "Shatta Wale crowned "African Artist of the Year" at awards ceremony in UK". Yen.com.gh – Ghana news.
^ "Shatta Wale better than top Nigerian singers – Blogger". www.ghanaweb.com. 17 August 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
^ "Ghana Event Awards 2017 Winners - See Full List - GlammyNews.com". Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
^ "2016 NOMINEES | Ghana Event Awards". ghanaeventawards.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
^ a b c d e "Shatta Wale, Stonebwoy, others win at 2017 Ghana Music Awards UK – Starr Fm". Starr Fm. 18 September 2017. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
^ a b c d e "Shatta Wale crowned artiste of the year at Ghana Music Awards UK". ghanaweb.com. 17 September 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
^ "Koo Ntakra crowned artiste of the Year at Eastern Music Awards 2017". www.ghanaweb.com. 8 October 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
^ "Shatta Wale Wins Best Dancehall Artiste in USA – Daily Guide Africa". dailyguideafrica.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b "Full list of winners at 2017 People's Celebrity Awards". www.ghanaweb.com. January 2018.
^ Donkoh, Ebenezer (19 November 2017). "Full List – 4Syte TV Music Video Awards 2017 Winners #4SYTETVMVAs17". NYDJ Live.
^ a b c "See Full List Of Nominees For 2017 Soundcity MVP Awards Festival". 360Nobs.com. 16 December 2017. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Full list of winners for 2018 3 Music Awards | Entertainment 2018-03-25". Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
^ "AEAUSA Awards 2018 Winners". Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
^ Quartey, Daniel (18 March 2019). "Shatta Wale's Gringo wins topmost award in Uganda". Yen.com.gh – Ghana news. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
^ "Full list of winners at 3 Music Awards 2019". www.ghanaweb.com. 31 March 2019.
^ "Photos: Shatta Wale shatters 2019 3Music Awards, bags 8 awards". www.myjoyonline.com.
^ "Full list of nominations for VGMA 2019 – Graphic Showbiz Online". Graphic.com.gh. 17 March 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
^ "Ghana Music Awards UK 2019: All the winners". Music In Africa. 7 October 2019.
External links
Twitter
Shatta Wale – Made In Ghana iChris Ghana
Shatta Wale – Sleepless night Archived 18 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine Ghpops Ghana
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ghanaian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaians"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"stage name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_name"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chattahse-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Already","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Already_(song)"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"The Lion King: The Gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King:_The_Gift"},{"link_name":"Major Lazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Lazer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vodafone Ghana Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Ghana_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ghana Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"E.tv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.tv"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"3 Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Musical artistCharles Nii Armah Mensah Jr., (born 17 October 1984)[1] is a Ghanaian reggae-dancehall artist. He is known by his stage name Shatta Wale, formerly Bandana.[2][3] His best-known singles are \"Dancehall King\", \"My Level\" and \"We Taking Over\". He is also known for \"Already\" from Beyoncé's The Lion King: The Gift, which also featured Major Lazer.[4] His song \"Dancehall King\" earned him the Artiste of the Year at the 2014 edition of the Vodafone Ghana Music Awards. Wale is also an actor who appeared in the films Never Say Never,[5] The trial of Shatta Wale[6] and Shattered Lives.[7] Wale's 2004 recording \"Moko Hoo\" was nominated for a Ghana Music Award.[8]In 2014, he peaked to number 38 on E.tv's \"Top 100 Most Influential Ghanaian\" Awards chart.[9][10] He has since then appeared on the chart every year. He was ranked \"Most Influential Musician\" on social media in 2017.[11] He made a record-setting as a dancehall artist to have won 11 awards at the 2019 3 Music Awards ceremony.[12]","title":"Shatta Wale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accra, Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra,_Ghana"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Dansoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansoman"},{"link_name":"Accra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra"},{"link_name":"National Theatre of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Theatre_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Charles Nii Armah Mensah Jr. was born in Accra, Ghana at the Police Hospital on 17 October 1984 to Charles Nii Armah Mensah Snr and Elsie Evelyn Avemegah. His father is a politician, businessman and legal practitioner.[13]Shatta Wale attended Seven Great Princes Academy at Dansoman, a suburb in Accra, where he demonstrated an affinity for arts and acted in a popular drama series, By the Fireside, at the National Theatre of Ghana.[14] He then continued to the Winneba Secondary School where he obtained his second cycle education.[15] He started his young music career known as Doggy.[16]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Lion King: The Gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King:_The_Gift"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"2019–2020","text":"In 2019 he had a collaboration with Beyoncé titled \"Already\" on her album The Lion King: The Gift which was nominated at the Grammy Awards.[17]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"2021–present","text":"In 2021, he was nominated for two awards and won the 'Best Virtual Entertainer of the Year' Award at the International Reggae and World Music Awards (IRAWMA).[18]Wale released a song in January 2024 titled \"Balloon\", with an accompanying video.[19]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Ghanaians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaians"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Kuami Eugene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuami_Eugene"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"East Legon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Legon"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"He was the first Ghanaian to organize a digital concert on YouTube which was dubbed the Faith Concert. The concert was organized to bring hope to Ghanaians and his global audience at large during the fight against COVID-19 pandemic.[20][21]\nHe was selected by The Ministry of Communications, Ghana, alongside Highlife musician Kuami Eugene as the headline artistes for the COVID-19 app virtual launch concert[22] held on Monday April 13, 2020.[23] On Saturday 17 October 2020, he threw a massive birthday party, which saw attendance by family and friends at his East Legon residence to mark his 36th birthday.[24].He is on record to be the first artist to host a stadium show all by himself and filled to capacity","title":"Concerts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mayor of Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Worcester,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Joseph Petty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Petty"},{"link_name":"Key to the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Keys_to_the_City_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Mayor of Worcester, Joseph Petty, presented Shatta Wale with the Key to the City on 8 July 2017.[25]On 18 March 2018, Wale was presented an honoree award for his contribution to reggae in Ghana at the 37th Annual Chicago Music Awards (CMA), in conjunction with the 36th International Reggae & World Music Awards (IRAWMA).[26]","title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guinness Ghana Breweries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Ghana_Breweries"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"brand ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_ambassador"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"In 2014, Wale became a brand ambassador for Guinness Ghana Breweries.[27] and as the brand ambassador for Rush Energy Drink.[28][29][30]In September 2017, Kasapreko Company, producers of several alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages in Ghana, unveiled Wale as their newest brand ambassador for Storm Energy Drink.[31]On 17 November 2017, Shatta Wale signed a deal with Boss Baker Beef Roll as the brand ambassador.[32]\nInfinix Ghana, a smartphone company, on Wednesday, September 11, 2019, announced Shatta Wale as its Brand Ambassador[33]","title":"Endorsements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alajo"},{"link_name":"Accra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Last week, on June 12 2024, Shatta Wale supported the \"Buzstop Boys\" in a community clean up exercise at Alajo in Accra and donated some amount through his foundation to the organization to keep up with their environmental initiatives. [34][35]","title":"Charity works and Donations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Ghana Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"George Akuffo Dampare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Akuffo_Dampare"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Kwadwo Sheldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwadwo_Sheldon_(YouTuber)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"In October 2021, Shatta Wale allegedly created a hoax that he was shot and was receiving treatment. He later turned himself in due to the police declaring him wanted.[36] He was arrested by the Ghana Police Service for allegedly involved in the creation and circulation of information to create fear and panic.[37][38] He was remanded into prison custody for a week.[39][40][41] On Tuesday, 26 October 2021, Shatta Wale was granted a GH¢100,000 self-recognizance bail at today's hearing. The case has been adjourned to November 9, 2021.[42][43][44] A fortnight after the artist was released on bail, he got caught in another confrontation with the Police as he stormed out of meeting with celebrities called at the behest of Ghana's Police Chief. Shatta Wale complained of unfair treatment at the meeting after all his colleagues were allegedly allowed to use their phones and he was not. He later reported to the meeting and knelt before the IGP George Akuffo Dampare to ask for forgiveness.[45]Beef with SheldonIn 2023, Charles and Kwadwo Sheldon of Kwadwo Sheldon Studios (KSS) went into entertainment beefing. The source of this beef was a comment made by Sheldon; \"In his songs, Shatta Wale portrays himself as a gangster, yet he contacted the police following an online dispute\". Sheldon said in an interview that he was reported to the IGP of Ghana, George Akuffo Dampare by Shatta Wale on charges of belittling his work.[46] [47] On May 3, 2024, upon Shatta arriving at the London airport before his performance at Indigo at The O2, Shatta Wale visibly snubbed YouTuber Kwadwo Sheldon, who had extended his hand in greeting.[48]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dancehall artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancehall"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"#OccupyJulorbiHouse","text":"Dancehall artist Shatta Wale joined the discussion surrounding the OccupyJulorbiHouse protest, expressing his disapproval of the arrest of demonstrators who were marching towards Jubilee House on September 21. His criticism of the arrests garnered support from many of his fans, some of whom suggested that he should create a song dedicated to President Akufo-Addo.[49]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"The Lawyer Dream","text":"During an October 2023 interview with BBC's Stefania Okereke, Shatta Wale expressed regret for not pursuing a career in law. He said, \"I'm considering becoming a lawyer in the future when he feels financially ready\" , despite his music career, as law was his initial aspiration.[50][51]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"After the Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Storm_(Shatta_Wale_album)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Reign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_(Shatta_Wale_Album)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-https-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"After the Storm (2016)[52]\nCloud 9 (2017, hip hop mixtape)[53]\nReign (2018)[54]\nWonder Boy (2019)[55]\nManacles Of A Shatta (2020)[56]\nMaali (2023)[57]\nKonet (2024)[58]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Videography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-omgghana.com-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pulse.com.gh-116"}],"text":"In 2014, Shatta Wale was nominated for the Maiden GN Bank Awards[114][115] as the People's Choice Male Musician of the year.[116]","title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Shatta Wale, Biography\". mobile.ghanaweb.com. Retrieved 15 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/person/Shatta-Wale-1246","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale, Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"A 'repented' Shatta Wale apologizes to Charter House\". MyJoyOnline. Retrieved 6 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myjojyonline.com/entertainment/2013/December-28th/a-repented-shatta-wale-apologizes-to-charter-house.php","url_text":"\"A 'repented' Shatta Wale apologizes to Charter House\""}]},{"reference":"Online, Peace FM. \"Shatta Wale Sends Message To NPP Over E-Levy Bill (VIDEO)\". Peacefmonline.com – Ghana news. Retrieved 4 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/202202/460000.php","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale Sends Message To NPP Over E-Levy Bill (VIDEO)\""}]},{"reference":"Beyoncé, Shatta Wale, Major Lazer – ALREADY (Official Video). Beyoncé. 31 July 2020. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agCgvFTJeRs","url_text":"Beyoncé, Shatta Wale, Major Lazer – ALREADY (Official Video)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9","url_text":"Beyoncé"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220414084358/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agCgvFTJeRs","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Nyabor, Jonas (26 September 2014). \"Shata Wale features in new movie, \"Never Say Never\"\". citifmonline.com. Retrieved 16 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://citifmonline.com/2014/09/26/shata-wale-features-in-new-movie-never-say-never/","url_text":"\"Shata Wale features in new movie, \"Never Say Never\"\""}]},{"reference":"Ayamga, Emmanuel (20 April 2018). \"'The trial of Shatta Wale' movie to be premiered on May 12\". www.pulse.com.gh. Retrieved 16 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/movies/the-trial-of-shatta-wale-movie-to-be-premiered-on-may-12-id8278859.html","url_text":"\"'The trial of Shatta Wale' movie to be premiered on May 12\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trailer Shatta Wale, Majid Michel, and Bisa Kdei star in new movie \"Shattered Lives\"\". Pulse.com.gh. David Mawuli. 5 January 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://pulse.com.gh/movies/trailer-shatta-wale-bisa-kdei-majid-michel-star-in-new-movie-shattered-lives-id4523160.html","url_text":"\"Trailer Shatta Wale, Majid Michel, and Bisa Kdei star in new movie \"Shattered Lives\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shatta Wale Tells Sad Story Bandana Days – Ghana Celebrities\". ghanacelebrities.com. 10 August 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2018/08/10/shatta-wale-tells-sad-story-bandana-days-hunger-best-friend-cockroaches-mice-frogs-roommates/","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale Tells Sad Story Bandana Days – Ghana Celebrities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Etv 100 Influential List – City Fm\". cityfmonline.com. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://citifmonline.com/2015/02/17/etv-100-influential-list/","url_text":"\"Etv 100 Influential List – City Fm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shatta Wale Almost Clocked Hundred Songs for 2015 – News Ghana\". newsghana.com.gh. 28 December 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsghana.com.gh/shatta-wale-almost-clocked-hundred-songs-for-2015/","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale Almost Clocked Hundred Songs for 2015 – News Ghana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shatta Wale Ranked As 2017 Most Influential Musician on Social Media – Ghana Web\". ghanaweb.com. 22 February 2017. 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Desmond Drickly. Retrieved 12 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghnewslab.com/2017/11/lyrics-shatta-wale-shame-on-you-lyrics.html","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale – Shame On You (Prod. by Shawers)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shatta Wale – Disaster (Prod. by Shawers)\". Ghnewslab.com. Desmond Drickly. Retrieved 16 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghnewslab.com/2017/11/lyrics-shatta-wale-disaster-lyrics.html","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale – Disaster (Prod. by Shawers)\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Music Shatta Wale – Patoranking (Prod. by Salti)\". Ghnewslab.com. Desmond Drickly. Retrieved 18 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghnewslab.com/2019/04/shatta-wale-ft-medikal-packaging.html","url_text":"\"New Music Shatta Wale – Patoranking (Prod. by Salti)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shatta Wale – Zylofon (Prod. By Willisbeatz) |\". 31 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220204061008/http://ghmix.com/download-music/shatta-wale-zylofon-prod-by-willisbeatz/","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale – Zylofon (Prod. By Willisbeatz) |\""},{"url":"http://ghmix.com/download-music/shatta-wale-zylofon-prod-by-willisbeatz/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Shatta Wale Ft. Addi Self & Natty Lee – True Believer (Prod. by M.O.G) |\". 19 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gheventplus.net/2018/02/19/shatta-wale-ft-addi-self-natty-lee-true-believer-prod-by-m-o-g/","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale Ft. Addi Self & Natty Lee – True Believer (Prod. by M.O.G) |\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shatta Wale – Ego Taya Dem (Prod By Willis Beatz) |\". 19 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gheventplus.net/2018/02/19/shatta-wale-ego-taya-dem-prod-willis-beatz/","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale – Ego Taya Dem (Prod By Willis Beatz) |\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shatta Wale – Storm (Prod. by Da Maker) | Ghpop.com\". Ghpop.com. 28 February 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghpop.com/2018/download-song/shatta-wale-storm-prod-da-maker/","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale – Storm (Prod. by Da Maker) | Ghpop.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shatta Wale – Shito (Prod by MOG Beatz) | Ghpop.com\". Ghpop.com. 6 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghpop.com/2018/download-song/shatta-wale-shito-prod-mog-beatz/","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale – Shito (Prod by MOG Beatz) | Ghpop.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shatta Wale x Millitants – Thunder Fire\". Entertainment. 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/new-music-shatta-wale-x-millitants-thunder-fire/311fem1","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale x Millitants – Thunder Fire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shatta Wale – Bend Over (Prod. by Da Maker) | VoltaSongs.com\". voltasongs.com. 28 February 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voltasongs.com/tag/shatta-wale/","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale – Bend Over (Prod. by Da Maker) | VoltaSongs.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shatta Wale – No Look (Prod. By Beatz Vampire)\". Ghnewslab.com. Desmond Drickly. Retrieved 22 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghnewslab.com/2019/11/shatta-wale-no-look-prod-by-beatz-vampire.html","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale – No Look (Prod. By Beatz Vampire)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shatta Wale – Weather Forecast (Prod. By Paq)\". Ghnewslab.com. Desmond Drickly. Retrieved 21 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghnewslab.com/2019/11/shatta-wale-weather-forecast-prod-by-paq.html","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale – Weather Forecast (Prod. By Paq)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shatta Wale – I Hate Nonsense (Kweku Smoke Diss)\". Ghnewslab.com. Desmond Drickly. Retrieved 16 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghnewslab.com/2019/11/shatta-wale-hate-nonsense-kweku-smoke-diss.html","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale – I Hate Nonsense (Kweku Smoke Diss)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shatta Wale – Borjor\". Ghnewslab.com. Desmond Drickly. Retrieved 21 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghnewslab.com/2019/10/shatta-wale-borjor.html","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale – Borjor\""}]},{"reference":"CratesHub, Alloh. \"Shatta Wale – Miss Money ft. Medikal – CratesHub.com\". www.ghupload.com. Retrieved 18 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghupload.com/best-of-myself-by-shatta-wale/","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale – Miss Money ft. Medikal – CratesHub.com\""}]},{"reference":"NytMare, Blogger's (17 December 2020). \"Shatta Wale – Ahodwo Las Vegas ft. Kofi Jamar, Amerado, Ypee, Kweku Flick, King Paluta, Phrimpong & Phaize\". Ghanamotion.com. Retrieved 19 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghanamotion.com/shatta-wale-ahodwo-las-vegas-ft-kofi-jamar-amerado-ypee-kweku-flick-king-paluta-phrimpong-phaize/","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale – Ahodwo Las Vegas ft. Kofi Jamar, Amerado, Ypee, Kweku Flick, King Paluta, Phrimpong & Phaize\""}]},{"reference":"Twum, Fredrick (23 December 2020). \"Shatta Wale – Party with the Stars (Feat. Munga Honorable, Tifa)\". hipradar.net. Hipradar. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hipradar.net/shatta-wale-party-with-the-stars-ft-munga-honorable-x-tifa-mp3-download/","url_text":"\"Shatta Wale – Party with the Stars (Feat. Munga Honorable, Tifa)\""}]},{"reference":"Shatta Wale – Born Crey (Audio Slide). Shatta Wale. 11 February 2022. Archived from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwuVwmm2y2E","url_text":"Shatta Wale – Born Crey (Audio Slide)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220406235849/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwuVwmm2y2E","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Shatta Wale – Bess Lyf (Official Video). Shatta Wale. 18 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRpVByLdUVo","url_text":"Shatta Wale – Bess Lyf (Official Video)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220225205234/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRpVByLdUVo","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Shatta Wale – Fear mi (official video). Shatta Wale. 9 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 April 2022. 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Ara B & Captan (Official Video). Shatta Wale. 24 December 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2022 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAN6Rzqmiwo","url_text":"Shatta Wale – Hajia Bintu ft. Ara B & Captan (Official Video)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Watch 'Behind The Scene' Photos and Videos of Shatta Wale's 'Island' Music Video Shot At Ada\". GhanaCelebrities.Com. 13 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/01/13/watch-behind-the-scene-photos-and-videos-of-shatta-wales-island-music-video-shot-at-ada/","url_text":"\"Watch 'Behind The Scene' Photos and Videos of Shatta Wale's 'Island' Music Video Shot At Ada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shatta Wale – My Level (Official Video)\". www.ghanaweb.com. 9 December 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Eichmann | Ricardo Eichmann | ["1 Early life","2 Academic career","3 Personal life","4 Selected works","5 References"] | German archaeologist (born 1955)
Ricardo EichmannBornRicardo Francisco Eichmann (1955-11-02) November 2, 1955 (age 68)Buenos Aires, ArgentinaOccupationArchaeologistChildren2ParentAdolf Eichmann (father)Academic backgroundAlma materHeidelberg UniversityAcademic workDisciplineNear Eastern archaeologyInstitutionsUniversity of TübingenGerman Archaeological Institute
Ricardo Francisco Eichmann (born November 2, 1955) is an Argentine-born German archaeologist. He was the director of the Orient Department of the German Archaeological Institute between 1996 and 2020 and previously a professor of Near Eastern archaeology at the University of Tübingen.
Early life
Ricardo Francisco Eichmann was born on November 2, 1955 in Buenos Aires. He is the youngest son of Adolf Eichmann and Vera Eichmann (née Liebl). He has three older brothers. Eichmann was five years old when his father was captured and taken from Argentina to Israel by Mossad. As a teenager, Eichmann learned of his father's history from books. He rejected the Nazi ideology of his father and accepted that his execution was justified.
From 1977, Eichmann studied prehistory and protohistory, classical archaeology and Egyptology at Heidelberg University. His 1984 dissertation was titled Prehistoric Aspects of Floor Plans in the Middle East.
Academic career
Eichmann is an archaeologist. From 1984 to 1994, he worked first as a scientific consultant and later as a research assistant in the Baghdad department of the German Archaeological Institute in Berlin. Eichmann was then briefly Professor of Near Eastern archaeology at the University of Tübingen from 1995 to 1996. From 1996 to 2019 he was the first director of the Orient Department of the German Archaeological Institute in Berlin, being succeeded by Margarete van Ess in 2020. His research interests include music archaeology in the Near East and Egypt.
Personal life
In 1995, he met Zvi Aharoni, the Mossad agent who was chiefly responsible for his father's capture. Eichmann declines most requests for interviews. He has two sons.
Selected works
Eichmann, Ricardo; Schaudig, Hanspeter; Hausleiter, Arnulf (November 2006). "Archaeology and epigraphy at Tayma (Saudi Arabia)". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 17 (2): 163–176. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0471.2006.00269.x. ISSN 0905-7196.
Eichmann, Ricardo (2007). Uruk: Architektur. Von den Anfängen bis zur frühdynastischen Zeit (in German). Verlag Marie Leidorf. ISBN 978-3-89646-036-3.
Eichmann, Ricardo; Koch, Lars-Christian, eds. (2015). Musikarchäologie: Klänge der Vergangenheit (in German). Theiss. ISBN 978-3-8062-3007-9.
References
^ Stangneth, Bettina (2 September 2014). Eichmann Before Jerusalem: The Unexamined Life of a Mass Murderer. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 142. ISBN 9780307959683. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
^ "Operation Eichmann. The capture of Adolf Eichmann". Holocaust Research Project. Retrieved 2021-03-13.
^ a b Glass, Suzanne (7 August 1995). "'Adolf Eichmann' is a historical figure to me: Ricardo Eichmann speaks to Suzanne Glass about growing up the fatherless son of the war criminal hanged in Israel". The Independent. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
^ Glick, Dor (6 July 2010). "Coffee with Eichmann". Ynetnews. Yedioth Internet. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
^ a b c Laub, Karin (June 5, 1995). "Eichmann's Son: My Father's Execution Was "Just Sentence". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2021-03-13.
^ a b Ackermann, Gwen (22 June 1995). "Eichmann's Son Meets Israeli Who Kidnapped His Father". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2023-04-10. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
^ "Directors". Deutsches Archäologisches Institut. Archived from the original on 2023-04-28. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
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Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"archaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"German Archaeological Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute"},{"link_name":"Near Eastern archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology"},{"link_name":"University of Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen"}],"text":"Ricardo Francisco Eichmann (born November 2, 1955) is an Argentine-born German archaeologist. He was the director of the Orient Department of the German Archaeological Institute between 1996 and 2020 and previously a professor of Near Eastern archaeology at the University of Tübingen.","title":"Ricardo Eichmann"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Adolf Eichmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glass_1995-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glick_2010-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Mossad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossad"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ackermann_1995-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"prehistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory"},{"link_name":"protohistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protohistory"},{"link_name":"classical archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_archaeology"},{"link_name":"Egyptology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptology"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Ricardo Francisco Eichmann was born on November 2, 1955 in Buenos Aires.[1][2] He is the youngest son of Adolf Eichmann and Vera Eichmann (née Liebl).[3][4] He has three older brothers.[5] Eichmann was five years old when his father was captured and taken from Argentina to Israel by Mossad.[6] As a teenager, Eichmann learned of his father's history from books. He rejected the Nazi ideology of his father and accepted that his execution was justified.[5]From 1977, Eichmann studied prehistory and protohistory, classical archaeology and Egyptology at Heidelberg University. His 1984 dissertation was titled Prehistoric Aspects of Floor Plans in the Middle East.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"University of Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glass_1995-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"music archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_archaeology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Eichmann is an archaeologist. From 1984 to 1994, he worked first as a scientific consultant and later as a research assistant in the Baghdad department of the German Archaeological Institute in Berlin.[citation needed] Eichmann was then briefly Professor of Near Eastern archaeology at the University of Tübingen from 1995 to 1996.[3] From 1996 to 2019 he was the first director of the Orient Department of the German Archaeological Institute in Berlin, being succeeded by Margarete van Ess in 2020.[7] His research interests include music archaeology in the Near East and Egypt.[citation needed]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zvi Aharoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvi_Aharoni"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ackermann_1995-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"In 1995, he met Zvi Aharoni, the Mossad agent who was chiefly responsible for his father's capture.[6] Eichmann declines most requests for interviews. He has two sons.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Archaeology_and_Epigraphy"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1600-0471.2006.00269.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0471.2006.00269.x"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0905-7196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0905-7196"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-89646-036-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89646-036-3"},{"link_name":"Theiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Theiss_Verlag"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8062-3007-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8062-3007-9"}],"text":"Eichmann, Ricardo; Schaudig, Hanspeter; Hausleiter, Arnulf (November 2006). \"Archaeology and epigraphy at Tayma (Saudi Arabia)\". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 17 (2): 163–176. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0471.2006.00269.x. ISSN 0905-7196.\nEichmann, Ricardo (2007). Uruk: Architektur. Von den Anfängen bis zur frühdynastischen Zeit (in German). Verlag Marie Leidorf. ISBN 978-3-89646-036-3.\nEichmann, Ricardo; Koch, Lars-Christian, eds. (2015). Musikarchäologie: Klänge der Vergangenheit (in German). Theiss. ISBN 978-3-8062-3007-9.","title":"Selected works"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Eichmann, Ricardo; Schaudig, Hanspeter; Hausleiter, Arnulf (November 2006). \"Archaeology and epigraphy at Tayma (Saudi Arabia)\". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 17 (2): 163–176. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0471.2006.00269.x. ISSN 0905-7196.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Archaeology_and_Epigraphy","url_text":"Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0471.2006.00269.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1600-0471.2006.00269.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0905-7196","url_text":"0905-7196"}]},{"reference":"Eichmann, Ricardo (2007). Uruk: Architektur. Von den Anfängen bis zur frühdynastischen Zeit (in German). Verlag Marie Leidorf. ISBN 978-3-89646-036-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89646-036-3","url_text":"978-3-89646-036-3"}]},{"reference":"Eichmann, Ricardo; Koch, Lars-Christian, eds. (2015). Musikarchäologie: Klänge der Vergangenheit (in German). Theiss. ISBN 978-3-8062-3007-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Theiss_Verlag","url_text":"Theiss"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8062-3007-9","url_text":"978-3-8062-3007-9"}]},{"reference":"Stangneth, Bettina (2 September 2014). Eichmann Before Jerusalem: The Unexamined Life of a Mass Murderer. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 142. ISBN 9780307959683. Retrieved 1 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QR1mAwAAQBAJ&q=Ricardo+Eichmann+born+1955&pg=PT142","url_text":"Eichmann Before Jerusalem: The Unexamined Life of a Mass Murderer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307959683","url_text":"9780307959683"}]},{"reference":"\"Operation Eichmann. The capture of Adolf Eichmann\". Holocaust Research Project. Retrieved 2021-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/trials/eichmanntrialcapture.html","url_text":"\"Operation Eichmann. The capture of Adolf Eichmann\""}]},{"reference":"Glass, Suzanne (7 August 1995). \"'Adolf Eichmann' is a historical figure to me: Ricardo Eichmann speaks to Suzanne Glass about growing up the fatherless son of the war criminal hanged in Israel\". The Independent. Retrieved 15 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/adolf-eichmann-is-a-historical-figure-to-me-ricardo-eichmann-speaks-to-suzanne-glass-about-growing-1595146.html","url_text":"\"'Adolf Eichmann' is a historical figure to me: Ricardo Eichmann speaks to Suzanne Glass about growing up the fatherless son of the war criminal hanged in Israel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Glick, Dor (6 July 2010). \"Coffee with Eichmann\". Ynetnews. Yedioth Internet. Retrieved 15 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3916085,00.html","url_text":"\"Coffee with Eichmann\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynetnews","url_text":"Ynetnews"}]},{"reference":"Laub, Karin (June 5, 1995). \"Eichmann's Son: My Father's Execution Was \"Just Sentence\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2021-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220902202303/https://apnews.com/article/fa664b83cc91465c51dbb87bf2f57980","url_text":"\"Eichmann's Son: My Father's Execution Was \"Just Sentence\""},{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/fa664b83cc91465c51dbb87bf2f57980","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ackermann, Gwen (22 June 1995). \"Eichmann's Son Meets Israeli Who Kidnapped His Father\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2023-04-10. Retrieved 15 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410004243/https://apnews.com/986ffcc040461fcb3ce8d8c903b99cf5","url_text":"\"Eichmann's Son Meets Israeli Who Kidnapped His Father\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://apnews.com/986ffcc040461fcb3ce8d8c903b99cf5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Directors\". Deutsches Archäologisches Institut. Archived from the original on 2023-04-28. Retrieved 2020-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230428193746/https://www.dainst.org/en/dai/geschichte/direktoren","url_text":"\"Directors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Institut","url_text":"Deutsches Archäologisches Institut"},{"url":"https://www.dainst.org/en/dai/geschichte/direktoren","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0471.2006.00269.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1600-0471.2006.00269.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0905-7196","external_links_name":"0905-7196"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QR1mAwAAQBAJ&q=Ricardo+Eichmann+born+1955&pg=PT142","external_links_name":"Eichmann Before Jerusalem: The Unexamined Life of a Mass Murderer"},{"Link":"http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/trials/eichmanntrialcapture.html","external_links_name":"\"Operation Eichmann. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calomel_electrode | Saturated calomel electrode | ["1 Theory of electrolysis","1.1 Solubility product","1.2 SCE potential","2 Application","3 See also","4 References"] | Reference electrode
The saturated calomel electrode (SCE) is a reference electrode based on the reaction between elemental mercury and mercury(I) chloride. It has been widely replaced by the silver chloride electrode, however the calomel electrode has a reputation of being more robust. The aqueous phase in contact with the mercury and the mercury(I) chloride (Hg2Cl2, "calomel") is a saturated solution of potassium chloride in water. The electrode is normally linked via a porous frit (sometimes coupled to a salt bridge) to the solution in which the other electrode is immersed.
In cell notation the electrode is written as:
Cl
−
(
4
M
)
|
Hg
2
Cl
2
(
s
)
|
Hg
(
l
)
|
Pt
{\displaystyle {\ce {{Cl^{-}}(4M)|{Hg2Cl2(s)}|{Hg(l)}|Pt}}}
Theory of electrolysis
Solubility product
The electrode is based on the redox reactions
Hg
2
2
+
+
2
e
−
↽
−
−
⇀
2
Hg
(
l
)
,
with
E
Hg
2
2
+
/
Hg
0
=
+
0.80
V
{\displaystyle {\ce {Hg2^2+ + 2e^- <=> 2Hg(l)}},\qquad {\ce {with}}\quad E_{{\ce {Hg2^2+/Hg}}}^{0}=+0.80\ {\ce {V}}}
Hg
2
Cl
2
+
2
e
−
↽
−
−
⇀
2
Hg
(
l
)
+
2
Cl
−
,
with
E
Hg
2
Cl
2
/
Hg
,
Cl
−
0
=
+
0.27
V
{\displaystyle {\ce {Hg2Cl2 + 2e^- <=> 2Hg(l) + 2Cl^-}},\qquad {\ce {with}}\quad E_{{\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg, Cl-}}}^{0}=+0.27\ {\ce {V}}}
The half reactions can be balanced to the following reaction
Hg
2
2
+
+
2
Cl
−
+
2
Hg
(
l
)
↽
−
−
⇀
Hg
2
Cl
2
(
s
)
+
2
Hg
(
l
)
,
with
E
Hg
2
Cl
2
/
Hg
2
2
+
,
Cl
−
0
=
+
0.53
V
{\displaystyle {\ce {Hg2^2+ + 2Cl^- + 2Hg(l) <=> Hg2Cl2(s) + 2Hg(l)}},\qquad {\ce {with}}\quad E_{{\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg2^2+, Cl-}}}^{0}=+0.53\ {\ce {V}}}
.
Which can be simplified to the precipitation reaction, with the equilibrium constant of the solubility product.
Hg
2
2
+
+
2
Cl
−
↽
−
−
⇀
Hg
2
Cl
2
(
s
)
,
K
s
p
=
a
Hg
2
2
+
a
Cl
−
2
=
[
Hg
2
2
+
]
⋅
[
Cl
−
]
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {Hg2^2+ + 2Cl^- <=> Hg2Cl2(s)}},\qquad K_{sp}=a_{{\ce {Hg2^2+}}}a_{{\ce {Cl-}}}^{2}=\cdot ^{2}}
The Nernst equations for these half reactions are:
{
E
1
2
cathode
=
E
Hg
2
2
+
/
Hg
0
−
R
T
2
F
ln
1
a
Hg
2
2
+
in which
E
Hg
2
2
+
/
Hg
0
=
+
0.80
V
.
E
1
2
anode
=
E
Hg
2
Cl
2
/
Hg
,
Cl
−
0
−
R
T
2
F
ln
a
Cl
−
2
in which
E
Hg
2
Cl
2
/
Hg
,
Cl
−
0
=
+
0.27
V
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}E_{{\frac {1}{2}}{\ce {cathode}}}&=E_{{\ce {Hg_2^2+/Hg}}}^{0}-{\frac {RT}{2F}}\ln {\frac {1}{a_{{\ce {Hg2^2+}}}}}\qquad &{\text{in which}}\quad E_{{\ce {Hg2^2+/Hg}}}^{0}=+0.80\ {\ce {V}}.\\E_{{\frac {1}{2}}{\ce {anode}}}&=E_{{\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg,Cl-}}}^{0}-{\frac {RT}{2F}}\ln a_{{\ce {Cl-}}}^{2}\qquad &{\text{in which}}\quad E_{{\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg, Cl-}}}^{0}=+0.27\ {\ce {V}}.\\\end{cases}}}
The Nernst equation for the balanced reaction is:
E
cell
=
E
1
2
cathode
−
E
1
2
anode
=
E
Hg
2
Cl
2
/
Hg
2
2
+
,
Cl
−
0
−
R
T
2
F
ln
1
[
Hg
2
2
+
]
⋅
[
Cl
−
]
2
=
E
Hg
2
Cl
2
/
Hg
2
2
+
,
Cl
−
0
−
R
T
2
F
ln
1
K
s
p
in which
E
Hg
2
Cl
2
/
Hg
2
2
+
,
Cl
−
0
=
+
0.53
V
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E_{{\ce {cell}}}&=E_{{\frac {1}{2}}{\ce {cathode}}}-E_{{\frac {1}{2}}{\ce {anode}}}\\&=E_{{\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg2^2+, Cl-}}}^{0}-{\frac {RT}{2F}}\ln {\frac {1}{{\ce {}}\cdot {\ce {}}^{2}}}\\&=E_{{\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg2^2+, Cl-}}}^{0}-{\frac {RT}{2F}}\ln {\frac {1}{K_{sp}}}\qquad {\text{in which}}\quad E_{{\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg2^2+, Cl-}}}^{0}=+0.53\ {\ce {V}}\end{aligned}}}
where E0 is the standard electrode potential for the reaction and aHg is the activity for the mercury cation.
At equilibrium,
Δ
G
=
−
n
F
E
=
0
J
/
m
o
l
{\displaystyle \Delta G=-nFE=0\mathrm {J/mol} }
, or equivalently
E
cell
=
0
V
{\displaystyle E_{\text{cell}}=0\ \mathrm {V} }
.
This equality allows us to find the solubility product.
E
cell
=
E
Hg
2
Cl
2
/
Hg
2
2
+
,
Cl
−
0
−
R
T
2
F
ln
1
[
Hg
2
2
+
]
⋅
[
Cl
−
]
2
=
+
0.53
+
R
T
2
F
ln
K
s
p
=
0
V
{\displaystyle E_{\text{cell}}=E_{{\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg2^2+, Cl-}}}^{0}-{\frac {RT}{2F}}\ln {\frac {1}{{\ce {}}\cdot {\ce {}}^{2}}}=+0.53+{\frac {RT}{2F}}\ln {K_{sp}}=0\ {\ce {V}}}
ln
K
s
p
=
−
0.53
⋅
2
F
R
T
K
s
p
=
e
−
0.53
⋅
2
F
R
T
=
[
Hg
2
2
+
]
⋅
[
Cl
−
]
2
=
1.184
×
10
−
18
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln {K_{sp}}&=-0.53\cdot {\frac {2F}{RT}}\\K_{sp}&=e^{-0.53\cdot {\frac {2F}{RT}}}\\&=\cdot ^{2}=1.184\times 10^{-18}\end{aligned}}}
Due to the high concentration of chloride ions, the concentration of mercury ions (
[
Hg
2
2
+
]
{\displaystyle {\ce {}}}
) is low. This reduces risk of mercury poisoning for users and other mercury problems.
SCE potential
Hg
2
Cl
2
+
2
e
−
↽
−
−
⇀
2
Hg
(
l
)
+
2
Cl
−
,
with
E
Hg
2
Cl
2
/
Hg
,
Cl
−
0
=
+
0.27
V
{\displaystyle {\ce {Hg2Cl2 + 2e- <=> 2Hg(l) + 2Cl^-}},\qquad {\ce {with}}\quad E_{{\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg, Cl-}}}^{0}=+0.27\ {\ce {V}}}
E
1
2
SCE
=
E
Hg
2
Cl
2
/
Hg
,
Cl
−
0
−
R
T
2
F
ln
a
Cl
−
2
=
+
0.27
−
R
T
F
ln
[
Cl
−
]
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E_{{\frac {1}{2}}{\ce {SCE}}}&=E_{{\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg,Cl-}}}^{0}-{\frac {RT}{2F}}\ln a_{{\ce {Cl-}}}^{2}\\&=+0.27-{\frac {RT}{F}}\ln.\end{aligned}}}
The only variable in this equation is the activity (or concentration) of the chloride anion. But since the inner solution is saturated with potassium chloride, this activity is fixed by the solubility of potassium chloride, which is: 342 g/L/74.5513 g/mol = 4.587 M @ 20 °C. This gives the SCE a potential of +0.248 V vs. SHE at 20 °C and +0.244 V vs. SHE at 25 °C, but slightly higher when the chloride solution is less than saturated. For example, a 3.5M KCl electrolyte solution has an increased reference potential of +0.250 V vs. SHE at 25°C while a 1 M solution has a +0.283 V potential at the same temperature.
Application
The SCE is used in pH measurement, cyclic voltammetry and general aqueous electrochemistry.
This electrode and the silver/silver chloride reference electrode work in the same way. In both electrodes, the activity of the metal ion is fixed by the solubility of the metal salt.
The calomel electrode contains mercury, which poses much greater health hazards than the silver metal used in the Ag/AgCl electrode.
See also
Cyclic voltammetry
Standard hydrogen electrode
Table of standard electrode potentials
Reference electrode
References
^ Sawyer, Donald T.; Sobkowiak, Andrzej; Roberts, Julian L. (1995). Electrochemistry for Chemists (2nd ed.). Wiley. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-471-59468-0.
Banus MG (June 1941). "A Design for a Saturated Calomel Electrode". Science. 93 (2425): 601–602. doi:10.1126/science.93.2425.601-a. PMID 17795970. S2CID 39905013. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reference electrode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_electrode"},{"link_name":"mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"},{"link_name":"mercury(I) chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury(I)_chloride"},{"link_name":"silver chloride electrode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_chloride_electrode"},{"link_name":"calomel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury(I)_chloride"},{"link_name":"potassium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium"},{"link_name":"porous frit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritted_glass"},{"link_name":"salt bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_bridge"},{"link_name":"cell notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_notation"}],"text":"The saturated calomel electrode (SCE) is a reference electrode based on the reaction between elemental mercury and mercury(I) chloride. It has been widely replaced by the silver chloride electrode, however the calomel electrode has a reputation of being more robust. The aqueous phase in contact with the mercury and the mercury(I) chloride (Hg2Cl2, \"calomel\") is a saturated solution of potassium chloride in water. The electrode is normally linked via a porous frit (sometimes coupled to a salt bridge) to the solution in which the other electrode is immersed.In cell notation the electrode is written as:Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n (\n 4\n \n M\n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cl\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n s\n )\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n Hg\n \n (\n l\n )\n \n \n \n |\n \n Pt\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {{Cl^{-}}(4M)|{Hg2Cl2(s)}|{Hg(l)}|Pt}}}","title":"Saturated calomel electrode"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theory of electrolysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solubility product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"Nernst equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nernst_equation"},{"link_name":"Nernst equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nernst_equation"},{"link_name":"standard electrode potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential"},{"link_name":"activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"mercury poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoning"}],"sub_title":"Solubility product","text":"The electrode is based on the redox reactionsHg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ↽\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n ⇀\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n Hg\n \n (\n l\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n with\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n \n /\n \n Hg\n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n =\n +\n 0.80\n \n \n V\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Hg2^2+ + 2e^- <=> 2Hg(l)}},\\qquad {\\ce {with}}\\quad E_{{\\ce {Hg2^2+/Hg}}}^{0}=+0.80\\ {\\ce {V}}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cl\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n 2\n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ↽\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n ⇀\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n Hg\n \n (\n l\n )\n \n +\n 2\n \n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n with\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cl\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n /\n \n Hg\n ,\n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n =\n +\n 0.27\n \n \n V\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Hg2Cl2 + 2e^- <=> 2Hg(l) + 2Cl^-}},\\qquad {\\ce {with}}\\quad E_{{\\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg, Cl-}}}^{0}=+0.27\\ {\\ce {V}}}The half reactions can be balanced to the following reactionHg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n Hg\n \n (\n l\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ↽\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n ⇀\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cl\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n s\n )\n \n +\n 2\n \n Hg\n \n (\n l\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n with\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cl\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n /\n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n ,\n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n =\n +\n 0.53\n \n \n V\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Hg2^2+ + 2Cl^- + 2Hg(l) <=> Hg2Cl2(s) + 2Hg(l)}},\\qquad {\\ce {with}}\\quad E_{{\\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg2^2+, Cl-}}}^{0}=+0.53\\ {\\ce {V}}}\n \n.Which can be simplified to the precipitation reaction, with the equilibrium constant of the solubility product.Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ↽\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n ⇀\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cl\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n s\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n K\n \n s\n p\n \n \n =\n \n a\n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n [\n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n \n ]\n ⋅\n [\n \n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Hg2^2+ + 2Cl^- <=> Hg2Cl2(s)}},\\qquad K_{sp}=a_{{\\ce {Hg2^2+}}}a_{{\\ce {Cl-}}}^{2}=[{\\ce {Hg2^2+}}]\\cdot [{\\ce {Cl-}}]^{2}}The Nernst equations for these half reactions are:{\n \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n cathode\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n E\n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n \n /\n \n Hg\n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n R\n T\n \n \n 2\n F\n \n \n \n ln\n \n \n \n 1\n \n a\n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n in which\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n \n /\n \n Hg\n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n =\n +\n 0.80\n \n \n V\n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n anode\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n E\n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cl\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n /\n \n Hg\n ,\n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n R\n T\n \n \n 2\n F\n \n \n \n ln\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n in which\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cl\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n /\n \n Hg\n ,\n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n =\n +\n 0.27\n \n \n V\n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{cases}E_{{\\frac {1}{2}}{\\ce {cathode}}}&=E_{{\\ce {Hg_2^2+/Hg}}}^{0}-{\\frac {RT}{2F}}\\ln {\\frac {1}{a_{{\\ce {Hg2^2+}}}}}\\qquad &{\\text{in which}}\\quad E_{{\\ce {Hg2^2+/Hg}}}^{0}=+0.80\\ {\\ce {V}}.\\\\E_{{\\frac {1}{2}}{\\ce {anode}}}&=E_{{\\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg,Cl-}}}^{0}-{\\frac {RT}{2F}}\\ln a_{{\\ce {Cl-}}}^{2}\\qquad &{\\text{in which}}\\quad E_{{\\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg, Cl-}}}^{0}=+0.27\\ {\\ce {V}}.\\\\\\end{cases}}}The Nernst equation for the balanced reaction is:E\n \n \n cell\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n E\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n cathode\n \n \n \n −\n \n E\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n anode\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n E\n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cl\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n /\n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n ,\n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n R\n T\n \n \n 2\n F\n \n \n \n ln\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n [\n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n ]\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n [\n Cl\n \n −\n \n ]\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n E\n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cl\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n /\n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n ,\n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n R\n T\n \n \n 2\n F\n \n \n \n ln\n \n \n \n 1\n \n K\n \n s\n p\n \n \n \n \n \n \n in which\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cl\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n /\n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n ,\n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n =\n +\n 0.53\n \n \n V\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}E_{{\\ce {cell}}}&=E_{{\\frac {1}{2}}{\\ce {cathode}}}-E_{{\\frac {1}{2}}{\\ce {anode}}}\\\\&=E_{{\\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg2^2+, Cl-}}}^{0}-{\\frac {RT}{2F}}\\ln {\\frac {1}{{\\ce {[Hg2^2+]}}\\cdot {\\ce {[Cl^-]}}^{2}}}\\\\&=E_{{\\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg2^2+, Cl-}}}^{0}-{\\frac {RT}{2F}}\\ln {\\frac {1}{K_{sp}}}\\qquad {\\text{in which}}\\quad E_{{\\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg2^2+, Cl-}}}^{0}=+0.53\\ {\\ce {V}}\\end{aligned}}}where E0 is the standard electrode potential for the reaction and aHg is the activity for the mercury cation.At equilibrium,Δ\n G\n =\n −\n n\n F\n E\n =\n 0\n \n J\n \n /\n \n m\n o\n l\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta G=-nFE=0\\mathrm {J/mol} }\n \n, or equivalently \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n cell\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n V\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E_{\\text{cell}}=0\\ \\mathrm {V} }\n \n.This equality allows us to find the solubility product.E\n \n cell\n \n \n =\n \n E\n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cl\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n /\n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n ,\n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n R\n T\n \n \n 2\n F\n \n \n \n ln\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n [\n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n ]\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n [\n Cl\n \n −\n \n ]\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n +\n 0.53\n +\n \n \n \n R\n T\n \n \n 2\n F\n \n \n \n ln\n \n \n \n K\n \n s\n p\n \n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n V\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E_{\\text{cell}}=E_{{\\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg2^2+, Cl-}}}^{0}-{\\frac {RT}{2F}}\\ln {\\frac {1}{{\\ce {[Hg2^2+]}}\\cdot {\\ce {[Cl^-]}}^{2}}}=+0.53+{\\frac {RT}{2F}}\\ln {K_{sp}}=0\\ {\\ce {V}}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ln\n \n \n \n K\n \n s\n p\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n −\n 0.53\n ⋅\n \n \n \n 2\n F\n \n \n R\n T\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n s\n p\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n −\n 0.53\n ⋅\n \n \n \n 2\n F\n \n \n R\n T\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n [\n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n \n ]\n ⋅\n [\n \n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 1.184\n ×\n \n 10\n \n −\n 18\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\ln {K_{sp}}&=-0.53\\cdot {\\frac {2F}{RT}}\\\\K_{sp}&=e^{-0.53\\cdot {\\frac {2F}{RT}}}\\\\&=[{\\ce {Hg2^2+}}]\\cdot [{\\ce {Cl-}}]^{2}=1.184\\times 10^{-18}\\end{aligned}}}Due to the high concentration of chloride ions, the concentration of mercury ions (\n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {[Hg2^2+]}}}\n \n) is low. This reduces risk of mercury poisoning for users and other mercury problems.","title":"Theory of electrolysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SHE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_hydrogen_electrode"},{"link_name":"SHE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_hydrogen_electrode"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"SHE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_hydrogen_electrode"}],"sub_title":"SCE potential","text":"Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cl\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n 2\n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ↽\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n ⇀\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n Hg\n \n (\n l\n )\n \n +\n 2\n \n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n with\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cl\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n /\n \n Hg\n ,\n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n =\n +\n 0.27\n \n \n V\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Hg2Cl2 + 2e- <=> 2Hg(l) + 2Cl^-}},\\qquad {\\ce {with}}\\quad E_{{\\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg, Cl-}}}^{0}=+0.27\\ {\\ce {V}}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n SCE\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n E\n \n \n \n Hg\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Cl\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n /\n \n Hg\n ,\n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n R\n T\n \n \n 2\n F\n \n \n \n ln\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n +\n 0.27\n −\n \n \n \n R\n T\n \n F\n \n \n ln\n \n [\n \n \n Cl\n \n −\n \n \n \n ]\n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}E_{{\\frac {1}{2}}{\\ce {SCE}}}&=E_{{\\ce {Hg2Cl2/Hg,Cl-}}}^{0}-{\\frac {RT}{2F}}\\ln a_{{\\ce {Cl-}}}^{2}\\\\&=+0.27-{\\frac {RT}{F}}\\ln[{\\ce {Cl-}}].\\end{aligned}}}The only variable in this equation is the activity (or concentration) of the chloride anion. But since the inner solution is saturated with potassium chloride, this activity is fixed by the solubility of potassium chloride, which is: 342 g/L/74.5513 g/mol = 4.587 M @ 20 °C. This gives the SCE a potential of +0.248 V vs. SHE at 20 °C and +0.244 V vs. SHE at 25 °C,[1] but slightly higher when the chloride solution is less than saturated. For example, a 3.5M KCl electrolyte solution has an increased reference potential of +0.250 V vs. SHE at 25°C while a 1 M solution has a +0.283 V potential at the same temperature.","title":"Theory of electrolysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_meter"},{"link_name":"cyclic voltammetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_voltammetry"},{"link_name":"electrochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistry"},{"link_name":"silver/silver chloride reference electrode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_chloride_electrode"}],"text":"The SCE is used in pH measurement, cyclic voltammetry and general aqueous electrochemistry.This electrode and the silver/silver chloride reference electrode work in the same way. In both electrodes, the activity of the metal ion is fixed by the solubility of the metal salt.The calomel electrode contains mercury, which poses much greater health hazards than the silver metal used in the Ag/AgCl electrode.","title":"Application"}] | [] | [{"title":"Cyclic voltammetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_voltammetry"},{"title":"Standard hydrogen electrode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_hydrogen_electrode"},{"title":"Table of standard electrode potentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_standard_electrode_potentials"},{"title":"Reference electrode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_electrode"}] | [{"reference":"Sawyer, Donald T.; Sobkowiak, Andrzej; Roberts, Julian L. (1995). Electrochemistry for Chemists (2nd ed.). Wiley. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-471-59468-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-59468-0","url_text":"978-0-471-59468-0"}]},{"reference":"Banus MG (June 1941). \"A Design for a Saturated Calomel Electrode\". Science. 93 (2425): 601–602. doi:10.1126/science.93.2425.601-a. PMID 17795970. S2CID 39905013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.93.2425.601-a","url_text":"10.1126/science.93.2425.601-a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17795970","url_text":"17795970"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39905013","url_text":"39905013"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.93.2425.601-a","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.93.2425.601-a"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17795970","external_links_name":"17795970"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39905013","external_links_name":"39905013"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Toronto_municipal_election | 1901 Toronto municipal election | ["1 Toronto mayor","2 Board of Control","3 Plebiscites","4 City council","5 References"] | Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on January 7, 1901. In the mayoral election, Oliver Aiken Howland was elected, defeating Alderman Frank S. Spence as well as incumbent Mayor Ernest A. Macdonald, who came in third place, and former mayor John Shaw, who came in fourth place. In the council elections, seventeen incumbent alderman were returned and five were defeated.
Shortly after the election, Mayor Howland called off plans by the city to put into public ownership the privately owned municipal gasworks company, despite the plan having been approved in the plebiscite by a large majority.
Toronto mayor
Results
Oliver Aiken Howland - 12,300
Alderman Frank S. Spence - 8,076
Ernest A. Macdonald (incumbent) - 3,354
John Shaw - 990
Charles Christopher Woodley - 224
Source:
Board of Control
The Toronto Board of Control was elected by Toronto City Council from among its members. The number of Controllers was increased from thee to four, in addition to the Mayor who chairs the Board. At the first council meeting following the general election, four Conservatives were chosen. Aldermen Sheppard, Frame and Lamb were chosen on the first ballot and Aldermen Hubbard was chosen on the second, beating out Alderman Graham.
Plebiscites
A plebiscite was held on putting the municipal gas plant into public ownership and operation. Despite the plebiscite passing, the new Howland administration cancelled the project.
Gasworks
For - 13,398
Against - 6,488
Source:
City council
Map of Toronto's six wards (1892–1909), published in The Globe, 1 January 1892.
Four aldermen were elected to Toronto City Council per ward.
First Ward (Riverdale)
James Frame (incumbent) - 1,870
John Russell (incumbent) - 1,352
William Temple Stewart (incumbent) - 1,321
Fred H. Richardson - 1,207
John Preston - 1,077
Second Ward (Cabbagetown and Rosedale)
Thomas Foster (incumbent) - 2,947
Joseph Oliver - 2,432
Edward Strachan Cox (incumbent) - 1,824
Daniel Lamb (incumbent) - 1,742
John Akers - 1,360
Thomas W. Barber - 1,329
Third Ward (Central Business District and The Ward)
Oliver Barton Sheppard (incumbent) - 2,561
John Francis Loudon (incumbent) - 2,314
Henry Sheard - 1,922
George McMurrich (incumbent) - 1,878
Bernard Saunders (incumbent) - 1,620
John Morrison - 1,585
Joseph George Ramsden - 1,499
Samuel George Curry - 993
Thomas Hunter - 733
Robert L. Fraser - 720
Thomas W. Curtis - 286
Robert Barton - 101
James B. Tremaine - 100
Fourth Ward (Spadina)
Thomas Urquhart - 3,191
William Burns (incumbent) - 2,680
William Peyton Hubbard (incumbent) - 2,673
James Crane (incumbent) - 2,500
Alex R. Williamson - 1,688
Samuel Platt - 740
Fifth Ward (Trinity-Bellwoods)
James Russell Lovett Starr - 1,887
Dr. William Stewart Fraleigh - 1,748
William Bell (incumbent) - 1,593
Frank Woods (incumbent) - 1,571
Alexander Stewart - 1,503
A.R. Denison (incumbent) - 1,418
John Dunn (incumbent) - 1,340
David Clark - 594
J.J. Dunbar - 447
Edmund Schilling - 81
Sixth Ward (Brockton and Parkdale)
John James Graham (incumbent) - 1,758
John Joseph Ward (incumbent) - 1,562
W.W. Hodgson (incumbent) - 1,523
Dr. Adam Lynd - 1,367
J.M. Bowman - 1,318
Alexander Asher (incumbent) - 1,171
William O'Neill - 359
Source: and
References
Results taken from the January 8, 1901 Toronto Globe and might not exactly match final tallies.
^ a b c d "HOWLAND IS MAYOR: His Plurality Over Spence Fully Four Thousand SHAW NOWHERE The Desertion From His Ranks Was Complete SEVEN NEW ALDERMEN Old Members Slaughtered In the Third. Fifth and Sixth Wards, Municipal Gas Plant Favored",
The Globe (1844-1936); Toronto, Ont. 08 Jan 1901: 1
^ a b c CONSERVATIVE RULE IN CITY: Work of Machine Appears in Election of Controllers GAS CO. PURCHASE Mayor Says it is Declared Off by His Election GAMBLING MUST STOP Mayor Howland Says so in His inaugural Address-Fallacy of His Plan to Make a Cabinet of Board of Control", The Globe (1844-1936); Toronto, Ont. 15 Jan 1901: 2
^ "FORTY-SEVEN GO TO POLLS: Aldermanic Candidates Who Remain In the Field MANY TRUSTEES ALSO A System of Commissions, Which Has Produced Good Results In Detroit", The Globe (1844-1936); Toronto, Ont. 03 Jan 1901: 2.
vte Municipal elections in TorontoPre-amalgamation
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2023 mayoral by-election | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_ownership"},{"link_name":"gasworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasworks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-board-2"}],"text":"Shortly after the election, Mayor Howland called off plans by the city to put into public ownership the privately owned municipal gasworks company, despite the plan having been approved in the plebiscite by a large majority.[2]","title":"1901 Toronto municipal election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oliver Aiken Howland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Aiken_Howland"},{"link_name":"Frank S. Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_S._Spence"},{"link_name":"Ernest A. Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_A._Macdonald"},{"link_name":"John Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shaw_(Canadian_politician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-1"}],"text":"Results\nOliver Aiken Howland - 12,300\nAlderman Frank S. Spence - 8,076\nErnest A. Macdonald (incumbent) - 3,354\nJohn Shaw - 990\nCharles Christopher Woodley - 224Source:[1]","title":"Toronto mayor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto Board of Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Board_of_Control"},{"link_name":"Toronto City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-board-2"}],"text":"The Toronto Board of Control was elected by Toronto City Council from among its members. The number of Controllers was increased from thee to four, in addition to the Mayor who chairs the Board. At the first council meeting following the general election, four Conservatives were chosen. Aldermen Sheppard, Frame and Lamb were chosen on the first ballot and Aldermen Hubbard was chosen on the second, beating out Alderman Graham.[2]","title":"Board of Control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gas plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasworks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-board-2"},{"link_name":"Gasworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasworks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-1"}],"text":"A plebiscite was held on putting the municipal gas plant into public ownership and operation. Despite the plebiscite passing, the new Howland administration cancelled the project.[2]Gasworks\nFor - 13,398\nAgainst - 6,488Source:[1]","title":"Plebiscites"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1892-toronto-ward-map.jpg"},{"link_name":"Toronto City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Riverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Fred H. Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_H._Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cabbagetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbagetown,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Rosedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosedale,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Thomas Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Foster_(Canadian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Oliver_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Central Business District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Toronto"},{"link_name":"The Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ward,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"John Francis Loudon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Francis_Loudon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George McMurrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McMurrich"},{"link_name":"Spadina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spadina_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Thomas Urquhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Urquhart_(politician)"},{"link_name":"William Peyton Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Peyton_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"Trinity-Bellwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity-Bellwoods"},{"link_name":"Brockton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockton_Village"},{"link_name":"Parkdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkdale,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Map of Toronto's six wards (1892–1909), published in The Globe, 1 January 1892.Four aldermen were elected to Toronto City Council per ward.First Ward (Riverdale)\nJames Frame (incumbent) - 1,870\nJohn Russell (incumbent) - 1,352\nWilliam Temple Stewart (incumbent) - 1,321\nFred H. Richardson - 1,207\nJohn Preston - 1,077Second Ward (Cabbagetown and Rosedale)\nThomas Foster (incumbent) - 2,947\nJoseph Oliver - 2,432\nEdward Strachan Cox (incumbent) - 1,824\nDaniel Lamb (incumbent) - 1,742\nJohn Akers - 1,360\nThomas W. Barber - 1,329Third Ward (Central Business District and The Ward)\nOliver Barton Sheppard (incumbent) - 2,561\nJohn Francis Loudon (incumbent) - 2,314\nHenry Sheard - 1,922\nGeorge McMurrich (incumbent) - 1,878\nBernard Saunders (incumbent) - 1,620\nJohn Morrison - 1,585\nJoseph George Ramsden - 1,499\nSamuel George Curry - 993\nThomas Hunter - 733\nRobert L. Fraser - 720\nThomas W. Curtis - 286\nRobert Barton - 101\nJames B. Tremaine - 100Fourth Ward (Spadina)\nThomas Urquhart - 3,191\nWilliam Burns (incumbent) - 2,680\nWilliam Peyton Hubbard (incumbent) - 2,673\nJames Crane (incumbent) - 2,500\nAlex R. Williamson - 1,688\nSamuel Platt - 740Fifth Ward (Trinity-Bellwoods)\nJames Russell Lovett Starr - 1,887\nDr. William Stewart Fraleigh - 1,748\nWilliam Bell (incumbent) - 1,593\nFrank Woods (incumbent) - 1,571\nAlexander Stewart - 1,503\nA.R. Denison (incumbent) - 1,418\nJohn Dunn (incumbent) - 1,340\nDavid Clark - 594\nJ.J. Dunbar - 447\nEdmund Schilling - 81Sixth Ward (Brockton and Parkdale)\nJohn James Graham (incumbent) - 1,758\nJohn Joseph Ward (incumbent) - 1,562\nW.W. Hodgson (incumbent) - 1,523\nDr. Adam Lynd - 1,367\nJ.M. Bowman - 1,318\nAlexander Asher (incumbent) - 1,171\nWilliam O'Neill - 359Source:[1] and [3]","title":"City council"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Toronto's six wards (1892–1909), published in The Globe, 1 January 1892.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/1892-toronto-ward-map.jpg/350px-1892-toronto-ward-map.jpg"}] | null | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Maack | Kyle Maack | ["1 Military and music career","2 Radio and podcast","3 References"] | Kyle MaackMaack podcastingBackground informationBirth nameKyle Allen McCartyBorn (1992-03-05) March 5, 1992 (age 32)OriginBerlin, New Jersey, U.S.GenresR&BsoulOccupation(s)Singer, podcaster, broadcasterInstrument(s)VocalsYears active2014–presentWebsitemaackattack.comMusical artist
Kyle Allen McCarty (born March 5, 1992), known professionally as Kyle Maack, is an American R&B and soul singer and podcaster most known for being the first artist signed to Otis Williams of the legendary Motown quintet The Temptations. Maack's debut release, Shakey Ground, was noted for his cover of The Temptations' 1984 single "Treat Her Like a Lady" which featured the 2017 version of the group singing background vocals.
Military and music career
Maack grew up Berlin, New Jersey, and sang in different groups and bands throughout elementary and high school. At age 19, he enlisted in the United States Air Force where he auditioned for and joined the branch's elite entertainment unit, Tops in Blue, in 2014. After an impromptu audition for Otis Williams in October 2016, Maack signed a recording contract with Williams' label, 10/30 International. Maack's sole release on the label was an EP featuring covers of Temptations songs including the title track "Shakey Ground", "Treat Her Like a Lady" featuring the Temptations, and "All I Need" featuring Otis Williams and fellow Air Force vet, Tops In Blue alum, and current Temptations member Terry Weeks. Shakey Ground's last track, "Here I Am", is the only original song on the project and was co-written by Maack and Williams. The project was produced by Dave Darling who would later go on to produce The Temptations' 2018 album, All the Time.
Radio and podcast
Maack gained further recognition as an intern on The Preston & Steve Show, which broadcasts weekday mornings on WMMR in Philadelphia; singing and producing musical comedy bits and jingles for various segments. He joined the cast of Preston & Steve as their video producer in 2022. Maack created and hosted the TriJam Podcast from 2018 to 2022 with fellow Philadelphia artists Shae Davis, Jo Rivers and standup comedian, Will Wright.
References
^ "The Temptations, SJ soul singer Kyle Maack host event to help veterans". Courier-Post. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
^ Temptations Official Website
^ a b "Kyle Maack – The Temptations". Retrieved 2019-10-21.
^ a b Reporter, Kimberly C. Roberts Entertainment. "Sky's the limit for soul singer Kyle Maack". The Philadelphia Tribune. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
^ Kyle Maack on The Q with Quincy Harris - Fox 29, retrieved 2019-10-21
^ "Kyle's Last Day on Preston & Steve". YouTube. 2019-01-30.
^ "Kyle Maack's TriJam Podcast". Kyle Maack. Retrieved 2019-10-21. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Otis Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Williams"},{"link_name":"Motown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown"},{"link_name":"The Temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptations"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"\"Treat Her Like a Lady\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treat_Her_Like_a_Lady_(The_Temptations_song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Musical artistKyle Allen McCarty (born March 5, 1992), known professionally as Kyle Maack, is an American R&B and soul singer and podcaster most known for being the first artist[1] signed to Otis Williams of the legendary Motown quintet The Temptations.[2] Maack's debut release, Shakey Ground, was noted for his cover of The Temptations' 1984 single \"Treat Her Like a Lady\" which featured the 2017 version of the group[3] singing background vocals.","title":"Kyle Maack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Tops in Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tops_In_Blue"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Shakey Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakey_Ground"},{"link_name":"\"All I Need\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Need_(The_Temptations_song)"},{"link_name":"Terry Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Weeks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dave Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Darling"}],"text":"Maack grew up Berlin, New Jersey,[4] and sang in different groups and bands throughout elementary and high school. At age 19, he enlisted in the United States Air Force where he auditioned for and joined the branch's elite entertainment unit, Tops in Blue, in 2014.[3] After an impromptu audition for Otis Williams in October 2016, Maack signed a recording contract with Williams' label, 10/30 International.[4] Maack's sole release on the label was an EP featuring covers of Temptations songs including the title track \"Shakey Ground\", \"Treat Her Like a Lady\" featuring the Temptations, and \"All I Need\" featuring Otis Williams and fellow Air Force vet, Tops In Blue alum, and current Temptations member Terry Weeks. Shakey Ground's last track, \"Here I Am\", is the only original song on the project and was co-written by Maack and Williams.[5] The project was produced by Dave Darling who would later go on to produce The Temptations' 2018 album, All the Time.","title":"Military and music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Preston & Steve Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_%26_Steve"},{"link_name":"WMMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMMR"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Maack gained further recognition as an intern on The Preston & Steve Show, which broadcasts weekday mornings on WMMR in Philadelphia; singing and producing musical comedy bits and jingles for various segments.[6] He joined the cast of Preston & Steve as their video producer in 2022. Maack created and hosted the TriJam Podcast from 2018 to 2022 with fellow Philadelphia artists Shae Davis, Jo Rivers and standup comedian, Will Wright.[7]","title":"Radio and podcast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Temptations, SJ soul singer Kyle Maack host event to help veterans\". Courier-Post. Retrieved 2019-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.courierpostonline.com/story/news/local/2018/04/25/temptations-south-jersey-soul-singer-kyle-maack-host-event-help-veterans-operation-safe-haven/544510002/","url_text":"\"The Temptations, SJ soul singer Kyle Maack host event to help veterans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kyle Maack – The Temptations\". Retrieved 2019-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://temptationsofficial.com/kyle-maack/","url_text":"\"Kyle Maack – The Temptations\""}]},{"reference":"Reporter, Kimberly C. Roberts Entertainment. \"Sky's the limit for soul singer Kyle Maack\". The Philadelphia Tribune. Retrieved 2019-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phillytrib.com/entertainment/sky-s-the-limit-for-soul-singer-kyle-maack/article_ec03737f-b33c-5aec-8ecd-cfda9a190ad6.html","url_text":"\"Sky's the limit for soul singer Kyle Maack\""}]},{"reference":"Kyle Maack on The Q with Quincy Harris - Fox 29, retrieved 2019-10-21","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE1iLrODgK4","url_text":"Kyle Maack on The Q with Quincy Harris - Fox 29"}]},{"reference":"\"Kyle's Last Day on Preston & Steve\". YouTube. 2019-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lu-1ZvTPH3o&t=11s","url_text":"\"Kyle's Last Day on Preston & Steve\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Kyle Maack's TriJam Podcast\". Kyle Maack. Retrieved 2019-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maackattack.com/trijam","url_text":"\"Kyle Maack's TriJam Podcast\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://maackattack.com/","external_links_name":"maackattack.com"},{"Link":"https://www.courierpostonline.com/story/news/local/2018/04/25/temptations-south-jersey-soul-singer-kyle-maack-host-event-help-veterans-operation-safe-haven/544510002/","external_links_name":"\"The Temptations, SJ soul singer Kyle Maack host event to help veterans\""},{"Link":"http://www.thetemptations.com/","external_links_name":"Temptations Official Website"},{"Link":"http://temptationsofficial.com/kyle-maack/","external_links_name":"\"Kyle Maack – The Temptations\""},{"Link":"https://www.phillytrib.com/entertainment/sky-s-the-limit-for-soul-singer-kyle-maack/article_ec03737f-b33c-5aec-8ecd-cfda9a190ad6.html","external_links_name":"\"Sky's the limit for soul singer Kyle Maack\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE1iLrODgK4","external_links_name":"Kyle Maack on The Q with Quincy Harris - Fox 29"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lu-1ZvTPH3o&t=11s","external_links_name":"\"Kyle's Last Day on Preston & Steve\""},{"Link":"https://www.maackattack.com/trijam","external_links_name":"\"Kyle Maack's TriJam Podcast\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-length_spring | Spring (device) | ["1 History","2 Types","2.1 Classification","2.2 Common types","2.3 Other types","3 Physics","3.1 Hooke's law","3.2 Simple harmonic motion","3.3 Energy dynamics","3.4 Frequency & period","4 Theory","5 Zero-length springs","6 Uses","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | Elastic object that stores mechanical energy
For other uses, see Spring (disambiguation).
Helical coil springs designed for tension
A heavy-duty coil spring designed for compression and tension
The English longbow – a simple but very powerful spring made of yew, measuring 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long, with a 470 N (105 lbf) draw weight, with each limb functionally a cantilever spring.
Force (F) vs extension (s). Spring characteristics: (1) progressive, (2) linear, (3) degressive, (4) almost constant, (5) progressive with knee
A machined spring incorporates several features into one piece of bar stock
Military booby trap firing device from USSR (normally connected to a tripwire) showing spring-loaded firing pin
A spring is a device consisting of an elastic but largely rigid material (typically metal) bent or molded into a form (especially a coil) that can return into shape after being compressed or extended. Springs can store energy when compressed. In everyday use, the term most often refers to coil springs, but there are many different spring designs. Modern springs are typically manufactured from spring steel. An example of a non-metallic spring is the bow, made traditionally of flexible yew wood, which when drawn stores energy to propel an arrow.
When a conventional spring, without stiffness variability features, is compressed or stretched from its resting position, it exerts an opposing force approximately proportional to its change in length (this approximation breaks down for larger deflections). The rate or spring constant of a spring is the change in the force it exerts, divided by the change in deflection of the spring. That is, it is the gradient of the force versus deflection curve. An extension or compression spring's rate is expressed in units of force divided by distance, for example or N/m or lbf/in. A torsion spring is a spring that works by twisting; when it is twisted about its axis by an angle, it produces a torque proportional to the angle. A torsion spring's rate is in units of torque divided by angle, such as N·m/rad or ft·lbf/degree. The inverse of spring rate is compliance, that is: if a spring has a rate of 10 N/mm, it has a compliance of 0.1 mm/N. The stiffness (or rate) of springs in parallel is additive, as is the compliance of springs in series.
Springs are made from a variety of elastic materials, the most common being spring steel. Small springs can be wound from pre-hardened stock, while larger ones are made from annealed steel and hardened after manufacture. Some non-ferrous metals are also used, including phosphor bronze and titanium for parts requiring corrosion resistance, and low-resistance beryllium copper for springs carrying electric current.
History
Simple non-coiled springs have been used throughout human history, e.g. the bow (and arrow). In the Bronze Age more sophisticated spring devices were used, as shown by the spread of tweezers in many cultures. Ctesibius of Alexandria developed a method for making springs out of an alloy of bronze with an increased proportion of tin, hardened by hammering after it was cast.
Coiled springs appeared early in the 15th century, in door locks. The first spring powered-clocks appeared in that century and evolved into the first large watches by the 16th century.
In 1676 British physicist Robert Hooke postulated Hooke's law, which states that the force a spring exerts is proportional to its extension.
On March 8, 1850, John Evans, Founder of John Evans' Sons, Incorporated, opened his business in New Haven, Connecticut, manufacturing flat springs for carriages and other vehicles, as well as the machinery to manufacture the springs. Evans was a Welsh blacksmith and springmaker who emigrated to the United States in 1847, John Evans' Sons became "America's oldest springmaker" which continues to operate today.
Types
A spiral torsion spring, or hairspring, in an alarm clock.
Battery contacts often have a variable spring
A volute spring. Under compression the coils slide over each other, so affording longer travel.
Vertical volute springs of Stuart tank
Selection of various arc springs and arc spring systems (systems consisting of inner and outer arc springs).
Tension springs in a folded line reverberation device.
A torsion bar twisted under load
Leaf spring on a truck
Classification
Springs can be classified depending on how the load force is applied to them:
Tension/extension spring
The spring is designed to operate with a tension load, so the spring stretches as the load is applied to it.
Compression spring
Designed to operate with a compression load, so the spring gets shorter as the load is applied to it.
Torsion spring
Unlike the above types in which the load is an axial force, the load applied to a torsion spring is a torque or twisting force, and the end of the spring rotates through an angle as the load is applied.
Constant spring
Supported load remains the same throughout deflection cycle
Variable spring
Resistance of the coil to load varies during compression
Variable stiffness spring
Resistance of the coil to load can be dynamically varied for example by the control system, some types of these springs also vary their length thereby providing actuation capability as well
They can also be classified based on their shape:
Flat spring
Made of a flat spring steel.
Machined spring
Manufactured by machining bar stock with a lathe and/or milling operation rather than a coiling operation. Since it is machined, the spring may incorporate features in addition to the elastic element. Machined springs can be made in the typical load cases of compression/extension, torsion, etc.
Serpentine spring
A zig-zag of thick wire, often used in modern upholstery/furniture.
Garter spring
A coiled steel spring that is connected at each end to create a circular shape.
Common types
The most common types of spring are:
Cantilever spring
A flat spring fixed only at one end like a cantilever, while the free-hanging end takes the load.
Coil spring
Also known as a helical spring. A spring (made by winding a wire around a cylinder) is of two types:
Tension or extension springs are designed to become longer under load. Their turns (loops) are normally touching in the unloaded position, and they have a hook, eye or some other means of attachment at each end.
Compression springs are designed to become shorter when loaded. Their turns (loops) are not touching in the unloaded position, and they need no attachment points.
Hollow tubing springs can be either extension springs or compression springs. Hollow tubing is filled with oil and the means of changing hydrostatic pressure inside the tubing such as a membrane or miniature piston etc. to harden or relax the spring, much like it happens with water pressure inside a garden hose. Alternatively tubing's cross-section is chosen of a shape that it changes its area when tubing is subjected to torsional deformation: change of the cross-section area translates into change of tubing's inside volume and the flow of oil in/out of the spring that can be controlled by valve thereby controlling stiffness. There are many other designs of springs of hollow tubing which can change stiffness with any desired frequency, change stiffness by a multiple or move like a linear actuator in addition to its spring qualities.
Arc spring
A pre-curved or arc-shaped helical compression spring, which is able to transmit a torque around an axis.
Volute spring
A compression coil spring in the form of a cone so that under compression the coils are not forced against each other, thus permitting longer travel.
Balance spring
Also known as a hairspring. A delicate spiral spring used in watches, galvanometers, and places where electricity must be carried to partially rotating devices such as steering wheels without hindering the rotation.
Leaf spring
A flat spring used in vehicle suspensions, electrical switches, and bows.
V-spring
Used in antique firearm mechanisms such as the wheellock, flintlock and percussion cap locks. Also door-lock spring, as used in antique door latch mechanisms.
Other types
Other types include:
Belleville washer
A disc shaped spring commonly used to apply tension to a bolt (and also in the initiation mechanism of pressure-activated landmines)
Constant-force spring
A tightly rolled ribbon that exerts a nearly constant force as it is unrolled
Gas spring
A volume of compressed gas.
Ideal spring
An idealised perfect spring with no weight, mass, damping losses, or limits, a concept used in physics. The force an ideal spring would exert is exactly proportional to its extension or compression.
Mainspring
A spiral ribbon-shaped spring used as a power store of clockwork mechanisms: watches, clocks, music boxes, windup toys, and mechanically powered flashlights
Negator spring
A thin metal band slightly concave in cross-section. When coiled it adopts a flat cross-section but when unrolled it returns to its former curve, thus producing a constant force throughout the displacement and negating any tendency to re-wind. The most common application is the retracting steel tape rule.
Progressive rate coil springs
A coil spring with a variable rate, usually achieved by having unequal distance between turns so that as the spring is compressed one or more coils rests against its neighbour.
Rubber band
A tension spring where energy is stored by stretching the material.
Spring washer
Used to apply a constant tensile force along the axis of a fastener.
Torsion spring
Any spring designed to be twisted rather than compressed or extended. Used in torsion bar vehicle suspension systems.
Wave spring
various types of spring made compact by using waves to give a spring effect.
Main article: Wave spring
Physics
Hooke's law
Main article: Hooke's law
An ideal spring acts in accordance with Hooke's law, which states that the force with which the spring pushes back is linearly proportional to the distance from its equilibrium length:
F
=
−
k
x
,
{\displaystyle F=-kx,\ }
where
x is the displacement vector – the distance and h.
F is the resulting force vector – the magnitude and direction of the restoring force the spring exerts
k is the rate, spring constant or force constant of the spring, a constant that depends on the spring's material and construction. The negative sign indicates that the force the spring exerts is in the opposite direction from its displacement
Most real springs approximately follow Hooke's law if not stretched or compressed beyond their elastic limit.
Coil springs and other common springs typically obey Hooke's law. There are useful springs that don't: springs based on beam bending can for example produce forces that vary nonlinearly with displacement.
If made with constant pitch (wire thickness), conical springs have a variable rate. However, a conical spring can be made to have a constant rate by creating the spring with a variable pitch. A larger pitch in the larger-diameter coils and a smaller pitch in the smaller-diameter coils forces the spring to collapse or extend all the coils at the same rate when deformed.
Simple harmonic motion
Main article: Harmonic oscillator
Since force is equal to mass, m, times acceleration, a, the force equation for a spring obeying Hooke's law looks like:
F
=
m
a
⇒
−
k
x
=
m
a
.
{\displaystyle F=ma\quad \Rightarrow \quad -kx=ma.\,}
The displacement, x, as a function of time. The amount of time that passes between peaks is called the period.
The mass of the spring is small in comparison to the mass of the attached mass and is ignored. Since acceleration is simply the second derivative of x with respect to time,
−
k
x
=
m
d
2
x
d
t
2
.
{\displaystyle -kx=m{\frac {d^{2}x}{dt^{2}}}.\,}
This is a second order linear differential equation for the displacement
x
{\displaystyle x}
as a function of time. Rearranging:
d
2
x
d
t
2
+
k
m
x
=
0
,
{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}x}{dt^{2}}}+{\frac {k}{m}}x=0,\,}
the solution of which is the sum of a sine and cosine:
x
(
t
)
=
A
sin
(
t
k
m
)
+
B
cos
(
t
k
m
)
.
{\displaystyle x(t)=A\sin \left(t{\sqrt {\frac {k}{m}}}\right)+B\cos \left(t{\sqrt {\frac {k}{m}}}\right).\,}
A
{\displaystyle A}
and
B
{\displaystyle B}
are arbitrary constants that may be found by considering the initial displacement and velocity of the mass. The graph of this function with
B
=
0
{\displaystyle B=0}
(zero initial position with some positive initial velocity) is displayed in the image on the right.
Energy dynamics
In simple harmonic motion of a spring-mass system, energy will fluctuate between kinetic energy and potential energy, but the total energy of the system remains the same. A spring that obeys Hooke's Law with spring constant k will have a total system energy E of:
E
=
(
1
2
)
k
A
2
{\displaystyle E=\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)kA^{2}}
Here, A is the amplitude of the wave-like motion that is produced by the oscillating behavior of the spring.
The potential energy U of such a system can be determined through the spring constant k and its displacement x:
U
=
(
1
2
)
k
x
2
{\displaystyle U=\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)kx^{2}}
The kinetic energy K of an object in simple harmonic motion can be found using the mass of the attached object m and the velocity at which the object oscillates v:
K
=
(
1
2
)
m
v
2
{\displaystyle K=\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)mv^{2}}
Since there is no energy loss in such a system, energy is always conserved and thus:
E
=
K
+
U
{\displaystyle E=K+U}
Frequency & period
The angular frequency ω of an object in simple harmonic motion, given in radians per second, is found using the spring constant k and the mass of the oscillating object m:
ω
=
k
m
{\displaystyle \omega ={\sqrt {\frac {k}{m}}}}
The period T, the amount of time for the spring-mass system to complete one full cycle, of such harmonic motion is given by:
T
=
2
π
ω
=
2
π
m
k
{\displaystyle T={\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {m}{k}}}}
The frequency f, the number of oscillations per unit time, of something in simple harmonic motion is found by taking the inverse of the period:
f
=
1
T
=
ω
2
π
=
1
2
π
k
m
{\displaystyle f={\frac {1}{T}}={\frac {\omega }{2\pi }}={\frac {1}{2\pi }}{\sqrt {\frac {k}{m}}}}
Theory
In classical physics, a spring can be seen as a device that stores potential energy, specifically elastic potential energy, by straining the bonds between the atoms of an elastic material.
Hooke's law of elasticity states that the extension of an elastic rod (its distended length minus its relaxed length) is linearly proportional to its tension, the force used to stretch it. Similarly, the contraction (negative extension) is proportional to the compression (negative tension).
This law actually holds only approximately, and only when the deformation (extension or contraction) is small compared to the rod's overall length. For deformations beyond the elastic limit, atomic bonds get broken or rearranged, and a spring may snap, buckle, or permanently deform. Many materials have no clearly defined elastic limit, and Hooke's law can not be meaningfully applied to these materials. Moreover, for the superelastic materials, the linear relationship between force and displacement is appropriate only in the low-strain region.
Hooke's law is a mathematical consequence of the fact that the potential energy of the rod is a minimum when it has its relaxed length. Any smooth function of one variable approximates a quadratic function when examined near enough to its minimum point as can be seen by examining the Taylor series. Therefore, the force – which is the derivative of energy with respect to displacement – approximates a linear function.
Force of fully compressed spring
F
m
a
x
=
E
d
4
(
L
−
n
d
)
16
(
1
+
ν
)
(
D
−
d
)
3
n
{\displaystyle F_{max}={\frac {Ed^{4}(L-nd)}{16(1+\nu )(D-d)^{3}n}}\ }
where
E – Young's modulus
d – spring wire diameter
L – free length of spring
n – number of active windings
ν
{\displaystyle \nu }
– Poisson ratio
D – spring outer diameter
Zero-length springs
Simplified LaCoste suspension using a zero-length spring Spring length L vs force F graph of ordinary (+), zero-length (0) and negative-length (−) springs with the same minimum length L0 and spring constant
Zero-length spring is a term for a specially designed coil spring that would exert zero force if it had zero length; if there were no constraint due to the finite wire diameter of such a helical spring, it would have zero length in the unstretched condition. That is, in a line graph of the spring's force versus its length, the line passes through the origin. Obviously a coil spring cannot contract to zero length, because at some point the coils touch each other and the spring can't shorten any more.
Zero-length springs are made by manufacturing a coil spring with built-in tension (A twist is introduced into the wire as it is coiled during manufacture; this works because a coiled spring unwinds as it stretches), so if it could contract further, the equilibrium point of the spring, the point at which its restoring force is zero, occurs at a length of zero. In practice, zero length springs are made by combining a negative length spring, made with even more tension so its equilibrium point would be at a negative length, with a piece of inelastic material of the proper length so the zero force point would occur at zero length.
A zero-length spring can be attached to a mass on a hinged boom in such a way that the force on the mass is almost exactly balanced by the vertical component of the force from the spring, whatever the position of the boom. This creates a horizontal pendulum with very long oscillation period. Long-period pendulums enable seismometers to sense the slowest waves from earthquakes. The LaCoste suspension with zero-length springs is also used in gravimeters because it is very sensitive to changes in gravity. Springs for closing doors are often made to have roughly zero length, so that they exert force even when the door is almost closed, so they can hold it closed firmly.
Uses
Airsoft gun
Aerospace
Retractable ballpoint pens
Buckling spring keyboards
Clockwork clocks, watches, and other things
Firearms
Forward or aft spring, a method of mooring a vessel to a shore fixture
Industrial Equipment
Jewelry: Clasp mechanisms
Most folding knives, and switchblades
Lock mechanisms: Key-recognition and for coordinating the movements of various parts of the lock.
Spring mattresses
Medical Devices
Pogo Stick
Pop-open devices: CD players, tape recorders, toasters, etc.
Spring reverb
Toys; the Slinky toy is just a spring
Trampoline
Upholstery coil springs
Vehicle suspension, Leaf springs
See also
Shock absorber
Slinky, helical spring toy
Volute spring
References
^ "spring". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) V. 25.
^ Springs How Products Are Made, 14 July 2007.
^ a b White, Lynn Jr. (1966). Medieval Technology and Social Change. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 126–27. ISBN 0-19-500266-0.
^ Usher, Abbot Payson (1988). A History of Mechanical Inventions. Courier Dover. p. 305. ISBN 0-486-25593-X.
^ Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard (1998). History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. Univ. of Chicago Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-226-15510-2.
^ Fawcett, W. Peyton (1983), History of the Spring Industry, Spring Manufacturers Institute, Inc., p. 28
^ Constant Springs Piping Technology and Products, (retrieved March 2012)
^ Variable Spring Supports Piping Technology and Products, (retrieved March 2012)
^ "Springs with dynamically variable stiffness and actuation capability". 3 November 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2018 – via google.com. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Door Lock Springs". www.springmasters.com. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Edwards, Boyd F. (27 October 2017). The Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion (Video). Utah State University – via YouTube. Based on Cutnell, John D.; Johnson, Kenneth W.; Young, David; Stadler, Shane (2015). "10.1 The Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion". Physics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-48689-4. OCLC 892304999.
^ Samuel, Andrew; Weir, John (1999). Introduction to engineering design: modelling, synthesis and problem solving strategies (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Butterworth. p. 134. ISBN 0-7506-4282-3.
^ Goetsch, David L. (2005). Technical Drawing. Cengage Learning. ISBN 1-4018-5760-4.
^ a b c d e f g h "13.1: The motion of a spring-mass system". Physics LibreTexts. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ "Harmonic motion". labman.phys.utk.edu. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ "simple harmonic motion | Formula, Examples, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^ "Compression Springs". Coil Springs Direct.
Further reading
Sclater, Neil. (2011). "Spring and screw devices and mechanisms." Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices Sourcebook. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 279–299. ISBN 9780071704427. Drawings and designs of various spring and screw mechanisms.
Parmley, Robert. (2000). "Section 16: Springs." Illustrated Sourcebook of Mechanical Components. New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0070486174 Drawings, designs and discussion of various springs and spring mechanisms.
Warden, Tim. (2021). “Bundy 2 Alto Saxophone.” This saxophone is known for having the strongest tensioned needle springs in existence.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spring (device).
Paredes, Manuel (2013). "How to design springs". insa de toulouse. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
Wright, Douglas. "Introduction to Springs". Notes on Design and Analysis of Machine Elements. Department of Mechanical & Material Engineering, University of Western Australia. Retrieved 3 February 2008.
Silberstein, Dave (2002). "How to make springs". Bazillion. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2008.
Springs with Dynamically Variable Stiffness (patent)
Smart Springs and their Combinations (patent)
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Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spring (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Springs_009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Helical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix"},{"link_name":"coil springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil_spring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ressort_de_compression.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Englishlongbow.jpg"},{"link_name":"English longbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_longbow"},{"link_name":"yew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Yew"},{"link_name":"draw weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_weight"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Federkennlinie.svg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machined_Spring.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russian_-_MUV_pull_fuze.jpg"},{"link_name":"booby trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booby_trap"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"tripwire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripwire"},{"link_name":"firing pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firing_pin"},{"link_name":"elastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"store energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storage"},{"link_name":"coil springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil_spring"},{"link_name":"spring steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_steel"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"yew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata"},{"link_name":"drawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_draw"},{"link_name":"arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow"},{"link_name":"force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force"},{"link_name":"deflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflection_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"gradient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient"},{"link_name":"curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve"},{"link_name":"extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)"},{"link_name":"compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)"},{"link_name":"torsion spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_spring"},{"link_name":"torque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque"},{"link_name":"N·m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_metre"},{"link_name":"rad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radian"},{"link_name":"ft·lbf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ft%C2%B7lbf"},{"link_name":"additive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_map"},{"link_name":"annealed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)"},{"link_name":"non-ferrous metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-ferrous_metal"},{"link_name":"phosphor bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor_bronze"},{"link_name":"titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"},{"link_name":"resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance"},{"link_name":"beryllium copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium_copper"},{"link_name":"electric current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current"}],"text":"For other uses, see Spring (disambiguation).Helical coil springs designed for tensionA heavy-duty coil spring designed for compression and tensionThe English longbow – a simple but very powerful spring made of yew, measuring 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long, with a 470 N (105 lbf) draw weight, with each limb functionally a cantilever spring.Force (F) vs extension (s).[citation needed] Spring characteristics: (1) progressive, (2) linear, (3) degressive, (4) almost constant, (5) progressive with kneeA machined spring incorporates several features into one piece of bar stockMilitary booby trap firing device from USSR (normally connected to a tripwire) showing spring-loaded firing pinA spring is a device consisting of an elastic but largely rigid material (typically metal) bent or molded into a form (especially a coil) that can return into shape after being compressed or extended.[1] Springs can store energy when compressed. In everyday use, the term most often refers to coil springs, but there are many different spring designs. Modern springs are typically manufactured from spring steel. An example of a non-metallic spring is the bow, made traditionally of flexible yew wood, which when drawn stores energy to propel an arrow.When a conventional spring, without stiffness variability features, is compressed or stretched from its resting position, it exerts an opposing force approximately proportional to its change in length (this approximation breaks down for larger deflections). The rate or spring constant of a spring is the change in the force it exerts, divided by the change in deflection of the spring. That is, it is the gradient of the force versus deflection curve. An extension or compression spring's rate is expressed in units of force divided by distance, for example or N/m or lbf/in. A torsion spring is a spring that works by twisting; when it is twisted about its axis by an angle, it produces a torque proportional to the angle. A torsion spring's rate is in units of torque divided by angle, such as N·m/rad or ft·lbf/degree. The inverse of spring rate is compliance, that is: if a spring has a rate of 10 N/mm, it has a compliance of 0.1 mm/N. The stiffness (or rate) of springs in parallel is additive, as is the compliance of springs in series.Springs are made from a variety of elastic materials, the most common being spring steel. Small springs can be wound from pre-hardened stock, while larger ones are made from annealed steel and hardened after manufacture. Some non-ferrous metals are also used, including phosphor bronze and titanium for parts requiring corrosion resistance, and low-resistance beryllium copper for springs carrying electric current.","title":"Spring (device)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"tweezers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweezers"},{"link_name":"Ctesibius of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesibius_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Coiled springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coiled_springs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White1966-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White1966-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rossum1997-5"},{"link_name":"Robert Hooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke"},{"link_name":"Hooke's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooke%27s_law"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Simple non-coiled springs have been used throughout human history, e.g. the bow (and arrow). In the Bronze Age more sophisticated spring devices were used, as shown by the spread of tweezers in many cultures. Ctesibius of Alexandria developed a method for making springs out of an alloy of bronze with an increased proportion of tin, hardened by hammering after it was cast.Coiled springs appeared early in the 15th century,[2] in door locks.[3] The first spring powered-clocks appeared in that century[3][4][5] and evolved into the first large watches by the 16th century.In 1676 British physicist Robert Hooke postulated Hooke's law, which states that the force a spring exerts is proportional to its extension.On March 8, 1850, John Evans, Founder of John Evans' Sons, Incorporated, opened his business in New Haven, Connecticut, manufacturing flat springs for carriages and other vehicles, as well as the machinery to manufacture the springs. Evans was a Welsh blacksmith and springmaker who emigrated to the United States in 1847, John Evans' Sons became \"America's oldest springmaker\" which continues to operate today.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alarm_Clock_Balance_Wheel.jpg"},{"link_name":"hairspring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairspring"},{"link_name":"alarm clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm_clock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanyo_MR-110_Battery_Contacts_(36717564412).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volute_spring1.jpg"},{"link_name":"volute spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volute_spring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volutespring.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stuart tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_tank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bogenfedern_und_Bogenfedersysteme.jpg"},{"link_name":"arc springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_spring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reverb-3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torsion-Bar_with-load.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leafs1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leaf spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_spring"}],"text":"A spiral torsion spring, or hairspring, in an alarm clock.Battery contacts often have a variable springA volute spring. Under compression the coils slide over each other, so affording longer travel.Vertical volute springs of Stuart tankSelection of various arc springs and arc spring systems (systems consisting of inner and outer arc springs).Tension springs in a folded line reverberation device.A torsion bar twisted under loadLeaf spring on a truck","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)"},{"link_name":"Torsion spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_spring"},{"link_name":"torque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"spring steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_steel"},{"link_name":"Garter spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garter_spring"}],"sub_title":"Classification","text":"Springs can be classified depending on how the load force is applied to them:Tension/extension spring\nThe spring is designed to operate with a tension load, so the spring stretches as the load is applied to it.\nCompression spring\nDesigned to operate with a compression load, so the spring gets shorter as the load is applied to it.\nTorsion spring\nUnlike the above types in which the load is an axial force, the load applied to a torsion spring is a torque or twisting force, and the end of the spring rotates through an angle as the load is applied.\nConstant spring\nSupported load remains the same throughout deflection cycle[7]\nVariable spring\nResistance of the coil to load varies during compression[8]\nVariable stiffness spring\nResistance of the coil to load can be dynamically varied for example by the control system, some types of these springs also vary their length thereby providing actuation capability as well [9]They can also be classified based on their shape:Flat spring\nMade of a flat spring steel.\nMachined spring\nManufactured by machining bar stock with a lathe and/or milling operation rather than a coiling operation. Since it is machined, the spring may incorporate features in addition to the elastic element. Machined springs can be made in the typical load cases of compression/extension, torsion, etc.\nSerpentine spring\nA zig-zag of thick wire, often used in modern upholstery/furniture.\nGarter spring\nA coiled steel spring that is connected at each end to create a circular shape.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cantilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever"},{"link_name":"Coil spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil_spring"},{"link_name":"Arc spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_spring"},{"link_name":"Volute spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volute_spring"},{"link_name":"cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"Balance spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_spring"},{"link_name":"watches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch"},{"link_name":"galvanometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanometer"},{"link_name":"steering wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel"},{"link_name":"Leaf spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_spring"},{"link_name":"suspensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"switches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch"},{"link_name":"bows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"firearm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearm"},{"link_name":"wheellock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheellock"},{"link_name":"flintlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flintlock"},{"link_name":"percussion cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_cap"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Common types","text":"The most common types of spring are:Cantilever spring\nA flat spring fixed only at one end like a cantilever, while the free-hanging end takes the load.\nCoil spring\nAlso known as a helical spring. A spring (made by winding a wire around a cylinder) is of two types:Tension or extension springs are designed to become longer under load. Their turns (loops) are normally touching in the unloaded position, and they have a hook, eye or some other means of attachment at each end.\nCompression springs are designed to become shorter when loaded. Their turns (loops) are not touching in the unloaded position, and they need no attachment points.\nHollow tubing springs can be either extension springs or compression springs. Hollow tubing is filled with oil and the means of changing hydrostatic pressure inside the tubing such as a membrane or miniature piston etc. to harden or relax the spring, much like it happens with water pressure inside a garden hose. Alternatively tubing's cross-section is chosen of a shape that it changes its area when tubing is subjected to torsional deformation: change of the cross-section area translates into change of tubing's inside volume and the flow of oil in/out of the spring that can be controlled by valve thereby controlling stiffness. There are many other designs of springs of hollow tubing which can change stiffness with any desired frequency, change stiffness by a multiple or move like a linear actuator in addition to its spring qualities.Arc spring\nA pre-curved or arc-shaped helical compression spring, which is able to transmit a torque around an axis.\nVolute spring\nA compression coil spring in the form of a cone so that under compression the coils are not forced against each other, thus permitting longer travel.\nBalance spring\nAlso known as a hairspring. A delicate spiral spring used in watches, galvanometers, and places where electricity must be carried to partially rotating devices such as steering wheels without hindering the rotation.\nLeaf spring\nA flat spring used in vehicle suspensions, electrical switches, and bows.\nV-spring\nUsed in antique firearm mechanisms such as the wheellock, flintlock and percussion cap locks. Also door-lock spring, as used in antique door latch mechanisms.[10]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belleville washer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville_washer"},{"link_name":"landmines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_mine"},{"link_name":"Constant-force spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant-force_spring"},{"link_name":"Gas spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_spring"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mainspring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainspring"},{"link_name":"clockwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockwork"},{"link_name":"watches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch"},{"link_name":"clocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock"},{"link_name":"music boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_box"},{"link_name":"toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy"},{"link_name":"mechanically powered flashlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanically_powered_flashlight"},{"link_name":"Negator spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant-force_spring"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Rubber band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_band"},{"link_name":"washer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washer_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"fastener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastener"},{"link_name":"Torsion spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_spring"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"torsion bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_beam_suspension"}],"sub_title":"Other types","text":"Other types include:Belleville washer\nA disc shaped spring commonly used to apply tension to a bolt (and also in the initiation mechanism of pressure-activated landmines)\nConstant-force spring\nA tightly rolled ribbon that exerts a nearly constant force as it is unrolled\nGas spring\nA volume of compressed gas.\nIdeal spring\nAn idealised perfect spring with no weight, mass, damping losses, or limits, a concept used in physics. The force an ideal spring would exert is exactly proportional to its extension or compression.[11]\nMainspring\nA spiral ribbon-shaped spring used as a power store of clockwork mechanisms: watches, clocks, music boxes, windup toys, and mechanically powered flashlights\nNegator spring\nA thin metal band slightly concave in cross-section. When coiled it adopts a flat cross-section but when unrolled it returns to its former curve, thus producing a constant force throughout the displacement and negating any tendency to re-wind. The most common application is the retracting steel tape rule.[12]\nProgressive rate coil springs\nA coil spring with a variable rate, usually achieved by having unequal distance between turns so that as the spring is compressed one or more coils rests against its neighbour.\nRubber band\nA tension spring where energy is stored by stretching the material.\nSpring washer\nUsed to apply a constant tensile force along the axis of a fastener.\nTorsion spring\nAny spring designed to be twisted rather than compressed or extended.[13] Used in torsion bar vehicle suspension systems.\nWave spring\nvarious types of spring made compact by using waves to give a spring effect.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Physics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elastic limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_limit"},{"link_name":"nonlinearly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear"},{"link_name":"conical springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conical_springs&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Hooke's law","text":"An ideal spring acts in accordance with Hooke's law, which states that the force with which the spring pushes back is linearly proportional to the distance from its equilibrium length:F\n =\n −\n k\n x\n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F=-kx,\\ }wherex is the displacement vector – the distance and h.\nF is the resulting force vector – the magnitude and direction of the restoring force the spring exerts\nk is the rate, spring constant or force constant of the spring, a constant that depends on the spring's material and construction. The negative sign indicates that the force the spring exerts is in the opposite direction from its displacementMost real springs approximately follow Hooke's law if not stretched or compressed beyond their elastic limit.Coil springs and other common springs typically obey Hooke's law. There are useful springs that don't: springs based on beam bending can for example produce forces that vary nonlinearly with displacement.If made with constant pitch (wire thickness), conical springs have a variable rate. However, a conical spring can be made to have a constant rate by creating the spring with a variable pitch. A larger pitch in the larger-diameter coils and a smaller pitch in the smaller-diameter coils forces the spring to collapse or extend all the coils at the same rate when deformed.","title":"Physics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Periodampwave.svg"},{"link_name":"period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_period"},{"link_name":"derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative"},{"link_name":"differential equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equation"},{"link_name":"sine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine"},{"link_name":"cosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosine"}],"sub_title":"Simple harmonic motion","text":"Since force is equal to mass, m, times acceleration, a, the force equation for a spring obeying Hooke's law looks like:F\n =\n m\n a\n \n ⇒\n \n −\n k\n x\n =\n m\n a\n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F=ma\\quad \\Rightarrow \\quad -kx=ma.\\,}The displacement, x, as a function of time. The amount of time that passes between peaks is called the period.The mass of the spring is small in comparison to the mass of the attached mass and is ignored. Since acceleration is simply the second derivative of x with respect to time,−\n k\n x\n =\n m\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n 2\n \n \n x\n \n \n d\n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle -kx=m{\\frac {d^{2}x}{dt^{2}}}.\\,}This is a second order linear differential equation for the displacement \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n as a function of time. Rearranging:d\n \n 2\n \n \n x\n \n \n d\n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n k\n m\n \n \n x\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {d^{2}x}{dt^{2}}}+{\\frac {k}{m}}x=0,\\,}the solution of which is the sum of a sine and cosine:x\n (\n t\n )\n =\n A\n sin\n \n \n (\n \n t\n \n \n \n k\n m\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n +\n B\n cos\n \n \n (\n \n t\n \n \n \n k\n m\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x(t)=A\\sin \\left(t{\\sqrt {\\frac {k}{m}}}\\right)+B\\cos \\left(t{\\sqrt {\\frac {k}{m}}}\\right).\\,}A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n and \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n are arbitrary constants that may be found by considering the initial displacement and velocity of the mass. The graph of this function with \n \n \n \n B\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B=0}\n \n (zero initial position with some positive initial velocity) is displayed in the image on the right.","title":"Physics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simple harmonic motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motion"},{"link_name":"kinetic energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy"},{"link_name":"potential energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy"},{"link_name":"Hooke's Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooke%27s_law"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-14"},{"link_name":"amplitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-14"},{"link_name":"kinetic energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy"},{"link_name":"simple harmonic motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motion"},{"link_name":"velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-14"}],"sub_title":"Energy dynamics","text":"In simple harmonic motion of a spring-mass system, energy will fluctuate between kinetic energy and potential energy, but the total energy of the system remains the same. A spring that obeys Hooke's Law with spring constant k will have a total system energy E of:[14]E\n =\n \n (\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n k\n \n A\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E=\\left({\\frac {1}{2}}\\right)kA^{2}}Here, A is the amplitude of the wave-like motion that is produced by the oscillating behavior of the spring.The potential energy U of such a system can be determined through the spring constant k and its displacement x:[14]U\n =\n \n (\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n k\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle U=\\left({\\frac {1}{2}}\\right)kx^{2}}The kinetic energy K of an object in simple harmonic motion can be found using the mass of the attached object m and the velocity at which the object oscillates v:[14]K\n =\n \n (\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n m\n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle K=\\left({\\frac {1}{2}}\\right)mv^{2}}Since there is no energy loss in such a system, energy is always conserved and thus:[14]E\n =\n K\n +\n U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E=K+U}","title":"Physics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"angular frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_frequency"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-14"},{"link_name":"frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-14"}],"sub_title":"Frequency & period","text":"The angular frequency ω of an object in simple harmonic motion, given in radians per second, is found using the spring constant k and the mass of the oscillating object m[15]:ω\n =\n \n \n \n k\n m\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega ={\\sqrt {\\frac {k}{m}}}}\n \n[14]The period T, the amount of time for the spring-mass system to complete one full cycle, of such harmonic motion is given by:[16]T\n =\n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n ω\n \n \n =\n 2\n π\n \n \n \n m\n k\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T={\\frac {2\\pi }{\\omega }}=2\\pi {\\sqrt {\\frac {m}{k}}}}\n \n[14]The frequency f, the number of oscillations per unit time, of something in simple harmonic motion is found by taking the inverse of the period:[14]f\n =\n \n \n 1\n T\n \n \n =\n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n π\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n π\n \n \n \n \n \n \n k\n m\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f={\\frac {1}{T}}={\\frac {\\omega }{2\\pi }}={\\frac {1}{2\\pi }}{\\sqrt {\\frac {k}{m}}}}\n \n[14]","title":"Physics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_physics"},{"link_name":"potential energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy"},{"link_name":"elastic potential energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_potential_energy"},{"link_name":"atoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom"},{"link_name":"elastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)"},{"link_name":"elasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_elasticity"},{"link_name":"tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force"},{"link_name":"compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)"},{"link_name":"elastic limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strength"},{"link_name":"smooth function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_function"},{"link_name":"quadratic function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_function"},{"link_name":"Taylor series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_series"},{"link_name":"linear function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_function"},{"link_name":"Young's modulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%27s_modulus"},{"link_name":"Poisson ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_ratio"}],"text":"In classical physics, a spring can be seen as a device that stores potential energy, specifically elastic potential energy, by straining the bonds between the atoms of an elastic material.Hooke's law of elasticity states that the extension of an elastic rod (its distended length minus its relaxed length) is linearly proportional to its tension, the force used to stretch it. Similarly, the contraction (negative extension) is proportional to the compression (negative tension).This law actually holds only approximately, and only when the deformation (extension or contraction) is small compared to the rod's overall length. For deformations beyond the elastic limit, atomic bonds get broken or rearranged, and a spring may snap, buckle, or permanently deform. Many materials have no clearly defined elastic limit, and Hooke's law can not be meaningfully applied to these materials. Moreover, for the superelastic materials, the linear relationship between force and displacement is appropriate only in the low-strain region.Hooke's law is a mathematical consequence of the fact that the potential energy of the rod is a minimum when it has its relaxed length. Any smooth function of one variable approximates a quadratic function when examined near enough to its minimum point as can be seen by examining the Taylor series. Therefore, the force – which is the derivative of energy with respect to displacement – approximates a linear function.Force of fully compressed springF\n \n m\n a\n x\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n E\n \n d\n \n 4\n \n \n (\n L\n −\n n\n d\n )\n \n \n 16\n (\n 1\n +\n ν\n )\n (\n D\n −\n d\n \n )\n \n 3\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{max}={\\frac {Ed^{4}(L-nd)}{16(1+\\nu )(D-d)^{3}n}}\\ }whereE – Young's modulus\nd – spring wire diameter\nL – free length of spring\nn – number of active windings\n\n \n \n \n ν\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu }\n \n – Poisson ratio\nD – spring outer diameter","title":"Theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LaCoste_suspension_seismometer_principle.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zero_length_spring_graph.svg"},{"link_name":"period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_(physics)"},{"link_name":"seismometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismometer"},{"link_name":"LaCoste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_LaCoste"},{"link_name":"gravimeters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravimeter"}],"text":"Simplified LaCoste suspension using a zero-length springSpring length L vs force F graph of ordinary (+), zero-length (0) and negative-length (−) springs with the same minimum length L0 and spring constantZero-length spring is a term for a specially designed coil spring that would exert zero force if it had zero length; if there were no constraint due to the finite wire diameter of such a helical spring, it would have zero length in the unstretched condition. That is, in a line graph of the spring's force versus its length, the line passes through the origin. Obviously a coil spring cannot contract to zero length, because at some point the coils touch each other and the spring can't shorten any more.Zero-length springs are made by manufacturing a coil spring with built-in tension (A twist is introduced into the wire as it is coiled during manufacture; this works because a coiled spring unwinds as it stretches), so if it could contract further, the equilibrium point of the spring, the point at which its restoring force is zero, occurs at a length of zero. In practice, zero length springs are made by combining a negative length spring, made with even more tension so its equilibrium point would be at a negative length, with a piece of inelastic material of the proper length so the zero force point would occur at zero length.A zero-length spring can be attached to a mass on a hinged boom in such a way that the force on the mass is almost exactly balanced by the vertical component of the force from the spring, whatever the position of the boom. This creates a horizontal pendulum with very long oscillation period. Long-period pendulums enable seismometers to sense the slowest waves from earthquakes. The LaCoste suspension with zero-length springs is also used in gravimeters because it is very sensitive to changes in gravity. Springs for closing doors are often made to have roughly zero length, so that they exert force even when the door is almost closed, so they can hold it closed firmly.","title":"Zero-length springs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Airsoft gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airsoft_gun"},{"link_name":"Aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace"},{"link_name":"ballpoint pens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballpoint_pen"},{"link_name":"Buckling spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckling_spring"},{"link_name":"Clockwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockwork"},{"link_name":"Firearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearms"},{"link_name":"mooring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooring#Mooring_to_a_shore_fixture"},{"link_name":"Jewelry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelry"},{"link_name":"folding knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding_knife"},{"link_name":"switchblades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchblade"},{"link_name":"Lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(security_device)"},{"link_name":"Spring mattresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattress"},{"link_name":"Medical Devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_device"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Pogo Stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogo_Stick"},{"link_name":"CD players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_player"},{"link_name":"tape recorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_recorder"},{"link_name":"toasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toaster"},{"link_name":"Spring reverb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverb_effect#Spring_reverb"},{"link_name":"Toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy"},{"link_name":"Slinky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slinky"},{"link_name":"Trampoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trampoline"},{"link_name":"Upholstery coil springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upholstery_coil_springs"},{"link_name":"Vehicle suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_suspension"},{"link_name":"Leaf springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_springs"}],"text":"Airsoft gun\nAerospace\nRetractable ballpoint pens\nBuckling spring keyboards\nClockwork clocks, watches, and other things\nFirearms\nForward or aft spring, a method of mooring a vessel to a shore fixture\nIndustrial Equipment\nJewelry: Clasp mechanisms\nMost folding knives, and switchblades\nLock mechanisms: Key-recognition and for coordinating the movements of various parts of the lock.\nSpring mattresses\nMedical Devices[17]\nPogo Stick\nPop-open devices: CD players, tape recorders, toasters, etc.\nSpring reverb\nToys; the Slinky toy is just a spring\nTrampoline\nUpholstery coil springs\nVehicle suspension, Leaf springs","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780071704427","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071704427"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0070486174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0070486174"}],"text":"Sclater, Neil. (2011). \"Spring and screw devices and mechanisms.\" Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices Sourcebook. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 279–299. ISBN 9780071704427. Drawings and designs of various spring and screw mechanisms.\nParmley, Robert. (2000). \"Section 16: Springs.\" Illustrated Sourcebook of Mechanical Components. New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0070486174 Drawings, designs and discussion of various springs and spring mechanisms.\nWarden, Tim. (2021). “Bundy 2 Alto Saxophone.” This saxophone is known for having the strongest tensioned needle springs in existence.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Helical coil springs designed for tension","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Springs_009.jpg/200px-Springs_009.jpg"},{"image_text":"A heavy-duty coil spring designed for compression and tension","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ressort_de_compression.jpg/200px-Ressort_de_compression.jpg"},{"image_text":"The English longbow – a simple but very powerful spring made of yew, measuring 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long, with a 470 N (105 lbf) draw weight, with each limb functionally a cantilever spring.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Englishlongbow.jpg/200px-Englishlongbow.jpg"},{"image_text":"Force (F) vs extension (s).[citation needed] Spring characteristics: (1) progressive, (2) linear, (3) degressive, (4) almost constant, (5) progressive with knee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Federkennlinie.svg/200px-Federkennlinie.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A machined spring incorporates several features into one piece of bar stock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Machined_Spring.jpg/180px-Machined_Spring.jpg"},{"image_text":"Military booby trap firing device from USSR (normally connected to a tripwire) showing spring-loaded firing pin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Russian_-_MUV_pull_fuze.jpg/180px-Russian_-_MUV_pull_fuze.jpg"},{"image_text":"A spiral torsion spring, or hairspring, in an alarm clock.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Alarm_Clock_Balance_Wheel.jpg/220px-Alarm_Clock_Balance_Wheel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Battery contacts often have a variable spring","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sanyo_MR-110_Battery_Contacts_%2836717564412%29.jpg/220px-Sanyo_MR-110_Battery_Contacts_%2836717564412%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A volute spring. Under compression the coils slide over each other, so affording longer travel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Volute_spring1.jpg/220px-Volute_spring1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vertical volute springs of Stuart tank","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Volutespring.jpg/220px-Volutespring.jpg"},{"image_text":"Selection of various arc springs and arc spring systems (systems consisting of inner and outer arc springs).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bogenfedern_und_Bogenfedersysteme.jpg/180px-Bogenfedern_und_Bogenfedersysteme.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tension springs in a folded line reverberation device.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Reverb-3.jpg/220px-Reverb-3.jpg"},{"image_text":"A torsion bar twisted under load","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Torsion-Bar_with-load.jpg/220px-Torsion-Bar_with-load.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leaf spring on a truck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Leafs1.jpg/220px-Leafs1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The displacement, x, as a function of time. The amount of time that passes between peaks is called the period.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Periodampwave.svg/280px-Periodampwave.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Simplified LaCoste suspension using a zero-length spring","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/LaCoste_suspension_seismometer_principle.svg/120px-LaCoste_suspension_seismometer_principle.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Spring length L vs force F graph of ordinary (+), zero-length (0) and negative-length (−) springs with the same minimum length L0 and spring constant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Zero_length_spring_graph.svg/170px-Zero_length_spring_graph.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Shock absorber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorber"},{"title":"Slinky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slinky"},{"title":"Volute spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volute_spring"}] | [{"reference":"\"spring\". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/187725","url_text":"\"spring\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"White, Lynn Jr. (1966). Medieval Technology and Social Change. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 126–27. ISBN 0-19-500266-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/medievaltechnolo00whit","url_text":"Medieval Technology and Social Change"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-500266-0","url_text":"0-19-500266-0"}]},{"reference":"Usher, Abbot Payson (1988). A History of Mechanical Inventions. Courier Dover. p. 305. 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Peyton (1983), History of the Spring Industry, Spring Manufacturers Institute, Inc., p. 28","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanabookstore.com/pages/books/20947/w-peyton-fawcet/history-of-the-spring-industry-in-the-united-states-and-canada","url_text":"History of the Spring Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Springs with dynamically variable stiffness and actuation capability\". 3 November 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2018 – via google.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2017077541A9/en","url_text":"\"Springs with dynamically variable stiffness and actuation capability\""}]},{"reference":"\"Door Lock Springs\". www.springmasters.com. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.springmasters.com/sp/door-lock-springs.html","url_text":"\"Door Lock Springs\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Boyd F. (27 October 2017). The Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion (Video). Utah State University – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoGL52P5VWo","url_text":"The Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion"}]},{"reference":"Cutnell, John D.; Johnson, Kenneth W.; Young, David; Stadler, Shane (2015). \"10.1 The Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion\". Physics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-48689-4. OCLC 892304999.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-48689-4","url_text":"978-1-118-48689-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/892304999","url_text":"892304999"}]},{"reference":"Samuel, Andrew; Weir, John (1999). Introduction to engineering design: modelling, synthesis and problem solving strategies (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Butterworth. p. 134. ISBN 0-7506-4282-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen00samu","url_text":"Introduction to engineering design: modelling, synthesis and problem solving strategies"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen00samu/page/n138","url_text":"134"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-4282-3","url_text":"0-7506-4282-3"}]},{"reference":"Goetsch, David L. (2005). Technical Drawing. Cengage Learning. ISBN 1-4018-5760-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eMqVygLDSa0C&pg=PA577","url_text":"Technical Drawing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4018-5760-4","url_text":"1-4018-5760-4"}]},{"reference":"\"13.1: The motion of a spring-mass system\". Physics LibreTexts. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_Introductory_Physics_-_Building_Models_to_Describe_Our_World_(Martin_Neary_Rinaldo_and_Woodman)/13%3A_Simple_Harmonic_Motion/13.01%3A_The_motion_of_a_spring-mass_system","url_text":"\"13.1: The motion of a spring-mass system\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harmonic motion\". labman.phys.utk.edu. Retrieved 19 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://labman.phys.utk.edu/phys221core/modules/m11/harmonic_motion.html","url_text":"\"Harmonic motion\""}]},{"reference":"\"simple harmonic motion | Formula, Examples, & Facts\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/science/simple-harmonic-motion","url_text":"\"simple harmonic motion | Formula, Examples, & Facts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Compression Springs\". Coil Springs Direct.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coilspringsdirect.com/store/entex-compression-springs","url_text":"\"Compression Springs\""}]},{"reference":"Paredes, Manuel (2013). \"How to design springs\". insa de toulouse. Retrieved 13 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.meca.insa-toulouse.fr/~paredes/Springs2K/index.php","url_text":"\"How to design springs\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, Douglas. \"Introduction to Springs\". Notes on Design and Analysis of Machine Elements. Department of Mechanical & Material Engineering, University of Western Australia. Retrieved 3 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mech.uwa.edu.au/DANotes/springs/intro/intro.html","url_text":"\"Introduction to Springs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia","url_text":"University of Western Australia"}]},{"reference":"Silberstein, Dave (2002). \"How to make springs\". Bazillion. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130918155928/http://home.earthlink.net/~bazillion/intro.html","url_text":"\"How to make springs\""},{"url":"https://home.earthlink.net/~bazillion/intro.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/187725","external_links_name":"\"spring\""},{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary","external_links_name":"participating institution membership"},{"Link":"http://www.madehow.com/Volume-6/Springs.html","external_links_name":"Springs"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/medievaltechnolo00whit","external_links_name":"Medieval Technology and Social Change"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xuDDqqa8FlwC&pg=PA305","external_links_name":"A History of Mechanical Inventions"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=53K32RiEigMC&pg=PA121","external_links_name":"History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders"},{"Link":"https://www.americanabookstore.com/pages/books/20947/w-peyton-fawcet/history-of-the-spring-industry-in-the-united-states-and-canada","external_links_name":"History of the Spring Industry"},{"Link":"http://www.pipingtech.com/products/constant-springs.htm","external_links_name":"Constant Springs"},{"Link":"http://www.pipingtech.com/products/variable-springs.htm","external_links_name":"Variable Spring Supports"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2017077541A9/en","external_links_name":"\"Springs with dynamically variable stiffness and actuation capability\""},{"Link":"https://www.springmasters.com/sp/door-lock-springs.html","external_links_name":"\"Door Lock Springs\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoGL52P5VWo","external_links_name":"The Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/892304999","external_links_name":"892304999"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen00samu","external_links_name":"Introduction to engineering design: modelling, synthesis and problem solving strategies"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen00samu/page/n138","external_links_name":"134"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eMqVygLDSa0C&pg=PA577","external_links_name":"Technical Drawing"},{"Link":"https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_Introductory_Physics_-_Building_Models_to_Describe_Our_World_(Martin_Neary_Rinaldo_and_Woodman)/13%3A_Simple_Harmonic_Motion/13.01%3A_The_motion_of_a_spring-mass_system","external_links_name":"\"13.1: The motion of a spring-mass system\""},{"Link":"http://labman.phys.utk.edu/phys221core/modules/m11/harmonic_motion.html","external_links_name":"\"Harmonic motion\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/science/simple-harmonic-motion","external_links_name":"\"simple harmonic motion | Formula, Examples, & Facts\""},{"Link":"https://www.coilspringsdirect.com/store/entex-compression-springs","external_links_name":"\"Compression Springs\""},{"Link":"http://www.meca.insa-toulouse.fr/~paredes/Springs2K/index.php","external_links_name":"\"How to design springs\""},{"Link":"http://www.mech.uwa.edu.au/DANotes/springs/intro/intro.html","external_links_name":"\"Introduction to Springs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130918155928/http://home.earthlink.net/~bazillion/intro.html","external_links_name":"\"How to make springs\""},{"Link":"https://home.earthlink.net/~bazillion/intro.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2017077541A9/en","external_links_name":"Springs with Dynamically Variable Stiffness (patent)"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US20170051808A1/en","external_links_name":"Smart Springs and their Combinations (patent)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1130943/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12286723g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12286723g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4016583-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529683305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85127022","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560505","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph249492&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cher_Show_(musical) | The Cher Show (musical) | ["1 Original Broadway production","2 2022/2023 UK tour","3 2023/2024 US tour","4 Principal casts","5 Musical numbers","5.1 Broadway production","5.2 2022 UK Tour","6 Awards and nominations","6.1 Original Broadway production","7 References","8 External links"] | 2018 American jukebox musical
The Cher ShowOpening Night Broadway PlaybillMusicVarious ArtistsLyricsVarious ArtistsBookRick EliceBasisThe life and songs of CherPremiereJune 12, 2018 (2018-06-12): Oriental Theatre, Chicago, IllinoisProductions2018 Chicago2018 Broadway2022 UK Tour2023 US Tour
The Cher Show is a jukebox musical with a book by Rick Elice that tells the story of the life and career of Cher, using songs that she performed throughout her career. The part of Cher is played by three actresses: one portraying her in the 1950s and 60s (nicknamed "Babe"), one for the 1970s (nicknamed "Lady"), and one for the 1980s and 90s (nicknamed "Star"). The three interact with each other and help each other out at various points.
The musical had a Lab in the Fall of 2017 in NYC, followed by its world premiere at the Oriental Theatre, Chicago, on June 12, 2018, and opened on Broadway in December 2018. The Original Cast Album was released on digital platforms on April 12, 2019, and was released to physical CD on May 10, 2019. The Cher Show played its final Broadway performance on August 18, 2019. An overhauled production launched at the Leicester Curve in April 2022, before embarking on a UK tour.
Original Broadway production
The Cher Show made its world premiere at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago, Illinois on June 12, 2018, and officially opened its out of town try-out on June 28 and ran until July 14. The final performance experienced technical difficulties and forced the show to close one day early, on July 14 (Instead of July 15), 2018. Following its Chicago run, the musical began previews on Broadway on November 1, 2018, and officially opened on December 3, 2018, at the Neil Simon Theatre.
The musical's book is by Rick Elice, direction by Jason Moore, choreography by Christopher Gattelli, and orchestrations, arrangements and musical supervision by Daryl Waters and additional orchestrations by Steve Orich. Cher's longtime costumer Bob Mackie is the costume designer, with set designers Christine Jones and Brett J. Banakis, lighting designer Kevin Adams, and sound designer Nevin Steinberg. The producers of the show are Jeffrey Seller, Flody Suarez and Cher.
The Cher Show won Tony Awards for Stephanie J. Block (Lead Actress in a Musical) and for Bob Mackie (Costume Design for a Musical).
The Cher Show ended its run on Broadway on August 18, 2019, having played 34 previews and 296 regular performances.
2022/2023 UK tour
In May 2021, a new touring production was announced in the UK and Ireland from April 2022 to April 2023 directed by Arlene Phillips and featuring choreography from Oti Mabuse. Casting for the tour will include Millie O'Connell as Babe, Danielle Steers as Lady and Debbie Kurup as Star. The show will differ from the Broadway production with modifications to the show's music, Rick Elice's book, and the costumes; which will be redesigned by Gabriella Slade (Six). It also has set design by Tom Rogers, lighting design by Ben Cracknell, sound design by Dan Samson, wigs, hair and make-up design by Sam Cox, music production by Gary Hickeson, musical supervision by Rich Morris.
2023/2024 US tour
A US touring production was announced to premiere in 2021 after the original launch date of October 2020 in Rochester, New York was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
In September 2023 it was announced that a national tour would finally begin in November. The tour will be a non-union production. It will be directed by Casey Hushion and choreographed by Antoinette DiPietropolo, scenic design by Kelly James Tighe, lighting design by Charlie Morrison, sound design by Daniel Lundberg, and video design by Jonathan Infante. Costumes for the tour will again be by Bob Mackie. The first national tour will star Ella Perez as early career Babe Cher, Catherine Ariale as glam pop Lady Cher, and Morgan Scott as cultural icon Star Cher. They will be joined by Mike Bindeman as Gregg Allman/John Southall, Tyler Pirrung as Bob Mackie/Robert Altman/Frank, Lucy Werner as Georgia Holt/Lucille Ball, and Lorenzo Pugliese as Sonny Bono. Rounding out the cast are Emma Alteri, Michelle Arotsky, Neftali Benitez, Charles Blaha, Gary Paul Bowman, Emma Jade Branson, Kevin Michael Buckley, Samantha Butts, Liz Davis, Mollie Downes, Jordan Gold, Nathan Hoty, Tre Kanaley, Drew Lake, Mason Derreck Lewis, and Grace Napoletano.
Principal casts
Character
Workshop(2017)
Chicago(2018)
Broadway(2018)
UK & Ireland tour (2022–23)
Maine (2022)
Long Island (2022)
First US Tour (2023–24)
Star
Lesli Margherita
Stephanie J. Block
Debbie Kurup
Sara Gettelfinger
Aléna Watters
Morgan Scott
Lady
Lena Hall
Teal Wicks
Danielle Steers
Charissa Hogeland
Catherine Ariale
Babe
Jillian Mueller
Micaela Diamond
Millie O'Connell
Madeline Hudelson
Ella Perez
Sonny Bono
Jarrod Spector
Lucas Rush
Dino Nicandros
Lorenzo Pugliese
Bob Mackie/Robert Altman/Frank*
Christopher Sieber
Michael Berresse
Jake Mitchell
David Engel
Tyler Pirrung
Rob Camilletti/Lee**
Bobby Conte Thorton
Michael Campayno
Sam Ferriday
Zack Zaromatidis
Alexander Ríos
Gary Paul Bowman
Gregg Allman/John Southall**
Unknown
Matthew Hydzik
Matthew Hydzik
John Rochette
Mike Bindeman
Georgia Holt/Lucille Ball***
Haven Burton
Emily Skinner
Tori Scott
Angie Schworer
Lucy Werner
^* Role changed to solely Bob Mackie for UK/Ireland tour
^** Characters combined into single role of Gregg Allman/Rob Camilletti/Phil Spector/John Southall for UK/Ireland tour Role changed to solely Rob Camilletti for US tour
^*** Role changed to solely Georgia Holt for UK/Ireland tour
Musical numbers
Broadway production
Act I
"If I Could Turn Back Time" – Star and Company
"Half-Breed" – Georgia Holt, Star, and Lady
"A Dream Is A Wish Your Heart Makes" – Georgia Holt and Babe †
"You Better Sit Down Kids" – Georgia Holt †
"Be My Baby/Da Doo Ron Ron (Phil Spector Medley)" – Babe, Phil Spector, Sonny and Company †
"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)" – Star, Lady, Babe and Company
"I Like It Like That" – The Dave Clark Five †
"I Got You Babe" – Babe and Sonny
"Little Man" – Babe and Sonny †
"When the Money's Gone / All or Nothing" – Lady, Babe, Sonny and Company
"VAMP" – Star †
"Ain't Nobody's Business If I Do" – Star, Lady, Babe, Bob and Company
"Living in a House Divided" – Star, Lady, Babe and Sonny
"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)" – Star, Lady and Company
"Believe" – Star, Lady and Babe
"Song for the Lonely" – Star, Lady and Babe
Act II
"All I Ever Need Is You" – Lady and Sonny
"Heart of Stone" – Lady and Lucille Ball
"Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves" – Star and Company
"Midnight Rider / Ramblin' Man" – Gregg Allman
"Just Like Jesse James" – Star, Gregg Allman and Company
"Dark Lady" – Sonny and Gregg Allman
"Baby Don't Go" – Sonny †
"Strong Enough" – Star and Lady
"The Way of Love" – Star
"The Beat Goes On" – Star, Babe, Bob Mackie, Bob Mackie's Assistant and Company
"I Found Someone" – Star, Rob Camiletti and Company
"You Haven't Seen the Last of Me" – Star, Lady and Babe
"Finale" ("Believe"/"Strong Enough"/"Woman's World"/"All Or Nothing"/"You Haven’t Seen The Last of Me") – Star, Lady, Babe and Company
"Take Me Home (Curtain Call)" – Company †
† Not featured on Original Broadway Cast Recording
2022 UK Tour
Songs listed as they appear in the official set list.
Act I
"Believe" – Company
"If I Could Turn Back Time" – Star and Company
"Half-Breed" – Georgia Holt and Babe
"A Dream Is A Wish Your Heart Makes" – Babe, Georgia and Star
"You Better Sit Down Kid" – Georgia
"Half Breed (Reprise)" – Lady, Babe and Star
"Da Doo Ron Ron" – Babe, Star, Lady and Company
"Be My Baby" – Company
"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)" – Babe, Star, Lady and Company
"I Got You Babe" – Babe and Sonny
"Little Man" – Sonny
"When the Money's Gone / All or Nothing" – Babe, Sonny, Star, Lady and Company
"VAMP" – Lady, Babe and Star
"Ain't Nobody's Business If I Do" – Bob Mackie, Lady, Babe, Star and Company
"Bang Bang" – Lady
"Living in a House Divided" – Star, Babe, Lady and Sonny
"Bang Bang (Reprise)" – Lady, Star, Babe and Company
"Believe" – Star, Lady, and Babe
"All I Ever Need Is You" – Lady and Sonny
"Song for the Lonely" – Star, Lady, and Babe
Act II
"Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves" – Star and Company
"Midnight Rider" – Gregg Allman
"Just Like Jesse James" – Star, Gregg and Company
"Believe (Reprise)" – Lady and Babe
"Dark Lady" – Star, Sonny, Gregg and Company
"Baby Don't Go" – Sonny
"Strong Enough" – Star, Lady and Babe
"The Way of Love" – Star
"The Beat Goes On" – Star, Babe, Bob, Lady and Company
"Dov'è L'amore" – Star and Company
"I Found Someone" – Lady and Star
"A Different Kind of Love Song" – Rob Camiletti, Star and Georgia
"Heart of Stone" – Star
"We All Sleep Alone" (removed August 2022) – Lady
"Song for the Lonely" (Reprise) (added August 2022) – Lady
"I Got You Babe (Reprise)" – Star and Sonny
"You Haven't Seen the Last of Me" – Star, Babe and Lady
"A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes (Reprise)" – Star and Georgia
Finale (Medley comprising, in order, "Believe", "Strong Enough", "Woman's World", "Dov'è L'amore", "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)", "I Found Someone", and "Believe".)
Awards and nominations
Original Broadway production
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
2019
Tony Award
Best Actress in a Musical
Stephanie J. Block
Won
Best Costume Design of a Musical
Bob Mackie
Won
Best Lighting Design of a Musical
Kevin Adams
Nominated
Drama Desk Award
Outstanding Actress in a Musical
Stephanie J. Block
Won
Outstanding Orchestrations
Daryl Waters
Nominated
Outstanding Costume Design for a Musical
Bob Mackie
Won
Outstanding Wig and Hair Design
Charles G. LaPointe
Won
Drama League Award
Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off-Broadway Musical
Nominated
Distinguished Performance Award
Stephanie J. Block
Nominated
Outer Critics Circle Award
Outstanding Actress In a Musical
Won
Outstanding Choreographer
Christopher Gattelli
Nominated
Outstanding Costume Design (Play or Musical)
Bob Mackie
Won
Theatre World Award
Outstanding Debut Performance
Micaela Diamond
Honoree
Chita Rivera Award
Ambassadors for the Arts Award
Cher, Flody Squarez, Jeffery Seller
Honorees
Outstanding Ensemble in a Broadway Show
Nominated
Outstanding Female Dancer in a Broadway Show
Ashley Blair Fitzgerald
Won
Artios Award
New York Broadway Theatre - Musical
Bernie Telsey, Patrick Goodwin
Nominated
References
^ a b Hetrick, Adam (June 29, 2018). "The Cher Show Opens in Chicago Ahead of Fall Broadway Arrival". Playbill.
^ Hetrick, Adam (July 16, 2018). "What Happened When The Cher Show Was Forced to Cancel Final Chicago Performance". Playbill. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
^ a b McPhee, Ryan (April 17, 2018). "Micaela Diamond and Teal Wicks Join Stephanie J. Block as Title Role in The Cher Show, Full Cast Announced". Playbill.
^ McPhee, Ryan (March 14, 2018). "Bob Mackie Will Create Costumes for Broadway's The Cher Show, Full Design Team Announced". Playbill.
^ "Cast". thechershowbroadway.com.
^ "The Cher Show to tour UK & Ireland". Best of Theatre. May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
^ "Six". Broadway.com. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
^ "Home". THE CHER SHOW. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
^ "The Cher Show unveils complete company ahead of UK and Ireland tour | WhatsOnStage". www.whatsonstage.com. March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ Bailey-Millado, Rob (June 26, 2019). "'The Cher Show' announces closing date, national tour". New York Post.
^ Wild, Stephi. "THE CHER SHOW Will Kick Off National Tour in November". Broadway World.
^ Masseron, Meg. "The Cher Show Will Embark on National Tour This Fall". Playbill.
^ "Ella Perez, Catherine Ariale, and Morgan Scott to Star in The Cher Show National Tour".
^ Wild, Stephi. "Cast Set For the Non-Equity National Tour of THE CHER SHOW". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
^ "Yes, We Believe in Life After Love! Lesli Margherita, Lena Hall & Jillian Mueller Led a Reading of t…". New York Broadway Tours. January 21, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
^ Evans, Greg (April 17, 2018). "Broadway-Bound 'The Cher Show' Finds Its Chers; Complete Casting Announced". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
^ "The Cher Show unveils complete company ahead of UK and Ireland tour". WhatsOnStage. March 15, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^ a b c "Cher Show UK Cast List". CherOnStage. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^ McIntyre, Hugh (April 25, 2019). "Drama Desk Award Nominations 2019: 'Oklahoma!,' 'Tootsie' Lead Nominees List". Forbes. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
^ "THE 85th ANNUAL DRAMA LEAGUE AWARDS NOMINEES". Drama League Awards. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
^ Clement, Olivia (April 23, 2019). "Hadestown Leads 2019 Outer Critics Circle Nominations". Playbill. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
^ McPhee, Ryan (May 2, 2019). "Jeremy Pope, Phoebe Waller-Bridge, Bonnie Milligan, More Earn 2019 Theatre World Awards". Playbill. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
^ R., Nathaniel. "Chita Rivera Awards, Cher and Film Choreography". thefilmexperience.net. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
^ Bennett, Anita (September 24, 2019). "Casting Society Unveils 2019 TV & Theater Artios Awards Nominees". Deadline. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
External links
Internet Broadway Database
Official website
Official UK & Ireland Tour Website
U.S. 2023-24 national tour scedule
vteCher
Albums
Singles
Films
Concerts
Videos
Awards
Studio albums
All I Really Want to Do
The Sonny Side of Chér
Chér
With Love, Chér
Backstage
3614 Jackson Highway
Chér
Foxy Lady
Bittersweet White Light
Half-Breed
Dark Lady
Stars
I'd Rather Believe in You
Cherished
Take Me Home
Prisoner
I Paralyze
Cher
Heart of Stone
Love Hurts
It's a Man's World
Believe
Not Commercial
Living Proof
Closer to the Truth
Dancing Queen
Christmas
Compilation albums
Golden Greats
Superpak Vol. I and II
Greatest Hits
Greatest Hits: 1965–1992
If I Could Turn Back Time: Cher's Greatest Hits
The Greatest Hits
The Very Best of Cher
Gold
Icon
Soundtrack albums
Chastity
Burlesque
Other albums
Two the Hard Way
Black Rose
Music video releases
The Video Collection
The Very Best of Cher: The Video Hits Collection
Live video releases
Extravaganza: Live at the Mirage
Live in Concert
The Farewell Tour
Other video releases
CherFitness: A New Attitude
CherFitness: Body Confidence
Concerts and tours
Two the Hard Way Tour
Take Me Home Tour
Heart of Stone Tour
Love Hurts Tour
Do You Believe? Tour
Living Proof: The Farewell Tour
Dressed to Kill Tour
Here We Go Again Tour
Residencies
Cher in Concert
Cher
Classic Cher
Film directed
If These Walls Could Talk
Television
The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour
Cher
The Sonny & Cher Show
Cher... Special
Dear Mom, Love Cher
Books
The Ugly Duckling
Related articles
Sonny & Cher
discography
Sonny Bono
Gregg Allman
Chaz Bono
Elijah Blue Allman
Cher as a gay icon
Sonny & Cher dolls
9: The Last Resort
The Cher Show
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jukebox musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukebox_musical"},{"link_name":"Rick Elice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Elice"},{"link_name":"Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher"},{"link_name":"Oriental Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Theatre_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Leicester Curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve_(theatre)"}],"text":"The Cher Show is a jukebox musical with a book by Rick Elice that tells the story of the life and career of Cher, using songs that she performed throughout her career. The part of Cher is played by three actresses: one portraying her in the 1950s and 60s (nicknamed \"Babe\"), one for the 1970s (nicknamed \"Lady\"), and one for the 1980s and 90s (nicknamed \"Star\"). The three interact with each other and help each other out at various points.The musical had a Lab in the Fall of 2017 in NYC, followed by its world premiere at the Oriental Theatre, Chicago, on June 12, 2018, and opened on Broadway in December 2018. The Original Cast Album was released on digital platforms on April 12, 2019, and was released to physical CD on May 10, 2019. The Cher Show played its final Broadway performance on August 18, 2019. An overhauled production launched at the Leicester Curve in April 2022, before embarking on a UK tour.","title":"The Cher Show (musical)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oriental Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Theatre_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adam-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-earlyclose-2"},{"link_name":"Neil Simon Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Simon_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adam-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ryan1-3"},{"link_name":"Jason Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Moore_(director)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Gattelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Gattelli"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ryan1-3"},{"link_name":"Daryl Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Waters"},{"link_name":"Steve Orich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Orich"},{"link_name":"Bob Mackie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mackie"},{"link_name":"Christine Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Jones_(scenic_designer)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Adams"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ryan2-4"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Seller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Seller"},{"link_name":"Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tony Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"Stephanie J. Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_J._Block"},{"link_name":"Bob Mackie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mackie"}],"text":"The Cher Show made its world premiere at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago, Illinois on June 12, 2018, and officially opened its out of town try-out on June 28 and ran until July 14.[1] The final performance experienced technical difficulties and forced the show to close one day early, on July 14 (Instead of July 15), 2018.[2] Following its Chicago run, the musical began previews on Broadway on November 1, 2018, and officially opened on December 3, 2018, at the Neil Simon Theatre.[1][3]The musical's book is by Rick Elice, direction by Jason Moore, choreography by Christopher Gattelli,[3] and orchestrations, arrangements and musical supervision by Daryl Waters and additional orchestrations by Steve Orich. Cher's longtime costumer Bob Mackie is the costume designer, with set designers Christine Jones and Brett J. Banakis, lighting designer Kevin Adams, and sound designer Nevin Steinberg.[4] The producers of the show are Jeffrey Seller, Flody Suarez and Cher.[5]The Cher Show won Tony Awards for Stephanie J. Block (Lead Actress in a Musical) and for Bob Mackie (Costume Design for a Musical).The Cher Show ended its run on Broadway on August 18, 2019, having played 34 previews and 296 regular performances.","title":"Original Broadway production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arlene Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlene_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Oti Mabuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oti_Mabuse"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Danielle Steers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Steers"},{"link_name":"Debbie Kurup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Kurup"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Rick Elice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Elice"},{"link_name":"Gabriella Slade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriella_Slade"},{"link_name":"Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In May 2021, a new touring production was announced in the UK and Ireland from April 2022 to April 2023 directed by Arlene Phillips and featuring choreography from Oti Mabuse.[6] Casting for the tour will include Millie O'Connell as Babe, Danielle Steers as Lady and Debbie Kurup as Star. The show will differ from the Broadway production with modifications to the show's music, Rick Elice's book, and the costumes; which will be redesigned by Gabriella Slade (Six[7]).[8] It also has set design by Tom Rogers, lighting design by Ben Cracknell, sound design by Dan Samson, wigs, hair and make-up design by Sam Cox, music production by Gary Hickeson, musical supervision by Rich Morris.[9]","title":"2022/2023 UK tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rochester, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"A US touring production was announced to premiere in 2021 after the original launch date of October 2020 in Rochester, New York was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[10]\nIn September 2023 it was announced that a national tour would finally begin in November. The tour will be a non-union production. It will be directed by Casey Hushion and choreographed by Antoinette DiPietropolo, scenic design by Kelly James Tighe, lighting design by Charlie Morrison, sound design by Daniel Lundberg, and video design by Jonathan Infante. Costumes for the tour will again be by Bob Mackie. The first national tour will star Ella Perez as early career Babe Cher, Catherine Ariale as glam pop Lady Cher, and Morgan Scott as cultural icon Star Cher. They will be joined by Mike Bindeman as Gregg Allman/John Southall, Tyler Pirrung as Bob Mackie/Robert Altman/Frank, Lucy Werner as Georgia Holt/Lucille Ball, and Lorenzo Pugliese as Sonny Bono. Rounding out the cast are Emma Alteri, Michelle Arotsky, Neftali Benitez, Charles Blaha, Gary Paul Bowman, Emma Jade Branson, Kevin Michael Buckley, Samantha Butts, Liz Davis, Mollie Downes, Jordan Gold, Nathan Hoty, Tre Kanaley, Drew Lake, Mason Derreck Lewis, and Grace Napoletano.[11][12][13][14]","title":"2023/2024 US tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_*"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk_roles-18"},{"link_name":"^**","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_**"},{"link_name":"Phil Spector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Spector"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk_roles-18"},{"link_name":"^***","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_***"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk_roles-18"}],"text":"^* Role changed to solely Bob Mackie for UK/Ireland tour[18]\n^** Characters combined into single role of Gregg Allman/Rob Camilletti/Phil Spector/John Southall for UK/Ireland tour[18] Role changed to solely Rob Camilletti for US tour\n^*** Role changed to solely Georgia Holt for UK/Ireland tour[18]","title":"Principal casts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Musical numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"If I Could Turn Back Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Could_Turn_Back_Time"},{"link_name":"Half-Breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Breed_(song)"},{"link_name":"A Dream Is A Wish Your Heart Makes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dream_Is_A_Wish_Your_Heart_Makes"},{"link_name":"You Better Sit Down Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Better_Sit_Down_Kids"},{"link_name":"Be My Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_My_Baby"},{"link_name":"Da Doo Ron Ron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Doo_Ron_Ron"},{"link_name":"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shoop_Shoop_Song_(It%27s_in_His_Kiss)#Cher_version"},{"link_name":"I Like It Like That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Like_It_Like_That_(Chris_Kenner_song)"},{"link_name":"The Dave Clark Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dave_Clark_Five"},{"link_name":"I Got You Babe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Got_You_Babe"},{"link_name":"Little Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Man_(Sonny_%26_Cher_song)"},{"link_name":"When the Money's Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_the_Money%27s_Gone"},{"link_name":"All or Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_or_Nothing_(Cher_song)"},{"link_name":"VAMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamp_(music)"},{"link_name":"Ain't Nobody's Business If I Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_Nobody%27s_Business_If_I_Do"},{"link_name":"Living in a House Divided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_in_a_House_Divided"},{"link_name":"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Bang_(My_Baby_Shot_Me_Down)"},{"link_name":"Believe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Believe_(Cher_song)"},{"link_name":"Song for the Lonely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_for_the_Lonely"},{"link_name":"All I Ever Need Is You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Ever_Need_Is_You_(song)#Sonny_&_Cher"},{"link_name":"Heart of Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Stone_(Bucks_Fizz_song)#Cher_version"},{"link_name":"Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsies,_Tramps_and_Thieves"},{"link_name":"Midnight Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Rider"},{"link_name":"Ramblin' Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramblin%27_Man_(The_Allman_Brothers_Band_song)"},{"link_name":"Just Like Jesse James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Like_Jesse_James"},{"link_name":"Dark Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Lady_(song)"},{"link_name":"Baby Don't Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Don%27t_Go"},{"link_name":"Strong Enough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Enough_(Cher_song)"},{"link_name":"The Way of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_Love#Cher_version"},{"link_name":"The Beat Goes On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beat_Goes_On_(Sonny_%26_Cher_song)"},{"link_name":"I Found Someone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Found_Someone#Cher_version"},{"link_name":"You Haven't Seen the Last of Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Haven%27t_Seen_the_Last_of_Me"},{"link_name":"Woman's World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_World_(song)"},{"link_name":"Take Me Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Me_Home_(Cher_song)"}],"sub_title":"Broadway production","text":"Act I\n\"If I Could Turn Back Time\" – Star and Company\n\"Half-Breed\" – Georgia Holt, Star, and Lady\n\"A Dream Is A Wish Your Heart Makes\" – Georgia Holt and Babe †\n\"You Better Sit Down Kids\" – Georgia Holt †\n\"Be My Baby/Da Doo Ron Ron (Phil Spector Medley)\" – Babe, Phil Spector, Sonny and Company †\n\"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)\" – Star, Lady, Babe and Company\n\"I Like It Like That\" – The Dave Clark Five †\n\"I Got You Babe\" – Babe and Sonny\n\"Little Man\" – Babe and Sonny †\n\"When the Money's Gone / All or Nothing\" – Lady, Babe, Sonny and Company\n\"VAMP\" – Star †\n\"Ain't Nobody's Business If I Do\" – Star, Lady, Babe, Bob and Company\n\"Living in a House Divided\" – Star, Lady, Babe and Sonny\n\"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\" – Star, Lady and Company\n\"Believe\" – Star, Lady and Babe\n\"Song for the Lonely\" – Star, Lady and Babe\n\n\n\n\nAct II\n\"All I Ever Need Is You\" – Lady and Sonny\n\"Heart of Stone\" – Lady and Lucille Ball\n\"Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves\" – Star and Company\n\"Midnight Rider / Ramblin' Man\" – Gregg Allman\n\"Just Like Jesse James\" – Star, Gregg Allman and Company\n\"Dark Lady\" – Sonny and Gregg Allman\n\"Baby Don't Go\" – Sonny †\n\"Strong Enough\" – Star and Lady\n\"The Way of Love\" – Star\n\"The Beat Goes On\" – Star, Babe, Bob Mackie, Bob Mackie's Assistant and Company\n\"I Found Someone\" – Star, Rob Camiletti and Company\n\"You Haven't Seen the Last of Me\" – Star, Lady and Babe\n\"Finale\" (\"Believe\"/\"Strong Enough\"/\"Woman's World\"/\"All Or Nothing\"/\"You Haven’t Seen The Last of Me\") – Star, Lady, Babe and Company\n\"Take Me Home (Curtain Call)\" – Company †† Not featured on Original Broadway Cast Recording","title":"Musical numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Believe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Believe_(Cher_song)"},{"link_name":"If I Could Turn Back Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Could_Turn_Back_Time"},{"link_name":"Half-Breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Breed_(song)"},{"link_name":"A Dream Is A Wish Your Heart Makes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dream_Is_A_Wish_Your_Heart_Makes"},{"link_name":"You Better Sit Down Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Better_Sit_Down_Kids"},{"link_name":"Half Breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Breed_(song)"},{"link_name":"Da Doo Ron Ron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Doo_Ron_Ron"},{"link_name":"Be My Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_My_Baby"},{"link_name":"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shoop_Shoop_Song_(It%27s_in_His_Kiss)#Cher_version"},{"link_name":"I Got You Babe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Got_You_Babe"},{"link_name":"Little Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Man_(Sonny_%26_Cher_song)"},{"link_name":"When the Money's Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_the_Money%27s_Gone"},{"link_name":"All or Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_or_Nothing_(Cher_song)"},{"link_name":"VAMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamp_(music)"},{"link_name":"Ain't Nobody's Business If I Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_Nobody%27s_Business_If_I_Do"},{"link_name":"Bang Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Bang_(My_Baby_Shot_Me_Down)"},{"link_name":"Living in a House Divided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_in_a_House_Divided"},{"link_name":"Bang Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Bang_(My_Baby_Shot_Me_Down)"},{"link_name":"Believe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Believe_(Cher_song)"},{"link_name":"All I Ever Need Is You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Ever_Need_Is_You_(song)"},{"link_name":"Song for the Lonely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_for_the_Lonely"},{"link_name":"Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsies,_Tramps_and_Thieves"},{"link_name":"Midnight Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Rider"},{"link_name":"Just Like Jesse James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Like_Jesse_James"},{"link_name":"Believe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Believe_(Cher_song)"},{"link_name":"Dark Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Lady_(song)"},{"link_name":"Baby Don't Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Don%27t_Go"},{"link_name":"Strong Enough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Enough_(Cher_song)"},{"link_name":"The Way of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_Love#Cher_version"},{"link_name":"The Beat Goes On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beat_Goes_On_(Sonny_%26_Cher_song)"},{"link_name":"Dov'è L'amore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dov%27%C3%A8_L%27amore"},{"link_name":"I Found Someone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Found_Someone#Cher_version"},{"link_name":"A Different Kind of Love Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Different_Kind_of_Love_Song"},{"link_name":"Heart of Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Stone_(Bucks_Fizz_song)#Cher_version"},{"link_name":"We All Sleep Alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_All_Sleep_Alone"},{"link_name":"Song for the Lonely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_for_the_Lonely"},{"link_name":"I Got You Babe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Got_You_Babe"},{"link_name":"You Haven't Seen the Last of Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Haven%27t_Seen_the_Last_of_Me"},{"link_name":"A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dream_is_a_Wish_Your_Heart_Makes"},{"link_name":"Medley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medley_(music)"},{"link_name":"Believe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Believe_(Cher_song)"},{"link_name":"Strong Enough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Enough_(Cher_song)"},{"link_name":"Woman's World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_World"},{"link_name":"Dov'è L'amore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dov%27%C3%A8_L%27amore"},{"link_name":"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shoop_Shoop_Song_(It%27s_in_His_Kiss)#Cher_version"},{"link_name":"I Found Someone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Found_Someone"},{"link_name":"Believe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Believe_(Cher_song)"}],"sub_title":"2022 UK Tour","text":"Songs listed as they appear in the official set list.Act I\n\"Believe\" – Company\n\"If I Could Turn Back Time\" – Star and Company\n\"Half-Breed\" – Georgia Holt and Babe\n\"A Dream Is A Wish Your Heart Makes\" – Babe, Georgia and Star\n\"You Better Sit Down Kid\" – Georgia\n\"Half Breed (Reprise)\" – Lady, Babe and Star\n\"Da Doo Ron Ron\" – Babe, Star, Lady and Company\n\"Be My Baby\" – Company\n\"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)\" – Babe, Star, Lady and Company\n\"I Got You Babe\" – Babe and Sonny\n\"Little Man\" – Sonny\n\"When the Money's Gone / All or Nothing\" – Babe, Sonny, Star, Lady and Company\n\"VAMP\" – Lady, Babe and Star\n\"Ain't Nobody's Business If I Do\" – Bob Mackie, Lady, Babe, Star and Company\n\"Bang Bang\" – Lady\n\"Living in a House Divided\" – Star, Babe, Lady and Sonny\n\"Bang Bang (Reprise)\" – Lady, Star, Babe and Company\n\"Believe\" – Star, Lady, and Babe\n\"All I Ever Need Is You\" – Lady and Sonny\n\"Song for the Lonely\" – Star, Lady, and Babe\n\n\n\n\nAct II\n\"Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves\" – Star and Company\n\"Midnight Rider\" – Gregg Allman\n\"Just Like Jesse James\" – Star, Gregg and Company\n\"Believe (Reprise)\" – Lady and Babe\n\"Dark Lady\" – Star, Sonny, Gregg and Company\n\"Baby Don't Go\" – Sonny\n\"Strong Enough\" – Star, Lady and Babe\n\"The Way of Love\" – Star\n\"The Beat Goes On\" – Star, Babe, Bob, Lady and Company\n\"Dov'è L'amore\" – Star and Company\n\"I Found Someone\" – Lady and Star\n\"A Different Kind of Love Song\" – Rob Camiletti, Star and Georgia\n\"Heart of Stone\" – Star\n\"We All Sleep Alone\" (removed August 2022) – Lady\n\"Song for the Lonely\" (Reprise) (added August 2022) – Lady\n\"I Got You Babe (Reprise)\" – Star and Sonny\n\"You Haven't Seen the Last of Me\" – Star, Babe and Lady\n\"A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes (Reprise)\" – Star and GeorgiaFinale (Medley comprising, in order, \"Believe\", \"Strong Enough\", \"Woman's World\", \"Dov'è L'amore\", \"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)\", \"I Found Someone\", and \"Believe\".)","title":"Musical numbers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Original Broadway production","title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hetrick, Adam (June 29, 2018). \"The Cher Show Opens in Chicago Ahead of Fall Broadway Arrival\". Playbill.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playbill.com/article/the-cher-show-opens-in-chicago-ahead-of-fall-broadway-arrival","url_text":"\"The Cher Show Opens in Chicago Ahead of Fall Broadway Arrival\""}]},{"reference":"Hetrick, Adam (July 16, 2018). \"What Happened When The Cher Show Was Forced to Cancel Final Chicago Performance\". Playbill. Retrieved October 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playbill.com/article/what-happened-when-the-cher-show-was-forced-to-cancel-final-chicago-performance","url_text":"\"What Happened When The Cher Show Was Forced to Cancel Final Chicago Performance\""}]},{"reference":"McPhee, Ryan (April 17, 2018). \"Micaela Diamond and Teal Wicks Join Stephanie J. Block as Title Role in The Cher Show, Full Cast Announced\". Playbill.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playbill.com/article/micaela-diamond-and-teal-wicks-join-stephanie-j-block-as-title-role-in-the-cher-show-full-cast-announced","url_text":"\"Micaela Diamond and Teal Wicks Join Stephanie J. Block as Title Role in The Cher Show, Full Cast Announced\""}]},{"reference":"McPhee, Ryan (March 14, 2018). \"Bob Mackie Will Create Costumes for Broadway's The Cher Show, Full Design Team Announced\". Playbill.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playbill.com/article/bob-mackie-will-create-costumes-for-broadways-the-cher-show-full-design-team-announced","url_text":"\"Bob Mackie Will Create Costumes for Broadway's The Cher Show, Full Design Team Announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cast\". thechershowbroadway.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://thechershowbroadway.com/#cast","url_text":"\"Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Cher Show to tour UK & Ireland\". Best of Theatre. May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bestoftheatre.co.uk/blog/post/cher-show-uk-tour","url_text":"\"The Cher Show to tour UK & Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Six\". Broadway.com. Retrieved July 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadway.com/shows/six/","url_text":"\"Six\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". THE CHER SHOW. Retrieved July 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cheronstage.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Cher Show unveils complete company ahead of UK and Ireland tour | WhatsOnStage\". www.whatsonstage.com. March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whatsonstage.com/leicester-theatre/news/the-cher-show-unveils-complete-company-tour_56109.html","url_text":"\"The Cher Show unveils complete company ahead of UK and Ireland tour | WhatsOnStage\""}]},{"reference":"Bailey-Millado, Rob (June 26, 2019). \"'The Cher Show' announces closing date, national tour\". New York Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2019/06/26/the-cher-show-announces-closing-date-national-tour/","url_text":"\"'The Cher Show' announces closing date, national tour\""}]},{"reference":"Wild, Stephi. \"THE CHER SHOW Will Kick Off National Tour in November\". Broadway World.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/THE-CHER-SHOW-Will-Kick-Off-National-Tour-in-November-20230907","url_text":"\"THE CHER SHOW Will Kick Off National Tour in November\""}]},{"reference":"Masseron, Meg. \"The Cher Show Will Embark on National Tour This Fall\". Playbill.","urls":[{"url":"https://playbill.com/article/the-cher-show-will-embark-on-national-tour-this-fall","url_text":"\"The Cher Show Will Embark on National Tour This Fall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ella Perez, Catherine Ariale, and Morgan Scott to Star in The Cher Show National Tour\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playbill.com/article/ella-perez-catherine-ariale-and-morgan-scott-to-star-in-the-cher-show-national-tour","url_text":"\"Ella Perez, Catherine Ariale, and Morgan Scott to Star in The Cher Show National Tour\""}]},{"reference":"Wild, Stephi. \"Cast Set For the Non-Equity National Tour of THE CHER SHOW\". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved October 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Cast-Set-For-the-Non-Equity-National-Tour-of-THE-CHER-SHOW-20231023","url_text":"\"Cast Set For the Non-Equity National Tour of THE CHER SHOW\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yes, We Believe in Life After Love! Lesli Margherita, Lena Hall & Jillian Mueller Led a Reading of t…\". New York Broadway Tours. January 21, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://newyorkbroadwaytours.com/yes-we-believe-in-life-after-love-lesli-margherita-lena-hall-jillian-mueller-led-a-reading-of-t/","url_text":"\"Yes, We Believe in Life After Love! Lesli Margherita, Lena Hall & Jillian Mueller Led a Reading of t…\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Greg (April 17, 2018). \"Broadway-Bound 'The Cher Show' Finds Its Chers; Complete Casting Announced\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/04/the-cher-showbroadway-complete-casting-teal-wicks-micaela-diamond-stephanie-j-block-1202366065/","url_text":"\"Broadway-Bound 'The Cher Show' Finds Its Chers; Complete Casting Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"The Cher Show unveils complete company ahead of UK and Ireland tour\". WhatsOnStage. March 15, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whatsonstage.com/leicester-theatre/news/the-cher-show-unveils-complete-company-tour_56109.html","url_text":"\"The Cher Show unveils complete company ahead of UK and Ireland tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cher Show UK Cast List\". CherOnStage. Retrieved April 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cheronstage.com/cast-creatives/","url_text":"\"Cher Show UK Cast List\""}]},{"reference":"McIntyre, Hugh (April 25, 2019). \"Drama Desk Award Nominations 2019: 'Oklahoma!,' 'Tootsie' Lead Nominees List\". Forbes. Retrieved April 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2019/04/25/drama-desk-award-nominations-2019-oklahoma-toosie-lead-nominees-list/#1c794d6cfab8","url_text":"\"Drama Desk Award Nominations 2019: 'Oklahoma!,' 'Tootsie' Lead Nominees List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"THE 85th ANNUAL DRAMA LEAGUE AWARDS NOMINEES\". Drama League Awards. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190423230033/http://dramaleague.org/events/awards/nominees19","url_text":"\"THE 85th ANNUAL DRAMA LEAGUE AWARDS NOMINEES\""},{"url":"http://dramaleague.org/events/awards/nominees19","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clement, Olivia (April 23, 2019). \"Hadestown Leads 2019 Outer Critics Circle Nominations\". Playbill. Retrieved April 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/hadestown-leads-2019-outer-critics-circle-nominations/","url_text":"\"Hadestown Leads 2019 Outer Critics Circle Nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playbill","url_text":"Playbill"}]},{"reference":"McPhee, Ryan (May 2, 2019). \"Jeremy Pope, Phoebe Waller-Bridge, Bonnie Milligan, More Earn 2019 Theatre World Awards\". Playbill. Retrieved May 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/jeremy-pope-phoebe-waller-bridge-bonnie-milligan-more-earn-2019-theatre-world-awards","url_text":"\"Jeremy Pope, Phoebe Waller-Bridge, Bonnie Milligan, More Earn 2019 Theatre World Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playbill","url_text":"Playbill"}]},{"reference":"R., Nathaniel. \"Chita Rivera Awards, Cher and Film Choreography\". thefilmexperience.net. Retrieved April 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://thefilmexperience.net/blog/2019/4/26/chita-rivera-awards-cher-and-film-choreography.html","url_text":"\"Chita Rivera Awards, Cher and Film Choreography\""}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Anita (September 24, 2019). \"Casting Society Unveils 2019 TV & Theater Artios Awards Nominees\". Deadline. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2019/09/casting-society-unveils-2019-tv-theater-artios-awards-nominees-1202743127/","url_text":"\"Casting Society Unveils 2019 TV & Theater Artios Awards Nominees\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.playbill.com/article/the-cher-show-opens-in-chicago-ahead-of-fall-broadway-arrival","external_links_name":"\"The Cher Show Opens in Chicago Ahead of Fall Broadway Arrival\""},{"Link":"https://www.playbill.com/article/what-happened-when-the-cher-show-was-forced-to-cancel-final-chicago-performance","external_links_name":"\"What Happened When The Cher Show Was Forced to Cancel Final Chicago Performance\""},{"Link":"https://www.playbill.com/article/micaela-diamond-and-teal-wicks-join-stephanie-j-block-as-title-role-in-the-cher-show-full-cast-announced","external_links_name":"\"Micaela Diamond and Teal Wicks Join Stephanie J. Block as Title Role in The Cher Show, Full Cast Announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.playbill.com/article/bob-mackie-will-create-costumes-for-broadways-the-cher-show-full-design-team-announced","external_links_name":"\"Bob Mackie Will Create Costumes for Broadway's The Cher Show, Full Design Team Announced\""},{"Link":"https://thechershowbroadway.com/#cast","external_links_name":"\"Cast\""},{"Link":"https://www.bestoftheatre.co.uk/blog/post/cher-show-uk-tour","external_links_name":"\"The Cher Show to tour UK & Ireland\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadway.com/shows/six/","external_links_name":"\"Six\""},{"Link":"https://cheronstage.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.whatsonstage.com/leicester-theatre/news/the-cher-show-unveils-complete-company-tour_56109.html","external_links_name":"\"The Cher Show unveils complete company ahead of UK and Ireland tour | WhatsOnStage\""},{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2019/06/26/the-cher-show-announces-closing-date-national-tour/","external_links_name":"\"'The Cher Show' announces closing date, national tour\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/THE-CHER-SHOW-Will-Kick-Off-National-Tour-in-November-20230907","external_links_name":"\"THE CHER SHOW Will Kick Off National Tour in November\""},{"Link":"https://playbill.com/article/the-cher-show-will-embark-on-national-tour-this-fall","external_links_name":"\"The Cher Show Will Embark on National Tour This Fall\""},{"Link":"https://www.playbill.com/article/ella-perez-catherine-ariale-and-morgan-scott-to-star-in-the-cher-show-national-tour","external_links_name":"\"Ella Perez, Catherine Ariale, and Morgan Scott to Star in The Cher Show National Tour\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Cast-Set-For-the-Non-Equity-National-Tour-of-THE-CHER-SHOW-20231023","external_links_name":"\"Cast Set For the Non-Equity National Tour of THE CHER SHOW\""},{"Link":"http://newyorkbroadwaytours.com/yes-we-believe-in-life-after-love-lesli-margherita-lena-hall-jillian-mueller-led-a-reading-of-t/","external_links_name":"\"Yes, We Believe in Life After Love! Lesli Margherita, Lena Hall & Jillian Mueller Led a Reading of t…\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2018/04/the-cher-showbroadway-complete-casting-teal-wicks-micaela-diamond-stephanie-j-block-1202366065/","external_links_name":"\"Broadway-Bound 'The Cher Show' Finds Its Chers; Complete Casting Announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.whatsonstage.com/leicester-theatre/news/the-cher-show-unveils-complete-company-tour_56109.html","external_links_name":"\"The Cher Show unveils complete company ahead of UK and Ireland tour\""},{"Link":"https://cheronstage.com/cast-creatives/","external_links_name":"\"Cher Show UK Cast List\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2019/04/25/drama-desk-award-nominations-2019-oklahoma-toosie-lead-nominees-list/#1c794d6cfab8","external_links_name":"\"Drama Desk Award Nominations 2019: 'Oklahoma!,' 'Tootsie' Lead Nominees List\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190423230033/http://dramaleague.org/events/awards/nominees19","external_links_name":"\"THE 85th ANNUAL DRAMA LEAGUE AWARDS NOMINEES\""},{"Link":"http://dramaleague.org/events/awards/nominees19","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/hadestown-leads-2019-outer-critics-circle-nominations/","external_links_name":"\"Hadestown Leads 2019 Outer Critics Circle Nominations\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/jeremy-pope-phoebe-waller-bridge-bonnie-milligan-more-earn-2019-theatre-world-awards","external_links_name":"\"Jeremy Pope, Phoebe Waller-Bridge, Bonnie Milligan, More Earn 2019 Theatre World Awards\""},{"Link":"http://thefilmexperience.net/blog/2019/4/26/chita-rivera-awards-cher-and-film-choreography.html","external_links_name":"\"Chita Rivera Awards, Cher and Film Choreography\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2019/09/casting-society-unveils-2019-tv-theater-artios-awards-nominees-1202743127/","external_links_name":"\"Casting Society Unveils 2019 TV & Theater Artios Awards Nominees\""},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-cher-show-518460","external_links_name":"Internet Broadway Database"},{"Link":"https://thechershowbroadway.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://cheronstage.com/","external_links_name":"Official UK & Ireland Tour Website"},{"Link":"https://thechershowtour.com/","external_links_name":"U.S. 2023-24 national tour scedule"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiyeh_-_Bsentiya | Sadiyeh - Bsentiya | ["1 References"] | Village in Idlib, SyriaSadiyeh - Bsentiya
السعدية بسندتياVillageCountry SyriaGovernorateIdlibDistrictJisr al-Shughur DistrictSubdistrictDarkush NahiyahPopulation (2004) • Total621Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)City Qrya PcodeC4246
Sadiyeh - Bsentiya (Arabic: السعدية بسندتيا) is a Syrian village located in Darkush Nahiyah in Jisr al-Shughur District, Idlib. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Sadiyeh - Bsentiya had a population of 621 in the 2004 census.
References
^ "General Census of Population 2004". Retrieved 2015-12-09.
Asia portal
vte Idlib GovernorateCapital: IdlibIdlib DistrictIdlib Subdistrict
Idlib
Al-Mastumah
Faylun
Qminas
Aqrabat
Arshani
Ein Shib
Kafruhin
Kreiz
Martein
Nayrab
Ora Shamaliyah
Sijer
Tab Issa Gharbi wa Sharki
Abu al-Duhur Subdistrict
Abu al-Duhur
Tell Sultan
Tell Touqan
Ballisa
Baragethi
Barissa
Busra - Zafar Saghir
Harmala
Hmeimat Eldayer
Hseiniyeh - Tell Kalba
Jallas
Jdidhe Abu Elthohur
Msheirfeh
Mustariha
Ras El Ein
Rasm Abed
Tell Elaghar
Tell Fukhar
Tell Silmo
Taljineh
Talkhatra
Tawahineh
Tawil Elsheikh
Tweim
Taweila
Zafar al-Kabir
Saraqib Subdistrict
Saraqib
Khan al-Sabil
Mardikh
Abul Khos
Afs
Ajez
Anqrati
Bijfas
Bweiti
Dadikh
Jobas
Kafr Battikh
Kafr Amim
Khuwara
Lof
Maar Dibsi
Maharem
Rasafa
Rayan
Salamin
San
Sheikh Idris
Tell Karatine
Tronba
Taftanaz Subdistrict
Taftanaz
Ketyan
Maaret Elnaasan
Shallakh
Talhiyeh
Maarrat Misrin Subdistrict
Maarrat Misrin
Zardana
Haranabush
Hizano
Kafriya
Kaftin
Killi
Maarrat al-Ikhwan
Batenta
Bhora
Kafr Jales
Kafr Nabi
Kafr Yahmul
Murin
Ram Hamdan
Taltuneh
Binnish Subdistrict
Binnish
Al-Fu'ah
Ta'um
Sarmin Subdistrict
Sarmin
Ma'arrat al-Nu'man DistrictMaarrat al-Nu'man Subdistrict
Ma'arrat al-Nu'man
Abu Makki
Babilla
Barsa
Bsida
Al-Dana
Deir al-Gharbi
Deir Sharqi
Ghadqa
Halbeh
Hantutin
Harran
Hatamiyeh
Hazzan
Hraki
Jarada
Jarjnaz
Kafr Rumah
Kanayes
Kuweires
Maar Shamshah
Maar Shamarin
Maar Shurin
Maasaran
Qaratli
Samkeh
Sarman
Tell Dibis
Tell Kersyan
Tell Mannas
Thahrat Talamnas
Tqana
Khan Shaykhun Subdistrict
Khan Shaykhun
Abdin
Baarbu
Hbit
Kafr Ein
Nqeir
Qasabiyeh
Umm Zaytuna
Sinjar Subdistrict
Sinjar
Abu Sharji
Abul Eleij
Bashkun
Borj
Brennan
Dreibiyeh
Dwadiyeh
Ejaz
Fahil Jallas
Ferwan
Ghazileh
Halban
Hawa
Heisa
Jaberiyeh
Jahman
Jeb Elqasab
Kafraya Elmaarra
Karatin al-Kabir
Karatin Saghir
Karsanti
Khayriyeh
Khayriyeh Saghira
Khwein Elshaer
Khyara
Lweibdeh Shamaliyah
Lweibdeh Sharki
Magharet Merza
Maksar
Mardagana Burtuqala
Mreiheb
Mreijeb Elmashad
Mutawaseta
Nibaz
Ojeh
Qasr Elabyad
Qatra
Rabeeah Brennan
Rabeeah Musa
Rasm Elabed
Saree
Sarja Gharbiya
Sarja Sharkiya
Sayadi
Seraa
Shara - Sharat Elajayez
Sheikh Barakeh
Sqiah
Tell Dam
Tell Elojeh
Tell Halawa
Tellemara
Thleijeh
Umm Sehrij
Umm Tini
Umm Mweilat Janubiyah
Kafr Nabl Subdistrict
Kafr Nabl
Hazarin
Hass
Basqala
Dara al-Kabira
Faqie
Fleifel
Ftireh
Jbala
Kafr Musa
Kafr Oweid
Karsaa
Kawkabeh
Lweibdeh
Maar Tahroma
Maar Tamater
Maar Tesin
Maarzita
Milaja
Qoqfin
Rasha Shamaliya
Sfuhen
Sheikh Mustafa
Shorlin
Tramla
Umm Nir
Tamanah Subdistrict
Al-Tamanah
Sukayk
Abu Dali
Abu Omar
Breiseh
Dajaj
Farja
Hamadaniyeh
Khwein al-Kabir
Mashraf Rajmel Mashraf
Msheirfeh Qabliyeh
Mushayrifa Shamaliya
Niha
Qleiat Eltubiyeh
Raffa
Rweideh
Sahal
Shatib
Tell Khanzir
Tell Maraq
Tama
Umm Elkhalayel
Umm Jalal
Hish Subdistrict
Hish
Abu Habbeh
Ameriyeh
Amudiyeh
Armanaya
Babuline
Jabala Sharqiya
Kafr Basin
Kafrsajna
Maar Hattat
Maysruneh
Moqa
Rakaya Sijneh
Sahyan
Salhiyeh
Sheikh Dames
Al-Tah
Tahtaya
Ariha DistrictAriha Subdistrict
Ariha
Iblin
Kafr Latah
Kurin
Nahlaya
Shinan
Urum al-Jawz
Abkally
Bab Ellah
Banin
Bazabur
Berjhab
Ebneh
Kafr Shalaya
Kafraziba
Maarbalit
Maarzaf
Majdaliya
Moataf
Maataram
Mseibin
Nahleh
Sarja
Thaheriya
Al-Badria
Ihsim Subdistrict
Ihsim
Al-Rami
Juzif
Marayan
Abdita
Arnaba
Balshun
Balyun
Bara
Bsames
Deir Sunbul
Ein Laruz
Farkya
Iblin
Kafr Haya
Kansafra
Maghara
Marata
Mozra
Muhambal Subdistrict
Muhambal
Anb
Bales
Baqlid
Baydar Shamsu
Beftamun
Bsanqul
Hila
Hlul
Hmeimat
Jadraya
Kafrmid
Kniseh
Laj Shamali
Matleh, Ariha
Ora Qabli - Edwan
Sahen
Sararif
Shagurit
Al-Sad
Al-Marj
Jisr al-Shughur DistrictJisr al-Shughur Subdistrict
Jisr ash-Shughur
Al-Marj Al-Akhdar Al-Sharqi
Alyeh
Balmis
Bkafla
Bsheiriyeh - Bello
Bteibat
Bzeit
Dgali
Ein Elhamra
Ein Elsoda
Eshtabraq
Frikeh
Ghanya
Al-Ghassaniyah
Hallouz
Hseiniyeh
Jannet Elqora
Kafir
Kniset Nakhleh
Maalaqa - Bishlamon
Marj Akhdar Gharbi
Marj Elzohur
Matleh
Mintar
Msheirfeh
Qaysiyeh
Rawda
Sabileh
Salhiyeh
Sali
Sheikh Sindyan Fawqani
Shghur Fawqani
Sokkariyeh
Tell Awar
Tell Hamki
Umm Elgar
Umm Rish
Watba
Al-Arien
Shughur Tahtani
Bidama Subdistrict
Bidama
Armala
Baksariya
Ein El-Bayda
Hanbushiyeh
Kherbet Eljoz
Kinda
Maraand
Najiyeh
Ramliyeh
Shaturiyeh
Tuffahiyeh
Yunesiyeh
Sheikh Sndian Tahtani
Darkush Subdistrict
Darkush
Zarzur
Amud
Andnaniyeh - Farjein
Deir Othman
Dorriyeh
Ghazala - Mgheidleh
Jamiliya
Matleh - Batlaya
Mazuleh
Maryamin
Ramadiyeh
Sadiyeh - Bsentiya
Sawadiya - Nabhan
Sheikh Issa Elashury
Thahr
Turin
Zahraa
Zanbaqi
Janudiyah Subdistrict
Al-Janudiyah
Al-Quniyah
Al-Yacoubiyah
Athar
Foz - Zuf
Hamama - Kafr Debbin
Hassaniyeh - Hatya
Judayda
Maland
Mudiah - Luxin
Nasra
Qaderiyeh - Qayqun
Tiba - Katrin
Harem DistrictHarem Subdistrict
Harem
Ariba
Besnaya - Bseineh
Kafr Hum
Kafr Mu
Mira Shaq
Dana Subdistrict
Al-Dana
Salwah
Atme
Qah
Kafr Dariyan
Sarmada
Taladah
Turmanin
Aqrabat
Burj Elnumra
Deir Hassan - Darhashan
Hezreh - Hezri
Tell Elkarame
Salqin Subdistrict
Salqin
Abu Talha
Isqat
Al-Alani
Azmarin
Talamar
Betiya
Bozanti
Delbiya
Ein Elbikara
Foziyeh
Hamziyeh
Hir Jamus Kabir
Hir Jamus Saghir
Kafarna
Kafr Hind
Kafrahlat Jallad
Saidiyeh
Al-Shiokh
Al-Tlul
Kafr Takharim Subdistrict
Kafr Takharim
Kafr Kila
Abarita
Bshendlaya - Rashadiya
Helleh
Jadeen
Kafr Maris
Kuku - Ein Eljaj
Taltita
Qurqania Subdistrict
Qurqania
Banabil
Barisha
Qalb Loze
Boz Ghaz
Htan
Kafr Aruq
Merat Elshalaf
Rabeeta
Radwa
Ras Elhisn
Sardin
Tur Laha
Armanaz Subdistrict
Armanaz
Biret Armanaz
Bsaliya
Dweila
Ghafar
Hafasraja
Haj Jomaa
Kabta
Kuwaro - Umm Elriyah
Millis
Quneitra
Sheikh Yousef
This article about a location in Idlib Governorate, Syria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Darkush Nahiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkush_Nahiyah"},{"link_name":"Jisr al-Shughur District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisr_al-Shughur_District"},{"link_name":"Idlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Syria Central Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Sadiyeh - Bsentiya (Arabic: السعدية بسندتيا) is a Syrian village located in Darkush Nahiyah in Jisr al-Shughur District, Idlib. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Sadiyeh - Bsentiya had a population of 621 in the 2004 census.[1]","title":"Sadiyeh - Bsentiya"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"General Census of Population 2004\". Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/syr_pop_2004_sycensus_0.xls","url_text":"\"General Census of Population 2004\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/syr_pop_2004_sycensus_0.xls","external_links_name":"\"General Census of Population 2004\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadiyeh_-_Bsentiya&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Finger | Joseph Finger | ["1 Early years","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Death and legacy","5 Works","6 References"] | American architect
Joseph Finger
Joseph Finger (7 March 1887 – 6 February 1953) was an Austrian American architect. After immigrating to the United States in 1905, Finger settled in Houston, Texas in 1908, where he would remain for the duration of his life. Finger is best remembered for his role in bringing modern architecture to Texas.
Early years
Joseph Finger was born 7 March 1887 in Bielitz, Austria-Hungary to Henri Finger (1862-1941) and Hani Seifter (1870-1947). After finishing high school and technical training, he moved to the United States in 1905.
Career
Finger settled first in New Orleans in 1905, then moved to Houston, Texas in three years later. He found employment with C. D. Hill & Company, an architecture firm based in Dallas, where he worked for about five years.
Finger joined a series of architecture partnerships, starting with Green & Finger in 1913. At that firm, he designed the DeGeorge Hotel, located at the corner of Preston and Labranch. His second partnership was with Lamar Q. Cato (Finger & Cato). After 1922, he worked independently. By the late 1920s, he established a robust business for hotel design, completing three hotels outside Houston, and the Auditorium Hotel, the Ben Milam Hotel, the Plaza Hotel, and the Texas State Hotel, all in Houston. Many of these hotels catered to wealthy residents with modern amenities such as air conditioning and running ide-water. All of these Houston hotels were still standing through the first part of 2012, when the Auditorium and Texas State still operated as hotels, the DeGeorge was used as a hotel for veterans, and the Plaza as a bank. By the end of 2012, however, the Ben Milam was taken down.
While conservative style marked Finger's luxury hotels, some of his other buildings reflected Art Deco style. In 1925, he designed the Temple Beth Israel, more recently repurposed as a theater building for Houston Community College. His 1929 building, the Houston Turn-Verein Clubhouse, employed some Austrian-inspired "zig-zag" Art Deco elements. Meanwhile he was the artitect of over two dozen Art Deco grocery stores for the Weingarten chain.
Though Finger established a practice of commercial architecture, he also designed many single-family residences, especially in the Riverside Terrace neighborhood in Houston. One of these was for Abe Weingarten. Jesse H. Jones contracted for his services for a mixed-use building to house the Houston Chamber of Commerce with a store front for Levy Brothers' Dry Goods, a collaboration with Alfred C. Finn. This design team later produced Jefferson Davis Hospital, which occupied a site more recently occupied by the Federal Reserve Building.
From 1944 until his death in 1953, Finger worked in a partnership with George W. Rustay.
Finger designed the 1939 Houston City Hall, designed in a stripped classical style. In response to criticism from Houston mayor R. H. Fonville, who wanted a style with more classical reference, Finger said, "Here in America we are rapidly developing our own type of architecture which is far above that of foreign countries. We are building for the masses, not the classes." Above the lobby entrance of the City Hall is a stone relief of two men taming a wild horse, symbolizing a community coming together to form a government to tame the world around them. This sculpture, and the twenty-seven other friezes around the building, were carved by Beaumont artist Herring Coe and co-designer Raoul Josset.
Personal life
On June 18, 1913, Finger married Gertrude Levy (1891-1985), a Houston native. The couple had one son, Joseph Seifter Finger (1918-2003), who also practiced architecture.
In Houston, Finger was a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Houston Chamber of Commerce, Houston Turn-Verein, B'nai B'rith, and the Westwood Country Club.
Death and legacy
On 6 February 1953, a month short of his 66th birthday, Finger died in Houston. He is buried in Beth Israel Mausoleum in Beth Israel Cemetery.
Works
Name
City
Address
Year
Status
Panama Hotel
Galveston, Texas
202 Rosenberg Street
1912
American National Insurance Company
Galveston, Texas
1913
Demolished
Model Laundry Building
Galveston, Texas
513 25th Street
1913
De George Hotel
Houston, Texas
1418 Preston Street
1913
Concordia Club
Houston, Texas
1915
Demolished
Sterne Building
Houston, Texas
300 Main Street
1916
Cheek-Neal Coffee Company
Houston, Texas
2017 Preston Street
1917
Keystone Building
Houston, Texas
1120 Texas Avenue
1922
Tennison Hotel
Houston, Texas
110 Bagby Street
1922
Ricou-Brewster Building
Shreveport, Louisiana
421 Milam Street
1924
Demolished
Temple Beth Israel
Houston, Texas
3517 Austin Street
1924
Now Heinen Theatre
Texas Packing Company
Houston, Texas
1924
William Penn Hotel
Houston, Texas
1423 Texas Avenue
1925
Demolished 2006
Citizens State Bank
Houston, Texas
3620 Washington Avenue
1925
Now Rockefeller Hall
Auditorium Hotel
Houston, Texas
701 Texas Avenue
1926
Now Lancaster Hotel
Wade Irvin House
La Porte, Texas
431 Bayridge Road
1927
Vaughn Hotel
Port Arthur, Texas
600 Proctor Street
1929
Charleston Hotel
Lake Charles, Louisiana
900 South Ryan Street
1929
Joseph Finger House
Houston, Texas
2221 Rosedale Avenue
1929
A. C. Burton Company Auto Showroom
Houston, Texas
1400 Main Street
1929
Demolished
Texas State Hotel
Houston, Texas
720 Fannin Street
1929
Now Club Quarters Hotel
Houston Turn-Verein Clubhouse
Houston, Texas
5202 Almeda Road
1929
Demolished 1993
James West House
Houston, Texas
3303 East NASA Parkway
1929
Plaza Hotel
Houston, Texas
5020 Montrose Boulevard
1929
McCartney Hotel
Texarkana, Texas
100 Front Street
1930
Abandoned
Wolff Memorial Home
Houston, Texas
1930
Demolished
Simon and Mamie Minchen House
Houston, Texas
1753 North Boulevard
1931
Thomas Monroe House
Houston, Texas
1624 Kirby Drive
1931
Davis House
Houston, Texas
2330 North Braeswood Boulevard
1933
Barker Brothers Studio
Houston, Texas
4912 Main Street
1931
Henry Tennison House
Houston, Texas
427 Lovett Boulevard
1932
Now owned by Alliance Française
Byrd's Department Store
Houston, Texas
420 Main Street
1934
Beth Israel Mausoleum
Houston, Texas
1207 West Dallas Street
1935
Montgomery County Courthouse
Conroe, Texas
301 North Main Street
1935
Jefferson Davis Hospital
Houston, Texas
1801 Allen Parkway
1936
Demolished 1999
Ben Milam Hotel
Houston, Texas
1521 Texas Avenue
1936
Demolished 2012
Clarke and Courts Printing Plant
Houston, Texas
1210 West Clay Street
1936
Now Tribeca Lofts
John Platt House
Houston, Texas
3311 Del Monte Drive
1936
Joseph Weingarten House
Houston, Texas
4000 South MacGregor Way
1937
Currently undergoing full restoration
Tower Community Centre
Houston, Texas
1003 Westheimer Road
1937
Abe Weingarten House
Houston, Texas
3612 Parkwood Drive
1938
Wesley West House
Houston, Texas
Riverside Drive and Live Oak Street
1938
Demolished 1963
Houston Municipal Airport Terminal
Houston, Texas
8325 Travelair Street
1939
Operating as museum
Houston City Hall
Houston, Texas
901 Bagby Street
1939
Parker Brothers and Company
Houston, Texas
5305 Navigation Boulevard
1939
Abe Battelstein House
Houston, Texas
3615 Parkwood Drive
1940
Carnation Company Creamery
Houston, Texas
701 Waugh Drive
1946
Demolished
Beth Yeshurun Synagogue
Houston, Texas
3501 Southmore Avenue
1949
Now Lucian L. Lockhart Elementary School
Battelstein Building
Houston, Texas
812 Main Street
1950
Harris County Courthouse
Houston, Texas
1953
Sol Weingarten Family Home
Houston, Texas
3222 Oakmont Drive
1949
Abandoned; restoration in process
References
^ a b c d Fox, Stephen (September 1, 1995). "Finger, Joseph (1887–1953)". Texas Handbook Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
^ a b c d Levine, Josh (2013). "Joseph Finger: The Man Behind Houston's Iconic Architecture" (PDF). Houston History. 10 (3): 2–6. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Finger.png"},{"link_name":"Austrian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Americans"},{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"modern architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"}],"text":"Joseph FingerJoseph Finger (7 March 1887 – 6 February 1953) was an Austrian American architect. After immigrating to the United States in 1905, Finger settled in Houston, Texas in 1908, where he would remain for the duration of his life. Finger is best remembered for his role in bringing modern architecture to Texas.","title":"Joseph Finger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bielitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielitz"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsha-1"}],"text":"Joseph Finger was born 7 March 1887 in Bielitz, Austria-Hungary to Henri Finger (1862-1941) and Hani Seifter (1870-1947). After finishing high school and technical training, he moved to the United States in 1905.[1]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"C. D. Hill & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._D._Hill_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hh-2"},{"link_name":"DeGeorge Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DeGeorge_Hotel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Auditorium Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lancaster_Hotel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Texas State Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hh-2"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Temple Beth Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_Beth_Israel_(Houston)"},{"link_name":"Houston Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Community_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hh-2"},{"link_name":"Riverside Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Terrace"},{"link_name":"Abe Weingarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abe_Weingarten&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jesse H. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_H._Jones"},{"link_name":"Houston Chamber of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houston_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alfred C. Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_C._Finn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hh-2"},{"link_name":"Houston City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"stripped classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripped_classical"},{"link_name":"R. H. Fonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._H._Fonville&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Herring Coe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring_Coe"},{"link_name":"Raoul Josset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Josset"}],"text":"Finger settled first in New Orleans in 1905, then moved to Houston, Texas in three years later. He found employment with C. D. Hill & Company, an architecture firm based in Dallas, where he worked for about five years.[2]Finger joined a series of architecture partnerships, starting with Green & Finger in 1913. At that firm, he designed the DeGeorge Hotel, located at the corner of Preston and Labranch. His second partnership was with Lamar Q. Cato (Finger & Cato). After 1922, he worked independently. By the late 1920s, he established a robust business for hotel design, completing three hotels outside Houston, and the Auditorium Hotel, the Ben Milam Hotel, the Plaza Hotel, and the Texas State Hotel, all in Houston. Many of these hotels catered to wealthy residents with modern amenities such as air conditioning and running ide-water. All of these Houston hotels were still standing through the first part of 2012, when the Auditorium and Texas State still operated as hotels, the DeGeorge was used as a hotel for veterans, and the Plaza as a bank. By the end of 2012, however, the Ben Milam was taken down.[2]While conservative style marked Finger's luxury hotels, some of his other buildings reflected Art Deco style. In 1925, he designed the Temple Beth Israel, more recently repurposed as a theater building for Houston Community College. His 1929 building, the Houston Turn-Verein Clubhouse, employed some Austrian-inspired \"zig-zag\" Art Deco elements. Meanwhile he was the artitect of over two dozen Art Deco grocery stores for the Weingarten chain.[2]Though Finger established a practice of commercial architecture, he also designed many single-family residences, especially in the Riverside Terrace neighborhood in Houston. One of these was for Abe Weingarten. Jesse H. Jones contracted for his services for a mixed-use building to house the Houston Chamber of Commerce with a store front for Levy Brothers' Dry Goods, a collaboration with Alfred C. Finn. This design team later produced Jefferson Davis Hospital, which occupied a site more recently occupied by the Federal Reserve Building.[2]From 1944 until his death in 1953, Finger worked in a partnership with George W. Rustay.Finger designed the 1939 Houston City Hall, designed in a stripped classical style. In response to criticism from Houston mayor R. H. Fonville, who wanted a style with more classical reference, Finger said, \"Here in America we are rapidly developing our own type of architecture which is far above that of foreign countries. We are building for the masses, not the classes.\" Above the lobby entrance of the City Hall is a stone relief of two men taming a wild horse, symbolizing a community coming together to form a government to tame the world around them. This sculpture, and the twenty-seven other friezes around the building, were carved by Beaumont artist Herring Coe and co-designer Raoul Josset.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsha-1"},{"link_name":"Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevolent_and_Protective_Order_of_Elks"},{"link_name":"B'nai B'rith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsha-1"}],"text":"On June 18, 1913, Finger married Gertrude Levy (1891-1985), a Houston native. The couple had one son, Joseph Seifter Finger (1918-2003), who also practiced architecture.[1]In Houston, Finger was a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Houston Chamber of Commerce, Houston Turn-Verein, B'nai B'rith, and the Westwood Country Club.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beth Israel Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Israel_Cemetery_(Houston)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsha-1"}],"text":"On 6 February 1953, a month short of his 66th birthday, Finger died in Houston. He is buried in Beth Israel Mausoleum in Beth Israel Cemetery.[1]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"}] | [{"image_text":"Joseph Finger","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Joseph_Finger.png/165px-Joseph_Finger.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Fox, Stephen (September 1, 1995). \"Finger, Joseph (1887–1953)\". Texas Handbook Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved September 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ffi37","url_text":"\"Finger, Joseph (1887–1953)\""}]},{"reference":"Levine, Josh (2013). \"Joseph Finger: The Man Behind Houston's Iconic Architecture\" (PDF). Houston History. 10 (3): 2–6.","urls":[{"url":"http://houstonhistorymagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/jospeh-finger.pdf","url_text":"\"Joseph Finger: The Man Behind Houston's Iconic Architecture\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ffi37","external_links_name":"\"Finger, Joseph (1887–1953)\""},{"Link":"http://houstonhistorymagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/jospeh-finger.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Joseph Finger: The Man Behind Houston's Iconic Architecture\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_N%C3%A4s | Jakob Näs | ["1 References"] | Finnish politician
Jakob Näs (30 October 1842, Munsala - 9 March 1918) was a Finnish farmer and politician. He was a member of the Diet of Finland from 1894 to 1906 and of the Parliament of Finland from 1907 to 1908, representing the Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP).
References
^ "Eduskunta - kansanedustajat". Eduskunta.fi. Retrieved 11 October 2014. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Munsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nykarleby"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Diet of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Swedish People's Party of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_People%27s_Party_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Jakob Näs (30 October 1842, Munsala - 9 March 1918) was a Finnish farmer and politician. He was a member of the Diet of Finland from 1894 to 1906 and of the Parliament of Finland from 1907 to 1908, representing the Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP).[1]","title":"Jakob Näs"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Eduskunta - kansanedustajat\". Eduskunta.fi. Retrieved 11 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hex5000.sh?hnro=911171","url_text":"\"Eduskunta - kansanedustajat\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hex5000.sh?hnro=911171","external_links_name":"\"Eduskunta - kansanedustajat\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Tansley | Arthur Tansley | ["1 Early life and education","2 Professional career","3 Major contributions","4 Personal life","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Other sources","9 External links"] | English botanist and pioneer in ecology
Sir Arthur TansleyArthur Tansley in the 1890sBornArthur George Tansley(1871-08-15)15 August 1871London, EnglandDied25 November 1955(1955-11-25) (aged 84)Grantchester, EnglandKnown forNew Phytologist, British Ecological Society, Ecosystem conceptSpouse(s)Edith, Lady Tansley (née Chick)AwardsLinnean Medal (1941)Fellow of the Royal SocietyScientific careerNotable studentsAlexander Watt
Sir Arthur George Tansley FLS, FRS (15 August 1871 – 25 November 1955) was an English botanist and a pioneer in the science of ecology.
Educated at Highgate School, University College London and Trinity College, Cambridge, Tansley taught at these universities and at Oxford, where he served as Sherardian Professor of Botany until his retirement in 1937. Tansley founded the New Phytologist in 1902 and served as its editor until 1931. He was a pioneer of the science of ecology in Britain, being heavily influenced by the work of Danish botanist Eugenius Warming, and introduced the concept of the ecosystem into biology. Tansley was a founding member of the first professional society of ecologists, the Central Committee for the Survey and Study of British Vegetation, which later organised the British Ecological Society, and served as its first president and founding editor of the Journal of Ecology. Tansley also served as the first chairman of the British Nature Conservancy.
Tansley was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1915, and knighted in 1950.
The New Phytologist publishes regular Tansley Reviews, while the New Phytologist Trust awards a Tansley Medal, both named in his honour.
Early life and education
Tansley was born in London to businessman George Tansley and his wife Amelia. Although a successful businessman, George Tansley's passion had been education after he started attending classes at the Working Men's College when he was 19. George Tansley later went on to be a volunteer teacher, retiring from his business in 1884 to dedicate himself to teaching at the college. He married Amelia Lawrence in 1863 and had two children – the older a daughter, Maud,: 2 followed by Arthur seven years later, in 1871.
Tansley's interest in science was sparked by one of his father's fellow volunteer-teachers, who was described as "an excellent and enthusiastic field botanist". After attending preparatory school from the ages of 12 to 15, he enrolled in Highgate School. Unhappy with the science teaching, which he considered "farcically inadequate", he switched to University College London in 1889 and studied at the faculty of Biological science, where he was heavily influenced by Ray Lankester and F. W. Oliver. In 1890 Tansley attended Trinity College, Cambridge. After completing Part I of Tripos in 1893, he returned to University College London as an assistant to Oliver, a position he retained until 1907. In 1894 he returned to Cambridge and completed Part II of Tripos, and received a degree with first class honours.: 44
Professional career
Tansley taught and conducted research at University College London from 1893 until 1907.: 12–13 In 1907 he took a Lecturer position at the University of Cambridge. During the First World War, with very little teaching going on at the university, Tansley took a position as a clerk with the Ministry of Munitions. In 1923 he resigned his position at Cambridge and spent a year in Vienna studying psychology under Sigmund Freud. When he returned to Britain in 1924 Tansley was appointed acting chairman of the British Empire Vegetation Committee.: 32 After four years away from a formal academic position in botany, Tansley was appointed Sherardian Professor of Botany at the University of Oxford in 1927, where he remained until his retirement in 1937.
Major contributions
Tansley's early publications focused on palaeobotany, especially fern evolution. Tansley founded the botany journal New Phytologist in 1902 to serve as "a medium of easy communication and discussion between British botanists on all matters . . . including methods of teaching and research". It was named after The Phytologist, a botanical magazine published between 1842 and 1863. In establishing this journal, Tansley's aim was to provide a venue for the publication of "notes and suggestions"; existing botanical journals only published records of completed research. He remained editor of the journal until 1931.
Tansley's introduction to ecology came in 1898 when he read Warming's Plantesamfund (in its German translation, Lehrbuch der ökologischen Pflanzengeographie). Reading the book provoked him to " out into the field to see how far one could match the plant communities Warming had described for Denmark in the English countryside". In 1903 he learned of the work done by the Smith brothers in mapping the vegetation of Scotland and Yorkshire. The work was initiated by Robert Smith and continued by his brother, William Gardner Smith (in conjunction with Charles Edward Moss) after Robert's death. In 1904 Tansley suggested the formation of a central body for the systematic survey and mapping of the British Isles. This led to the establishment of the Central Committee for the Survey and Study of British Vegetation by Tansley, Moss, William Smith and T. W. Woodhead, with the support of Marcel Hardy, F. J. Lewis, Lloyd Praeger and W. M. Rankin. These eight formed the original committee, with Tansley as its leader. F. W. Oliver later joined the group as its ninth member. The name of the group was later shortened to the British Vegetation Committee. The aim of the group was to coordinate ongoing studies and standardise the methodology being used. The committee met twice more in 1905 and produced a six-page pamphlet, Suggestions for Beginning Survey Work on Vegetation.
In 1911 Tansley, in conjunction with the British Vegetation Committee, organised the first International Phytogeographic Excursion (IPE). He was inspired by a plant geography tour of Switzerland organised by Swiss botanist Carl Schröter in 1908, which introduced him not only to vegetation types, but also to botanists from other countries. The connections made between Tansley and American ecologists Henry Chandler Cowles and Frederic Clements helped build a philosophical and methodological link between British and American plant ecology. Other attendees included Schröter, Swedish botanist Carl Lindman, and German botanists Oscar Drude and Paul Graebner. Tansley's book Types of British Vegetation was prepared with an eye to serving as a guide to the vegetation for the attendees of the first IPE. The second IPE in 1913 was hosted by Cowles. This brought Tansley to America.
In 1913, the British Vegetation Committee organised the British Ecological Society (BES), the first-ever professional society of ecologists. Tansley served as its first president, and was first editor of the Journal of Ecology, a position he held for 21 years. In 1915 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1923 he was elected president of the Botanical Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. At the Imperial Botanical Congress in 1924 he was appointed chairman of the British Empire Vegetation Committee. He served as president of the BES a second time in 1938.
William S. Cooper considered Tansley's most influential publications synthesised individual studies into a whole. In 1935 Tansley published "The use and abuse of vegetational terms and concepts" in which he introduced the ecosystem concept. In the 1930s ecological thinking was dominated by the work of Clements, who thought of ecological communities as organisms, and associations as superorganisms. Tansley questioned the concept by proposing the idea that ecological communities could be regarded as quasi-organisms and he devised it to draw attention to the importance of transfers of materials between organisms and their environment, regarding ecosystems as the basic units of nature.Though the organisms may claim our prime interest, when we are trying to think fundamentally, we cannot separate them from their special environments, with which they form one physical system.
Tansley's interest in teaching led to the production of the Elements of Plant Ecology in 1922, which was followed by Practical Plant Ecology in 1923 and Aims and methods in the study of vegetation in 1926, coauthored with Thomas Ford Chipp. The last book, edited for the British Empire Vegetation Committee, was extremely influential not just in defining ecological methods but in highlighting the need for a complete inventory of the empire's "vegetational assets". With this information, it would be possible to efficiently manage the vast natural resources of the empire. Tansley's most comprehensive work, The British Islands and Their Vegetation was published in 1939. Volume 2 was published in 1949. In recognition of this achievement, he was awarded the Linnean Medal in 1941.
During the Second World War Tansley became committed to conservation, and this continued through post-war reconstruction. He chaired a committee of the BES that formulated a policy on nature reserves and led to the formation of the Nature Conservancy, which he also chaired. Tansley's conservation work was the basis cited for his knighthood in 1950.
Tansley was introduced to psychology by a former student, Bernard Hart, who worked as a doctor in mental hospitals near London. While working for the Ministry of Munitions during the First World War, he had a dream which was described as "one of the major turning points in his life" – from this dream came Tansley's interest in Freud and psychoanalysis. In 1920 he published The New Psychology and its Relation to Life, one of the first books that attempted to introduce the ideas of Freud and Carl Jung to a general audience. The book was a bestseller, selling 10,000 copies in the United Kingdom and 4,000 in the United States. In 1922 Tansley spent three months with Freud, and the following year he moved his family to Vienna for a year. Although he later returned to botanical pursuits, Tansley remained in contact with Freud and wrote his obituary. Research by Peder Anker has suggested a close theoretical relationship between Tansley's ecology and his psychology.
Personal life
Memorial plaque at Kingley Vale National Nature Reserve.
In 1903 Tansley married Edith Chick, a former student with whom he coauthored two papers. They had three daughters–Katharine, Margaret and Helen. Lady Edith Tansley died in 1970, at age 100.
Tansley was an atheist.
See also
Hugh M. Raup
Notes
^ The term ecosystem was actually coined by Arthur Roy Clapham, who came up with the word at Tansley's request. (Willis 1997)
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Godwin, H. (1957). "Arthur George Tansley. 1871–1955". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3: 227–246. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0016. JSTOR 769363.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Cooper, W. S. (1957). "Sir Arthur Tansley and the Science of Ecology". Ecology. 38 (4): 658–659. Bibcode:1957Ecol...38..658C. doi:10.2307/1943136. JSTOR 1943136.
^ a b c d e f Tansley, A. G. (1947). "The Early History of Modern Plant Ecology in Britain". Journal of Ecology. 35 (1): 130–137. Bibcode:1947JEcol..35..130T. doi:10.2307/2256503. JSTOR 2256503.
^ a b c d Willis, A.J. (1997). "The Ecosystem: An Evolving Concept Viewed Historically". Functional Ecology. 11 (2): 268–271. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x.
^ Godwin, H. (1958). "Sir Arthur George Tansley, F. R. S. 1871–1955". Journal of Ecology. 46 (1): 1–8. JSTOR 2256899.
^ a b c d Godwin, H. (1977). "Sir Arthur Tansley: The Man and the Subject: The Tansley Lecture, 1976". Journal of Ecology. 65 (1): 1–26. Bibcode:1977JEcol..65....1G. doi:10.2307/2259059. JSTOR 2259059.
^ a b c d "Major events in the life of Arthur Tansley". New Phytologist Trust. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ Ian Woodward, F.; Hetherington, A. M. (2010). "The New Phytologist Tansley Medal". New Phytologist. 186 (2): 263–264. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03247.x. PMID 20409180.
^ a b c Ayres, Peter (2012). Shaping ecology : the life of Arthur Tansley. Wiley InterScience (Online service). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781118290927. OCLC 804860745.
^ a b c Peder., Anker (2001). Imperial ecology : environmental order in the British Empire, 1895-1945. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674020221. OCLC 435528688.
^ a b c Tansley, A. G. (1941). "Sigmund Freud. 1856–1939". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3 (9): 246–275. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1941.0002. JSTOR 768889. S2CID 163056149.
^ Cameron, Laura; Forrestor, John (1999). "'A nice type of the English scientist': Tansley and Freud". History Workshop Journal. 1999 (48): 64–100. doi:10.1093/hwj/1999.48.64.
^ a b "Tansley and the New Phytologist". New Phytologist Trust. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
^ a b Tansley, AG (1935). "The use and abuse of vegetational terms and concepts". Ecology. 16 (3): 284–307. doi:10.2307/1930070. JSTOR 1930070.
^ Ampatzidis, Georgios; Ergazaki, Marida (16 March 2023). "Using the History of the Super-Organismic-Plant-Community Concept To Help Students Understand the Nature of Science". Science & Education. Bibcode:2023Sc&Ed.tmp...20A. doi:10.1007/s11191-023-00433-8. ISSN 1573-1901.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bibcode (link)
^ Chapin, F. Stuart; Pamela A. Matson; Harold A. Mooney (2002). Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-95443-0.
^ Joseph Morgan Hodge (2007). Triumph of the expert: Agrarian doctrines of development and the legacies of British colonialism. Ohio University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-8214-1718-8.
^ Sir Arthur George Tansley The British Islands and Their Vegetation, Volume 2 (1949) at Google Books
^ "They became correspondents and, surprisingly since Tansley was an avowed atheist, friends." - Peter G. Ayres, Shaping Ecology: The Life of Arthur Tansley, page 139.
Other sources
Lack, A. (2012). "Peter G. Ayres: Shaping ecology: the life of Arthur Tansley". Journal of Insect Conservation, July.
External links
Wikisource has original works by or about:Arthur Tansley
Works by or about Arthur Tansley at Internet Archive
Arthur Tansley
The Tansley Stone – memorial to Tansley in Sussex
The standard author abbreviation Tansley is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
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^ International Plant Names Index. Tansley. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"botanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanist"},{"link_name":"ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper-2"},{"link_name":"Highgate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_School"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Sherardian Professor of Botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherardian_Professor_of_Botany"},{"link_name":"New Phytologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Phytologist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"Eugenius Warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenius_Warming"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"},{"link_name":"ecosystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willis1997-4"},{"link_name":"British Ecological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ecological_Society"},{"link_name":"Journal of Ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Ecology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Godwin1977-6"},{"link_name":"Nature Conservancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Conservancy_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper-2"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timeline-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Sir Arthur George Tansley FLS, FRS[1] (15 August 1871 – 25 November 1955) was an English botanist and a pioneer in the science of ecology.[2]Educated at Highgate School, University College London and Trinity College, Cambridge, Tansley taught at these universities and at Oxford, where he served as Sherardian Professor of Botany until his retirement in 1937. Tansley founded the New Phytologist in 1902 and served as its editor until 1931.[1] He was a pioneer of the science of ecology in Britain, being heavily influenced by the work of Danish botanist Eugenius Warming,[3] and introduced the concept of the ecosystem into biology.[4] Tansley was a founding member of the first professional society of ecologists, the Central Committee for the Survey and Study of British Vegetation, which later organised the British Ecological Society, and served as its first president and founding editor of the Journal of Ecology.[5][6] Tansley also served as the first chairman of the British Nature Conservancy.[2]Tansley was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1915, and knighted in 1950.[7]The New Phytologist publishes regular Tansley Reviews, while the New Phytologist Trust awards a Tansley Medal, both named in his honour.[8]","title":"Arthur Tansley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Godwin1977-6"},{"link_name":"Working Men's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Men%27s_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ayres-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"Highgate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ray Lankester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Lankester"},{"link_name":"F. W. Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Wall_Oliver"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Tripos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ayres-9"}],"text":"Tansley was born in London to businessman George Tansley[6] and his wife Amelia. Although a successful businessman, George Tansley's passion had been education after he started attending classes at the Working Men's College when he was 19. George Tansley later went on to be a volunteer teacher, retiring from his business in 1884 to dedicate himself to teaching at the college. He married Amelia Lawrence in 1863 and had two children – the older a daughter,[1] Maud,[9]: 2 followed by Arthur seven years later, in 1871.[1]Tansley's interest in science was sparked by one of his father's fellow volunteer-teachers, who was described as \"an excellent and enthusiastic field botanist\". After attending preparatory school from the ages of 12 to 15, he enrolled in Highgate School. Unhappy with the science teaching, which he considered \"farcically inadequate\", he switched to University College London in 1889[1] and studied at the faculty of Biological science,[citation needed] where he was heavily influenced by Ray Lankester and F. W. Oliver. In 1890 Tansley attended Trinity College, Cambridge. After completing Part I of Tripos in 1893, he returned to University College London as an assistant to Oliver, a position he retained until 1907. In 1894 he returned to Cambridge and completed Part II of Tripos,[1] and received a degree with first class honours.[9]: 44","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anker-10"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Godwin1977-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cameron-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anker-10"},{"link_name":"Sherardian Professor of Botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherardian_Professor_of_Botany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"}],"text":"Tansley taught and conducted research at University College London from 1893 until 1907.[10]: 12–13 In 1907 he took a Lecturer position at the University of Cambridge.[1] During the First World War, with very little teaching going on at the university, Tansley took a position as a clerk[6] with the Ministry of Munitions.[11][12] In 1923 he resigned his position at Cambridge and spent a year in Vienna studying psychology under Sigmund Freud.[1] When he returned to Britain in 1924 Tansley was appointed acting chairman of the British Empire Vegetation Committee.[10]: 32 After four years away from a formal academic position in botany, Tansley was appointed Sherardian Professor of Botany at the University of Oxford in 1927, where he remained until his retirement in 1937.[1]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"palaeobotany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeobotany"},{"link_name":"fern evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern#Evolution_and_classification"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"New Phytologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Phytologist"},{"link_name":"The Phytologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phytologist"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewPhytologist-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Godwin1977-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewPhytologist-13"},{"link_name":"Plantesamfund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantesamfund"},{"link_name":"William Gardner Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gardner_Smith_(botanist)"},{"link_name":"Charles Edward Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Moss"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"},{"link_name":"T. W. Woodhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Woodhead&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"},{"link_name":"International Phytogeographic Excursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phytogeographic_Excursion"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"},{"link_name":"Carl Schröter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Joseph_Schr%C3%B6ter"},{"link_name":"Henry Chandler Cowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Chandler_Cowles"},{"link_name":"Frederic Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Clements"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper-2"},{"link_name":"Carl Lindman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Axel_Magnus_Lindman"},{"link_name":"Oscar Drude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Georg_Oscar_Drude"},{"link_name":"Paul Graebner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Otto_Robert_Peter_Paul_Graebner"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper-2"},{"link_name":"British Ecological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ecological_Society"},{"link_name":"Journal of Ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Ecology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper-2"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"British Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Imperial Botanical Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Botanical_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timeline-7"},{"link_name":"William S. Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Skinner_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tansley1935-14"},{"link_name":"ecosystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem"},{"link_name":"[fn 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willis1997-4"},{"link_name":"ecological communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"superorganisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superorganism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willis1997-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapin-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willis1997-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tansley1935-14"},{"link_name":"Thomas Ford Chipp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ford_Chipp"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Linnean Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Medal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper-2"},{"link_name":"conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_conservation"},{"link_name":"nature reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserve"},{"link_name":"Nature Conservancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Conservancy_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timeline-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper-2"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"Bernard Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Hart"},{"link_name":"psychoanalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cameron-11"},{"link_name":"Carl Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cameron-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anker-10"}],"text":"Tansley's early publications focused on palaeobotany, especially fern evolution.[1] Tansley founded the botany journal New Phytologist in 1902 to serve as \"a medium of easy communication and discussion between British botanists on all matters . . . including methods of teaching and research\". It was named after The Phytologist, a botanical magazine published between 1842 and 1863.[13] In establishing this journal, Tansley's aim was to provide a venue for the publication of \"notes and suggestions\"; existing botanical journals only published records of completed research.[6] He remained editor of the journal until 1931.[13]Tansley's introduction to ecology came in 1898 when he read Warming's Plantesamfund (in its German translation, Lehrbuch der ökologischen Pflanzengeographie). Reading the book provoked him to \"[go] out into the field to see how far one could match the plant communities Warming had described for Denmark in the English countryside\". In 1903 he learned of the work done by the Smith brothers in mapping the vegetation of Scotland and Yorkshire. The work was initiated by Robert Smith and continued by his brother, William Gardner Smith (in conjunction with Charles Edward Moss) after Robert's death.[3] In 1904 Tansley suggested the formation of a central body for the systematic survey and mapping of the British Isles. This led to the establishment of the Central Committee for the Survey and Study of British Vegetation by Tansley, Moss, William Smith and T. W. Woodhead,[2] with the support of Marcel Hardy, F. J. Lewis, Lloyd Praeger and W. M. Rankin. These eight formed the original committee,[3] with Tansley as its leader.[2] F. W. Oliver later joined the group as its ninth member. The name of the group was later shortened to the British Vegetation Committee. The aim of the group was to coordinate ongoing studies and standardise the methodology being used. The committee met twice more in 1905 and produced a six-page pamphlet, Suggestions for Beginning Survey Work on Vegetation.[3]In 1911 Tansley, in conjunction with the British Vegetation Committee, organised the first International Phytogeographic Excursion (IPE).[3] He was inspired by a plant geography tour of Switzerland organised by Swiss botanist Carl Schröter in 1908, which introduced him not only to vegetation types, but also to botanists from other countries. The connections made between Tansley and American ecologists Henry Chandler Cowles and Frederic Clements helped build a philosophical and methodological link between British and American plant ecology.[2] Other attendees included Schröter, Swedish botanist Carl Lindman, and German botanists Oscar Drude and Paul Graebner. Tansley's book Types of British Vegetation was prepared with an eye to serving as a guide to the vegetation for the attendees of the first IPE.[3] The second IPE in 1913 was hosted by Cowles. This brought Tansley to America.[2]In 1913, the British Vegetation Committee organised the British Ecological Society (BES), the first-ever professional society of ecologists. Tansley served as its first president, and was first editor of the Journal of Ecology, a position he held for 21 years.[2] In 1915 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1923 he was elected president of the Botanical Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. At the Imperial Botanical Congress in 1924 he was appointed chairman of the British Empire Vegetation Committee. He served as president of the BES a second time in 1938.[7]William S. Cooper considered Tansley's most influential publications synthesised individual studies into a whole.[2] In 1935 Tansley published \"The use and abuse of vegetational terms and concepts\"[14] in which he introduced the ecosystem concept.[fn 1][4] In the 1930s ecological thinking was dominated by the work of Clements, who thought of ecological communities as organisms, and associations as superorganisms.[4] Tansley questioned the concept by proposing the idea that ecological communities could be regarded as quasi-organisms [15] and he devised it to draw attention to the importance of transfers of materials between organisms and their environment,[16] regarding ecosystems as the basic units of nature.[4]Though the organisms may claim our prime interest, when we are trying to think fundamentally, we cannot separate them from their special environments, with which they form one physical system.[14]Tansley's interest in teaching led to the production of the Elements of Plant Ecology in 1922, which was followed by Practical Plant Ecology in 1923 and Aims and methods in the study of vegetation in 1926, coauthored with Thomas Ford Chipp.[2] The last book, edited for the British Empire Vegetation Committee, was extremely influential not just in defining ecological methods but in highlighting the need for a complete inventory of the empire's \"vegetational assets\". With this information, it would be possible to efficiently manage the vast natural resources of the empire.[17] Tansley's most comprehensive work, The British Islands and Their Vegetation was published in 1939. Volume 2 was published in 1949.[18] In recognition of this achievement, he was awarded the Linnean Medal in 1941.[2]During the Second World War Tansley became committed to conservation, and this continued through post-war reconstruction. He chaired a committee of the BES that formulated a policy on nature reserves and led to the formation of the Nature Conservancy,[2] which he also chaired.[7] Tansley's conservation work was the basis cited for his knighthood in 1950.[2]Tansley was introduced to psychology by a former student, Bernard Hart, who worked as a doctor in mental hospitals near London. While working for the Ministry of Munitions during the First World War, he had a dream which was described as \"one of the major turning points in his life\" – from this dream came Tansley's interest in Freud and psychoanalysis.[11] In 1920 he published The New Psychology and its Relation to Life, one of the first books that attempted to introduce the ideas of Freud and Carl Jung to a general audience. The book was a bestseller, selling 10,000 copies in the United Kingdom and 4,000 in the United States. In 1922 Tansley spent three months with Freud, and the following year he moved his family to Vienna for a year. Although he later returned to botanical pursuits, Tansley remained in contact with Freud and wrote his obituary.[11] Research by Peder Anker has suggested a close theoretical relationship between Tansley's ecology and his psychology.[10]","title":"Major contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Tansley_Stone,_Kingley_Vale._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1503536.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kingley Vale National Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingley_Vale_National_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ayres-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timeline-7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Memorial plaque at Kingley Vale National Nature Reserve.[9]In 1903 Tansley married Edith Chick, a former student with whom he coauthored two papers.[1] They had three daughters–Katharine, Margaret and Helen. Lady Edith Tansley died in 1970,[7] at age 100.Tansley was an atheist.[19]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Arthur Roy Clapham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Roy_Clapham"}],"text":"^ The term ecosystem was actually coined by Arthur Roy Clapham, who came up with the word at Tansley's request. (Willis 1997)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lack, A. (2012). \"Peter G. Ayres: Shaping ecology: the life of Arthur Tansley\". Journal of Insect Conservation, July.","title":"Other sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Memorial plaque at Kingley Vale National Nature Reserve.[9]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_Tansley_Stone%2C_Kingley_Vale._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1503536.jpg/220px-The_Tansley_Stone%2C_Kingley_Vale._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1503536.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Hugh M. Raup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_M._Raup"}] | [{"reference":"Godwin, H. (1957). \"Arthur George Tansley. 1871–1955\". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3: 227–246. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0016. JSTOR 769363.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Godwin","url_text":"Godwin, H."},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1957.0016","url_text":"\"Arthur George Tansley. 1871–1955\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society","url_text":"Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1957.0016","url_text":"10.1098/rsbm.1957.0016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/769363","url_text":"769363"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, W. S. (1957). \"Sir Arthur Tansley and the Science of Ecology\". Ecology. 38 (4): 658–659. Bibcode:1957Ecol...38..658C. doi:10.2307/1943136. JSTOR 1943136.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957Ecol...38..658C","url_text":"1957Ecol...38..658C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1943136","url_text":"10.2307/1943136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1943136","url_text":"1943136"}]},{"reference":"Tansley, A. G. (1947). \"The Early History of Modern Plant Ecology in Britain\". Journal of Ecology. 35 (1): 130–137. Bibcode:1947JEcol..35..130T. doi:10.2307/2256503. JSTOR 2256503.","urls":[{"url_text":"Tansley, A. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947JEcol..35..130T","url_text":"1947JEcol..35..130T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2256503","url_text":"10.2307/2256503"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2256503","url_text":"2256503"}]},{"reference":"Willis, A.J. (1997). \"The Ecosystem: An Evolving Concept Viewed Historically\". Functional Ecology. 11 (2): 268–271. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2435.1997.00081.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x"}]},{"reference":"Godwin, H. (1958). \"Sir Arthur George Tansley, F. R. S. 1871–1955\". Journal of Ecology. 46 (1): 1–8. JSTOR 2256899.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2256899","url_text":"2256899"}]},{"reference":"Godwin, H. (1977). \"Sir Arthur Tansley: The Man and the Subject: The Tansley Lecture, 1976\". Journal of Ecology. 65 (1): 1–26. Bibcode:1977JEcol..65....1G. doi:10.2307/2259059. JSTOR 2259059.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977JEcol..65....1G","url_text":"1977JEcol..65....1G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2259059","url_text":"10.2307/2259059"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2259059","url_text":"2259059"}]},{"reference":"\"Major events in the life of Arthur Tansley\". New Phytologist Trust. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishkill_Farms | Fishkill Farms | ["1 History","2 Services","3 Sustainability","4 References","5 Further reading"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Fishkill FarmsApple trees at Fishkill FarmsTown/CityEast FishkillStateNew YorkEstablished1914Area130 acres (530,000 m2)ProducesFruits and vegetables
Fishkill Farms is a farm located in East Fishkill in Dutchess County, New York.
It is of historic significance primarily because its founder Henry Morgenthau, Jr. and his wife, Elinor Morgenthau were close and enduring family friends of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt. Eleanor Roosevelt wrote, "They were our neighbors in the country and we enjoyed them as neighbors and friends before politics and work for different social aims came into our relationship. It is interesting to know that my husband never held a political office from the time of his governorship of New York state without having Henry Morgenthau, Jr., in some way in his official family. My husband no doubt often treated Henry as a younger brother..." The Morgenthau's country home at Hopewell Junction was located in Dutchess County only ten miles southeast of Hyde Park, where the Roosevelts lived. The Morgenthaus and the Roosevelts had much in common: sharing a similar upper-class background, a similar political outlook and a common interest in farming. FDR and Morgenthau were said to have engaged in a neighborly rivalry over the cultivation of squash.
Fishkill Farms is currently an apple orchard and small-scale business, one of the Hudson Valley's oldest apple orchards. In a May 6, 1914 letter to his father, Henry Morgenthau, Sr., who was serving as Ambassador to Turkey in the Wilson administration, Morgenthau wrote, "I have undertaken to set out 1,400 fruit trees (apple trees) which cover some 47-48 acres." Organic Authority LLC named Fishkill Farms its 2010 "top pick" apple farm in the New York City area.
History
Fishkill Farms was acquired by Henry Morgenthau, Jr in the fall of 1913 at the age of twenty-two. Historian John Morton Blum said that the farm was several hundred acres (many of them orchard) that became Morgenthau's home and vocation. FDR and Morgenthau first met at a Dutchess County political luncheon held at Hyde Park in 1915. Roosevelt immediately took to Henry saying, He is an awfully nice fellow, and one who will be a tremendous asset to us in the county." Although FDR was then serving as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the Wilson administration, "he kept a firm grip on the most minute functions of the Dutchess County Democratic organization." Roosevelt tried to persuade Morgenthau to run for Sheriff but Morgenthau declined indicating that he intended to devote most of his time to running his farm. Even so, FDR remained in touch with Henry, Jr. and Eleanor Roosevelt and Elinor Morgenthau also became close friends. Roosevelt drew on Morgenthau's farming knowledge and agricultural connections when running for Governor of New York in 1928, which enabled FDR to pick-up an extraordinary number of votes in normally Republican areas. As Governor elect of New York, Roosevelt named Morgenthau Chairman of an Agricultural Advisory Commission, and most of the commission's recommendations were enacted into law.
On his 50th birthday in 1932, FDR also celebrated his fond but teasing friendship with Morganthau with the following poem that was long displayed on a plaque in the farm
store:
When Henry walks amid the fields
Each tulip adoration yields
And when he wanders past the trees
They clap applause with all the leaves
His agricultural skill and care
Prevent our fields from becoming bare
'Tis proper that all vegetation
Should praise the boss of conservation
Morgenthau joined the incoming Roosevelt administration when Roosevelt asked him to head Farm Credit Administration, which FDR had created by sending Congress an Executive order on March 27, 1933. Morgenthau became Secretary of the Treasury in January 1934 after William H. Woodin resigned for health reasons. Morgenthau served as Treasury Secretary from January 1934-July 1945.
There can be little doubt that Fishkill Farms had a special place in FDR's heart: With his second term drawing to a close and the world situation deteriorating FDR longed to retire to Dutchess County. While having dinner with the Morgenthau's at Mrs. Morgenthau's D.C. residence on the evening of April 17, 1940 FDR proposed a toast saying, "Next year's wedding anniversary will be at Fish Kill Farms," and Morgenthau noted that he repeated it two or three times. Morgenthau wrote that he thought FDR was sincere when he said it, but he suspected events would not permit it because that same evening Roosevelt also had described his plans to form a National Cabinet, which implied he was making preparations for a third term. Still, in less stressful times FDR was able to find relaxation at the Morgenthau farm. On August 9, 1936, the New York Times reported that the annual clambake at the Morgenthau farm "has become one of the high points of the Summers President Roosevelt has spent here since becoming President." On August 8, 1936, FDR sought relaxation at the informal annual clambake given in his honor by the Morgenthau's, after having been engaged in political conferences all week at his Hyde Park house. FDR arrived at the Morgenthau's farm in his new touring car. He joined some sixty guests, including many Dutchess county residents, that were seated "at tables on a rolling lawn beneath a great oak tree." Each guest received a large steaming canvass bag containing clams, chicken, and fish, that had been all cooked together. Corn on the cobb, salad, and coleslaw completed the meal. The clambake at the Morgenthau's farm was said to be carrying-out a century old Dutchess county tradition. The farm has been handed down through family members, including former Manhattan District Attorney Robert M. Morgenthau. The farm is now run by his son, Joshua Morgenthau.
The farm originally produced apples, chickens, potatoes, corn, dairy and likely more. After being held up by a wet spring, in a May 24, 1914 letter Morgenthau predicted "we are going to have a very good season." He reported that ten days without rain had enabled him to have practically all his potatoes in and about half his corn. Dairy farming ceased during World War II when hired help was hard to find. In 1980, a hailstorm damaged the apples and rendered them unsellable to wholesale distributors so the orchard was opened up to the local public for U-pick harvesting. The farm has been doing U-pick ever since.Josh Morgenthau leads students on a tour of Fishkill Farms
Services
Fishkill Farms's 130-acre property offers U-pick services for produce including blueberries, blackberries, cherries, peaches, nectarines, pears and vegetables. Pasture-raised hens also produce eggs for the farm. It also sells produce in Brooklyn farmers' markets and an order-fulfillment service called Good Eggs. The farm offers community-supported agriculture shares for Hudson Valley residents. Numerous events such as weddings and private affairs are hosted on site, including a recent Autumn Orchard Dinner which was reported upon by the gourmet aficionado Williams Sonoma.
Sustainability
An apple from one of Fishkill's historic orchardsFarming practices at Fishkill operate with the goal of sustainability and carbon neutrality in mind, with an effort to grow as many foods as possible organically. The farm intends to consciously select crop varieties which are most suited to the effects of climate change over the next twenty years.
References
^ Eleanor Roosevelt, quoted in Johns Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Crisis, Preface
^ a b The Ordeal, pp. 115–116.
^ Davis, pp. 34.
^ Blum, pp. 14.
^ Levy, pp. 96.
^ a b Musso, Anthony p. (July 28, 2015). "102 years later, Fishkill Farms still in care of Morgenthau family". Poughkeepsie Journal. Poughkeepsie Journal. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
^ "The Big Apple – Top 5 apple picking farms near NYC - Organic Authority". Organic Authority. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
^ Blum, pp. 7.
^ Levy, pp. 90.
^ Davis, pp. 57, 74–75.
^ Blum, pp. 13–14.
^ Meier, Andrew (2022). Morganthau: Power, Privilege and the Rise of an American Family (1st ed.). New York: Random House. p. 881. ISBN 9781400068852.
^ FDRL: Diaries of Henry Morgenthau, Jr., Collection Overview, Historical Note
^ Jean Edward Smith, FDR, 149
^ Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal, 317
^ FDRL, Morgenthau Presidential Diaries, April 18, 1940, 0466
^ FDRL Franklin D. Roosevelt Day by Day, April 17, 1940
^ New York Times, August 9, 1936, by Charles W. Hurd, 'First Voters' give Roosevelt Pledge."
^ a b c Gardner, Ralph Jr. "The Manhattan Morgenthaus Are Farmers, Too". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
^ a b "Josh Morgenthau takes over family pastime". The Poughkeepsie Journal. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
^ Levy, pp. 97.
^ "The Story of Fishkill Farms". Williams-Sonoma Taste. Williams-Sonoma, Inc. July 27, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
^ "Where to Pick-Your-Own-Berries and Berry-Picking Farms". Hvmag.com. Today Media. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
^ "Fishkill Farms". Justfood.org. Just Food. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
^ "Meet the Guests of Fishkill Farms' Autumn Orchard Dinner". Williams-Sonoma Taste. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
^ "Fishkill Farms - Red Tomato". Red Tomato. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
^ "Fishkill Farms — Cornell Institute for Climate Change & Agriculture". climateinstitute.cals.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
Freidel, Frank (1954). Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Ordeal. ISBN 978-0316293051.
Davis, Kenneth S. (1985). FDR: The New York Years 1928-1933. ISBN 978-0394516714.
Levy, Herbert (2010). Henry Morgenthau, Jr.: The Remarkable Life of FDR's Secretary of the Treasury. ISBN 978-1626369184.
Blum, John Morton (1970). Roosevelt and Morgenthau. ISBN 978-1632203533.
Further reading
"Fishkill Farms". Westchester New York. 31 August 2015. Retrieved October 8, 2015. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Fishkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Fishkill"},{"link_name":"Dutchess County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutchess_County"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Henry Morgenthau, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr."},{"link_name":"Elinor Morgenthau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Morgenthau"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hopewell Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_Junction,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Ordeal115%E2%80%93116-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis34-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum14-4"},{"link_name":"apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"orchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard"},{"link_name":"Hudson Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Valley"},{"link_name":"Henry Morgenthau, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Sr."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy96-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Fishkill Farms is a farm located in East Fishkill in Dutchess County, New York.It is of historic significance primarily because its founder Henry Morgenthau, Jr. and his wife, Elinor Morgenthau were close and enduring family friends of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt. Eleanor Roosevelt wrote, \"They were our neighbors in the country and we enjoyed them as neighbors and friends before politics and work for different social aims came into our relationship. It is interesting to know that my husband never held a political office from the time of his governorship of New York state without having Henry Morgenthau, Jr., in some way in his official family. My husband no doubt often treated Henry as a younger brother...\"[1] The Morgenthau's country home at Hopewell Junction was located in Dutchess County only ten miles southeast of Hyde Park, where the Roosevelts lived. The Morgenthaus and the Roosevelts had much in common: sharing a similar upper-class background, a similar political outlook and a common interest in farming. FDR and Morgenthau were said to have engaged in a neighborly rivalry over the cultivation of squash.[2][3][4]Fishkill Farms is currently an apple orchard and small-scale business, one of the Hudson Valley's oldest apple orchards. In a May 6, 1914 letter to his father, Henry Morgenthau, Sr., who was serving as Ambassador to Turkey in the Wilson administration, Morgenthau wrote, \"I have undertaken to set out 1,400 fruit trees (apple trees) which cover some 47-48 acres.\"[5][6] Organic Authority LLC named Fishkill Farms its 2010 \"top pick\" apple farm in the New York City area.[7]","title":"Fishkill Farms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Morton Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morton_Blum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum7-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy90-9"},{"link_name":"Assistant Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Ordeal115%E2%80%93116-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis57,_74%E2%80%9375-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum13%E2%80%9314-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meier-12"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Morgenthau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Morgenthau"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy97-21"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"U-pick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick-your-own"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JoshMorgenthau.JPG"}],"text":"Fishkill Farms was acquired by Henry Morgenthau, Jr in the fall of 1913 at the age of twenty-two. Historian John Morton Blum said that the farm was several hundred acres (many of them orchard) that became Morgenthau's home and vocation.[8][9] FDR and Morgenthau first met at a Dutchess County political luncheon held at Hyde Park in 1915. Roosevelt immediately took to Henry saying, He is an awfully nice fellow, and one who will be a tremendous asset to us in the county.\" Although FDR was then serving as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the Wilson administration, \"he kept a firm grip on the most minute functions of the Dutchess County Democratic organization.\" Roosevelt tried to persuade Morgenthau to run for Sheriff but Morgenthau declined indicating that he intended to devote most of his time to running his farm. Even so, FDR remained in touch with Henry, Jr. and Eleanor Roosevelt and Elinor Morgenthau also became close friends.[2] Roosevelt drew on Morgenthau's farming knowledge and agricultural connections when running for Governor of New York in 1928, which enabled FDR to pick-up an extraordinary number of votes in normally Republican areas. As Governor elect of New York, Roosevelt named Morgenthau Chairman of an Agricultural Advisory Commission, and most of the commission's recommendations were enacted into law.[10][11] \nOn his 50th birthday in 1932, FDR also celebrated his fond but teasing friendship with Morganthau with the following poem that was long displayed on a plaque in the farm\nstore:[12]When Henry walks amid the fields\nEach tulip adoration yields\n And when he wanders past the trees\n They clap applause with all the leaves\n His agricultural skill and care\n Prevent our fields from becoming bare\n 'Tis proper that all vegetation\n\n Should praise the boss of conservationMorgenthau joined the incoming Roosevelt administration when Roosevelt asked him to head Farm Credit Administration, which FDR had created by sending Congress an Executive order on March 27, 1933. Morgenthau became Secretary of the Treasury in January 1934 after William H. Woodin resigned for health reasons. Morgenthau served as Treasury Secretary from January 1934-July 1945.[13][14][15]There can be little doubt that Fishkill Farms had a special place in FDR's heart: With his second term drawing to a close and the world situation deteriorating FDR longed to retire to Dutchess County. While having dinner with the Morgenthau's at Mrs. Morgenthau's D.C. residence on the evening of April 17, 1940 FDR proposed a toast saying, \"Next year's wedding anniversary will be at Fish Kill Farms,\" and Morgenthau noted that he repeated it two or three times. Morgenthau wrote that he thought FDR was sincere when he said it, but he suspected events would not permit it because that same evening Roosevelt also had described his plans to form a National Cabinet, which implied he was making preparations for a third term.[16][17] Still, in less stressful times FDR was able to find relaxation at the Morgenthau farm. On August 9, 1936, the New York Times reported that the annual clambake at the Morgenthau farm \"has become one of the high points of the Summers President Roosevelt has spent here since becoming President.\" On August 8, 1936, FDR sought relaxation at the informal annual clambake given in his honor by the Morgenthau's, after having been engaged in political conferences all week at his Hyde Park house. FDR arrived at the Morgenthau's farm in his new touring car. He joined some sixty guests, including many Dutchess county residents, that were seated \"at tables on a rolling lawn beneath a great oak tree.\" Each guest received a large steaming canvass bag containing clams, chicken, and fish, that had been all cooked together. Corn on the cobb, salad, and coleslaw completed the meal. The clambake at the Morgenthau's farm was said to be carrying-out a century old Dutchess county tradition.[18] The farm has been handed down through family members, including former Manhattan District Attorney Robert M. Morgenthau.[19] The farm is now run by his son, Joshua Morgenthau.[20]The farm originally produced apples, chickens, potatoes, corn, dairy and likely more. After being held up by a wet spring, in a May 24, 1914 letter Morgenthau predicted \"we are going to have a very good season.\" He reported that ten days without rain had enabled him to have practically all his potatoes in and about half his corn.[21] Dairy farming ceased during World War II when hired help was hard to find.[6] In 1980, a hailstorm damaged the apples and rendered them unsellable to wholesale distributors so the orchard was opened up to the local public for U-pick harvesting. The farm has been doing U-pick ever since.[22]Josh Morgenthau leads students on a tour of Fishkill Farms","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"community-supported agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Williams Sonoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Sonoma_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Fishkill Farms's 130-acre[19] property offers U-pick services for produce including blueberries, blackberries, cherries, peaches, nectarines, pears and vegetables.[23] Pasture-raised hens also produce eggs for the farm.[20] It also sells produce in Brooklyn farmers' markets and an order-fulfillment service called Good Eggs.[19] The farm offers community-supported agriculture shares for Hudson Valley residents.[24] Numerous events such as weddings and private affairs are hosted on site, including a recent Autumn Orchard Dinner which was reported upon by the gourmet aficionado Williams Sonoma.[25]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_with_Ladybug.JPG"},{"link_name":"carbon neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_neutrality"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"An apple from one of Fishkill's historic orchardsFarming practices at Fishkill operate with the goal of sustainability and carbon neutrality in mind, with an effort to grow as many foods as possible organically.[26] The farm intends to consciously select crop varieties which are most suited to the effects of climate change over the next twenty years.[27]","title":"Sustainability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Fishkill Farms\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.westchestermagazine.com/Westchester-Magazine/The-Best-Places-To-Go-Apple-Picking/Fishkill-Farms/"}],"text":"\"Fishkill Farms\". Westchester New York. 31 August 2015. Retrieved October 8, 2015.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Josh Morgenthau leads students on a tour of Fishkill Farms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JoshMorgenthau.JPG/220px-JoshMorgenthau.JPG"},{"image_text":"An apple from one of Fishkill's historic orchards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Apple_with_Ladybug.JPG/220px-Apple_with_Ladybug.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Musso, Anthony p. (July 28, 2015). \"102 years later, Fishkill Farms still in care of Morgenthau family\". Poughkeepsie Journal. Poughkeepsie Journal. Retrieved October 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/news/local/2015/07/28/dateline-morgenthau-family-homestead-fishkill-farms-local-history/30812361/","url_text":"\"102 years later, Fishkill Farms still in care of Morgenthau family\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Big Apple – Top 5 apple picking farms near NYC - Organic Authority\". Organic Authority. Retrieved 2015-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.organicauthority.com/foodie-buzz/the-big-apple-top-5-apple-picking-farms-near-nyc.html","url_text":"\"The Big Apple – Top 5 apple picking farms near NYC - Organic Authority\""}]},{"reference":"Meier, Andrew (2022). Morganthau: Power, Privilege and the Rise of an American Family (1st ed.). New York: Random House. p. 881. ISBN 9781400068852.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400068852","url_text":"9781400068852"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Ralph Jr. \"The Manhattan Morgenthaus Are Farmers, Too\". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2015-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303595404579318903949156422","url_text":"\"The Manhattan Morgenthaus Are Farmers, Too\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"\"Josh Morgenthau takes over family pastime\". The Poughkeepsie Journal. Retrieved 2015-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/news/local/2014/10/10/young-professional-fishkill-farms/17057577/","url_text":"\"Josh Morgenthau takes over family pastime\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Story of Fishkill Farms\". Williams-Sonoma Taste. Williams-Sonoma, Inc. July 27, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.williams-sonoma.com/the-story-of-fishkill-farms/","url_text":"\"The Story of Fishkill Farms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Where to Pick-Your-Own-Berries and Berry-Picking Farms\". Hvmag.com. Today Media. Retrieved 2015-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/May-2013/Where-to-Pick-Your-Own-Berries-and-Berry-Picking-Farms/","url_text":"\"Where to Pick-Your-Own-Berries and Berry-Picking Farms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fishkill Farms\". Justfood.org. Just Food. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214828/http://www.justfood.org/farm/fishkill-farms","url_text":"\"Fishkill Farms\""},{"url":"http://www.justfood.org/farm/fishkill-farms","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the Guests of Fishkill Farms' Autumn Orchard Dinner\". Williams-Sonoma Taste. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.williams-sonoma.com/meet-the-guests-fishkill-farms-apple-orchards-dinner/","url_text":"\"Meet the Guests of Fishkill Farms' Autumn Orchard Dinner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fishkill Farms - Red Tomato\". Red Tomato. Retrieved 2015-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.redtomato.org/farmers/fishkill-farms/","url_text":"\"Fishkill Farms - Red Tomato\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fishkill Farms — Cornell Institute for Climate Change & Agriculture\". climateinstitute.cals.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://climateinstitute.cals.cornell.edu/2015/07/16/fishkill-farms/","url_text":"\"Fishkill Farms — Cornell Institute for Climate Change & Agriculture\""}]},{"reference":"Freidel, Frank (1954). Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Ordeal. ISBN 978-0316293051.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Freidel","url_text":"Freidel, Frank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316293051","url_text":"978-0316293051"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Kenneth S. (1985). FDR: The New York Years 1928-1933. ISBN 978-0394516714.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_S._Davis","url_text":"Davis, Kenneth S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394516714","url_text":"978-0394516714"}]},{"reference":"Levy, Herbert (2010). Henry Morgenthau, Jr.: The Remarkable Life of FDR's Secretary of the Treasury. ISBN 978-1626369184.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1626369184","url_text":"978-1626369184"}]},{"reference":"Blum, John Morton (1970). Roosevelt and Morgenthau. ISBN 978-1632203533.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morton_Blum","url_text":"Blum, John Morton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1632203533","url_text":"978-1632203533"}]},{"reference":"\"Fishkill Farms\". Westchester New York. 31 August 2015. Retrieved October 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westchestermagazine.com/Westchester-Magazine/The-Best-Places-To-Go-Apple-Picking/Fishkill-Farms/","url_text":"\"Fishkill Farms\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fishkill_Farms&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/news/local/2015/07/28/dateline-morgenthau-family-homestead-fishkill-farms-local-history/30812361/","external_links_name":"\"102 years later, Fishkill Farms still in care of Morgenthau family\""},{"Link":"http://www.organicauthority.com/foodie-buzz/the-big-apple-top-5-apple-picking-farms-near-nyc.html","external_links_name":"\"The Big Apple – Top 5 apple picking farms near NYC - Organic Authority\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303595404579318903949156422","external_links_name":"\"The Manhattan Morgenthaus Are Farmers, Too\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"},{"Link":"http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/news/local/2014/10/10/young-professional-fishkill-farms/17057577/","external_links_name":"\"Josh Morgenthau takes over family pastime\""},{"Link":"http://blog.williams-sonoma.com/the-story-of-fishkill-farms/","external_links_name":"\"The Story of Fishkill Farms\""},{"Link":"http://www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/May-2013/Where-to-Pick-Your-Own-Berries-and-Berry-Picking-Farms/","external_links_name":"\"Where to Pick-Your-Own-Berries and Berry-Picking Farms\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214828/http://www.justfood.org/farm/fishkill-farms","external_links_name":"\"Fishkill Farms\""},{"Link":"http://www.justfood.org/farm/fishkill-farms","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://blog.williams-sonoma.com/meet-the-guests-fishkill-farms-apple-orchards-dinner/","external_links_name":"\"Meet the Guests of Fishkill Farms' Autumn Orchard Dinner\""},{"Link":"http://www.redtomato.org/farmers/fishkill-farms/","external_links_name":"\"Fishkill Farms - Red Tomato\""},{"Link":"http://climateinstitute.cals.cornell.edu/2015/07/16/fishkill-farms/","external_links_name":"\"Fishkill Farms — Cornell Institute for Climate Change & Agriculture\""},{"Link":"http://www.westchestermagazine.com/Westchester-Magazine/The-Best-Places-To-Go-Apple-Picking/Fishkill-Farms/","external_links_name":"\"Fishkill Farms\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lederzeele | Lederzeele | ["1 Heraldry","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 50°49′21″N 2°18′01″E / 50.8225°N 2.3003°E / 50.8225; 2.3003
Commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceLederzeele
LederzeleCommuneThe church in Lederzeele
Coat of armsLocation of Lederzeele
LederzeeleShow map of FranceLederzeeleShow map of Hauts-de-FranceCoordinates: 50°49′21″N 2°18′01″E / 50.8225°N 2.3003°E / 50.8225; 2.3003CountryFranceRegionHauts-de-FranceDepartmentNordArrondissementDunkirkCantonWormhoutIntercommunalityHauts de FlandreGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Michel DelforgeArea18.64 km2 (3.34 sq mi)Population (2021)692 • Density80/km2 (210/sq mi)DemonymLederzeeloisTime zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code59337 /59143Elevation4–41 m (13–135 ft) (avg. 33 m or 108 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Lederzeele (from Flemish; Lederzele in modern Dutch spelling) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.
It is 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Saint-Omer.
Heraldry
Arms of Lederzeele
The arms of Lederzeele are blazoned :Azure billetty, on a bend Or 3 martlets gules.
See also
Communes of the Nord department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ INSEE commune file
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lederzeele.
vteCommunes of the Nord department
Abancourt
Abscon
Aibes
Aix-en-Pévèle
Allennes-les-Marais
Amfroipret
Anhiers
Aniche
Anneux
Annœullin
Anor
Anstaing
Anzin
Arleux
Armbouts-Cappel
Armentières
Arnèke
Artres
Assevent
Attiches
Aubencheul-au-Bac
Auberchicourt
Aubers
Aubigny-au-Bac
Aubry-du-Hainaut
Auby
Auchy-lez-Orchies
Audignies
Aulnoye-Aymeries
Aulnoy-lez-Valenciennes
Avelin
Avesnelles
Avesnes-les-Aubert
Avesnes-le-Sec
Avesnes-sur-Helpesubpr
Awoingt
Bachant
Bachy
Bailleul
Baisieux
Baives
Bambecque
Banteux
Bantigny
Bantouzelle
Bas-Lieu
La Bassée
Bauvin
Bavay
Bavinchove
Bazuel
Beaucamps-Ligny
Beaudignies
Beaufort
Beaumont-en-Cambrésis
Beaurain
Beaurepaire-sur-Sambre
Beaurieux
Beauvois-en-Cambrésis
Bellaing
Bellignies
Bérelles
Bergues
Berlaimont
Bermerain
Bermeries
Bersée
Bersillies
Berthen
Bertry
Béthencourt
Bettignies
Bettrechies
Beugnies
Beuvrages
Beuvry-la-Forêt
Bévillers
Bierne
Bissezeele
Blaringhem
Blécourt
Boeschepe
Boëseghem
Bois-Grenier
Bollezeele
Bondues
Borre
Bouchain
Boulogne-sur-Helpe
Bourbourg
Bourghelles
Boursies
Bousbecque
Bousies
Bousignies
Bousignies-sur-Roc
Boussières-en-Cambrésis
Boussières-sur-Sambre
Boussois
Bouvignies
Bouvines
Bray-Dunes
Briastre
Brillon
Brouckerque
Broxeele
Bruay-sur-l'Escaut
Bruille-lez-Marchiennes
Bruille-Saint-Amand
Brunémont
Bry
Bugnicourt
Busigny
Buysscheure
Caëstre
Cagnoncles
Cambraisubpr
Camphin-en-Carembault
Camphin-en-Pévèle
Cantaing-sur-Escaut
Cantin
Capelle
Capinghem
Cappelle-Brouck
Cappelle-en-Pévèle
Cappelle-la-Grande
Carnières
Carnin
Cartignies
Cassel
Le Cateau-Cambrésis
Catillon-sur-Sambre
Cattenières
Caudry
Caullery
Cauroir
Cerfontaine
La Chapelle-d'Armentières
Château-l'Abbaye
Chemy
Chéreng
Choisies
Clairfayts
Clary
Cobrieux
Colleret
Comines
Condé-sur-l'Escaut
Coudekerque-Branche
Courchelettes
Cousolre
Coutiches
Craywick
Crespin
Crèvecœur-sur-l'Escaut
Crochte
Croix
Croix-Caluyau
Cuincy
Curgies
Cuvillers
Cysoing
Damousies
Dechy
Dehéries
Denain
Deûlémont
Dimechaux
Dimont
Doignies
Dompierre-sur-Helpe
Don
Douaisubpr
Douchy-les-Mines
Le Doulieu
Dourlers
Drincham
Dunkirksubpr
Ebblinghem
Écaillon
Eccles
Éclaibes
Écuélin
Eecke
Élesmes
Élincourt
Émerchicourt
Emmerin
Englefontaine
Englos
Ennetières-en-Weppes
Ennevelin
Eppe-Sauvage
Erchin
Eringhem
Erquinghem-le-Sec
Erquinghem-Lys
Erre
Escarmain
Escaudain
Escaudœuvres
Escautpont
Escobecques
Esnes
Esquelbecq
Esquerchin
Estaires
Estourmel
Estrées
Estreux
Estrun
Eswars
Eth
Étrœungt
Faches-Thumesnil
Famars
Faumont
Le Favril
Féchain
Feignies
Felleries
Fenain
Férin
Féron
Ferrière-la-Grande
Ferrière-la-Petite
La Flamengrie
Flaumont-Waudrechies
Flers-en-Escrebieux
Flesquières
Flêtre
Flines-lès-Mortagne
Flines-lez-Raches
Floursies
Floyon
Fontaine-au-Bois
Fontaine-au-Pire
Fontaine-Notre-Dame
Forest-en-Cambrésis
Forest-sur-Marque
Fourmies
Fournes-en-Weppes
Frasnoy
Frelinghien
Fresnes-sur-Escaut
Fressain
Fressies
Fretin
Fromelles
Genech
Ghissignies
Ghyvelde
Glageon
Godewaersvelde
Gœulzin
Gognies-Chaussée
Gommegnies
Gondecourt
Gonnelieu
La Gorgue
Gouzeaucourt
Grande-Synthe
Grand-Fayt
Grand-Fort-Philippe
Gravelines
La Groise
Gruson
Guesnain
Gussignies
Hallennes-lez-Haubourdin
Halluin
Hamel
Hantay
Hardifort
Hargnies
Hasnon
Haspres
Haubourdin
Haucourt-en-Cambrésis
Haulchin
Haussy
Haut-Lieu
Hautmont
Haveluy
Haverskerque
Haynecourt
Hazebrouck
Hecq
Hélesmes
Hem
Hem-Lenglet
Hergnies
Hérin
Herlies
Herrin
Herzeele
Hestrud
Holque
Hon-Hergies
Hondeghem
Hondschoote
Honnechy
Honnecourt-sur-Escaut
Hordain
Hornaing
Houdain-lez-Bavay
Houplin-Ancoisne
Houplines
Houtkerque
Hoymille
Illies
Inchy
Iwuy
Jenlain
Jeumont
Jolimetz
Killem
Lallaing
Lambersart
Lambres-lez-Douai
Landas
Landrecies
Lannoy
Larouillies
Lauwin-Planque
Lecelles
Lécluse
Lederzeele
Ledringhem
Leers
Leffrinckoucke
Lesdain
Lesquin
Leval
Lewarde
Lez-Fontaine
Lezennes
Liessies
Lieu-Saint-Amand
Ligny-en-Cambrésis
Lillepref
Limont-Fontaine
Linselles
Locquignol
Loffre
Lompret
La Longueville
Looberghe
Loon-Plage
Loos
Lourches
Louvignies-Quesnoy
Louvil
Louvroil
Lynde
Lys-lez-Lannoy
La Madeleine
Maing
Mairieux
Le Maisnil
Malincourt
Marbaix
Marchiennes
Marcoing
Marcq-en-Barœul
Marcq-en-Ostrevent
Maresches
Maretz
Marly
Maroilles
Marpent
Marquette-en-Ostrevant
Marquette-lez-Lille
Marquillies
Masnières
Masny
Mastaing
Maubeuge
Maulde
Maurois
Mazinghien
Mecquignies
Merckeghem
Mérignies
Merris
Merville
Méteren
Millam
Millonfosse
Mœuvres
Monceau-Saint-Waast
Monchaux-sur-Écaillon
Moncheaux
Monchecourt
Mons-en-Barœul
Mons-en-Pévèle
Montay
Montigny-en-Cambrésis
Montigny-en-Ostrevent
Montrécourt
Morbecque
Mortagne-du-Nord
Mouchin
Moustier-en-Fagne
Mouvaux
Naves
Neuf-Berquin
Neuf-Mesnil
La Neuville
Neuville-en-Avesnois
Neuville-en-Ferrain
Neuville-Saint-Rémy
Neuville-sur-Escaut
Neuvilly
Nieppe
Niergnies
Nieurlet
Nivelle
Nomain
Noordpeene
Noyelles-lès-Seclin
Noyelles-sur-Escaut
Noyelles-sur-Sambre
Noyelles-sur-Selle
Obies
Obrechies
Ochtezeele
Odomez
Ohain
Oisy
Onnaing
Oost-Cappel
Orchies
Ors
Orsinval
Ostricourt
Oudezeele
Oxelaëre
Paillencourt
Pecquencourt
Pérenchies
Péronne-en-Mélantois
Petit-Fayt
Petite-Forêt
Phalempin
Pitgam
Poix-du-Nord
Pommereuil
Pont-à-Marcq
Pont-sur-Sambre
Potelle
Pradelles
Prémesques
Préseau
Preux-au-Bois
Preux-au-Sart
Prisches
Prouvy
Proville
Provin
Quaëdypre
Quarouble
Quérénaing
Le Quesnoy
Quesnoy-sur-Deûle
Quiévelon
Quiévrechain
Quiévy
Râches
Radinghem-en-Weppes
Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle
Raimbeaucourt
Rainsars
Raismes
Ramillies
Ramousies
Raucourt-au-Bois
Recquignies
Rejet-de-Beaulieu
Renescure
Reumont
Rexpoëde
Ribécourt-la-Tour
Rieulay
Rieux-en-Cambrésis
Robersart
Rœulx
Rombies-et-Marchipont
Romeries
Ronchin
Roncq
Roost-Warendin
Rosult
Roubaix
Roucourt
Rousies
Rouvignies
Rubrouck
Les Rues-des-Vignes
Ruesnes
Rumegies
Rumilly-en-Cambrésis
Sailly-lez-Cambrai
Sailly-lez-Lannoy
Sainghin-en-Mélantois
Sainghin-en-Weppes
Sains-du-Nord
Saint-Amand-les-Eaux
Saint-André-lez-Lille
Saint-Aubert
Saint-Aubin
Saint-Aybert
Saint-Benin
Sainte-Marie-Cappel
Saint-Georges-sur-l'Aa
Saint-Hilaire-lez-Cambrai
Saint-Hilaire-sur-Helpe
Saint-Jans-Cappel
Saint-Martin-sur-Écaillon
Saint-Momelin
Saint-Pierre-Brouck
Saint-Python
Saint-Remy-Chaussée
Saint-Remy-du-Nord
Saint-Saulve
Saint-Souplet
Saint-Sylvestre-Cappel
Saint-Vaast-en-Cambrésis
Saint-Waast
Salesches
Salomé
Saméon
Sancourt
Santes
Sars-et-Rosières
Sars-Poteries
Sassegnies
Saultain
Saulzoir
Sebourg
Seclin
Sémeries
Semousies
La Sentinelle
Sepmeries
Sequedin
Séranvillers-Forenville
Sercus
Sin-le-Noble
Socx
Solesmes
Solre-le-Château
Solrinnes
Somain
Sommaing
Spycker
Staple
Steenbecque
Steene
Steenvoorde
Steenwerck
Strazeele
Taisnières-en-Thiérache
Taisnières-sur-Hon
Templemars
Templeuve-en-Pévèle
Terdeghem
Téteghem-Coudekerque-Village
Thiant
Thiennes
Thivencelle
Thumeries
Thun-l'Évêque
Thun-Saint-Amand
Thun-Saint-Martin
Tilloy-lez-Cambrai
Tilloy-lez-Marchiennes
Toufflers
Tourcoing
Tourmignies
Trélon
Tressin
Trith-Saint-Léger
Troisvilles
Uxem
Valenciennessubpr
Vendegies-au-Bois
Vendegies-sur-Écaillon
Vendeville
Verchain-Maugré
Verlinghem
Vertain
Vicq
Viesly
Vieux-Berquin
Vieux-Condé
Vieux-Mesnil
Vieux-Reng
Villeneuve-d'Ascq
Villereau
Villers-au-Tertre
Villers-en-Cauchies
Villers-Guislain
Villers-Outréaux
Villers-Plouich
Villers-Pol
Villers-Sire-Nicole
Volckerinckhove
Vred
Wahagnies
Walincourt-Selvigny
Wallers
Wallers-en-Fagne
Wallon-Cappel
Wambaix
Wambrechies
Wandignies-Hamage
Wannehain
Wargnies-le-Grand
Wargnies-le-Petit
Warhem
Warlaing
Warneton
Wasnes-au-Bac
Wasquehal
Watten
Wattignies
Wattignies-la-Victoire
Wattrelos
Wavrechain-sous-Denain
Wavrechain-sous-Faulx
Wavrin
Waziers
Wemaers-Cappel
Wervicq-Sud
West-Cappel
Wicres
Wignehies
Willems
Willies
Winnezeele
Wormhout
Wulverdinghe
Wylder
Zegerscappel
Zermezeele
Zuydcoote
Zuytpeene
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
This Nord geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_dialects"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_(French_department)"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Saint-Omer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Omer"}],"text":"Commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceLederzeele (from Flemish; Lederzele in modern Dutch spelling) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.[3]It is 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Saint-Omer.","title":"Lederzeele"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Heraldry"}] | [{"image_text":"Arms of Lederzeele","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Blason_de_la_ville_de_Lederzeele_%2859%29_Nord-France.svg/120px-Blason_de_la_ville_de_Lederzeele_%2859%29_Nord-France.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Communes of the Nord department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Nord_department"}] | [{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-59337","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lederzeele¶ms=50.8225_N_2.3003_E_type:city(692)_region:FR-HDF","external_links_name":"50°49′21″N 2°18′01″E / 50.8225°N 2.3003°E / 50.8225; 2.3003"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lederzeele¶ms=50.8225_N_2.3003_E_type:city(692)_region:FR-HDF","external_links_name":"50°49′21″N 2°18′01″E / 50.8225°N 2.3003°E / 50.8225; 2.3003"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-59337","external_links_name":"59337"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-59337","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/cog/commune/COM59337-lederzeele","external_links_name":"INSEE commune file"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152669111","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152669111","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lederzeele&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_van_Walsem | Hans van Walsem | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Dutch rower
In this Dutch name, the surname is van Walsem, not Walsem.
Hans van WalsemPersonal informationNationalityDutchBorn(1916-12-14)14 December 1916Weltevreden, Batavia, Dutch East IndiesDied2 January 1943(1943-01-02) (aged 26)Neuengamme, Nazi GermanySportSportRowing
Hans van Walsem (14 December 1916 – 2 January 1943) was a Dutch rower. He competed in the men's coxed pair event at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was killed in the Neuengamme concentration camp during World War II.
References
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Hans van Walsem Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
^ "Olympians Who Were Killed or Missing in Action or Died as a Result of War". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
External links
Hans van Walsem at World Rowing
Hans van Walsem at Olympedia
This biographical article relating to Dutch rowing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"rower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"men's coxed pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_coxed_pair"},{"link_name":"1936 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-1"},{"link_name":"Neuengamme concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWII-2"}],"text":"In this Dutch name, the surname is van Walsem, not Walsem.Hans van Walsem (14 December 1916 – 2 January 1943) was a Dutch rower. He competed in the men's coxed pair event at the 1936 Summer Olympics.[1] He was killed in the Neuengamme concentration camp during World War II.[2]","title":"Hans van Walsem"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Hans van Walsem Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418002123/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/va/hans-van-walsem-1.html","url_text":"\"Hans van Walsem Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/va/hans-van-walsem-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympians Who Were Killed or Missing in Action or Died as a Result of War\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417055433/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/friv/lists.cgi?id=65","url_text":"\"Olympians Who Were Killed or Missing in Action or Died as a Result of War\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/friv/lists.cgi?id=65","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418002123/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/va/hans-van-walsem-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Hans van Walsem Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/va/hans-van-walsem-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417055433/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/friv/lists.cgi?id=65","external_links_name":"\"Olympians Who Were Killed or Missing in Action or Died as a Result of War\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/friv/lists.cgi?id=65","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://worldrowing.com/athlete/13946","external_links_name":"Hans van Walsem"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2758258#P2091"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/39022","external_links_name":"Hans van Walsem"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2758258#P8286"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_van_Walsem&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layers_of_Fear_2 | Layers of Fear 2 | ["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Development","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"] | 2019 video game
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Layers of Fear 2" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2019 video gameLayers of Fear 2Developer(s)Bloober TeamPublisher(s)Gun MediaDesigner(s)Michał KrólPaweł NiezabitowskiProgrammer(s)Eryk DykielMariusz SzaflikWriter(s)Andrzej MądrzakComposer(s)Arkadiusz ReikowskiEngineUnreal Engine 4Platform(s)Microsoft WindowsPlayStation 4Xbox OneNintendo SwitchReleaseWindows, PS4, Xbox One28 May 2019Nintendo Switch20 May 2021Genre(s)Psychological horrorMode(s)Single-player
Layers of Fear 2 is a psychological horror video game developed by Bloober Team. It was released for Linux, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in 2019, and for the Nintendo Switch in 2021. It is a sequel to Layers of Fear.
In Layers of Fear 2, the player controls an actor on board a ship following instructions of an unseen director. The gameplay, presented in first-person perspective, is story-driven and revolves around puzzle-solving and exploration. A sequel titled Layers of Fear was released on 15 June 2023.
Gameplay
The player takes control of an actor aboard a ship. As the player explores the ship, he comes across reels of film and camera equipment, as well as various built sets. The voice of the film's director appears to be piped in at certain points, when the actor is expected to complete a certain task. Whether or not the player complies with the director's instructions influences the dialogue and ending of the game.
Plot
The game begins with an actor awakening and walking through a damaged, dilapidated area resembling the hallways of a cruise ship, encountering a deformed female figure who mocks them, stating that they "almost had it". The game begins on a cruise ship after an actor boards it in a special suite, as their agent convinced them to meet with a mysterious, eccentric director. They are contacted by the director by a speaker, and is tasked with "building the character"; the actor must traverse an area of the ship sectioned off from the guests and crew. Throughout the many corridors and rooms of the ship, they encounter many strange occurrences and seemingly supernatural happenings as the director speaks to them, with them having various flashbacks, with the various visions and hallucinations changing to match. The actor obtains different film reels that lead across four main acts, with each having puzzles, obstacles and important decisions that the player must make.
The story that is unfurled begins with a young brother, James Burns, and his older sister Lily. Both are left alone with their abusive, alcoholic father, who was left without an eye after his time in military service. He resents James, due to his wife dying after he is born, and frequently abuses him. Lily tries to lift his spirits by often playing pretend, inspired by a pirate film they secretly watch in their father's movie theater. One time, Lily falls and hit her head, and after waking when momentarily passed out, Lily says that the old her is dead, calling herself "Captain". Both siblings run away after the movie theater burns down, killing their father (it is possibly implied that Lily was responsible for it herself somehow). They later find and board onto a ship as stowaways, though they must hide from the crew members and search for food. After James almost gets them caught one time, Lily goes out to search alone. James, scared of being alone, is reminded that if he stops and listens, he can hear his sister speaking from within him. Later Lily returns, but is visibly angered and distressed; it is implied by various voices and visualizations that she was sexually assaulted by a passenger, who she then proceeded to kill. Lily, unable to handle her trauma, lashes out at James. Shortly thereafter, a fire breaks out during a storm, and James and Lily are separated, with Lily promising that she will find him. However, James lives as he escapes on a boat, while Lily dies on the ship. Years later, James is later discovered by an actor, who introduces him into the profession, leading to the events of the game.
The game ends with the actor arriving at a stage with a small boy, where they end a performance in front of a crowd. The actor then looks at themself in their room, with the actor revealed to be male or female, depending on their choices. The screen cuts to black after they turn to see a chest trembling and bursting open.
The game takes place within James' mind, who was left empty and vacant by Lily's death; the director is hinted to be his inner conscience. James is caught in an inner struggle, as he attempts to reconstruct the consciousness of his deceased sister to bring her back. His unconscious, taking the form of the director, drives him to prevent this, instead rejecting his alter-ego's attempts to overtake him. James continuously flees from a deformed, shapeless monster that represents his indecision and lack of identity. The deformed women, known as the "Rat Queen", is a mysterious entity that appears to be guiding James; in the third ending where the decisions are made in equal measure, she appears and reprimands James, and the cycle starts again as the events of the game reset. In the fifth and final act, James traverses the center of his mind within the degraded, submerged recreation of the ship, with him emerging as "Lily" or himself, with the director parting ways with him (for a time, if the third ending takes place). There is hinted to be a supernatural element to this, as Lily's voice tells him that he called out for her soul, but "something else answered", possibly referring to the Rat Queen, who might be a being aiding in finalizing his choice of who he is; this is also why some people don't completely recognize him, and no camera or writings can ascertain his appearance or his name. As for the final scene, for "Lily" it symbolizes her taking over Jacob as his sense of self is dissolved, though James' underlying knowledge will forever follow him; for the true James, it represents his acceptance and living with of his past trauma, guilt and regrets and moving on with his life, building his own personal character rather than living off another's.
Development
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2022)
Reception
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2023)
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticPC: 70/100PS4: 68/100XONE: 63/100NS: 72/100Review scoresPublicationScoreAdventure GamersDestructoid6.5/10Hardcore Gamer4.5/5IGN9/10Slant
Layers of Fear 2's received "mixed or average reviews". Steve Petite with IGN called it "the most stunning horror game of this generation" and lauded its "hauntingly beautiful writing."
References
^ "Layers of Fears announced for PS5, Xbox Series, and PC". Gematsu. 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
^ "Layers of Fear". Steam. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ "Layers of Fear 2 for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
^ "Layers of Fear 2 for PlayStation 4 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
^ "Layers of Fear 2 for Xbox One Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
^ "Layers of Fear 2 for Switch Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
^ Berens, Nathaniel (5 July 2019). "Review for Layers of Fear 2". Adventure Gamers. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Devore, Jordan (24 May 2019). "Review: Layers of Fear 2". Destructoid. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Wells, Cory (24 May 2019). "Review: Layers of Fear 2". Hardcore Gamer. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ a b Petite, Steve (24 May 2019). "Layers of Fear 2 Review". IGN. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
^ Riccio, Aaron (26 May 2019). "Review: Layers of Fear 2, Though Terrifying, Clings Too Tightly to Its Script". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychological horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_horror"},{"link_name":"Bloober Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloober_Team"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"Layers of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layers_of_Fear"},{"link_name":"first-person perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Layers of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layers_of_Fear_(2023_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"2019 video gameLayers of Fear 2 is a psychological horror video game developed by Bloober Team. It was released for Linux, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in 2019, and for the Nintendo Switch in 2021. It is a sequel to Layers of Fear.In Layers of Fear 2, the player controls an actor on board a ship following instructions of an unseen director. The gameplay, presented in first-person perspective, is story-driven and revolves around puzzle-solving and exploration. A sequel titled Layers of Fear was released on 15 June 2023.[1][2]","title":"Layers of Fear 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"}],"text":"The player takes control of an actor aboard a ship. As the player explores the ship, he comes across reels of film and camera equipment, as well as various built sets. The voice of the film's director appears to be piped in at certain points, when the actor is expected to complete a certain task. Whether or not the player complies with the director's instructions influences the dialogue and ending of the game.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The game begins with an actor awakening and walking through a damaged, dilapidated area resembling the hallways of a cruise ship, encountering a deformed female figure who mocks them, stating that they \"almost had it\". The game begins on a cruise ship after an actor boards it in a special suite, as their agent convinced them to meet with a mysterious, eccentric director. They are contacted by the director by a speaker, and is tasked with \"building the character\"; the actor must traverse an area of the ship sectioned off from the guests and crew. Throughout the many corridors and rooms of the ship, they encounter many strange occurrences and seemingly supernatural happenings as the director speaks to them, with them having various flashbacks, with the various visions and hallucinations changing to match. The actor obtains different film reels that lead across four main acts, with each having puzzles, obstacles and important decisions that the player must make.The story that is unfurled begins with a young brother, James Burns, and his older sister Lily. Both are left alone with their abusive, alcoholic father, who was left without an eye after his time in military service. He resents James, due to his wife dying after he is born, and frequently abuses him. Lily tries to lift his spirits by often playing pretend, inspired by a pirate film they secretly watch in their father's movie theater. One time, Lily falls and hit her head, and after waking when momentarily passed out, Lily says that the old her is dead, calling herself \"Captain\". Both siblings run away after the movie theater burns down, killing their father (it is possibly implied that Lily was responsible for it herself somehow). They later find and board onto a ship as stowaways, though they must hide from the crew members and search for food. After James almost gets them caught one time, Lily goes out to search alone. James, scared of being alone, is reminded that if he stops and listens, he can hear his sister speaking from within him. Later Lily returns, but is visibly angered and distressed; it is implied by various voices and visualizations that she was sexually assaulted by a passenger, who she then proceeded to kill. Lily, unable to handle her trauma, lashes out at James. Shortly thereafter, a fire breaks out during a storm, and James and Lily are separated, with Lily promising that she will find him. However, James lives as he escapes on a boat, while Lily dies on the ship. Years later, James is later discovered by an actor, who introduces him into the profession, leading to the events of the game.The game ends with the actor arriving at a stage with a small boy, where they end a performance in front of a crowd. The actor then looks at themself in their room, with the actor revealed to be male or female, depending on their choices. The screen cuts to black after they turn to see a chest trembling and bursting open.The game takes place within James' mind, who was left empty and vacant by Lily's death; the director is hinted to be his inner conscience. James is caught in an inner struggle, as he attempts to reconstruct the consciousness of his deceased sister to bring her back. His unconscious, taking the form of the director, drives him to prevent this, instead rejecting his alter-ego's attempts to overtake him. James continuously flees from a deformed, shapeless monster that represents his indecision and lack of identity. The deformed women, known as the \"Rat Queen\", is a mysterious entity that appears to be guiding James; in the third ending where the decisions are made in equal measure, she appears and reprimands James, and the cycle starts again as the events of the game reset. In the fifth and final act, James traverses the center of his mind within the degraded, submerged recreation of the ship, with him emerging as \"Lily\" or himself, with the director parting ways with him (for a time, if the third ending takes place). There is hinted to be a supernatural element to this, as Lily's voice tells him that he called out for her soul, but \"something else answered\", possibly referring to the Rat Queen, who might be a being aiding in finalizing his choice of who he is; this is also why some people don't completely recognize him, and no camera or writings can ascertain his appearance or his name. As for the final scene, for \"Lily\" it symbolizes her taking over Jacob as his sense of self is dissolved, though James' underlying knowledge will forever follow him; for the true James, it represents his acceptance and living with of his past trauma, guilt and regrets and moving on with his life, building his own personal character rather than living off another's.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS4-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCXONE-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCNS-6"},{"link_name":"Adventure Gamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Gamers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-10"},{"link_name":"Slant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-10"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticPC: 70/100[3]PS4: 68/100[4]XONE: 63/100[5]NS: 72/100[6]Review scoresPublicationScoreAdventure Gamers[7]Destructoid6.5/10[8]Hardcore Gamer4.5/5[9]IGN9/10[10]Slant[11]Layers of Fear 2's received \"mixed or average reviews\". Steve Petite with IGN called it \"the most stunning horror game of this generation\" and lauded its \"hauntingly beautiful writing.\"[10]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Layers of Fears announced for PS5, Xbox Series, and PC\". Gematsu. 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gematsu.com/2022/06/layers-of-fears-announced-for-ps5-xbox-series-and-pc","url_text":"\"Layers of Fears announced for PS5, Xbox Series, and PC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Layers of Fear\". Steam. Retrieved 5 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://store.steampowered.com/app/1946700/Layers_of_Fear/","url_text":"\"Layers of Fear\""}]},{"reference":"\"Layers of Fear 2 for PC Reviews\". Metacritic. 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Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hardcoregamer.com/reviews/review-layers-of-fear-2/331703/","url_text":"\"Review: Layers of Fear 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hardcore_Gamer&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Hardcore Gamer"}]},{"reference":"Petite, Steve (24 May 2019). \"Layers of Fear 2 Review\". IGN. Retrieved 5 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/05/24/layers-of-fear-2-review","url_text":"\"Layers of Fear 2 Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Riccio, Aaron (26 May 2019). \"Review: Layers of Fear 2, Though Terrifying, Clings Too Tightly to Its Script\". Slant Magazine. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_MacLane | Mary MacLane | ["1 Early life and family","2 Writing","3 Influence","4 Personal life","5 Contemporary collections and performances","6 Bibliography","6.1 Books","6.2 Selected articles","6.3 Screenplays and filmography","7 In popular culture","8 Further reading","9 References","10 External links"] | American writer
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Mary MacLaneMacLane in 1918BornMay 1, 1881Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaDiedAugust 6, 1929(1929-08-06) (aged 48)Chicago, Illinois, United StatesNationalityCanadian-AmericanOccupationWriter
Mary MacLane (May 1, 1881 – c. August 6, 1929) was a controversial Canadian-born American writer whose frank memoirs helped usher in the confessional style of autobiographical writing. MacLane was known as the "Wild Woman of Butte".
MacLane was a popular author for her time, scandalizing the populace with her shocking bestselling first memoir and to a lesser extent her two following books. She was considered wild and uncontrollable, a reputation she nurtured, and was openly bisexual as well as a vocal feminist. In her writings, she compared herself to another frank young memoirist, Marie Bashkirtseff, who died a few years after MacLane was born, and H. L. Mencken called her "the Butte Bashkirtseff".
Early life and family
MacLane was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in 1881, but her family moved to the Red River area of Minnesota, settling in Fergus Falls, which her father helped develop. After his death in 1889, her mother remarried a family friend and lawyer, H. Gysbert Klenze. Soon after, the family moved to Montana, first settling in Great Falls and finally in Butte, where Klenze drained the family funds pursuing mining and other ventures. MacLane spent the remainder of her life in the United States. She began writing for her school paper in 1898.
Writing
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MacLane depicted on inside cover of a 1902 edition of The Story of Mary MacLane
From the beginning, MacLane's writing was characterized by a direct, fiery, individualistic style. She was, however, also influenced by such American regional realists as John Townsend Trowbridge (with whom she exchanged a few letters), Maria Louise Pool, and Hamlin Garland.
In 1901, MacLane wrote her first book, which she originally titled I Await the Devil's Coming. Prior to the manuscript's printing the following year, MacLane's publisher, Herbert S. Stone & Company, altered the title to The Story of Mary MacLane. The book proved to be an immediate success, especially among young women, selling over 100,000 copies during its first month of release. It, however, was pilloried by conservative critics and readers, and even lightly ridiculed by H. L. Mencken.
Some critics have suggested that even by today's standards, MacLane's writing is raw, honest, unflinching, self-aware, sensual, and extreme. She wrote openly about egoism and her own self-love, about sexual attraction and love for other women, and even about her desire to marry the Devil.
Her second book, My Friend Annabel Lee, was published by Stone in 1903. More experimental in style than her debut book, it was not as sensational, though MacLane was said to have made a fairly large amount of money.
Her final book, I, Mary Maclane: A Diary of Human Days was published by Frederick A. Stokes in 1917 and sold moderately well but may have been overshadowed by America's recent entry into World War I.
In 1917, she wrote and starred in the 90-minute autobiographical silent film titled Men Who Have Made Love to Me, for Essanay Studios. Produced by film pioneer George Kirke Spoor and based on MacLane's 1910 article of the same title for a Butte newspaper, it has been speculated to have been an extremely early, if not the earliest, sustained breaking of the fourth wall in cinema, with the writer-star directly addressing the audience. Though stills and some subtitles have survived, the film is now believed to be lost.
Influence
Among the numerous authors who referenced, parodied, or answered MacLane were Mark Twain, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Harriet Monroe, lawyer Clarence Darrow, Ring Lardner Jr., Sherwood Anderson and Daniel Clowes in Ice Haven. Gertrude Sanborn published an optimistic riposte to MacLane's 1917 I, Mary MacLane under the title I, Citizen of Eternity (1920).
Personal life
MacLane had always chafed, or felt, "anxiety of place", at living in Butte, a mining city far from cultural centers, and used the money from her first book's sales to travel to Chicago and then throughout the East Coast. She lived in Rockland, Massachusetts, wintering in St. Augustine, Florida, from 1903 to 1908, then in Greenwich Village from 1908 to 1909, where she continued writing and, by her later published accounts, living a decadent and Bohemian existence. She was close friends with the feminist writer Inez Haynes Irwin, who is referenced in some of MacLane's 1910 writing in a Butte newspaper and who in turn mentioned MacLane in a 1911 magazine article.
For a period, she lived with her friend Caroline M. Branson, who had been the long-time companion of Maria Louise Pool until the latter's death in 1898. They lived in the Rockland house that Pool left to Branson. Mary Maclane also had a multi-decade friendship with Harriet Monroe.
MacLane died in Chicago in early August 1929, aged 48. She was less frequently discussed through the mid to late 20th century, and her prose remained out of print until late 1993, when The Story of Mary MacLane and some of her newspaper feature work was republished in Tender Darkness: A Mary MacLane Anthology.
Contemporary collections and performances
In 2011, the publisher of Tender Darkness (1993) published an expanded anthology titled Human Days: A Mary MacLane Reader (with a Foreword by Bojana Novakovic).
In 2011, Novakovic wrote and performed "The Story of Mary MacLane – By Herself" in Melbourne, Australia, which was subsequently staged in Sydney, Australia in 2012.
In the 2010s, MacLane's work was translated into French, Danish, and Spanish. A German edition was published in 2020.
Bibliography
Library resources about Mary MacLane
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
By Mary MacLane
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
The first page of the original 1901 manuscript of I Await the Devil's Coming (renamed to The Story of Mary MacLane when published in 1902)
Books
The Story of Mary MacLane (1902)
My Friend Annabel Lee (1903)
I, Mary MacLane: A Diary of Human Days (1917, 2013)
Tender Darkness: A Mary MacLane Anthology (reprint) (1993)
The Story of Mary MacLane and Other Writings (reprint anthology) (1999)
Human Days: A Mary MacLane Reader (foreword by Bojana Novakovic) (2011)
I Await the Devil's Coming (2013)
Selected articles
(1898)
Consider Thy Youth and Therein (1899)
Charles Dickens – Best of Castle-Builders (graduate oration, 1899)
Mary MacLane at Newport (1902)
Mary MacLane at Coney Island
Mary MacLane on Wall Street (1902)
Mary MacLane in Little Old New York (1902)
On Marriage (1902)
A Foreground and a Background (1903)
Mary MacLane Discusses the 'Outward Seeming of Denver' (1903)
The Second 'Story of Mary MacLane' (1909)
Mary MacLane Soliloquizes on Scarlet Fever (1910)
Mary MacLane Meets the Vampire on the Isle of Treacherous Delights (1910)
The Autobiography of the Kid Primitive (1910)
Mary MacLane Wants a Vote – For the Other Woman (1910)
Men Who Have Made Love to Me (1910)
The Latter-Day Litany of Mary MacLane (1910)
The Borrower of Two-Dollar Bills – and Other Women (1910)
A Waif of Destiny on the High Seas (1910)
Woman and the Cigarette (1911)
Mary MacLane Says – (1911)
Mary MacLane on Marriage (1917)
The Movies and Me (1918)
Screenplays and filmography
Men Who Have Made Love to Me (1918)
In popular culture
The 2020 novel Plain Bad Heroines features MacLane's life and work as a recurring interest for multiple characters in the book, which draws its title from a passage from MacLane's The Story of Mary MacLane.
Further reading
Halverson, Cathryn. "The Devil and Desire in Butte, Montana." In Maverick Autobiographies: Women Writers and the American West, 1900-1936. Wisconsin Studies in Autobiography series, William L. Andrews, general editor. University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. Borrowable at Internet Archive.
Mattern, Carolyn J., "Mary MacLane: A Feminist Opinion", Montana The Magazine of Western History, 27 (Autumn 1977), 54–63.
Miller, Barbara, "'Hot as Live Embers—Cold as Hail': The Restless Soul of Butte's Mary MacLane", Montana Magazine, September 1982, 50–53.
Terris, Virginia R., "Mary MacLane—Realist", The Speculator, Summer 1985, 42–49.
Wheeler, Leslie A., "Montana's Shocking 'Lit'ry Lady'", Montana The Magazine of Western History, 27 (Summer 1977), 20–33.
References
^ The Chicagoan, obituary editorial, August 1929. Quoted in Tender Darkness, Introduction.
^ a b c Watson, Julia Dr. (2002). "Introduction", The Story of Mary MacLane. ISBN 1-931832-19-6.
^ New York Times obituary article, 9 August 1929
^ a b Story of Mary MacLane (1902 and 1911), first entry.
^ Tender Darkness, bibliography
^ Tender Darkness, introduction
^ a b "Mary MacLane", IMDb.com. Accessed: December 16, 2012.
^ "Plain Bad Heroines is an Engrossing Gothic Horror Story". Lambda Literary. 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mary MacLane.
Wikisource has original works by or about:Mary MacLane
Website with biography, photos, private letters, reviews
Encyclopædia Britannica article by Julia Watson
2013 Atlantic article by Hope Reese
2013 New Yorker article
Works by Mary MacLane at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Mary MacLane at Internet Archive
Works by Mary MacLane at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Mary Maclane at Women Film Pioneers Project
Authority control databases International
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"confessional style of autobiographical writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessional_poetry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Butte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte,_Montana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"memoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoir"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexuality"},{"link_name":"feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"Marie Bashkirtseff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Bashkirtseff"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mary_MacLane_1911-4"},{"link_name":"H. L. Mencken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Mencken"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson-2"}],"text":"Mary MacLane (May 1, 1881 – c. August 6, 1929) was a controversial Canadian-born American writer whose frank memoirs helped usher in the confessional style of autobiographical writing.[1] MacLane was known as the \"Wild Woman of Butte\".[2]MacLane was a popular author for her time,[3] scandalizing the populace with her shocking bestselling first memoir and to a lesser extent her two following books. She was considered wild and uncontrollable, a reputation she nurtured, and was openly bisexual as well as a vocal feminist. In her writings, she compared herself to another frank young memoirist, Marie Bashkirtseff, who died a few years after MacLane was born,[4] and H. L. Mencken called her \"the Butte Bashkirtseff\".[2]","title":"Mary MacLane"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winnipeg, Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mary_MacLane_1911-4"},{"link_name":"Fergus Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_Falls"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Great Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Falls,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Butte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte,_Montana"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"MacLane was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in 1881,[4] but her family moved to the Red River area of Minnesota, settling in Fergus Falls, which her father helped develop. After his death in 1889, her mother remarried a family friend and lawyer, H. Gysbert Klenze. Soon after, the family moved to Montana, first settling in Great Falls and finally in Butte, where Klenze drained the family funds pursuing mining and other ventures. MacLane spent the remainder of her life in the United States. She began writing for her school paper in 1898.[5]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_MacLane.jpg"},{"link_name":"individualistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualist"},{"link_name":"John Townsend Trowbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Townsend_Trowbridge"},{"link_name":"Maria Louise Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Louise_Pool"},{"link_name":"Hamlin Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlin_Garland"},{"link_name":"The Story of Mary MacLane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Mary_MacLane"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"H. L. Mencken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Mencken"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"egoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egotism"},{"link_name":"love for other women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"},{"link_name":"Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil"},{"link_name":"My Friend Annabel Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/My_Friend_Annabel_Lee"},{"link_name":"Frederick A. Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_A._Stokes"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"silent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"Men Who Have Made Love to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_Who_Have_Made_Love_to_Me"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-7"},{"link_name":"Essanay Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essanay_Studios"},{"link_name":"George Kirke Spoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kirke_Spoor"},{"link_name":"fourth wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_wall"}],"text":"MacLane depicted on inside cover of a 1902 edition of The Story of Mary MacLaneFrom the beginning, MacLane's writing was characterized by a direct, fiery, individualistic style. She was, however, also influenced by such American regional realists as John Townsend Trowbridge (with whom she exchanged a few letters), Maria Louise Pool, and Hamlin Garland.In 1901, MacLane wrote her first book, which she originally titled I Await the Devil's Coming. Prior to the manuscript's printing the following year, MacLane's publisher, Herbert S. Stone & Company, altered the title to The Story of Mary MacLane. The book proved to be an immediate success, especially among young women, selling over 100,000 copies during its first month of release.[6] It, however, was pilloried by conservative critics and readers, and even lightly ridiculed by H. L. Mencken. [citation needed]Some critics[who?] have suggested that even by today's standards, MacLane's writing is raw, honest, unflinching, self-aware, sensual, and extreme. She wrote openly about egoism and her own self-love, about sexual attraction and love for other women, and even about her desire to marry the Devil.Her second book, My Friend Annabel Lee, was published by Stone in 1903. More experimental in style than her debut book, it was not as sensational, though MacLane was said to have made a fairly large amount of money.Her final book, I, Mary Maclane: A Diary of Human Days was published by Frederick A. Stokes in 1917 and sold moderately well but may have been overshadowed by America's recent entry into World War I.In 1917, she wrote and starred in the 90-minute autobiographical silent film titled Men Who Have Made Love to Me,[7] for Essanay Studios. Produced by film pioneer George Kirke Spoor and based on MacLane's 1910 article of the same title for a Butte newspaper, it has been speculated to have been an extremely early, if not the earliest, sustained breaking of the fourth wall in cinema, with the writer-star directly addressing the audience. Though stills and some subtitles have survived, the film is now believed to be lost.","title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"F. Scott Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Harriet Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Clarence Darrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Darrow"},{"link_name":"Ring Lardner Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_Lardner_Jr."},{"link_name":"Sherwood Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Daniel Clowes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Clowes"},{"link_name":"Ice Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Haven"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Sanborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Sanborn"}],"text":"Among the numerous authors who referenced, parodied, or answered MacLane were Mark Twain, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Harriet Monroe, lawyer Clarence Darrow, Ring Lardner Jr., Sherwood Anderson and Daniel Clowes in Ice Haven. Gertrude Sanborn published an optimistic riposte to MacLane's 1917 I, Mary MacLane under the title I, Citizen of Eternity (1920).","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson-2"},{"link_name":"Rockland, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockland,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"St. Augustine, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"decadent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadent"},{"link_name":"Bohemian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemianism"},{"link_name":"Inez Haynes Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inez_Haynes_Irwin"},{"link_name":"Maria Louise Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Louise_Pool"},{"link_name":"Harriet Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"}],"text":"MacLane had always chafed, or felt, \"anxiety of place\",[2] at living in Butte, a mining city far from cultural centers, and used the money from her first book's sales to travel to Chicago and then throughout the East Coast. She lived in Rockland, Massachusetts, wintering in St. Augustine, Florida, from 1903 to 1908, then in Greenwich Village from 1908 to 1909, where she continued writing and, by her later published accounts, living a decadent and Bohemian existence. She was close friends with the feminist writer Inez Haynes Irwin, who is referenced in some of MacLane's 1910 writing in a Butte newspaper and who in turn mentioned MacLane in a 1911 magazine article.For a period, she lived with her friend Caroline M. Branson, who had been the long-time companion of Maria Louise Pool until the latter's death in 1898. They lived in the Rockland house that Pool left to Branson. Mary Maclane also had a multi-decade friendship with Harriet Monroe.MacLane died in Chicago in early August 1929, aged 48. She was less frequently discussed through the mid to late 20th century, and her prose remained out of print until late 1993, when The Story of Mary MacLane and some of her newspaper feature work was republished in Tender Darkness: A Mary MacLane Anthology.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bojana Novakovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojana_Novakovic"},{"link_name":"Melbourne, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sydney, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Australia"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.editions-du-sous-sol.com/publication/que-le-diable-memporte/"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//basilisk.dk/bog/mary_maclanes_fortaelling.htm"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.planetadelibros.com/libro-deseo-que-venga-el-diablo/189149"}],"text":"In 2011, the publisher of Tender Darkness (1993) published an expanded anthology titled Human Days: A Mary MacLane Reader (with a Foreword by Bojana Novakovic).In 2011, Novakovic wrote and performed \"The Story of Mary MacLane – By Herself\" in Melbourne, Australia, which was subsequently staged in Sydney, Australia in 2012.In the 2010s, MacLane's work was translated into French, Danish, and Spanish. A German edition was published in 2020.","title":"Contemporary collections and performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Library resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library"},{"link_name":"Resources in your library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=7760190"},{"link_name":"Resources in other libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=7760190&library=0CHOOSE0"},{"link_name":"Online books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=7760190&library=OLBP"},{"link_name":"Resources in your library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=7760190"},{"link_name":"Resources in other libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=7760190&library=0CHOOSE0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I_Await_the_Devil%27s_Coming_manuscript_first_page_(1901).png"}],"text":"Library resources about Mary MacLane \n\nResources in your library\nResources in other libraries\n\nBy Mary MacLane\n\nOnline books\nResources in your library\nResources in other librariesThe first page of the original 1901 manuscript of I Await the Devil's Coming (renamed to The Story of Mary MacLane when published in 1902)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Story of Mary MacLane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Mary_MacLane"},{"link_name":"My Friend Annabel Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/My_Friend_Annabel_Lee"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"The Story of Mary MacLane (1902)\nMy Friend Annabel Lee (1903)\nI, Mary MacLane: A Diary of Human Days (1917, 2013)\nTender Darkness: A Mary MacLane Anthology (reprint) (1993)\nThe Story of Mary MacLane and Other Writings (reprint anthology) (1999)\nHuman Days: A Mary MacLane Reader (foreword by Bojana Novakovic) (2011)\nI Await the Devil's Coming (2013)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Selected articles","text":"[Untitled article on stoicism] (1898)\nConsider Thy Youth and Therein (1899)\nCharles Dickens – Best of Castle-Builders (graduate oration, 1899)\nMary MacLane at Newport (1902)\nMary MacLane at Coney Island\nMary MacLane on Wall Street (1902)\nMary MacLane in Little Old New York (1902)\nOn Marriage (1902)\nA Foreground and a Background (1903)\nMary MacLane Discusses the 'Outward Seeming of Denver' (1903)\nThe Second 'Story of Mary MacLane' (1909)\nMary MacLane Soliloquizes on Scarlet Fever (1910)\nMary MacLane Meets the Vampire on the Isle of Treacherous Delights (1910)\nThe Autobiography of the Kid Primitive (1910)\nMary MacLane Wants a Vote – For the Other Woman (1910)\nMen Who Have Made Love to Me (1910)\nThe Latter-Day Litany of Mary MacLane (1910)\nThe Borrower of Two-Dollar Bills – and Other Women (1910)\nA Waif of Destiny on the High Seas (1910)\nWoman and the Cigarette (1911)\nMary MacLane Says – (1911)\nMary MacLane on Marriage (1917)\nThe Movies and Me (1918)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Men Who Have Made Love to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_Who_Have_Made_Love_to_Me"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-7"}],"sub_title":"Screenplays and filmography","text":"Men Who Have Made Love to Me (1918)[7]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plain Bad Heroines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_Bad_Heroines"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The 2020 novel Plain Bad Heroines features MacLane's life and work as a recurring interest for multiple characters in the book, which draws its title from a passage from MacLane's The Story of Mary MacLane.[8]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borrowable at Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/embed/maverickautobiog0000halv"}],"text":"Halverson, Cathryn. \"The Devil and Desire in Butte, Montana.\" In Maverick Autobiographies: Women Writers and the American West, 1900-1936. Wisconsin Studies in Autobiography series, William L. Andrews, general editor. University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. Borrowable at Internet Archive.\nMattern, Carolyn J., \"Mary MacLane: A Feminist Opinion\", Montana The Magazine of Western History, 27 (Autumn 1977), 54–63.\nMiller, Barbara, \"'Hot as Live Embers—Cold as Hail': The Restless Soul of Butte's Mary MacLane\", Montana Magazine, September 1982, 50–53.\nTerris, Virginia R., \"Mary MacLane—Realist\", The Speculator, Summer 1985, 42–49.\nWheeler, Leslie A., \"Montana's Shocking 'Lit'ry Lady'\", Montana The Magazine of Western History, 27 (Summer 1977), 20–33.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"MacLane depicted on inside cover of a 1902 edition of The Story of Mary MacLane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mary_MacLane.jpg/175px-Mary_MacLane.jpg"},{"image_text":"The first page of the original 1901 manuscript of I Await the Devil's Coming (renamed to The Story of Mary MacLane when published in 1902)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/I_Await_the_Devil%27s_Coming_manuscript_first_page_%281901%29.png/200px-I_Await_the_Devil%27s_Coming_manuscript_first_page_%281901%29.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Plain Bad Heroines is an Engrossing Gothic Horror Story\". Lambda Literary. 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lambdaliterary.org/2020/11/plain-bad-heroines/","url_text":"\"Plain Bad Heroines is an Engrossing Gothic Horror Story\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mary+MacLane%22","external_links_name":"\"Mary MacLane\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mary+MacLane%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mary+MacLane%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mary+MacLane%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mary+MacLane%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mary+MacLane%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_MacLane&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.editions-du-sous-sol.com/publication/que-le-diable-memporte/","external_links_name":"French"},{"Link":"http://basilisk.dk/bog/mary_maclanes_fortaelling.htm","external_links_name":"Danish"},{"Link":"https://www.planetadelibros.com/libro-deseo-que-venga-el-diablo/189149","external_links_name":"Spanish"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=7760190","external_links_name":"Resources in your library"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=7760190&library=0CHOOSE0","external_links_name":"Resources in other libraries"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=7760190&library=OLBP","external_links_name":"Online books"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=7760190","external_links_name":"Resources in your library"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=7760190&library=0CHOOSE0","external_links_name":"Resources in other libraries"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/embed/maverickautobiog0000halv","external_links_name":"Borrowable at Internet Archive"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0533695/","external_links_name":"\"Mary MacLane\", IMDb.com."},{"Link":"https://www.lambdaliterary.org/2020/11/plain-bad-heroines/","external_links_name":"\"Plain Bad Heroines is an Engrossing Gothic Horror Story\""},{"Link":"http://www.marymaclane.com/","external_links_name":"Website with biography, photos, private letters, reviews"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/biography/Mary-MacLane/","external_links_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica article by Julia Watson"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/03/the-forgotten-story-of-mary-maclane-1902s-racy-angsty-teenage-diarist/274149/","external_links_name":"2013 Atlantic article by Hope Reese"},{"Link":"http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/why-i-am-a-thief/","external_links_name":"2013 New Yorker article"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/42291","external_links_name":"Works by Mary MacLane"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22MacLane%2C%20Mary%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mary%20MacLane%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22MacLane%2C%20Mary%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mary%20MacLane%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22MacLane%2C%20M%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Mary%20MacLane%22%20OR%20description%3A%22MacLane%2C%20Mary%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mary%20MacLane%22%29%20OR%20%28%221881-1929%22%20AND%20MacLane%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Mary MacLane"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/author/4382","external_links_name":"Works by Mary MacLane"},{"Link":"https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-mary-maclane/","external_links_name":"Mary Maclane at Women Film Pioneers Project"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/164773/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000080873565","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7760190","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB4cQXBxGcvbjW7F4YByd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5459368","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17774162k","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17774162k","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1045856045","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272276805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86800243","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p315483148","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1145283","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xx21s0","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/233170421","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouilly_Fum%C3%A9 | Pouilly-Fumé | ["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Antiquity","2.2 Middle Ages","2.3 Modern period","2.4 Contemporary period","3 Location","3.1 Orography","3.2 Geology","3.3 Climate","4 Vineyard","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | French wine region in the Loire valley
Not to be confused with Pouilly-Fuissé from Burgundy.
Pouilly FuméWine regionTypeAOCYear established1937Country FrancePart ofNivernaisClimate regionmoderate temperate oceanicSoil conditionskimmeridgian marl and clay with flintsTotal area1,200 hectaresVarietals producedSauvignon blancWine producedFrom 65 to 75 hl/ha
Pouilly-Fumé is an appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) for the dry sauvignon blanc white wine produced around Pouilly-sur-Loire, in the Nièvre département. Another white wine produced in the same area but with a different grape variety is called Pouilly-sur-Loire.
Etymology
Pouilly-Fumé is made purely from sauvignon blanc, a type of vine whose clusters are formed of small ovoid grapes, pressed against each other and resembling small bird eggs. At maturity, these grapes are coated with a grey bloom, the color of smoke—which explains why Pouilly winegrowers talk of "white smoke" to describe the type of vine or the wines made from it. "Fumé" also refers to the smoky bouquet (the renowned "gun flint aroma"), bestowed by the terroir vineyards of Pouilly-sur-Loire.
History
Antiquity
The vineyards of Pouilly-Fumé date back to the fifth century. The area was a Gallo-Roman estate dating back to the early days of the Roman Empire. The name derives from the Latin Pauliacum super fluvium ligerim (Pauliacum on the River Loire), reflecting the Roman road which passed through this locality.
Middle Ages
Benedictine monks commenced development of Pouilly-Fumé in the Middle Ages. Sacramental wine is traditionally white, less prone to staining, and the Benedictines developed the vineyards without seeking profitability. The fiefdom and vineyards of Pouilly were transferred to the Benedictines of La Charité-sur-Loire for the sum of "3100 sous and a silver mark" towards the end of the eleventh century. A plot of about 4 hectares (9.9 acres) overlooking the River Loire has retained the appellation Loge aux Moines (Monks’ Lodge), in memory of that era. The repurchase of Boisgibault lands in 1383 by Jean III de Sancerre demonstrates the proximity that has always existed between this vineyard and that of Sancerre, and their respective white wine production.
Modern period
Despite floods and low water, transport of Pouilly wines via the Loire was efficient and fast, due to the location of the vineyard. This wine was always exported by water navigation, especially after the opening of the Canal de Briare in 1642. After the French Revolution of 1789, peasants were able to become owners of land and vineyards formerly possessions of the nobility and clergy.
At the end of the nineteenth century, growers were faced with mildew and phylloxera. The vineyard was devastated and many cultivators had to redeploy. After many unsuccessful attempts at treatment, the vines were uprooted in the early twentieth century and only part of the vineyard was replanted after grafting onto American rootstock.
Contemporary period
Pouilly-Fumé has been an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) since 1937. Today a large part of the production is sold abroad, especially to Great Britain.
Location
The following vineyard communes are to be found in the Nièvre, to the east of the Loire: Pouilly-sur-Loire, Saint-Andelain, Tracy-sur-Loire (village Boisgibault), Saint-Laurent-l'Abbaye, Mesves-sur-Loire, Saint-Martin-sur-Nohain, Garchy.
Orography
The terrain is slightly undulating because of the Loire which has created a valley; Sancerre is on a promontory to the other side of the river.
Geology
The soil consists of three major types: Kimmeridgian marl, hard limestone and flint clay.
Climate
The climate is temperate with a slight tendency to continental.
Vineyard
The Nièvre vineyard is spread over 1,200 hectares (3,000 acres), with 120 winemakers annually producing approximately 70,400 hectolitres (1,860,000 US gal).
This varietal Sauvignon is similar to those of the vineyards of Sancerre. It should not be confused with Pouilly-Fuissé, a chardonnay wine from the south of Burgundy (Mâcon).
References
^ "Décret n° 2011-784 du 28 juin 2011 relatif aux appellations d'origine contrôlées « Pouilly-Fumé » ou « Blanc Fumé de Pouilly » et « Pouilly-sur-Loire »". Lègifrance (in French). Retrieved 21 May 2021.
^ "Décret n° 2009-1307 du 27 octobre 2009 relatif aux appellations d'origine contrôlées « Reuilly », « Sancerre », « Quincy », « Coteaux du Giennois », « Menetou-Salon », « Pouilly-Fumé » ou « Blanc Fumé de Pouilly » « Pouilly-sur-Loire », « Jurançon », « Gaillac » et « Gaillac premières côtes »". Légifrance (in French). Retrieved 21 May 2021.
^ "Histoire Le vignoble de Pouilly au fil des siècles" (in French). 21 June 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
^ "OT Sauldre & Sologne - Gastronomy". www.tourisme-sauldre-sologne.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
^ Solar Green Guide: Wines of France. (Page No. 207 of Pouilly-Fumé).
^ "Pouilly-Fumé". loirevalleywine.com. 2014. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
Further reading
Mastrojanni Michel: Les Vins de France (green guide solar). Solar Editions, Paris 1992 - 1994 - 1998 (ISBN 2-263-02796-3)
External links
Pouilly-Fumé AOC. official site Archived 2008-05-12 at the Wayback Machine (in English)
2 Rives pour vous servir.com: Article on the "Syndicat Viticole de l'Aire AOC de Pouilly", (in English) Archived 2022-01-28 at the Wayback Machine | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pouilly-Fuissé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouilly-Fuiss%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"appellation d'origine contrôlée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"sauvignon blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc"},{"link_name":"white wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_wine"},{"link_name":"Pouilly-sur-Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouilly-sur-Loire"},{"link_name":"Nièvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre"},{"link_name":"Pouilly-sur-Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouilly-sur-Loire_AOC"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Pouilly-Fuissé from Burgundy.Pouilly-Fumé is an appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) for the dry sauvignon blanc white wine produced around Pouilly-sur-Loire, in the Nièvre département. Another white wine produced in the same area but with a different grape variety is called Pouilly-sur-Loire.","title":"Pouilly-Fumé"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sauvignon blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc"},{"link_name":"bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicuticular_wax"},{"link_name":"bouquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma_of_wine"},{"link_name":"gun flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flintlock"},{"link_name":"terroir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terroir"}],"text":"Pouilly-Fumé is made purely from sauvignon blanc, a type of vine whose clusters are formed of small ovoid grapes, pressed against each other and resembling small bird eggs. At maturity, these grapes are coated with a grey bloom, the color of smoke—which explains why Pouilly winegrowers talk of \"white smoke\" to describe the type of vine or the wines made from it. \"Fumé\" also refers to the smoky bouquet (the renowned \"gun flint aroma\"), bestowed by the terroir vineyards of Pouilly-sur-Loire.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard"},{"link_name":"Gallo-Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"River Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire"},{"link_name":"Roman road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Antiquity","text":"The vineyards of Pouilly-Fumé date back to the fifth century. The area was a Gallo-Roman estate dating back to the early days of the Roman Empire.[3] The name derives from the Latin Pauliacum super fluvium ligerim (Pauliacum on the River Loire), reflecting the Roman road which passed through this locality.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benedictine monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine_monk"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Sacramental wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramental_wine"},{"link_name":"fiefdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiefdom"},{"link_name":"La Charité-sur-Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Charit%C3%A9-sur-Loire"},{"link_name":"sous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidus_(coin)#France"},{"link_name":"mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_(money)"},{"link_name":"Boisgibault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boisgibault"},{"link_name":"Sancerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancerre"}],"sub_title":"Middle Ages","text":"Benedictine monks commenced development of Pouilly-Fumé in the Middle Ages. Sacramental wine is traditionally white, less prone to staining, and the Benedictines developed the vineyards without seeking profitability. The fiefdom and vineyards of Pouilly were transferred to the Benedictines of La Charité-sur-Loire for the sum of \"3100 sous and a silver mark\" towards the end of the eleventh century. A plot of about 4 hectares (9.9 acres) overlooking the River Loire has retained the appellation Loge aux Moines (Monks’ Lodge), in memory of that era. The repurchase of Boisgibault lands in 1383 by Jean III de Sancerre demonstrates the proximity that has always existed between this vineyard and that of Sancerre, and their respective white wine production.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canal de Briare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_Briare"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"peasants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants"},{"link_name":"nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility"},{"link_name":"clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"mildew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildew"},{"link_name":"phylloxera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylloxera"},{"link_name":"rootstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootstock"}],"sub_title":"Modern period","text":"Despite floods and low water, transport of Pouilly wines via the Loire was efficient and fast, due to the location of the vineyard. This wine was always exported by water navigation, especially after the opening of the Canal de Briare in 1642. After the French Revolution of 1789, peasants were able to become owners of land and vineyards formerly possessions of the nobility and clergy.At the end of the nineteenth century, growers were faced with mildew and phylloxera. The vineyard was devastated and many cultivators had to redeploy. After many unsuccessful attempts at treatment, the vines were uprooted in the early twentieth century and only part of the vineyard was replanted after grafting onto American rootstock.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Appellation d'origine contrôlée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"}],"sub_title":"Contemporary period","text":"Pouilly-Fumé has been an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) since 1937. Today a large part of the production is sold abroad, especially to Great Britain.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nièvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre"},{"link_name":"Pouilly-sur-Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouilly-sur-Loire"},{"link_name":"Saint-Andelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Andelain"},{"link_name":"Tracy-sur-Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy-sur-Loire"},{"link_name":"Saint-Laurent-l'Abbaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Laurent-l%27Abbaye"},{"link_name":"Mesves-sur-Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesves-sur-Loire"},{"link_name":"Saint-Martin-sur-Nohain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Martin-sur-Nohain"},{"link_name":"Garchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garchy"}],"text":"The following vineyard communes are to be found in the Nièvre, to the east of the Loire: Pouilly-sur-Loire, Saint-Andelain, Tracy-sur-Loire (village Boisgibault), Saint-Laurent-l'Abbaye, Mesves-sur-Loire, Saint-Martin-sur-Nohain, Garchy.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orography"}],"sub_title":"Orography","text":"The terrain is slightly undulating because of the Loire which has created a valley; Sancerre is on a promontory to the other side of the river.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kimmeridgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimmeridgian"},{"link_name":"marl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marl"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"flint clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_clay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Geology","text":"The soil consists of three major types: Kimmeridgian marl, hard limestone and flint clay.[5]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate"},{"link_name":"continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The climate is temperate with a slight tendency to continental.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nièvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pouilly-Fuissé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouilly-Fuiss%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"chardonnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnay"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Mâcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2con"}],"text":"The Nièvre vineyard is spread over 1,200 hectares (3,000 acres), with 120 winemakers annually producing approximately 70,400 hectolitres (1,860,000 US gal).[6]This varietal Sauvignon is similar to those of the vineyards of Sancerre. It should not be confused with Pouilly-Fuissé, a chardonnay wine from the south of Burgundy (Mâcon).","title":"Vineyard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-263-02796-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-263-02796-3"}],"text":"Mastrojanni Michel: Les Vins de France (green guide solar). Solar Editions, Paris 1992 - 1994 - 1998 (ISBN 2-263-02796-3)","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Décret n° 2011-784 du 28 juin 2011 relatif aux appellations d'origine contrôlées « Pouilly-Fumé » ou « Blanc Fumé de Pouilly » et « Pouilly-sur-Loire »\". Lègifrance (in French). Retrieved 21 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000024278489/","url_text":"\"Décret n° 2011-784 du 28 juin 2011 relatif aux appellations d'origine contrôlées « Pouilly-Fumé » ou « Blanc Fumé de Pouilly » et « Pouilly-sur-Loire »\""}]},{"reference":"\"Décret n° 2009-1307 du 27 octobre 2009 relatif aux appellations d'origine contrôlées « Reuilly », « Sancerre », « Quincy », « Coteaux du Giennois », « Menetou-Salon », « Pouilly-Fumé » ou « Blanc Fumé de Pouilly » « Pouilly-sur-Loire », « Jurançon », « Gaillac » et « Gaillac premières côtes »\". Légifrance (in French). Retrieved 21 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000021204729/","url_text":"\"Décret n° 2009-1307 du 27 octobre 2009 relatif aux appellations d'origine contrôlées « Reuilly », « Sancerre », « Quincy », « Coteaux du Giennois », « Menetou-Salon », « Pouilly-Fumé » ou « Blanc Fumé de Pouilly » « Pouilly-sur-Loire », « Jurançon », « Gaillac » et « Gaillac premières côtes »\""}]},{"reference":"\"Histoire Le vignoble de Pouilly au fil des siècles\" (in French). 21 June 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pouilly-fume.com/histoire/","url_text":"\"Histoire Le vignoble de Pouilly au fil des siècles\""}]},{"reference":"\"OT Sauldre & Sologne - Gastronomy\". www.tourisme-sauldre-sologne.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171224042425/http://www.tourisme-sauldre-sologne.com/en/2-discover/11-gastronomy/53-pouilly-fume-wines.html","url_text":"\"OT Sauldre & Sologne - Gastronomy\""},{"url":"http://www.tourisme-sauldre-sologne.com/en/2-discover/11-gastronomy/53-pouilly-fume-wines.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pouilly-Fumé\". loirevalleywine.com. 2014. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032141/http://loirevalleywine.com/regions/centre-loire/pouilly-fume","url_text":"\"Pouilly-Fumé\""},{"url":"http://loirevalleywine.com/regions/centre-loire/pouilly-fume","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000024278489/","external_links_name":"\"Décret n° 2011-784 du 28 juin 2011 relatif aux appellations d'origine contrôlées « Pouilly-Fumé » ou « Blanc Fumé de Pouilly » et « Pouilly-sur-Loire »\""},{"Link":"https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000021204729/","external_links_name":"\"Décret n° 2009-1307 du 27 octobre 2009 relatif aux appellations d'origine contrôlées « Reuilly », « Sancerre », « Quincy », « Coteaux du Giennois », « Menetou-Salon », « Pouilly-Fumé » ou « Blanc Fumé de Pouilly » « Pouilly-sur-Loire », « Jurançon », « Gaillac » et « Gaillac premières côtes »\""},{"Link":"https://www.pouilly-fume.com/histoire/","external_links_name":"\"Histoire Le vignoble de Pouilly au fil des siècles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171224042425/http://www.tourisme-sauldre-sologne.com/en/2-discover/11-gastronomy/53-pouilly-fume-wines.html","external_links_name":"\"OT Sauldre & Sologne - Gastronomy\""},{"Link":"http://www.tourisme-sauldre-sologne.com/en/2-discover/11-gastronomy/53-pouilly-fume-wines.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032141/http://loirevalleywine.com/regions/centre-loire/pouilly-fume","external_links_name":"\"Pouilly-Fumé\""},{"Link":"http://loirevalleywine.com/regions/centre-loire/pouilly-fume","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.pouilly-fume.com/pouilly.en.html","external_links_name":"Pouilly-Fumé AOC. official site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080512002339/http://www.pouilly-fume.com/pouilly.en.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.2rivespourvousservir.com/eng-coups-de-coeur3.php?id=299typeact=artisanat&lieuact=pouilly","external_links_name":"2 Rives pour vous servir.com: Article on the \"Syndicat Viticole de l'Aire AOC de Pouilly\", (in English)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220128162926/http://www.2rivespourvousservir.com/eng-coups-de-coeur3.php?id=299typeact=artisanat&lieuact=pouilly","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_chilensis | Prosopis chilensis | ["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Uses","4 References"] | Species of legume
Prosopis chilensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Subfamily:
Caesalpinioideae
Clade:
Mimosoid clade
Genus:
Prosopis
Species:
P. chilensis
Binomial name
Prosopis chilensis(Mol.) Stunz.
Prosopis chilensis is a species of tree in the genus Prosopis, belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is found in parts of central Chile, southern Peru, Bolivia, and Andean (northwestern) Argentina. Its common names include Chilean mesquite (algarrobo chileno, in Spanish), cupesí (in eastern Bolivia), and Chilean algarrobo. It is used for providing shade, for animal feed, and firewood.
Description
Prosopis chilensis is a medium-sized deciduous tree, reaching a height of about 14 m (46 ft). The trunk is stout and gnarled, and can reach a metre (yard) in diameter. The bark is pale brown and thick, exhibiting cracks and vertical fissures. The leaves are pinnate, up to 20 cm (8 in) long, with twelve to twenty leaflets arranged in pairs. Each leaflet is oval with a smooth margin and a yellowish green upper surface. A pair of strong, curved thorns is borne at the location of each whorl of leaves. The flowers are borne in dense axillary spikes, with each individual flower having five sepals, five petals, and ten stamens. The fruits are twisted or coiled pods, up to 15 cm (6 in) long, containing several coffee-coloured seeds inside. P. chilensis flowers between October and December, and the fruits ripen between February and April.
Distribution and habitat
Prosopis chilensis is found in Peru, Bolivia, eastern Argentina, and central Chile, growing on light soils in arid regions. It is highly drought-resistant and likely fixes nitrogen. It has been introduced into Hawaii, where it is now commonly found growing in thickets behind beaches.
Uses
Prosopis chilensis is used as a shade tree and for firewood. The leaves are used as fodder for livestock and the pods and seeds are of high nutritive value and are ground to make an animal feed. Honey bees, and several other species of bee, pollinate the flowers.
References
^ a b "Prosopis chilensis". Enciclopedia de la Flora Chilena (in Spanish). Retrieved 2015-05-27.
^ Rogers, Ken E. (2010). The Magnificent Mesquite. University of Texas Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-292-78592-2.
^ Coimbra Sanz, Germán (2014). Diccionario enciclopédico cruceño, 3rd ed. Santa Cruz de la Sierra: Gobierno Autónomo Municipal de Santa Cruz. p. 121.
^ Mary Irish (2008). Trees and Shrubs for the Southwest: Woody Plants for Arid Gardens. Timber Press. pp. 260–261. ISBN 978-0-88192-905-8.
^ G. Rehm (2012). Multilingual Dictionary of Agronomic Plants. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 153. ISBN 978-94-011-0972-7.
^ a b "Prosopis chilensis". Firewood Crops: Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production. Washington, D.C.: National Academies of Sciences. 1980. p. 148. NAP:14438.
^ Genise, J.; Palacios, R. A.; Hoc, P. S.; Carrizo, R.; Moffat, L.; Mom, M. P.; Agullo, M. A.; Picca, P.; Torregrosa, S. (1990). "Observaciones sobre la biología floral de Prosopis (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae). II. Fases florales y visitantes en el distrito chaqueño serrano. ". Darwiniana (in Spanish and English). 30 (1–4): 71–85. JSTOR 23222518.
Media related to Prosopis chilensis at Wikimedia Commons
Taxon identifiersProsopis chilensis
Wikidata: Q11700799
Wikispecies: Prosopis chilensis
APDB: 63687
CoL: 4MW69
Ecocrop: 8946
EoL: 638766
EPPO: PRCCH
FNA: 242428618
GBIF: 5358466
GRIN: 29747
iNaturalist: 327731
IPNI: 210426-2
ITIS: 506805
IUCN: 73513653
NCBI: 35716
Open Tree of Life: 137210
Plant List: ild-15772
PLANTS: PRCH2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:210426-2
SANBI: 337-1
Tropicos: 13015290
WFO: wfo-0000169469
Ceratonia chilensis
Wikidata: Q39169129
CoL: SNNK
GBIF: 5358546
GRIN: 9917
IPNI: 485643-1
IRMNG: 10164343
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:485643-1
Tropicos: 13008090
WFO: wfo-0000172297 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"Prosopis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis"},{"link_name":"Fabaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rogers2010-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Irish2008-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rehm2012-5"}],"text":"Prosopis chilensis is a species of tree in the genus Prosopis, belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is found in parts of central Chile, southern Peru, Bolivia, and Andean (northwestern) Argentina.[2] Its common names include Chilean mesquite (algarrobo chileno, in Spanish), cupesí (in eastern Bolivia),[3] and Chilean algarrobo.[4][5] It is used for providing shade, for animal feed, and firewood.","title":"Prosopis chilensis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flora-1"}],"text":"Prosopis chilensis is a medium-sized deciduous tree, reaching a height of about 14 m (46 ft). The trunk is stout and gnarled, and can reach a metre (yard) in diameter. The bark is pale brown and thick, exhibiting cracks and vertical fissures. The leaves are pinnate, up to 20 cm (8 in) long, with twelve to twenty leaflets arranged in pairs. Each leaflet is oval with a smooth margin and a yellowish green upper surface. A pair of strong, curved thorns is borne at the location of each whorl of leaves. The flowers are borne in dense axillary spikes, with each individual flower having five sepals, five petals, and ten stamens. The fruits are twisted or coiled pods, up to 15 cm (6 in) long, containing several coffee-coloured seeds inside. P. chilensis flowers between October and December, and the fruits ripen between February and April.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firewood-6"}],"text":"Prosopis chilensis is found in Peru, Bolivia, eastern Argentina, and central Chile, growing on light soils in arid regions. It is highly drought-resistant and likely fixes nitrogen. It has been introduced into Hawaii, where it is now commonly found growing in thickets behind beaches.[6]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firewood-6"},{"link_name":"Honey bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_bee"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Prosopis chilensis is used as a shade tree and for firewood. The leaves are used as fodder for livestock and the pods and seeds are of high nutritive value and are ground to make an animal feed.[6] Honey bees, and several other species of bee, pollinate the flowers.[7]","title":"Uses"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Prosopis chilensis\". Enciclopedia de la Flora Chilena (in Spanish). Retrieved 2015-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://museo.florachilena.cl/Niv_tax/Angiospermas/Ordenes/Fabales/Fabaceae/Prosopis/Prosopis%20chilensis/Prosopis%20chilensis.htm","url_text":"\"Prosopis chilensis\""}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Ken E. (2010). The Magnificent Mesquite. University of Texas Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-292-78592-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=usBfOqt0R8EC&pg=PT131","url_text":"The Magnificent Mesquite"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-78592-2","url_text":"978-0-292-78592-2"}]},{"reference":"Coimbra Sanz, Germán (2014). Diccionario enciclopédico cruceño, 3rd ed. Santa Cruz de la Sierra: Gobierno Autónomo Municipal de Santa Cruz. p. 121.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mary Irish (2008). Trees and Shrubs for the Southwest: Woody Plants for Arid Gardens. Timber Press. pp. 260–261. ISBN 978-0-88192-905-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AyWkIsLDca8C&pg=PA261","url_text":"Trees and Shrubs for the Southwest: Woody Plants for Arid Gardens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-905-8","url_text":"978-0-88192-905-8"}]},{"reference":"G. Rehm (2012). Multilingual Dictionary of Agronomic Plants. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 153. ISBN 978-94-011-0972-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ7-CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA153","url_text":"Multilingual Dictionary of Agronomic Plants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-011-0972-7","url_text":"978-94-011-0972-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Prosopis chilensis\". Firewood Crops: Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production. Washington, D.C.: National Academies of Sciences. 1980. p. 148. NAP:14438.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XmQrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA148","url_text":"\"Prosopis chilensis\""}]},{"reference":"Genise, J.; Palacios, R. A.; Hoc, P. S.; Carrizo, R.; Moffat, L.; Mom, M. P.; Agullo, M. A.; Picca, P.; Torregrosa, S. (1990). \"Observaciones sobre la biología floral de Prosopis (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae). II. Fases florales y visitantes en el distrito chaqueño serrano. [Observations on the floral biology of Prosopis (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae). II. Floral phases and visitors in the Chaqueño Serrano district]\". Darwiniana (in Spanish and English). 30 (1–4): 71–85. JSTOR 23222518.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23222518","url_text":"23222518"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://museo.florachilena.cl/Niv_tax/Angiospermas/Ordenes/Fabales/Fabaceae/Prosopis/Prosopis%20chilensis/Prosopis%20chilensis.htm","external_links_name":"\"Prosopis chilensis\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=usBfOqt0R8EC&pg=PT131","external_links_name":"The Magnificent Mesquite"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AyWkIsLDca8C&pg=PA261","external_links_name":"Trees and Shrubs for the Southwest: Woody Plants for Arid Gardens"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ7-CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA153","external_links_name":"Multilingual Dictionary of Agronomic Plants"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XmQrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA148","external_links_name":"\"Prosopis chilensis\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23222518","external_links_name":"23222518"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/63687","external_links_name":"63687"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4MW69","external_links_name":"4MW69"},{"Link":"https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=8946","external_links_name":"8946"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/638766","external_links_name":"638766"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRCCH","external_links_name":"PRCCH"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242428618","external_links_name":"242428618"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5358466","external_links_name":"5358466"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=29747","external_links_name":"29747"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/327731","external_links_name":"327731"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/210426-2","external_links_name":"210426-2"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=506805","external_links_name":"506805"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/73513653","external_links_name":"73513653"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=35716","external_links_name":"35716"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=137210","external_links_name":"137210"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-15772","external_links_name":"ild-15772"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PRCH2","external_links_name":"PRCH2"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A210426-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:210426-2"},{"Link":"http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=337-1","external_links_name":"337-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/13015290","external_links_name":"13015290"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000169469","external_links_name":"wfo-0000169469"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/SNNK","external_links_name":"SNNK"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5358546","external_links_name":"5358546"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=9917","external_links_name":"9917"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/485643-1","external_links_name":"485643-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10164343","external_links_name":"10164343"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A485643-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:485643-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/13008090","external_links_name":"13008090"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000172297","external_links_name":"wfo-0000172297"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Armoured_Car | Humber Armoured Car | ["1 Development","2 Design","3 Service history","4 Survivors","5 Variants","6 Former operators","6.1 Second World War","6.2 Post-War","7 See also","8 References","9 Sources","10 External links"] | British armoured car
Humber Armoured Car The Mk IV armed with a 37 mm gun was the most produced variant of the Humber armoured car.Place of originUnited KingdomService historyUsed byUnited Kingdom and British India in Second World War, Italy operated captured models, other nations post war.WarsSecond World War1948 Arab-Israeli WarOperation PoloPortuguese-Indian WarSino-Indian WarProduction historyManufacturerRootes Group (Karrier)Produced1940-1945No. built5,400SpecificationsMass5 tLength15 ft 1.5 in (4.610 m)Width7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)Height7 ft 10 in (2.39 m)CrewMk I, II, IV: 3 Mk III: 4Armour15 mm (0.59 in)MainarmamentMk I-III: 15 mm Besa machine gun Mk IV: M5 or M6 37 mm gunSecondaryarmament7.92 mm Besa machine gunEngineRootes 6 cylinder petrol engine90 hp (67 kW)Power/weight12.9 hp/tonneSuspensionWheel 4x4, rigid front and rear axles, rear-wheel drive with selectable four-wheel driveOperationalrange200 mi (320 km)Maximum speed 50 mph (80 km/h)
The Humber Armoured Car was one of the most widely produced British armoured cars of the Second World War. It supplemented the Humber Light Reconnaissance Car and remained in service until the end of the war.
Development
The Guy company did not have sufficient production capacity to produce sufficient Guy Armoured Cars as well as other vehicles, so shortly after war broke out the Rootes Group were approached to produce an armoured car – at the time the terminology "Tank, Light (Wheeled)" was used by the Army. Working from the Guy design, Karrier designed a vehicle using as a basis their KT 4 artillery tractor chassis (already in production for the Indian Army) and the armoured body of the Guy Armoured Car. Karrier moved the KT4 engine to the rear and fitted welded bodies and turrets provided by Guy. As it had been based on proven elements, trials of prototypes passed without serious issues and an order for 500 was placed in 1940 and first deliveries made in 1941.
The Karrier name was dropped to avoid confusion with the British Universal Carrier tracked vehicle and the vehicles were designated "Armoured Car, Humber Mk 1" using the name of Humber Limited (another member of the Rootes Group) though production was by Karrier at the Luton works of Commer (another Rootes company).
The first Humbers were more or less identical to the Guy down to the faults in the armour, but this was later rectified.
The Mark III improved upon the Mark II by providing a three-man turret. Mark III production ended in 1942 after 1,650 had been built. With a possible replacement, the 2-pounder armed Coventry armoured car, on its way, the Mark IV was designed. This put the US 37 mm gun in the turret but at the cost of one crewman. The Coventry was not ordered as a replacement and so production of Mark IV continued, for a total of 2,000, despite its flaws.
Design
The Humber was a rectangular chassis frame with a rear mounted engine. The gearbox was mounted to the front of the engine; it fed a centrally mounted transfer box which distributed power to front and rear differentials. The rigid axles were mounted on leaf springs front and rear with hydraulic dampers. The welded armoured hull was mounted at four points - front, rear and sides - to give some flexibility but with precautions against excessive movement of the hull on the chassis.
For forward vision the driver had a flap in the front of the "cab" (which became part of the glacis from the Mark II onwards). When shut the view he was protected by a Triplex bullet proof glass block. These could be readily replaced if damaged. There were other flaps to the sides. In order to see to the rear there was a combination of a flap in the rear bulkhead between the fighting compartment and engine bay and a mechanism that raised the engine cover.
The turret, armed with one 15mm and one 7.92mm Besa machine guns, was hand traversed. The vehicle commander acted as the wireless operator.
Service history
The vehicle was used in the North African Campaign from late 1941 by the 11th Hussars and other units. It was also widely used in the European theatre by reconnaissance regiments of British and Canadian infantry divisions. A few vehicles were used for patrol duty along the Iran supply route. A British Indian Army armoured car regiment, partly equipped with Humbers, served in the reconquest of Burma. Portugal received a number of Humber vehicles in 1943, most of them going to the Army, but with 20 going to the National Republican Guard. After the Second World War, the Humber was employed by Egypt in 1948–49 as well as by Burma, Ceylon, Cyprus, Denmark, India, Mexico and the Netherlands.
The Humber armoured car was used in Burma Campaign by the 16th Light Cavalry, an Indian armoured car regiment, which formed part of Fourteenth Army troops.
Dutch Humber Mk IV providing security in the Dutch East Indies, 1946
After Independence, an Indian Army regiment, 63rd Cavalry, was raised with Humber Mk IV armoured cars as one of its squadrons which was later hived off as an independent reconnaissance squadron and the integral squadron re-raised, the second time with Daimlers. The Humbers and Daimlers of the Indian Army formed the mounts of the President's Bodyguard and were deployed in the defense of Chushul at heights above 14,000 ft during the 1962 Indo-China War. The Humber was used against the Indian Army in 1948 by the 2nd and 4th Hyderabad Lancers, armoured car cavalry units of the Hyderabad State Forces, during Operation Polo.
Humber armoured cars were employed during the Indian invasion of Goa in December 1961. These vehicles equipped the four reconnaissance squadrons of the Portuguese garrison in Goa. The Portuguese Humbers engaged the invading Indian forces in the brief fights that occurred in the border villages of Doromagogo, Malinguém and Polem, and in the break through the Indian troops surrounding the Portuguese forces in Mapusa.
Survivors
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Humber Armoured Car during National Independence Day (Poland) 2009
Several static and operational cars are distributed through North America and Europe. The Tank Museum, Bovington, England has an original and sole survivor Guy Wheeled Tank on display and a Humber Mk II not currently on display. A Mk IV is on display at the Australian Armour and Artillery Museum in Cairns, Australia. Two Portuguese cars are on display, one at the Museu do Combatente in Lisbon and the other at the Military Museum of Elvas.
Variants
Mk I showing its similarity to the Guy Mk IA Armoured Car
Mk II with redesigned glacis armour
Mk III with visible turret overhang
Mark I
Original version, hull as the Guy Armoured Car Mark 1A. Armed with one 15 mm and one 7.92 mm calibre Besa machine guns. Three man crew: driver, gunner, commander. About 300 units built.
Mark II
Changes to the turret, better armour around driver and radiator. 440 units built.
Mark II OP
Observation post vehicle fitted for communication with field artillery batteries, armed with two 7.92 mm Besa machine guns
Mark III
Larger three-man turret with provisions for a wireless operator freeing up the wireless operation tasks of the commander.
Mark III "Rear Link"
gun replaced with dummy to allow installation of a Wireless Set No. 19 High Power, ie amplified, and its generator. Issued two per regiment for communication between Brigade and Divisional headquarters.
Mark IV
Equipped with the US M5 or M6 37 mm high velocity gun in place of the 15 mm Besa. The larger gun required the removal of the third crewman in the turret (the wireless operator). Turret hatches were rearranged with the new gun and crew layout. About 2,000 units built.
AA Mark I
The Mark I fitted with a different turret (by Stothert & Pitt) mounting four 7.92 mm Besa machine guns able to elevate to near vertical and an AA sight. Introduced in 1943, the vehicle was intended to provide anti-aircraft support for armoured car units (at a rate of one troop of four cars per regiment), but the Allied air superiority meant they were needed less and less as the war progressed and the troops were disbanded in 1944. A twin 15mm Besa version was also made.
Former operators
Second World War
British India
Canada
Italy
Portugal
United Kingdom
Post-War
Burma
Ceylon
Cyprus
Denmark
Egypt
India
Mexico
Netherlands
Indonesia
Iraq
See also
Fox Armoured Car – a Canadian vehicle based on the Humber Mk III
References
^ Jim H (18 February 2010). "National and Libyan Paratrooper Units 1940-41". Commando Supremo.
^ White, p. 10
^ a b White, p. 11
^ Fletcher, David (1989). The Great Tank Scandal: British Armour in the Second World War - Part 1. HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-290460-1.
^ a b White, p. 15
^ a b Fowler, William (26 February 2009). We Gave Our Today: Burma 1941-1945. Orion. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-297-85761-7.
^ Davies, R. Mark. "British & Indian Armoured Units Of the Burma Campaign : A Painting Guide" (PDF). Fire and Fury Games. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
^ Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh (1987). The Indian Armour: History of the Indian Armoured Corps, 1941-1971. Vision Books. p. 312. ISBN 978-81-7094-004-3.
^ "The President's Bodyguard". The President of India. The President's Secretariat, Government of India. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
^ Bhat, Anil (2011). "A Tryst with India's History". Salute magazine. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
^ Prasad, Dr. S. N. (1972). Operation Polo: The Police Action Against Hyderabad, 1948. Historical Section, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. p. 75 – via Manager of Publications, Government of India, Delhi.
^ Mendonça, Paulp (2011). "A invasão de Goa". [. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
^ "IWM London". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
^ "Exhibits". The Australian Armour & Artillery Museum. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
^ White, p. 19
Sources
George Forty (1996), World War Two Armoured Fighting Vehicles and Self-Propelled Artillery, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-582-9.
I. Moschanskiy, Bronekollektsiya, 1999, no. 02 (Armored vehicles of the Great Britain 1939–1945 part 2), Modelist-Konstruktor. (И. Мощанский – Бронетанковая техника Великобритании 1939–1945 часть 2, Моделист-Конструктор, Бронеколлекция 1999–02)
Humber Mark IV/Fox Mark II Armoured Car Warwheels.net
Fletcher, David (1989). The Great Tank Scandal: British Armour in the Second World War - Part 1. HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-290460-1.
White, BT (1970), Armoured Cars: Guy, Daimler, Humber, AEC, AFV Weapons Profile No. 21, Profile Publications
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Humber Armoured Car.
Armyvehicles.dk
Photo galleries at Tanxheaven.com (Mk IV): , .
Dutch Cavalry Museum has two Humber Armoured Cars and the Humber Light Reconnaissance Car in its exposition.
vteBritish Commonwealth armoured fighting vehicles of the Second World WarTanksLight tanks
Light tank Mk I, Mk II, Mk III, Mk IV and Mk V
Light tank Mk VI
Light tank Mk VII Tetrarch
Light tank Mk VIII 'Harry Hopkins'
Vickers 6-ton
M3/M5 Stuart *
M22 Locust *
M24 Chaffee *
Cruiser tanks
Cruiser Mk I
Cruiser Mk II
Cruiser Mk III
Cruiser Mk IV
Covenanter
Crusader
Cavalier
Centaur and Cromwell
Challenger
Comet
Ram ‡
Sentinel †
Infantry tanks
Matilda I
Matilda II
Valentine
Churchill
Medium tanks
Grant/Lee *
Grizzly I ‡
Sherman *
Sherman Firefly
Vickers Medium Mark II
Self-propelledartilleryfield
Bishop
Priest*
Sexton ‡
anti-tank
Deacon
17pdr SP Achilles
Archer
M10 tank destroyer *
Armoured personnelcarriers
Kangaroov
Loyd Carrier
M2 half-track *
M3 half-track *
M5 half-track *
M9 half-track *
Terrapin
Universal Carrier
Scout cars andarmoured carsScout cars
Daimler Dingo
Dingo Scout Car †
Humber Scout Car
Lynx Scout Car ‡
S1 Scout Car †
Armoured cars
AEC Armoured Car
Boarhound Armoured Car *
Coventry Armoured Car
Daimler Armoured Car
Fox Armoured Car ‡
Greyhound Armoured Car *
Guy Armoured Car
Humber Armoured Car
Indian Pattern Carrier §
Lanchester 6×4 armoured car
Marmon-Herrington Armoured Cars SA
Morris CS9
Rhino Heavy Armoured Car †
Rolls-Royce Armoured Car
Rover Light Armoured Car †
Staghound Armoured Car *
Standard Beaverette
Reconnaissance cars
Humber Light Reconnaissance Car
Morris Light Reconnaissance Car
Otter Light Reconnaissance Car ‡
Armoured commandvehicles
AEC Armoured Command Vehicle
Guy Lizard
Armoured trucks
Armadillo
Bedford OXA
Bison
C15TA Armoured Truck ‡
Leyland Beaver-Eel
White Scout Car *
Experimental vehicles
A20
AC4 †
AC3 'Thunderbolt' †
Alecto
Australian experimental light tank †
Basilisk Armoured Car
Bedford Cockatrice and Heavy Cockatrice
Avenger
Black Prince
Bob Semple tank ¶
Excelsior
Hillman Gnat
Schofield ¶
TOG 1
TOG 2
Tortoise
Valiant
Key: * American lend-lease, † Australian, ‡ Canadian, § Indian, SA South African, ¶ New Zealand, v field conversions of vehicles of various origins
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It supplemented the Humber Light Reconnaissance Car and remained in service until the end of the war.","title":"Humber Armoured Car"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guy Armoured Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Armoured_Car"},{"link_name":"Rootes Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootes_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Karrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrier"},{"link_name":"artillery tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_tractor"},{"link_name":"Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White_p11-3"},{"link_name":"Universal Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Carrier"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Humber Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Limited"},{"link_name":"Commer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White_p11-3"},{"link_name":"2-pounder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_QF_2-pounder"},{"link_name":"Coventry armoured car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_armoured_car"}],"text":"The Guy company did not have sufficient production capacity to produce sufficient Guy Armoured Cars as well as other vehicles, so shortly after war broke out the Rootes Group were approached to produce an armoured car – at the time the terminology \"Tank, Light (Wheeled)\" was used by the Army.[2] Working from the Guy design, Karrier designed a vehicle using as a basis their KT 4 artillery tractor chassis (already in production for the Indian Army) and the armoured body of the Guy Armoured Car. Karrier moved the KT4 engine to the rear and fitted welded bodies and turrets provided by Guy. As it had been based on proven elements, trials of prototypes passed without serious issues and an order for 500 was placed in 1940 and first deliveries made in 1941.[3]The Karrier name was dropped to avoid confusion with the British Universal Carrier tracked vehicle[4] and the vehicles were designated \"Armoured Car, Humber Mk 1\" using the name of Humber Limited (another member of the Rootes Group) though production was by Karrier at the Luton works of Commer (another Rootes company).[3]The first Humbers were more or less identical to the Guy down to the faults in the armour, but this was later rectified.The Mark III improved upon the Mark II by providing a three-man turret. Mark III production ended in 1942 after 1,650 had been built. With a possible replacement, the 2-pounder armed Coventry armoured car, on its way, the Mark IV was designed. This put the US 37 mm gun in the turret but at the cost of one crewman. The Coventry was not ordered as a replacement and so production of Mark IV continued, for a total of 2,000, despite its flaws.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White_p15-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White_p15-5"},{"link_name":"Besa machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besa_machine_gun"}],"text":"The Humber was a rectangular chassis frame with a rear mounted engine. The gearbox was mounted to the front of the engine; it fed a centrally mounted transfer box which distributed power to front and rear differentials. The rigid axles were mounted on leaf springs front and rear with hydraulic dampers. The welded armoured hull was mounted at four points - front, rear and sides - to give some flexibility but with precautions against excessive movement of the hull on the chassis.[5]For forward vision the driver had a flap in the front of the \"cab\" (which became part of the glacis from the Mark II onwards). When shut the view he was protected by a Triplex bullet proof glass block. These could be readily replaced if damaged. There were other flaps to the sides. In order to see to the rear there was a combination of a flap in the rear bulkhead between the fighting compartment and engine bay and a mechanism that raised the engine cover.[5]The turret, armed with one 15mm and one 7.92mm Besa machine guns, was hand traversed. The vehicle commander acted as the wireless operator.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North African Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign"},{"link_name":"11th Hussars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Hussars"},{"link_name":"European theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Theatre_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"Iran supply route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Corridor"},{"link_name":"British Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fowler2009-6"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Army"},{"link_name":"National Republican Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_National_Republican_Guard"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Burma Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Campaign"},{"link_name":"16th Light Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Light_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"Fourteenth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fowler2009-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RMarkDavies-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pantserwagers_bij_de_opmars_van_Muntok_naar_Pangalpingang_(2002-291-2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_India"},{"link_name":"Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"63rd Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63rd_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sandhu1987-8"},{"link_name":"President's Bodyguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Bodyguard"},{"link_name":"Chushul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chushul"},{"link_name":"Indo-China War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBG-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhat2011-10"},{"link_name":"Operation Polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Polo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prasad1972-11"},{"link_name":"Indian invasion of Goa in December 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_annexation_of_Goa"},{"link_name":"Portuguese garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Army"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"Mapusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapusa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The vehicle was used in the North African Campaign from late 1941 by the 11th Hussars and other units. It was also widely used in the European theatre by reconnaissance regiments of British and Canadian infantry divisions. A few vehicles were used for patrol duty along the Iran supply route. A British Indian Army armoured car regiment, partly equipped with Humbers, served in the reconquest of Burma.[6] Portugal received a number of Humber vehicles in 1943, most of them going to the Army, but with 20 going to the National Republican Guard. After the Second World War, the Humber was employed by Egypt in 1948–49 as well as by Burma, Ceylon, Cyprus, Denmark, India, Mexico and the Netherlands.The Humber armoured car was used in Burma Campaign by the 16th Light Cavalry, an Indian armoured car regiment, which formed part of Fourteenth Army troops.[6][7]Dutch Humber Mk IV providing security in the Dutch East Indies, 1946After Independence, an Indian Army regiment, 63rd Cavalry, was raised with Humber Mk IV armoured cars as one of its squadrons which was later hived off as an independent reconnaissance squadron and the integral squadron re-raised, the second time with Daimlers.[8] The Humbers and Daimlers of the Indian Army formed the mounts of the President's Bodyguard and were deployed in the defense of Chushul at heights above 14,000 ft during the 1962 Indo-China War.[9][10] The Humber was used against the Indian Army in 1948 by the 2nd and 4th Hyderabad Lancers, armoured car cavalry units of the Hyderabad State Forces, during Operation Polo.[11]Humber armoured cars were employed during the Indian invasion of Goa in December 1961. These vehicles equipped the four reconnaissance squadrons of the Portuguese garrison in Goa. The Portuguese Humbers engaged the invading Indian forces in the brief fights that occurred in the border villages of Doromagogo, Malinguém and Polem, and in the break through the Indian troops surrounding the Portuguese forces in Mapusa.[12]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Obchody_Narodowego_%C5%9Awi%C4%99ta_Niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9Bci_2009_(08).jpg"},{"link_name":"National Independence Day (Poland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Independence_Day_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"The Tank Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tank_Museum"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairns"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Elvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvas"}],"text":"Humber Armoured Car during National Independence Day (Poland) 2009Several static and operational cars are distributed through North America and Europe. The Tank Museum, Bovington, England has an original and sole survivor Guy Wheeled Tank on display and a Humber Mk II not currently on display.[13] A Mk IV is on display at the Australian Armour and Artillery Museum in Cairns, Australia.[14] Two Portuguese cars are on display, one at the Museu do Combatente in Lisbon and the other at the Military Museum of Elvas.","title":"Survivors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IWM-MH-3702-Humber-Armoured-Car.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guy Mk IA Armoured Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Armoured_Car"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IWM-H-17835-Humber-Armoured-Car.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanks_and_Afvs_of_the_British_Army_1939-45_MH3709.jpg"},{"link_name":"Besa machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besa_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Wireless Set No. 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Set_No._19"},{"link_name":"Stothert & Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stothert_%26_Pitt"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Mk I showing its similarity to the Guy Mk IA Armoured CarMk II with redesigned glacis armourMk III with visible turret overhangMark I\nOriginal version, hull as the Guy Armoured Car Mark 1A. Armed with one 15 mm and one 7.92 mm calibre Besa machine guns. Three man crew: driver, gunner, commander. About 300 units built.\nMark II\nChanges to the turret, better armour around driver and radiator. 440 units built.\nMark II OP\nObservation post vehicle fitted for communication with field artillery batteries, armed with two 7.92 mm Besa machine guns\nMark III\nLarger three-man turret with provisions for a wireless operator freeing up the wireless operation tasks of the commander.\nMark III \"Rear Link\"\ngun replaced with dummy to allow installation of a Wireless Set No. 19 High Power, ie amplified, and its generator. Issued two per regiment for communication between Brigade and Divisional headquarters.\nMark IV\nEquipped with the US M5 or M6 37 mm high velocity gun in place of the 15 mm Besa. The larger gun required the removal of the third crewman in the turret (the wireless operator). Turret hatches were rearranged with the new gun and crew layout. About 2,000 units built.\nAA Mark I\nThe Mark I fitted with a different turret (by Stothert & Pitt) mounting four 7.92 mm Besa machine guns able to elevate to near vertical and an AA sight. Introduced in 1943, the vehicle was intended to provide anti-aircraft support for armoured car units (at a rate of one troop of four cars per regiment), but the Allied air superiority meant they were needed less and less as the war progressed and the troops were disbanded in 1944. A twin 15mm Besa version was also made.[15]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"sub_title":"Second World War","text":"British India\n Canada\n Italy\n Portugal\n United Kingdom","title":"Former operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq"}],"sub_title":"Post-War","text":"Burma\n Ceylon\n Cyprus\n Denmark\n Egypt\n India\n Mexico\n Netherlands\n Indonesia\n Iraq","title":"Former operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85532-582-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-582-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081211210639/http://www.mk-armour.narod.ru/1999/No2.htm"},{"link_name":"Humber Mark IV/Fox Mark II Armoured Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.warwheels.net/Humber4INDEX.html"},{"link_name":"Fletcher, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fletcher_(military_historian)"},{"link_name":"HMSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSO"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-11-290460-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290460-1"}],"text":"George Forty (1996), World War Two Armoured Fighting Vehicles and Self-Propelled Artillery, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-582-9.\nI. Moschanskiy, Bronekollektsiya, 1999, no. 02 (Armored vehicles of the Great Britain 1939–1945 part 2), Modelist-Konstruktor. (И. Мощанский – Бронетанковая техника Великобритании 1939–1945 часть 2, Моделист-Конструктор, Бронеколлекция 1999–02)[1]\nHumber Mark IV/Fox Mark II Armoured Car Warwheels.net\nFletcher, David (1989). The Great Tank Scandal: British Armour in the Second World War - Part 1. HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-290460-1.\nWhite, BT (1970), Armoured Cars: Guy, Daimler, Humber, AEC, AFV Weapons Profile No. 21, Profile Publications","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Dutch Humber Mk IV providing security in the Dutch East Indies, 1946","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pantserwagers_bij_de_opmars_van_Muntok_naar_Pangalpingang_%282002-291-2%29.jpg/220px-Pantserwagers_bij_de_opmars_van_Muntok_naar_Pangalpingang_%282002-291-2%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Humber Armoured Car during National Independence Day (Poland) 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obchody_Narodowego_%C5%9Awi%C4%99ta_Niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9Bci_2009_%2808%29.jpg/220px-Obchody_Narodowego_%C5%9Awi%C4%99ta_Niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9Bci_2009_%2808%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mk I showing its similarity to the Guy Mk IA Armoured Car","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/IWM-MH-3702-Humber-Armoured-Car.jpg/220px-IWM-MH-3702-Humber-Armoured-Car.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mk II with redesigned glacis armour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/IWM-H-17835-Humber-Armoured-Car.jpg/220px-IWM-H-17835-Humber-Armoured-Car.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mk III with visible turret overhang","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tanks_and_Afvs_of_the_British_Army_1939-45_MH3709.jpg/220px-Tanks_and_Afvs_of_the_British_Army_1939-45_MH3709.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Fox Armoured Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Armoured_Car"},{"title":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"}] | [{"reference":"Jim H (18 February 2010). \"National and Libyan Paratrooper Units 1940-41\". Commando Supremo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comandosupremo.com/LibyaPara.html","url_text":"\"National and Libyan Paratrooper Units 1940-41\""}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, David (1989). The Great Tank Scandal: British Armour in the Second World War - Part 1. HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-290460-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fletcher_(military_historian)","url_text":"Fletcher, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSO","url_text":"HMSO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290460-1","url_text":"978-0-11-290460-1"}]},{"reference":"Fowler, William (26 February 2009). We Gave Our Today: Burma 1941-1945. Orion. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-297-85761-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WwRSFWUH7FUC&pg=PT176","url_text":"We Gave Our Today: Burma 1941-1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85761-7","url_text":"978-0-297-85761-7"}]},{"reference":"Davies, R. Mark. \"British & Indian Armoured Units Of the Burma Campaign : A Painting Guide\" (PDF). Fire and Fury Games. Retrieved 29 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fireandfury.com/painting/burmaarmypaintingguide.pdf","url_text":"\"British & Indian Armoured Units Of the Burma Campaign : A Painting Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh (1987). The Indian Armour: History of the Indian Armoured Corps, 1941-1971. Vision Books. p. 312. ISBN 978-81-7094-004-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hT4sAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Indian Armour: History of the Indian Armoured Corps, 1941-1971"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7094-004-3","url_text":"978-81-7094-004-3"}]},{"reference":"\"The President's Bodyguard\". The President of India. The President's Secretariat, Government of India. Retrieved 29 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://presidentofindia.gov.in/presidents_body_guard.html","url_text":"\"The President's Bodyguard\""}]},{"reference":"Bhat, Anil (2011). \"A Tryst with India's History\". Salute magazine. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140623023757/http://salute.co.in/details.php?id=560","url_text":"\"A Tryst with India's History\""},{"url":"http://salute.co.in/details.php?id=560","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Prasad, Dr. S. N. (1972). Operation Polo: The Police Action Against Hyderabad, 1948. Historical Section, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. p. 75 – via Manager of Publications, Government of India, Delhi.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JlQdAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Operation Polo: The Police Action Against Hyderabad, 1948"}]},{"reference":"Mendonça, Paulp (2011). \"A invasão de Goa\". [. Retrieved 15 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.areamilitar.net/analise/analise.aspx?NrMateria=52&p=5","url_text":"\"A invasão de Goa\""}]},{"reference":"\"IWM London\". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 20 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iwm.org.uk/visits/iwm-london","url_text":"\"IWM London\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exhibits\". The Australian Armour & Artillery Museum. Retrieved 4 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ausarmour.com/exhibits/","url_text":"\"Exhibits\""}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, David (1989). The Great Tank Scandal: British Armour in the Second World War - Part 1. HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-290460-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fletcher_(military_historian)","url_text":"Fletcher, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSO","url_text":"HMSO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290460-1","url_text":"978-0-11-290460-1"}]},{"reference":"White, BT (1970), Armoured Cars: Guy, Daimler, Humber, AEC, AFV Weapons Profile No. 21, Profile Publications","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Humber+Armoured+Car%22","external_links_name":"\"Humber Armoured Car\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Humber+Armoured+Car%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Humber+Armoured+Car%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Humber+Armoured+Car%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Humber+Armoured+Car%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Humber+Armoured+Car%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.comandosupremo.com/LibyaPara.html","external_links_name":"\"National and Libyan Paratrooper Units 1940-41\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WwRSFWUH7FUC&pg=PT176","external_links_name":"We Gave Our Today: Burma 1941-1945"},{"Link":"http://www.fireandfury.com/painting/burmaarmypaintingguide.pdf","external_links_name":"\"British & Indian Armoured Units Of the Burma Campaign : A Painting Guide\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hT4sAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Indian Armour: History of the Indian Armoured Corps, 1941-1971"},{"Link":"http://presidentofindia.gov.in/presidents_body_guard.html","external_links_name":"\"The President's Bodyguard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140623023757/http://salute.co.in/details.php?id=560","external_links_name":"\"A Tryst with India's History\""},{"Link":"http://salute.co.in/details.php?id=560","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JlQdAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Operation Polo: The Police Action Against Hyderabad, 1948"},{"Link":"http://www.areamilitar.net/analise/analise.aspx?NrMateria=52&p=5","external_links_name":"\"A invasão de Goa\""},{"Link":"https://www.iwm.org.uk/visits/iwm-london","external_links_name":"\"IWM London\""},{"Link":"https://www.ausarmour.com/exhibits/","external_links_name":"\"Exhibits\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081211210639/http://www.mk-armour.narod.ru/1999/No2.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.warwheels.net/Humber4INDEX.html","external_links_name":"Humber Mark IV/Fox Mark II Armoured Car"},{"Link":"http://www.armyvehicles.dk/humberiv.htm","external_links_name":"Armyvehicles.dk"},{"Link":"http://tanxheaven.com/ljs/humbermk4armouredcarljs/humbermk4armouredcarljs.htm","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://tanxheaven.com/huw/humbermk4huw/humbermk4huw.htm","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.cavaleriemuseum.nl/","external_links_name":"Dutch Cavalry Museum"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_11223 | Brooklyn 11223 | ["1 Episodes","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"] | American reality television series
Brooklyn 11223GenreRealityStarring
Joey Lynn Tekulve
Amanda Gordon
Valona Saka
Nick Biancaniello
Chris Biancaniello
Christie Maria Livoti
Carla Cozzolino
Angelina Favuzza
Karina Gazello
Angelina Favuzza
Danielle Cuccurullo
Denise Centofante
Jennifer DiBitetto
John Guzzone
Kelly Linton
Marco Cozzolino
Maria Leto
Matthew Gordon
Matthew Guzzone
Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes6ProductionExecutive producers
Ethan Goldman
Lenid Rolov
Michael Hirschorn
Wendy Roth
Running time42 minutes (excluding commercials)Production companies
Ish Entertainment
First Look Entertainment
Original releaseNetworkOxygenReleaseMarch 26 (2012-03-26) –April 30, 2012 (2012-04-30)
Brooklyn 11223 is an American reality television series that premiered on Oxygen on March 26, 2012. The series, set in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn and follows the lives of a group of twelve Italian-American men and women in their mid-20s. The series was picked up by MTV Canada and premiered on June 4, 2012.
Episodes
No.TitleOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)1"Everybody Loves Drama"March 26, 2012 (2012-03-26)N/A
The premiere episodes tells the story on how Joey Lynn & Christie's friendship ended. The 2 separate cliques party it up on the streets of Brooklyn but sometimes things take turns for the worst. The day at the beach proves to be eventful when the two cliques face off leading to a heated confrontation between ex-best friends Joey Lynn & Christie & altercation between Kelly & Valona.
2"There's Always Drama at the Glass Shop"April 2, 2012 (2012-04-02)N/A
Christie is overwhelmed by betrayal from Nick leading to a showdown at the glass shop. Matthew is infuriated when he hears about it, but Christie solves things with both guys. Valona decides to come clean to her mother about her tattoos & Kelly and a drunk Angelina get into an altercation with Valona and Amanda.
3"The Mouth That Never Stops Talking"April 9, 2012 (2012-04-09)N/A
Angelina flips on Christie, further tearing the crew apart. Joey Lynn takes a chance at love with Nick from the glass shop but when he doesn't show up on their date, she decides to not go for 11223 guys.
4"Miami, Brooklyn's Here!"April 16, 2012 (2012-04-16)N/A
Christie's crew heads to Vegas to get away from the drama. Joey Lynn's crew heads to Miami for Labor Day weekend, but when things get too boring for Joey Lynn, she questions her friendships and reminisces about Carla. Christie's crew gets feisty & Carla cries over her ex-boyfriend.
5"I Swear on My Dead Father"April 23, 2012 (2012-04-23)0.712
Joey Lynn tries to meet up with Carla so they can put things behind them but when she does, things don't go the way she plans. Carla gets into a altercation with random girls & walks away from Joey Lynn proving that they still aren't going to be friends. The girl who saw everything the night Joey Lynn supposedly seduced Roberto unveils the truth.
6"It'll Never Be Over"April 30, 2012 (2012-04-30)N/A
On the season finale, Matthew and Christie hit a bump in their relationship road. The boys at the glass shop get tired of all the fighting between the two cliques so they decide to get the two cliques all in the same room so they can get over the drama. Joey Lynn and Christie argue and the tension between the two cliques finally breaks leading to a brawl in & out of the bar.
Cast
Name
Hometown
Biography
Joey Lynn Tekulve
Gravesend, Brooklyn
Amanda Gordon
Bergen Beach, Brooklyn
Valona Saka
Gerritsen Beach, Brooklyn
Nick Biancaniello
Brooklyn
Chris Biancaniello
Brooklyn
Christie Maria Livoti
Gravesend, Brooklyn
Carla Cozzolino
Brooklyn
Angelina Favuzza
Bergen Beach, Brooklyn
Karina Gazello
Brooklyn
Danielle Cuccurullo
Denise Centofante
Jennifer DiBitetto
John Guzzone
Kelly Linton
Marco Cozzolino
Maria Leto
Matthew Gordon
Matthew Guzzone
References
^ a b "Oxygen's New Docu-series BROOKLYN 11223 to Premiere 3/26". BroadwayWorld.com. February 21, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
^ "Brooklyn 11223 Episode: "Everybody Loves Drama"". Retrieved October 31, 2012.
^ "Brooklyn 11223: Cast & Details". Retrieved October 31, 2012.
^ "Brooklyn 11223". Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
^ "Oxygen's 'Brooklyn 11223' Finale Hits Series Highs". May 2, 2012. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018.
^ a b "Joey Lynn Tekulve". Oxygen. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013.
^ a b c "Meet the cast of Brooklyn 11223". Oxygen. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013.
^ a b "Amanda Gordon". Oxygen. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013.
^ a b "Valona Saka". Oxygen. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013.
^ "Nick Biancaniello". Apple TV. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
^ "Chris Biancaniello". Apple TV. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
^ a b HINCKLEY, DAVID (July 3, 2012). "Oxygen's 'Brooklyn 11223' has a style of its own and is worth watching". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
^ a b "Meet the Outrageous Cast of Oxygen's 'Brooklyn 11223′ (VIDEO)". Celebuzz. March 26, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
^ "John Guzzone". Apple TV. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
^ "Matthew Guzzone". Apple TV. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
External links
Official website
Brooklyn 11223 at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"Oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PremierDateLocation-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bay Ridge, Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Ridge,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PremierDateLocation-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"MTV Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Canada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Brooklyn 11223 is an American reality television series that premiered on Oxygen on March 26, 2012.[1][2] The series, set in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn[1] and follows the lives of a group of twelve Italian-American men and women in their mid-20s.[3] The series was picked up by MTV Canada and premiered on June 4, 2012.[4]","title":"Brooklyn 11223"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Oxygen's New Docu-series BROOKLYN 11223 to Premiere 3/26\". 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Retrieved October 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131023063459/http://www.mtv-ca-jq.mtvi.com/tvshows/brooklyn-11223/index.jhtml","url_text":"\"Brooklyn 11223\""},{"url":"http://www.mtv-ca-jq.mtvi.com/tvshows/brooklyn-11223/index.jhtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oxygen's 'Brooklyn 11223' Finale Hits Series Highs\". May 2, 2012. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194516/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/network-press-releases/oxygens-brooklyn-11223-finale-hits-series-highs/","url_text":"\"Oxygen's 'Brooklyn 11223' Finale Hits Series Highs\""},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/network-press-releases/oxygens-brooklyn-11223-finale-hits-series-highs/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Joey Lynn Tekulve\". Oxygen. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130415090928/http://brooklyn-11223.oxygen.com/meet-the-cast-brooklyn-11223/joey-lynn","url_text":"\"Joey Lynn Tekulve\""},{"url":"http://brooklyn-11223.oxygen.com/meet-the-cast-brooklyn-11223/joey-lynn","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the cast of Brooklyn 11223\". Oxygen. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130603224451/http://brooklyn-11223.oxygen.com/meet-the-cast-brooklyn-11223","url_text":"\"Meet the cast of Brooklyn 11223\""},{"url":"http://brooklyn-11223.oxygen.com/meet-the-cast-brooklyn-11223","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Amanda Gordon\". Oxygen. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130415110501/http://brooklyn-11223.oxygen.com/meet-the-cast-brooklyn-11223/amanda-gordon","url_text":"\"Amanda Gordon\""},{"url":"http://brooklyn-11223.oxygen.com/meet-the-cast-brooklyn-11223/amanda-gordon","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Valona Saka\". Oxygen. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130415100450/http://brooklyn-11223.oxygen.com/meet-the-cast-brooklyn-11223/valona-saka","url_text":"\"Valona Saka\""},{"url":"http://brooklyn-11223.oxygen.com/meet-the-cast-brooklyn-11223/valona-saka","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Biancaniello\". Apple TV. Retrieved May 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tv.apple.com/us/person/nick-biancaniello/umc.cpc.s3yxbg1lqktjwak84napwjdo","url_text":"\"Nick Biancaniello\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Biancaniello\". Apple TV. Retrieved May 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tv.apple.com/us/person/chris-biancaniello/umc.cpc.5gncyb7z17m3t7ecugeo7zqnb","url_text":"\"Chris Biancaniello\""}]},{"reference":"HINCKLEY, DAVID (July 3, 2012). \"Oxygen's 'Brooklyn 11223' has a style of its own and is worth watching\". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/oxygen-brooklyn-11223-style-worth-watching-article-1.1049299","url_text":"\"Oxygen's 'Brooklyn 11223' has a style of its own and is worth watching\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the Outrageous Cast of Oxygen's 'Brooklyn 11223′ (VIDEO)\". Celebuzz. March 26, 2012. 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Retrieved May 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tv.apple.com/us/person/matthew-guzzone/umc.cpc.77c1w0ygpabxergvkmmf9rt60","url_text":"\"Matthew Guzzone\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Oxygens-New-Docu-series-BROOKLYN-11223-to-Premiere-326-20120221","external_links_name":"\"Oxygen's New Docu-series BROOKLYN 11223 to Premiere 3/26\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/brooklyn-11223-2012/episode-1-season-1/everybody-loves-drama/373858","external_links_name":"\"Brooklyn 11223 Episode: \"Everybody Loves Drama\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/brooklyn-11223/cast/373858","external_links_name":"\"Brooklyn 11223: Cast & Details\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131023063459/http://www.mtv-ca-jq.mtvi.com/tvshows/brooklyn-11223/index.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"Brooklyn 11223\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv-ca-jq.mtvi.com/tvshows/brooklyn-11223/index.jhtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194516/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/network-press-releases/oxygens-brooklyn-11223-finale-hits-series-highs/","external_links_name":"\"Oxygen's 'Brooklyn 11223' Finale Hits Series Highs\""},{"Link":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/network-press-releases/oxygens-brooklyn-11223-finale-hits-series-highs/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130415090928/http://brooklyn-11223.oxygen.com/meet-the-cast-brooklyn-11223/joey-lynn","external_links_name":"\"Joey Lynn Tekulve\""},{"Link":"http://brooklyn-11223.oxygen.com/meet-the-cast-brooklyn-11223/joey-lynn","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130603224451/http://brooklyn-11223.oxygen.com/meet-the-cast-brooklyn-11223","external_links_name":"\"Meet the cast of Brooklyn 11223\""},{"Link":"http://brooklyn-11223.oxygen.com/meet-the-cast-brooklyn-11223","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130415110501/http://brooklyn-11223.oxygen.com/meet-the-cast-brooklyn-11223/amanda-gordon","external_links_name":"\"Amanda Gordon\""},{"Link":"http://brooklyn-11223.oxygen.com/meet-the-cast-brooklyn-11223/amanda-gordon","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130415100450/http://brooklyn-11223.oxygen.com/meet-the-cast-brooklyn-11223/valona-saka","external_links_name":"\"Valona Saka\""},{"Link":"http://brooklyn-11223.oxygen.com/meet-the-cast-brooklyn-11223/valona-saka","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tv.apple.com/us/person/nick-biancaniello/umc.cpc.s3yxbg1lqktjwak84napwjdo","external_links_name":"\"Nick Biancaniello\""},{"Link":"https://tv.apple.com/us/person/chris-biancaniello/umc.cpc.5gncyb7z17m3t7ecugeo7zqnb","external_links_name":"\"Chris Biancaniello\""},{"Link":"https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/oxygen-brooklyn-11223-style-worth-watching-article-1.1049299","external_links_name":"\"Oxygen's 'Brooklyn 11223' has a style of its own and is worth watching\""},{"Link":"https://www.celebuzz.com/2012-03-26/meet-the-outrageous-cast-of-oxygens-brooklyn-11223-video/","external_links_name":"\"Meet the Outrageous Cast of Oxygen's 'Brooklyn 11223′ (VIDEO)\""},{"Link":"https://tv.apple.com/us/person/john-guzzone/umc.cpc.112aqukihutedu65woadt3g11","external_links_name":"\"John Guzzone\""},{"Link":"https://tv.apple.com/us/person/matthew-guzzone/umc.cpc.77c1w0ygpabxergvkmmf9rt60","external_links_name":"\"Matthew Guzzone\""},{"Link":"http://brooklyn-11223.oxygen.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2378719/","external_links_name":"Brooklyn 11223"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malling_series | Malling series | ["1 References","2 Links"] | Apple cultivar
The Malling series is a group of rootstocks for grafting apple trees. It was developed at the East Malling Research Station of the South-Eastern Agricultural College at Wye in Kent, England. From about 1912, Ronald Hatton and his colleagues rationalised, standardised and catalogued the various rootstocks in use in Europe at the time under names such as Doucin and Paradise. Their first list had nine rootstock varieties, assigned the "type" numbers I–IX. The list later grew to twenty-four, and the Roman numerals gave way to Arabic numerals with the prefix "Malling" or "M.". From about 1917, collaboration between East Malling and the John Innes Institute, in Merton Park in Surrey, gave rise to the Malling-Merton series, which were resistant to Eriosoma lanigerum, the woolly apple aphid.
Common Malling rootstocks in the 1940s:
US M2, M7, M8, M9 and M13
UK M1, M2, M9, M12, M13 and M16.
Germany M1, M2, M4, M5, M9, M11 and M16.
Relative size are dependent on climate, variety and soil.
M 1 - M24 rootstocks
Designation (Old designation)
Synonyms
Origin
Tree size a)
Tree size b)
Winter hardiness c)
M 1 (EM I)
Broad-leaved English paradise
England ca 1860
v
sd-ss
4
M 2 (EM II)
Doucin
France
v
sd-ss
4
M 3 (EM III)
Dutch doucin, Hollyleaf paradise, Königs splittapfel
?
sd
sd
6
M 4 (EM IV)
Holstein doucin, Yellow doucin
Unknown
sv
sd-ss
5
M 5 (EM V)
Doucin amelioré, Improved doucin, Red paradise
?
v
sd-ss
4
M 6 (EM VI)
Nonsuch paradise, Rivers's paradise
England ca 1860
sd
2
M 7 (EM VII)
-
France, 1600s
sd
sd-d
5
M 8 (EM VIII)
French paradise
<1696
d
d
2
M 9 (EM IX)
Jaune de metz, Yellow metz
France 1879
vd
d
3
M 10 (EM X)
U 1
?
vv
ss-s
2
M 11 (EM XI)
Green doucin
Germany, 1904
vv
ss
M 12 (EM XII)
-
England
v
s
4
M 13 (EM XIII)
Black doucin, U 2
Germany ca 1890
v
sd-ss
4
M 14 (EM XIV)
U 5
Germany
v
ss
M 15 (EM XV)
U 6
Germany
vv
ss-s
2
M 16 (EM XVI)
Ketziner ideal, U 3
Germany ca 1909
vv
ss-s
5
M 17
identical to M 5
Wageningen, Holland
sd
M 18
-
Wageningen, Holland
v
ss
M 19
-
Berlin, Germany
v
ss
M 20
Spurious 9
France ?
vd
sd-d
M 21
Cut-leaved 9
?
vd
sd-d
M 22
-
Chelmsford, England
v
ss
M 23
-
Chelmsford, England
v
sd
M 24
Paradis de menton, Noir de menton,
?
v
ss
a) East Malling vd= very dwarf, d= dwarf, sd= semidwarf, sv= semivigorous, v= vigorous, vv= very vigorous.
b) Tukey, Dwarfed fruit trees, 1964 d= dwarf, sd=semidwarf, ss= semistandard, s= standard.
c) Tukey, Dwarfed fruit trees, 1964 6= highest winter hardiness, 2= lowest winter hardiness.
M 25 - M 27 rootstocks
Name
Parentage
Cross made
Selected
Introduced
M 25
Northern Spy x M 2
1952
M 26
M 16 x M 9
1929
1958 or 1959
M 27
M 13 x M 9
1929
1934
1975
Size of an apple tree depending on the rootstock used
References
^ A. F. Posnette (2004). Hatton, Sir Ronald George (1886–1965). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33759. (subscription required).
^ a b c Lorraine Berkett (2006). Apple Orchard Information for Beginners. The University of Vermont. Archived 10 February 2006.
^ a b Tony Webster, Ken Tobutt, Kate Evans (2000). Breeding and Evaluation of New Rootstocks for Apple, Pear and Sweet Cherry. Conference paper, 43rd Annual IDFTA Conference, February 6–9, 2000, Napier, New Zealand. International Dwarf Fruit Tree Association.
Accessed September 2017.
^ East Malling catalogues
^ F. Brumm, Der Baumschulbetrieb, 1949
^ Tukey Harold Bradford, Dwarfed fruit trees, 1964
Links
Rootstock
Rootstocks
List and description of rootstocks
Apple rootstock identification — NSW Department of Primary Industries — Series: Agfact H4.1.10 – Edition: Second edition – Last updated: 12 Jun 2001
Apple Rootstock Fact Sheets, listed by size class
vteApples
List of apple cultivars
Species
Malus domestica
Malus niedzwetzkyana
Malus sieversii
Table apples
Adams Pearmain
Aia Ilu
Airlie Red Flesh
Akane
Åkerö
Alkmene
Allington Pippin
Ambrosia
Anna
Annurca
Ariane
Arkansas Black
Ashmead's Kernel
Aurora Golden Gala
Autumn Bough
Autumn Glory
Baldwin
Beacon
Beauty of Bath
Belle de Boskoop
Bellflower
Ben Davis
Birgit Bonnier
Braeburn
Brina
Cameo
Champion
Civni (Rubens)
Claygate Pearmain
Clivia
Cornish Aromatic
Cornish Gilliflower
Cortland
Cosmic Crisp
Court Pendu Plat
Cox's Orange Pippin
Crimson Gold
Cripps Red
Cripps Pink (Pink Lady)
Delbard Jubilée
Delbarestivale
Delrouval
Devonshire Quarrenden
Discovery
Dorsett Golden
Dougherty
Duchess of Oldenburg
Dumelow's Seedling
Egremont Russet
Ellison's Orange
Elstar
Empire
Enterprise
Envy
Esopus Spitzenburg
Eva
EverCrisp
Fiesta
Filippa
Flamenco
Florina
Fuji
Gala
Gascoyne's Scarlet
Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg
Ginger Gold
Golden Delicious
Golden Orange
Goldspur
Granny Smith
Gravenstein
Grimes Golden
Haralson
Hokuto
Honeycrisp
Honeygold
Idared
Ingrid Marie
James Grieve
Jazz
Jersey Black
Jonadel
Jonagold
Jonathan
Jubilee
Julieta
Jupiter
Kanzi
Karmijn de Sonnaville
King of the Pippins
Knobby Russet
Lady Alice
Laxton's Superb
Liberty
Liveland Raspberry
Lodi
Lord Lambourne
Lucombe's Seedling
Macoun
McIntosh
Melba
Melrose
Mutsu
Newtown Pippin
Nicola
Opal
Sciros (Pacific Rose)
Pam's Delight
Papirovka
Paula Red
Pink Pearl
Pinova
Prima
Pristine
Rajka
Ralls Janet
Rambo
Rave
Red Astrachan
Red Delicious
Red Pineapple
Redlove apples
Rhode Island Greening
Ribston Pippin
Roxbury Russet
Sandow
Sansa
Sekai Ichi
Spartan
Splendour
Star of Devon
Stayman
Sturmer Pippin
Summerfree
Sundowner
Sunset
Suntan
SweeTango
Taliaferro
Tartu Rose
Tentation
Tompkins King
Topaz
Wealthy
Winesap
Winston
Worcester Pearmain
Wyken Pippin
York Imperial
Zestar
Cooking apples
Antonovka
Bismarck
Blenheim Orange
Bramley
Calville Blanc d'hiver
Campanino
Chelmsford Wonder
Costard
Creston
Crimson Bramley
Flower of Kent
Golden Noble
Granny Smith
Grenadier
King Byerd
Manks Codlin
Newton Wonder
Norfolk Biffin
Northern Spy
Reinette du Canada
Rome
Upton Pyne
White Transparent
Wolf River
Cider apples
Brown Snout
Cap of Liberty
Chisel Jersey
Coccagee
Crimson King
Dabinett
Dufflin
Ellis Bitter
Foxwhelp
Golden Russet
Golden Spire
Hangdown
Harrison Cider
Kingston Black
Major
Michelin
Poveshon
Redstreak
Slack-ma-Girdle
Styre
Tom Putt
Woodcock
Yarlington Mill
Ornamental apple
Flamenco
Goldspur
Wijcik McIntosh
Apple productsFood
Apple butter
Apple cake
Apple cheese
Apple chip
Apple cider vinegar
Apple crisp
Apple flour
Apple pie
Apple sauce
Apple seed oil
Apple strudel
Baked apple
Candy apple
Caramel apple
Himmel und Erde
Jewish apple cake
Pectin
Drink
Apfelwein
Apple cider
Apple juice
Applejack
Calvados
Cider
Ice cider
Pommeau
Agriculture
Apple picking
Apple scab
Applecrab
Arctic Apples
Fruit tree pruning
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
Johnny Appleseed
Malling series
Malus
Pearmain
Pollination
Pome
PRI disease resistant apple breeding program
Reinette
Russeting
US Apple Association
Lists
Countries by apple production
Apple diseases
Apples
Cultivars
Production
vte"Crabapple" or "Wild apple" (of the genus Malus)Species, varieties and cultivars
Malus angustifolia (Southern)
Malus asiatica (Chinese pearleaf)
Malus baccata (Siberian)
Malus bracteata
Malus brevipes
Malus coronaria (Sweet)
Malus crescimannoi
Malus doumeri
Malus 'Evereste'
Malus florentina
Malus floribunda (Japanese)
Malus fusca (Oregon/Pacific)
Malus glabrata
Malus glaucescens
Malus halliana
Malus honanensis
Malus hupehensis (Tea)
Malus ioensis (Prairie)
Malus kansuensis
Malus lancifolia
Malus mandshurica (Manchurian)
Malus niedzwetskyana
Malus orientalis (Caucasian)
Malus prattii
Malus prunifolia
Malus rockii
Malus sargentii
Malus sieboldii
Malus sieversii (Asian wild/Almaty)
Malus sikkimensis
Malus spectabilis
Malus sublobata
Malus sylvestris (European wild)
Malus toringoides
Malus transitoria
Malus trilobata
Malus tschonoskii
Malus yunnanensis
Topics
Apple
Applecrab
Malling series
Category
Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rootstocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootstock"},{"link_name":"apple trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_tree"},{"link_name":"East Malling Research Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Malling_Research_Station"},{"link_name":"South-Eastern Agricultural College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_College"},{"link_name":"Wye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Ronald Hatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hatton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lor-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tony-3"},{"link_name":"Roman numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"Arabic numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lor-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tony-3"},{"link_name":"John Innes Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Innes_Institute"},{"link_name":"Merton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_Park"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"Malling-Merton series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootstock"},{"link_name":"Eriosoma lanigerum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriosoma_lanigerum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lor-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Applerootstock.png"}],"text":"The Malling series is a group of rootstocks for grafting apple trees. It was developed at the East Malling Research Station of the South-Eastern Agricultural College at Wye in Kent, England. From about 1912, Ronald Hatton and his colleagues rationalised, standardised and catalogued the various rootstocks in use in Europe at the time under names such as Doucin and Paradise.[1][2] Their first list had nine rootstock varieties, assigned the \"type\" numbers I–IX.[3] The list later grew to twenty-four, and the Roman numerals gave way to Arabic numerals with the prefix \"Malling\" or \"M.\".[2][3] From about 1917, collaboration between East Malling and the John Innes Institute, in Merton Park in Surrey, gave rise to the Malling-Merton series, which were resistant to Eriosoma lanigerum, the woolly apple aphid.[2]Common Malling rootstocks in the 1940s:US M2, M7, M8, M9 and M13\nUK[4] M1, M2, M9, M12, M13 and M16.\nGermany[5] M1, M2, M4, M5, M9, M11 and M16.Relative size are dependent on climate, variety and soil.a) East Malling vd= very dwarf, d= dwarf, sd= semidwarf, sv= semivigorous, v= vigorous, vv= very vigorous.b) Tukey, Dwarfed fruit trees, 1964 d= dwarf, sd=semidwarf, ss= semistandard, s= standard.c) Tukey, Dwarfed fruit trees, 1964 6= highest winter hardiness, 2= lowest winter hardiness.Size of an apple tree depending on the rootstock used","title":"Malling series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rootstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootstock"},{"link_name":"Rootstocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060901092316/http://classes.hortla.wsu.edu/hort310/hort%20310%20-%20documents/Rootstocks.pdf"},{"link_name":"List and description of rootstocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070310210535/http://res2.agr.gc.ca/kentville/pubs/fact01-01/index_f.htm"},{"link_name":"Apple rootstock identification — NSW Department of Primary Industries — Series: Agfact H4.1.10 – Edition: Second edition – Last updated: 12 Jun 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160412210952/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/pomes/rootstock"},{"link_name":"Apple Rootstock Fact Sheets, listed by size class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/breeders/appleroots/Factsheets/FSAccess.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Apples"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Apples"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apples"},{"link_name":"Apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"List of apple cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars"},{"link_name":"Malus domestica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"Malus niedzwetzkyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_niedzwetzkyana"},{"link_name":"Malus sieversii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii"},{"link_name":"Table apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_apple"},{"link_name":"Adams Pearmain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_Pearmain"},{"link_name":"Aia Ilu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aia_Ilu"},{"link_name":"Airlie Red Flesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlie_Red_Flesh"},{"link_name":"Akane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akane_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Åkerö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ker%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Alkmene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkmene_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Allington Pippin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allington_Pippin"},{"link_name":"Ambrosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosia_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Annurca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annurca"},{"link_name":"Ariane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Black"},{"link_name":"Ashmead's Kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmead%27s_Kernel"},{"link_name":"Aurora Golden Gala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Golden_Gala"},{"link_name":"Autumn Bough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_Bough"},{"link_name":"Autumn Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_Glory"},{"link_name":"Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Beacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Beauty of Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_of_Bath"},{"link_name":"Belle de Boskoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_de_Boskoop"},{"link_name":"Bellflower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellflower_apple"},{"link_name":"Ben Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Davis_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Birgit 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Plat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_Pendu_Plat"},{"link_name":"Cox's Orange Pippin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin"},{"link_name":"Crimson Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_Gold_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Cripps Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripps_Red"},{"link_name":"Cripps Pink (Pink Lady)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripps_Pink"},{"link_name":"Delbard Jubilée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delbard_Jubil%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Delbarestivale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delbarestivale"},{"link_name":"Delrouval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delrouval"},{"link_name":"Devonshire Quarrenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonshire_Quarrenden"},{"link_name":"Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Dorsett Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsett_Golden"},{"link_name":"Dougherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougherty_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Oldenburg_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Dumelow's Seedling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumelow%27s_Seedling"},{"link_name":"Egremont Russet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egremont_Russet"},{"link_name":"Ellison's Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellison%27s_Orange"},{"link_name":"Elstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elstar"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Envy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envy_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Esopus Spitzenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esopus_Spitzenburg"},{"link_name":"Eva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_(apple)"},{"link_name":"EverCrisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EverCrisp"},{"link_name":"Fiesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiesta_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Filippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippa_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Florina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florina_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Gala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gala_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Gascoyne's Scarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascoyne%27s_Scarlet"},{"link_name":"Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geheimrat_Dr._Oldenburg"},{"link_name":"Ginger Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Gold"},{"link_name":"Golden 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Russet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knobby_Russet"},{"link_name":"Lady Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Alice_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Laxton's Superb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxton%27s_Superb"},{"link_name":"Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Liveland Raspberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liveland_Raspberry_apple"},{"link_name":"Lodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Lord Lambourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lambourne_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Lucombe's 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apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlove_apples"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island Greening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Greening"},{"link_name":"Ribston Pippin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribston_Pippin"},{"link_name":"Roxbury Russet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury_Russet"},{"link_name":"Sandow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandow_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Sansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansa_apple"},{"link_name":"Sekai Ichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekai_Ichi"},{"link_name":"Spartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartan_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Splendour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splendour_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Star of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Stayman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stayman_(apple)"},{"link_name":"Sturmer 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juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_juice"},{"link_name":"Applejack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applejack_(drink)"},{"link_name":"Calvados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvados"},{"link_name":"Cider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider"},{"link_name":"Ice cider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cider"},{"link_name":"Pommeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pommeau"},{"link_name":"Apple picking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_picking"},{"link_name":"Apple scab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_scab"},{"link_name":"Applecrab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applecrab"},{"link_name":"Arctic Apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Apples"},{"link_name":"Fruit tree pruning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_tree_pruning"},{"link_name":"Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosporangium_juniperi-virginianae"},{"link_name":"Johnny Appleseed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed"},{"link_name":"Malling series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Malus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus"},{"link_name":"Pearmain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearmain"},{"link_name":"Pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_tree_pollination#Apples"},{"link_name":"Pome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pome"},{"link_name":"PRI disease resistant apple breeding program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRI_disease_resistant_apple_breeding_program"},{"link_name":"Reinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinette"},{"link_name":"Russeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russet_apple"},{"link_name":"US Apple Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Apple_Association"},{"link_name":"Countries by apple production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apple_production"},{"link_name":"Apple diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_diseases"},{"link_name":"Apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Apples"},{"link_name":"Cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Apple_cultivars"},{"link_name":"Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Apple_production"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Crabapple"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Crabapple"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crabapple"},{"link_name":"Crabapple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Malus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus"},{"link_name":"Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"varieties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(botany)"},{"link_name":"cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"Malus angustifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_angustifolia"},{"link_name":"Malus asiatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_asiatica"},{"link_name":"Malus baccata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_baccata"},{"link_name":"Malus bracteata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_bracteata"},{"link_name":"Malus brevipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_brevipes"},{"link_name":"Malus coronaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_coronaria"},{"link_name":"Malus crescimannoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_crescimannoi"},{"link_name":"Malus doumeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_doumeri"},{"link_name":"Malus 'Evereste'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_%27Evereste%27"},{"link_name":"Malus florentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_florentina"},{"link_name":"Malus floribunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_floribunda"},{"link_name":"Malus fusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_fusca"},{"link_name":"Malus glabrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_glabrata"},{"link_name":"Malus glaucescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_glaucescens"},{"link_name":"Malus halliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_halliana"},{"link_name":"Malus honanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_honanensis"},{"link_name":"Malus hupehensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_hupehensis"},{"link_name":"Malus ioensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_ioensis"},{"link_name":"Malus kansuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_kansuensis"},{"link_name":"Malus lancifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_lancifolia"},{"link_name":"Malus mandshurica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_mandshurica"},{"link_name":"Malus niedzwetskyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_niedzwetskyana"},{"link_name":"Malus orientalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_orientalis"},{"link_name":"Malus prattii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_prattii"},{"link_name":"Malus prunifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_prunifolia"},{"link_name":"Malus rockii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_rockii"},{"link_name":"Malus sargentii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sargentii"},{"link_name":"Malus sieboldii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieboldii"},{"link_name":"Malus sieversii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii"},{"link_name":"Malus sikkimensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sikkimensis"},{"link_name":"Malus spectabilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_spectabilis"},{"link_name":"Malus sublobata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sublobata"},{"link_name":"Malus sylvestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sylvestris"},{"link_name":"Malus toringoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_toringoides"},{"link_name":"Malus transitoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_transitoria"},{"link_name":"Malus trilobata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_trilobata"},{"link_name":"Malus tschonoskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_tschonoskii"},{"link_name":"Malus yunnanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_yunnanensis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crab_apples_by_the_roadside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_978786.jpg"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"Applecrab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applecrab"},{"link_name":"Malling series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Apple_cultivars"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apple_cultivars"}],"text":"Rootstock\nRootstocks\nList and description of rootstocks\nApple rootstock identification — NSW Department of Primary Industries — Series: Agfact H4.1.10 – Edition: Second edition – Last updated: 12 Jun 2001\nApple Rootstock Fact Sheets, listed by size classvteApples\nList of apple cultivars\nSpecies\nMalus domestica\nMalus niedzwetzkyana\nMalus sieversii\nTable apples\nAdams Pearmain\nAia Ilu\nAirlie Red Flesh\nAkane\nÅkerö\nAlkmene\nAllington Pippin\nAmbrosia\nAnna\nAnnurca\nAriane\nArkansas Black\nAshmead's Kernel\nAurora Golden Gala\nAutumn Bough\nAutumn Glory\nBaldwin\nBeacon\nBeauty of Bath\nBelle de Boskoop\nBellflower\nBen Davis\nBirgit Bonnier\nBraeburn\nBrina\nCameo\nChampion\nCivni (Rubens)\nClaygate Pearmain\nClivia\nCornish Aromatic\nCornish Gilliflower\nCortland\nCosmic Crisp\nCourt Pendu Plat\nCox's Orange Pippin\nCrimson Gold\nCripps Red\nCripps Pink (Pink Lady)\nDelbard Jubilée\nDelbarestivale\nDelrouval\nDevonshire Quarrenden\nDiscovery\nDorsett Golden\nDougherty\nDuchess of Oldenburg\nDumelow's Seedling\nEgremont Russet\nEllison's Orange\nElstar\nEmpire\nEnterprise\nEnvy\nEsopus Spitzenburg\nEva\nEverCrisp\nFiesta\nFilippa\nFlamenco\nFlorina\nFuji\nGala\nGascoyne's Scarlet\nGeheimrat Dr. Oldenburg\nGinger Gold\nGolden Delicious\nGolden Orange\nGoldspur\nGranny Smith\nGravenstein\nGrimes Golden\nHaralson\nHokuto\nHoneycrisp\nHoneygold\nIdared\nIngrid Marie\nJames Grieve\nJazz\nJersey Black\nJonadel\nJonagold\nJonathan\nJubilee\nJulieta\nJupiter\nKanzi\nKarmijn de Sonnaville\nKing of the Pippins\nKnobby Russet\nLady Alice\nLaxton's Superb\nLiberty\nLiveland Raspberry\nLodi\nLord Lambourne\nLucombe's Seedling\nMacoun\nMcIntosh\nMelba\nMelrose\nMutsu\nNewtown Pippin\nNicola\nOpal\nSciros (Pacific Rose)\nPam's Delight\nPapirovka\nPaula Red\nPink Pearl\nPinova\nPrima\nPristine\nRajka\nRalls Janet\nRambo\nRave\nRed Astrachan\nRed Delicious\nRed Pineapple\nRedlove apples\nRhode Island Greening\nRibston Pippin\nRoxbury Russet\nSandow\nSansa\nSekai Ichi\nSpartan\nSplendour\nStar of Devon\nStayman\nSturmer Pippin\nSummerfree\nSundowner\nSunset\nSuntan\nSweeTango\nTaliaferro\nTartu Rose\nTentation\nTompkins King\nTopaz\nWealthy\nWinesap\nWinston\nWorcester Pearmain\nWyken Pippin\nYork Imperial\nZestar\nCooking apples\nAntonovka\nBismarck\nBlenheim Orange\nBramley\nCalville Blanc d'hiver\nCampanino\nChelmsford Wonder\nCostard\nCreston\nCrimson Bramley\nFlower of Kent\nGolden Noble\nGranny Smith\nGrenadier\nKing Byerd\nManks Codlin\nNewton Wonder\nNorfolk Biffin\nNorthern Spy\nReinette du Canada\nRome\nUpton Pyne\nWhite Transparent\nWolf River\nCider apples\nBrown Snout\nCap of Liberty\nChisel Jersey\nCoccagee\nCrimson King\nDabinett\nDufflin\nEllis Bitter\nFoxwhelp\nGolden Russet\nGolden Spire\nHangdown\nHarrison Cider\nKingston Black\nMajor\nMichelin\nPoveshon\nRedstreak\nSlack-ma-Girdle\nStyre\nTom Putt\nWoodcock\nYarlington Mill\nOrnamental apple\nFlamenco\nGoldspur\nWijcik McIntosh\nApple productsFood\nApple butter\nApple cake\nApple cheese\nApple chip\nApple cider vinegar\nApple crisp\nApple flour\nApple pie\nApple sauce\nApple seed oil\nApple strudel\nBaked apple\nCandy apple\nCaramel apple\nHimmel und Erde\nJewish apple cake\nPectin\nDrink\nApfelwein\nApple cider\nApple juice\nApplejack\nCalvados\nCider\nIce cider\nPommeau\nAgriculture\nApple picking\nApple scab\nApplecrab\nArctic Apples\nFruit tree pruning\nGymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae\nJohnny Appleseed\nMalling series\nMalus\nPearmain\nPollination\nPome\nPRI disease resistant apple breeding program\nReinette\nRusseting\nUS Apple Association\nLists\nCountries by apple production\nApple diseases\n\n Apples\n Cultivars\n Productionvte\"Crabapple\" or \"Wild apple\" (of the genus Malus)Species, varieties and cultivars\nMalus angustifolia (Southern)\nMalus asiatica (Chinese pearleaf)\nMalus baccata (Siberian)\nMalus bracteata\nMalus brevipes\nMalus coronaria (Sweet)\nMalus crescimannoi\nMalus doumeri\nMalus 'Evereste'\nMalus florentina\nMalus floribunda (Japanese)\nMalus fusca (Oregon/Pacific)\nMalus glabrata\nMalus glaucescens\nMalus halliana\nMalus honanensis\nMalus hupehensis (Tea)\nMalus ioensis (Prairie)\nMalus kansuensis\nMalus lancifolia\nMalus mandshurica (Manchurian)\nMalus niedzwetskyana\nMalus orientalis (Caucasian)\nMalus prattii\nMalus prunifolia\nMalus rockii\nMalus sargentii\nMalus sieboldii\nMalus sieversii (Asian wild/Almaty)\nMalus sikkimensis\nMalus spectabilis\nMalus sublobata\nMalus sylvestris (European wild)\nMalus toringoides\nMalus transitoria\nMalus trilobata\nMalus tschonoskii\nMalus yunnanensis\nTopics\nApple\nApplecrab\nMalling series\n\n Category\n Commons","title":"Links"}] | [{"image_text":"Size of an apple tree depending on the rootstock used","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Applerootstock.png/250px-Applerootstock.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33759","external_links_name":"Hatton, Sir Ronald George (1886–1965)"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33759","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/33759"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060210084945/http://orchard.uvm.edu/uvmapple/ForBeginners_ApplesJanuary2006.PDF","external_links_name":"Apple Orchard Information for Beginners"},{"Link":"http://virtualorchard.net/idfta/cft/2000/october/cftoct2000p100.pdf","external_links_name":"Breeding and Evaluation of New Rootstocks for Apple, Pear and Sweet Cherry"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060901092316/http://classes.hortla.wsu.edu/hort310/hort%20310%20-%20documents/Rootstocks.pdf","external_links_name":"Rootstocks"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310210535/http://res2.agr.gc.ca/kentville/pubs/fact01-01/index_f.htm","external_links_name":"List and description of rootstocks"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160412210952/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/pomes/rootstock","external_links_name":"Apple rootstock identification — NSW Department of Primary Industries — Series: Agfact H4.1.10 – Edition: Second edition – Last updated: 12 Jun 2001"},{"Link":"http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/breeders/appleroots/Factsheets/FSAccess.htm","external_links_name":"Apple Rootstock Fact Sheets, listed by size class"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1954 | General Roman Calendar of 1954 | ["1 Rank of feast days","1.1 Sundays","1.2 Ferias","1.3 Vigils","1.4 Octaves","2 January","3 February","4 March","5 April","6 May","7 June","8 July","9 August","10 September","11 October","12 November","13 December","14 Moveable feasts","15 Feasts celebrated in some places (pro Aliquibus Locis)","16 See also","17 References","18 External links"] | List of Catholic feast days as at the end of 1954
This article lists the feast days of the General Roman Calendar as they were at the end of 1954. It is essentially the same calendar established by Pope Pius X (1903–1914) following his liturgical reforms, but it also incorporates changes that were made by Pope Pius XI (1922–1939), such as the institution of the Feast of Christ the King (assigned to the last Sunday in October), and the changes made by Pope Pius XII (1939–1958) prior to 1955, chief among them the imposition of the Feast of the Immaculate Heart of Mary upon the universal Church (August 22, on the existing octave day of the Assumption) in 1944, the inscription of Pius X into the General Calendar (September 3) following his 1954 canonization, and the institution of the Feast of the Queenship of Mary (May 31) in October 1954.
The changes that the latter Pope made in 1955 are indicated in General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII. They included: a revision of the Church's traditional ranking of liturgical days; the institution of the feast of St. Joseph the Worker on May 1 as a Double of the I Class, requiring the transfer of Ss. Philip and James to May 11; the suppression of the Solemnity of Saint Joseph, which for just over a century had been celebrated on the second Wednesday after the Octave of Easter. A total of fifteen Octaves—all those except Easter, Pentecost, and Christmas—were also suppressed in the reform of 1955, as were most vigils (specifically, the vigils of all apostles save for that of Ss. Peter and Paul, and the vigils of the Immaculate Conception, Epiphany, and All Saints).
Five years later, Pope John XXIII made a further revision with the motu proprio Rubricarum instructum of July 23, 1960. This revision, the General Roman Calendar of 1960, was incorporated in the Roman Missal of 1962, which was issued as implementation of this motu proprio The 1960 calendar is thus the calendar approved by Pope Benedict XVI with his July 7, 2007 document Summorum Pontificum for use as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite.
The General Roman Calendar was again revised in 1969, in connection with the revision of the Roman Missal, and later. For its current state, see General Roman Calendar.
For most of the celebrations here listed, the Mass is found in the Roman Missal of the time in the section called the "Proper of the Saints", but for those occurring from 24 December to 13 January it is found in the "Proper of the Season", as these days do not move with respect to the seasons of the Church year. The Offices of these feasts are likewise arranged in the Breviary.
While the General Calendar of 1954 is generally not authorized for liturgical use by traditional groups in communion with the Holy See, some sedevacantists continue to use it, as well as Old Roman Catholics, as their members consider it to be the last calendar untainted by the revisions that began in 1955. Indults have been granted, however, to certain communities in full communion with Rome, such as some apostolates of the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest and the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter.
Rank of feast days
The ranking of feast days that had grown from an original division between doubles and simples and that by the time of the Tridentine calendar included semidoubles, with Pope Clement VIII adding in 1604 to the distinction between first and second class doubles the new rank of greater double, was in until 1955, when Pope Pius XII abolished the rank of semidouble.
The rank of feast days determines which Mass is said when two feast days occur on the one day, as well as when a feast day falls on Sundays or certain other privileged days. Feast days were classified as Simple, Semidouble, or Double, with feast days of the Double Rite further divided into Double of the I Class, Double of the II Class, Greater Double or Major Double, and Double, in order of descending rank. On ferias and many feast days of simple rank, the celebrant was permitted to substitute a Mass of his own choice such as a votive Mass, or a Mass for the Dead.
What the original meaning of the term "double" may have been is not entirely certain. Some think that the greater festivals were thus styled because the antiphons before and after the psalms were "doubled", i.e. twice repeated entire on these days. Others, with more probability, point to the fact that before the ninth century in certain places, for example at Rome, it was customary on the greater feast days to recite two sets of Matins, the one of the feria or week-day, the other of the festival. Hence such days were known as "doubles".
The Catholic Encyclopedia of the early years of the twentieth century shows the incremental crowding of the calendar (which had increased further by 1954) in the following table based on the official revisions of the Roman Breviary in 1568, 1602, 1631, 1882 and on the situation in 1907.
Pope
Date
Doubles, I Class
Doubles, II Class
Greater Doubles
Doubles
Semidoubles
Total
Pius V
1568
19
17
0
53
60
149
Clement VIII
1602
19
18
16
43
68
164
Urban VIII
1631
19
18
16
45
78
176
Leo XIII
1882
21
18
24
128
74
275
-
1907
23
27
25
133
72
280
In 1907, when, in accordance with the rules in force since the time of Pope Pius V, feast days of any form of double, if impeded by falling on the same day with a feast day of higher class, were transferred to another day, this classification of feast days was of great practical importance for deciding which feast day to celebrate on any particular day. Pope Pius X simplified matters considerably in his 1911 reform of the Roman Breviary. In the case of occurrence the lower-ranking feast day could become a commemoration within the celebration of the higher-ranking one. Further retouches were made by Pope Pius XII in 1955, Pope John XXIII in 1960, and Pope Paul VI in 1969.
Sundays
Sundays were divided into greater and lesser Sundays, with the greater Sundays being further divided into two classes. The Greater Sundays of the I class were the I Sunday of Advent, the four Sundays of Lent, Passion Sunday, Palm Sunday, Easter Sunday, Low Sunday, and Pentecost. No feast day whatsoever could be celebrated on these days, although they admitted commemorations except on Easter and Pentecost. Greater Sundays of the II class permitted the celebration of Doubles of the I Class only, and consisted of the other three Sundays in Advent and the three pre-Lenten Sundays. All other Sundays (II to V after Easter and the Sundays after Epiphany and Pentecost, except for those that might occur during an Octave, which followed the rules for the Octave), were lesser Sundays or Sundays per annum ("through the year"), and only the celebration of Doubles of the I or II Class, or a feast of the Lord, took precedence over them. The Sunday within the Octave of the Nativity was a special case, due to the fixed date of Christmas and the high rank of the feast days following it. If December 29, 30, or 31 were a Sunday, the Mass assigned to it was celebrated on that day; otherwise, it was celebrated on December 30.
Before the reform of Pope Pius X in 1911, ordinary Doubles took precedence over most of the Semidouble Sundays, resulting in many of the Sunday Masses rarely being said. While retaining the Semidouble rite for Sundays, the reform permitted only the most important feast days, Doubles of the I or II class, to be celebrated on Sunday. When a feast of the rank of double of the I or II class fell on a Sunday, the Mass would be that of the feast, with a commemoration of the occurring Sunday; the Gospel of the omitted Sunday Mass would be read at the end of Mass instead of the usual Gospel "In principio erat Verbum" of St. John. When a feast of a rank lower than that occurred with a Sunday, the feast would be commemorated in the Sunday Mass by including a commemoration of the feast, and its Gospel would be read at the end of Mass, provided it was a "proper" Gospel, i.e. one not taken from the Common.
Following the reform of Pope Pius X, only three feasts were assigned to a Sunday: the feast days of the Holy Name, the Holy Family, and the Most Holy Trinity. A fourth, Christ the King, was added in 1925.
Ferias
Ferias also were classified into three categories:
Greater privileged ferias: Ash Wednesday and Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday of Holy Week. No feast day could be celebrated on these days.
Greater non-privileged ferias: The ferias of Advent, Lent, and Passion Week, Rogation Monday, and the Ember Days. Any feast day except a Simple could occur on these days, with a commemoration of the feria.
On all other ferias, any feast day of whatever rank could be celebrated without any commemoration of the feria.
Ember Days are four separate sets of three days within the same week — specifically, the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday — roughly equidistant in the circuit of the year, that were formerly set aside for fasting and prayer. These days set apart for special prayer and fasting were considered especially suitable for the ordination of clergy. The Ember Days are known in Latin as quatuor tempora (the "four seasons"), or jejunia quatuor temporum ("fasts of the four seasons"). They occur in the weeks between the third and fourth Sundays of Advent, between the first and second Sundays of Lent, between Pentecost and Trinity Sunday, and beginning the first Wednesday after the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (September 14), which is between the liturgical third and fourth Sundays of September.
Rogation Days are, in the calendar of the Western Church, four days traditionally set apart for solemn processions to invoke God's mercy. They are April 25, the Major Rogation (or Greater Litanies), coinciding with St. Mark's Day (but transferred to the following Tuesday if they fell on Easter); and the three days preceding Ascension Thursday, the Minor Rogations (or Lesser Litanies). These are indicated below in the main body of the calendar and in the Movable Feasts section.
Vigils
In the Tridentine calendar the vigils of Christmas, the Epiphany, and Pentecost were called "major vigils"; the rest were "minor" or "common" vigils In early times, every feast day had a vigil, but the increase in the number of feast days and abuses connected with the evening and night service of which the vigils originally consisted, led to their diminishment. Nevertheless, the Roman Rite kept many more vigils than other Latin liturgical rites such as the Ambrosian Rite and the Mozarabic Rite. If a Vigil fell on a Sunday, it was transferred to the previous Saturday, although the Vigil of Christmas took precedence over the IV Sunday of Advent.
Prior to the suppression of some vigils by Pope Pius XII in 1955, there were three classes of Vigils. The Vigils of Christmas and Pentecost were of the I class, and took precedence over any feast day. The Vigil of Epiphany was of the II class, and permitted only Doubles of the I or II classes, or any feast of the Lord. All other vigils were "common" and took precedence only over ferias and Simple feast days, but were anticipated on Saturday if they fell on Sunday. Most feasts of the Apostles had Vigils; the exceptions being those that fell in Eastertide, when Vigils were not permitted. The Vigil of St. Matthias was unique, in that it was normally commemorated on February 23, the feast day of St. Peter Damian, but in leap year, was kept on February 24, the traditional leap day of the Roman calendar.
Octaves
The Tridentine calendar had many octaves, without any indication in the calendar itself of distinction of rank between them, apart from the fact that the Octave Day (the final day of the octave) was ranked higher than the days within the octave. Several octaves overlapped, so that, for instance, on 29 December the prayer of the saint of the day, Saint Thomas Becket, was followed by the prayers of Christmas, of Saint Stephen, of Saint John the Evangelist and of the Holy Innocents. The situation remained such until the reform of Pope Pius X.
To cut down on the monotony of repeating the same prayers in Mass and Office every day for eight days, Pope Pius X classified the octaves as "privileged", "common" or "simple"
The privileged octaves were of three "ranks". The first rank belonged to the octaves of Easter and Pentecost (no feast day could be celebrated in these octaves or even, until Vespers on Tuesday, be commemorated), the second to those of Epiphany and Corpus Christi (the Octave Day ranked as a Greater Double, the days within the octave as Semidoubles, giving way only to Doubles of the I Class, and on the Octave day itself only to a Double of the I class that was celebrated in the entire Church), the third rank to those of Christmas, the Ascension, and the Sacred Heart (these gave way to any feast day above the level of Simple).
The common octaves were those of the Immaculate Conception, the Assumption, the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist, the Solemnity of Saint Joseph, Saints Peter and Paul, and All Saints, as well as, locally, the principal patron saint of a church, cathedral, order, town, diocese, province, or nation. These too gave way to any feast day above the level of Simple; the difference between these and the third privileged rank was that ferial psalms were said during common octaves, while the psalms from the feast day were used during privileged octaves.
The simple octaves were those of Saint Stephen, Saint John the Evangelist, the Holy Innocents, Saint Lawrence, the Nativity of Mary and, locally, secondary patrons. These were all Doubles of the II class, their Octave day was a Simple and, in contrast to the situation before Pope Pius X, their Mass was not repeated nor a Commemoration made, except on the Octave day, as simple Octaves had no days within the Octave.
In Pope Pius XII's reform, only the octaves of Christmas, Easter and Pentecost were kept. The days within the Easter and Pentecost octaves were raised to double rite, had precedence over all feast days, and did not admit commemorations.
January
1: Circumcision of the Lord and Octave of the Nativity, Double of the II Class.
2: Octave of St. Stephen Protomartyr, Simple.
3: Octave of St. John Apostle and Evangelist, Simple.
4: Octave of the Holy Innocents Martyrs, Simple.
5: Vigil of the Epiphany, Semidouble, Com. of St. Telesphorus Pope and Martyr.
6: Epiphany of the Lord, Double of the I Class with a privileged Octave of the II rank.
7: Of the II day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semidouble.
8: Of the III day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semidouble.
9: Of the IV day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semidouble.
10: Of the V day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semidouble.
11: Of the VI day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semidouble, Com. of St. Hyginus Pope and Martyr.
12: Of the VII day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semidouble.
13: Octave of the Epiphany, Greater Double.
14: St. Hilary Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. of St. Felix Priest and Martyr.
15: St. Paul first hermit, Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Maurus.
16: St. Marcellus I Pope and Martyr, Semidouble.
17: St. Anthony Abbot, Double.
18: Chair of St. Peter Apostle at Rome, Greater Double, Com. of St. Paul Apostle, and of St. Prisca Virgin and Martyr.
19: Ss. Marius, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum Martyrs, Simple, Com. of St. Canute, Martyr.
20: Ss. Fabian Pope and Sebastian Martyrs, Double.
21: St. Agnes, Roman Virgin and Martyr, Double
22: Ss. Vincent and Anastasius Martyrs, Semidouble.
23: St. Raymund of Peñafort Confessor, Semidouble, Com. of St. Emerentiana Virgin and Martyr.
24: St. Timothy Bishop and Martyr, Double.
25: Conversion of St. Paul Apostle, Greater Double, Com. of St. Peter.
26: St. Polycarp Bishop and Martyr, Double.
27: St. John Chrysostom Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
28: St. Peter Nolasco Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Agnes Virgin and Martyr second.
29: St. Francis de Sales Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
30: St. Martina Virgin and Martyr, Semidouble.
31: St. John Bosco Confessor, Double.
Sunday between the Circumcision and Epiphany : The most holy Name of Jesus, Double of the II Class.
Sunday within the Octave of the Epiphany: The Most Holy Family of Jesus, Mary, Joseph, Greater Double.
February
1: St. Ignatius Bishop and Martyr, Double.
2: Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the II Class.
3: St. Blase Bishop and Martyr, Simple.
4: St. Andrew Corsini Bishop and Confessor, Double.
5: St. Agatha Virgin Martyr, Double.
6: St. Titus Bishop and Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Dorothy Virgin Martyr.
7: St. Romuald Abbot, Double.
8: St. John of Matha Confessor, Double.
9: St. Cyril Bishop of Alexandria, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. of St. Apollonia Virgin Martyr.
10: St. Scholastica Virgin, Double.
11: Apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary Immaculate, Greater Double.
12: The Seven Holy Founders of the Order of Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary Confessors, Double.
13: Feria
14: St. Valentine Priest and Martyr, Simple.
15: Ss. Faustinus and Jovita Martyrs, Simple.
16: Feria
17: Feria
18: St. Simeon Bishop and Martyr, Simple.
19: Feria
20: Feria
21: Feria
22: Chair of St. Peter at Antioch, Greater Double, Com. of St. Paul.
23: St. Peter Damian Confessor, Double, Com. of the Vigil.
24: St. Matthias Apostle, Double of the II Class.
25: Feria
26: Feria
27: St. Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows, Double
28: Feria
In leap year the month of February is of 29 days, and the Feast of St. Matthias is celebrated on the 25th day and the Feast of St. Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows on the 28th day of February, and twice is said Sexto Kalendas, that is on the 24th day and 25th day; and the dominical letter, which was taken up in the month of January, is changed to the preceding; that, if in January, the dominical letter was A, it is changed to the preceding, which is g, etc.; and the letter f is kept twice, on the 24th and 25th.
March
1: Feria
2: Feria
3: Feria
4: St. Casimir Confessor, Semidouble, Com. of St. Lucius I Pope and Martyr.
5: Feria
6: Ss. Perpetua and Felicity Martyrs, Double.
7: St. Thomas Aquinas Confessor and Doctor of the Church, Double.
8: St. John of God Confessor, Double.
9: St. Frances of Rome Widow, Double.
10: The Forty Holy Martyrs, Semidouble.
11: Feria
12: St. Gregory I Pope, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
13: Feria
14: Feria
15: Feria
16: Feria
17: St. Patrick Bishop and Confessor, Double.
18: St. Cyril Bishop of Jerusalem, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
19: St. Joseph, Spouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Confessor, and Patron of the Universal Church, Double of the I Class.
20: Feria
21: St. Benedict Abbot, Greater Double.
22: Feria
23: Feria
24: St. Gabriel the Archangel, Greater Double.
25: Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the I Class.
26: Feria
27: St. John Damascene Confessor and Doctor of the Church, Double.
28: St. John Capistran Confessor, Semidouble.
29: Feria
30: Feria
31: Feria
Friday after Passion Sunday: Seven Sorrows of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Greater Double, Com. of the Feria.
April
1: Feria
2: St. Francis of Paula Confessor, Double.
3: Feria
4: St. Isidore Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
5: St. Vincent Ferrer Confessor, Double.
6: Feria
7: Feria
8: Feria
9: Feria
10: Feria
11: St. Leo I Pope, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
12: Feria
13: St. Hermenegild Martyr, Semidouble.
14: St. Justin Martyr, Double, Com. of Saints Tiburtius, Valerian and Maximus, Martyrs.
15: Feria
16: Feria
17: St. Anicetus Pope and Martyr, Simple.
18: Feria
19: Feria
20: Feria
21: St. Anselm Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
22: Ss. Soter and Cajus Popes and Martyrs, Semidouble.
23: St. George Martyr, Semidouble.
24: St. Fidelis of Sigmaringen Martyr, Double.
25: St. Mark Evangelist, Double of the II Class.
26: Ss. Cletus and Marcellinus Popes and Martyrs, Semidouble.
27: St. Peter Canisius Confessor and Doctor of the Church, Double.
28: St. Paul of the Cross Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Vitalis Martyr.
29: St. Peter Martyr, Double.
30: St. Catherine of Siena Virgin, Double.
Wednesday within the second week after the Octave of Easter: Solemnity of St. Joseph, Spouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Confessor, and Patron of the Universal Church, Double of the I Class with a common Octave (from 1871 to 1954)
May
1: Ss. Philip and James Apostles, Double of the II Class.
2: St. Athanasius, Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
3: Invention of the Holy Cross, Double of the II Class, Com. of Ss. Alexander, Pope, Eventius and Theodulus Martyrs, and Juvenal, Bishop and Confessor.
4: St. Monica Widow, Double.
5: St. Pius V Pope and Confessor, Double.
6: St. John Apostle before the Latin Gate, Greater Double.
7: St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr, Double.
8: Apparition of St. Michael, Greater Double
9: St. Gregory Nazianzen Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
10: St. Antoninus Bishop and Confessor, Double, Com. of Ss. Gordian and Epimachus Martyrs.
11: Feria
12: Ss. Nereus, Achilleus, Domitilla Virgin, and Pancras Martyrs, Semidouble.
13: St. Robert Bellarmine Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
14: St. Boniface Martyr, Simple.
15: St. John Baptist de la Salle Confessor, Double.
16: St. Ubald Bishop and Confessor, Semidouble.
17: St. Paschal Baylon Confessor, Double.
18: St. Venantius Martyr, Double.
19: St. Peter Celestine Pope and Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Pudentiana Virgin.
20: St. Bernardine of Siena Confessor, Semidouble.
21: Feria
22: Feria
23: Feria
24: Feria
25: St. Gregory VII Pope and Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Urban I Pope and Martyr, Double.
26: St. Philip Neri Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Eleutherius Pope and Martyr.
27: St. Bede the Venerable Confessor and Doctor of the Church, Com. of St. John I Pope and Martyr, Double.
28: St. Augustine Bishop and Confessor, Double.
29: St. Mary Magdalen de Pazzi Virgin, Semidouble.
30: St. Felix I Pope and Martyr, Simple.
31: Blessed Virgin Mary, Queen Double of the II Class, Com. of St. Petronilla Virgin.
June
1: St. Angela Merici Virgin, Double.
2: Ss. Marcellinus, Peter, and Erasmus Bishop, Martyrs, Simple.
3: Feria
4: St. Francis Caracciolo Confessor, Double.
5: St. Boniface Bishop and Martyr, Double.
6: St. Norbert Bishop and Confessor, Double.
7: Feria
8: Feria
9: Ss. Primus and Felician Martyrs, Simple.
10: St. Margaret Queen, Widow, Semidouble.
11: St. Barnabas Apostle, Greater Double.
12: St. John of San Facundo Confessor, Double, Com. of Ss. Basilides, Cyrinus, Nabor and Nazarius Martyrs.
13: St. Anthony of Padua Confessor and Doctor of the Church, Double.
14: St. Basil the Great Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
15: Ss. Vitus, Modestus, and Crescentia Martyrs, Simple.
16: Feria
17: Feria
18: St. Ephraem Syrus Deacon, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. of Ss. Mark and Marcellianus Martyrs.
19: St. Juliana Falconieri Virgin, Double, Com. of Ss. Gervase and Protase Martyrs.
20: St. Silverius Pope and Martyr, Simple.
21: St. Aloysius Gonzaga Confessor, Double.
22: St. Paulinus Bishop and Confessor, Double
23: Vigil.
24: The Nativity of St. John the Baptist, Double of the I Class with a common Octave.
25: St. William Abbot, Double, Com. of the Octave.
26: Ss. John and Paul Martyrs, Double, Com. of the Octave.
27: Of the IV day within the Octave of St. John the Baptist, Semidouble.
28: St. Irenaeus Bishop and Martyr, Double, Com. of the Octave and of the Vigil.
29: Ss. Peter and Paul Apostles, Double of the I Class with a common Octave.
30: Commemoration of St. Paul Apostle, Greater Double, Com. of St. Peter Apostle and of the Octave of St. John the Baptist.
July
1: The Most Precious Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, Double of the I Class, Com. of the Octave day of St. John the Baptist.
2: Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the II Class, Com. of Ss. Processus and Martinian Martyrs.
3: St. Leo II Pope and Confessor, Semidouble, Com. of the Octave of the Holy Apostles.
4: Of the VI day within the Octave of Ss. Peter and Paul Apostles, Semidouble.
5: St. Anthony Mary Zaccaria Confessor, Double, Com. of the Octave of the Holy Apostles.
6: Octave of Ss. Peter and Paul Apostles, Greater Double.
7: Ss. Cyril and Methodius Bishops and Confessors, Double.
8: St. Elizabeth Queen, Widow, Semidouble.
9: Feria
10: The Seven Holy Brothers Martyrs, Semidouble, and Ss. Rufina and Secunda Virgins and Martyrs.
11: St. Pius I Pope and Martyr, Simple.
12: St. John Gualbert Abbot, Double, Com. of Ss. Nabor and Felix Martyrs.
13: St. Anacletus Pope and Martyr, Semidouble.
14: St. Bonaventure Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
15: St. Henry II Emperor, Confessor, Semidouble.
16: Commemoration of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mt. Carmel, Greater Double.
17: St. Alexius Confessor, Semidouble.
18: St. Camillus de Lellis Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Symphorosa and her seven Sons Martyrs.
19: St. Vincent de Paul Confessor, Double.
20: St. Jerome Emiliani Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Margaret Virgin Martyr.
21: St. Praxedes Virgin, Simple.
22: St. Mary Magdalene Penitent, Double.
23: St. Apollinaris Martyr, Double, Com. of St. Liborius Bishop and Confessor.
24: Vigil. Com. of St. Christina Virgin and Martyr.
25: St. James Apostle, Double of the II Class, Com. of St. Christopher Martyr.
26: St. Anne Mother of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the II Class.
27: St. Pantaleon Martyr, Simple.
28: Ss. Nazarius and Celsus Martyrs, Victor I Pope and Martyr, and St. Innocent I Pope and Confessor, Semidouble.
29: St. Martha Virgin, Semidouble, Com. of Ss. Felix II Pope, Simplicius, Faustinus, and Beatrice Martyrs.
30: Ss. Abdon and Sennen Martyrs, Simple.
31: St. Ignatius Confessor, Greater Double.
August
1: St. Peter in Chains, Greater Double, Com. of St. Paul and the Holy Machabees Martyrs.
2: St. Alphonsus Mary of Liguori Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. of St. Stephen I Pope and Martyr.
3: Invention of St. Stephen Protomartyr, Semidouble.
4: St. Dominic Confessor, Greater Double.
5: Dedication of Our Lady of the Snows, Greater Double.
6: Transfiguration of our Lord Jesus Christ, Double of the II Class, Com. of Ss. Sixtus II Pope, Felicissimus and Agapitus Martyrs.
7: St. Cajetan Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Donatus Bishop and Martyr.
8: Ss. Cyriacus, Largus and Smaragdus Martyrs, Semidouble.
9: St. John Vianney Confessor and Priest, Double, Com. of the Vigil and St. Romanus Martyr.
10: St. Laurence Martyr, Double of the II Class with a simple Octave.
11: Ss. Tiburtius and Susanna Virgin, Martyrs, Simple.
12: St. Clare Virgin, Double.
13: Ss. Hippolytus and Cassian Martyrs, Simple.
14: Vigil. Com. of St. Eusebius Confessor.
15: Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the I Class with a common Octave.
16: St. Joachim Father of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Confessor, Double of the II Class.
17: St. Hyacinth Confessor, Double, Com. of the Octave of the Assumption and the Octave Day of St. Laurence.
18: Of the IV day within the Octave of the Assumption, Semidouble, Com. of St. Agapitus Martyr.
19: St. John Eudes Confessor, Double, Com. of the Octave of the Assumption.
20: St. Bernard Abbot, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. of the Octave of the Assumption.
21: St. Jane Frances de Chantal Widow, Double, Com. of the Octave of the Assumption.
22: Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the II Class, Com. of Ss. Timothy, Hippolytus Bishop, and Symphorianus Martyrs.
23: St. Philip Benizi Confessor, Double, Com. of the Vigil.
24: St. Bartholomew Apostle, Double of the II Class.
25: St. Louis King, Confessor, Semidouble.
26: St. Zephyrinus Pope Martyr, Simple.
27: St. Joseph Calasanctius Confessor, Double.
28: St. Augustine Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. of St. Hermes Martyr.
29: Beheading of St. John the Baptist, Greater Double, Com. of St. Sabina Martyr.
30: St. Rose of St. Mary Virgin of Lima, Double, Com. of Ss. Felix and Adauctus Martyrs.
31: St. Raymond Nonnatus Confessor, Double.
September
1: St. Giles Abbot, Simple, Com. of the Holy Twelve Brothers Martyrs.
2: St. Stephen King, Confessor, Semidouble.
3: St. Pius X Pope and Confessor, Double.
4: Feria
5: St. Laurence Justinian Bishop and Confessor, Semidouble.
6: Feria
7: Feria
8: Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the II Class with a simple Octave, Com. of St. Adrian Martyr.
9: St. Gorgonius Martyr, Simple.
10: St. Nicholas of Tolentino Confessor, Double.
11: Ss. Protus and Hyacinth Martyrs, Simple.
12: The Most Holy Name of Mary, Greater Double.
13: Feria
14: Exaltation of the Holy Cross, Greater Double.
15: Seven Sorrows of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the II Class, Com. of St. Nicomedes Martyr.
16: St. Cornelius Pope and St. Cyprian Bishop, Martyrs, Semidouble, Com. of Ss. Euphemia Virgin, Lucy and Geminian Martyrs.
17: Impression of the sacred Stigmata of St. Francis Confessor, Double.
18: St. Joseph of Cupertino Confessor, Double.
19: St. Januarius Bishop and Companions Martyrs, Double.
20: St. Eustace and Companions Martyrs, Double, Com. of the Vigil.
21: St. Matthew Apostle and Evangelist, Double of the II Class.
22: St. Thomas of Villanova Bishop and Confessor, Double, Com. of Ss. Maurice and Companions Martyrs.
23: St. Linus Pope and Martyr, Semidouble, Com. of St. Thecla Virgin and Martyr.
24: Our Lady of Ransom, Greater Double.
25: Feria
26: Ss. Cyprian and Justina Virgin, Martyrs, Simple.
27: Ss. Cosmas and Damian Martyrs, Semidouble.
28: St. Wenceslaus Duke, Martyr, Semidouble.
29: Dedication of St. Michael Archangel, Double of the I Class.
30: St. Jerome Priest, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
October
1: St. Remigius Bishop and Confessor, Simple.
2: The Holy Guardian Angels, Greater Double.
3: St. Teresa of the Child Jesus Virgin, Double.
4: St. Francis of Assisi Confessor, Greater Double.
5: St. Placid and companions Martyrs, Simple.
6: St. Bruno Confessor, Double.
7: The most Holy Rosary of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the II Class, Com. of St. Mark Pope and Confessor, and Ss. Sergius, Bacchus, Marcellus and Apuleius Martyrs.
8: St. Bridget Widow, Double.
9: St. John Leonard Confessor, Semidouble, Com. of Ss. Denis Bishop, Rusticus Priest, and Eleutherius Martyrs.
10: St. Francis Borgia Confessor, Semidouble.
11: The Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the II Class.
12: Feria
13: St. Edward King, Confessor, Semidouble.
14: St. Callistus I Pope and Martyr, Double.
15: St. Teresa Virgin, Double.
16: St. Hedwig Widow, Semidouble.
17: St. Margaret Mary Alacoque Virgin, Double.
18: St. Luke Evangelist, Double of the II Class.
19: St. Peter of Alcantara Confessor, Double.
20: St. John Cantius Confessor, Double.
21: St. Hilarion Abbot, Simple, Com. of St. Ursula and Companions Virgins and Martyrs.
22: Feria
23: Feria
24: St. Raphael Archangel, Greater Double.
25: Ss. Chrysanthus and Daria Martyrs, Simple.
26: St. Evaristus Pope and Martyr, Simple.
27: Vigil.
28: Ss. Simon and Jude Apostles, Double of the II Class.
29: Feria
30: Feria
31: Vigil.
Last Sunday in October: The Feast of our Lord Jesus Christ the King, Double of the I Class, Com. of the Sunday.
November
1: All Saints, Double of the I Class with a common Octave.
2 or, if 2 November is a Sunday, 3 November: Commemoration of all the Faithful Departed, Double
3: Of the III day within the Octave of All Saints, Semidouble.
4: St. Charles Bishop and Confessor, Double, Com. of the Octave of All Saints and Ss. Vitalis and Agricola Martyrs.
5: Of the V day within the Octave of All Saints, Semidouble.
6: Of the VI day within the Octave of All Saints, Semidouble.
7: Of the VII day within the Octave of All Saints, Semidouble.
8: Octave of All Saints, Greater Double, Com. of the Holy Four Crowned Martyrs.
9: Dedication of the Archbasilica of the most Holy Saviour, Double of the II Class, Com. of St. Theodore Martyr.
10: St. Andrew Avellino Confessor, Double, Com. of Ss. Tryphon, Respicius, and Nympha Martyrs.
11: St. Martin Bishop and Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Mennas Martyr.
12: St. Martin I Pope and Martyr, Semidouble.
13: St. Didacus Confessor, Semidouble.
14: St. Josaphat Bishop and Martyr, Double.
15: St. Albert the Great Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.
16: St. Gertrude Virgin, Double.
17: St. Gregory Thaumaturgus Bishop and Confessor, Semidouble.
18: Dedication of the Basilicas of Ss. Peter and Paul, Greater Double
19: St. Elisabeth Widow, Double, Com. of St. Pontianus Pope and Martyr.
20: St. Felix of Valois Confessor, Double.
21: Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Greater Double
22: St. Cecilia Virgin and Martyr, Double.
23: St. Clement I Pope and Martyr, Double, Com. of St. Felicitas Martyr.
24: St. John of the Cross Confessor and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. St. Chrysogonus Martyr.
25: St. Catherine Virgin and Martyr, Double.
26: St. Sylvester Abbot, Double, Com. of St. Peter of Alexandria Bishop and Martyr.
27: Feria
28: Feria
29: Vigil. Commemoration of St. Saturninus.
30: St. Andrew Apostle, Double of the II Class.
December
1: Feria
2: St. Bibiana Virgin and Martyr, Semidouble.
3: St. Francis Xavier Confessor, Greater Double.
4: St. Peter Chrysologus Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. of St. Barbara Virgin and Martyr.
5: Com. of St. Sabbas Abbot.
6: St. Nicholas Bishop and Confessor, Double.
7: St. Ambrose Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. of the Vigil.
8: The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the I Class with a common Octave.
9: Of the II day within the Octave of the Immaculate Conception, Semidouble.
10: Of the III day within the Octave of the Immaculate Conception, Semidouble, Com. of St. Melchiades Pope and Martyr.
11: St. Damasus I Pope and Confessor, Semidouble, Com. of the Octave of the Immaculate Conception.
12: Of the V day within the Octave of the Immaculate Conception, Semidouble.
13: St. Lucy Virgin and Martyr, Double, Com. of the Octave of the Immaculate Conception.
14: Of the VII day within the Octave of the Immaculate Conception, Semidouble.
15: Octave of the Immaculate Conception, Greater Double.
16: St. Eusebius Bishop and Martyr, Semidouble.
17: Feria
18: Feria
19: Feria
20: Vigil.
21: St. Thomas Apostle, Double of the II Class.
22: Feria
23: Feria
24: Vigil.
25: Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ, Double of the I Class with a privileged Octave of the III rank.
26: St. Stephen Protomartyr, Double of the II class with a simple Octave, Com. of the Octave of the Nativity.
27: St. John Apostle and Evangelist, Double of the II class with a simple Octave, Com. of the Octave of the Nativity.
28: The Holy Innocents, Double of the II class with a simple Octave, Com. of the Octave of the Nativity.
29: St. Thomas Bishop and Martyr, Double, Com. of the Octave of the Nativity.
30: Of the VI day within the Octave of the Nativity, Semidouble.
31: St. Sylvester I Pope and Confessor, Double, Com. of the Octave of the Nativity.
Although not listed on the general Calendar, a commemoration of St. Anastasia Martyr is made at the second Mass on Christmas Day.
Moveable feasts
The moveable feasts are those connected with the Easter cycle, and Easter is the date relative to which their position is ultimately determined. The date of Easter is determined relative to the lunar calendar as used by the Hebrews. The rule has since the Middle Ages been phrased as "Easter is observed on the Sunday after the first full moon on or after the day of the vernal equinox." However, this does not reflect the actual ecclesiastical rules precisely. One reason for this is that the full moon involved (called the Paschal full moon) is not an astronomical full moon, but an ecclesiastical moon. Another difference is that the astronomical vernal equinox is a natural astronomical phenomenon, which can fall on 20 or 21 March, while the ecclesiastical vernal equinox is a fixed March 21 (on the Gregorian calendar). Easter is determined from tables which determine Easter based on the ecclesiastical rules described above, which do not always coincide with the astronomical full moon. The moveable feasts are given below:
Septuagesima Sunday (9th Sunday before Easter)
Sexagesima Sunday (8th Sunday before Easter)
Quinquagesima Sunday (7th Sunday before Easter)
Ash Wednesday (Wednesday after Quinquagesima Sunday)
Passion Sunday (Sunday 2 weeks before Easter)
Feast of the Seven Sorrows of the Virgin Mary (Friday after 2nd Sunday before Easter)
Palm Sunday (Sunday before Easter)
Holy Thursday (Thursday before Easter)
Good Friday (Friday before Easter)
Holy Saturday (Saturday before Easter)
Easter Sunday, the Solemnity of Solemnities, the Resurrection of Our Lord Jesus Christ
Low Sunday (Sunday after Easter)
The Solemnity of St. Joseph, spouse of the Virgin Mary, confessor, and patron of the Universal Church (Wednesday after the 2nd Sunday after Easter)
The Octave of St. Joseph, spouse of the Virgin Mary, confessor and patron of the Universal Church (Wednesday after the 3rd Sunday after Easter)
The Lesser Litanies at St. Mary Major (Monday after the 5th Sunday after Easter)
The Lesser Litanies at St. John Lateran (Tuesday after the 5th Sunday after Easter)
The Vigil of the Ascension of our Lord Jesus Christ and the Lesser Litanies at St. Peter's (Wednesday after the 5th Sunday after Easter)
The Ascension (Thursday after the 5th Sunday after Easter)
The Octave of the Ascension (Thursday after the 6th Sunday after Easter)
The Vigil of Pentecost (Saturday after the 6th Sunday after Easter)
Pentecost (7th Sunday after Easter)
Holy Trinity and the Octave of Pentecost (8th Sunday after Easter)
Corpus Christi (Thursday after the 8th Sunday after Easter)
Octave of Corpus Christi (Thursday after the 9th Sunday after Easter)
Sacred Heart of Jesus (Friday after the 9th Sunday after Easter)
Octave of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Friday after the 10th Sunday after Easter)
The 1954 calendar assigned special celebrations also to the days within these Octaves, as to the days within the Octaves of fixed feasts.
Feasts celebrated in some places (pro Aliquibus Locis)
The pre-1962 Roman Missal also listed a number of celebrations in the section headed "Mass for Some Places". These celebrations were:
The Holy House of Loreto (10 December)
The Expectation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (18 December)
The Betrothal of the Virgin Mary with Saint Joseph (23 January)
Saint Ildephonsus (23 January)
The Flight into Egypt (17 February)
Saint Margaret of Cortona (26 February)
The Prayer of Christ (Tuesday after Septuagesima)
Commemoration of the Passion of Christ (Tuesday after Sexagesima)
The Sacred Crown of Thorns (Friday after Ash Wednesday)
The Sacred Lance and Nails (Friday after the First Sunday in Lent)
The Holy Shroud (Friday after the Second Sunday in Lent)
The Five Holy Wounds (Friday after the Third Sunday in Lent)
The Precious Blood (Friday after the Fourth Sunday in Lent)
Saint Catherine of Genoa (22 March)
Saint Benedict Joseph Labre (16 April)
Our Lady of Good Counsel (26 April)
Saint Isidore the Farmer (15 May)
Saint John Nepomucene (16 May)
Saint Rita of Cascia (22 May)
Saint John Baptist de Rossi (23 May)
Our Lady Help of Christians (24 May)
Saint Ferdinand III (30 May)
Saint Joan of Arc (30 May)
Our Lady Queen of All Saints and Mother of Fair Love (31 May)
Our Lady Mediatrix of All Graces (31 May)
Our Lady Queen of the Apostles (Saturday after the Ascension)
The Immaculate Heart of Mary (Saturday after the octave of Corpus Christi)
The Eucharistic Heart of Jesus (Thursday after the octave of Corpus Christi)
Our Lady Mother of Grace (9 June)
Saint John Francis Regis (16 June)
Our Lady of Prompt Succor (27 June)
All Holy Popes (3 July)
Saint Lawrence of Brindisi (7 July)
Saint Veronica Giuliani (9 July)
Humility of the Blessed Virgin Mary (17 July)
Our Lady Mother of Mercy (Saturday after the 4th Sunday of July)
Saint Emygdius (9 August)
Saint Philomena (11 August)
Our Lady Refuge of Sinners (13 August)
Saint John Berchmans (13 August)
Saint Roch (16 August)
Empress Helena (18 August)
Our Lady of Consolation (Saturday after the Feast of St. Augustine)
Our Lady Help of the Sick (Saturday after the last Sunday in August)
Saint Rose of Viterbo (4 September)
Saint Peter Claver (9 September)
Saint Gregory the Illuminator (1 October)
Purity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (16 October)
Feast of the Holy Redeemer (23 October)
The Sacred Relics (5 November)
Saint Stanislaus Kostka (13 November)
Our Lady Mother of Divine Providence (Saturday after the 3rd Sunday in November)
St. Leonard of Port Maurice (26 November)
Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal (27 November)
See also
List of saints
Moveable feast
Name days in the Czech Republic
Name days in Sweden
Namesdays
General Roman Calendar
Tridentine calendar
General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII
General Roman Calendar of 1960
General Roman Calendar of 1969
References
^ "EcclesiaCatholicA.com".
^ pages XLV–LIII of the reproduction on this Internet site
^ Decree placed at the beginning of the 1962 Missal
^ a b Catholic Encyclopedia, s.v. Christian Calendar
^ For more information on this calendar of Pope Pius V, see Tridentine calendar.
^ Catholic Encyclopedia, s.v. Occurrence (in liturgy)
^ General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII
^ General Roman Calendar of 1960
^ General Roman Calendar
^ Additiones et Variationes in Rubricis Missalis, IX, 3.
^ The rubrics of the Breviary defined the liturgical first Sunday of August, September, October and November, which primarily determined which books of Scripture were read during that week at Matins, as the Sunday closest to the first day of the month, in this manner: "That which is called the I Sunday of the month, is that which is on the Kalends, or nearest the Kalends of that month: so that, if the Kalends be Monday, Tuesday, or Wednesday, then the I Sunday of the month, on which the book of Scripture to be begun is placed, is that which precedes the Kalends. But if Thursday or Friday, or Saturday, it is that which follows." The first Sunday of September, therefore, could fall between 29 August and 4 September. The 1960 reforms changed this to the actual first Sunday of the month, which also adjusted the possible dates of the September Ember Days.
^ a b Catholic Encyclopedia: Eve of a Feast
^ See, for instance, Missale Romanum, published by Pustet in 1862
^ "Ordo" in Latin, not "classis" (class), the word used for feast days, the word that was also used in Pope John XXIII's revision of the rubrics for all kinds of liturgical days.
^ De rubricis, 11
^ De rubricis, 12
^ Kalendarium, Breviarium Romanum: "In anno bissextili mensis Februarius est dierum 29, et Festum S. Matthiae celebratur die 25 ac Festum S. Gabrielis a Virgine Perdolente die 28 Febr., et bis dicitur Sexto Kalendas, id est die 24 et die 25; et littera dominicalis, quae assumpta fuit in mense Januario, mutatur in praecedentem; ut, si in Januario, littera dominicalis fuerit A, mutetur in praecedentem, quae est g, etc.; et littera f bis servit, 24 et 25.
^ It is perhaps unclear when the identification of the Saint Felix of 29 July with Antipope Felix II was abandoned. The identification is still found in the 1920 typical edition of the Roman Missal, with feasts updated to the late 1920s Archived 2020-03-01 at the Wayback Machine, but does not appear in the 1962 typical edition, which calls him simply a martyr (see General Roman Calendar of 1960). The 1952 Marietti printing of the Missal, which precedes 1954, the reference year for this article, also omits the numeral "II" and the word "Papae", however, the 1952 Pustet and the 1956 Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis printings of the Breviary still list Felix as a Pope and with the numeral II. The baselessness of the identification was recognized long before: in its 1909 article on Felix II the Catholic Encyclopedia referred to this identification as a "distortion of the true facts".
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Biography portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Pius X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_X"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI"},{"link_name":"Feast of Christ the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Heart of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Assumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Queenship of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenship_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"ranking of liturgical days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite"},{"link_name":"Octave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Pope John XXIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII"},{"link_name":"motu proprio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motu_proprio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"General Roman Calendar of 1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960"},{"link_name":"Roman Missal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Missal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Summorum Pontificum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum"},{"link_name":"Roman Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Rite"},{"link_name":"Roman Missal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Missal"},{"link_name":"General Roman Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar"},{"link_name":"sedevacantists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedevacantism"},{"link_name":"Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Christ_the_King_Sovereign_Priest"},{"link_name":"Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestly_Fraternity_of_Saint_Peter"}],"text":"This article lists the feast days of the General Roman Calendar as they were at the end of 1954. It is essentially the same calendar established by Pope Pius X (1903–1914) following his liturgical reforms, but it also incorporates changes that were made by Pope Pius XI (1922–1939), such as the institution of the Feast of Christ the King (assigned to the last Sunday in October), and the changes made by Pope Pius XII (1939–1958) prior to 1955, chief among them the imposition of the Feast of the Immaculate Heart of Mary upon the universal Church (August 22, on the existing octave day of the Assumption) in 1944, the inscription of Pius X into the General Calendar (September 3) following his 1954 canonization, and the institution of the Feast of the Queenship of Mary (May 31) in October 1954.The changes that the latter Pope made in 1955 are indicated in General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII. They included: a revision of the Church's traditional ranking of liturgical days; the institution of the feast of St. Joseph the Worker on May 1 as a Double of the I Class, requiring the transfer of Ss. Philip and James to May 11; the suppression of the Solemnity of Saint Joseph, which for just over a century had been celebrated on the second Wednesday after the Octave of Easter. A total of fifteen Octaves—all those except Easter, Pentecost, and Christmas—were also suppressed in the reform of 1955, as were most vigils (specifically, the vigils of all apostles save for that of Ss. Peter and Paul, and the vigils of the Immaculate Conception, Epiphany, and All Saints).Five years later, Pope John XXIII made a further revision with the motu proprio Rubricarum instructum[1] of July 23, 1960. This revision, the General Roman Calendar of 1960, was incorporated in the Roman Missal of 1962,[2] which was issued as implementation of this motu proprio[3] The 1960 calendar is thus the calendar approved by Pope Benedict XVI with his July 7, 2007 document Summorum Pontificum for use as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite.The General Roman Calendar was again revised in 1969, in connection with the revision of the Roman Missal, and later. For its current state, see General Roman Calendar.For most of the celebrations here listed, the Mass is found in the Roman Missal of the time in the section called the \"Proper of the Saints\", but for those occurring from 24 December to 13 January it is found in the \"Proper of the Season\", as these days do not move with respect to the seasons of the Church year. The Offices of these feasts are likewise arranged in the Breviary.While the General Calendar of 1954 is generally not authorized for liturgical use by traditional groups in communion with the Holy See, some sedevacantists continue to use it, as well as Old Roman Catholics, as their members consider it to be the last calendar untainted by the revisions that began in 1955. Indults have been granted, however, to certain communities in full communion with Rome, such as some apostolates of the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest and the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter.","title":"General Roman Calendar of 1954"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathEnc-4"},{"link_name":"Tridentine calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentine_calendar"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathEnc-4"},{"link_name":"Roman Breviary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Breviary"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_V"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_X"},{"link_name":"reform of the Roman Breviary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_of_the_Roman_Breviary_by_Pope_Pius_X"},{"link_name":"commemoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemoration_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pope John XXIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The ranking of feast days that had grown from an original division between doubles and simples[4] and that by the time of the Tridentine calendar included semidoubles, with Pope Clement VIII adding in 1604 to the distinction between first and second class doubles the new rank of greater double, was in until 1955, when Pope Pius XII abolished the rank of semidouble.The rank of feast days determines which Mass is said when two feast days occur on the one day, as well as when a feast day falls on Sundays or certain other privileged days. Feast days were classified as Simple, Semidouble, or Double, with feast days of the Double Rite further divided into Double of the I Class, Double of the II Class, Greater Double or Major Double, and Double, in order of descending rank. On ferias and many feast days of simple rank, the celebrant was permitted to substitute a Mass of his own choice such as a votive Mass, or a Mass for the Dead.What the original meaning of the term \"double\" may have been is not entirely certain. Some think that the greater festivals were thus styled because the antiphons before and after the psalms were \"doubled\", i.e. twice repeated entire on these days. Others, with more probability, point to the fact that before the ninth century in certain places, for example at Rome, it was customary on the greater feast days to recite two sets of Matins, the one of the feria or week-day, the other of the festival. Hence such days were known as \"doubles\".[4]The Catholic Encyclopedia of the early years of the twentieth century shows the incremental crowding of the calendar (which had increased further by 1954) in the following table based on the official revisions of the Roman Breviary in 1568,[5] 1602, 1631, 1882 and on the situation in 1907.In 1907, when, in accordance with the rules in force since the time of Pope Pius V, feast days of any form of double, if impeded by falling on the same day[6] with a feast day of higher class, were transferred to another day, this classification of feast days was of great practical importance for deciding which feast day to celebrate on any particular day. Pope Pius X simplified matters considerably in his 1911 reform of the Roman Breviary. In the case of occurrence the lower-ranking feast day could become a commemoration within the celebration of the higher-ranking one. Further retouches were made by Pope Pius XII in 1955,[7] Pope John XXIII in 1960,[8] and Pope Paul VI in 1969.[9]","title":"Rank of feast days"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Christ the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_the_King"}],"sub_title":"Sundays","text":"Sundays were divided into greater and lesser Sundays, with the greater Sundays being further divided into two classes. The Greater Sundays of the I class were the I Sunday of Advent, the four Sundays of Lent, Passion Sunday, Palm Sunday, Easter Sunday, Low Sunday, and Pentecost. No feast day whatsoever could be celebrated on these days, although they admitted commemorations except on Easter and Pentecost. Greater Sundays of the II class permitted the celebration of Doubles of the I Class only, and consisted of the other three Sundays in Advent and the three pre-Lenten Sundays. All other Sundays (II to V after Easter and the Sundays after Epiphany and Pentecost, except for those that might occur during an Octave, which followed the rules for the Octave), were lesser Sundays or Sundays per annum (\"through the year\"), and only the celebration of Doubles of the I or II Class, or a feast of the Lord, took precedence over them. The Sunday within the Octave of the Nativity was a special case, due to the fixed date of Christmas and the high rank of the feast days following it. If December 29, 30, or 31 were a Sunday, the Mass assigned to it was celebrated on that day; otherwise, it was celebrated on December 30.Before the reform of Pope Pius X in 1911, ordinary Doubles took precedence over most of the Semidouble Sundays, resulting in many of the Sunday Masses rarely being said. While retaining the Semidouble rite for Sundays, the reform permitted only the most important feast days, Doubles of the I or II class, to be celebrated on Sunday. When a feast of the rank of double of the I or II class fell on a Sunday, the Mass would be that of the feast, with a commemoration of the occurring Sunday; the Gospel of the omitted Sunday Mass would be read at the end of Mass instead of the usual Gospel \"In principio erat Verbum\" of St. John. When a feast of a rank lower than that occurred with a Sunday, the feast would be commemorated in the Sunday Mass by including a commemoration of the feast, and its Gospel would be read at the end of Mass, provided it was a \"proper\" Gospel, i.e. one not taken from the Common.[10]Following the reform of Pope Pius X, only three feasts were assigned to a Sunday: the feast days of the Holy Name, the Holy Family, and the Most Holy Trinity. A fourth, Christ the King, was added in 1925.","title":"Rank of feast days"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ember Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ember_Days"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Ferias","text":"Ferias also were classified into three categories:Greater privileged ferias: Ash Wednesday and Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday of Holy Week. No feast day could be celebrated on these days.\nGreater non-privileged ferias: The ferias of Advent, Lent, and Passion Week, Rogation Monday, and the Ember Days. Any feast day except a Simple could occur on these days, with a commemoration of the feria.\nOn all other ferias, any feast day of whatever rank could be celebrated without any commemoration of the feria.Ember Days are four separate sets of three days within the same week — specifically, the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday — roughly equidistant in the circuit of the year, that were formerly set aside for fasting and prayer. These days set apart for special prayer and fasting were considered especially suitable for the ordination of clergy. The Ember Days are known in Latin as quatuor tempora (the \"four seasons\"), or jejunia quatuor temporum (\"fasts of the four seasons\"). They occur in the weeks between the third and fourth Sundays of Advent, between the first and second Sundays of Lent, between Pentecost and Trinity Sunday, and beginning the first Wednesday after the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (September 14), which is between the liturgical third and fourth Sundays of September.[11]Rogation Days are, in the calendar of the Western Church, four days traditionally set apart for solemn processions to invoke God's mercy. They are April 25, the Major Rogation (or Greater Litanies), coinciding with St. Mark's Day (but transferred to the following Tuesday if they fell on Easter); and the three days preceding Ascension Thursday, the Minor Rogations (or Lesser Litanies). These are indicated below in the main body of the calendar and in the Movable Feasts section.","title":"Rank of feast days"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tridentine calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentine_calendar"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE:Vigil-12"},{"link_name":"Roman Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Rite"},{"link_name":"Latin liturgical rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites"},{"link_name":"Ambrosian Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite"},{"link_name":"Mozarabic Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE:Vigil-12"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Apostles"},{"link_name":"Roman calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar#Julian_reform"}],"sub_title":"Vigils","text":"In the Tridentine calendar the vigils of Christmas, the Epiphany, and Pentecost were called \"major vigils\"; the rest were \"minor\" or \"common\" vigils[12] In early times, every feast day had a vigil, but the increase in the number of feast days and abuses connected with the evening and night service of which the vigils originally consisted, led to their diminishment. Nevertheless, the Roman Rite kept many more vigils than other Latin liturgical rites such as the Ambrosian Rite and the Mozarabic Rite. If a Vigil fell on a Sunday, it was transferred to the previous Saturday,[12] although the Vigil of Christmas took precedence over the IV Sunday of Advent.Prior to the suppression of some vigils by Pope Pius XII in 1955, there were three classes of Vigils. The Vigils of Christmas and Pentecost were of the I class, and took precedence over any feast day. The Vigil of Epiphany was of the II class, and permitted only Doubles of the I or II classes, or any feast of the Lord. All other vigils were \"common\" and took precedence only over ferias and Simple feast days, but were anticipated on Saturday if they fell on Sunday. Most feasts of the Apostles had Vigils; the exceptions being those that fell in Eastertide, when Vigils were not permitted. The Vigil of St. Matthias was unique, in that it was normally commemorated on February 23, the feast day of St. Peter Damian, but in leap year, was kept on February 24, the traditional leap day of the Roman calendar.","title":"Rank of feast days"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tridentine calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentine_calendar"},{"link_name":"Thomas Becket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Becket"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Saint Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen"},{"link_name":"John the Evangelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Evangelist"},{"link_name":"Holy Innocents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Innocents"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_X"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Saint Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen"},{"link_name":"John the Evangelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Evangelist"},{"link_name":"Holy Innocents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Innocents"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Octaves","text":"The Tridentine calendar had many octaves, without any indication in the calendar itself of distinction of rank between them, apart from the fact that the Octave Day (the final day of the octave) was ranked higher than the days within the octave. Several octaves overlapped, so that, for instance, on 29 December the prayer of the saint of the day, Saint Thomas Becket, was followed by the prayers of Christmas, of Saint Stephen, of Saint John the Evangelist and of the Holy Innocents. The situation remained such until the reform of Pope Pius X.[13]To cut down on the monotony of repeating the same prayers in Mass and Office every day for eight days, Pope Pius X classified the octaves as \"privileged\", \"common\" or \"simple\"The privileged octaves were of three \"ranks\".[14] The first rank belonged to the octaves of Easter and Pentecost (no feast day could be celebrated in these octaves or even, until Vespers on Tuesday, be commemorated), the second to those of Epiphany and Corpus Christi (the Octave Day ranked as a Greater Double, the days within the octave as Semidoubles, giving way only to Doubles of the I Class, and on the Octave day itself only to a Double of the I class that was celebrated in the entire Church), the third rank to those of Christmas, the Ascension, and the Sacred Heart (these gave way to any feast day above the level of Simple).The common octaves were those of the Immaculate Conception, the Assumption, the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist, the Solemnity of Saint Joseph, Saints Peter and Paul, and All Saints, as well as, locally, the principal patron saint of a church, cathedral, order, town, diocese, province, or nation. These too gave way to any feast day above the level of Simple; the difference between these and the third privileged rank was that ferial psalms were said during common octaves, while the psalms from the feast day were used during privileged octaves.The simple octaves were those of Saint Stephen, Saint John the Evangelist, the Holy Innocents, Saint Lawrence, the Nativity of Mary and, locally, secondary patrons. These were all Doubles of the II class, their Octave day was a Simple and, in contrast to the situation before Pope Pius X, their Mass was not repeated nor a Commemoration made, except on the Octave day, as simple Octaves had no days within the Octave.In Pope Pius XII's reform, only the octaves of Christmas, Easter and Pentecost were kept.[15] The days within the Easter and Pentecost octaves were raised to double rite, had precedence over all feast days, and did not admit commemorations.[16]","title":"Rank of feast days"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Circumcision of the Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Nativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"St. Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen"},{"link_name":"St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Holy Innocents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents"},{"link_name":"St. Telesphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus"},{"link_name":"Epiphany of the Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(Christian)"},{"link_name":"St. Hyginus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Hyginus"},{"link_name":"St. Hilary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"St. Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_of_Nola"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes"},{"link_name":"St. Maurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Maurus"},{"link_name":"St. Marcellus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I"},{"link_name":"St. Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Chair of St. Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair_of_St._Peter"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"St. Prisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Prisca"},{"link_name":"Ss. Marius, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maris,_Martha,_Abachum_and_Audifax"},{"link_name":"St. Canute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canute_IV_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Fabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Fabian"},{"link_name":"Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Sebastian"},{"link_name":"St. Agnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Agnes"},{"link_name":"Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_of_Saragossa"},{"link_name":"Anastasius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasius_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"St. Raymund of Peñafort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_of_Pe%C3%B1afort"},{"link_name":"St. Emerentiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerentiana"},{"link_name":"St. Timothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Timothy"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"St. Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"St. Polycarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarp"},{"link_name":"St. John Chrysostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chrysostom"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"St. Peter Nolasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pedro_Nolasco"},{"link_name":"St. Agnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Agnes"},{"link_name":"St. Francis de Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_de_Sales"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"St. Martina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"St. John Bosco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bosco"},{"link_name":"The most holy Name of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Name_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"The Most Holy Family of Jesus, Mary, Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Family"}],"text":"1: Circumcision of the Lord and Octave of the Nativity, Double of the II Class.\n2: Octave of St. Stephen Protomartyr, Simple.\n3: Octave of St. John Apostle and Evangelist, Simple.\n4: Octave of the Holy Innocents Martyrs, Simple.\n5: Vigil of the Epiphany, Semidouble, Com. of St. Telesphorus Pope and Martyr.\n6: Epiphany of the Lord, Double of the I Class with a privileged Octave of the II rank.\n7: Of the II day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semidouble.\n8: Of the III day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semidouble.\n9: Of the IV day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semidouble.\n10: Of the V day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semidouble.\n11: Of the VI day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semidouble, Com. of St. Hyginus Pope and Martyr.\n12: Of the VII day within the Octave of the Epiphany, Semidouble.\n13: Octave of the Epiphany, Greater Double.\n14: St. Hilary Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. of St. Felix Priest and Martyr.\n15: St. Paul first hermit, Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Maurus.\n16: St. Marcellus I Pope and Martyr, Semidouble.\n17: St. Anthony Abbot, Double.\n18: Chair of St. Peter Apostle at Rome, Greater Double, Com. of St. Paul Apostle, and of St. Prisca Virgin and Martyr.\n19: Ss. Marius, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum Martyrs, Simple, Com. of St. Canute, Martyr.\n20: Ss. Fabian Pope and Sebastian Martyrs, Double.\n21: St. Agnes, Roman Virgin and Martyr, Double\n22: Ss. Vincent and Anastasius Martyrs, Semidouble.\n23: St. Raymund of Peñafort Confessor, Semidouble, Com. of St. Emerentiana Virgin and Martyr.\n24: St. Timothy Bishop and Martyr, Double.\n25: Conversion of St. Paul Apostle, Greater Double, Com. of St. Peter.\n26: St. Polycarp Bishop and Martyr, Double.\n27: St. John Chrysostom Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.\n28: St. Peter Nolasco Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Agnes Virgin and Martyr second.\n29: St. Francis de Sales Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.\n30: St. Martina Virgin and Martyr, Semidouble.\n31: St. John Bosco Confessor, Double.Sunday between the Circumcision and Epiphany [or January 2, when no such Sunday occurs]: The most holy Name of Jesus, Double of the II Class.\nSunday within the Octave of the Epiphany: The Most Holy Family of Jesus, Mary, Joseph, Greater Double.","title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Ignatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple"},{"link_name":"St. Blase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Blaise"},{"link_name":"St. Andrew Corsini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Corsini"},{"link_name":"St. Agatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Agatha"},{"link_name":"St. Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Titus"},{"link_name":"St. Dorothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"St. Romuald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romuald"},{"link_name":"St. John of Matha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Matha"},{"link_name":"St. Cyril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"St. Apollonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Apollonia"},{"link_name":"St. Scholastica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastica"},{"link_name":"Apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary Immaculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes"},{"link_name":"The Seven Holy Founders of the Order of Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servite_Order"},{"link_name":"St. Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Valentine"},{"link_name":"Ss. Faustinus and Jovita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustinus_and_Jovita"},{"link_name":"St. Simeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Chair of St. Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair_of_Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"St. Peter Damian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Damiani"},{"link_name":"St. Matthias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Matthias"},{"link_name":"St. Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_of_Our_Lady_of_Sorrows"},{"link_name":"leap year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year"},{"link_name":"Sexto Kalendas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar#Intercalation"},{"link_name":"dominical letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominical_letter"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"1: St. Ignatius Bishop and Martyr, Double.\n2: Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the II Class.\n3: St. Blase Bishop and Martyr, Simple.\n4: St. Andrew Corsini Bishop and Confessor, Double.\n5: St. Agatha Virgin Martyr, Double.\n6: St. Titus Bishop and Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Dorothy Virgin Martyr.\n7: St. Romuald Abbot, Double.\n8: St. John of Matha Confessor, Double.\n9: St. Cyril Bishop of Alexandria, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. of St. Apollonia Virgin Martyr.\n10: St. Scholastica Virgin, Double.\n11: Apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary Immaculate, Greater Double.\n12: The Seven Holy Founders of the Order of Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary Confessors, Double.\n13: Feria\n14: St. Valentine Priest and Martyr, Simple.\n15: Ss. Faustinus and Jovita Martyrs, Simple.\n16: Feria\n17: Feria\n18: St. Simeon Bishop and Martyr, Simple.\n19: Feria\n20: Feria\n21: Feria\n22: Chair of St. Peter at Antioch, Greater Double, Com. of St. Paul.\n23: St. Peter Damian Confessor, Double, Com. of the Vigil.\n24: St. Matthias Apostle, Double of the II Class.\n25: Feria\n26: Feria\n27: St. Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows, Double\n28: FeriaIn leap year the month of February is of 29 days, and the Feast of St. Matthias is celebrated on the 25th day and the Feast of St. Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows on the 28th day of February, and twice is said Sexto Kalendas, that is on the 24th day and 25th day; and the dominical letter, which was taken up in the month of January, is changed to the preceding; that, if in January, the dominical letter was A, it is changed to the preceding, which is g, etc.; and the letter f is kept twice, on the 24th and 25th.[17]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Casimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Casimir"},{"link_name":"St. Lucius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I"},{"link_name":"Ss. Perpetua and Felicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity"},{"link_name":"St. Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"St. John of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_God"},{"link_name":"St. Frances of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"The Forty Holy Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_Sebaste"},{"link_name":"St. Gregory I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick"},{"link_name":"St. Cyril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph"},{"link_name":"St. Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia"},{"link_name":"St. Gabriel the Archangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation"},{"link_name":"St. John Damascene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"St. John Capistran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Capistrano"},{"link_name":"Seven Sorrows of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows"}],"text":"1: Feria\n2: Feria\n3: Feria\n4: St. Casimir Confessor, Semidouble, Com. of St. Lucius I Pope and Martyr.\n5: Feria\n6: Ss. Perpetua and Felicity Martyrs, Double.\n7: St. Thomas Aquinas Confessor and Doctor of the Church, Double.\n8: St. John of God Confessor, Double.\n9: St. Frances of Rome Widow, Double.\n10: The Forty Holy Martyrs, Semidouble.\n11: Feria\n12: St. Gregory I Pope, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.\n13: Feria\n14: Feria\n15: Feria\n16: Feria\n17: St. Patrick Bishop and Confessor, Double.\n18: St. Cyril Bishop of Jerusalem, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.\n19: St. Joseph, Spouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Confessor, and Patron of the Universal Church, Double of the I Class.\n20: Feria\n21: St. Benedict Abbot, Greater Double.\n22: Feria\n23: Feria\n24: St. Gabriel the Archangel, Greater Double.\n25: Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the I Class.\n26: Feria\n27: St. John Damascene Confessor and Doctor of the Church, Double.\n28: St. John Capistran Confessor, Semidouble.\n29: Feria\n30: Feria\n31: FeriaFriday after Passion Sunday: Seven Sorrows of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Greater Double, Com. of the Feria.","title":"March"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Francis of Paula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Paola"},{"link_name":"St. Isidore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"St. Vincent Ferrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Ferrer"},{"link_name":"St. Leo I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_I_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"St. Hermenegild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermenegild"},{"link_name":"St. Justin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Martyr"},{"link_name":"Saints Tiburtius, Valerian and Maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Tiburtius,_Valerian_and_Maximus"},{"link_name":"St. Anicetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Anicetus"},{"link_name":"St. Anselm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Soter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Soter"},{"link_name":"Cajus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Caius"},{"link_name":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George"},{"link_name":"St. Fidelis of Sigmaringen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelis_of_Sigmaringen"},{"link_name":"St. Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist"},{"link_name":"Cletus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Anacletus"},{"link_name":"Marcellinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus"},{"link_name":"St. Peter Canisius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Canisius"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"St. Paul of the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_the_Cross"},{"link_name":"St. Vitalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalis_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"St. Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Verona"},{"link_name":"St. Catherine of Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph"}],"text":"1: Feria\n2: St. Francis of Paula Confessor, Double.\n3: Feria\n4: St. Isidore Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.\n5: St. Vincent Ferrer Confessor, Double.\n6: Feria\n7: Feria\n8: Feria\n9: Feria\n10: Feria\n11: St. Leo I Pope, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.\n12: Feria\n13: St. Hermenegild Martyr, Semidouble.\n14: St. Justin Martyr, Double, Com. of Saints Tiburtius, Valerian and Maximus, Martyrs.\n15: Feria\n16: Feria\n17: St. Anicetus Pope and Martyr, Simple.\n18: Feria\n19: Feria\n20: Feria\n21: St. Anselm Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.\n22: Ss. Soter and Cajus Popes and Martyrs, Semidouble.\n23: St. George Martyr, Semidouble.\n24: St. Fidelis of Sigmaringen Martyr, Double.\n25: St. Mark Evangelist, Double of the II Class.\n26: Ss. Cletus and Marcellinus Popes and Martyrs, Semidouble.\n27: St. Peter Canisius Confessor and Doctor of the Church, Double.\n28: St. Paul of the Cross Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Vitalis Martyr.\n29: St. Peter Martyr, Double.\n30: St. Catherine of Siena Virgin, Double.Wednesday within the second week after the Octave of Easter: Solemnity of St. Joseph, Spouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Confessor, and Patron of the Universal Church, Double of the I Class with a common Octave (from 1871 to 1954)","title":"April"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_the_Just"},{"link_name":"Athanasius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Athanasius"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Invention of the Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross#May_3"},{"link_name":"Alexander, Pope, Eventius and Theodulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I#Supposed_identification_with_a_martyr"},{"link_name":"Juvenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenal_of_Narni"},{"link_name":"Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"Pius V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_V"},{"link_name":"St. John Apostle before the Latin Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giovanni_a_Porta_Latina"},{"link_name":"Stanislaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaus_of_Szczepan%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Apparition of St. Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Christianity"},{"link_name":"Gregory Nazianzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Antoninus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"Gordian and Epimachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_and_Epimachus"},{"link_name":"Nereus, Achilleus, Domitilla Virgin, and Pancras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereus,_Achilleus,_Domitilla_and_Pancratius"},{"link_name":"Robert Bellarmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Boniface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Boniface_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"John Baptist de la Salle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_la_Salle"},{"link_name":"Ubald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubald"},{"link_name":"Paschal Baylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_Baylon"},{"link_name":"Venantius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venantius_of_Camerino"},{"link_name":"Peter Celestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V"},{"link_name":"Pudentiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudentiana"},{"link_name":"Bernardine of Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_of_Siena"},{"link_name":"Gregory VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII"},{"link_name":"Urban I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_I"},{"link_name":"Philip Neri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Neri"},{"link_name":"Eleutherius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eleuterus"},{"link_name":"Bede the Venerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"John I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_I"},{"link_name":"Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Mary Magdalen de Pazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_de_Pazzi"},{"link_name":"Felix I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Felix_I"},{"link_name":"Blessed Virgin Mary, Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven#Christianity"},{"link_name":"Petronilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petronilla"}],"text":"1: Ss. Philip and James Apostles, Double of the II Class.\n2: St. Athanasius, Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.\n3: Invention of the Holy Cross, Double of the II Class, Com. of Ss. Alexander, Pope, Eventius and Theodulus Martyrs, and Juvenal, Bishop and Confessor.\n4: St. Monica Widow, Double.\n5: St. Pius V Pope and Confessor, Double.\n6: St. John Apostle before the Latin Gate, Greater Double.\n7: St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr, Double.\n8: Apparition of St. Michael, Greater Double\n9: St. Gregory Nazianzen Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.\n10: St. Antoninus Bishop and Confessor, Double, Com. of Ss. Gordian and Epimachus Martyrs.\n11: Feria\n12: Ss. Nereus, Achilleus, Domitilla Virgin, and Pancras Martyrs, Semidouble.\n13: St. Robert Bellarmine Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.\n14: St. Boniface Martyr, Simple.\n15: St. John Baptist de la Salle Confessor, Double.\n16: St. Ubald Bishop and Confessor, Semidouble.\n17: St. Paschal Baylon Confessor, Double.\n18: St. Venantius Martyr, Double.\n19: St. Peter Celestine Pope and Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Pudentiana Virgin.\n20: St. Bernardine of Siena Confessor, Semidouble.\n21: Feria\n22: Feria\n23: Feria\n24: Feria\n25: St. Gregory VII Pope and Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Urban I Pope and Martyr, Double.\n26: St. Philip Neri Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Eleutherius Pope and Martyr.\n27: St. Bede the Venerable Confessor and Doctor of the Church, Com. of St. John I Pope and Martyr, Double.\n28: St. Augustine Bishop and Confessor, Double.\n29: St. Mary Magdalen de Pazzi Virgin, Semidouble.\n30: St. Felix I Pope and Martyr, Simple.\n31: Blessed Virgin Mary, Queen Double of the II Class, Com. of St. Petronilla Virgin.","title":"May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angela Merici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merici"},{"link_name":"Marcellinus, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellinus_and_Peter"},{"link_name":"Erasmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_of_Formiae"},{"link_name":"Francis Caracciolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Caracciolo_(saint)"},{"link_name":"Boniface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Boniface"},{"link_name":"Norbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_of_Xanten"},{"link_name":"Primus and Felician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primus_and_Felician"},{"link_name":"Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Barnabas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabas"},{"link_name":"John of San Facundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Sahag%C3%BAn"},{"link_name":"Basilides, Cyrinus, Nabor and Nazarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nazarius_(Roman_Martyrology)"},{"link_name":"Anthony of Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Basil the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Vitus, Modestus, and Crescentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus,_Modestus,_and_Crescentia"},{"link_name":"Ephraem Syrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Mark and Marcellianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_and_Marcellianus"},{"link_name":"Juliana Falconieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliana_Falconieri"},{"link_name":"Gervase and Protase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gervasius_and_Protasius"},{"link_name":"Silverius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Silverius"},{"link_name":"Aloysius Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Paulinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulinus_of_Nola"},{"link_name":"Nativity of St. John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_St._John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Montevergine"},{"link_name":"John and Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_and_Paul"},{"link_name":"Irenaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"}],"text":"1: St. Angela Merici Virgin, Double.\n2: Ss. Marcellinus, Peter, and Erasmus Bishop, Martyrs, Simple.\n3: Feria\n4: St. Francis Caracciolo Confessor, Double.\n5: St. Boniface Bishop and Martyr, Double.\n6: St. Norbert Bishop and Confessor, Double.\n7: Feria\n8: Feria\n9: Ss. Primus and Felician Martyrs, Simple.\n10: St. Margaret Queen, Widow, Semidouble.\n11: St. Barnabas Apostle, Greater Double.\n12: St. John of San Facundo Confessor, Double, Com. of Ss. Basilides, Cyrinus, Nabor and Nazarius Martyrs.\n13: St. Anthony of Padua Confessor and Doctor of the Church, Double.\n14: St. Basil the Great Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.\n15: Ss. Vitus, Modestus, and Crescentia Martyrs, Simple.\n16: Feria\n17: Feria\n18: St. Ephraem Syrus Deacon, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. of Ss. Mark and Marcellianus Martyrs.\n19: St. Juliana Falconieri Virgin, Double, Com. of Ss. Gervase and Protase Martyrs.\n20: St. Silverius Pope and Martyr, Simple.\n21: St. Aloysius Gonzaga Confessor, Double.\n22: St. Paulinus Bishop and Confessor, Double\n23: Vigil.\n24: The Nativity of St. John the Baptist, Double of the I Class with a common Octave.\n25: St. William Abbot, Double, Com. of the Octave.\n26: Ss. John and Paul Martyrs, Double, Com. of the Octave.\n27: Of the IV day within the Octave of St. John the Baptist, Semidouble.\n28: St. Irenaeus Bishop and Martyr, Double, Com. of the Octave and of the Vigil.\n29: Ss. Peter and Paul Apostles, Double of the I Class with a common Octave.\n30: Commemoration of St. Paul Apostle, Greater Double, Com. of St. Peter Apostle and of the Octave of St. John the Baptist.","title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Most Precious Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_the_Most_Precious_Blood"},{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_St._John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitation_(Christian)"},{"link_name":"Processus and Martinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinian_and_Processus"},{"link_name":"Leo II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_II"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Anthony Mary Zaccaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Maria_Zaccaria"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Cyril and Methodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"The Seven Holy Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicitas_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Rufina and Secunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufina_and_Secunda"},{"link_name":"Pius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_I"},{"link_name":"John Gualbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gualbert"},{"link_name":"Nabor and Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabor_and_Felix"},{"link_name":"Anacletus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Anacletus"},{"link_name":"Bonaventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventure"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Commemoration of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mt. Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel"},{"link_name":"Alexius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexius_(saint)"},{"link_name":"Camillus de Lellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillus_de_Lellis"},{"link_name":"Symphorosa and her seven Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphorosa"},{"link_name":"Vincent de Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_de_Paul"},{"link_name":"Jerome Emiliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Emiliani"},{"link_name":"Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_the_Virgin"},{"link_name":"Praxedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxedes"},{"link_name":"Mary Magdalene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Magdalene"},{"link_name":"Apollinaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollinaris_of_Ravenna"},{"link_name":"Liborius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liborius_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"Christina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Christina_of_Bolsena"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee"},{"link_name":"Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Christopher"},{"link_name":"Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Anne"},{"link_name":"Pantaleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pantaleon"},{"link_name":"Nazarius and Celsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazarius_and_Celsus"},{"link_name":"Victor I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Victor_I"},{"link_name":"Innocent I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I"},{"link_name":"Martha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha"},{"link_name":"Felix II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Felix_II"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Simplicius, Faustinus, and Beatrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicius,_Faustinus_and_Beatrix"},{"link_name":"Abdon and Sennen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdon_and_Sennen"},{"link_name":"Ignatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola"}],"text":"1: The Most Precious Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, Double of the I Class, Com. of the Octave day of St. John the Baptist.\n2: Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the II Class, Com. of Ss. Processus and Martinian Martyrs.\n3: St. Leo II Pope and Confessor, Semidouble, Com. of the Octave of the Holy Apostles.\n4: Of the VI day within the Octave of Ss. Peter and Paul Apostles, Semidouble.\n5: St. Anthony Mary Zaccaria Confessor, Double, Com. of the Octave of the Holy Apostles.\n6: Octave of Ss. Peter and Paul Apostles, Greater Double.\n7: Ss. Cyril and Methodius Bishops and Confessors, Double.\n8: St. Elizabeth Queen, Widow, Semidouble.\n9: Feria\n10: The Seven Holy Brothers Martyrs, Semidouble, and Ss. Rufina and Secunda Virgins and Martyrs.\n11: St. Pius I Pope and Martyr, Simple.\n12: St. John Gualbert Abbot, Double, Com. of Ss. Nabor and Felix Martyrs.\n13: St. Anacletus Pope and Martyr, Semidouble.\n14: St. Bonaventure Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.\n15: St. Henry II Emperor, Confessor, Semidouble.\n16: Commemoration of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mt. Carmel, Greater Double.\n17: St. Alexius Confessor, Semidouble.\n18: St. Camillus de Lellis Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Symphorosa and her seven Sons Martyrs.\n19: St. Vincent de Paul Confessor, Double.\n20: St. Jerome Emiliani Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Margaret Virgin Martyr.\n21: St. Praxedes Virgin, Simple.\n22: St. Mary Magdalene Penitent, Double.\n23: St. Apollinaris Martyr, Double, Com. of St. Liborius Bishop and Confessor.\n24: Vigil. Com. of St. Christina Virgin and Martyr.\n25: St. James Apostle, Double of the II Class, Com. of St. Christopher Martyr.\n26: St. Anne Mother of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the II Class.\n27: St. Pantaleon Martyr, Simple.\n28: Ss. Nazarius and Celsus Martyrs, Victor I Pope and Martyr, and St. Innocent I Pope and Confessor, Semidouble.\n29: St. Martha Virgin, Semidouble, Com. of Ss. Felix II Pope,[18] Simplicius, Faustinus, and Beatrice Martyrs.\n30: Ss. Abdon and Sennen Martyrs, Simple.\n31: St. Ignatius Confessor, Greater Double.","title":"July"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Peter in Chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"Holy Machabees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons"},{"link_name":"Alphonsus Mary of Liguori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Stephen I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I"},{"link_name":"Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen"},{"link_name":"Dominic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Dominic"},{"link_name":"Dedication of Our Lady of the Snows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedication_of_Saint_Mary_Major"},{"link_name":"Transfiguration of our Lord Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Sixtus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II"},{"link_name":"Felicissimus and Agapitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicissimus_and_Agapitus"},{"link_name":"Cajetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Cajetan"},{"link_name":"Donatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatus_of_Arezzo"},{"link_name":"Cyriacus, Largus and Smaragdus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyriacus"},{"link_name":"John Vianney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Vianney"},{"link_name":"Romanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanus_Ostiarius"},{"link_name":"Laurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Tiburtius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Tiburtius"},{"link_name":"Susanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Susanna"},{"link_name":"Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi"},{"link_name":"Hippolytus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Cassian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassian_of_Imola"},{"link_name":"Eusebius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Joachim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim"},{"link_name":"Hyacinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyacinth_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Laurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Agapitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agapitus_of_Palestrina"},{"link_name":"John Eudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Eudes"},{"link_name":"Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Jane Frances de Chantal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Frances_de_Chantal"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Timothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphorian_and_Timotheus"},{"link_name":"Symphorianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphorian_and_Timotheus"},{"link_name":"Philip Benizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Benizi_de_Damiani"},{"link_name":"Bartholomew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"Zephyrinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus"},{"link_name":"Joseph Calasanctius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Calasanctius"},{"link_name":"Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Hermes"},{"link_name":"Beheading of St. John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheading_of_St._John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Sabina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabina_(saint)"},{"link_name":"Rose of St. Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_of_Lima"},{"link_name":"Felix and Adauctus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_and_Adauctus"},{"link_name":"Raymond Nonnatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Nonnatus"}],"text":"1: St. Peter in Chains, Greater Double, Com. of St. Paul and the Holy Machabees Martyrs.\n2: St. Alphonsus Mary of Liguori Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. of St. Stephen I Pope and Martyr.\n3: Invention of St. Stephen Protomartyr, Semidouble.\n4: St. Dominic Confessor, Greater Double.\n5: Dedication of Our Lady of the Snows, Greater Double.\n6: Transfiguration of our Lord Jesus Christ, Double of the II Class, Com. of Ss. Sixtus II Pope, Felicissimus and Agapitus Martyrs.\n7: St. Cajetan Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Donatus Bishop and Martyr.\n8: Ss. Cyriacus, Largus and Smaragdus Martyrs, Semidouble.\n9: St. John Vianney Confessor and Priest, Double, Com. of the Vigil and St. Romanus Martyr.\n10: St. Laurence Martyr, Double of the II Class with a simple Octave.\n11: Ss. Tiburtius and Susanna Virgin, Martyrs, Simple.\n12: St. Clare Virgin, Double.\n13: Ss. Hippolytus and Cassian Martyrs, Simple.\n14: Vigil. Com. of St. Eusebius Confessor.\n15: Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the I Class with a common Octave.\n16: St. Joachim Father of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Confessor, Double of the II Class.\n17: St. Hyacinth Confessor, Double, Com. of the Octave of the Assumption and the Octave Day of St. Laurence.\n18: Of the IV day within the Octave of the Assumption, Semidouble, Com. of St. Agapitus Martyr.\n19: St. John Eudes Confessor, Double, Com. of the Octave of the Assumption.\n20: St. Bernard Abbot, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. of the Octave of the Assumption.\n21: St. Jane Frances de Chantal Widow, Double, Com. of the Octave of the Assumption.\n22: Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the II Class, Com. of Ss. Timothy, Hippolytus Bishop, and Symphorianus Martyrs.\n23: St. Philip Benizi Confessor, Double, Com. of the Vigil.\n24: St. Bartholomew Apostle, Double of the II Class.\n25: St. Louis King, Confessor, Semidouble.\n26: St. Zephyrinus Pope Martyr, Simple.\n27: St. Joseph Calasanctius Confessor, Double.\n28: St. Augustine Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. of St. Hermes Martyr.\n29: Beheading of St. John the Baptist, Greater Double, Com. of St. Sabina Martyr.\n30: St. Rose of St. Mary Virgin of Lima, Double, Com. of Ss. Felix and Adauctus Martyrs.\n31: St. Raymond Nonnatus Confessor, Double.","title":"August"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Giles"},{"link_name":"Holy Twelve Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_Twelve_Brothers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Pius X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_X"},{"link_name":"Laurence Justinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Giustiniani"},{"link_name":"Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Adrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_and_Natalia_of_Nicomedia"},{"link_name":"Gorgonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonius"},{"link_name":"Nicholas of Tolentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Tolentino"},{"link_name":"Protus and Hyacinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protus_and_Hyacinth"},{"link_name":"The Most Holy Name of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Holy_Name_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Exaltation of the Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross"},{"link_name":"Seven Sorrows of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows"},{"link_name":"Nicomedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicomedes"},{"link_name":"Cornelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Cornelius"},{"link_name":"Cyprian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian"},{"link_name":"Euphemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemia"},{"link_name":"Lucy and Geminian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_and_Geminian"},{"link_name":"Stigmata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata"},{"link_name":"Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi"},{"link_name":"Joseph of Cupertino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_of_Cupertino"},{"link_name":"Januarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Januarius"},{"link_name":"Eustace and Companions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Eustace"},{"link_name":"Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_the_Evangelist"},{"link_name":"Thomas of Villanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova"},{"link_name":"Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Maurice"},{"link_name":"Linus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Linus"},{"link_name":"Thecla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thecla"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Ransom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy"},{"link_name":"Cyprian and Justina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian_and_Justina"},{"link_name":"Cosmas and Damian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmas_and_Damian"},{"link_name":"Wenceslaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(archangel)"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"}],"text":"1: St. Giles Abbot, Simple, Com. of the Holy Twelve Brothers Martyrs.\n2: St. Stephen King, Confessor, Semidouble.\n3: St. Pius X Pope and Confessor, Double.\n4: Feria\n5: St. Laurence Justinian Bishop and Confessor, Semidouble.\n6: Feria\n7: Feria\n8: Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the II Class with a simple Octave, Com. of St. Adrian Martyr.\n9: St. Gorgonius Martyr, Simple.\n10: St. Nicholas of Tolentino Confessor, Double.\n11: Ss. Protus and Hyacinth Martyrs, Simple.\n12: The Most Holy Name of Mary, Greater Double.\n13: Feria\n14: Exaltation of the Holy Cross, Greater Double.\n15: Seven Sorrows of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the II Class, Com. of St. Nicomedes Martyr.\n16: St. Cornelius Pope and St. Cyprian Bishop, Martyrs, Semidouble, Com. of Ss. Euphemia Virgin, Lucy and Geminian Martyrs.\n17: Impression of the sacred Stigmata of St. Francis Confessor, Double.\n18: St. Joseph of Cupertino Confessor, Double.\n19: St. Januarius Bishop and Companions Martyrs, Double.\n20: St. Eustace and Companions Martyrs, Double, Com. of the Vigil.\n21: St. Matthew Apostle and Evangelist, Double of the II Class.\n22: St. Thomas of Villanova Bishop and Confessor, Double, Com. of Ss. Maurice and Companions Martyrs.\n23: St. Linus Pope and Martyr, Semidouble, Com. of St. Thecla Virgin and Martyr.\n24: Our Lady of Ransom, Greater Double.\n25: Feria\n26: Ss. Cyprian and Justina Virgin, Martyrs, Simple.\n27: Ss. Cosmas and Damian Martyrs, Semidouble.\n28: St. Wenceslaus Duke, Martyr, Semidouble.\n29: Dedication of St. Michael Archangel, Double of the I Class.\n30: St. Jerome Priest, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.","title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Remigius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Remigius"},{"link_name":"The Holy Guardian Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_angel_(spirit)"},{"link_name":"Teresa of the Child Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_de_Lisieux"},{"link_name":"Francis of Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi"},{"link_name":"Placid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placidus_(martyr)"},{"link_name":"Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_of_Cologne"},{"link_name":"The most Holy Rosary of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary"},{"link_name":"Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Mark"},{"link_name":"Sergius, Bacchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Sergius_and_Bacchus"},{"link_name":"Marcellus and Apuleius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellus_and_Apuleius"},{"link_name":"Bridget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"John Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leonardi"},{"link_name":"Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Rusticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Eleutherius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Francis Borgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Borgia"},{"link_name":"The Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokos"},{"link_name":"Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"Callistus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I"},{"link_name":"Teresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila"},{"link_name":"Hedwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_of_Andechs"},{"link_name":"Margaret Mary Alacoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Marie_Alacoque"},{"link_name":"Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist"},{"link_name":"Peter of Alcantara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Alcantara"},{"link_name":"John Cantius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cantius"},{"link_name":"Hilarion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilarion"},{"link_name":"Ursula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Ursula"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)"},{"link_name":"Chrysanthus and Daria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Chrysanthus_and_Daria"},{"link_name":"Evaristus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Evaristus"},{"link_name":"Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot"},{"link_name":"Jude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Vigil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"The Feast of our Lord Jesus Christ the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King"}],"text":"1: St. Remigius Bishop and Confessor, Simple.\n2: The Holy Guardian Angels, Greater Double.\n3: St. Teresa of the Child Jesus Virgin, Double.\n4: St. Francis of Assisi Confessor, Greater Double.\n5: St. Placid and companions Martyrs, Simple.\n6: St. Bruno Confessor, Double.\n7: The most Holy Rosary of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the II Class, Com. of St. Mark Pope and Confessor, and Ss. Sergius, Bacchus, Marcellus and Apuleius Martyrs.\n8: St. Bridget Widow, Double.\n9: St. John Leonard Confessor, Semidouble, Com. of Ss. Denis Bishop, Rusticus Priest, and Eleutherius Martyrs.\n10: St. Francis Borgia Confessor, Semidouble.\n11: The Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the II Class.\n12: Feria\n13: St. Edward King, Confessor, Semidouble.\n14: St. Callistus I Pope and Martyr, Double.\n15: St. Teresa Virgin, Double.\n16: St. Hedwig Widow, Semidouble.\n17: St. Margaret Mary Alacoque Virgin, Double.\n18: St. Luke Evangelist, Double of the II Class.\n19: St. Peter of Alcantara Confessor, Double.\n20: St. John Cantius Confessor, Double.\n21: St. Hilarion Abbot, Simple, Com. of St. Ursula and Companions Virgins and Martyrs.\n22: Feria\n23: Feria\n24: St. Raphael Archangel, Greater Double.\n25: Ss. Chrysanthus and Daria Martyrs, Simple.\n26: St. Evaristus Pope and Martyr, Simple.\n27: Vigil.\n28: Ss. Simon and Jude Apostles, Double of the II Class.\n29: Feria\n30: Feria\n31: Vigil.Last Sunday in October: The Feast of our Lord Jesus Christ the King, Double of the I Class, Com. of the Sunday.","title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day"},{"link_name":"Commemoration of all the Faithful Departed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Borromeo"},{"link_name":"Vitalis and Agricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Vitalis_and_Agricola"},{"link_name":"Four Crowned Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs"},{"link_name":"Archbasilica of the most Holy Saviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John_Lateran"},{"link_name":"St. Theodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_of_Amasea"},{"link_name":"Andrew Avellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Avellino"},{"link_name":"Tryphon, Respicius, and Nympha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryphon,_Respicius,_and_Nympha"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_of_Tours"},{"link_name":"Mennas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Menas"},{"link_name":"Martin I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Martin_I"},{"link_name":"Didacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didacus_of_Alcal%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Josaphat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josaphat_Kuntsevych"},{"link_name":"Albert the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Magnus"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Gertrude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Gregory Thaumaturgus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Thaumaturgus"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Pontianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pontianus"},{"link_name":"Felix of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Cecilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_(saint)"},{"link_name":"Clement I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_I"},{"link_name":"Felicitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicitas_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"John of the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_the_Cross"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Chrysogonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Chrysogonus"},{"link_name":"Catherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Sylvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Gozzolini"},{"link_name":"Peter of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Peter_I_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Saturninus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnin"},{"link_name":"Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrew"}],"text":"1: All Saints, Double of the I Class with a common Octave.\n2 or, if 2 November is a Sunday, 3 November: Commemoration of all the Faithful Departed, Double\n3: Of the III day within the Octave of All Saints, Semidouble.\n4: St. Charles Bishop and Confessor, Double, Com. of the Octave of All Saints and Ss. Vitalis and Agricola Martyrs.\n5: Of the V day within the Octave of All Saints, Semidouble.\n6: Of the VI day within the Octave of All Saints, Semidouble.\n7: Of the VII day within the Octave of All Saints, Semidouble.\n8: Octave of All Saints, Greater Double, Com. of the Holy Four Crowned Martyrs.\n9: Dedication of the Archbasilica of the most Holy Saviour, Double of the II Class, Com. of St. Theodore Martyr.\n10: St. Andrew Avellino Confessor, Double, Com. of Ss. Tryphon, Respicius, and Nympha Martyrs.\n11: St. Martin Bishop and Confessor, Double, Com. of St. Mennas Martyr.\n12: St. Martin I Pope and Martyr, Semidouble.\n13: St. Didacus Confessor, Semidouble.\n14: St. Josaphat Bishop and Martyr, Double.\n15: St. Albert the Great Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double.\n16: St. Gertrude Virgin, Double.\n17: St. Gregory Thaumaturgus Bishop and Confessor, Semidouble.\n18: Dedication of the Basilicas of Ss. Peter and Paul, Greater Double\n19: St. Elisabeth Widow, Double, Com. of St. Pontianus Pope and Martyr.\n20: St. Felix of Valois Confessor, Double.\n21: Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Greater Double\n22: St. Cecilia Virgin and Martyr, Double.\n23: St. Clement I Pope and Martyr, Double, Com. of St. Felicitas Martyr.\n24: St. John of the Cross Confessor and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. St. Chrysogonus Martyr.\n25: St. Catherine Virgin and Martyr, Double.\n26: St. Sylvester Abbot, Double, Com. of St. Peter of Alexandria Bishop and Martyr.\n27: Feria\n28: Feria\n29: Vigil. Commemoration of St. Saturninus.\n30: St. Andrew Apostle, Double of the II Class.","title":"November"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Bibiana"},{"link_name":"Francis Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier"},{"link_name":"Peter Chrysologus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barbara"},{"link_name":"Sabbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbas_the_Sanctified"},{"link_name":"Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"Ambrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"Melchiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Miltiades"},{"link_name":"Damasus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I"},{"link_name":"Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucy"},{"link_name":"Eusebius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_of_Vercelli"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Vigil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve"},{"link_name":"Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Holy Innocents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Becket"},{"link_name":"Sylvester I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I"},{"link_name":"Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_of_Sirmium"}],"text":"1: Feria\n2: St. Bibiana Virgin and Martyr, Semidouble.\n3: St. Francis Xavier Confessor, Greater Double.\n4: St. Peter Chrysologus Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. of St. Barbara Virgin and Martyr.\n5: Com. of St. Sabbas Abbot.\n6: St. Nicholas Bishop and Confessor, Double.\n7: St. Ambrose Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, Double, Com. of the Vigil.\n8: The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Double of the I Class with a common Octave.\n9: Of the II day within the Octave of the Immaculate Conception, Semidouble.\n10: Of the III day within the Octave of the Immaculate Conception, Semidouble, Com. of St. Melchiades Pope and Martyr.\n11: St. Damasus I Pope and Confessor, Semidouble, Com. of the Octave of the Immaculate Conception.\n12: Of the V day within the Octave of the Immaculate Conception, Semidouble.\n13: St. Lucy Virgin and Martyr, Double, Com. of the Octave of the Immaculate Conception.\n14: Of the VII day within the Octave of the Immaculate Conception, Semidouble.\n15: Octave of the Immaculate Conception, Greater Double.\n16: St. Eusebius Bishop and Martyr, Semidouble.\n17: Feria\n18: Feria\n19: Feria\n20: Vigil.\n21: St. Thomas Apostle, Double of the II Class.\n22: Feria\n23: Feria\n24: Vigil.\n25: Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ, Double of the I Class with a privileged Octave of the III rank.\n26: St. Stephen Protomartyr, Double of the II class with a simple Octave, Com. of the Octave of the Nativity.\n27: St. John Apostle and Evangelist, Double of the II class with a simple Octave, Com. of the Octave of the Nativity.\n28: The Holy Innocents, Double of the II class with a simple Octave, Com. of the Octave of the Nativity.\n29: St. Thomas Bishop and Martyr, Double, Com. of the Octave of the Nativity.\n30: Of the VI day within the Octave of the Nativity, Semidouble.\n31: St. Sylvester I Pope and Confessor, Double, Com. of the Octave of the Nativity.Although not listed on the general Calendar, a commemoration of St. Anastasia Martyr is made at the second Mass on Christmas Day.","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The moveable feasts are those connected with the Easter cycle, and Easter is the date relative to which their position is ultimately determined. The date of Easter is determined relative to the lunar calendar as used by the Hebrews. The rule has since the Middle Ages been phrased as \"Easter is observed on the Sunday after the first full moon on or after the day of the vernal equinox.\" However, this does not reflect the actual ecclesiastical rules precisely. One reason for this is that the full moon involved (called the Paschal full moon) is not an astronomical full moon, but an ecclesiastical moon. Another difference is that the astronomical vernal equinox is a natural astronomical phenomenon, which can fall on 20 or 21 March, while the ecclesiastical vernal equinox is a fixed March 21 (on the Gregorian calendar). Easter is determined from tables which determine Easter based on the ecclesiastical rules described above, which do not always coincide with the astronomical full moon. The moveable feasts are given below:Septuagesima Sunday (9th Sunday before Easter)\nSexagesima Sunday (8th Sunday before Easter)\nQuinquagesima Sunday (7th Sunday before Easter)\nAsh Wednesday (Wednesday after Quinquagesima Sunday)\nPassion Sunday (Sunday 2 weeks before Easter)\nFeast of the Seven Sorrows of the Virgin Mary (Friday after 2nd Sunday before Easter)\nPalm Sunday (Sunday before Easter)\nHoly Thursday (Thursday before Easter)\nGood Friday (Friday before Easter)\nHoly Saturday (Saturday before Easter)\nEaster Sunday, the Solemnity of Solemnities, the Resurrection of Our Lord Jesus Christ\nLow Sunday (Sunday after Easter)\nThe Solemnity of St. Joseph, spouse of the Virgin Mary, confessor, and patron of the Universal Church (Wednesday after the 2nd Sunday after Easter)\nThe Octave of St. Joseph, spouse of the Virgin Mary, confessor and patron of the Universal Church (Wednesday after the 3rd Sunday after Easter)\nThe Lesser Litanies at St. Mary Major (Monday after the 5th Sunday after Easter)\nThe Lesser Litanies at St. John Lateran (Tuesday after the 5th Sunday after Easter)\nThe Vigil of the Ascension of our Lord Jesus Christ and the Lesser Litanies at St. Peter's (Wednesday after the 5th Sunday after Easter)\nThe Ascension (Thursday after the 5th Sunday after Easter)\nThe Octave of the Ascension (Thursday after the 6th Sunday after Easter)\nThe Vigil of Pentecost (Saturday after the 6th Sunday after Easter)\nPentecost (7th Sunday after Easter)\nHoly Trinity and the Octave of Pentecost (8th Sunday after Easter)\nCorpus Christi (Thursday after the 8th Sunday after Easter)\nOctave of Corpus Christi (Thursday after the 9th Sunday after Easter)\nSacred Heart of Jesus (Friday after the 9th Sunday after Easter)\nOctave of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Friday after the 10th Sunday after Easter)\nThe 1954 calendar assigned special celebrations also to the days within these Octaves, as to the days within the Octaves of fixed feasts.","title":"Moveable feasts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holy House of Loreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_House_of_Loreto"},{"link_name":"Expectation of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Betrothal of the Virgin Mary with Saint Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betrothal_of_the_Virgin_Mary_with_Saint_Joseph&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ildephonsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildephonsus"},{"link_name":"Flight into Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Cortona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Cortona"},{"link_name":"Prayer of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_the_Prayer_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Commemoration of the Passion of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_Passion_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Sacred Crown of Thorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Crown_of_Thorns&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sacred Lance and Nails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Lance_and_Nails&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Holy Shroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Shroud"},{"link_name":"Five Holy Wounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Holy_Wounds"},{"link_name":"Precious Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious_Blood"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"Benedict Joseph Labre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Joseph_Labre"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Good Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Isidore the Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_the_Farmer"},{"link_name":"John Nepomucene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nepomucene"},{"link_name":"Rita of Cascia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_of_Cascia"},{"link_name":"John Baptist de Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baptist_de_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Our Lady Help of Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_Help_of_Christians"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Joan of Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc"},{"link_name":"Our Lady Queen of All Saints and Mother of Fair Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_Queen_of_All_Saints_and_Mother_of_Fair_Love&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Our Lady Mediatrix of All Graces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediatrix_of_all_graces"},{"link_name":"Our Lady Queen of the Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_Queen_of_the_Apostles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Heart of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Eucharistic Heart of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eucharistic_Heart_of_Jesus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Our Lady Mother of Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_Mother_of_Grace&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Francis Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Francis_Regis"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Prompt Succor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Prompt_Succor"},{"link_name":"All Holy Popes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Holy_Popes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lawrence of Brindisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi"},{"link_name":"Veronica Giuliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Giuliani"},{"link_name":"Humility of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_humility"},{"link_name":"Our Lady Mother of Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_Mother_of_Mercy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emygdius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emygdius"},{"link_name":"Philomena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philomena"},{"link_name":"Our Lady Refuge of Sinners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_Refuge_of_Sinners&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Berchmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Berchmans"},{"link_name":"Roch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roch"},{"link_name":"Empress Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Helena"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Consolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Our Lady Help of the Sick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_Help_of_the_Sick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rose of Viterbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_of_Viterbo"},{"link_name":"Peter Claver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Claver"},{"link_name":"Gregory the Illuminator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator"},{"link_name":"Purity of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purity_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Feast of the Holy Redeemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feast_of_the_Holy_Redeemer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sacred Relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Relics"},{"link_name":"Stanislaus Kostka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaus_Kostka"},{"link_name":"Our Lady Mother of Divine Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_Mother_of_Divine_Providence&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leonard of Port Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_of_Port_Maurice"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Miraculous_Medal"}],"text":"The pre-1962 Roman Missal also listed a number of celebrations in the section headed \"Mass for Some Places\". These celebrations were:The Holy House of Loreto (10 December)\nThe Expectation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (18 December)\nThe Betrothal of the Virgin Mary with Saint Joseph (23 January)\nSaint Ildephonsus (23 January)\nThe Flight into Egypt (17 February)\nSaint Margaret of Cortona (26 February)\nThe Prayer of Christ (Tuesday after Septuagesima)\nCommemoration of the Passion of Christ (Tuesday after Sexagesima)\nThe Sacred Crown of Thorns (Friday after Ash Wednesday)\nThe Sacred Lance and Nails (Friday after the First Sunday in Lent)\nThe Holy Shroud (Friday after the Second Sunday in Lent)\nThe Five Holy Wounds (Friday after the Third Sunday in Lent)\nThe Precious Blood (Friday after the Fourth Sunday in Lent)\nSaint Catherine of Genoa (22 March)\nSaint Benedict Joseph Labre (16 April)\nOur Lady of Good Counsel (26 April)\nSaint Isidore the Farmer (15 May)\nSaint John Nepomucene (16 May)\nSaint Rita of Cascia (22 May)\nSaint John Baptist de Rossi (23 May)\nOur Lady Help of Christians (24 May)\nSaint Ferdinand III (30 May)\nSaint Joan of Arc (30 May)\nOur Lady Queen of All Saints and Mother of Fair Love (31 May)\nOur Lady Mediatrix of All Graces (31 May)\nOur Lady Queen of the Apostles (Saturday after the Ascension)\nThe Immaculate Heart of Mary (Saturday after the octave of Corpus Christi)\nThe Eucharistic Heart of Jesus (Thursday after the octave of Corpus Christi)\nOur Lady Mother of Grace (9 June)\nSaint John Francis Regis (16 June)\nOur Lady of Prompt Succor (27 June)\nAll Holy Popes (3 July)\nSaint Lawrence of Brindisi (7 July)\nSaint Veronica Giuliani (9 July)\nHumility of the Blessed Virgin Mary (17 July)\nOur Lady Mother of Mercy (Saturday after the 4th Sunday of July)\nSaint Emygdius (9 August)\nSaint Philomena (11 August)\nOur Lady Refuge of Sinners (13 August)\nSaint John Berchmans (13 August)\nSaint Roch (16 August)\nEmpress Helena (18 August)\nOur Lady of Consolation (Saturday after the Feast of St. Augustine)\nOur Lady Help of the Sick (Saturday after the last Sunday in August)\nSaint Rose of Viterbo (4 September)\nSaint Peter Claver (9 September)\nSaint Gregory the Illuminator (1 October)\nPurity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (16 October)\nFeast of the Holy Redeemer (23 October)\nThe Sacred Relics (5 November)\nSaint Stanislaus Kostka (13 November)\nOur Lady Mother of Divine Providence (Saturday after the 3rd Sunday in November)\nSt. Leonard of Port Maurice (26 November)\nOur Lady of the Miraculous Medal (27 November)","title":"Feasts celebrated in some places (pro Aliquibus Locis)"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_saints"},{"title":"Moveable feast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moveable_feast"},{"title":"Name days in the Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_days_in_the_Czech_Republic"},{"title":"Name days in Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_days_in_Sweden"},{"title":"Namesdays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namesdays"},{"title":"General Roman Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar"},{"title":"Tridentine calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentine_calendar"},{"title":"General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_Pope_Pius_XII"},{"title":"General Roman Calendar of 1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960"},{"title":"General Roman Calendar of 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1969"}] | [{"reference":"\"EcclesiaCatholicA.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ecclesiacatholica.com/missale%20romanum/motu%20proprio%20rubricarum%20instructum.htm","url_text":"\"EcclesiaCatholicA.com\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ecclesiacatholica.com/missale%20romanum/motu%20proprio%20rubricarum%20instructum.htm","external_links_name":"\"EcclesiaCatholicA.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicasacra.com/pdf/missale62.pdf","external_links_name":"this Internet site"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03158a.htm","external_links_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia, s.v. Christian Calendar"},{"Link":"http://home.newadvent.org/cathen/11200a.htm","external_links_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia, s.v. Occurrence (in liturgy)"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05647a.htm","external_links_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia: Eve of a Feast"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E7sPAAAAIAAJ&dq=missale+romanum&pg=PP3","external_links_name":"Missale Romanum, published by Pustet in 1862"},{"Link":"http://www.sanctamissa.org/EN/resources/missale-romanum-pdf.html","external_links_name":"1920 typical edition of the Roman Missal, with feasts updated to the late 1920s"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200301085135/https://sanctamissa.org/en/resources/missale-romanum-pdf.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.musicasacra.com/pdf/missale62.pdf","external_links_name":"1962 typical edition"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06030a.htm","external_links_name":"Felix II"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080930165022/http://www.s-clements.org/Schedules_Calendar.html","external_links_name":"An Anglican calendar"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poronia_coat_of_arms | Poronia coat of arms | ["1 History","2 Blazon","3 Notable bearers","4 See also","5 References"] | Polish coat of arms
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PoroniaDetailsBattle cry-Alternative names-Earliest mentionunknownTownsnoneFamilies-
Poronia is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
History
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010)
Blazon
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010)
Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
See also
Polish heraldry
Heraldry
Coat of arms
References
vte Coats of arms of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth noble familiesSzlachta
Abdank
Abgarowicz
Achinger
Aksak
Alabanda
Alemani
Allan
Amadej
Antoniewicz
Azulewicz
Bajbuza
Belina
Bełty
Bes
Beztrwogi
Białynia
Biberstein
Bieńkowski
Biliński
Bogdanowicz
Bogorya
Bogusz
Bojcza
Bończa
Boreyko
Bożawola
Brama
Brochwicz
Brodzic
Brzuska
Casafranca
Chodkiewicz
Cholewa
Chyliński
Cieleski
Ciołek
Czarnowron
Czartoryski
Czewoja
Czewoja II
Dąb
Dąbrowa
Dąbrowski
Dąbrowski I
Dębno
Denhof
Deszpot
Dołęga
Doliwa
Drogosław
Druck
Drużyna
Dryja
Działosza
Finke
Fleming
Garczyński
Gąska
Geysztor
Giejsz
Gierałt
Ginwiłł
Glaubicz
Gliński
Godziemba
Goły
Gozdawa
Grabie
Grabowiec
Groty
Gryf
Gryzima
Grzymała
Gutak
Gwiazdy
Gwiaździcz
Haller
Hełm
Herburt
Hipocentaur
Hodyc
Hornowski
Hozyusz
Iwanowski
Janina
Jasieńczyk
Jastrzębiec
Jelita
Jeż
Juńczyk
Junosza
Kierdeja
Kietlicz
Klamry
Komar
Konderski
Kopacz
Lew II
Kopaszyna
Korab
Korczak
Korsak
Korwin
Korybut
Kościesza
Kot morski
Kotwica
Kotwicz
Kownia
Kropacz
Krucina
Krukowski
Kryszpin
Krzywda
Księżyc
Kur
Kur II
Kurowski
Kusza
Łabędź
Larysza
Leliwa
Leszczyc
Lewart
Lis
Łodzia
Lubicz
Łuk
Mądrostki
Masalski Książę III
Materna
Mniszech
Mogiła
Mohyła
Mora
Nabram
Nałęcz
Napiwon
Nieczuja
Niesobia
Nowina
Nycz
Odrowąż
Odwaga
Odyniec
Ogończyk
Oksza
Orda
Orla
Osek
Ossorya
Ostoja
Ostroga
Ostrogski
Oszyk
Paprzyca
Pierzchała
Piłsudski
Piława
Pobóg
Pogoń Litewska
Pogoń Ruska
Pogonia
Półkozic
Pomian
Poraj
Pół Orła
Poronia
Późniak
Prawdzic
Prus
Prus II Wilczekosy
Prus III
Przegonia
Przerowa
Przyjaciel
Przykorwin
Radwan
Rawa
Roch III
Rogala
Rola
Rosyniec
Rozmiar
Ryc
Samson
Sandrecki
Sas
Sas II
Starykoń
Sulima
Szreniawa
Topór
Trąby
Trestka
Wadwicz
Waga
Warnia
Wąż
Wczele
Wejher
Wieniawa
Wierzbna
Wilcza Głowa
Wysocki
Wyssogota
Zabawa
Zadora
Zagłoba
Zaremba
Zawadzki
Zerwikaptur
Zgraja
See also: Polish heraldry and List of Polish coat of arms
This Polish heraldry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_heraldry"},{"link_name":"szlachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"}],"text":"Poronia is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.","title":"Poronia coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Blazon"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:","title":"Notable bearers"}] | [] | [{"title":"Polish heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_heraldry"},{"title":"Heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"title":"Coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Poronia+coat+of+arms%22","external_links_name":"\"Poronia coat of arms\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Poronia+coat+of+arms%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Poronia+coat+of+arms%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Poronia+coat+of+arms%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Poronia+coat+of+arms%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Poronia+coat+of+arms%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poronia_coat_of_arms&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poronia_coat_of_arms&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poronia_coat_of_arms&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAFTA_Superhighway | NAFTA superhighway | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Interstate 29 and Interstate 35, described by the Ministry of Transportation for the province of Alberta as the "NAFTA superhighway"
The NAFTA superhighway is a term sometimes used informally to refer to certain existing and proposed highways intended to link Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Although the term has not been used publicly by governments in an official policy context, there are some dissident beliefs about this appellation that are associated with nationalist conspiracy theories regarding alleged secret plans to undermine U.S. sovereignty. Development of these routes is supported by the North American SuperCorridor Coalition as part of a NASCO Corridor. These include Interstate 35 from Laredo, Texas to the Canadian border that downgrades to a non-freeway route ending at Thunder Bay, Ontario, and Interstate 29, a spur that also downgrades to a regular highway at the border and continues to Winnipeg, Manitoba.
The term is also sometimes used to describe some additional partly-built or proposed highways and supercorridors which are intended to connect the road systems of the three nations of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) trade bloc. Interstate 69, which runs from Port Huron, Michigan, near the US-Canada border, to western Kentucky, is one among them. Ontario Highway 402 and other motorways in the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor in Canada might be viewed as an extension of this NAFTA superhighway to the northeast. There is now not a single motorway that has been finished in the southwest, from western Kentucky to the Mexican border. While I-69 is being built, the main routes to Mexico currently consist of portions of US Routes 45 and 51 from Kentucky to western Tennessee, I-155 from Tennessee to Missouri, portions of Interstates 55 and 40 from Missouri to Arkansas, and I-30 from Arkansas to the Texas portion of I-35, the original Nafta Superhighway that runs south to the Mexican border at Laredo, Texas. The uncompleted section of I-69 south of Kentucky is expected to eventually continue southwestward to the Texas Gulf Coast. It will have a spur linking to the original Pan-American Highway route through Mexico to Laredo, and additional branches extending to the Mexican spurs that cross the border at Pharr, Texas, and Brownsville, Texas.
The CANAMEX Corridor is another major route that links the three NAFTA countries. It includes Mexican Federal Highway 15, American I-19 and I-15, and Alberta highway 2. The route is sometimes referenced as part of the NAFTA superhighway concept, but it already has a name of its own. In addition to the major north–south corridors that link the Canadian and Mexican borders, Interstate 94 is an important east–west inland freeway (not coast-to-coast like most of the other major east–west interstates) that directly or indirectly links the corridors. I-94 starts near the CANAMEX Corridor in Montana (Interstate 90 bridges the gap thereby providing an indirect link) then follows a northerly route just south of the Canadian border to intersect fully with the I-29 and I-35 routes of the "NAFTA Superhighway". Further east, it links Chicago and the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor that has its western terminus at the Port Huron border crossing. The Canadian corridor is a de facto continuation of I-94 and I-96 to and from eastern Canada. It is also linked by I-94 to the Chicago-Kansas City Expressway that follows a more southerly route to and from I-35. The importance of the Port Huron border crossing is enhanced by the fact that I-69 connects to the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor at the same bridge as I-94.
See also
North American Union
Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America
Free Trade Area of the Americas
References
^ Government of Alberta: NAFTA Trade Corridors & State Truck Standards map image. Accessed 2008-07-16
^ Jerome Corsi (June 12, 2006). "Bush Administration Quietly Plans NAFTA Super Highway". Human Events. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
^ Mark Robinowitz (May 10, 2006). "Peak Traffic: Planning NAFTA Superhighways at the End of the Age of Oil". From the Wilderness. Archived from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
^ Ron Paul (October 31, 2006). "The NAFTA Superhighway". Lewrockwell. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
^ "Highway To Hell? Ron Paul's worked up about U.S. sovereignty". Newsweek. December 1, 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
^ "Wrong Paul: Fantasy, fallacy and factual fumbles from the Republican insurgent". Factcheck. February 11, 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
^ Shane Dingman (December 5, 2007). "Ron Paul's worst nightmare comes true? NAFTA Superhighway a reality". The National Post. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
vteTrilateral relations of Canada, Mexico, and the United StatesNorth American integrationEnacted Treaties
North American Free Trade Agreement (Agreement on Environmental Cooperation
Agreement on Labor Cooperation)
United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement
Official bodiesActive
Commission for Environmental Cooperation
North American Leaders' Summit
North American Transportation Statistics Interchange
Defunct
Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (North American Competitiveness Council)
Lobby groups
Anti-integration: The Council of Canadians
John Birch Society
Theorized projects
North American monetary union
NAFTA superhighway
North American Union
North American energy independence
Miscellaneous
2026 FIFA World Cup
United bid
Canada–Mexico relations
Canada–United States relations
Mexico–United States relations | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"North American SuperCorridor Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_SuperCorridor_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Interstate 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35"},{"link_name":"Laredo, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laredo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Interstate 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_29"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg, Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"supercorridors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercorridor"},{"link_name":"North American Free Trade Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement"},{"link_name":"trade bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_bloc"},{"link_name":"Interstate 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_69"},{"link_name":"Port Huron, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Huron,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Ontario Highway 402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_402"},{"link_name":"Windsor-Quebec City Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor-Quebec_City_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Pan-American Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-American_Highway"},{"link_name":"Pharr, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharr,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brownsville, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"CANAMEX Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANAMEX_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Mexican Federal Highway 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Federal_Highway_15"},{"link_name":"I-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_19"},{"link_name":"I-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15"},{"link_name":"Alberta highway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_highway_2"},{"link_name":"Interstate 94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_94"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Interstate 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Windsor-Quebec City Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor-Quebec_City_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Chicago-Kansas City Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago-Kansas_City_Expressway"}],"text":"The NAFTA superhighway is a term sometimes used informally to refer to certain existing and proposed highways intended to link Canada, Mexico, and the United States.[2][3][4] Although the term has not been used publicly by governments in an official policy context, there are some dissident beliefs about this appellation that are associated with nationalist conspiracy theories regarding alleged secret plans to undermine U.S. sovereignty.[5][6][7] Development of these routes is supported by the North American SuperCorridor Coalition as part of a NASCO Corridor. These include Interstate 35 from Laredo, Texas to the Canadian border that downgrades to a non-freeway route ending at Thunder Bay, Ontario, and Interstate 29, a spur that also downgrades to a regular highway at the border and continues to Winnipeg, Manitoba.The term is also sometimes used to describe some additional partly-built or proposed highways and supercorridors which are intended to connect the road systems of the three nations of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) trade bloc. Interstate 69, which runs from Port Huron, Michigan, near the US-Canada border, to western Kentucky, is one among them. Ontario Highway 402 and other motorways in the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor in Canada might be viewed as an extension of this NAFTA superhighway to the northeast. There is now not a single motorway that has been finished in the southwest, from western Kentucky to the Mexican border. While I-69 is being built, the main routes to Mexico currently consist of portions of US Routes 45 and 51 from Kentucky to western Tennessee, I-155 from Tennessee to Missouri, portions of Interstates 55 and 40 from Missouri to Arkansas, and I-30 from Arkansas to the Texas portion of I-35, the original Nafta Superhighway that runs south to the Mexican border at Laredo, Texas. The uncompleted section of I-69 south of Kentucky is expected to eventually continue southwestward to the Texas Gulf Coast. It will have a spur linking to the original Pan-American Highway route through Mexico to Laredo, and additional branches extending to the Mexican spurs that cross the border at Pharr, Texas, and Brownsville, Texas.The CANAMEX Corridor is another major route that links the three NAFTA countries. It includes Mexican Federal Highway 15, American I-19 and I-15, and Alberta highway 2. The route is sometimes referenced as part of the NAFTA superhighway concept, but it already has a name of its own. In addition to the major north–south corridors that link the Canadian and Mexican borders, Interstate 94 is an important east–west inland freeway (not coast-to-coast like most of the other major east–west interstates) that directly or indirectly links the corridors. I-94 starts near the CANAMEX Corridor in Montana (Interstate 90 bridges the gap thereby providing an indirect link) then follows a northerly route just south of the Canadian border to intersect fully with the I-29 and I-35 routes of the \"NAFTA Superhighway\". Further east, it links Chicago and the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor that has its western terminus at the Port Huron border crossing. The Canadian corridor is a de facto continuation of I-94 and I-96 to and from eastern Canada. It is also linked by I-94 to the Chicago-Kansas City Expressway that follows a more southerly route to and from I-35. The importance of the Port Huron border crossing is enhanced by the fact that I-69 connects to the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor at the same bridge as I-94.","title":"NAFTA superhighway"}] | [] | [{"title":"North American Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Union"},{"title":"Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_and_Prosperity_Partnership_of_North_America"},{"title":"Free Trade Area of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas"}] | [{"reference":"Jerome Corsi (June 12, 2006). \"Bush Administration Quietly Plans NAFTA Super Highway\". Human Events. Retrieved 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=15497","url_text":"\"Bush Administration Quietly Plans NAFTA Super Highway\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Robinowitz (May 10, 2006). \"Peak Traffic: Planning NAFTA Superhighways at the End of the Age of Oil\". From the Wilderness. Archived from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091008115439/http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ww3/051006_peak_traffic.shtml","url_text":"\"Peak Traffic: Planning NAFTA Superhighways at the End of the Age of Oil\""},{"url":"http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ww3/051006_peak_traffic.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ron Paul (October 31, 2006). \"The NAFTA Superhighway\". Lewrockwell. Retrieved 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.lewrockwell.com/paul/paul349.html","url_text":"\"The NAFTA Superhighway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Highway To Hell? Ron Paul's worked up about U.S. sovereignty\". Newsweek. December 1, 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsweek.com/2007/12/01/highway-to-hell.html","url_text":"\"Highway To Hell? Ron Paul's worked up about U.S. sovereignty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wrong Paul: Fantasy, fallacy and factual fumbles from the Republican insurgent\". Factcheck. February 11, 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://factcheck.org/2008/02/wrong-paul/","url_text":"\"Wrong Paul: Fantasy, fallacy and factual fumbles from the Republican insurgent\""}]},{"reference":"Shane Dingman (December 5, 2007). \"Ron Paul's worst nightmare comes true? NAFTA Superhighway a reality\". The National Post. Retrieved 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/posted/archive/2007/12/05/ron-paul-s-worst-nightmare-comes-true-nafta-superhighway-a-reality.aspx","url_text":"\"Ron Paul's worst nightmare comes true? NAFTA Superhighway a reality\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://transportation.alberta.ca/2760.htm","external_links_name":"Government of Alberta: NAFTA Trade Corridors & State Truck Standards"},{"Link":"http://www.transportation.alberta.ca/Content/docType56/images/canmex$.gif","external_links_name":"map image"},{"Link":"http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=15497","external_links_name":"\"Bush Administration Quietly Plans NAFTA Super Highway\""},{"Link":"http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091008115439/http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ww3/051006_peak_traffic.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Peak Traffic: Planning NAFTA Superhighways at the End of the Age of Oil\""},{"Link":"http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ww3/051006_peak_traffic.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://archive.lewrockwell.com/paul/paul349.html","external_links_name":"\"The NAFTA Superhighway\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsweek.com/2007/12/01/highway-to-hell.html","external_links_name":"\"Highway To Hell? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Amb | Amb (princely state) | ["1 List of Nawabs of Amb","2 Wealth and Military Status","3 History","4 Descent and ruling dynasty","4.1 Nawab Khan Tanoli","4.2 Painda Khan Tanoli","4.3 Jehandad Khan Tanoli","4.4 Muhammad Akram Khan Tanoli","4.5 Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli","4.6 Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli","4.7 Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli","4.8 Salahuddin Saeed Khan Tanoli","5 Amb State Postal Service and Passport","6 Present geography","7 Also read","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 34°21′52.582″N 72°51′33.959″E / 34.36460611°N 72.85943306°E / 34.36460611; 72.85943306This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Amb" princely state – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Former princely state of the British Indian Empire and Pakistan
Kingdom of AmbPrincely state of Pakistan1507–28 July 1969
Flag
Coat of arms
Capital of Amb state in 1947, Most dominatial Head of StateCapitalDarband (now submerged under Tarbela Dam)Shergarh (summer residence)Area • Coordinates34°21′52.582″N 72°51′33.959″E / 34.36460611°N 72.85943306°E / 34.36460611; 72.85943306
• 24,985 km2 (9,647 sq mi)Government • TypeMonarchy • Motto""این خداست"" اقتدار اعلیٰ ""نظام خدا دا*
Historical erasince 1507-1969• Established 1507• Pakhli Sultanate (Karluks Turks) 1507• Tanoli 1647• Submitted to Durrani Rule 1755• Disestablished 28 July 1969
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Timurid Empire
West Pakistan
Today part ofPakistan · Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
This article is part of the seriesFormer administrative units of Pakistan
Original provinces
Baluchistan
East Bengal
Federal Capital Territory
Federally Administered Tribal Areas
North-West Frontier Province
Sind
West Punjab
Princely states
Amb
Bahawalpur
Chitral
Dir
Hunza
Kalat
Khairpur
Kharan
Las Bela
Makran
Nagar
Phulra
Swat
One-unit provinces
East Pakistan
West Pakistan
Other subdivisions
Gilgit Agency
Trans-Karakoram Tract
vte
Amb (امب) or the State of Amb was a princely state in the present day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan. Together with Phulra, it was known as Feudal Tanawal ruled by Tanoli tribe. A Royal Tenure start from Timurid Empire and end on Last Nawab Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli. Amb was only powerful state incorporated in Pakistan with armed civilized military of 12,000 men, 300 Howitzer with their own manufacturing arms factory, today part of the Pakistan Army. Amb had a influence control roots in Swat , Dir and Chitral. A gaining of powerful roots of Amb military start from Second Anglo-Sikh War when East India Company provide military equipment to Jehandad Khan Tanoli to fight against Sikh , and then next British Empire in Second anglo-Afghan War. At the end of December 1947, the Nawab of Amb state acceded to Pakistan while retaining internal self-government. Amb continued as a princely state of Pakistan until 1969, when it was incorporated into the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa).
The state was named after the town of Amb. After the death of the last Nawab, Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli, the fighting between the descendants of the state of Amb for power continued, which ended in 1971, when the Pakistani army ended or occupied the integration. In 1972, the recognition of their royal status was ended by the Government of Pakistan. In 1974, the Tarbela Dam completely destroyed the capital of Amb and the palaces of the Amb state.
List of Nawabs of Amb
Image
Titular Name
Personal Name
Date of birth
Nawab From
Nawab
Until
Date of death
Muhammad Anwar Khan Tanoli
انور خان تنولی
Anwar Khan Tanoli
1688
1710
1730
1730
Muhammad Bahadur Khan Tanoli
بہادر خان
Muhammad Bahadur Khan Tanoli
23 June 1712
1730-1740
8 August 1755
8 August 1755
Sultan Zaburdust Khan Tanoliصوبہ خان تنولی
Sultan Zaburdust Khan Tanoli
1 May 1736
8 August 1755
2 November 1783
Haibat Khan Tanoliہیبت خان
Haibat Khan Tanoli
6 April 1740
1783
12 December 1798
Nawab Khan Tanoliنواب خان
Nawab Khan Tanoli
12 April 1792
1800-1810
13 October 1818
Painda Khan Tanoliپائنداخان
Painda Khan
6 May 1805
1818
1819-1822 completely
Rule ended and hence again conquered and started in 1823
12 September 1844
Jehandad Khan Tanoliجہانداد خان
Jehandad Khan Tanoli
6 February 1820
1844
1868
Nawab Muhammad Akram Khan Tanoli
نواب محمد اکرم خان
Nawab Muhammad Akram Khan Tanoli
1859
1868
1907
Nawab Khan-e-Zaman Khan Tanoli
نواب خانِ زمان خان تنولی
خانخا
Nawab Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli
6 November 1880
1907
12 September 1936
Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoliفرید خان
Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli
1 January 1904
1936
17 September 1947(Alliance with Pakistan but continued rule until 1969)
28 July 1969
(Rule end due to fighting between the Descendants of Amb State and Pakistan Army occupied integration)
Nawab Salahuddin Khan Tanoliصلاح الدین خان
Nawabzada Salahuddin Saeed
1958
1969
Incumbent
Wealth and Military Status
Right from Fourth Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia when he was the Governor of Mecca right from third Qatar Rulers somewhere or Left from Third Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah Prime Minister of Amb State Left from Second Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah Left from first Safiullah Khan Tanoli and Governor of Madina at Sethana Palace Darband in 1923.
Amb was considered a powerful and important state during Durrani, Mughal and British Raj. The total revenue of the state in 1901 was 36-42 lakhs when the price of 1 tola gold is 20 British Rupee. In 1901, state's income was 6 lakhs and second part of its revenue was the collection of tax from other state's Nawabs and Maharajahs, who used the routes of Tanawal and Attock for visiting other countries. This tax was also collected by Traders and Merchants who used that routes.
In this way, Nawab of Amb fought many wars with British, Durrani and Sikh this is the main cause of war.
History
Amb state, once known as Mulk-e-Tanawal (country/area of Tanawal), was the home of the Tanoli. The region's early history dates back to the Mughal Empire, when around year 1647, the Tanoli tribe conquered and settled by the Indus River, surrounded by wide area, which came to be known as Tanawal. Before Tanawal, it was known as the Pakhli Sultanate (Karluks Turk), which ruled over Hazara, who came to Timur around 1380 to 1390. This was the only state of the Mughal Empire which did not pay tax to Delhi. The rule of the Karluks ended when the Swatis arrived. The last Karluks ruler was Sultan Mehmood Khurd, accordingly the start of Tanoli's rule. The ancestry can be traced back to the Ghilji who are the descendants of Bettani. When the Durrani tribe arrived in India, the Tanoli chieftain Suba Khan Tanoli accepted Durrani rule in 1755 and helped the empire during the Third Battle of Panipat.
In 1854, the British frontier officer General James Abbott postulated that Aornos was located on the Mahaban range, south of modern Buner District. In 1839, he proposed to recognise Embolina, as had Ranjit Singh's mercenary General Claude Auguste Court, as the village of Amb situated on the right bank of the Indus eight miles east of Mahaban. This became the location from which it is thought that the Nawabs of Amb took their title in later years.
The army of Amb state get trained by Sir Claude John Eyre Auchinleck.
Nawab Sir Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli, Nawab of Amb. At Darband, Amb State, 1923
This picture is from 1917, Darband. In this photo: Nawab Sir Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli (seated second from left), Sir George Roos-Keppel (seated third from left), Sahibzada Sir Abdul Qayyum Khan (seated first from right). (Sitting ground centre) Nawabzada Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli (son and successor of Nawab Sir Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan of Amb)
Standing, left to right: Doctor Masdar Ali (Physician of the Nawab of Amb), some servants of the Nawab of Amb) Sitting: Nawabzada Mohammad Ismail Khan Tanoli of Chanser and brother of Nawab Khan i Zaman Khan Tanoli
Islamia college Peshawar Made by Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli.
Shergarh fort is the last standing fort of the Nawab of Amb.
Descent and ruling dynasty
The Tanoli describe themselves as Pashtuns from the Ghazni area, . The Tanoli submitted to British colonial rule in the 1840s.
In this picture seated (left to right): Sahibzada Mohammad Khurshid (first Pakistani Governor of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan), Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (Liāqat Alī Khān) (Urdu: لیاقت علی خان) listen (help·info) (2 October 1896 – 16 October 1951) the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawab Sir Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli (Nawab of Amb) and Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan (wife of Liaquat Ali Khan. Darband, Amb State, 1949.
Nawabzada Mohammad Ismail Khan Tanoli, Son of Nawab Sir Mohammad Akram Khan Tanoli, at Delhi Durbaar, Delhi 1911.
Nawab Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli
Nawab Khan Tanoli
Mir Nawab Khan Tanoli was the ruler of The Tanawal valley and the Chief of the Hazara region from circa 1810 until he died in 1818. During his rule, he faced many attacks from the Sikh Empire and Durrani Empire, resulting in a significant loss of territory. He was 26 years old, when he was assassinated by Azim Khan on October 13, 1818 in the Stratagem of Peshawar.
The main reason for the war is that Mir Nawab Khan defied Durrani and the other main reason was that, when Azim Khan's mother was traveling to Kashmir via Tanwal, Nawab Khan's soldier collected the taxes from her. Azim Khan then traveled through Tanwal and then Nawab Khan's soldiers collected taxes through Azim Khan as well. After Azim Khan took the complaint to the Afghan court, the Afghan Ruler of that time immediately sent his army.
Nawab Khan Tanoli's sons, Painda Khan and Maddad Khan began the series of rebellion against the Sikhs and Durrani, which continued throughout his lifetime.
Painda Khan Tanoli
From about 1813, Painda Khan Tanoli is famed for his staunch rebellion against Maharaja Ranjit Singh's governors of Hazara. He was the son of Mir Nawab Khan Tanoli.
From about 1813, Painda Khan Tanoli engaged in a lifelong rebellion against the Sikhs, who, realizing the potential dangers of his rebellion, set up forts at strategic locations to keep him in check. Hari Singh Nalwa took this initiative during his governorship. To consolidate his hold on Tanawal and to unite the Tanoli people, Tanoli first had to contend with his major rivals within the tribe itself, that is, the chiefs of the Suba Khani/Pallal Khel section, whom he subdued after a bitter struggle.
Tanoli set the tone for regional resistance in Upper Hazara against Sikh rule. In 1828, he created and gifted the smaller neighbouring state of Phulra to his younger brother Maddad Khan Tanoli.
Painda Khan briefly took over the valley of Agror in 1834. Agror was restored to Ata Muhammad Khan, the chief of that area, a descendant of Akhund Ahmed Sad-ud-din.
Jehandad Khan Tanoli
He was the son of Mir Painda Khan Tanoli. In 1852, Jehandad Khan Tanoli was summoned by the President of the Board of Administration about a murder enquiry of two British officers, supposedly on his lands. In fact, this was related to the murder of two British salt tax collectors by some tribesmen in the neighbouring Kala Dhaka or Black Mountain area, which eventually led to the punitive First Black Mountain campaign/expedition of 1852. The Board of Administration President was Sir John Lawrence (later the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab), and he visited Haripur, in Hazara, where he invited many Hazara chiefs to see him on various matters, at a general Durbar. Jehandad Khan Tanoli succeeded in establishing his innocence and consolidated his position.
Jahandad Khan Tanoli's relationship with British India is summed in the following lines in a letter dated 8 January 1859 from R. Temple, Secretary to the Punjab Chief Commissioner, addressed to the Punjab Financial Commissioner: "'5. The term "Jagir" has never appeared to me applicable in any sense to this hereditary domain , for it was never granted as such by the Sikhs or by our Government; we upheld the Khan as we found him in his position as a feudal lord and large proprietor.'
Jehandad's son, Nawab Bahadur Sir Muhammed Akram Khan Tanoli, was given the title of Nawab (Sovereign Ruler) in perpetuity by the British.
Muhammad Akram Khan Tanoli
The next chief of the Tanoli, a son of Jahandad Khan Tanoli, was Akram Khan Tanoli KCSI 68–1907). He was a popular chief. During his tenure, the fort at Shergarh was built along with forts in Dogah and Shahkot. His rule was a peaceful time for Tanawal. He opposed construction of schools in the state, on advice given by British.
Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli
Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli succeeded his father, taking over the reins of power in Tanawal in Amb. He helped the British in carrying out the later Black Mountain (Kala Dhaka/Tor Ghar) expeditions.
Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli
Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli had good relations with Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaqat Ali Khan. His contributions to the Pakistan movement have been acknowledged by letters from Jinnah. In 1947, he acceded his state to Pakistan by signing the Instrument of Accession in favour of Pakistan. In 1969, the state was incorporated into the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa) and in 1972, the Government of Pakistan ceased to recognise the royal status of the Nawab.
Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli
Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli, son of Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli, the last nawab of Amb, studied at the Burn Hall School in Abbottabad (now the Army Burn Hall College) and the Gordon College in Rawalpindi. Nawab Saeed Khan Tanoli ruled for a period of three years.
Salahuddin Saeed Khan Tanoli
Salahuddin Saeed Khan Tanoli is the present chief of Tanolis and the titular Nawab of Amb. He is the son of Nawab Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli. He holds the record as the youngest parliamentarian ever elected to the Pakistan National Assembly, and then went on to be elected five times to the Pakistan National Assembly (from 1985 to 1997), a feat achieved by only seven other Pakistani parliamentarians, including the former Pakistani prime minister, Nawaz Sharif.
Tenure
Chiefs of Tanawal and later Rulers of Amb (Tanawal)
1772–1803
(Mir) Haibat Khan Tanoli
1803–1809
(Mir) Hashim Ali Khan Tanoli (son of Mir Haibat Khan Tanoli and brother to Mir Nawab Khan Tanoli, following)
1809–1818
(Mir) Nawab Khan Tanoli
1818–1844
(Mir) Painda Khan Tanoli , Maddad Khan Tanoli
1844–1868
Nawab Jahandad Khan Tanoli – Amb State founded in 1858 by British government recognition
1868–1907
Nawab Muhammad Akram Khan Tanoli
1907–1936
Nawab Khanizaman Khan Tanoli
1936–1969
Nawab Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli – Amb State ended and merged with NWFP Pakistan in 1971–72
1969–Incumbent
Nawabzada Salahuddin Saeed
Amb State Postal Service and Passport
Existing alongside British India were hundreds of princely states, some 565 in all, but most of them did not issue postage stamps. Only around forty of the states issued their own postage stamps, and Amb State was one of them, having its own postal service. The rest used the stamps of the All India Postal Service.
Present geography
The state consists of the following present day Union Councils of Mansehra, Torghar, and Haripur Districts:
The Mansehra and Torghar districts include Bandi Shungli, Shergarh, Karorri, Nika Pani, Darband, Dara Shanaya, Swan Miara, Lassan Nawab, Perhinna, Phulrra, Jhokan, and Palsala. The Haripur district includes Baitgali, Nara AmaNara Amazz, Kalinjar, and Beer.
Also read
Politics of Pakistan
British Raj
History of Pakistan
List of Indian princely states
Shergarh, Tanawal
References
^ a b c Allen, Charles (2012). Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-West Frontier. Hachette. p. 9. ISBN 9781848547209.
^ a b c d Syed Murad Ali,"Tarikh-e-Tanawaliyan"(Urdu), Pub. Lahore, 1975, pp.84
^ a b c d Ghulam Nabi Khan"Alafghan Tanoli"(Urdu), Pub. Rawalpindi, 2001, pp.244
^ a b Swati invasion vre
^ History of Swat by Wali of Swat
^ Sir Albert James, Rikson (1933). Indian people (in English and Hindi) (1939 ed.). London: Alaf Roos. p. 134.
^ a b Quaid-I-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: First Series, Volume III: On the Threshold of Pakistan, 1–25 July 1947
By Mahomed Ali Jinnah, Z. H. Zaidi
Contributor Z. H. Zaidi (Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-969-8156-07-7, ISBN 978-969-8156-07-7, 1120 pages, digitized 29 August 2008)
^ Pakhli. Imperial Gazette of India rule
^ Y-chromosome Genetic family Sub.division Tanoli own history and DNA analysis (Indo-European family) classify
^ Dr SB Panni 'Tareekh i Hazara' (Urdu:History of Hazara) pub Peshawar, 1969, pp. 340-341
^ Stein, Aurel (1929). On Alexander's Track to the Indus. Asian Publications. p. 125. ISBN 9780405089954.
^ "Herald". Vol. 37, no. 4–6. 2006. p. 101. The Tanolis' own history classifies them conflictingly as either Pakhtuns from the vicinity of Ghazni or Turks of the Barlas sub-clan. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
^ Hazara Gazetteer
^ See The Hazara District Gazetteer 1883-8 (Lahore, 1884); and H. Lee, Brothers in the Raj: The Lives of John and Henry Lawrence (Karachi: Oxford UP, 2002)
^ Sana Haroon, Frontier of faith: Islam in the Indo-Afghan Borderland (Columbia University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-231-70013-9, ISBN 978-0-231-70013-9, 254 pages)
^ Sack, John (1959). Report from Practically Nowhere. New York: Curtis Publishing Company. p. 199.
^ Pakistan Election Commission – Unique Stats: http://www.ecp.gov.pk/content/uniquestats.html Archived 8 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amb (princely state).
Government of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
Genealogy of the ruling chiefs of Amb
vteFormer princely states in Pakistan, by present province (Italics = Salute states)BalochistanPunjabSindhGilgit-BaltistanOther Frontier States, notably Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Kalat (premier state)
Kharan
Las Bela
Makran
Bahawalpur
Khairpur
Mirpur State
Hunza
Nagar
Amb (Tanawal)
Chitral
D(h)ir
Jando(o)l (Jandul)
Phulra(h)
Swat
Yasin
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"princely state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"Phulra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phulra"},{"link_name":"Feudal Tanawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagir"},{"link_name":"Tanoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanoli"},{"link_name":"Royal Tenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruling_class"},{"link_name":"Timurid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Nawab Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Farid_Khan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soldier_Sahibs-1"},{"link_name":"Howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soldier_Sahibs-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syed_Murad_Ali_1975,_pp.84-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pub._Rawalpindi_2001,_pp.244-3"},{"link_name":"Swat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swat_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Dir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Chitral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syed_Murad_Ali_1975,_pp.84-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Sikh War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Jehandad Khan Tanoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Jehandad_Khan"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Second anglo-Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"acceded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_of_accession"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"princely state of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"North West Frontier Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%932010)"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"Amb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amb,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Farid_Khan"},{"link_name":"Pakistani army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army"},{"link_name":"Government of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tarbela Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarbela_Dam"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Former princely state of the British Indian Empire and PakistanAmb (امب) or the State of Amb was a princely state in the present day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan. Together with Phulra, it was known as Feudal Tanawal ruled by Tanoli tribe. A Royal Tenure start from Timurid Empire and end on Last Nawab Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli.[1] Amb was only powerful state incorporated in Pakistan with armed civilized military of 12,000 men, 300 Howitzer with their own manufacturing arms factory, today part of the Pakistan Army.[1][2][3] Amb had a influence control roots in Swat , Dir and Chitral.[4][2][5] A gaining of powerful roots of Amb military start from Second Anglo-Sikh War when East India Company provide military equipment to Jehandad Khan Tanoli to fight against Sikh , and then next British Empire in Second anglo-Afghan War.[6] At the end of December 1947, the Nawab of Amb state acceded to Pakistan while retaining internal self-government.[7] Amb continued as a princely state of Pakistan until 1969, when it was incorporated into the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa).The state was named after the town of Amb. After the death of the last Nawab, Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli, the fighting between the descendants of the state of Amb for power continued, which ended in 1971, when the Pakistani army ended or occupied the integration. In 1972, the recognition of their royal status was ended by the Government of Pakistan.[citation needed] In 1974, the Tarbela Dam completely destroyed the capital of Amb and the palaces of the Amb state.[citation needed]","title":"Amb (princely state)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Nawabs of Amb"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syed_Jabbar_Shah.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Abdul_Jabbar_Shah"},{"link_name":"Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Al-Mubarak_Al-Sabah"},{"link_name":"Safiullah Khan Tanoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safiullah_Khan_Tanoli"},{"link_name":"Madina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madina"},{"link_name":"Darband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darband,_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"Durrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"British Rupee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_rupee"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nawabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab"},{"link_name":"Maharajahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja"},{"link_name":"Tanawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Attock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attock_District"},{"link_name":"Traders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_route"},{"link_name":"Merchants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Durrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani"},{"link_name":"Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Right from Fourth Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia when he was the Governor of Mecca right from third Qatar Rulers somewhere or Left from Third Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah Prime Minister of Amb State Left from Second Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah Left from first Safiullah Khan Tanoli and Governor of Madina at Sethana Palace Darband in 1923.Amb was considered a powerful and important state during Durrani, Mughal and British Raj.[citation needed] The total revenue of the state in 1901 was 36-42 lakhs when the price of 1 tola gold is 20 British Rupee.[citation needed] In 1901, state's income was 6 lakhs and second part of its revenue was the collection of tax from other state's Nawabs and Maharajahs, who used the routes of Tanawal and Attock for visiting other countries. This tax was also collected by Traders and Merchants who used that routes.[citation needed]\nIn this way, Nawab of Amb fought many wars with British, Durrani and Sikh this is the main cause of war.[citation needed]","title":"Wealth and Military Status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanoli"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syed_Murad_Ali_1975,_pp.84-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pub._Rawalpindi_2001,_pp.244-3"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tanoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanoli"},{"link_name":"Tanawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanawalis"},{"link_name":"Pakhli Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakhli"},{"link_name":"Karluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karluks"},{"link_name":"Hazara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Karluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karluks"},{"link_name":"Swatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swati_(Pashtun_tribe)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tanoli's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanoli"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ghilji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghilji"},{"link_name":"Bettani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettani"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tanoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanoli"},{"link_name":"Suba Khan Tanoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suba_Khan_Tanoli"},{"link_name":"Durrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_Empire"},{"link_name":"Third Battle of Panipat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"James Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abbott_(Indian_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Buner District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buner_District"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ranjit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singh"},{"link_name":"Claude Auguste Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nawabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Field_Marshal_Sir_Claude_John_Eyre_Auchinleck,_Commander_in_Chief_of_India_reviewing_Tanoli_soldiers_from_Amb_State_Guard,_Darband,_1941.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sir Claude John Eyre Auchinleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Claude_John_Eyre_Auchinleck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nawab_Mohammad_Khan_Zaman_Khan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sir Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Zaman_Khan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1917_Darband,_SIR_GEORGE_ROOSE_KEPPEL,_SAHIBAZADA_SIR_ABDUL_QAYUM.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sir Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Zaman_Khan"},{"link_name":"Sir George Roos-Keppel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Roos-Keppel"},{"link_name":"Sahibzada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahibzada"},{"link_name":"Sir Abdul Qayyum Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahibzada_Abdul_Qayyum"},{"link_name":"Nawabzada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawabzada"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Farid_Khan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nawabzada_Mohammad_Ismail_Khan_Of_Amb_State.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islamia_College_Peshawar_(Public_Sector_University),_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa,_Pakistan_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Islamia college Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamia_College_University"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Zaman_Khan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shergarh_Fort.jpg"}],"text":"Amb state, once known as Mulk-e-Tanawal (country/area of Tanawal), was the home of the Tanoli.[2][3] The region's early history dates back to the Mughal Empire, when around year 1647, the Tanoli tribe conquered and settled by the Indus River, surrounded by wide area, which came to be known as Tanawal. Before Tanawal, it was known as the Pakhli Sultanate (Karluks Turk), which ruled over Hazara, who came to Timur around 1380 to 1390. This was the only state of the Mughal Empire which did not pay tax to Delhi. The rule of the Karluks ended when the Swatis arrived. The last Karluks ruler was Sultan Mehmood Khurd, [citation needed] accordingly the start of Tanoli's rule.[4][8] The ancestry can be traced back to the Ghilji who are the descendants of Bettani.[9] When the Durrani tribe arrived in India, the Tanoli chieftain Suba Khan Tanoli accepted Durrani rule in 1755 and helped the empire during the Third Battle of Panipat.[10][citation needed]In 1854, the British frontier officer General James Abbott postulated that Aornos was located on the Mahaban range, south of modern Buner District.[citation needed] In 1839, he proposed to recognise Embolina, as had Ranjit Singh's mercenary General Claude Auguste Court, as the village of Amb situated on the right bank of the Indus eight miles east of Mahaban.[citation needed] This became the location from which it is thought that the Nawabs of Amb took their title in later years.[11]The army of Amb state get trained by Sir Claude John Eyre Auchinleck.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNawab Sir Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli, Nawab of Amb. At Darband, Amb State, 1923\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThis picture is from 1917, Darband. In this photo: Nawab Sir Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli (seated second from left), Sir George Roos-Keppel (seated third from left), Sahibzada Sir Abdul Qayyum Khan (seated first from right). (Sitting ground centre) Nawabzada Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli (son and successor of Nawab Sir Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan of Amb)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStanding, left to right: Doctor Masdar Ali (Physician of the Nawab of Amb), some servants of the Nawab of Amb) Sitting: Nawabzada Mohammad Ismail Khan Tanoli of Chanser and brother of Nawab Khan i Zaman Khan Tanoli\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIslamia college Peshawar Made by Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShergarh fort is the last standing fort of the Nawab of Amb.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pashtuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pub._Rawalpindi_2001,_pp.244-3"},{"link_name":"Ghazni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soldier_Sahibs-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syed_Murad_Ali_1975,_pp.84-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pub._Rawalpindi_2001,_pp.244-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darband_1948,_Governer_frontier_and_PM.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sahibzada Mohammad Khurshid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahibzada_Mohammad_Khurshid"},{"link_name":"Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawabzada_Liaquat_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Farid_Khan"},{"link_name":"Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begum_Ra%27ana_Liaquat_Ali_Khan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nawabzada_Mohammad_Ismail_Khan_Of_Amb_State1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nawab_Muahammad_Saeed_Khan.JPG"}],"text":"The Tanoli describe themselves as Pashtuns[3] from the Ghazni area, .[12] The Tanoli submitted to British colonial rule in the 1840s.[1][2][3]In this picture seated (left to right): Sahibzada Mohammad Khurshid (first Pakistani Governor of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan), Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (Liāqat Alī Khān) (Urdu: لیاقت علی خان) listen (help·info) (2 October 1896 – 16 October 1951) the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawab Sir Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli (Nawab of Amb) and Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan (wife of Liaquat Ali Khan. Darband, Amb State, 1949.Nawabzada Mohammad Ismail Khan Tanoli, Son of Nawab Sir Mohammad Akram Khan Tanoli, at Delhi Durbaar, Delhi 1911.Nawab Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli","title":"Descent and ruling dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chief of the Hazara region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Sikh Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire"},{"link_name":"Durrani Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_Empire"},{"link_name":"Azim Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azim_Khan"},{"link_name":"Stratagem of Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratagem_of_Peshawar_(Jamrud_Fort_1818)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Durrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_Empire"},{"link_name":"Azim Khan's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azim_Khan"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Tanwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Azim Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azim_Khan"},{"link_name":"Tanwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Painda Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Painda_Khan"},{"link_name":"Maddad Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddad_Khan_Tanoli"},{"link_name":"Sikhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs"},{"link_name":"Durrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Nawab Khan Tanoli","text":"Mir Nawab Khan Tanoli was the ruler of The Tanawal valley and the Chief of the Hazara region from circa 1810 until he died in 1818. During his rule, he faced many attacks from the Sikh Empire and Durrani Empire, resulting in a significant loss of territory. He was 26 years old, when he was assassinated by Azim Khan on October 13, 1818 in the Stratagem of Peshawar.[citation needed]The main reason for the war is that Mir Nawab Khan defied Durrani and the other main reason was that, when Azim Khan's mother was traveling to Kashmir via Tanwal, Nawab Khan's soldier collected the taxes from her. Azim Khan then traveled through Tanwal and then Nawab Khan's soldiers collected taxes through Azim Khan as well. After Azim Khan took the complaint to the Afghan court, the Afghan Ruler of that time immediately sent his army.[citation needed]Nawab Khan Tanoli's sons, Painda Khan and Maddad Khan began the series of rebellion against the Sikhs and Durrani, which continued throughout his lifetime.[citation needed]","title":"Descent and ruling dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Painda Khan Tanoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Painda_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ranjit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singh"},{"link_name":"Hazara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Mir Nawab Khan Tanoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Nawab_Khan_Tanoli"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sikhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs"},{"link_name":"Hari Singh Nalwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa"},{"link_name":"Phulra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phulra"},{"link_name":"Maddad Khan Tanoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddad_Khan_Tanoli"},{"link_name":"Agror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agror"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Painda Khan Tanoli","text":"From about 1813, Painda Khan Tanoli is famed for his staunch rebellion against Maharaja Ranjit Singh's governors of Hazara. He was the son of Mir Nawab Khan Tanoli.[citation needed]From about 1813, Painda Khan Tanoli engaged in a lifelong rebellion against the Sikhs, who, realizing the potential dangers of his rebellion, set up forts at strategic locations to keep him in check. Hari Singh Nalwa took this initiative during his governorship. To consolidate his hold on Tanawal and to unite the Tanoli people, Tanoli first had to contend with his major rivals within the tribe itself, that is, the chiefs of the Suba Khani/Pallal Khel section, whom he subdued after a bitter struggle.Tanoli set the tone for regional resistance in Upper Hazara against Sikh rule. In 1828, he created and gifted the smaller neighbouring state of Phulra to his younger brother Maddad Khan Tanoli.Painda Khan briefly took over the valley of Agror in 1834. Agror was restored to Ata Muhammad Khan, the chief of that area, a descendant of Akhund Ahmed Sad-ud-din.[13][citation needed]","title":"Descent and ruling dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kala Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Black Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Mountain_tribes"},{"link_name":"First Black Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Black_Mountain_Expedition"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sir John Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)"},{"link_name":"Haripur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripur,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Jehandad Khan Tanoli","text":"He was the son of Mir Painda Khan Tanoli. In 1852, Jehandad Khan Tanoli was summoned by the President of the Board of Administration about a murder enquiry of two British officers, supposedly on his lands.[citation needed] In fact, this was related to the murder of two British salt tax collectors by some tribesmen in the neighbouring Kala Dhaka or Black Mountain area, which eventually led to the punitive First Black Mountain campaign/expedition of 1852.[citation needed] The Board of Administration President was Sir John Lawrence (later the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab), and he visited Haripur, in Hazara, where he invited many Hazara chiefs to see him on various matters, at a general Durbar.[citation needed][14] Jehandad Khan Tanoli succeeded in establishing his innocence and consolidated his position.[citation needed]Jahandad Khan Tanoli's relationship with British India is summed in the following lines in a letter dated 8 January 1859 from R. Temple, Secretary to the Punjab Chief Commissioner, addressed to the Punjab Financial Commissioner: \"'5.[citation needed] The term \"Jagir\" has never appeared to me applicable in any sense to this [Jehandad Khan's] hereditary domain [Upper Tannowul], for it was never granted as such by the Sikhs or by our Government; we upheld the Khan as we found him in his position as a feudal lord and large proprietor.'Jehandad's son, Nawab Bahadur Sir Muhammed Akram Khan Tanoli, was given the title of Nawab (Sovereign Ruler) in perpetuity by the British.[citation needed]","title":"Descent and ruling dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KCSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India"},{"link_name":"Shergarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shergarh,_Punjab"},{"link_name":"Shahkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahkot,_India"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Muhammad Akram Khan Tanoli","text":"The next chief of the Tanoli, a son of Jahandad Khan Tanoli, was Akram Khan Tanoli KCSI 68–1907). He was a popular chief. During his tenure, the fort at Shergarh was built along with forts in Dogah and Shahkot. His rule was a peaceful time for Tanawal. He opposed construction of schools in the state, on advice given by British.[citation needed]","title":"Descent and ruling dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli","text":"Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli succeeded his father, taking over the reins of power in Tanawal in Amb. He helped the British in carrying out the later Black Mountain (Kala Dhaka/Tor Ghar) expeditions.[citation needed]","title":"Descent and ruling dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali Jinnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah"},{"link_name":"Liaqat Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Instrument of Accession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession"},{"link_name":"Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli","text":"Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli had good relations with Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaqat Ali Khan. His contributions to the Pakistan movement have been acknowledged by letters from Jinnah.[7][15] In 1947, he acceded his state to Pakistan by signing the Instrument of Accession in favour of Pakistan. In 1969, the state was incorporated into the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa) and in 1972, the Government of Pakistan ceased to recognise the royal status of the Nawab.[citation needed]","title":"Descent and ruling dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burn Hall School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_Hall_School"},{"link_name":"Abbottabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad"},{"link_name":"Army Burn Hall College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Burn_Hall_College"},{"link_name":"Gordon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_College_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Rawalpindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli","text":"Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli, son of Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli, the last nawab of Amb, studied at the Burn Hall School in Abbottabad (now the Army Burn Hall College) and the Gordon College in Rawalpindi.[16] Nawab Saeed Khan Tanoli ruled for a period of three years.","title":"Descent and ruling dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pakistan National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Nawaz Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Salahuddin Saeed Khan Tanoli","text":"Salahuddin Saeed Khan Tanoli is the present chief of Tanolis and the titular Nawab of Amb.[citation needed] He is the son of Nawab Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli. He holds the record as the youngest parliamentarian ever elected to the Pakistan National Assembly, and then went on to be elected five times to the Pakistan National Assembly (from 1985 to 1997), a feat achieved by only seven other Pakistani parliamentarians, including the former Pakistani prime minister, Nawaz Sharif.[17]","title":"Descent and ruling dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"All India Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Post"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Existing alongside British India were hundreds of princely states, some 565[citation needed] in all, but most of them did not issue postage stamps. Only around forty of the states issued their own postage stamps, and Amb State was one of them, having its own postal service. The rest used the stamps of the All India Postal Service.[citation needed]","title":"Amb State Postal Service and Passport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mansehra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansehra"},{"link_name":"Torghar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torghar_District"},{"link_name":"Haripur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripur_District"},{"link_name":"Bandi Shungli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandi_Shungli"},{"link_name":"Shergarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shergarh,_Mansehra"},{"link_name":"Karorri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karorri"},{"link_name":"Nika Pani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nika_Pani"},{"link_name":"Darband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darband,_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"Swan Miara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Miara"},{"link_name":"Lassan Nawab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassan_Nawab"},{"link_name":"Perhinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhinna"},{"link_name":"Phulrra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phulrra"},{"link_name":"Baitgali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitgali"},{"link_name":"Nara AmaNara Amazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_Amaz"},{"link_name":"Kalinjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinjar,_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer,_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Amb_(princely_state)#Dubious"}],"text":"The state consists of the following present day Union Councils of Mansehra, Torghar, and Haripur Districts:The Mansehra and Torghar districts include Bandi Shungli, Shergarh, Karorri, Nika Pani, Darband, Dara Shanaya, Swan Miara, Lassan Nawab, Perhinna, Phulrra, Jhokan, and Palsala. The Haripur district includes Baitgali, Nara AmaNara Amazz, Kalinjar, and Beer.[dubious – discuss]","title":"Present geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Politics of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"History of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"List of Indian princely states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_princely_states"},{"link_name":"Shergarh, Tanawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shergarh,_Tanawal"}],"text":"Politics of Pakistan\nBritish Raj\nHistory of Pakistan\nList of Indian princely states\nShergarh, Tanawal","title":"Also read"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/The_procession_of_Yusef_Ali_Khan.jpg/100px-The_procession_of_Yusef_Ali_Khan.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/This_image_was_the_ruler_of_Amb_State._Nawab_Akram_Khan.jpg/100px-This_image_was_the_ruler_of_Amb_State._Nawab_Akram_Khan.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nawab_Sir_Khan_Zaman_Khan_of_Amb..png/100px-Nawab_Sir_Khan_Zaman_Khan_of_Amb..png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/Darband_1948%2C_Governer_frontier_and_PM.jpg/100px-Darband_1948%2C_Governer_frontier_and_PM.jpg"},{"image_text":"Right from Fourth Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia when he was the Governor of Mecca right from third Qatar Rulers somewhere or Left from Third Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah Prime Minister of Amb State Left from Second Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah Left from first Safiullah Khan Tanoli and Governor of Madina at Sethana Palace Darband in 1923.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Syed_Jabbar_Shah.jpg/220px-Syed_Jabbar_Shah.jpg"},{"image_text":"In this picture seated (left to right): Sahibzada Mohammad Khurshid (first Pakistani Governor of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan), Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (Liāqat Alī Khān) (Urdu: لیاقت علی خان) listen (help·info) (2 October 1896 – 16 October 1951) the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawab Sir Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli (Nawab of Amb) and Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan (wife of Liaquat Ali Khan. Darband, Amb State, 1949.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/Darband_1948%2C_Governer_frontier_and_PM.jpg/400px-Darband_1948%2C_Governer_frontier_and_PM.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nawabzada Mohammad Ismail Khan Tanoli, Son of Nawab Sir Mohammad Akram Khan Tanoli, at Delhi Durbaar, Delhi 1911.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nawabzada_Mohammad_Ismail_Khan_Of_Amb_State1.jpg/200px-Nawabzada_Mohammad_Ismail_Khan_Of_Amb_State1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nawab Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/38/Nawab_Muahammad_Saeed_Khan.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Allen, Charles (2012). Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-West Frontier. Hachette. p. 9. ISBN 9781848547209.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R6mLH_rImHYC&pg=PT96","url_text":"Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-West Frontier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848547209","url_text":"9781848547209"}]},{"reference":"Sir Albert James, Rikson (1933). Indian people (in English and Hindi) (1939 ed.). London: Alaf Roos. p. 134.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stein, Aurel (1929). On Alexander's Track to the Indus. Asian Publications. p. 125. ISBN 9780405089954.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurel_Stein","url_text":"Stein, Aurel"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fSpuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"On Alexander's Track to the Indus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780405089954","url_text":"9780405089954"}]},{"reference":"\"Herald\". Vol. 37, no. 4–6. 2006. p. 101. The Tanolis' own history classifies them conflictingly as either Pakhtuns from the vicinity of Ghazni or Turks of the Barlas sub-clan.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_(Pakistan)","url_text":"Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni","url_text":"Ghazni"}]},{"reference":"Sack, John (1959). Report from Practically Nowhere. New York: Curtis Publishing Company. p. 199.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sack","url_text":"Sack, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Report_from_Practically_Nowhere","url_text":"Report from Practically Nowhere"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Amb_(princely_state)¶ms=34_21_52.582_N_72_51_33.959_E_","external_links_name":"34°21′52.582″N 72°51′33.959″E / 34.36460611°N 72.85943306°E / 34.36460611; 72.85943306"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Amb%22+princely+state","external_links_name":"\"Amb\" princely state"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Amb%22+princely+state+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Amb%22+princely+state&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Amb%22+princely+state+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Amb%22+princely+state","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Amb%22+princely+state&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Amb_(princely_state)¶ms=34_21_52.582_N_72_51_33.959_E_","external_links_name":"34°21′52.582″N 72°51′33.959″E / 34.36460611°N 72.85943306°E / 34.36460611; 72.85943306"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R6mLH_rImHYC&pg=PT96","external_links_name":"Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-West Frontier"},{"Link":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_324.gif","external_links_name":"Pakhli. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tompkins | David Tompkins | ["1 Early life and family","2 Career","3 Honours and awards","4 Later life","5 References"] | New Zealand judge (1929–2023)
The HonourableSir David TompkinsKNZM KC5th Chancellor of the University of WaikatoIn office1981–1985Preceded byDoug ArcusSucceeded byHenry BennettJudge of the High CourtIn office1983–1997
Personal detailsBornDavid Lance Tompkins(1929-07-26)26 July 1929Hamilton, New ZealandDied1 July 2023(2023-07-01) (aged 93)Spouse
Felicity Faris
(m. 1956; died 2019)Children3RelativesLance Tompkins (father)Arthur Tompkins (son)Helen Crabb (great-aunt)Priscilla Crabb (great-grandmother)Alma materAuckland University CollegeProfessionLawyer
Sir David Lance Tompkins KNZM KC (26 July 1929 – 1 July 2023) was a New Zealand lawyer and jurist. He served as a judge of the High Court of New Zealand from 1983 to 1997 and on the benches of the Courts of Appeal of Tonga and Fiji. He was chancellor of the University of Waikato between 1981 and 1985.
Early life and family
Tompkins was born in Hamilton on 26 July 1929, the son of Arthur Lance Tompkins and Marjorie Rees Tompkins (née Manning). His maternal grandfather was Arthur Edwards Manning who served as mayor of Hamilton from 1912 to 1915, and his paternal great-aunt was the artist Helen Crabb. He was educated at Southwell School in Hamilton from 1939 to 1942, and King's College, Auckland from 1943 to 1946. He went on to study law at Auckland University College, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1952.
In 1956, Tompkins married Erica Lya Felicity Faris, and the couple had three children, including Arthur Tompkins, who was appointed a district court judge in 1997.
Career
Tompkins was a partner in the Hamilton legal firm of Tompkins Wake from 1953 to 1971 and continued practising as a barrister until 1983. He was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1974 and served as a judge of the Courts Martial Appeal Court between 1982 and 1983. In 1983, he was appointed to the bench of the High Court, serving as a judge until 1997, although he continued to serve after that as an acting judge. Between 1989 and 1992, he was executive judge of the High Court in Auckland, from 1995 he was a judge of the Court of Appeal of Tonga, and from 1997 a judge of the Court of Appeal of Fiji.
Tompkins was president of the Hamilton District Law Society between 1969 and 1971, and active in the New Zealand Law Society, serving as a council member from 1969 to 1971 and vice president from 1979 to 1981. He was also a LAWASIA council member between 1979 and 1981, and was chair of the Council of Legal Education from 1992 to 1998.
Outside of the legal sphere, Tompkins was president of Birthright Waikato in 1966, vice president then president of the Outward Bound Trust from 1981 to 1984, and chancellor of the University of Waikato from 1981 to 1985.
Honours and awards
In 1977, Tompkins was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal, and in 1990 he received the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. In the 1999 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services as a judge of the High Court and to the community.
In 1986, Tompkins was conferred with an honorary doctorate by the University of Waikato.
Later life
Tompkins' wife, Felicity, Lady Tompkins, died in 2019.
Tompkins died on 1 July 2023, aged 93.
References
^ a b c d e f g Taylor, Alister, ed. (2001). New Zealand Who's Who Aotearoa 2001. Auckland: Alister Taylor Publishers. p. 879. ISSN 1172-9813.
^ "Family of lawyers". University of Auckland. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^ a b "Weddings: Tompkins–Manning". Waikato Times. 10 April 1926. p. 15. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^ "Birth". Waikato Times. 26 July 1929. p. 6. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^ "Tompkins, Lance, 1895–1977: letters from Helen Crabb". Alexander Turnbull Library. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
^ "Former Chancellors of the University of Waikato". University of Waikato. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^ "Queen's Birthday honours list 1999 (including Niue)". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 7 June 1999. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^ "Honorary Doctors of the University of Waikato". University of Waikato. Archived from the original on 6 April 2001. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^ "Felicity Tompkins death notice". The New Zealand Herald. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^ "David Tompkins obituary". Waikato Times. 5 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KNZM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Companion_of_the_New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"KC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_King%27s_and_Queen%27s_Counsel_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"High Court of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Tonga"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Fiji"},{"link_name":"University of Waikato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waikato"}],"text":"Sir David Lance Tompkins KNZM KC (26 July 1929 – 1 July 2023) was a New Zealand lawyer and jurist. He served as a judge of the High Court of New Zealand from 1983 to 1997 and on the benches of the Courts of Appeal of Tonga and Fiji. 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He went on to study law at Auckland University College, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1952.[1]In 1956, Tompkins married Erica Lya Felicity Faris, and the couple had three children, including Arthur Tompkins, who was appointed a district court judge in 1997.[1]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tompkins Wake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompkins_Wake"},{"link_name":"Queen's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whos_who-1"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Law Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Law_Society"},{"link_name":"LAWASIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LAWASIA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whos_who-1"},{"link_name":"Outward Bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outward_Bound_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whos_who-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Tompkins was a partner in the Hamilton legal firm of Tompkins Wake from 1953 to 1971 and continued practising as a barrister until 1983. 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He was also a LAWASIA council member between 1979 and 1981, and was chair of the Council of Legal Education from 1992 to 1998.[1]Outside of the legal sphere, Tompkins was president of Birthright Waikato in 1966, vice president then president of the Outward Bound Trust from 1981 to 1984, and chancellor of the University of Waikato from 1981 to 1985.[1][6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Silver_Jubilee_Medal"},{"link_name":"New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_1990_Commemoration_Medal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whos_who-1"},{"link_name":"1999 Queen's Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Birthday_Honours_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Companion_of_the_New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 1977, Tompkins was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal, and in 1990 he received the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal.[1] In the 1999 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services as a judge of the High Court and to the community.[7]In 1986, Tompkins was conferred with an honorary doctorate by the University of Waikato.[8]","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Tompkins' wife, Felicity, Lady Tompkins, died in 2019.[9]Tompkins died on 1 July 2023, aged 93.[10]","title":"Later life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Taylor, Alister, ed. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saepinum | Saepinum | ["1 History","2 Archaeology","2.1 City wall","2.2 Gate","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°26′0″N 14°37′0″E / 41.43333°N 14.61667°E / 41.43333; 14.61667SaepinumRoman basilicaShown within ItalyLocationSepino, Province of Campobasso, Molise, ItalyCoordinates41°26′0″N 14°37′0″E / 41.43333°N 14.61667°E / 41.43333; 14.61667TypeSettlementHistoryPeriodsRoman Republic - Byzantine EmpireCulturesAncient RomeSite notesConditionRuinedOwnershipPublicManagementSoprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del MolisePublic accessYesWebsiteSito Archeologico di Sepino (in Italian)
Saepinum (modern Altilia, near Sepino) was a Samnite town, later a Roman municipium, located c. 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of the modern Campobasso in south central Italy. Saepinum was on the ancient road from Beneventum to Corfinium.
History
The position of the original town is on the mountain far above the Roman town, and remains of its walls in Cyclopean masonry still exist. It was captured by the Romans in 293 BC. The city walls (in opus reticulatum) of the Roman town were erected by Tiberius before he became emperor, and are dated to between 2 BC and 4 AD by an inscription. Within the city walls are remains of a theatre and other buildings, including temples of Jupiter and Apollo. There still exists, by the gate leading to Bovianum, an important inscription of about 168 AD, relating to the tratture (see Apulia) in Roman days, forbidding the natives to harm the shepherds who passed along them.
The presence of tombs from the 4th century within the city walls suggests that the city had been largely abandoned by that time. Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, Saepinum was taken in 882 by Saracens.
Archaeology
The archaeological area of Saepinum, approximately 12 hectares wide, is surrounded by a wall in which four monumental gates open, located at the entrance to the two main road arteries, each flanked by two circular towers. The layout of the walls and the orientation of the gates are dictated by the layout of the pre-existing main road system of the site, which then formed the cardo and the decumanus.
City wall
The perimeter of the walls is made up of a sequence of curtains, always rigidly rectilinear and of variable length, interrupted by circular towers arranged at a distance of 80 - 120 feet from each other.
Currently only part of the wall is exposed. Over the years, steps have been taken to restore and consolidate the structures brought to light, restoring some sections of elevation through the reuse of ancient collapsed material. In the sections not affected by the excavation, the route is marked by scattered cement cores and short sections of masonry. Overall, the city wall appears to be an accurate work of good military engineering. The material used is Matese limestone, cut into small blocks and shaped into the shape of small pyramids, with an undifferentiated, square or rectangular base. The facing of the curtains has a uniform thickness (approximately 1.80 m) and is woven with the reticulate technique, with a homogeneous cement mortar. The masonry is solid, with a height of approximately m. 4.80 and has a patrol path at the top. The quality of the weaving appears uniform and constant, and suggests a single construction phase.
The city wall is equipped with a system of circular towers, of which only nineteen towers remain visible, brought to light during the excavation campaign of the years 1950-1955. They protrude for about three meters both outside, towards the countryside, and inside, towards the city. The thickness of the external walls is greater than the internal one. They all have a diameter of approximately seven meters and a height of almost eleven, with an external facing in opus reticulatum. The structure of the towers is solidly interlocked with that of the curtains, and this demonstrates the contextual nature of the construction of the walls and towers. Three small slits, distributed on the external surface of the tower, guaranteed the defensive coverage of the area in front of the walls, three small windows were open on the internal side to control the urban area. Currently, only the basic structures remain of some towers, covered with ancient material mixed with backfill, of others, especially on the north-west side, part of the elevation has been rebuilt, recovering the ancient materials, and has been consolidated structure.
Gate
The four doors that open at the junction of the two main road arteries, the cardo and the decumanus, conventionally take their name based on their orientation; they repeat the same planimetric scheme in the layout, the classic one of the city gate with a single round arch, approximately m high. 4.80, closed by a sliding wooden shutter, operated from above, with two circular towers flanking the opening. Behind the door is the cavaedium, a rectangular security courtyard, built for obvious defensive needs, closed by walls, open to the sky, with a double door leading to the city. To the left of the door a stone staircase leads to the patrol walk on the city walls, and to the maneuvering room of the portcullis.
References
^ mdpi.com/2076-3263/10/6/225
^ a b This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Saepinum". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 994.
^ Purcell, N. "Places: 433073 (Saepinum)". Pleiades. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
^ CIL ix. 2438
^ Jeff Matthews, Saepinum Archived 2009-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Jeff Matthews, Saepinum
Travel journal with images of Saepinum ruins
Michael Frank, "A Rarity Among Roman Towns," New York Times, December 23, 1990, web: NYT-60
Purcell, N., R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies (22 December 2021). "Places: 433073 (Saepinum)". Pleiades. Retrieved March 8, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Authority control databases: Geographic
Pleiades
This article on a location in Molise is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sepino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepino"},{"link_name":"Samnite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnium"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"municipium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Campobasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campobasso"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Beneventum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevento"},{"link_name":"Corfinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfinium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Saepinum (modern Altilia, near Sepino) was a Samnite town, later a Roman municipium,[1] located c. 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of the modern Campobasso in south central Italy. Saepinum was on the ancient road from Beneventum to Corfinium.[2][3]","title":"Saepinum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"Bovianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovianum_Undecumanorum"},{"link_name":"Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Saracens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracens"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The position of the original town is on the mountain far above the Roman town, and remains of its walls in Cyclopean masonry still exist. It was captured by the Romans in 293 BC. The city walls (in opus reticulatum) of the Roman town were erected by Tiberius before he became emperor, and are dated to between 2 BC and 4 AD by an inscription. Within the city walls are remains of a theatre and other buildings, including temples of Jupiter and Apollo. There still exists, by the gate leading to Bovianum, an important inscription of about 168 AD, relating to the tratture (see Apulia) in Roman days, forbidding the natives to harm the shepherds who passed along them.[2][4]The presence of tombs from the 4th century within the city walls suggests that the city had been largely abandoned by that time. Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, Saepinum was taken in 882 by Saracens.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The archaeological area of Saepinum, approximately 12 hectares wide, is surrounded by a wall in which four monumental gates open, located at the entrance to the two main road arteries, each flanked by two circular towers. The layout of the walls and the orientation of the gates are dictated by the layout of the pre-existing main road system of the site, which then formed the cardo and the decumanus.","title":"Archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"City wall","text":"The perimeter of the walls is made up of a sequence of curtains, always rigidly rectilinear and of variable length, interrupted by circular towers arranged at a distance of 80 - 120 feet from each other.Currently only part of the wall is exposed. Over the years, steps have been taken to restore and consolidate the structures brought to light, restoring some sections of elevation through the reuse of ancient collapsed material. In the sections not affected by the excavation, the route is marked by scattered cement cores and short sections of masonry. Overall, the city wall appears to be an accurate work of good military engineering. The material used is Matese limestone, cut into small blocks and shaped into the shape of small pyramids, with an undifferentiated, square or rectangular base. The facing of the curtains has a uniform thickness (approximately 1.80 m) and is woven with the reticulate technique, with a homogeneous cement mortar. The masonry is solid, with a height of approximately m. 4.80 and has a patrol path at the top. The quality of the weaving appears uniform and constant, and suggests a single construction phase.The city wall is equipped with a system of circular towers, of which only nineteen towers remain visible, brought to light during the excavation campaign of the years 1950-1955. They protrude for about three meters both outside, towards the countryside, and inside, towards the city. The thickness of the external walls is greater than the internal one. They all have a diameter of approximately seven meters and a height of almost eleven, with an external facing in opus reticulatum. The structure of the towers is solidly interlocked with that of the curtains, and this demonstrates the contextual nature of the construction of the walls and towers. Three small slits, distributed on the external surface of the tower, guaranteed the defensive coverage of the area in front of the walls, three small windows were open on the internal side to control the urban area. Currently, only the basic structures remain of some towers, covered with ancient material mixed with backfill, of others, especially on the north-west side, part of the elevation has been rebuilt, recovering the ancient materials, and has been consolidated structure.","title":"Archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gate","text":"The four doors that open at the junction of the two main road arteries, the cardo and the decumanus, conventionally take their name based on their orientation; they repeat the same planimetric scheme in the layout, the classic one of the city gate with a single round arch, approximately m high. 4.80, closed by a sliding wooden shutter, operated from above, with two circular towers flanking the opening. Behind the door is the cavaedium, a rectangular security courtyard, built for obvious defensive needs, closed by walls, open to the sky, with a double door leading to the city. To the left of the door a stone staircase leads to the patrol walk on the city walls, and to the maneuvering room of the portcullis.","title":"Archaeology"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Saepinum\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 994.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Saepinum","url_text":"Saepinum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Purcell, N. \"Places: 433073 (Saepinum)\". Pleiades. Retrieved June 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/433073","url_text":"\"Places: 433073 (Saepinum)\""}]},{"reference":"Purcell, N., R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies (22 December 2021). \"Places: 433073 (Saepinum)\". Pleiades. Retrieved March 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/433073","url_text":"\"Places: 433073 (Saepinum)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saepinum¶ms=41_26_0_N_14_37_0_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°26′0″N 14°37′0″E / 41.43333°N 14.61667°E / 41.43333; 14.61667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saepinum¶ms=41_26_0_N_14_37_0_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°26′0″N 14°37′0″E / 41.43333°N 14.61667°E / 41.43333; 14.61667"},{"Link":"http://archeologicamolise.beniculturali.it/index.php?it/185/sepino-la-citt-romana","external_links_name":"Sito Archeologico di Sepino"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/433073","external_links_name":"\"Places: 433073 (Saepinum)\""},{"Link":"http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/sepino.html","external_links_name":"Saepinum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090826004331/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/sepino.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090826004331/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/sepino.html","external_links_name":"Saepinum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509081920/http://www.the-silk-route.co.uk/sitalyabruzzo.htm","external_links_name":"Travel journal with images of Saepinum ruins"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9C0CEED6113BF930A15751C1A966958260","external_links_name":"NYT-60"},{"Link":"http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/433073","external_links_name":"\"Places: 433073 (Saepinum)\""},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/433073","external_links_name":"Pleiades"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saepinum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen_Kotsoyev | Arsen Kotsoyev | ["1 Life","2 Work","3 External links"] | Arsen KotsoyevКоцойты АрсенBornJanuary 15, 1872Gizel, Terek OblastDiedFebruary 4, 1944(1944-02-04) (aged 72)VladikavkazPen nameA. K., Botash, XaboshOccupationProse writer, translator, opinion writerNationalityOssetian
Arsen Kotsoyev (Ossetian: Коцойты Арсен, romanized: Kocojty Arsen; January 15, 1872 - February 4, 1944) was one of the founders of Ossetic prose, who had a large influence on the formation of the modern Ossetic language and its functional styles. He participated in all of the first Ossetic periodicals, and was one of the most notable Ossetian publicists.
There are streets named after Kotsoyev in Vladikavkaz and Beslan. His writings are mainstays of school courses on Ossetian literature.
Life
Kotsoyev was born to a poor family in the Ossetian countryside (the village of Gizel, close to Vladikavkaz) in Terek Oblast. At the age of nine he was enrolled in the local school. There he found a large collection of books, which enriched his education. After school he studied at the Ardon Orthodox Seminary, but a sudden illness made him leave the seminary. He returned to Gizel and began writing short essays for newspapers of the North Caucasus. He also worked as a teacher at the local school.
In 1902 he took part in the uprising at Gizel, leading to his expulsion from the region. He chose to go to South Ossetia, where he continued to work as a teacher, and wrote short stories and essays.
In 1910 he began publishing a magazine called "Æфсир" (Æfsir, ear ) based in Tiflis (today's Tbilisi, Georgia). Only 14 issues were published, but it had an immense impact on Ossetian literature and journalism. Many famous works of Ossetian literature were first published in it.
In 1912 Kotsoyev moved to Saint Petersburg, where he worked in many places, including Vladimir Lenin's famous newspaper Pravda. Despite his rural origins, he knew Russian well enough to proofread Russian newspapers.
After the October Revolution, Kotsoyev's fame grew. He worked for various newspapers and magazines, and in education and related fields. He died in Vladikavkaz and was buried in the yard of the Literature Museum.
Work
Most of Kotsoyev's short stories are tragic, including stories about the severe traditions of the highlanders, such as "blood revenge" (vendetta), irad (bride money), and superstitions. He often wrote about traditional highland natives transplanted to a new, Europe-oriented world, and their fates.
Kotsoyev translated many works into Ossetic, including several stories by Pushkin.
External links
"Ювелир осетинского слова". Об Арсене Коцоеве (in Ossetian)
Коцойты Арсен. "Цыппар туалладжы" (in Ossetian)
A Collection of Russian translations of the stories by Kotsoyev (in Russian)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
2
WorldCat
National
United States
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ossetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetian_language"},{"link_name":"prose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose"},{"link_name":"Ossetic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetic_language"},{"link_name":"Vladikavkaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladikavkaz"},{"link_name":"Beslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beslan"}],"text":"Arsen Kotsoyev (Ossetian: Коцойты Арсен, romanized: Kocojty Arsen; January 15, 1872 - February 4, 1944) was one of the founders of Ossetic prose, who had a large influence on the formation of the modern Ossetic language and its functional styles. He participated in all of the first Ossetic periodicals, and was one of the most notable Ossetian publicists.There are streets named after Kotsoyev in Vladikavkaz and Beslan. His writings are mainstays of school courses on Ossetian literature.","title":"Arsen Kotsoyev"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gizel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prigorodny_District,_Republic_of_North_Ossetia-Alania"},{"link_name":"Terek Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terek_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardon,_Republic_of_North_Ossetia-Alania"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Tiflis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiflis"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Pravda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravda"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"}],"text":"Kotsoyev was born to a poor family in the Ossetian countryside (the village of Gizel, close to Vladikavkaz) in Terek Oblast. At the age of nine he was enrolled in the local school. There he found a large collection of books, which enriched his education. After school he studied at the Ardon Orthodox Seminary, but a sudden illness made him leave the seminary. He returned to Gizel and began writing short essays for newspapers of the North Caucasus. He also worked as a teacher at the local school.In 1902 he took part in the uprising at Gizel, leading to his expulsion from the region. He chose to go to South Ossetia, where he continued to work as a teacher, and wrote short stories and essays.In 1910 he began publishing a magazine called \"Æфсир\" (Æfsir, ear [of wheat]) based in Tiflis (today's Tbilisi, Georgia). Only 14 issues were published, but it had an immense impact on Ossetian literature and journalism. Many famous works of Ossetian literature were first published in it.In 1912 Kotsoyev moved to Saint Petersburg, where he worked in many places, including Vladimir Lenin's famous newspaper Pravda. Despite his rural origins, he knew Russian well enough to proofread Russian newspapers.After the October Revolution, Kotsoyev's fame grew. He worked for various newspapers and magazines, and in education and related fields. He died in Vladikavkaz and was buried in the yard of the Literature Museum.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blood revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_revenge"},{"link_name":"bride money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bride_money&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkin"}],"text":"Most of Kotsoyev's short stories are tragic, including stories about the severe traditions of the highlanders, such as \"blood revenge\" (vendetta), irad (bride money), and superstitions. He often wrote about traditional highland natives transplanted to a new, Europe-oriented world, and their fates.Kotsoyev translated many works into Ossetic, including several stories by Pushkin.","title":"Work"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080409163150/http://www.ossetia.ru/ir/arsen_kocojev_w","external_links_name":"\"Ювелир осетинского слова\". Об Арсене Коцоеве"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081220224933/http://www.ossetia.ru/ironau/4_tuallagy","external_links_name":"Коцойты Арсен. \"Цыппар туалладжы\""},{"Link":"http://biblio.darial-online.ru/text/Kotsoev/index_rus.shtml","external_links_name":"A Collection of Russian translations of the stories by Kotsoyev"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000056815517","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/84368010","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/66069526","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr7XgpbkvFMFcXvwkrjG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96064245","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20061216027&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-World_War_II_anti-fascism | Post–World War II anti-fascism | ["1 Europe","1.1 Germany","1.2 Ireland","1.3 Italy","1.4 Netherlands","1.5 Romania","1.6 United Kingdom","1.7 Sweden","1.8 Ukraine","2 Asia","2.1 Kashmir","2.2 Japan","3 United States","4 Syrian Civil War","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading"] | History of movements and networks opposing fascism after WWII
A red flag with modern Antifaschistische Aktion, commonly shortened to Antifa
Post–World War II anti-fascism, including antifa groups (/ˈæntifɑː, ænˈtiːfə/), anti-fascist movements and anti-fascist action networks, saw the development of political movements describing themselves as anti-fascist and in opposition to fascism. Those movements have been active in several countries in the aftermath of World War II during the second half of the 20th and early 21st century.
Europe
Defendants in the Nuremberg Trials - a judicial-political process intended to delegitimize Nazism, and Fascism more broadly, as criminal ideologies
The immediate aftermath of the Second World War saw Fascism and its ideological successors discredited as the ideologies of the defeated Axis powers, with eradication of Fascist ideologies a stated goal of the victorious Allies, culminating in processes like the Nuremberg trials and de-Nazification. The onset however, of the Cold War saw the urgency attached to these goals diminish in the face of superpower competition, and anti-fascist activities becoming less prominent.
Antifa graffiti in Rome: Nationalism is an easy illusion.
Antifascist sticker in Warsaw, Poland.
The appearance of rightist political parties and their upsurge since the dissolution of the Soviet Union has stimulated a corresponding growth of anti-fascist movements. In Germany Neo-Nazism was never eradicated, and former Nazis including Reinhard Gehlen and former chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger rose to positions of great power. The Freedom Party of Austria was founded by politicians including former Nazis in 1955. In France, where the far-right National Rally was founded in 1972. In post-WWII Great Britain, skinheads and football hooligans often promoted vehement racism; the English Defence League was founded in 2009. The Netherlands has seen the rise of a number of rightist parties, starting with the Centre Party, then the NVU, and then the PVV with Geert Wilders and the young Forum voor Democratie. The German right has grown rapidly since the Fall of the Berlin Wall, and the far-right party Alternative for Germany was founded in 2012, followed shortly thereafter by the anti-immigrant Pegida movement.
Germany
Main article: Antifa (Germany)
The historical seat of the Communist Party of Germany (Karl-Liebknecht-Haus) with prominently displayed logo of the Antifaschistische Aktion, 1932
After the defeat of Nazi Germany, groups called Antifaschistische Ausschüsse, Antifaschistische Kommittees or Antifaschistische Aktion, all typically abbreviated to Antifa, spontaneously re-emerged in Germany in 1944, mainly involving veterans of pre-war KPD, KPO and SPD politics as well as some members of other democratic political parties and the Confessing Church, which had opposed the Nazi co-optation of the Lutheran Church during the 1930s and 1940s. Communists tended to make up at least half of the committees. In the western zones, these anti-fascist committees began to recede by the late summer of 1945, marginalized by Allied bans on political organization and by re-emerging divisions between Communists and others and the emerging state doctrine of anti-communism in what became West Germany. In East Germany, the Antifa groups were absorbed into the new Stalinist state.
The subsequent post-war history of the anti-fascist movement in Germany includes two distinct traditions, an East German tradition and a tradition that arose in West Germany during the 1970s, both drawing inspiration from the Antifa committees and from the earlier Antifaschistische Aktion of the Weimar Republic. According to German government institutions the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution and the Federal Agency for Civic Education, the contemporary Antifa or anti-fascist movement in Germany—the terms are often used interchangeably in German—is composed of multiple far-left, autonomous, militant groups and individuals who describe themselves as anti-fascist. The use of the epithet fascist against opponents and the understanding of capitalism as a form of fascism are central to the movement. According to political scientist and Christian Democratic Union politician Tim Peters, the term anti-fascism is primarily used by the far left in contemporary Germany.
In Communist East Germany, "anti-fascism" as interpreted within the Communist movement was part of the official ideology and language of the Communist state, and the original Antifaschistische Aktion ("Anti-Fascist Action") of the Communist Party of Germany was considered an important part of the heritage of the governing Socialist Unity Party of Germany; Eckhard Jesse, director of the Hannah Arendt Institute for the Research on Totalitarianism, notes that the term "anti-fascism" was ubiquitous in the language of the East German Communist party, and used to justify repression such as the crackdown on the East German uprising of 1953. "Antifascism" in East Germany generally meant the struggle against the western world and NATO in general, and against the western-backed Federal Republic of Germany and its main ally the United States in particular, which were seen as the main fascist forces in the world by the East German Communist party. For example, from 1961 to 1989, the East German regime used the term "Anti-Fascist Protection Wall" (German: Antifaschistischer Schutzwall) as the official name for the Berlin Wall.
The modern German Antifa movement ultimately has its origins in West Germany, in the student-based Außerparlamentarische Opposition (extra-parliamentary opposition) of the 1960s and early 1970s which opposed the alleged "fascism" of the West German government. Major factors that formed the backdrop of this movement were criticism of the Vietnam War and the United States, students' anti-authoritarian rebellion against their parents' generation, criticism of professors' dominance of universities and continuity of the societal relations of power, especially the continuity in the civil service since the Nazi era, and the criticism of the centre-left SPD by those to the left of the SPD. The modern movement largely adopted the aesthetics of the Antifaschistische Aktion during the late Weimar Republic, including the abbreviated name Antifa and a version of its logo, while being ideologically somewhat dissimilar. The first Antifa groups in this tradition were founded by the Maoist Communist League in the early 1970s. Antifa women, dissatisfied with observed sexism in the movement, created the feminist offshoot Fantifa in 1985. From the late 1980s, West Germany's squatter scene and left-wing autonomism movement were the main contributors to the new Antifa movement and in contrast to the earlier movement had a more anarcho-communist leaning. The modern movement has splintered into different groups and factions, including one anti-imperialist and anti-Zionist faction and one anti-German faction who strongly oppose each other. German government institutions describe the contemporary Antifa movement as part of the extreme left and as partially violent, and Antifa groups are monitored by the federal office in the context of its legal mandate to combat extremism; the federal office states that the underlying goal of the Antifa movement is "the struggle against the liberal democratic basic order" and capitalism.
Ireland
Antifa graffito in Longford, Ireland; it incorporates the Starry Plough, a traditional Irish left-wing symbol. Jonathan Arlow has written that "a close cultural lineage between elements within the left and a past revolutionary tradition will increase the appeal of anti-fascist activism among left-wing activists."
Anti-fascist groups have emerged in the Republic of Ireland to oppose far-right and alt-right groups such as the National Party, Irish Freedom Party, Identity Ireland and Pegida Ireland, which lack significant public or electoral support but stage occasional rallies and are active online.
Anti-Fascist Action (AFA) Ireland is one group, while an alliance called Le Chéile (Irish: "together") was founded in 2020 to combat the far-right.
PhD student Jonathan Arlow has written on the topic, saying "in the absence of effective extreme right forces, anti-fascism acts as a form of prophylactic action. In effect, the aim of this activism is to deny political space to extreme right micro groups before they become a popular force or a more serious political threat."
Italy
Anti-fascist demonstration at Porta San Paolo in Rome, Italy, on the occasion of the Liberation Day on 25 April 2013
Today's Italian constitution is the result from the work of a Constituent Assembly formed by the representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the liberation of Italy.
Liberation Day is a national holiday in Italy that commemorates the victory of the Italian resistance movement against Nazi Germany and the Italian Social Republic, puppet state of the Nazis and rump state of the fascists, in the Italian Civil War, a civil war in Italy fought during World War II, which takes place on 25 April. The date was chosen by convention, as it was the day of the year 1945 when the National Liberation Committee of Upper Italy (CLNAI) officially proclaimed the insurgency in a radio announcement, propounding the seizure of power by the CLNAI and proclaiming the death sentence for all fascist leaders (including Benito Mussolini, who was shot three days later).
ANPI logo
Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia (ANPI; "National Association of Italian Partisans") is an association founded by participants of the Italian resistance against the Italian Fascist regime and the subsequent Nazi occupation during World War II. ANPI was founded in Rome in 1944 while the war continued in northern Italy. It was constituted as a charitable foundation on 5 April 1945. It persists due to the activity of its antifascist members. ANPI's objectives are the maintenance of the historical role of the partisan war by means of research and the collection of personal stories. Its goals are a continued defense against historical revisionism and the ideal and ethical support of the high values of freedom and democracy expressed in the 1948 constitution, in which the ideals of the Italian resistance were collected. Since 2008, every two years ANPI organizes its national festival. During the event, meetings, debates, and musical concerts that focus on antifascism, peace, and democracy are organized.
Bella ciao (instrumental only version)
Bella ciao (Italian pronunciation: ; "Goodbye beautiful") is an Italian folk song modified and adopted as an anthem of the Italian resistance movement by the partisans who opposed nazism and fascism, and fought against the occupying forces of Nazi Germany, who were allied with the fascist and collaborationist Italian Social Republic between 1943 and 1945 during the Italian Civil War. Versions of this Italian anti-fascist song continue to be sung worldwide as a hymn of freedom and resistance. As an internationally known hymn of freedom, it was intoned at many historic and revolutionary events. The song originally aligned itself with Italian partisans fighting against Nazi German occupation troops, but has since become to merely stand for the inherent rights of all people to be liberated from tyranny.
Netherlands
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A well-known Dutch anti-fascist research group is the anti-fascist research group Kafka. The Netherlands also has several chapters of the international network Anti-Fascist Action (AFA / Antifa). Another anti-fascist association in the Netherlands is AFVN / Bond van Anti-fascisten (Dutch League of Former Resistants and Anti-Fascists), founded in 1968 by Communist resistance fighters from the Second World War, to warn against resurging fascism. From 2000 onwards, the AFVN protested several fascist-inspired events and phenomena. The re-appearance of a Dutch opera-singer Johannes Heesters, who performed for the Nazis and was even photographed when visiting Dachau concentration camp and befriending SS-officers, led to loud protest that were nationally published.
The AFVN has had numerous successes, although the group remains relatively small. It effectively uses publicity as its main tool of influence. Some of the actions and events include the following:
protesting a yearly commemoration of Nazi-graves on the day of national remembrance of the war dead, the 4th of May in Vorden; this remembrance was stopped
protesting commemorations by the German ambassador and members of the Bundeswehr at the Ysselsteyn German war cemetery, the largest in Europa containing about 31,000 Nazi-soldiers, SS and Dutch war criminal; after a petition and support from Jewish organisations such as Zentralrat der Juden in Berlin and Beate Klarsfeld and the management of Dachau concentration camp the ambassador relented in 2020
protesting the selling of Nazi-items at dedicated trade fairs and by Dutch eBay subsidiary Marktplaats.nl; Marktplaats has since banished the sale of any item containing swastikas; two of these fairs closed
protesting the sale of anti-semitic books by Dutch Ahold Delhaize subsidiary Bol.nl; these sales were halted
protesting the sale of two books containing extensive falsehoods on WW-II or the resistance and/or anti-Semitic utterances, namely the SS-admiring 'De SS'ers' ('The SS') by Armando and Sleutelaar and 'Grijs Verleden' ('Grey Past') by C. van der Heyden
the commemoration of the so-called February strike against persecution of Jews in the region of Hilversum since 2015;
protesting the commemoration of fallen Dutch aggressors from the Indonesian War of Independence from 1947 till 1950 in Roermond
protesting the unwarranted honoring the writer Armando, author of the SS-admiring book 'De SS'ers' in former Amersfoort concentration camp; the event was canceled.
The AFVN is a member of the Féd. Int. des Résistants FIR.
Some of the AFA-groups are more active then others. The AFA-Fryslân (Frisia) is regionally one of the most active, especially combating the Dutch extreme right and their parties, such as the PVV and Forum voor Democratie. AFA-Fryslân regularly cooperates with the AFVN.
Another relatively successful venture is the yearly anti-discrimination march in Amsterdam on 21 March, organised by a coalition of 15 progressive groups. The coalition is named '21 Maart Tegen Racisme' ('21 March Against Racism').
Some of the Dutch anti-fascists, mostly of so-called 'autonomous' groups, but not Kafka or the AFVN, regard physical violence as a legitimate means of action. An example of this was the violent disruption of the reconciliation meeting between Hans Janmaat and the Center Party on March 29, 1986, in a hotel in Kedichem. The meeting was disrupted by radical, anti-fascist activists who set the hotel on fire. Janmaat's life partner Wil Schuurman became permanently disabled because she after jumping out of a window on the first floor, one of her legs had to be amputated.
Romania
Main article: Anti-Fascist Committee of German Workers in Romania
The Anti-Fascist Committee of German Workers in Romania was an organization for ethnic Germans in Romania. Emmerich Stoffel was the chairman of the Committee and Philipp Geltz its secretary. The committee was based in Bucharest and published the newspaper Neuer Weg ('New Path'). By the late 1940s the post-Second World War wave of discriminations against the German minority in Romania had subdued. At its meeting in December 1948, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers Party adopted a 'Resolution of the National Question' which outlined the need for the formation of a German Anti-Fascist Committee and a German-language newspaper. The Anti-Fascist Committee of German Workers in Romania was founded in March 1949 by a number of ethnic German party members, along with its organ Neuer Weg.
United Kingdom
After World War II, Jewish war veterans in the 43 Group continued the tradition of militant confrontations with Oswald Mosley's Union Movement. In the 1960s, the 62 Group continued the struggle against neo-Nazis.
In the 1970s, fascist and far-right parties such as the National Front (NF) and British Movement (BM) were making significant gains electorally, and were increasingly bold in their public appearances. This was challenged in 1977 with the Battle of Lewisham, when thousands of people disrupted an NF march in South London. Soon after, the Anti-Nazi League (ANL) was launched by the Socialist Workers Party (SWP). The ANL had a large-scale propaganda campaign and squads that attacked NF meetings and paper sales. The success of the ANL's campaigns contributed to the end of the NF's period of growth. During this period, there were also a number of black-led anti-fascist organizations, including the Campaign Against Racism and Fascism (CARF) and local groups like the Newham Monitoring Project.
The SWP disbanded the ANL in 1981, but many squad members refused to stop their activities. They were expelled from the SWP in 1981, many going on to found Red Action. The SWP used the term squadism to dismiss these militant anti-fascists as thugs. In 1985, some members of Red Action and the anarcho-syndicalist Direct Action Movement launched Anti-Fascist Action (AFA). Their founding document said "we are not fighting Fascism to maintain the status quo but to defend the interests of the working class". Thousands of people took part in AFA mobilizations, such as Remembrance Day demonstrations in 1986 and 1987, the Unity Carnival, the Battle of Cable Street's 55th anniversary march in 1991, and the Battle of Waterloo against Blood and Honour in 1992. After 1995, some AFA mobilizations still occurred, such as against the NF in Dover in 1997 and 1998. However, AFA wound down its national organization and some of its branches and had ceased to exist nationally by 2001.
There was a surge in fascist activity across Europe from 1989 to 1992 after the collapse of Communism. In 1991, the Campaign Against Fascism in Europe (CAFE) coordinated a large militant protest against the visit to London by French right-wing leader, Jean-Marie Le Pen. This sparked a surge in anti-fascist organizations throughout Europe. In the UK alone, in 1992 a number of left-wing groups formed anti-fascist front organizations, such as a re-launched ANL in 1992, the Socialist Party's Youth against Racism in Europe YRE, and the Revolutionary Communist Party's Workers Against Racism. A number of black-led organizations, along with the Labour Party Black Sections and the National Black Caucus, formed the Anti-Racist Alliance in 1991, which eventually became the National Assembly Against Racism.
The magazine Searchlight was founded in 1975. The group founded Hope not Hate in 2004, which became independent in 2011.
In August 2018, the Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell called for a revival of "an Anti-Nazi League-type cultural and political campaign" following a number of far-right and racist incidents in the UK, including fascist attacks on a socialist bookshop by members of the far-right and UKIP, marches in favor of far-right activist Tommy Robinson and high-profile Islamophobia in the Conservative Party. This "welcome and timely" call to action was supported in a Guardian letter signed by the league's founders, which included former Labour minister Peter Hain, political activist Paul Holborow and leading musicians from Rock Against Racism.
Sweden
Main article: Antifascistisk Aktion
2007 photo of Antifa graffiti in Trnava, SlovakiaMilitant anti-fascism emerged in Sweden in the early 1990s, in particular around the yearly November 30 protests in Lund and Stockholm propelled by blockades of neo-nazi marches in both cities in 1991. The main militant antifascist group in the country was the Antifascistisk Aktion (AFA), founded in Sweden in 1993 with as many as 20 branches in the late 1990s. It was inspired by a group with the same name that had started in Copenhagen in 1991 and British groups with similar names from the 1980s. The early tactics mainly focused on large demonstrations, in particular blockades of marches inspired by the 30th November events in Lund between 1991 and 1993. In parts of Sweden where these actions were less anchored in memory culture, a more territorial repertoire of interpersonal violence instead dominated, particular in the late 1990s. It was in this period that AFA published a detailed Activity Guide describing tactical uses of violence against neo-Nazis. In the early 2000s Antifascist Action split, with the now defunct, more Marxist and Workerkist Revolutionära Fronten (The Revolutionary Front) forming out of remnants of its Gothenburg, Stockholm and Örebro branches. Since the late 2000s the type of militant street-based antifascism that AFA and Revolutionära Fronten represented has declined, in response to a more parliamentarian and online focus in the far right. This is evident by the very limited public role in many of the largest antifascist demonstrations in the 2010s, including the large 2018 Gothenburg blockade of the Nordic Resistance Movement, the massive Kärrtorp protest, and the massive 13.000 person strong demonstration in 2014 in response to the stabbing of Showan Shattak and three other antifascists in Malmö.
Ukraine
During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, many anti-fascists have fought to defend Ukraine against Russia, which they regard as an imperialist and fascistic state under Vladimir Putin (see Ruscism and Putinism). They founded the Resistance Committee, an anti-fascist unit of Ukraine's Territorial Defense Forces. One of its most prominent members was anarchist Dmitry Petrov. Another Ukrainian anti-fascist activist, Maksym Butkevych, fought Russian forces before being captured and held as a prisoner of war; Russian state media denounced him as a "Nazi".
A network of anti-fascist groups in Ukraine and Europe, the Solidarity Collectives, was set up to gather equipment to send to comrades fighting Russian forces.
The Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists is an anti-fascist militant group which is part of the Russian and Belarusian partisan movement. It supports Ukrainian resistance and opposes the Russian invasion by sabotaging railways and communications masts, and attacking army enlistment offices.
Asia
Kashmir
Main article: People's Anti-Fascist Front
In 2019, the Indian government which was led by the far right Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh party attempted an alleged demographic change in the disputed Indian Administered Kashmir region.
The harsh lockdown which followed was aimed to curb the Kashmiri locals protesting against the Indian government's decision. This led to the creation of local resistance groups like the People's Anti-Fascist Front whose goal is to prevent a situation similar to that of Palestine.
Japan
In 2013, when Counter-Racist Action Collective (C.R.A.C.), which had been counter-acting against the conservative group Zaitokukai, began to denounce Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as a "fascist," groups calling themselves "Antifa" appeared around them. In addition to Tokyo, Antifa also have appeared in Hokkaido, Shizuoka, Aichi, and Hiroshima prefectures.
They then promoted the Democratic Party's presidential election and participated in "Abe Out" demonstrations with liberals and opposition members of the Japanese Communist Party and the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan.
In 2020, the activities of Antifa increased. In February, those waving the flag of Antifa were identified among those who were counter-acting against Zaitokukai.
In May, Antifa also participated in the protest against the Abe Cabinet's coronavirus measures. In the protest, a foreign man was holding the Antifa flag, which was written in German as "ANTIFASCHISTSCHE AKTION."
On May 17, Antifa was among the organizers of a nationwide protest against the revision of the Public prosecutor's office Law.
When George Floyd protests occurred in the U.S. at the end of May, protest of "Black Lives Matter" were held in Tokyo and Osaka in June, and Antifa was also seen.
On May 30 and June 6, Antifa and others led the protest against the hate crime by the police around the Shibuya Police Department. George Floyd protests were also held at the same time, and many foreigners and opposition members of the Diet also participated in the protests.
Antifa's flag was raised, and there were arrests in the fight.
The incident began when a Kurdish man in Japan claimed to have been unfairly questioned by Metropolitan Police officers and subjected to violence. Mainichi Shimbun and Kyodo News reported this as a hate crime though the Metropolitan Police denied.
On June 10, the General Information Center for Foreign Residents of immigration bureaus across Japan received a "bomb threat" e-mail from a person claiming to be "Antifa" targeting the Immigration Bureau and the Shibuya Police Department for abusing foreigners.
However, on June 13, the Japanese Kurdish Cultural Association, which consists of Kurds, expressed a negative view of the protest claims on their official Facebook page. The association declared that they did not support the protest and did not take any part in it, and abandoned the said person, saying there was no room to defend his actions in light of Japanese laws and customs.
And the association announced that the demonstrators were not all involved in their usual protests against the crackdown on the Kurds or in their support activities.
They said that a less-than-justified demonstration like this seems to have encouraged prejudice against Kurdish residents in Japan. They also said it's strange that no Japanese major media have covered them at all on this matter.
United States
Main article: Antifa (United States)
After World War II, but prior to the development of the modern antifa movement, violent confrontations with Fascist elements happened sporadically in the United States. In 1958 over 500 Lumbee men armed with rocks, sticks and firearms attacked and disrupted a Ku Klux Klan rally, wounding several Klansmen in an event known as the Battle of Hayes Pond. In 1979 the Maoist Communist Workers' Party confronted a local Ku Klux Klan chapter, first by disrupting a screening of The Birth of a Nation in China Grove, North Carolina and later organizing a rally and a march against the Klan on November 3 called the "Death to the Klan March" by the CWP. The Maoists
distributed flyers that "called for radical, even violent opposition to the Klan", suggesting the Klan “should be physically beaten and chased out of town." In response, as the marchers collected, a caravan of ten cars (and a van) filled with an estimated 40 KKK and American Nazi Party members confronted the protesters, culminating in a shootout known as the Greensboro Massacre.
In the 2010s, self-described antifa groups have become increasingly active in Western Europe and North America. These loose collectives first arose in the early 2010s in response to growing nationalism in countries including the United States, United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany, and France. In the US, anti-fascist groups had existed since at least 1988 in the form of the Anti-Racist Action, but an American movement using the same name has become increasingly active since 2016, often affiliated with anarchism, and have become known for their clashes with far-right and alt-right groups. US anti-fascist activities have included violent disruptions and demonstrations which have drawn criticism from both sides of the mainstream political spectrum. Through their anarchist and anti-nationalist orientation, antifa groups have sometimes been linked to the punk subculture (including straight edge) both in the US and in Europe.
Syrian Civil War
British fighters of the International Freedom Battalion's 0161 Antifa Manchester Crew in Rojava
Hundreds of foreign Antifa leftists have joined the International Freedom Battalion (founded in 2015) of the People's Protection Units (YPG) in the region called Rojava by Kurdish militias, in the North and East of Syria, out of a mixture of opposition to the Islamic State during the Syrian Civil War and willingness to defend what they call "Rojava Revolution" against the Turkish military and the Syrian Arab Republic.
Gallery
Logo of Antifaschistische Aktion (1930s; Germany)
Logo of Antifaschistische Aktion (Germany)
Toilet brush symbol adopted for the Hamburg protests of the German Antifa, 2014
Logo of Antifascistische Aktie (Netherlands)
Polish logo of Akcja Antyfaszystowska
Antifascist Action logo seen in US
Logo of Sicilia Antifascista (Sicily)
Logo of Action Antifasciste Marseille (Marseille)
Logo of Union Antifasciste Toulousaine (Toulouse)
Logo of Action Antifasciste 06 (France)
Logo of Action Antifasciste 04 (France)
Logo of Antifascistisk Aksjon (Norway)
Logo of Antifa London (London)
Logo of Acción Antifascista (Spain)
The Three Arrows symbol is commonly used in the US antifa movement
See also
Black bloc
Diversity of tactics
References
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^ a b Yates, Will (20 February 2017). "America's extremist battle: antifa v alt-right". BBC News. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
^ a b Strickland, Patrick (21 February 2017). "US anti-fascists: 'We can make racists afraid again'". Aljazeera. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
^ Beinhart, Peter. "The Rise of the Violent Left". The Atlantic. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
^ "Behind Berkeley's Semester of Hate". New York Times. 4 August 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
^ "UK police arrest 12 at London protest, block clashes". Business Insider. 1 April 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
^ Osborne, Samuel (25 June 2017). "EDL and anti-fascists clash with police in London". Independent. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
^ Sheffield, Matthews (10 March 2017). "Anti-fascist radicals: Liberals don't realize the serious danger of the alt-right". Salon. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
^ Kuhn, Gabriel (2010). Sober Living for the Revolution: Hardcore Punk, Straight Edge, and Radical Politics. PM Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-1604860511. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
^ "Interview with YPG Commander Cihan Kendal". 19 September 2019. (2016)
^ The Untold Story of Syria's Antifa Platoon. How a ragtag crew of leftist revolutionaries and soldiers of fortune helped defeat ISIS. Rolling Stone (2018)
Further reading
Testa, M. (2017). "'A Good Deal of Disorder' or The Anarchists & Anti-Fascism In The UK". Anarchist Studies. 25 (2): 9–25. ISSN 0967-3393. ProQuest 2084393632.
vteFascismThemesCore tenets
Actual idealism
Aestheticization of politics
Anti-communism
Anti-intellectualism
Anti-materialism
Anti-pacifism
Authoritarianism
Chauvinism
Class collaboration
Conspiracism
Corporatism
Cult of personality
Dictatorship
Direct action
Dirigisme
Economic interventionism
Eugenics
Heroic capitalism
Heroic realism
Heroism
Imperialism
Indoctrination
Irrationalism
Machismo
Masculinity
Militarism
National syndicalism
Nationalism
Integral
Palingenetic
Ultra
New Man
One-party state
Perpetual war
Populism
Proletarian nation
Propaganda
Racism
Reactionary modernism
Social Darwinism
Social interventionism
Social order
State capitalism
Statolatry
Supercapitalism
Syncretism
Third Position
Totalitarianism
Topics
Definitions
Economics
Fascism and ideology
Fascism worldwide
Symbolism
Variants
Argentine
Nacionalismo
Orthodox Peronism
Austrian
Banderism
Brazilian
British
Christian (Christian Identity)
Clerical
Crypto
Eco
Falangism
Francoism
French
Révolution nationale
Hindutva
Hungarism
Hutu
Ilminism
Intransigent
Islamic
Italian
Jewish
Kahanism
Revisionist Maximalism
LaRoucheism
Mystical
Nazism
Austrian
Esoteric
Hitlerism
Neo-Nazism
Strasserism
Neo
Pan-Turkic
Rexism
Romanian
Legionarism
Neo-Legionarism
Romanianism/Stelism
Russian
Neo-Eurasianism
Sosism
Shōwa Statism
Restoration
Syndicalist
Syrian Social Nationalism
Techno
Third Positionism
National-anarchism
National Bolshevism
Nazi-Maoism
Ustašism
MovementsAfrica
Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
Greyshirts
Muslim Association of the Lictor
Ossewabrandwag
Young Egypt Party (1933)
Asia
Abhinav Bharat
Al-Muthanna Club
Aria Party
Azerbaijan National Democrat Party
Azure Party
Black Dragon Society
Blue Shirts Society
Brit HaBirionim
Concordia Association
Grey Wolves
Golden Square
Hindu Mahasabha
Iran-e-No Party
Jewish National Front
Kach
Kataeb Party
Kenkokukai
Kokumin Dōmei
Korea Nationalist Party
Korean National Youth Association
Lehi
Liberal Party (South Korea)
Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf
National Socialism Association
National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party
Nationalist Movement Party
Nationalist Task Party
National Will Party
Nation Party of Iran
New Life Movement
Otzma Yehudit
Pan-Iranist Party
Palestine Arab Party
Patrol 36
Progress Party (Iran)
Philippine Falange
Rastakhiz Party
Rastriya Prajatantra Party
Religious Zionist Party
Sakurakai
Sangh Parivar
Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal
Bharatiya Janata Party
Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
Bharatiya Jana Sangh
Bharatiya Kisan Sangh
Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh
Bharat Vikas Parishad
Ekal Vidyalaya
Hindu Makkal Katchi
Hindu Munnani
Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh
Jammu Praja Parishad
Muslim Rashtriya Manch
Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas
Rashtra Sevika Samiti
Rashtriya Sikh Sangat
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana
Seva Bharati
Vidya Bharati
Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram
Vishva Hindu Parishad
Bajrang Dal
Durga Vahini
SUMKA
Syrian Social Nationalist Party
Tōhōkai
Tsagaan Khas
Turkish Union Party
White Shirts Society
Northern / Northwestern Europe
Ailtirí na hAiséirghe
Autonome Nationalisten
Bases Autónomas
Black Front (Netherlands)
Blood & Honour
Blueshirts
Breton Social-National Workers' Movement
British Democratic Party
British Fascists
Britain First
British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women
British Movement
British National Party (1960)
British National Party
British People's Party (1939)
British People's Party (2005)
British Union of Fascists
The Britons
La Cagoule
Casuals United
Centre Party '86
Clerical People's Party
Dutch Fascist Union
English Defence League
English National Association
European Liberation Front
Le Faisceau
Fédération d'action nationale et européenne
Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation
Finnish People's Organisation
Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party
Flemish National Union
French National-Collectivist Party
French Nationalist Party
French Popular Party
General Dutch Fascist League
Greater Britain Movement
Groupe Collaboration
Heathen Front
Imperial Fascist League
International Third Position
Jeune Nation
Lalli Alliance of Finland
Lapua Movement
League of Saint George
Les Identitaires
Mouvement d'Action Civique
Mouvement Franciste
Nasjonal Samling
National Action (UK)
National Alliance (Sweden)
National Corporate Party
National Fascisti
National Front (UK)
National League of Sweden
Nationalist Party
National Popular Rally
National Rally
National Socialist Bloc
National Socialist Dutch Workers Party
National Socialist Front
National Socialist League
National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)
National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)
National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
National Socialist Movement of Norway
National Socialist Union of Finland
National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)
National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
National Socialists of Finland
National Syndicalists
National Union (Netherlands)
National Union (Portugal)
New Party
Nipsters
Nordic League
The Nordic Realm Party
Nordic Resistance Movement
Northern League
Norwegian Defence League
Nouvelle Droite
GRECE
L'Œuvre Française
Official National Front
Order of Flemish Militants
Order of Nine Angles
Organisation of National Socialists
Parti Communautaire National-Européen
Party of Finnish Labor
Party of the Swedes
Patriotic Alternative
Patriotic People's Movement
Patriotic People's Movement (1993)
Pērkonkrusts
Phalange Française
Rexist Party
Rising Finland
Scottish Democratic Fascist Party
Scottish Protestant League
Stormers
Terre et Peuple
Third Way (France)
Third Way (UK)
Union Movement
Verdinaso
Vigrid
White Aryan Resistance
World Union of National Socialists
Central Europe
Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists
Arrow Cross Party
Artgemeinschaft
Austrian Nazism
Black Front (Germany)
Bund Deutscher Osten
Christian National Socialist Front
Croatian Party of Rights
Deutsche Reichspartei
Eidgenössische Sammlung
Free German Workers' Party
German Faith Movement
German National Movement in Liechtenstein
German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)
German Social Union
Hungarian National Front
Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party
Hungarian National Socialist Party
Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten
Liechtenstein Homeland Service
National Democratic Party (Austria)
National Democratic Party of Germany
National Front (Hungary)
National Front (Switzerland)
National Movement of Switzerland
National Radical Camp
National Radical Camp (1993)
National Revival of Poland
National Union (Switzerland)
Nationalist Front (Germany)
Nazi Party
Greater German People's Community
Nazi Germany
National Socialist Freedom Movement
National Socialist Working Association
New Order
Nipsters
Positive Christianity
German Christians
The Right (Germany)
Socialist Reich Party
Sudeten German Party
The Third Path
United Hungarian National Socialist Party
Volksdeutsche Bewegung
Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit
Wiking-Jugend
Southern Europe
ADÑ–Spanish Identity
Albanian Fascist Party
Balli Kombëtar
CasaPound
CEDADE
Democratic Fascist Party
European Nation State
Fasci Italiani di Combattimento
Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
Falange
Sección Femenina
La Falange (1999)
Falange Auténtica
Falange Española
Falange Española Auténtica
Falange Española de las JONS
Falange Española de las JONS (1976)
Falange Española Independiente
Falangist Movement of Spain
Freethinkers' Party
Imperium Europa
Italian fascism
National Fascist Party (Italy)
Italian Social Republic
Republican Fascist Party
Italian Social Movement
Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista
Juntas Españolas
National Alliance (Spain)
National Alliance July 18
National Democracy (Italy)
National Democracy (Spain)
National Front (Spain, 1986)
National Front (Spain, 2006)
National Union (Italy, 1923)
National Union (Spain)
New Force (Italy)
New Force (Spain)
Republican Social Movement
The Right (Italy)
Sammarinese Fascist Party
Spanish Military Union
Struggle of the People
Student Action
Terza Posizione
Tricolour Flame
Unidad Falangista Montañesa
Youth Front
Eastern and Southeastern Europe
Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights
Bosnian Movement of National Pride
Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party
Croatian Liberation Movement
Croatian National Resistance
Croatian Party of Rights
Crusade of Romanianism
Ethnic National Union
Eurasia Movement
Eurasia Party
Falanga
Format18
For the Native Language!
Front of National Revolutionary Action
German Party
German People's Party
Golden Dawn
Greek National Socialist Party
Hosank
Iron Guard
LEPEN
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
Lithuanian Nationalist Union
National Agrarian Party
National Bolshevik Front
National Bolshevik Party
National-Christian Defense League
National Christian Party
National Fascist Community
National Fascist Movement
National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
National Party – Greeks
National Popular Consciousness
National Socialist Patriotic Organisation
National Socialist Society
National Social Movement
National Radical Camp
National Romanian Fascio
National Renaissance Front
National Salvation Front
National Socialism / White Power
Occupy Pedophilia
Order of Nine Angles
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov
Pamyat
Patriotic Alliance
People's Party
Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine
Ratniks (Bulgaria)
Romanian Front
Russian Imperial Movement
Russian Fascist Party
Russian National Unity
Russian Women's Fascist Movement
Serbian Action
Serbian Radical Party
Slovak People's Party
Spartans (Greek political party)
Steel Shield
Svoboda
Union of Bulgarian National Legions
Ustaše
Ustaše in Australia
Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood
Vlajka
Yugoslav Radical Union
ZBOR
North America
Fascism in Canada
Aryan Guard
Aryan Nations
Canadian Association for Free Expression
Canadian Union of Fascists
Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform
Heritage Front
Parti national social chrétien
Fascism in the United States
American Front
American Nazi Party
Creativity
Fascist League of North America
German American Bund
Goyim Defense League
Hammerskins
Identity Evropa
LaRouche movement
League of the South
National Alliance (United States)
National Renaissance Party
Nationalist Social Club-131
National Socialist Legion
National Socialist Liberation Front
National Socialist Movement
National States' Rights Party
National Vanguard
Nationalist Front (United States)
The Order
Patriot Front
Proud Boys
Rise Above Movement
Silver Legion of America
Christian Party (United States, 1930s)
Third Klan
Traditionalist Worker Party
Vanguard America
Volksfront
White Aryan Resistance
Wotansvolk
Revolutionary Mexicanist Action
Mexican Democratic Party
Mexican Fascist Party
National Pro Patria Party
National Synarchist Union
Nationalist Front of Mexico
Order of Nine Angles
Oceania
Action Zealandia
Antipodean Resistance
Australia First Movement
Australia First Party
Australian Defence League
Australian National Socialist Party
Centre Party
Lads Society
National Action (Australia)
National Democrats Party
National Socialist Network
National Socialist Party of Australia
Progressive Nationalist Party
Reclaim Australia
True Blue Crew
United Patriots Front
South America
Agrarian Labor Party
Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
Argentine Fascist Party
Argentine Nationalist Action
Argentine Patriotic League
Bolivian Socialist Falange
Brazilian Integralism
Brazilian Integralist Action
Brazilian Integralist Front
Falangism in Latin America
Female Peronist Party
Iron Guard (Argentina)
Nacionalismo
National Fascist Party (Argentina)
National Fascist Union
Nationalist Liberation Alliance
National Liberation Movement
National Socialist Movement of Chile
National Universitary Concentration
New Triumph Party
Patriot Front (Argentina)
Popular Dignity
Popular Freedom Alliance
Popular Representation Party
Popular Socialist Vanguard
Republican League
La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia
Revolutionary Union
Tacuara Nationalist Movement
PeopleAustralia
Campbell (Eric)
Campbell (Graeme)
Cottrell
Groot
Mills
Saleam
Belgium
Daye
Declercq
Degrelle
Denis
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Lagrou
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Severen
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van de Wiele
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Outline | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_der_Antifaschistische_Aktion.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"/ˈæntifɑː, ænˈtiːfə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"political movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_movement"},{"link_name":"anti-fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascist"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"aftermath of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II"}],"text":"A red flag with modern Antifaschistische Aktion, commonly shortened to AntifaPost–World War II anti-fascism, including antifa groups (/ˈæntifɑː, ænˈtiːfə/[1]), anti-fascist movements and anti-fascist action networks, saw the development of political movements describing themselves as anti-fascist and in opposition to fascism. Those movements have been active in several countries in the aftermath of World War II during the second half of the 20th and early 21st century.","title":"Post–World War II anti-fascism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuremberg_Trials_retouched.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Axis powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials"},{"link_name":"de-Nazification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-Nazification"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bridge_with_Antifa_slogan,_Rome.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vlepa_antify,_Warszawa_(2020).jpg"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Gehlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Gehlen"},{"link_name":"Kurt Georg Kiesinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger"},{"link_name":"Freedom Party of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"National Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rally"},{"link_name":"skinheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinheads"},{"link_name":"English Defence League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Defence_League"},{"link_name":"Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"NVU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_People%27s_Union"},{"link_name":"PVV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_for_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Geert Wilders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geert_Wilders"},{"link_name":"Forum voor Democratie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_voor_Democratie"},{"link_name":"Fall of the Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"Alternative for Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany"},{"link_name":"Pegida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegida"}],"text":"Defendants in the Nuremberg Trials - a judicial-political process intended to delegitimize Nazism, and Fascism more broadly, as criminal ideologiesThe immediate aftermath of the Second World War saw Fascism and its ideological successors discredited as the ideologies of the defeated Axis powers, with eradication of Fascist ideologies a stated goal of the victorious Allies, culminating in processes like the Nuremberg trials and de-Nazification. The onset however, of the Cold War saw the urgency attached to these goals diminish in the face of superpower competition, and anti-fascist activities becoming less prominent.Antifa graffiti in Rome: Nationalism is an easy illusion.Antifascist sticker in Warsaw, Poland.The appearance of rightist political parties and their upsurge since the dissolution of the Soviet Union has stimulated a corresponding growth of anti-fascist movements. In Germany Neo-Nazism was never eradicated, and former Nazis including Reinhard Gehlen and former chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger rose to positions of great power. The Freedom Party of Austria was founded by politicians including former Nazis in 1955. In France, where the far-right National Rally was founded in 1972. In post-WWII Great Britain, skinheads and football hooligans often promoted vehement racism; the English Defence League was founded in 2009. The Netherlands has seen the rise of a number of rightist parties, starting with the Centre Party, then the NVU, and then the PVV with Geert Wilders and the young Forum voor Democratie. The German right has grown rapidly since the Fall of the Berlin Wall, and the far-right party Alternative for Germany was founded in 2012, followed shortly thereafter by the anti-immigrant Pegida movement.","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P046279,_Berlin,_Liebknecht-Haus_am_B%C3%BClowplatz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Karl-Liebknecht-Haus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Liebknecht-Haus"},{"link_name":"Antifaschistische Aktion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"KPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPD"},{"link_name":"KPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany_(Opposition)"},{"link_name":"SPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPD"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Confessing Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessing_Church"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Church"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritchard2012-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritchard2012-6"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Communists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party"},{"link_name":"anti-communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Stalinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"East German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Antifaschistische Aktion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Federal Agency for Civic Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Civic_Education"},{"link_name":"Antifa or anti-fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GermanGovernment2-8"},{"link_name":"far-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-left"},{"link_name":"militant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militant"},{"link_name":"anti-fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascist"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_(insult)"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GermanGovernment-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GermanGovernment2-8"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Tim Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Peters_(political_scientist)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peters-10"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Antifaschistische Aktion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Socialist Unity Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Eckhard Jesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckhard_Jesse"},{"link_name":"Hannah Arendt Institute for the Research on Totalitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Arendt_Institute_for_the_Research_on_Totalitarianism"},{"link_name":"East German uprising of 1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jesse-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agethen-12"},{"link_name":"western world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richter-13"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Außerparlamentarische Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische_Opposition"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grunenberg-16"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"SPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Antifaschistische Aktion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Maoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoist"},{"link_name":"Communist League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_League_(West_Germany)"},{"link_name":"Fantifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantifa"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"squatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting"},{"link_name":"autonomism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomism"},{"link_name":"anarcho-communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-communist"},{"link_name":"anti-imperialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialist"},{"link_name":"anti-Zionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Zionist"},{"link_name":"anti-German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Germans_(political_current)"},{"link_name":"extreme left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_left"},{"link_name":"violent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violent"},{"link_name":"extremism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GermanGovernment2-8"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verfassungsschutz2-19"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GermanGovernment-9"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bpb-20"},{"link_name":"liberal democratic basic order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democratic_basic_order"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GermanGovernment-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GermanGovernment2-8"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"The historical seat of the Communist Party of Germany (Karl-Liebknecht-Haus) with prominently displayed logo of the Antifaschistische Aktion, 1932After the defeat of Nazi Germany, groups called Antifaschistische Ausschüsse, Antifaschistische Kommittees or Antifaschistische Aktion, all typically abbreviated to Antifa, spontaneously re-emerged in Germany in 1944, mainly involving veterans of pre-war KPD, KPO and SPD politics[2][3][4][5] as well as some members of other democratic political parties and the Confessing Church, which had opposed the Nazi co-optation of the Lutheran Church during the 1930s and 1940s.[6] Communists tended to make up at least half of the committees.[6] In the western zones, these anti-fascist committees began to recede by the late summer of 1945, marginalized by Allied bans on political organization and by re-emerging divisions between Communists and others and the emerging state doctrine of anti-communism in what became West Germany.[7] In East Germany, the Antifa groups were absorbed into the new Stalinist state.[2]The subsequent post-war history of the anti-fascist movement in Germany includes two distinct traditions, an East German tradition and a tradition that arose in West Germany during the 1970s, both drawing inspiration from the Antifa committees and from the earlier Antifaschistische Aktion of the Weimar Republic. According to German government institutions the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution and the Federal Agency for Civic Education, the contemporary Antifa or anti-fascist movement in Germany—the terms are often used interchangeably in German[8]—is composed of multiple far-left, autonomous, militant groups and individuals who describe themselves as anti-fascist. The use of the epithet fascist against opponents and the understanding of capitalism as a form of fascism are central to the movement.[9][8] According to political scientist and Christian Democratic Union politician Tim Peters, the term anti-fascism is primarily used by the far left in contemporary Germany.[10]In Communist East Germany, \"anti-fascism\" as interpreted within the Communist movement was part of the official ideology and language of the Communist state, and the original Antifaschistische Aktion (\"Anti-Fascist Action\") of the Communist Party of Germany was considered an important part of the heritage of the governing Socialist Unity Party of Germany; Eckhard Jesse, director of the Hannah Arendt Institute for the Research on Totalitarianism, notes that the term \"anti-fascism\" was ubiquitous in the language of the East German Communist party, and used to justify repression such as the crackdown on the East German uprising of 1953.[11][12] \"Antifascism\" in East Germany generally meant the struggle against the western world and NATO in general, and against the western-backed Federal Republic of Germany and its main ally the United States in particular, which were seen as the main fascist forces in the world by the East German Communist party.[13] For example, from 1961 to 1989, the East German regime used the term \"Anti-Fascist Protection Wall\" (German: Antifaschistischer Schutzwall) as the official name for the Berlin Wall.[14][15]The modern German Antifa movement ultimately has its origins in West Germany, in the student-based Außerparlamentarische Opposition (extra-parliamentary opposition) of the 1960s and early 1970s which opposed the alleged \"fascism\" of the West German government.[16] Major factors that formed the backdrop of this movement were criticism of the Vietnam War and the United States, students' anti-authoritarian rebellion against their parents' generation, criticism of professors' dominance of universities and continuity of the societal relations of power, especially the continuity in the civil service since the Nazi era, and the criticism of the centre-left SPD by those to the left of the SPD.[17] The modern movement largely adopted the aesthetics of the Antifaschistische Aktion during the late Weimar Republic, including the abbreviated name Antifa and a version of its logo, while being ideologically somewhat dissimilar. The first Antifa groups in this tradition were founded by the Maoist Communist League in the early 1970s. Antifa women, dissatisfied with observed sexism in the movement, created the feminist offshoot Fantifa in 1985.[18] From the late 1980s, West Germany's squatter scene and left-wing autonomism movement were the main contributors to the new Antifa movement and in contrast to the earlier movement had a more anarcho-communist leaning. The modern movement has splintered into different groups and factions, including one anti-imperialist and anti-Zionist faction and one anti-German faction who strongly oppose each other. German government institutions describe the contemporary Antifa movement as part of the extreme left and as partially violent, and Antifa groups are monitored by the federal office in the context of its legal mandate to combat extremism;[8][19][9][20] the federal office states that the underlying goal of the Antifa movement is \"the struggle against the liberal democratic basic order\" and capitalism.[9][8]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antifa_graffito,_Ireland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Longford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longford"},{"link_name":"Starry Plough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starry_Plough_(flag)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-21"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"alt-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-right"},{"link_name":"National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_(Ireland,_2016)"},{"link_name":"Irish Freedom Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Freedom_Party"},{"link_name":"Identity Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Pegida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegida"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-21"}],"sub_title":"Ireland","text":"Antifa graffito in Longford, Ireland; it incorporates the Starry Plough, a traditional Irish left-wing symbol. Jonathan Arlow has written that \"a close cultural lineage between elements within the left and a past revolutionary tradition will increase the appeal of anti-fascist activism among left-wing activists.\"[21]Anti-fascist groups have emerged in the Republic of Ireland to oppose far-right and alt-right groups such as the National Party, Irish Freedom Party, Identity Ireland and Pegida Ireland, which lack significant public or electoral support but stage occasional rallies and are active online.[22]Anti-Fascist Action (AFA) Ireland is one group,[23] while an alliance called Le Chéile (Irish: \"together\") was founded in 2020 to combat the far-right.[24]PhD student Jonathan Arlow has written on the topic, saying \"in the absence of effective extreme right forces, anti-fascism acts as a form of prophylactic action. In effect, the aim of this activism is to deny political space to extreme right micro groups before they become a popular force or a more serious political threat.\"[21]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anti-fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascist"},{"link_name":"Porta San Paolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Liberation Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Italian constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_constitution"},{"link_name":"Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"liberation of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Liberation Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Italian resistance movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Italian Social Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic"},{"link_name":"puppet state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_state"},{"link_name":"rump state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump_state"},{"link_name":"Italian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"National Liberation Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ANPI_LOGO.svg"},{"link_name":"ANPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANPI"},{"link_name":"Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANPI"},{"link_name":"Partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_(military)"},{"link_name":"Italian resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement"},{"link_name":"Italian Fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Fascist"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chi_Siamo-27"},{"link_name":"northern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy"},{"link_name":"charitable foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_foundation"},{"link_name":"historical revisionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_revisionism"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Italian resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Bella ciao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_ciao"},{"link_name":"Bella ciao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_ciao"},{"link_name":"[ˈbɛlla ˈtʃaːo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"Italian folk song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_folk_music"},{"link_name":"Italian resistance movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement"},{"link_name":"nazism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Italian Social Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic"},{"link_name":"Italian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"Anti-fascist demonstration at Porta San Paolo in Rome, Italy, on the occasion of the Liberation Day on 25 April 2013Today's Italian constitution is the result from the work of a Constituent Assembly formed by the representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the liberation of Italy.[25]Liberation Day is a national holiday in Italy that commemorates the victory of the Italian resistance movement against Nazi Germany and the Italian Social Republic, puppet state of the Nazis and rump state of the fascists, in the Italian Civil War, a civil war in Italy fought during World War II, which takes place on 25 April. The date was chosen by convention, as it was the day of the year 1945 when the National Liberation Committee of Upper Italy (CLNAI) officially proclaimed the insurgency in a radio announcement, propounding the seizure of power by the CLNAI and proclaiming the death sentence for all fascist leaders (including Benito Mussolini, who was shot three days later).[26]ANPI logoAssociazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia (ANPI; \"National Association of Italian Partisans\") is an association founded by participants of the Italian resistance against the Italian Fascist regime and the subsequent Nazi occupation during World War II. ANPI was founded in Rome in 1944[27] while the war continued in northern Italy. It was constituted as a charitable foundation on 5 April 1945. It persists due to the activity of its antifascist members. ANPI's objectives are the maintenance of the historical role of the partisan war by means of research and the collection of personal stories. Its goals are a continued defense against historical revisionism and the ideal and ethical support of the high values of freedom and democracy expressed in the 1948 constitution, in which the ideals of the Italian resistance were collected.[28] Since 2008, every two years ANPI organizes its national festival. During the event, meetings, debates, and musical concerts that focus on antifascism, peace, and democracy are organized.[29]Bella ciao (instrumental only version)Bella ciao (Italian pronunciation: [ˈbɛlla ˈtʃaːo]; \"Goodbye beautiful\") is an Italian folk song modified and adopted as an anthem of the Italian resistance movement by the partisans who opposed nazism and fascism, and fought against the occupying forces of Nazi Germany, who were allied with the fascist and collaborationist Italian Social Republic between 1943 and 1945 during the Italian Civil War. Versions of this Italian anti-fascist song continue to be sung worldwide as a hymn of freedom and resistance.[30] As an internationally known hymn of freedom, it was intoned at many historic and revolutionary events. The song originally aligned itself with Italian partisans fighting against Nazi German occupation troops, but has since become to merely stand for the inherent rights of all people to be liberated from tyranny.[31][32]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-fascist research group Kafka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascist_research_group_Kafka"},{"link_name":"resistance fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_resistance"},{"link_name":"Johannes Heesters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Heesters"},{"link_name":"Dachau concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS"},{"link_name":"Vorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorden"},{"link_name":"Bundeswehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr"},{"link_name":"Ysselsteyn German war cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysselsteyn_German_war_cemetery"},{"link_name":"Zentralrat der Juden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralrat_der_Juden"},{"link_name":"Beate Klarsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beate_Klarsfeld"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"swastikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastikas"},{"link_name":"Ahold Delhaize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahold_Delhaize"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS"},{"link_name":"February strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_strike"},{"link_name":"Hilversum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilversum"},{"link_name":"Roermond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roermond"},{"link_name":"Armando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Amersfoort concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"FIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Resistance_Fighters_%E2%80%93_Association_of_Anti-Fascists"},{"link_name":"Frisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisia"},{"link_name":"PVV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_for_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Forum voor Democratie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_voor_Democratie"},{"link_name":"Hans Janmaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Janmaat"}],"sub_title":"Netherlands","text":"A well-known Dutch anti-fascist research group is the anti-fascist research group Kafka. The Netherlands also has several chapters of the international network Anti-Fascist Action (AFA / Antifa). Another anti-fascist association in the Netherlands is AFVN / Bond van Anti-fascisten (Dutch League of Former Resistants and Anti-Fascists), founded in 1968 by Communist resistance fighters from the Second World War, to warn against resurging fascism. From 2000 onwards, the AFVN protested several fascist-inspired events and phenomena. The re-appearance of a Dutch opera-singer Johannes Heesters, who performed for the Nazis and was even photographed when visiting Dachau concentration camp and befriending SS-officers, led to loud protest that were nationally published.The AFVN has had numerous successes, although the group remains relatively small. It effectively uses publicity as its main tool of influence. Some of the actions and events include the following:protesting a yearly commemoration of Nazi-graves on the day of national remembrance of the war dead, the 4th of May in Vorden; this remembrance was stopped\nprotesting commemorations by the German ambassador and members of the Bundeswehr at the Ysselsteyn German war cemetery, the largest in Europa containing about 31,000 Nazi-soldiers, SS and Dutch war criminal; after a petition and support from Jewish organisations such as Zentralrat der Juden in Berlin and Beate Klarsfeld and the management of Dachau concentration camp the ambassador relented in 2020\nprotesting the selling of Nazi-items at dedicated trade fairs and by Dutch eBay subsidiary Marktplaats.nl; Marktplaats has since banished the sale of any item containing swastikas; two of these fairs closed\nprotesting the sale of anti-semitic books by Dutch Ahold Delhaize subsidiary Bol.nl; these sales were halted[33]\nprotesting the sale of two books containing extensive falsehoods on WW-II or the resistance and/or anti-Semitic utterances, namely the SS-admiring 'De SS'ers' ('The SS') by Armando and Sleutelaar and 'Grijs Verleden' ('Grey Past') by C. van der Heyden\nthe commemoration of the so-called February strike against persecution of Jews in the region of Hilversum since 2015;\nprotesting the commemoration of fallen Dutch aggressors from the Indonesian War of Independence from 1947 till 1950 in Roermond\nprotesting the unwarranted honoring the writer Armando, author of the SS-admiring book 'De SS'ers' in former Amersfoort concentration camp; the event was canceled.The AFVN is a member of the Féd. Int. des Résistants FIR.Some of the AFA-groups are more active then others. The AFA-Fryslân (Frisia) is regionally one of the most active, especially combating the Dutch extreme right and their parties, such as the PVV and Forum voor Democratie. AFA-Fryslân regularly cooperates with the AFVN.Another relatively successful venture is the yearly anti-discrimination march in Amsterdam on 21 March, organised by a coalition of 15 progressive groups. The coalition is named '21 Maart Tegen Racisme' ('21 March Against Racism').Some of the Dutch anti-fascists, mostly of so-called 'autonomous' groups, but not Kafka or the AFVN, regard physical violence as a legitimate means of action. An example of this was the violent disruption of the reconciliation meeting between Hans Janmaat and the Center Party on March 29, 1986, in a hotel in Kedichem. The meeting was disrupted by radical, anti-fascist activists who set the hotel on fire. Janmaat's life partner Wil Schuurman became permanently disabled because she after jumping out of a window on the first floor, one of her legs had to be amputated.","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germans in Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-34"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Neuer Weg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuer_Weg_(Bucharest)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-34"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Illy%C3%A9s1982-35"},{"link_name":"Political Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo"},{"link_name":"Central Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee"},{"link_name":"Romanian Workers Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Workers_Party"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BarcanMillitz1978-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M%C3%BCllerLandeskunde2002-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merten2013-38"}],"sub_title":"Romania","text":"The Anti-Fascist Committee of German Workers in Romania was an organization for ethnic Germans in Romania. Emmerich Stoffel was the chairman of the Committee and Philipp Geltz its secretary.[34] The committee was based in Bucharest and published the newspaper Neuer Weg ('New Path').[34] By the late 1940s the post-Second World War wave of discriminations against the German minority in Romania had subdued.[35] At its meeting in December 1948, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers Party adopted a 'Resolution of the National Question' which outlined the need for the formation of a German Anti-Fascist Committee and a German-language newspaper.[36] The Anti-Fascist Committee of German Workers in Romania was founded in March 1949 by a number of ethnic German party members, along with its organ Neuer Weg.[37][38]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"war veterans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_veteran"},{"link_name":"43 Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43_Group"},{"link_name":"Oswald Mosley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Mosley"},{"link_name":"Union Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Movement"},{"link_name":"62 Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62_Group"},{"link_name":"neo-Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Nazism"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"National Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"British Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Movement"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lewisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lewisham"},{"link_name":"South London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_London"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Anti-Nazi League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Nazi_League"},{"link_name":"Socialist Workers Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Campaign Against Racism and Fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_Against_Racism_and_Fascism"},{"link_name":"Newham Monitoring Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newham_Monitoring_Project"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Red Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Action"},{"link_name":"squadism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadism"},{"link_name":"anarcho-syndicalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism"},{"link_name":"Direct Action Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Action_Movement"},{"link_name":"Anti-Fascist Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Action_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Remembrance Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_Day"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cable Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street"},{"link_name":"Blood and Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_and_Honour"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Campaign Against Fascism in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaign_Against_Fascism_in_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Marie Le Pen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen"},{"link_name":"front organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_organization"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Youth against Racism in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_against_Racism_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Communist Party's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(UK,_1978)"},{"link_name":"National Assembly Against Racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_Against_Racism"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Searchlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searchlight_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hope not Hate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_not_Hate"},{"link_name":"John McDonnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McDonnell"},{"link_name":"UKIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independence_Party"},{"link_name":"Tommy Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Robinson_(activist)"},{"link_name":"Islamophobia in the Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sabbagh2018a-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sabbagh2018b-48"},{"link_name":"Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Peter Hain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hain"},{"link_name":"Rock Against Racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sabbagh2018b-48"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"After World War II, Jewish war veterans in the 43 Group continued the tradition of militant confrontations with Oswald Mosley's Union Movement. In the 1960s, the 62 Group continued the struggle against neo-Nazis.[39]In the 1970s, fascist and far-right parties such as the National Front (NF) and British Movement (BM) were making significant gains electorally, and were increasingly bold in their public appearances. This was challenged in 1977 with the Battle of Lewisham, when thousands of people disrupted an NF march in South London.[40] Soon after, the Anti-Nazi League (ANL) was launched by the Socialist Workers Party (SWP). The ANL had a large-scale propaganda campaign and squads that attacked NF meetings and paper sales. The success of the ANL's campaigns contributed to the end of the NF's period of growth. During this period, there were also a number of black-led anti-fascist organizations, including the Campaign Against Racism and Fascism (CARF) and local groups like the Newham Monitoring Project.[41]The SWP disbanded the ANL in 1981, but many squad members refused to stop their activities. They were expelled from the SWP in 1981, many going on to found Red Action. The SWP used the term squadism to dismiss these militant anti-fascists as thugs. In 1985, some members of Red Action and the anarcho-syndicalist Direct Action Movement launched Anti-Fascist Action (AFA). Their founding document said \"we are not fighting Fascism to maintain the status quo but to defend the interests of the working class\".[42][43] Thousands of people took part in AFA mobilizations, such as Remembrance Day demonstrations in 1986 and 1987, the Unity Carnival, the Battle of Cable Street's 55th anniversary march in 1991, and the Battle of Waterloo against Blood and Honour in 1992.[44] After 1995, some AFA mobilizations still occurred, such as against the NF in Dover in 1997 and 1998. However, AFA wound down its national organization and some of its branches and had ceased to exist nationally by 2001.[45]There was a surge in fascist activity across Europe from 1989 to 1992 after the collapse of Communism.[citation needed] In 1991, the Campaign Against Fascism in Europe (CAFE) coordinated a large militant protest against the visit to London by French right-wing leader, Jean-Marie Le Pen. This sparked a surge in anti-fascist organizations throughout Europe. In the UK alone, in 1992 a number of left-wing groups formed anti-fascist front organizations, such as a re-launched ANL in 1992, the Socialist Party's Youth against Racism in Europe YRE, and the Revolutionary Communist Party's Workers Against Racism. A number of black-led organizations, along with the Labour Party Black Sections and the National Black Caucus, formed the Anti-Racist Alliance in 1991, which eventually became the National Assembly Against Racism.[46]The magazine Searchlight was founded in 1975. The group founded Hope not Hate in 2004, which became independent in 2011.In August 2018, the Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell called for a revival of \"an Anti-Nazi League-type cultural and political campaign\" following a number of far-right and racist incidents in the UK, including fascist attacks on a socialist bookshop by members of the far-right and UKIP, marches in favor of far-right activist Tommy Robinson and high-profile Islamophobia in the Conservative Party.[47][48] This \"welcome and timely\" call to action was supported in a Guardian letter signed by the league's founders, which included former Labour minister Peter Hain, political activist Paul Holborow and leading musicians from Rock Against Racism.[48]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antifa_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"graffiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti"},{"link_name":"Trnava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trnava"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Antifascistisk Aktion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascistisk_Aktion"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"neo-Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Nazis"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"Workerkist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workerism"},{"link_name":"far right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_right"},{"link_name":"Kärrtorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4rrtorp"},{"link_name":"Showan Shattak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Showan_Shattak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Sweden","text":"2007 photo of Antifa graffiti in Trnava, SlovakiaMilitant anti-fascism emerged in Sweden in the early 1990s, in particular around the yearly November 30 protests in Lund and Stockholm propelled by blockades of neo-nazi marches in both cities in 1991.[49] The main militant antifascist group in the country was the Antifascistisk Aktion (AFA), founded in Sweden in 1993 with as many as 20 branches in the late 1990s. It was inspired by a group with the same name that had started in Copenhagen in 1991 and British groups with similar names from the 1980s. The early tactics mainly focused on large demonstrations, in particular blockades of marches inspired by the 30th November events in Lund between 1991 and 1993. In parts of Sweden where these actions were less anchored in memory culture, a more territorial repertoire of interpersonal violence instead dominated, particular in the late 1990s.[50] It was in this period that AFA published a detailed Activity Guide describing tactical uses of violence against neo-Nazis. In the early 2000s Antifascist Action split, with the now defunct, more Marxist and Workerkist Revolutionära Fronten (The Revolutionary Front) forming out of remnants of its Gothenburg, Stockholm and Örebro branches. Since the late 2000s the type of militant street-based antifascism that AFA and Revolutionära Fronten represented has declined, in response to a more parliamentarian and online focus in the far right. This is evident by the very limited public role in many of the largest antifascist demonstrations in the 2010s, including the large 2018 Gothenburg blockade of the Nordic Resistance Movement, the massive Kärrtorp protest, and the massive 13.000 person strong demonstration in 2014 in response to the stabbing of Showan Shattak and three other antifascists in Malmö.[51]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"Ruscism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruscism"},{"link_name":"Putinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putinism"},{"link_name":"Resistance Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_Committee_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"Territorial Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Defense_Forces_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Petrov_(anarchist)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Maksym Butkevych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksym_Butkevych"},{"link_name":"prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Organization_of_Anarcho-Communists"},{"link_name":"Russian and Belarusian partisan movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Belarusian_and_Russian_partisan_movement"},{"link_name":"attacking army enlistment offices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_military_commissariats_attacks"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Ukraine","text":"During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, many anti-fascists have fought to defend Ukraine against Russia, which they regard as an imperialist and fascistic state under Vladimir Putin (see Ruscism and Putinism). They founded the Resistance Committee, an anti-fascist unit of Ukraine's Territorial Defense Forces. One of its most prominent members was anarchist Dmitry Petrov.[52] Another Ukrainian anti-fascist activist, Maksym Butkevych, fought Russian forces before being captured and held as a prisoner of war; Russian state media denounced him as a \"Nazi\".[53]A network of anti-fascist groups in Ukraine and Europe, the Solidarity Collectives, was set up to gather equipment to send to comrades fighting Russian forces.[54]The Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists is an anti-fascist militant group which is part of the Russian and Belarusian partisan movement. It supports Ukrainian resistance and opposes the Russian invasion by sabotaging railways and communications masts, and attacking army enlistment offices.[55]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_government"},{"link_name":"Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh"},{"link_name":"alleged demographic change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revocation_of_the_special_status_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Indian Administered Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"harsh lockdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Jammu_and_Kashmir_lockdown"},{"link_name":"protesting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Kashmiri_protests"},{"link_name":"resistance groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_group"},{"link_name":"People's Anti-Fascist Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Anti-Fascist_Front"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Kashmir","text":"In 2019, the Indian government which was led by the far right Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh party attempted an alleged demographic change in the disputed Indian Administered Kashmir region.[56]The harsh lockdown which followed was aimed to curb the Kashmiri locals protesting against the Indian government's decision. This led to the creation of local resistance groups like the People's Anti-Fascist Front whose goal is to prevent a situation similar to that of Palestine.[57]","title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Counter-Racist Action Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Counter-Racist_Action_Collective&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zaitokukai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaitokukai"},{"link_name":"Shinzo Abe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinzo_Abe"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"Shizuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Aichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jbpress60922-58"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Japanese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snjpn199220-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jcpaichi-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jbpress60922-58"},{"link_name":"coronavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jbpress60922-58"},{"link_name":"Public prosecutor's office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_prosecutor%27s_office"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jbpress60922-58"},{"link_name":"George Floyd protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests"},{"link_name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jbpress60922-58"},{"link_name":"hate crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime"},{"link_name":"Shibuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibuya"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainichi20200530-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainichi20200606-63"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snjpn199220-59"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jbpress60922-58"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bizjournal162934-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jcast20200615-66"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Mainichi Shimbun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun"},{"link_name":"Kyodo News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyodo_News"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainichi20200530-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainichi20200606-63"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bizjournal162934-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jcast20200615-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jbpress60922-58"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sankei200611-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhk20200611-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arabnews16460-70"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bizjournal162934-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jcast20200615-66"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-getnews2585184-71"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bizjournal162934-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jcast20200615-66"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-getnews2585184-71"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bizjournal162934-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jcast20200615-66"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-getnews2585184-71"}],"sub_title":"Japan","text":"In 2013, when Counter-Racist Action Collective (C.R.A.C.), which had been counter-acting against the conservative group Zaitokukai, began to denounce Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as a \"fascist,\" groups calling themselves \"Antifa\" appeared around them. In addition to Tokyo, Antifa also have appeared in Hokkaido, Shizuoka, Aichi, and Hiroshima prefectures.[58]\nThey then promoted the Democratic Party's presidential election and participated in \"Abe Out\" demonstrations with liberals and opposition members of the Japanese Communist Party and the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan.[59][60][61]In 2020, the activities of Antifa increased. In February, those waving the flag of Antifa were identified among those who were counter-acting against Zaitokukai.[58]\nIn May, Antifa also participated in the protest against the Abe Cabinet's coronavirus measures. In the protest, a foreign man was holding the Antifa flag, which was written in German as \"ANTIFASCHISTSCHE AKTION.\"[58]\nOn May 17, Antifa was among the organizers of a nationwide protest against the revision of the Public prosecutor's office Law.[58]\nWhen George Floyd protests occurred in the U.S. at the end of May, protest of \"Black Lives Matter\" were held in Tokyo and Osaka in June, and Antifa was also seen.[58]\nOn May 30 and June 6, Antifa and others led the protest against the hate crime by the police around the Shibuya Police Department.[62][63] George Floyd protests were also held at the same time, and many foreigners and opposition members of the Diet also participated in the protests.[59][64]\nAntifa's flag was raised, and there were arrests in the fight.[58][65][66]\nThe incident began when a Kurdish man in Japan claimed to have been unfairly questioned by Metropolitan Police officers and subjected to violence. Mainichi Shimbun and Kyodo News reported this as a hate crime though the Metropolitan Police denied.[62][63][65][66][67]\nOn June 10, the General Information Center for Foreign Residents of immigration bureaus across Japan received a \"bomb threat\" e-mail from a person claiming to be \"Antifa\" targeting the Immigration Bureau and the Shibuya Police Department for abusing foreigners.[58][68][69][70]\nHowever, on June 13, the Japanese Kurdish Cultural Association, which consists of Kurds, expressed a negative view of the protest claims on their official Facebook page. The association declared that they did not support the protest and did not take any part in it, and abandoned the said person, saying there was no room to defend his actions in light of Japanese laws and customs.[65][66][71]\nAnd the association announced that the demonstrators were not all involved in their usual protests against the crackdown on the Kurds or in their support activities.[65][66][71]\nThey said that a less-than-justified demonstration like this seems to have encouraged prejudice against Kurdish residents in Japan. They also said it's strange that no Japanese major media have covered them at all on this matter.[65][66][71]","title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Lumbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbee"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hayes Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hayes_Pond"},{"link_name":"Maoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoist"},{"link_name":"Communist Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"The Birth of a Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation"},{"link_name":"China Grove, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Grove,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Greensboro_Massacre-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Greensboro_Massacre-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Greensboro_Massacre-72"},{"link_name":"American Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Greensboro Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro_Massacre"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times_antifa-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Antifa-76"},{"link_name":"Anti-Racist Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Racist_Action"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJ_antifa-77"},{"link_name":"American movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beinart-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berekeley-79"},{"link_name":"anarchism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism"},{"link_name":"far-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right"},{"link_name":"alt-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-right"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJ_antifa-77"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times_antifa-73"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Antifa-76"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"punk subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture"},{"link_name":"straight edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_edge"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sober-83"}],"text":"After World War II, but prior to the development of the modern antifa movement, violent confrontations with Fascist elements happened sporadically in the United States. In 1958 over 500 Lumbee men armed with rocks, sticks and firearms attacked and disrupted a Ku Klux Klan rally, wounding several Klansmen in an event known as the Battle of Hayes Pond. In 1979 the Maoist Communist Workers' Party confronted a local Ku Klux Klan chapter, first by disrupting a screening of The Birth of a Nation in China Grove, North Carolina and later organizing a rally and a march against the Klan on November 3 called the \"Death to the Klan March\" by the CWP.[72] The Maoists \ndistributed flyers that \"called for radical, even violent opposition to the Klan\",[72] suggesting the Klan “should be physically beaten and chased out of town.\"[72] In response, as the marchers collected, a caravan of ten cars (and a van) filled with an estimated 40 KKK and American Nazi Party members confronted the protesters, culminating in a shootout known as the Greensboro Massacre.In the 2010s, self-described antifa groups have become increasingly active in Western Europe and North America.[73] These loose collectives first arose in the early 2010s in response to growing nationalism in countries including the United States, United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany, and France.[74][75][76] In the US, anti-fascist groups had existed since at least 1988 in the form of the Anti-Racist Action,[77] but an American movement using the same name has become increasingly active since 2016,[78][79] often affiliated with anarchism, and have become known for their clashes with far-right and alt-right groups.[77][80][81] US anti-fascist activities have included violent disruptions and demonstrations which have drawn criticism from both sides of the mainstream political spectrum.[73][76][82] Through their anarchist and anti-nationalist orientation, antifa groups have sometimes been linked to the punk subculture (including straight edge) both in the US and in Europe.[83]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IFB_Antifa_Manchester.png"},{"link_name":"International Freedom Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Rojava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava"},{"link_name":"International Freedom Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion"},{"link_name":"People's Protection Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units"},{"link_name":"Rojava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Rojava Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Turkish military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"text":"British fighters of the International Freedom Battalion's 0161 Antifa Manchester Crew in RojavaHundreds of foreign Antifa leftists have joined the International Freedom Battalion (founded in 2015) of the People's Protection Units (YPG) in the region called Rojava by Kurdish militias, in the North and East of Syria, out of a mixture of opposition to the Islamic State during the Syrian Civil War and willingness to defend what they call \"Rojava Revolution\" against the Turkish military and the Syrian Arab Republic.[84][85]","title":"Syrian Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antifalogo_alt2.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antifasistische_Aktion_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Antifaschistische Aktion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa_(Germany)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antifa_klobuerste.svg"},{"link_name":"Toilet brush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet_brush"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anti-Fascistische_Aktie_(logo).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akcja_Antyfaszystowska.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antifa_logo.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sicilia-Antifascista.PNG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marseilleantifa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UAT-logo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logoantifa066.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logantifa04.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antifa_Norge.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antifa_London.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antifascist_Action_Spain.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drei_Pfeile.svg"},{"link_name":"Three Arrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Arrows"},{"link_name":"US antifa movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)"}],"text":"Logo of Antifaschistische Aktion (1930s; Germany)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo of Antifaschistische Aktion (Germany)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tToilet brush symbol adopted for the Hamburg protests of the German Antifa, 2014\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo of Antifascistische Aktie (Netherlands)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPolish logo of Akcja Antyfaszystowska\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAntifascist Action logo seen in US\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo of Sicilia Antifascista (Sicily)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo of Action Antifasciste Marseille (Marseille)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo of Union Antifasciste Toulousaine (Toulouse)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo of Action Antifasciste 06 (France)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo of Action Antifasciste 04 (France)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo of Antifascistisk Aksjon (Norway)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo of Antifa London (London)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo of Acción Antifascista (Spain)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Three Arrows symbol is commonly used in the US antifa movement","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anarchist Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist_Studies"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0967-3393","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-3393"},{"link_name":"ProQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2084393632","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.proquest.com/docview/2084393632"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fascism"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism"},{"link_name":"Fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"Core 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Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataeb_Party"},{"link_name":"Kenkokukai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenkokukai"},{"link_name":"Kokumin Dōmei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei"},{"link_name":"Korea Nationalist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party"},{"link_name":"Korean National Youth Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association"},{"link_name":"Lehi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party (South Korea)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)"},{"link_name":"Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasyonal_Aktivite_ve_Zinde_%C4%B0nki%C5%9Faf"},{"link_name":"National Socialism Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialism_Association"},{"link_name":"National Socialist Japanese Workers' 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(Iran)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"Philippine Falange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Falange"},{"link_name":"Rastakhiz Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party"},{"link_name":"Rastriya Prajatantra Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party"},{"link_name":"Religious Zionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Sakurakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakurakai"},{"link_name":"Sangh Parivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangh_Parivar"},{"link_name":"Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Gau_Raksha_Dal"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Yuva 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Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Hong 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Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Related topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism"},{"link_name":"Anti-corporatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism"},{"link_name":"Anti-consumerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-consumerism"},{"link_name":"Anti-fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascism"},{"link_name":"Anti-globalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement"},{"link_name":"Anti-statism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-statism"},{"link_name":"Anti-war movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-war_movement"},{"link_name":"Autarchism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarchism"},{"link_name":"Autonomism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomism"},{"link_name":"Communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"Counter-economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-economics"},{"link_name":"Definition of anarchism and libertarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism"},{"link_name":"Labour movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_movement"},{"link_name":"Left communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_communism"},{"link_name":"Left-libertarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-libertarianism"},{"link_name":"Libertarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism"},{"link_name":"Libertarian Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism"},{"link_name":"Libertarian socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_socialism"},{"link_name":"Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"Situationist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situationist_International"},{"link_name":"Socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"Spontaneous order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_order"},{"link_name":"Voluntaryism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntaryism"},{"link_name":"Anarchism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Anarchism"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Anarchism"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism"}],"text":"Testa, M. (2017). \"'A Good Deal of Disorder' or The Anarchists & Anti-Fascism In The UK\". Anarchist Studies. 25 (2): 9–25. ISSN 0967-3393. ProQuest 2084393632.vteFascismThemesCore tenets\nActual idealism\nAestheticization of politics\nAnti-communism\nAnti-intellectualism\nAnti-materialism\nAnti-pacifism\nAuthoritarianism\nChauvinism\nClass collaboration\nConspiracism\nCorporatism\nCult of personality\nDictatorship\nDirect action\nDirigisme\nEconomic interventionism\nEugenics\nHeroic capitalism\nHeroic realism\nHeroism\nImperialism\nIndoctrination\nIrrationalism\nMachismo\nMasculinity\nMilitarism\nNational syndicalism\nNationalism\nIntegral\nPalingenetic\nUltra\nNew Man\nOne-party state\nPerpetual war\nPopulism\nProletarian nation\nPropaganda\nRacism\nReactionary modernism\nSocial Darwinism\nSocial interventionism\nSocial order\nState capitalism\nStatolatry\nSupercapitalism\nSyncretism\nThird Position\nTotalitarianism\nTopics\nDefinitions\nEconomics\nFascism and ideology\nFascism worldwide\nSymbolism\nVariants\nArgentine\nNacionalismo\nOrthodox Peronism\nAustrian\nBanderism\nBrazilian\nBritish\nChristian (Christian Identity)\nClerical\nCrypto\nEco\nFalangism\nFrancoism\nFrench\nRévolution nationale\nHindutva\nHungarism\nHutu\nIlminism\nIntransigent\nIslamic\nItalian\nJewish\nKahanism\nRevisionist Maximalism\nLaRoucheism\nMystical\nNazism\nAustrian\nEsoteric\nHitlerism\nNeo-Nazism\nStrasserism\nNeo\nPan-Turkic\nRexism\nRomanian\nLegionarism\nNeo-Legionarism\nRomanianism/Stelism\nRussian\nNeo-Eurasianism\nSosism\nShōwa Statism\nRestoration\nSyndicalist\nSyrian Social Nationalism\nTechno\nThird Positionism\nNational-anarchism\nNational Bolshevism\nNazi-Maoism\nUstašism\nMovementsAfrica\nAfrikaner Weerstandsbeweging\nGreyshirts\nMuslim Association of the Lictor\nOssewabrandwag\nYoung Egypt Party (1933)\nAsia\nAbhinav Bharat\nAl-Muthanna Club\nAria Party\nAzerbaijan National Democrat Party\nAzure Party\nBlack Dragon Society\nBlue Shirts Society\nBrit HaBirionim\nConcordia Association\nGrey Wolves\nGolden Square\nHindu Mahasabha\nIran-e-No Party\nJewish National Front\nKach\nKataeb Party\nKenkokukai\nKokumin Dōmei\nKorea Nationalist Party\nKorean National Youth Association\nLehi\nLiberal Party (South Korea)\nNasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf\nNational Socialism Association\nNational Socialist Japanese Workers' Party\nNationalist Movement Party\nNationalist Task Party\nNational Will Party\nNation Party of Iran\nNew Life Movement\nOtzma Yehudit\nPan-Iranist Party\nPalestine Arab Party\nPatrol 36\nProgress Party (Iran)\nPhilippine Falange\nRastakhiz Party\nRastriya Prajatantra Party\nReligious Zionist Party\nSakurakai\nSangh Parivar\nAkhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad\nBharatiya Gau Raksha Dal\nBharatiya Janata Party\nBharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha\nBharatiya Jana Sangh\nBharatiya Kisan Sangh\nBharatiya Mazdoor Sangh\nBharat Vikas Parishad\nEkal Vidyalaya\nHindu Makkal Katchi\nHindu Munnani\nHindu Swayamsevak Sangh\nJammu Praja Parishad\nMuslim Rashtriya Manch\nRam Janmabhoomi Nyas\nRashtra Sevika Samiti\nRashtriya Sikh Sangat\nRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh\nAkhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana\nSeva Bharati\nVidya Bharati\nVanavasi Kalyan Ashram\nVishva Hindu Parishad\nBajrang Dal\nDurga Vahini\nSUMKA\nSyrian Social Nationalist Party\nTōhōkai\nTsagaan Khas\nTurkish Union Party\nWhite Shirts Society\nNorthern / Northwestern Europe\nAiltirí na hAiséirghe\nAutonome Nationalisten\nBases Autónomas\nBlack Front (Netherlands)\nBlood & Honour\nBlueshirts\nBreton Social-National Workers' Movement\nBritish Democratic Party\nBritish Fascists\nBritain First\nBritish League of Ex-Servicemen and Women\nBritish Movement\nBritish National Party (1960)\nBritish National Party\nBritish People's Party (1939)\nBritish People's Party (2005)\nBritish Union of Fascists\nThe Britons\nLa Cagoule\nCasuals United\nCentre Party '86\nClerical People's Party\nDutch Fascist Union\nEnglish Defence League\nEnglish National Association\nEuropean Liberation Front\nLe Faisceau\nFédération d'action nationale et européenne\nFinnish National Socialist Labor Organisation\nFinnish People's Organisation\nFinnish-Socialist Workers' Party\nFlemish National Union\nFrench National-Collectivist Party\nFrench Nationalist Party\nFrench Popular Party\nGeneral Dutch Fascist League\nGreater Britain Movement\nGroupe Collaboration\nHeathen Front\nImperial Fascist League\nInternational Third Position\nJeune Nation\nLalli Alliance of Finland\nLapua Movement\nLeague of Saint George\nLes Identitaires\nMouvement d'Action Civique\nMouvement Franciste\nNasjonal Samling\nNational Action (UK)\nNational Alliance (Sweden)\nNational Corporate Party\nNational Fascisti\nNational Front (UK)\nNational League of Sweden\nNationalist Party\nNational Popular Rally\nNational Rally\nNational Socialist Bloc\nNational Socialist Dutch Workers Party\nNational Socialist Front\nNational Socialist League\nNational Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)\nNational Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)\nNational Socialist Movement in the Netherlands\nNational Socialist Movement of Norway\nNational Socialist Union of Finland\nNational Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)\nNational Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark\nNational Socialists of Finland\nNational Syndicalists\nNational Union (Netherlands)\nNational Union (Portugal)\nNew Party\nNipsters\nNordic League\nThe Nordic Realm Party\nNordic Resistance Movement\nNorthern League\nNorwegian Defence League\nNouvelle Droite\nGRECE\nL'Œuvre Française\nOfficial National Front\nOrder of Flemish Militants\nOrder of Nine Angles\nOrganisation of National Socialists\nParti Communautaire National-Européen\nParty of Finnish Labor\nParty of the Swedes\nPatriotic Alternative\nPatriotic People's Movement\nPatriotic People's Movement (1993)\nPērkonkrusts\nPhalange Française\nRexist Party\nRising Finland\nScottish Democratic Fascist Party\nScottish Protestant League\nStormers\nTerre et Peuple\nThird Way (France)\nThird Way (UK)\nUnion Movement\nVerdinaso\nVigrid\nWhite Aryan Resistance\nWorld Union of National Socialists\nCentral Europe\nAction Front of National Socialists/National Activists\nArrow Cross Party\nArtgemeinschaft\nAustrian Nazism\nBlack Front (Germany)\nBund Deutscher Osten\nChristian National Socialist Front\nCroatian Party of Rights\nDeutsche Reichspartei\nEidgenössische Sammlung\nFree German Workers' Party\nGerman Faith Movement\nGerman National Movement in Liechtenstein\nGerman National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)\nGerman Social Union\nHungarian National Front\nHungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party\nHungarian National Socialist Party\nKampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten\nLiechtenstein Homeland Service\nNational Democratic Party (Austria)\nNational Democratic Party of Germany\nNational Front (Hungary)\nNational Front (Switzerland)\nNational Movement of Switzerland\nNational Radical Camp\nNational Radical Camp (1993)\nNational Revival of Poland\nNational Union (Switzerland)\nNationalist Front (Germany)\nNazi Party\nGreater German People's Community\nNazi Germany\nNational Socialist Freedom Movement\nNational Socialist Working Association\nNew Order\nNipsters\nPositive Christianity\nGerman Christians\nThe Right (Germany)\nSocialist Reich Party\nSudeten German Party\nThe Third Path\nUnited Hungarian National Socialist Party\nVolksdeutsche Bewegung\nVolkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit\nWiking-Jugend\nSouthern Europe\nADÑ–Spanish Identity\nAlbanian Fascist Party\nBalli Kombëtar\nCasaPound\nCEDADE\nDemocratic Fascist Party\nEuropean Nation State\nFasci Italiani di Combattimento\nFascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria\nFalange\nSección Femenina\nLa Falange (1999)\nFalange Auténtica\nFalange Española\nFalange Española Auténtica\nFalange Española de las JONS\nFalange Española de las JONS (1976)\nFalange Española Independiente\nFalangist Movement of Spain\nFreethinkers' Party\nImperium Europa\nItalian fascism\nNational Fascist Party (Italy)\nItalian Social Republic\nRepublican Fascist Party\nItalian Social Movement\nJuntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista\nJuntas Españolas\nNational Alliance (Spain)\nNational Alliance July 18\nNational Democracy (Italy)\nNational Democracy (Spain)\nNational Front (Spain, 1986)\nNational Front (Spain, 2006)\nNational Union (Italy, 1923)\nNational Union (Spain)\nNew Force (Italy)\nNew Force (Spain)\nRepublican Social Movement\nThe Right (Italy)\nSammarinese Fascist Party\nSpanish Military Union\nStruggle of the People\nStudent Action\nTerza Posizione\nTricolour Flame\nUnidad Falangista Montañesa\nYouth Front\nEastern and Southeastern Europe\nAutochthonous Croatian Party of Rights\nBosnian Movement of National Pride\nBulgarian National Socialist Workers Party\nCroatian Liberation Movement\nCroatian National Resistance\nCroatian Party of Rights\nCrusade of Romanianism\nEthnic National Union\nEurasia Movement\nEurasia Party\nFalanga\nFormat18\nFor the Native Language!\nFront of National Revolutionary Action\nGerman Party\nGerman People's Party\nGolden Dawn\nGreek National Socialist Party\nHosank\nIron Guard\nLEPEN\nLiberal Democratic Party of Russia\nLithuanian Nationalist Union\nNational Agrarian Party\nNational Bolshevik Front\nNational Bolshevik Party\nNational-Christian Defense League\nNational Christian Party\nNational Fascist Community\nNational Fascist Movement\nNational Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement\nNational Party – Greeks\nNational Popular Consciousness\nNational Socialist Patriotic Organisation\nNational Socialist Society\nNational Social Movement\nNational Radical Camp\nNational Romanian Fascio\nNational Renaissance Front\nNational Salvation Front\nNational Socialism / White Power\nOccupy Pedophilia\nOrder of Nine Angles\nOrganization of Ukrainian Nationalists\nThe Other Russia of E. V. Limonov\nPamyat\nPatriotic Alliance\nPeople's Party\nProgressive Socialist Party of Ukraine\nRatniks (Bulgaria)\nRomanian Front\nRussian Imperial Movement\nRussian Fascist Party\nRussian National Unity\nRussian Women's Fascist Movement\nSerbian Action\nSerbian Radical Party\nSlovak People's Party\nSpartans (Greek political party)\nSteel Shield\nSvoboda\nUnion of Bulgarian National Legions\nUstaše\nUstaše in Australia\nCroatian Revolutionary Brotherhood\nVlajka\nYugoslav Radical Union\nZBOR\nNorth America\nFascism in Canada\nAryan Guard\nAryan Nations\nCanadian Association for Free Expression\nCanadian Union of Fascists\nCitizens for Foreign Aid Reform\nHeritage Front\nParti national social chrétien\nFascism in the United States\nAmerican Front\nAmerican Nazi Party\nCreativity\nFascist League of North America\nGerman American Bund\nGoyim Defense League\nHammerskins\nIdentity Evropa\nLaRouche movement\nLeague of the South\nNational Alliance (United States)\nNational Renaissance Party\nNationalist Social Club-131\nNational Socialist Legion\nNational Socialist Liberation Front\nNational Socialist Movement\nNational States' Rights Party\nNational Vanguard\nNationalist Front (United States)\nThe Order\nPatriot Front\nProud Boys\nRise Above Movement\nSilver Legion of America\nChristian Party (United States, 1930s)\nThird Klan\nTraditionalist Worker Party\nVanguard America\nVolksfront\nWhite Aryan Resistance\nWotansvolk\nRevolutionary Mexicanist Action\nMexican Democratic Party\nMexican Fascist Party\nNational Pro Patria Party\nNational Synarchist Union\nNationalist Front of Mexico\nOrder of Nine Angles\nOceania\nAction Zealandia\nAntipodean Resistance\nAustralia First Movement\nAustralia First Party\nAustralian Defence League\nAustralian National Socialist Party\nCentre Party\nLads Society\nNational Action (Australia)\nNational Democrats Party\nNational Socialist Network\nNational Socialist Party of Australia\nProgressive Nationalist Party\nReclaim Australia\nTrue Blue Crew\nUnited Patriots Front\nSouth America\nAgrarian Labor Party\nArgentine Anticommunist Alliance\nArgentine Fascist Party\nArgentine Nationalist Action\nArgentine Patriotic League\nBolivian Socialist Falange\nBrazilian Integralism\nBrazilian Integralist Action\nBrazilian Integralist Front\nFalangism in Latin America\nFemale Peronist Party\nIron Guard (Argentina)\nNacionalismo\nNational Fascist Party (Argentina)\nNational Fascist Union\nNationalist Liberation Alliance\nNational Liberation Movement\nNational Socialist Movement of Chile\nNational Universitary Concentration\nNew Triumph Party\nPatriot Front (Argentina)\nPopular Dignity\nPopular Freedom Alliance\nPopular Representation Party\nPopular Socialist Vanguard\nRepublican League\nLa Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia\nRevolutionary Union\nTacuara Nationalist Movement\nPeopleAustralia\nCampbell (Eric)\nCampbell (Graeme)\nCottrell\nGroot\nMills\nSaleam\nBelgium\nDaye\nDeclercq\nDegrelle\nDenis\nElias\nEriksson\nHermans\nLagrou\nPoulet\nSeveren\nStreel\nvan de Wiele\nCroatia\nBoban\nFrancetić\nKraljević\nKvaternik\nLuburić\nPavelić\nPavičić\nRover\nServatzy\nFinland\nHelanen\nIsotalo\nKalsta\nKonkka\nKosola\nOrko\nSimojoki\nSomersalo\nTörni\nVarjonen\nFrance\nAugier\nBardèche\nBenoist-Méchin\nBéraud\nBrasillach\nBucard\nChâteaubriant\nDéat\nDéroulède\nDior\nDoriot\nLa Rochelle\nLagardelle\nLaval\nPétain\nRebatet\nMyatt\nValois\nVial\nGermany\nAbetz\nAndrae\nBaeumler\nBerchtold\nBerger\nBest\nBrunner\nBühler\nDarré\nFalkenhausen\nHocke\nFeder\nForster\nFrank\nFranz V\nGesche\nGoebbels\nGöring\nGraf\nGreiser\nGünther\nHanke\nHeiden\nHess\nHeydrich\nHimmler\nHitler\nKlintzsch\nKuhn\nKühnen\nLudendorff\nMaurice\nMüller\nNiekisch\nPloetz\nRahn\nReitsch\nRemer\nRenthe-Fink\nRibbentrop\nRieger\nRosenberg\nSchmitt\nSchreck\nSkorzeny\nStrasser (Gregor)\nStrasser (Otto)\nStreicher\nTerboven\nThadden\nKrosigk\nZündel\nGreece\nDragoumis\nKasidiaris\nKoryzis\nLagos\nMichaloliakos\nPapadopoulos\nIndia\nAdvani\nBose\nGodse\nGolwalkar\nHedgewar\nModi\nMukherjee\nSavarkar\nVajpayee\nIran\nForouhar\nKashani\nMonshizadeh\nPezeshkpour\nTeymourtash\nIsrael\nAhimeir\nBen-Ari\nBen-Gvir\nEldad\nEliyahu\nGoldstein\nGopstein\nGreenberg\nHa'ivri\nHeruti\nKahane\nMarzel\nNatan-Zada\nStern\nYeivin\nItaly\nAcerbo\nAlfieri\nAmbris\nD'Annunzio\nAzara\nBadoglio\nBalbo\nTorrente Ballester\nBastianini\nBianchi\nBoni\nBono\nBoselli\nBottai\nCiano (Costanzo)\nCiano (Galeazzo)\nCogni\nCorradini\nEvola\nFreda\nGentile\nGiuriati\nGozi\nGrandi\nGraziani\nGuidi\nMalaparte\nMarinetti\nMichels\nMorgagni\nMussolini\nOlivetti\nPanunzio\nPapini\nPavolini\nRauti\nRicci\nRidruejo\nRocco\nRossoni\nSarfatti\nSoffici\nSpirito\nVolpi\nJapan\nAkao\nAraki\nChō\nHashimoto\nHonjō\nKita\nKodama\nKoiso\nMatsuoka\nNonaka\nŌkawa\nSasakawa\nRomania\nAntonescu\nBacaloglu\nCodreanu\nCrainic\nCuza\nGigurtu\nGoga\nManoilescu\nMoța\nOgoranu\nSima\nRussia\nAijo\nAstroŭski\nBarkashov\nBorovikov\nDugin\nDugina\nIlyin\nKaminski\nKuryokhin\nLetov\nLimonov\nMartsinkevich\nMilchakov\nOktan\nPrilepin\nProkhanov\nRodzaevsky\nStojadinović\nZhirinovsky\nSpain\nArrese\nBau Nolla\nBilbao Eguía\nCarrero Blanco\nFernández-Cuesta\nFranco\nFranco y Polo\nGiménez Caballero\nPrimo de Rivera\nRamos\nSánchez Mazas\nSerrano Suñer\nUkraine\nBandera\nBiletsky\nDontsov\nGubarev\nKlyachkivsky\nLebed\nRebet\nSamchuk\nShukhevych\nStetsko\nTyahnybok\nVitrenko\nUnited 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Armas\nCelmiņš\nCerro\nClausen\nCoughlin\nDevi\nDollfuss\nO'Duffy\nĎurčanský\nFrashëri\nal-Gaylani\nGenoud\nGömbös\nGustloff\nHácha\nHamidov\nHlinka\nal-Husayni\nal-Husseini\nLee\nLinderman\nLjotić\nLugones\nLukov\nMach\nMadero\nMartínez\nMcInnes\nMerlika-Kruja\nMiklas\nMohler\nNoreika\nPfrimer\nPiasecki\nPerón\nPhibunsongkhram\nPlanetta\nPreto\nPuyi\nQuisling\nRamírez\nRhee\nRiva-Agüero y Osma\nRupnik\nSaadeh\nSalgado\nSayigh\nSchuschnigg\nŠešelj\nSeyss-Inquart\nStarhemberg\nSzálasi\nTerre'Blanche\nTiso\nTsankov\nVikernes\nWang\nWeinstein\nWorksLiterature\n1776 Returns\nLa Conquista del Estado\nThe Culture of Critique\nDefiance\nDid Six Million Really Die?\nThe Doctrine of Fascism\nFascist Manifesto\nFor My Legionaries\nThe Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia\nThe Fourth Political Theory\nHitlers Zweites Buch\nHunter\nImpeachment of Man\nImperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics\nAn Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as 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Council of Fascism\nImperial Way Faction\nItalian Nationalist Association\nNational Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise\nQuadrumvirs\nActivist\nAdelaide Institute\nAgrarian Trade Union Federation\nThe Britons\nCasuals United\nDeVlag\nEuropean Social Movement\nFinnish Realm Union\nFrancisco Franco National Foundation\nFriends of New Germany\nGerman American Bund\nGRECE\nThe Link\nMladorossi\nNational Party of Europe\nNational Policy Institute\nPeople's Party Our Slovakia\nPopular Force Party\nRepublic (Slovakia)\nResistance Records\nRight Club\nRussian Fascist Organization\nYouth\nAdler und Falke\nAlbanian Lictor Youth\nArab Lictor Youth\nBharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha\nBlue-and-Blacks\nEthiopian Lictor Youth\nFascist Union of Youth\nFrente de Juventudes\nAl-Futuwwa\nGioventù Italiana del Littorio\nGreat Japan Youth Party\nHitler Youth\nFaith and Beauty Society\nDeutsches Jungvolk\nJungmädelbund\nLeague of German Girls\nJeunesse Populaire Française\nJuventudes de Acción Popular\nKorean National Youth Association\nLevente\nMocidade Portuguesa\nNationale Jeugdstorm\nNational League of Sweden\nNational Socialist Liberation Front\nNational Youth (Sweden)\nNational Youth (Italy)\nNational Youth Alliance\nNational Youth Organisation (Greece)\nOpera Nazionale Balilla\nÖsterreichisches Jungvolk\nPatriotic/Eureka Youth League\nUnion of Fascist Little Ones\nUnion of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)\nUnion of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)\nUstaše Youth\nWiking-Jugend\nYouth Front\nParamilitary and terrorist\nAbhinav Bharat\nAlbanian Fascist Militia\nAtomwaffen Division\nAzov Brigade\nBajrang Dal\nThe Base\nBattle Organization of Russian Nationalists\nBlack Brigades\nBlack Legion\nBlackshirts\nBlueshirts (Canada)\nBlueshirts (Ireland)\nColumn 88\nCombat Terrorist Organization\nConfederation of the Nation\nCorpul Muncitoresc Legionar\nCroatian Defence Forces\nCroatian National Resistance\nCroatian Revolutionary Brotherhood\nBugojno group\nEinsatzgruppen\nFalange Armata\nFalange Militia\nFEAR\nFlemish Guard\nFlemish Legion\nFrontbann\nGold Shirts\nHilfspolizei\nHitler Youth\nGreenshirts (Romania)\nGreyshirts\nHeimwehr\nHirden\nHlinka Guard\nHungarian National Defence Association\nInterbrigades\nIron Wolf\nJewish Defense League\nJewish Defense Organization\nKataeb Regulatory Forces\nLăncieri\nLegion Wasa\nLehava\nLehi\nLevente\nMakapili\nMano Blanca\nNational Republican Guard\nNational Socialism / White Power\nNew Guard\nThe Order\nOstmärkische Sturmscharen\nOur Homeland Movement\nRodobrana\nRussian Imperial Movement\nRussian National Unity (2000)\nS14\nSchutzstaffel\nSerbian Volunteer Corps\nSicarii\nSich Battalion\nSilver Shirts\nSturmabteilung\nSudetendeutsches Freikorps\nTerror Against Terror\nThird Klan\nUkrainian Insurgent Army\nUkrainian People's Militsiya\nUstaše Militia\nVolkssport\nWalloon Guard\nWalloon Legion\nWaffen-SS\nWagner Group\nRusich Group\nWeerbaarheidsafdeling\nWerwolf\nWestland New Post\nYokusan Sonendan\nYouth Front\nStudent\nAkhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad\nAvanguardia Giovanile Fascista\nFrente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas\nGerman Student Union\nNational Socialist German Students' League\nSindicato Español Universitario\nStudent Action\nInternational\nAxis powers\nNSDAP/AO\nODESSA\nHistory1910s\nArditi\nFascio\n1920s\nMarch on Rome\nCorfu incident\nAcerbo Law\nBeer Hall Putsch\nAventine Secession\nItalian economic battles\n28 May 1926 coup d'état\n1930s\nMarch of the Iron Will\nNovember 1932 German federal election\nMarch 1933 German federal election\nEnabling Act\nAustrian Civil War\nJuly Putsch\n1934 Montreux Fascist conference\nRomani genocide\nSpanish Civil War\n4th of August Regime\nAnti-Comintern Pact\n1940s\nWorld War II\nNazi crimes against the Polish nation\nThe Holocaust\nGenocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia\nEnd in Italy\nNuremberg Trials\nTokyo Trials\nLists\nAnti-fascists\nBooks about Hitler\nBritish fascist parties\nFascist movements by country (A-F\nG-M\nN-T\nU-Z)\nNazi ideologues\nNazi leaders\nSpeeches by Hitler\nSS personnel\nRelated topics\nAuthoritarian conservatism\nChiangism\nConservative Revolution\nMaurrassisme\nMetaxism\nAlt-right\nAlt-lite\nAlt-right pipeline\nAlt-tech\nIdentitarian movement\nAnti-fascism\nEurope a Nation\nFascist (epithet)\nFascist mysticism\nFeudal fascism\nF-scale (personality test)\nGermanisation\nof Poles during the Partitions\nItalianization\nof South Tyrol\nJapanization\nMorenazi\nNeosocialism\nPara/semi-fascism\nPost-fascism\nProto-fascism\nPutinism\nRed fascism\nRed–green–brown alliance\nRoman salute\nSansepolcrismo\nScientific racism\nAryanism\nNordicism\nSocial fascism\nSorelianism\nSynarchism\nSzeged Idea\nTrumpism\nVölkisch movement\nWomen in Nazi Germany\n\nCategory\n Politics portalvteAnarchismConcepts\nAnarchy\nAnarchist Black Cross\nAnarchist criminology\nAnationalism\nAnti-authoritarianism\nAnti-capitalism\nAnti-militarism\nAffinity group\nAutonomous social center\nBlack bloc\nClassless society\nClass struggle\nConsensus decision-making\nConscientious objector\nCritique of work\nDecentralization\nDeep ecology\nDirect action\nFree association\nFree love\nFreethought\nHorizontalidad\nIndividualism\nIsocracy\nLaw\nMutual aid\nParticipatory politics\nPermanent autonomous zone\nPrefigurative politics\nProletarian internationalism\nPropaganda of the deed\nRefusal of work\nRevolution\nRevolutionary spontaneity\nRewilding\nSecurity culture\nSelf-ownership\nSocial ecology\nSociocracy\nSomatherapy\nSpontaneous order\nSquatting\nTemporary autonomous zone\nUnion of egoists\nVoluntary association\nWorkers' councilIssues\nAnimal rights\nCapitalism\nEducation\nLove and sex\nNationalism\nReligion\nViolenceSchools of thoughtClassical\nIndividualist\nEgoist\nIllegalist\nNaturist\nPhilosophical\nMutualist\nSocial\nCollectivist\nCommunist\nMagonist\nPost-classical\nFeminist\nGreen\nPrimitivist\nSocial ecology\nIndependence\nInsurrectionary\nPacifist\nReligious\nChristian\nBuddhist\nJewish\nWithout adjectives\nContemporary\nBlack\nFree-market\nPostcolonial\nPost-anarchist\nPost-left\nQueer\nTypes of federation\nAffinity group\nAnarcho-syndicalism\nPlatformism\nSynthesis anarchism\nUnion of egoists\nEconomics\nCommunization\nCooperative\nCost the limit of price\nGeneral strike\nGift economy\nGive-away shop\nFree association\nLabour voucher\nMarket abolitionism\nMutual aid\nMutual credit\nParticipatory economics\nSocial ownership\nWage slavery\nWorkers' self-managementCulture\nA las Barricadas\nAnarchist bookfair\nAnarcho-punk\nArts\nCulture jamming\nDIY ethic\nFilms\nFreeganism\nGlossary\nInfoshop\nIndependent Media Center\nThe Internationale\nJewish anarchism\nLifestylism\n\"No gods, no masters\"\nPopular education\n\"Property is theft!\"\nRadical cheerleading\nRadical environmentalism\nSquatting\nSymbolismHistory\nParis Commune\nSpanish Regional Federation of the IWA\nCantonal rebellion\nHague Congress\nInternational Conference of Rome\nTrial of the Thirty\nHaymarket affair\nMay Day\nCongress of Amsterdam\nTragic Week\nHigh Treason Incident\nManifesto of the Sixteen\nIndividualist anarchism in the United States\n1919 United States bombings\nBiennio Rosso\nGerman Revolution of 1918–1919\nBavarian Soviet Republic\nKronstadt rebellion\nMakhnovshchina\nAmakasu Incident\nEscuela Moderna\nIndividualist anarchism in Europe\nSpanish Revolution of 1936\nBarcelona May Days\nRed inverted triangle\nLabadie Collection\nMay 1968\nProvo\nLIP\nKate Sharpley Library\nAustralian Anarchist Centenary\nCarnival Against Capital\n1999 Seattle WTO protests\nReally Really Free Market\nOccupy movementPeople\nArmand\nBa\nBakunin\nBerkman\nBonanno\nBookchin\nChomsky\nCleyre\nDay\nDurruti\nEllul\nErvin\nFaure\nFerrer\nFeyerabend\nGodwin\nGoldman\nGonzález Prada\nGraeber\nGuillaume\nHe-Yin\nKaczynski\nKanno\nKōtoku\nKropotkin\nLandauer\nLiu\nMagón\nMakhno\nMalatesta\nMichel\nMost\nParsons\nPi\nPouget\nProudhon\nRocker\nSantillán\nSpooner\nStirner\nThoreau\nTolstoy\nTucker\nVolin\nWard\nWarren\nZerzanLists\nAnarcho-punk bands\nBooks\nCommunities\nFictional characters\nFilms\nJewish anarchists\nMusicians\nPeriodicalsBy region\nAfrica\nAlbania\nAlgeria\nAndorra\nArgentina\nArmenia\nAustralia\nAustria\nAzerbaijan\nBangladesh\nBelarus\nBelgium\nBolivia\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nBrazil\nBulgaria\nCanada\nChile\nChina\nColombia\nCosta Rica\nCroatia\nCuba\nCzech Republic\nDenmark\nDominican Republic\nEast Timor\nEcuador\nEgypt\nEl Salvador\nEstonia\nFinland\nFrance\nFrench Guiana\nGeorgia\nGermany\nGreece\nGuatemala\nHong Kong\nHungary\nIceland\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIreland\nIsrael\nItaly\nJapan\nKorea\nLatvia\nMalaysia\nMexico\nMonaco\nMongolia\nMorocco\nNetherlands\nNew Zealand\nNicaragua\nNigeria\nNorway\nPanama\nParaguay\nPeru\nPhilippines\nPoland\nPortugal\nPuerto Rico\nRomania\nRussia\nSerbia\nSingapore\nSouth Africa\nSpain\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nSyria\nTaiwan\nTunisia\nTurkey\nUkraine\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nUruguay\nVenezuela\nVietnamRelated topics\nAnti-corporatism\nAnti-consumerism\nAnti-fascism\nAnti-globalization\nAnti-statism\nAnti-war movement\nAutarchism\nAutonomism\nCommunism\nCounter-economics\nDefinition of anarchism and libertarianism\nLabour movement\nLeft communism\nLeft-libertarianism\nLibertarianism\nLibertarian Marxism\nLibertarian socialism\nMarxism\nSituationist International\nSocialism\nSpontaneous order\nVoluntaryism\n Anarchism portal\nCategory\nOutline","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"A red flag with modern Antifaschistische Aktion, commonly shortened to Antifa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flagge_der_Antifaschistische_Aktion.jpg/220px-Flagge_der_Antifaschistische_Aktion.jpg"},{"image_text":"Defendants in the Nuremberg Trials - a judicial-political process intended to delegitimize Nazism, and Fascism more broadly, as criminal ideologies","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Nuremberg_Trials_retouched.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_Trials_retouched.jpg"},{"image_text":"Antifa graffiti in Rome: Nationalism is an easy illusion.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bridge_with_Antifa_slogan%2C_Rome.jpg/220px-Bridge_with_Antifa_slogan%2C_Rome.jpg"},{"image_text":"Antifascist sticker in Warsaw, Poland.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vlepa_antify%2C_Warszawa_%282020%29.jpg/220px-Vlepa_antify%2C_Warszawa_%282020%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The historical seat of the Communist Party of Germany (Karl-Liebknecht-Haus) with prominently displayed logo of the Antifaschistische Aktion, 1932","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P046279%2C_Berlin%2C_Liebknecht-Haus_am_B%C3%BClowplatz.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P046279%2C_Berlin%2C_Liebknecht-Haus_am_B%C3%BClowplatz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Antifa graffito in Longford, Ireland; it incorporates the Starry Plough, a traditional Irish left-wing symbol. Jonathan Arlow has written that \"a close cultural lineage between elements within the left and a past revolutionary tradition will increase the appeal of anti-fascist activism among left-wing activists.\"[21]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Antifa_graffito%2C_Ireland.jpg/170px-Antifa_graffito%2C_Ireland.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anti-fascist demonstration at Porta San Paolo in Rome, Italy, on the occasion of the Liberation Day on 25 April 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg/220px-2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg"},{"image_text":"ANPI logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ANPI_LOGO.svg/220px-ANPI_LOGO.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Bella ciao (instrumental only version)"},{"image_text":"2007 photo of Antifa graffiti in Trnava, Slovakia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Antifa_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"British fighters of the International Freedom Battalion's 0161 Antifa Manchester Crew in Rojava","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/IFB_Antifa_Manchester.png/220px-IFB_Antifa_Manchester.png"}] | [{"title":"Black bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_bloc"},{"title":"Diversity of tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_of_tactics"}] | [{"reference":"\"Language Log » Ask Language Log: How to pronounce \"Antifa\"?\". languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu. Retrieved September 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=34177","url_text":"\"Language Log » Ask Language Log: How to pronounce \"Antifa\"?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Lost History of Antifa\". Jacobin Mag. 15 August 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/05/antifascist-movements-hitler-nazis-kpd-spd-germany-cold-war","url_text":"\"The Lost History of Antifa\""}]},{"reference":"Pritchard, Gareth (2012). Niemandsland: A History of Unoccupied Germany, 1944–1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107013506.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107013506","url_text":"978-1107013506"}]},{"reference":"Linksextremismus: Erscheinungsformen und Gefährdungspotenziale [Far-left extremism: Manifestations and danger potential] (PDF). Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. 2016. pp. 33–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-06-02. Die Aktivitäten „antifaschistischer\" Linksextremisten (Antifa) dienen indes nur vordergründig der Bekämpfung rechtsextremistischer Bestrebungen. Eigentliches Ziel bleibt der „bürgerlich-demokratische Staat\", der in der Lesart von Linksextremisten den „Faschismus\" als eine mögliche Herrschaftsform akzeptiert, fördert und ihn deshalb auch nicht ausreichend bekämpft. Letztlich, so wird argumentiert, wurzle der „Faschismus\" in den gesellschaftlichen und politischen Strukturen des „Kapitalismus\". Dementsprechend rücken Linksextremisten vor allem die Beseitigung des „kapitalistischen Systems\" in den Mittelpunkt ihrer „antifaschistischen\" Aktivitäten.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200602075325/https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/broschuere-2016-05-linksextremismus.pdf","url_text":"Linksextremismus: Erscheinungsformen und Gefährdungspotenziale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution","url_text":"Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution"},{"url":"https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/broschuere-2016-05-linksextremismus.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aktionsfeld 'Antifaschismus'\" [The field of \"anti-fascism\"]. Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. Archived from the original on 2020-05-15. Retrieved 2019-07-29. Das Aktionsfeld „Antifaschismus\" ist seit Jahren ein zentrales Element der politischen Arbeit von Linksextremisten, insbesondere aus dem gewaltorientierten Spektrum. ... Die Aktivitäten von Linksextremisten in diesem Aktionsfeld zielen aber nur vordergründig auf die Bekämpfung rechtsextremistischer Bestrebungen. Im eigentlichen Fokus steht der Kampf gegen die freiheitliche demokratische Grundordnung, die als „kapitalistisches System\" diffamiert wird, und deren angeblich immanente „faschistische\" Wurzeln beseitigt werden sollen.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200515202725/https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/print/de/arbeitsfelder/af-linksextremismus/zahlen-und-fakten-linksextremismus/aktionsfelder-von-linksextremisten-2017/aktionsfeld-antifaschismus-2017","url_text":"\"Aktionsfeld 'Antifaschismus'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution","url_text":"Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution"},{"url":"https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/arbeitsfelder/af-linksextremismus/zahlen-und-fakten-linksextremismus/aktionsfelder-von-linksextremisten-2017/aktionsfeld-antifaschismus-2017","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Tim (2007). Der Antifaschismus der PDS aus antiextremistischer Sicht [The antifascism of the PDS from an anti-extremist perspective]. Springer. pp. 33–37, 152, 186. ISBN 9783531901268.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YLRrg_SjPyIC","url_text":"Der Antifaschismus der PDS aus antiextremistischer Sicht"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media","url_text":"Springer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783531901268","url_text":"9783531901268"}]},{"reference":"Jesse, Eckhard (2015). Extremismus und Demokratie, Parteien und Wahlen: Historisch-politische Streifzüge. Böhlau Verlag. pp. 94–95. ISBN 9783412223021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckhard_Jesse","url_text":"Jesse, Eckhard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783412223021","url_text":"9783412223021"}]},{"reference":"Agethen, Manfred; Jesse, Eckhard; Neubert, Ehrhart (2002). Der missbrauchte Antifaschismus. DDR-Staatsdoktrin und Lebenslüge der deutschen Linken (in German). Freiburg: Verlag Herder. ISBN 978-3451280177.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckhard_Jesse","url_text":"Jesse, Eckhard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3451280177","url_text":"978-3451280177"}]},{"reference":"Richter, Michael (2006). \"Die doppelte Diktatur: Erfahrungen mit Diktatur in der DDR und Auswirkungen auf das Verhältnis zur Diktatur heute\". In Besier, Gerhard; Stoklosa, Katarzyna (eds.). Lasten diktatorischer Vergangenheit – Herausforderungen demokratischer Gegenwart. LIT Verlag. pp. 195–208. ISBN 9783825887896.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825887896","url_text":"9783825887896"}]},{"reference":"\"13. August 1961: Mauerbau in Berlin\" [13 August 1961: Wall construction in Berlin]. chronik-der-mauer.de (in German). Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/node/178754","url_text":"\"13. August 1961: Mauerbau in Berlin\""}]},{"reference":"Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Germany: The Long Road West: Volume 2: 1933–1990. Oxford University Press. p. 230. ISBN 9780191500619. Opposition to the US war in South-East Asia united student protest movements from Berkeley to Paris to Berlin. Another thing they had in common was the anti-authoritarian rebellion against the lifestyle of the older generation, against professors' control of the universities, against the 'establishment' and what only seemed to be its tolerance, but what was in reality 'repressive tolerance'. There were additional grounds for protest in West Germany. The most important was the 'repression of the past' and what seemed to be its cause: the continuity of the societal relations of power, defined as a 'restoration'. Another factor was the virtual disappearance of a parliamentary opposition from the left after the formation of a Grand Coalition in late 1966. 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Retrieved 18 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/60922","url_text":"\"各地で姿を現す日本版「アンティファ」の実態に迫る 公安警察も警戒強めだした新たなる極左行動集団の活動\""}]},{"reference":"\"ジャーナリスト・石井氏「議員がテロ集団と名指しされたアンティファと深く関わる日本共産党と立憲民主党、それを報道しないメディアを持つ日本は何なんでしょうか」\" [Journalist Ishii \"What is Japan that has the Japanese Communist Party and the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan, whose members are deeply involved with Antifa who was named a terrorist group, and media that does not report it?\"]. Share News Japan (in Japanese). June 2, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://snjpn.net/archives/199220","url_text":"\"ジャーナリスト・石井氏「議員がテロ集団と名指しされたアンティファと深く関わる日本共産党と立憲民主党、それを報道しないメディアを持つ日本は何なんでしょうか」\""}]},{"reference":"\"怒りは限界に達した 名古屋で「安倍は辞めろ」デモ\" [Anger reached the limit \"Abe out\" Demonstration in Nagoya]. Japanese Communist Party Aichi Committee Official site (in Japanese). January 13, 2020. 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Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). June 6, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mainichi.jp/articles/20200606/k00/00m/040/119000c","url_text":"\"警視庁渋谷署前で再び抗議デモ 職務質問でクルド人男性がけが\""}]},{"reference":"\"渋谷署前のデモ、立憲・石川大我議員の後ろに米大統領がテロ組織と認めた『ANTIFA』の旗 → 石川議員、ツイート削除…\" [The protest in front of the Shibuya police station, behind the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan, Ishikawa Daiga, there is a flag of \"ANTIFA\" that the President of the US recognized as a terrorist organization.→Ishikawa deleted the tweet...]. Share News Japan (in Japanese). June 1, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://snjpn.net/archives/199062","url_text":"\"渋谷署前のデモ、立憲・石川大我議員の後ろに米大統領がテロ組織と認めた『ANTIFA』の旗 → 石川議員、ツイート削除…\""}]},{"reference":"\"在日クルド人ヘイトクライム抗議デモに在日クルド協会が関与否定の異例声明\" [Unusual statement by the Kurdish Association of Japan denying its involvement in the Kurdish hate crime protest in Japan]. Business Journal (in Japanese). June 15, 2020. 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Retrieved 18 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/33873","url_text":"\"渋谷で「警察は人種差別するな」 500人抗議、クルド人職質にも\""}]},{"reference":"\"「手榴弾爆破させる」 渋谷署などに予告メール クルド人男性への職務質問などに抗議か\" [\"Explode a grenade\" The Shibuya police and others received a bomb scare email ─ Protest against a police checkup on a Kurdish man?]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). June 11, 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sankei.com/affairs/news/200611/afr2006110007-n1.html","url_text":"\"「手榴弾爆破させる」 渋谷署などに予告メール クルド人男性への職務質問などに抗議か\""}]},{"reference":"\"東京入管に爆破予告のメール 12日の窓口業務が中止に\" [Tokyo Immigration Bureau had a bomb scare email arrive]. NHK (in Japanese). 11 Jun 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200611/k10012467281000.html","url_text":"\"東京入管に爆破予告のメール 12日の窓口業務が中止に\""}]},{"reference":"\"東京入国管理局に爆破予告メールが届く\" [Tokyo Immigration Bureau received a bomb threat email]. Arab News Japan (in Japanese). 12 Jun 2020. 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Land'\""},{"Link":"https://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/60922","external_links_name":"\"各地で姿を現す日本版「アンティファ」の実態に迫る 公安警察も警戒強めだした新たなる極左行動集団の活動\""},{"Link":"https://snjpn.net/archives/199220","external_links_name":"\"ジャーナリスト・石井氏「議員がテロ集団と名指しされたアンティファと深く関わる日本共産党と立憲民主党、それを報道しないメディアを持つ日本は何なんでしょうか」\""},{"Link":"http://www.jcp-aichi.jp/2020/0113/15868.html","external_links_name":"\"怒りは限界に達した 名古屋で「安倍は辞めろ」デモ\""},{"Link":"https://www.jcp.or.jp/akahata/aik18/2019-01-21/2019012115_01_1.html","external_links_name":"\"路上から安倍政治に怒り\""},{"Link":"https://mainichi.jp/articles/20200530/k00/00m/040/179000c","external_links_name":"\"「警官に押さえ込まれけが」 渋谷署前で200人が抗議デモ クルド人訴えに共鳴\""},{"Link":"https://mainichi.jp/articles/20200606/k00/00m/040/119000c","external_links_name":"\"警視庁渋谷署前で再び抗議デモ 職務質問でクルド人男性がけが\""},{"Link":"https://snjpn.net/archives/199062","external_links_name":"\"渋谷署前のデモ、立憲・石川大我議員の後ろに米大統領がテロ組織と認めた『ANTIFA』の旗 → 石川議員、ツイート削除…\""},{"Link":"https://biz-journal.jp/2020/06/post_162934.html","external_links_name":"\"在日クルド人ヘイトクライム抗議デモに在日クルド協会が関与否定の異例声明\""},{"Link":"https://www.j-cast.com/2020/06/15387992.html","external_links_name":"\"警察への抗議デモは「偏見を助長した」 在日クルド人団体「苦言」の背景\""},{"Link":"https://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/33873","external_links_name":"\"渋谷で「警察は人種差別するな」 500人抗議、クルド人職質にも\""},{"Link":"https://www.sankei.com/affairs/news/200611/afr2006110007-n1.html","external_links_name":"\"「手榴弾爆破させる」 渋谷署などに予告メール クルド人男性への職務質問などに抗議か\""},{"Link":"https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200611/k10012467281000.html","external_links_name":"\"東京入管に爆破予告のメール 12日の窓口業務が中止に\""},{"Link":"https://www.arabnews.jp/article/japan/article_16460/","external_links_name":"\"東京入国管理局に爆破予告メールが届く\""},{"Link":"https://getnews.jp/archives/2585184","external_links_name":"\"渋谷警察署デモに関して日本クルド文化協会が見解発表「正当な理由があるとは言い難いデモ」\""},{"Link":"https://library.uncg.edu/dp/crg/topicalessays/GreensMassacre.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The Greensboro 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Edge, and Radical Politics"},{"Link":"http://www.weareplanc.org/blog/interview-with-ypg-commander-cihan-kendal/","external_links_name":"\"Interview with YPG Commander Cihan Kendal\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/untold-story-syria-antifa-platoon-666159/","external_links_name":"The Untold Story of Syria's Antifa Platoon. How a ragtag crew of leftist revolutionaries and soldiers of fortune helped defeat ISIS."},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-3393","external_links_name":"0967-3393"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/2084393632","external_links_name":"2084393632"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguendula_Filipe | Nguendula Filipe | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Angolan basketball player
Nguendula FilipeNo. 15 – InterclubePositionSmall forwardLeagueAngolan LeagueAfrica Club Champions CupPersonal informationBorn (1982-05-20) 20 May 1982 (age 42)Luanda, AngolaNationalityAngolanListed height178 cm (5.84 ft)Listed weight72 kg (159 lb)
Medals
Women's basketball
Representing Angola
AfroBasket Women
2011 Mali
2013 Mozambique
2007 Senegal
2009 Madagascar
Nguendula Filipe (born 20 May 1982) is an Angolan women's basketball player. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she competed for the Angola women's national basketball team in the women's event. She is 5 ft 10 inches tall.
References
^ "Ngiendula Filipe". London 2012. The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
External links
Ngiendula Filipe at FIBA
Ngiendula Filipe at Eurobasket.com
Ngiendula Filipe at Proballers
Ngiendula Filipe at Basketball-Reference.com
Ngiendula Filipe at Olympedia
vteG.D. Interclube Women's Basketball current roster
6 Italee
7 Merciana
8 Rosemira
9 Astrida
10 Sequoia
12 Nadir
13 Felizarda
14 Angelina
15 Nguendula
16 Elsa
17 Luzia
18 Pauline
19 Emanuela
Coach Apolinário Paquete
vteG.D. Interclube – 2013 Africa Club Champions Cup for Women – Gold Medal
4 Catarina
5 Judite
6 Lucas
7 Elizabeth
8 Indira
9 Astrida
10 Merciana
11 Tirera
12 Nadir
13 Felizarda
14 Angelina
15 Nguendula
Coach Paquete
vteG.D. Interclube – 2014 Africa Club Champions Cup for Women – Gold Medal
4 Luzia
5 Elsa
6 Lucas
7 Merciana
8 Rosemira
9 Astrida
10 Holmes
11 Ângela
12 Nadir
13 Felizarda
14 Angelina
15 Nguendula
Coach Necas
vteAngola squad – Africa Championship for Women 2007 – Bronze Medal
4 M.Afonso
5 Jaquelina
6 Domitila
7 Ângela
8 Catarina
9 Sónia
10 Irene
11 Indira
12 Astrida
13 Nguendula
14 Ernestina
15 Nacissela
Coach: Aníbal
vteAngola squad – Africa Championship for Women 2009 – Bronze Medal
4 Catarina
5 Nguendula
6 Domitila
7 Felizarda
8 Isabel
9 Sónia
10 Irene
11 Luísa
12 Astrida
13 Nacissela
14 Ernestina
15 Nadir
Coach: Aníbal
vteAngola squad – Africa Championship for Women 2011 – Gold Medal
4 Catarina
5 Luzia
6 Felizarda
7 Ângela
8 Fineza
9 Cristina
10 Sónia
11 Luísa
12 Astrida
13 Nacissela
14 Nadir
15 Nguendula
Coach: Aníbal
vteAngola squad – Africa Championship for Women 2013 – Gold Medal
4 Catarina
5 Clarisse
6 Felizarda
7 Whitney
8 Fineza
9 Madalena
10 Sónia
11 Luísa
12 Astrida
13 Nacissela
14 Nadir
15 Nguendula
Coach: Aníbal
This biographical article relating to an Angolan basketball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OlympicBotGeneratedRef-1"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Angola women's national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"women's event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women"}],"text":"Nguendula Filipe (born 20 May 1982) is an Angolan women's basketball player.[1] At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she competed for the Angola women's national basketball team in the women's event. She is 5 ft 10 inches tall.","title":"Nguendula Filipe"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ngiendula Filipe\". London 2012. The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120801081622/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/filipe-ngiendula-1101792/","url_text":"\"Ngiendula Filipe\""},{"url":"http://www.london2012.com/athlete/filipe-ngiendula-1101792/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120801081622/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/filipe-ngiendula-1101792/","external_links_name":"\"Ngiendula Filipe\""},{"Link":"http://www.london2012.com/athlete/filipe-ngiendula-1101792/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/q/pid/55334/_//players.html","external_links_name":"Ngiendula Filipe"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080188#P3542"},{"Link":"https://www.eurobasket.com/player.asp?PlayerID=103999","external_links_name":"Ngiendula Filipe"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080188#P3527"},{"Link":"https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/59104","external_links_name":"Ngiendula Filipe"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080188#P8548"},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/international/players/ngiendula-filipe-1.html","external_links_name":"Ngiendula Filipe"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080188#P4790"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/124662","external_links_name":"Ngiendula Filipe"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080188#P8286"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nguendula_Filipe&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopie | Skopje | ["1 Name","2 Geography","2.1 Topography","2.2 Hydrography","2.3 Geology","2.4 Climate","2.5 Environment","3 Urbanism","3.1 Urban morphology","3.2 Urban sociology","3.3 Localities and villages","3.4 Pollution","4 History","4.1 Origins","4.2 Roman Scupi","4.3 Middle Ages","4.4 Ottoman period","4.5 Balkan Wars to present day","5 Emblems","6 Administration","6.1 Status","6.2 City Council","6.3 Mayor","6.4 Municipalities","7 Economy","7.1 Economic weight","7.2 Firms and activities","7.3 Employment","8 Demographics","8.1 Population","8.2 Ethnic groups","8.3 Religion","8.4 Health","8.5 Education","9 Media","10 Sports","11 Transport","11.1 Main connections","11.2 Rail and coach stations","11.3 Public transport","11.4 Airport","12 Culture","12.1 Cultural institutions","12.2 Museums","12.3 Architecture","12.4 Festivals","12.5 Nightlife","13 People from Skopje","14 International relations","14.1 Twin towns – sister cities","14.2 Partnerships","15 See also","16 Notes","17 Citations","18 General sources","19 Further reading","20 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°59′46″N 21°25′54″E / 41.99611°N 21.43167°E / 41.99611; 21.43167Capital and largest city of North Macedonia
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Capital city in Skopje Statistical, North MacedoniaSkopje
Скопје (Macedonian)Shkup / Shkupi (Albanian)Capital cityГрад СкопјеQyteti i ShkupitCity of SkopjeView over central Skopje with the Vardar riverArchaeological Museum of North MacedoniaMacedonia SquareSkopje Fortress (Kale)Porta MacedoniaChurch of St. Clement of OhridStone Bridge
FlagCoat of armsSkopjeLocation of Skopje in North MacedoniaShow map of North MacedoniaSkopjeSkopje (Balkans)Show map of BalkansSkopjeSkopje (Europe)Show map of EuropeCoordinates: 41°59′46″N 21°25′54″E / 41.99611°N 21.43167°E / 41.99611; 21.43167Country North MacedoniaRegionSkopje StatisticalMunicipalityGreater SkopjeGovernment • TypeSpecial unit of local self-government • BodySkopje City Council • MayorDanela Arsovska (Independent)Area • Greater Skopje571.46 km2 (220.64 sq mi) • Urban337.80 km2 (130.43 sq mi) • Metro1,854.00 km2 (715.83 sq mi)Elevation240 m (790 ft)Population (2021) • Greater Skopje526,502Demonym(s)Skopjan (Macedonian: Skopjanec/Skopjanka Скопјанец/Скопјанка)(Albanian: Shkupjan/Shkupjane)Official Language(s) • primaryMacedonian, AlbanianTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal codesМК-10 00Area code+389 2ISO 3166 codeMK-85Car platesSKHDI (2021)0.802very high · 1st of 8ClimateBSkWebsitewww.skopje.gov.mk
Skopje (/ˈskɒpjeɪ/ SKOP-yay, US also /ˈskoʊpjeɪ/ SKOHP-yay; Macedonian: Скопје ⓘ; Albanian: Shkup, Albanian definite form: Shkupi) is the capital and largest city of North Macedonia. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. Skopje lies in the Skopje Basin.
Scupi is attested for the first time in the second century AD as a city in Roman Dardania. When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under Byzantine rule from Constantinople. During much of the early medieval period, the town was contested between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire, whose capital it was between 972 and 992. In 1004, when it was seized by the Byzantine Empire, the city became a centre of a new province called Bulgaria. From 1282, the town was part of the Serbian Empire and was its capital city from 1346 to 1371.
In 1392, Skopje was conquered by the Ottoman Turks, who called it Üsküb (اسکوب). The town stayed under Ottoman control for over 500 years, serving as the capital of the pashasanjak of Üsküp and later the Vilayet of Kosovo. Its central position in the Ottoman Balkans made it a significant centre of commerce and administration during the Ottoman era. In 1912, it was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia during the Balkan Wars. During World War I the city was seized by the Kingdom of Bulgaria, and, after the war, it became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia as the capital of Vardarska Banovina. In World War II, the city was again captured by Bulgaria and in 1945 became the capital of SR Macedonia, a federated state within Yugoslavia. The city developed rapidly, but this was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by a disastrous earthquake.
Skopje is on the upper course of the Vardar River and is on a major north–south Balkan route between Belgrade and Athens. It is a centre for the chemical, timber, textile, leather, printing, and metal-processing industries. Industrial development of the city has been accompanied by development of the trade, logistics, and banking sectors, as well as an emphasis on the fields of transportation, culture and sport. According to the last official census from 2021, Skopje had a population of 526,502 inhabitants.
Name
See also: Other names of Skopje
Serbian troops overseeing the city's renaming from "Üsküb" to "Skoplje" following Serbia's annexation of Vardar Macedonia in 1912
The city is attested for the first name in Geography by Ptolemy c. 150 AD as one of the cities of Roman Dardania. Ptolemy describes the city in Latin as Scupi and ancient Greek as Σκοῦποι. The toponym likely belongs to a group of similar Illyrian toponyms which have been transmitted to Slavic languages in the same way as the modern Macedonian toponym Skopje: Skoplje and Uskoplje in Bosnia, Uskoplje in Dalmatia (Croatia). Shkup, the name of the city in Albanian developed directly from Roman-era Scupi in agreement with the Albanian phonological development, the basis of evidence of an earlier Albanian settlement in the area. Shkupi is the definite form of Shkup in Albanian. Skopje, the name of the city during the Middle Ages, is the local Slavic (Macedonian) rendition of Scupi. The Ottoman Turkish rendition of the city's name is "Üsküb" (Ottoman Turkish: اسكوب) and it was adapted in Western languages in "Uskub" or "Uskup", and these two appellations were used in the Western world until 1912. Some Western sources also cite "Scopia" and "Skopia". Scopia is the name of the city in Aromanian.
When Vardar Macedonia was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1912, the city officially became "Skoplje" (Serbian Cyrillic: Скопље) and many languages adopted this name. To reflect local pronunciation, the city's name was eventually spelled as "Skopje" (Macedonian: Скопје) after the Second World War, when standard Macedonian became the official language of the new Socialist Republic of Macedonia.
Geography
Topography
Skopje is in the north of the country, in the centre of the Balkan peninsula, and halfway between Belgrade and Athens. The city was built in the Skopje valley, oriented on a west-east axis, along the course of the Vardar river, which flows into the Aegean Sea in Greece. The valley is approximately 20 km (12 mi) wide and it is limited by several mountain ranges to the north and south. These ranges limit the urban expansion of Skopje, which spreads along the Vardar and the Serava, a small river which comes from the north. In its administrative boundaries, the City of Skopje stretches for more than 33 km (21 mi), but it is only 10 km (6.2 mi) wide.
Skopje is approximately 245 m above sea level and covers 571.46 km2. The urbanized area only covers 337 km2, with a density of 65 inhabitants per hectare. Skopje, in its administrative limits, encompasses many villages and other settlements, including Dračevo, Gorno Nerezi and Bardovci. According to the 2021 census, the City of Skopje had 526,502 inhabitants.
The City of Skopje reaches the Kosovo border to the north-east. Clockwise, it is also bordered by the municipalities of Čučer-Sandevo, Lipkovo, Aračinovo, Ilinden, Studeničani, Sopište, Želino and Jegunovce.
The city of Skopje; its administrative limits are in red.
Location of Skopje in North Macedonia
Landscape of the Skopje valley, near Bardovci
Hydrography
The Vardar river, which flows through Skopje, is at approximately 60 km (37 mi) from its source near Gostivar. In Skopje, its average discharge is 51 m3/s, with a wide amplitude depending on seasons, between 99.6 m3/s in May and 18.7 m3/s in July. The water temperature is between 4.6 °C in January and 18.1 °C in July.
Several rivers meet the Vardar within the city boundaries. The largest is the Treska, which is 130 km (81 mi) long. It crosses the Matka Canyon before reaching the Vardar on the western extremity of the City of Skopje. The Lepenac, coming from Kosovo, flows into the Vardar on the northwestern end of the urban area. The Serava, also coming from the North, had flowed through the Old Bazaar until the 1960s when it was diverted towards the West because its waters were very polluted. Originally, it met the Vardar close to the seat of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Nowadays, it flows into the Vardar near the ruins of Scupi. Markova Reka, which originates in Mount Vodno, meets the Vardar at the eastern extremity of the city. These three rivers are less than 70 km (43 mi) long.
The City of Skopje incorporates two artificial lakes, on the Treska. The lake Matka is the result of the construction of a dam in the Matka Canyon in the 1930s, and the Treska lake was dug for leisure purposes in 1978. Three small natural lakes can be found near Smiljkovci, on the northeastern edge of the urban area.
The river Vardar historically caused many floods, such as in 1962, when its outflow reached 1110 m3/s−1. Several works have been carried out since Byzantine times to limit the risks, and since the construction of the Kozjak dam on the Treska in 1994, the flood risk is close to zero.
The subsoil contains a large water table which is alimented by the Vardar river and functions as an underground river. Under the table lies an aquifer contained in marl. The water table is 4 to 12 m under the ground and 4 to 144 m deep. Several wells collect its waters but most of the drinking water used in Skopje comes from a karstic spring in Rašče, west of the city.
The Treska lake
The Vardar and the Stone Bridge, symbol of the city
The main river running through the centre of Skopje, c. 1950
The Serava north of the city
Geology
The Skopje valley is bordered on the West by the Šar Mountains, on the South by the Jakupica range, on the East by hills belonging to the Osogovo range, and on the North by the Skopska Crna Gora. Mount Vodno, the highest point inside the city limits, is 1066 m high and is part of the Jakupica range.
Although Skopje is built on the foot of Mount Vodno, the urban area is mostly flat. It comprises several minor hills, generally covered with woods and parks, such as Gazi Baba hill (325 m), Zajčev Rid (327 m), the foothills of Mount Vodno (the smallest are between 350 and 400 m high) and the promontory on which Skopje Fortress is built.
The Skopje valley is near a seismic fault between the African and Eurasian tectonic plates and experiences regular seismic activity. This activity in enhanced by the porous structure of the subsoil. Large earthquakes occurred in Skopje in 518, 1555 and 1963.
The Skopje valley belongs to the Vardar geotectonic region, the subsoil of which is formed of Neogene and Quaternary deposits. The substratum is made of Pliocene deposits including sandstone, marl, and various conglomerates. It is covered by a first layer of Quaternary sands and silt, which is between 70 and 90 m deep. The layer is topped by a much smaller layer of clay, sand, silt, and gravel, carried by the Vardar river. It is between 1.5 and 5.2 m deep.
In some areas, the subsoil is karstic. It led to the formation of canyons, such as the Matka Canyon, which is surrounded by ten caves. They are between 20 and 176 m deep.
Mount Vodno in the background overlooking Skopje
The Matka Canyon on the western edge of the City of Skopje
A cave at the Matka Canyon
Climate
Skopje has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa), bordering on a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa) with a mean annual temperature of 12.6 °C (55 °F). Precipitation is relatively low due to the pronounced rain shadow of the Accursed Mountains to the northwest, being significantly less than what is received on the Adriatic Sea coast at the same latitude. The summers are long, hot and relatively dry with low humidity. Skopje's average July high is 32 °C (90 °F). On average Skopje sees 88 days above 30 °C (86 °F) each year, and 10.2 days above 35.0 °C (95 °F) every year. Winters are short, relatively cold and wet. Snowfalls are common in the winter period, but heavy snow accumulation is rare and the snowcover lasts only for a few hours or a few days if heavy. In summer, temperatures are usually above 31 °C (88 °F) and sometimes above 40 °C (104 °F). In spring and autumn, the temperatures range from 15 to 24 °C (59 to 75 °F). In winter, the day temperatures are roughly in the range from 5–10 °C (41–50 °F), but at nights they often fall below 0 °C (32 °F) and sometimes below −10 °C (14 °F). Typically, temperatures throughout one year range from −13 °C to 39 °C. Occurrences of precipitation are evenly distributed throughout the year, being heaviest from October to December, and from April to June.
Climate data for Skopje International Airport (1991-2020)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
19.9(67.8)
24.2(75.6)
28.8(83.8)
32.4(90.3)
35.2(95.4)
41.1(106.0)
42.8(109.0)
43.7(110.7)
37.0(98.6)
33.9(93.0)
28.2(82.8)
22.1(71.8)
43.7(110.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
4.8(40.6)
9.0(48.2)
14.5(58.1)
19.4(66.9)
24.4(75.9)
29.2(84.6)
32.0(89.6)
32.3(90.1)
26.7(80.1)
20.1(68.2)
12.5(54.5)
5.9(42.6)
19.2(66.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)
0.2(32.4)
3.0(37.4)
7.7(45.9)
12.4(54.3)
17.2(63.0)
21.7(71.1)
24.1(75.4)
24.1(75.4)
19.0(66.2)
13.1(55.6)
6.9(44.4)
1.8(35.2)
12.6(54.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−3.3(26.1)
−1.6(29.1)
1.9(35.4)
5.7(42.3)
10.3(50.5)
14.3(57.7)
16.3(61.3)
16.2(61.2)
12.2(54.0)
7.6(45.7)
2.8(37.0)
−1.4(29.5)
6.7(44.2)
Record low °C (°F)
−25.8(−14.4)
−21.8(−7.2)
−10.8(12.6)
−5.8(21.6)
−1.0(30.2)
3.0(37.4)
7.0(44.6)
7.0(44.6)
−2.0(28.4)
−6.4(20.5)
−12.2(10.0)
−22.9(−9.2)
−25.8(−14.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
30(1.2)
29(1.1)
38(1.5)
40(1.6)
43(1.7)
54(2.1)
38(1.5)
36(1.4)
34(1.3)
49(1.9)
45(1.8)
48(1.9)
483(19.0)
Average precipitation days
10
9
10
10
11
10
7
6
6
7
9
11
106
Average snowy days
5
5
3
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
2
5
20
Average relative humidity (%)
83
75
68
66
66
61
56
56
63
74
82
85
70
Mean monthly sunshine hours
86.9
112.5
161.1
198.4
245.2
276.3
323.0
305.4
247.5
188.2
114.8
79.6
2,339
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net, World Meteorological Organization (precipitation days)
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)
Environment
The City of Skopje encompasses various natural environments and its fauna and flora are rich. However, it is threatened by the intensification of agriculture and urban extension. The largest protected area within the city limits is Mount Vodno, which is a popular leisure destination. A cable car connects its peak to the downtown, and many pedestrian paths run through its woods. Other large natural spots include the Matka Canyon.
The city itself comprises several parks and gardens amounting to 4,361 hectares. Among these are the City Park (Gradski Park), built by the Ottoman Turks at the beginning of the 20th century; Žena Borec Park, in front of the Parliament; the university arboretum; and Gazi Baba forest. Many streets and boulevards are planted with trees.
Steel processing, which is a crucial activity for the local economy, is responsible for soil pollution with heavy metals such as lead, zinc and cadmium, and air pollution with nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide. Vehicle traffic and district heating plants are also responsible for air pollution.
Water treatment plants are being built, but much polluted water is still discharged untreated into the Vardar. Waste is disposed of in the open-air municipal landfill site, 15 km (9.3 mi) north of the city. Every day, it receives 1,500 m3 of domestic waste and 400 m3 of industrial waste. Health levels are better in Skopje than in the rest of North Macedonia, and no link has been found between the low environmental quality and the health of the residents.
A panoramic view of Skopje as seen from Mount Vodno.
Urbanism
Urban morphology
Skopje urban plan for 2002–2020: City centre Collective housing Individual housing Industrial areas
The urban morphology of Skopje was deeply impacted by the 26 July 1963 earthquake, which destroyed 80% of the city, and by the reconstruction that followed. For instance, neighbourhoods were rebuilt in such a way that the demographic density remains low to limit the impact of potential future earthquakes.
Reconstruction following the 1963 earthquake was mainly conducted by the Polish architect Adolf Ciborowski, who had already planned the reconstruction of Warsaw after World War II. Ciborowski divided the city into blocks dedicated to specific activities. The banks of the Vardar river became natural areas and parks, areas between the main boulevards were built with highrise housing and shopping centres, and the suburbs were left to individual housing and industry. Reconstruction had to be quick to relocate families and to relaunch the local economy. To stimulate economic development, the number of thoroughfares was increased and future urban extension was anticipated.
Skopje as seen by the SPOT satellite. Mount Vodno is visible on the bottom left of the picture.
The south bank of the Vardar river generally comprises highrise tower blocks, including the vast Karpoš neighbourhood which was built in the 1970s west of the centre. Towards the East, the new municipality of Aerodrom was planned in the 1980s to house 80,000 inhabitants on the site of the old airport. Between Karpoš and Aerodrom lies the city centre, rebuilt according to plans by Japanese architect Kenzo Tange. The centre is surrounded by a row of long buildings suggesting a wall ("Gradski Zid").
On the north bank, where the most ancient parts of the city lie, the Old Bazaar was restored and its surroundings were rebuilt with low-rise buildings, so as not to spoil views of the Skopje Fortress. Several institutions, including the university and the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, were also relocated to the north bank to reduce borders between the ethnic communities. The north bank is mostly inhabited by Muslim Albanians, Turks, and Roma, whereas Christian ethnic Macedonians predominantly reside on the south bank.
The earthquake left the city with few historical monuments, apart from the Ottoman Old Bazaar, and the reconstruction, conducted between the 1960s and 1980s, turned Skopje into a modernist city. At the end of the 2000s, the city centre experienced profound changes. A highly controversial urban project, "Skopje 2014", was adopted by the municipal authorities to give the city a more monumental and historical aspect, and thus to transform it into a proper national capital. Several neoclassical buildings destroyed in the 1963 earthquake were rebuilt, including the national theatre, and streets and squares were refurbished. Many other elements were also built, including fountains, statues, hotels, government buildings and bridges. The project has been criticized because of its cost and its historicist aesthetics. The large Albanian minority felt it was not represented in the new monuments, and launched side projects, including a new square over the boulevard that separates the city centre from the Old Bazaar.
Vapcarov Street, in the city centre
A street in the Old Bazaar
Highrise housing in Karpoš
"Macedonian Cross" and Cevahir Towers.
The archeological museum, one of the elements of "Skopje 2014"
Urban sociology
Kapištec neighbourhood, developed during the 1970s. Some post-earthquake prefabricated houses can be seen in the foreground.
Skopje is an ethnically diverse city, and its urban sociology primarily depends on ethnic and religious belonging. Macedonians form 66% of the city population, while Albanians and Roma account respectively for 20% and 6%. Each ethnic group generally restricts itself to certain areas of the city. Macedonians live south of the Vardar, in areas massively rebuilt after 1963, and Muslims live on the northern side, in the oldest neighbourhoods of the city. These neighbourhoods are considered more traditional, whereas the south side evokes to Macedonians modernity and rupture from rural life.
The northern areas are the poorest. This is especially true for Topaana, in Čair municipality, and for Šuto Orizari municipality, which are the two main Roma neighbourhoods. They are made of many illegal constructions not connected to electricity and water supply, which are passed from one generation to another. Topaana, close to the Old Bazaar, is a very old area: it was first mentioned as a Roma neighbourhood in the beginning of the 14th century. It has between 3,000 and 5,000 inhabitants. Šuto Orizari, on the northern edge of the city, is a municipality of its own, with Romani as its local official language. It was developed after the 1963 earthquake to accommodate Roma who had lost their house.
The population density varies greatly from one area to another. So does the size of the living area per person. The city average was at 19.41 m2 (208.93 sq ft) per person as of 2002, but at 24 m2 (258 sq ft) in Centar on the south bank, and only 14 m2 (151 sq ft) in Čair on the north bank. In Šuto Orizari, the average was at 13 m2 (140 sq ft).
Localities and villages
Gorno Nerezi, a village on the northern side of Mount Vodno
Outside of the urban area, the City of Skopje encompasses many small settlements. Some of them are becoming outer suburbs, such as Čento, on the road to Belgrade, which has more than 23,000 inhabitants, and Dračevo, which has almost 20,000 inhabitants. Other large settlements are north of the city, such as Radišani, with 9,000 inhabitants, whereas smaller villages can be found on Mount Vodno or in Saraj municipality, which is the most rural of the ten municipalities that form the City of Skopje.
Some localities outside the city limits are also becoming outer suburbs, particularly in Ilinden and Petrovec municipality. They benefit from the presence of major roads, railways, and the airport, in Petrovec.
Pollution
Pollution contributors in the area of Skopje
Air pollution is a serious problem in Skopje, especially in winter. Concentrations of certain types of particulate matter (PM2 and PM10) are regularly over twelve times the WHO recommended maximum levels. In winter, smoke regularly obscures vision and can lead to problems for drivers. Together with Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia has the most polluted urban areas in Europe.
Skopje's high levels of pollution are caused by a combination of smoke from houses, emissions from the industry, buses, and other forms of public transport, as well as from cars, and a lack of interest in caring for the environment. Central heating is often not affordable, and so households often burn firewood, as well as used car tyres, various plastic garbage, petroleum, and other possible flammable waste, which emits toxic chemicals harmful to the population, especially to children and the elderly.
The city's smog has reduced its air quality and affected the health of many of its citizens, many of whom have died from pollution-related illnesses.
An application called AirCare ('MojVozduh') has been launched by local eco-activist Gorjan Jovanovski to help citizens track pollution levels. It uses a Traffic light system, with purple for heavily polluted air, red for high levels detected, amber for moderate levels detected, and green for when the air is safe to inhale. The application relies on both government and volunteer sensors to track hourly air pollution. Unfortunately, government sensors are frequently inoperable and malfunctioning, causing the need for more low-cost, but less accurate, volunteer sensors to be put up by citizens. Faults on government sensors are especially frequent when the pollution is measured is extremely high, according to the AQILHC (Air Quality Index Levels of Health Concern).
Skopje topped the ranks in December 2017 as one of the most polluted cities in the world. In 2017, as part of the city's efforts to reduce pollution, a CityTree was installed, and promoted by German ambassador Christine Althauser.
On 29 November 2019, a march, organized by the Skopje Smog Alarm activist community, attracted thousands of people who opposed the government's lack of action in dealing with the city's pollution, which has worsened since 2017, contributing to around 1300 deaths annually. A panoramic view of the smog in the central area of Skopje
History
Main article: History of Skopje
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Skopje.
Timeline of Skopje Historical affiliations
Dardanian Kingdom, 230–28 BC
Roman Empire, 28 BC–395
Byzantine Empire, 395–836
First Bulgarian Empire, 836–1004
Byzantine Empire, 1004–1093
Grand Principality of Serbia, 1093–1097
Byzantine Empire, 1098–1203
Second Bulgarian Empire, 1203–1246
Empire of Nicaea, 1246–1255
Second Bulgarian Empire, 1255–1256
Empire of Nicaea, 1256–1261
Byzantine Empire, 1261–1282
Kingdom of Serbia, 1282–1346
Serbian Empire, 1346–1371
District of Branković, 1371–1392
Ottoman Empire, 1392–1912
Kingdom of Serbia 1912–1915
Tsardom of Bulgaria 1915–1918
Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941
Tsardom of Bulgaria 1941–1944
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (Democratic Federal Macedonia) 1944–1946
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Socialist Republic of Macedonia) 1946–1992
North Macedonia 1992–present
Origins
The rocky promontory on which Skopje Fortress stands was the first site to be settled in Skopje. The earliest vestiges of human occupation found on this site date from the Chalcolithic (4th millennium BC).
Although the Chalcolithic settlement must have been of some significance, it declined during the Bronze Age. Archeological research suggests that the settlement always belonged to the same culture, which progressively evolved due to contacts with Balkan and Danube cultures, and later with the Aegean. The locality eventually disappeared during the Iron Age when Scupi emerged on Zajčev Rid hill, some 5 km (3.1 mi) west of the fortress promontory. At the centre of the Balkan peninsula and on the road between the Danube and Aegean Sea, it was a prosperous locality, although its history is not well known.
During the Iron Age, the area of Skopje was inhabited by the Dardani. Illyrian tribes lived in most of the area west of Skopje and Thracian groups (Maedi) to the east, while Paeonians lived to the south of Skopje. The Dardanians had remained independent after the Roman conquest of Macedon, and it seems most likely that Dardania lost its independence in 28 BC.
Roman Scupi
A "Venus Pudica" found in Scupi, dated from the 2nd century AD
Roman expansion east brought Scupi under Roman rule as a colony of legionnaires, mainly veterans of the Legio VII Claudia in the time of Domitian (81–96 AD). However, several legions from the Roman province of Macedonia of Crassus' army may already have been stationed there around 29–28 BC before the official imperial command was instituted. The first mention of the city was made at that period by Livy, who died in 17 AD. Scupi first served as a military base to maintain peace in the region and was officially named "Colonia Flavia Scupinorum", Flavia being the name of the emperor's dynasty. Shortly afterwards it became part of the province of Moesia during Augustus's rule. After the division of the province by Domitian in 86 AD, Scupi was elevated to colonial status and became a seat of government within the new province of Moesia Superior. The district called Dardania (within Moesia Superior) was formed into a special province by Diocletian, with the capital at Naissus. In Roman times the eastern part of Dardania, from Scupi to Naissus, remained inhabited mostly by a local population, mainly of Thracian origin.
The city population was very diverse. Engravings on tombstones suggest that only a minority of the population came from Italy, while many veterans were from Dalmatia, southern Gaul and Syria. Because of the ethnic diversity of the population, Latin maintained itself as the main language in the city at the expense of Greek, which was spoken in most of the Moesian and Macedonian cities. During the following centuries, Scupi experienced prosperity. The period from the end of the 3rd century to the end of the 4th century was particularly flourishing. A first church was founded under the reign of Constantine the Great and Scupi became the seat of a diocese. In 395, following the division of the Roman Empire in two, Scupi became part of the Eastern Roman Empire.
An ancient funeral inscription of the Illyrian tribe Albanoi was found in Scupi.
In its heyday, Scupi covered 40 hectares and was closed by a 3.5 m (11 ft) wide wall. It had many monuments, including four necropoles, a theatre, thermae, and a large Christian basilica.
Middle Ages
Skopje Fortress
In 518, Scupi was destroyed by a violent earthquake, possibly the most devastating the town had ever experienced. At that time, the region was threatened by the Barbarian invasions, and the city inhabitants had already fled to the forests and mountains before the disaster occurred. The city was eventually rebuilt by Justinian I. During his reign, many Byzantine towns were relocated on hills and other easily defendable places to face invasions. It was thus transferred to another site: the promontory on which the fortress stands. However, Scupi was sacked by Slavs at the end of the 6th century and the city seems to have fallen under Slavic rule in 595. The Slavic tribe which sacked Scupi was probably the Berziti, who had invaded the entire Vardar valley. However the Slavs did not settle permanently in the region, which had been already plundered and depopulated, but continued south to the Mediterranean coast. After the Slavic invasion it was deserted for some time and is not mentioned during the following centuries. Perhaps in the late 7th or the early 8th century the Byzantines again settled at this strategic location. Along with the rest of the Upper Vardar valley it became part of the expanding First Bulgarian Empire in the 830s.
The coronation of emperor Dušan in Skopje
Starting from the end of the 10th century Skopje experienced a period of wars and political troubles. It served as the Bulgarian capital from 972 to 992, and Samuil ruled it from 976 until 1004, when its governor surrendered it to Byzantine Emperor Basil the Bulgar Slayer in 1004 in exchange for the titles of patrician and strategos. It became a centre of a new Byzantine province called Bulgaria. Later Skopje was briefly seized twice by Slavic insurgents who wanted to restore the Bulgarian state. At first in 1040 under Peter Delyan's command, and in 1072 under the orders of Georgi Voyteh. In 1081, Skopje was captured by Norman troops led by Robert Guiscard and the city remained in their hands until 1088. Skopje was subsequently conquered by the Serbian Grand Prince Vukan in 1093, and again by the Normans four years later. However, because of epidemics and food shortage, Normans quickly surrendered to the Byzantines.
During the 12th and 13th centuries, Bulgarians and Serbs took advantage of Byzantine decline to create large kingdoms stretching from Danube to the Aegean Sea. Kaloyan brought Skopje back into reestablished Bulgaria in 1203 until his nephew Strez declared autonomy along the Upper Vardar with Serbian help only five years later. In 1209, Strez switched allegiances and recognized Boril of Bulgaria with whom he led a successful joint campaign against Serbia's first internationally recognized king Stefan Nemanjić. From 1214 to 1230, Skopje was a part of Byzantine successor state Epirus before being recaptured by Ivan Asen II and held by Bulgaria until 1246 when the Upper Vardar valley was incorporated once more into a Byzantine state – the Empire of Nicaea. Byzantine conquest was briefly reversed in 1255 by the regents of the young Michael Asen I of Bulgaria. Meanwhile, in the parallel civil war for the Crown in Tarnovo Skopje boyar and grandson to Stefan Nemanja Constantine Tikh gained the upper hand and ruled until Europe's only successful peasant revolt the Uprising of Ivaylo deposed him.
In 1282, Skopje was captured by Serbian king Stefan Milutin. Under the political stability of the Nemanjić rule, settlement has spread outside the walls of the fortress, towards Gazi Baba hill. Churches, monasteries and markets were built and tradesmen from Venice and Dubrovnik opened shops. The town greatly benefited from its location near European, Middle Eastern, and African markets. In the 14th century, Skopje became such an important city that king Stefan Dušan made it the capital of the Serbian Empire. In 1346, he was crowned "Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks" in Skopje. After his death the Serbian Empire collapsed into several principalities which were unable to defend themselves against the Turks. Skopje was first inherited by the Lordship of Prilep and finally taken by Vuk Branković in the wake of the Battle of Maritsa (1371) before becoming part of the Ottoman Empire in 1392.
In 1330, Serbian king Stefan Dečanski mentioned Albanians as being in the district of Skopje and regularly going to the Fair of Saint George which convened near the city.
Ottoman period
First May Day celebration of the Ottoman period in Skopje, 1909
The Ottomans stayed in Skopje for over 520 years and the city’s economic life greatly benefited from its position in the middle of Rumelia, the European province of the Ottomans. The Stone Bridge, "one of the most imposing stone bridges to be found in Yugoslavia", was reconstructed under the patronage of Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror between 1451 and 1469. The Ottomans drastically changed the appearance of the city. They organized the Bazaar with its caravanserais, mosques and baths.
In the cadastral register of 1451-52, the Skopje neighborhood Gjin-ko - (Gjinaj), is mentioned, being named after the medieval Albanian Gjini family. The neighbourhood displayed mixed Christian Albanian anthroponomy with cases of Slavicisation present (e.g Palić; Pal + Slavic suffix ić). During this time period, a number of timariotes of the city are recorded as bearing the name Arnauti (Albanian) alongside a Muslim name, i.e Hamza Arnauti, Shahin Arnauti, Jusuf Arnauti. Another group bore Christian/Slavic names, while also carrying bearing the surname Arbanas/Arnaut, i.e Bogdan Arbanas, Bogoslav Arbanas, Milosh Arbanas, Bozhidar Arnaut etc. These individuals are not noted as having the Slavic appellatives došlac, prišlac or uselica, which were given by Ottoman authorities to new settlers of a given region, likely indicating they were locals. In the year 1451/53 a neighborhood was registered bearing an Aromanian name, Mahalle-i Todor Vlaja-Vlaha. Among the 45 family heads of this neighborhood, Christian-Slavic and Albanian anthroponyms were recorded (Gjon-çe, son of Noriç, Koljko Bibani, Tusho, son of Rada etc), while a sizeable number of individuals bearing mixed Slavic-Vlach anthroponyms are also registered, such as: Petko, son of Vllah (Iflak), Petru son of David, Andreja, kozhuhar, Nikul Çikun, etc.
In the mahallah Ahrijan Hasan in the year 1451/53, a head of the family from noble Albanian Muzaka family, who had converted to Islam, was re-registered among the Muslim heads of the family. In the other register of 1467/68, now in the Christian mahallah named Svetko Samarxhi, among the 29 heads of families with Slavic Christian anthroponyms, a number also carry Albanian anthroponyms. In the neighborhood of Jazixhi Shahin, among the residents with Muslim names, the head of the family was registered only with the surname Zenebishi, without mentioning his social position or his profession, indicating a higher social status. This may suggest a relation to Hasan Bey Zenebishi adescendant of the Zenebishi family and the Soubashi of the Nahiyah of Kalkandelen. Individuals bearing Albanian anthroponyms, be they in conjunction with Oriental/Islamic, Slavic or Christian ones, also appear in the neighbourhoods of Kasim Fakih, Dursun Saraç, Kujumxhi Mentesheli, Çerep, Jandro, Stanimir, Vllah Dançu and Rela. A number of Sipahis were also of Albanian origin, with these individuals holding timars in areas which had a Christian Albanian symbiosis with Slavic anthroponyms in the vicinity of Skopje. The defters noted that these were old were old Sipahis, likely having been landowners. These individual Sipahis were closely related by descent and blood, and taking account kinship ties, even though they had heterogeneous, Christian, Slavic and Oriental names, they appear to have been Albanians. Some have names indicating their origin, such as Shimerd Vardarli from Skopje, making it likely these timariotes were locals.
The 15th-century Mustafa Pasha Mosque
Around 1529, the Christians of Skopje were mostly non-converted Slavs and Albanians, but also Ragusan and Armenian tradesmen. Mustafa Pasha Mosque, built in 1492, is reputed to be "one of the most resplendent sacral Islamic buildings in the Balkans." In 1535 all churches were demolished by decree of the (Ottoman) governor. In 1555, the city was hit by another severe earthquake, collapsing much of the city. The Old Bazaar of Skopje, the columns of the Stone Bridge, and the murals in the upper parts of the Church of Saint Panteleimon, Gorno Nerezi were all severely damaged. Some modern sources estimate this earthquake to have been a category XII (Extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, although others believe this is an overestimate.
In 1623-1624, the Catholic Pjeter Mazreku reported the town was inhabited by 'Turks (Muslims), majority of them being Albanians, the rest are of Asiatic origin', Mazreku further wrote; 'there are also Jews, Serbs and some Greeks in the town'. In the Ottoman period, 'Turk' was used within Christian writings as a name for a Muslim or for Islamised Albanians.
Until the 17th century, Skopje experienced a long golden age. Around 1650, the number of inhabitants in Skopje was between 30,000 and 60,000, and the city contained more than 10,000 houses. It was then one of the only big cities on the territory of future Yugoslavia, together with Belgrade and Sarajevo. At that time, Dubrovnik, which was a busy harbour, had not even 7,000 inhabitants. The city severely suffered from the Great Turkish War at the end of the 17th century and consequently experienced recession until the 19th century. In 1689, the Hapsburgs seized Skopje which was already weakened by a cholera epidemic. The same day, general Silvio Piccolomini set fire to the city to end the epidemic. It is however possible that he wanted to avenge damages that Ottomans caused in Vienna in 1683. Skopje burned for two days but the general himself perished of the plague and his leaderless army was routed. The Austrian presence in Macedonia motivated Slav uprisings. Nevertheless, the Austrians left the country within the year and the Hajduks, leaders of the uprisings, had to follow them in their retreat north of the Balkans. Some were arrested by the Ottomans, such as Petar Karposh, who was impaled on Skopje's Stone Bridge.
After the war, Skopje was in ruins. Most of the official buildings were restored or rebuilt, but the city experienced new plague and cholera epidemics and many inhabitants emigrated. Ottoman Empire as a whole entered in recession and political decline. Many rebellions and pillages occurred in Macedonia during the 18th century, either led by Ottoman outlaws, Janissaries or Hajduks. An estimation conducted by French officers around 1836 revealed that at that time Skopje only had around 10,000 inhabitants. It was surpassed by two other towns of present-day North Macedonia: Bitola (40,000) and Štip (15–20,000).
Skopje began to recover from decades of decline after 1850. At that time, the city experienced a slow but steady demographic growth, mainly due to the rural exodus of Slav Macedonians. It was also fuelled by the exodus of Muslims from Serbia and Bulgaria, which were gaining autonomy and independence from the Empire at that time. During the Tanzimat reforms, nationalism arose in the Empire and in 1870 a new Bulgarian Church was established and its separate diocese was created, based on ethnic identity, rather than religious principles. The Slavic population of the bishopric of Skopje voted in 1874 overwhelmingly, by 91% in favour of joining the Exarchate and became part of the Bulgarian Millet. Economic growth was permitted by the construction of the Skopje-Salonica railway in 1873. The train station was built south of the Vardar and this contributed to the relocation of economic activities on this side of the river, which had never been urbanized before. Because of the rural exodus, the share of Christians in the city population arose. Some of the newcomers became part of the local elite and helped to spread nationalist ideas In 1877, Skopje was chosen as the capital city of the new Kosovo Vilayet, which encompassed present-day Kosovo, northwestern Macedonia and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar.
In statistics gathered by Bulgarian ethnographer Vasil Kanchov in 1900, the city of Skopje was inhabited by 31,900 people, of whom 15,000 were Turks, 13,000 Christian Bulgarians, 1920 Romani, 800 Jews, 450 Vlachs, 150 Christian Albanians, 50 Christian Greeks, 30 Circassians and 500 inhabitants of various other ethnicities. Kanchov wrote in the same year that many Albanians declared themselves as Turks. In Skopje, the population that declared itself Turkish "was of Albanian blood", but it "had been Turkified after the Ottoman invasion, including Skanderbeg", referring to Islamization. Bulgarian literary historian Yordan Ivanov wrote in 1915 that Albanians, since they did not have their own alphabet, due to a lack of consolidated national consciousness and influenced by foreign propaganda, declared themselves as Turks, Greeks and Bulgarians, depending on which religion they belonged to. Albanians were losing their mother tongue in Skopje. German linguist Gustav Weigand described that the Skopje's Muslim population of "Turks" or Ottomans (Osmanli) during the late Ottoman period were mainly Albanians who spoke Turkish in public and Albanian at home. In 1905, the city had 32,000 inhabitants, making it the largest of the vilayet, although closely followed by Prizren with its 30,000 inhabitants. At the beginning of the 20th century, local economy was focused on dyeing, weaving, tanning, ironworks and wine and flour processing.
Skopje was one of the five main centres of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization when it organized the 1903 Ilinden uprising. Its revolutionary network in the region led by Nikola Pushkarov was not well-developed and the lack of weapons was a serious problem. At the outbreak of the uprising, the rebel forces derailed a military train. On 3 and 5 August respectively, they attacked an Ottoman unit guarding the bridge on the Vardar river and gave a battle in the "St. Jovan" monastery. In the next few days, the band was pursued by numerous Bashibozuks and moved to Bulgaria.
Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Ottoman Empire experienced democracy and several political parties were created. However, some of the policies implemented by the Young Turks, such as a tax rise and the interdiction of ethnic-based political parties, discontented minorities. Albanians opposed the nationalist character of the movement and led local uprisings in 1910 and 1912. During the latter, they managed to seize most of Kosovo and took Skopje on 11 August. On 18 August, the insurgents signed the Üsküb agreement which provided for the creation of an autonomous Albanian province and they were amnestied the day later.
Bulgarian manifestation in support of the Young Turk Revolution
The Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos, seat of the Bulgarian Orthodox Diocese of Skopje, built in the 19th century
Cutlers in the Old Bazaar around 1900
Balkan Wars to present day
Skopje after being captured by Albanian revolutionaries in August 1912 after defeating the Ottoman forces holding the city
Peter I of Serbia visiting Skopje in 1914
Following an alliance contracted in 1912, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Their goal was to definitively expel the Ottomans from Europe. The First Balkan War started on 8 October 1912 and lasted six weeks. Serbians reached Skopje on 26 October. Ottoman forces had left the city the day before. During the conflict, Chetniks, a Serb irregular force razed the Albanian quarter of Skopje and killed numerous Albanian inhabitants from the city. The Serbian annexation led to the exodus of 725 Muslim families which left the city on 27 January 1913. The same year, the city population was evaluated at 37,000 by the Serbian authorities.A view of the centre of Skopje in the 1930s
A Bulgarian officer looking at Skopje's centre, April 1941
In 1915, during the First World War, Serbian Macedonia was invaded by Bulgaria, which captured Skopje on 22 October 1915. Serbia, allied to the Triple Entente, was helped by France, Britain, Greece, and Italy, which formed the Macedonian front. Following a great Allied offensive in 1918, the Armée française d'Orient reached Skopje 29 September and took the city by surprise. After the end of the World War, Vardar Macedonia became part of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became "Kingdom of Yugoslavia" in 1929. A mostly foreign ethnic Serb ruling class gained control, imposing large-scale repression. The policies of de-Bulgarization and assimilation were pursued. At that time part of the young locals, repressed by the Serbs, tried to find a separate way of ethnic Macedonian development. In 1931, in a move to formally decentralize the country, Skopje was named the capital of the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Until the Second World War, Skopje experienced strong economic growth, and its population increased. The city had 41,066 inhabitants in 1921, 64,807 in 1931, and 80,000 in 1941. Although in an underdeveloped region, it attracted wealthy Serbs who opened businesses and contributed to the modernization of the city. In 1941, Skopje had 45 factories, half of the industry in the whole of Socialist Macedonia.
The national theatre and the fortress around 1920
In 1941, during the Second World War, Yugoslavia was invaded by Nazi Germany. Germans seized Skopje on 8 April and left it to their Bulgarian allies on 22 April 1941. To ensure the bulgarization of the society, authorities closed Serbian schools and churches, opening new schools and a higher education institute, the King Boris University. The 4,000 Jews of Skopje were all deported in 1943 to the Treblinka extermination camp where almost all of them were killed.
Skopje was liberated on 13 November 1944 by units of the Bulgarian People's Army (Bulgaria having switched sides in the war in September) aided by Yugoslav Partisans of the Macedonian National Liberation Army. Skopje became the capital city of the newly proclaimed Democratic Federal Macedonia as set up by the ASNOM on 2 August 1944 in the Bulgarian occupation zone in Yugoslavia.
After World War II, Skopje greatly benefited from Socialist Yugoslav policies which encouraged industry and the development of Macedonian cultural institutions. Consequently, Skopje became home to a national library, a philharmonic orchestra, a university, and the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. However, its post-war development was altered by the 1963 earthquake which occurred on 26 July. Although relatively weak in magnitude, it caused enormous damage in the city and can be compared to the 1960 Agadir earthquake. The disaster killed 1,070 people, injuring 3,300 others. 16,000 people were buried alive in ruins and 70% of the population lost their home. Many educational facilities, factories and historical buildings were destroyed.
American soldiers in Skopje after the 1963 earthquake
Monument to the Macedonian partisans – Liberators of Skopje, next to the Government building
After the earthquake, reconstruction was quick. It had a deep psychological impact on the population because neighbourhoods were split and people were relocated to new houses and buildings they were not familiar with. Many Albanians, some from Kosovo participated in the reconstruction effort. Reconstruction was finished by 1980, even if many elements were never built because funds were exhausted. Skopje cityscape was drastically changed and the city became a true example of modernist architecture. Demographic growth was very important after 1963, and Skopje had 408,100 inhabitants in 1981. After 1963, rural youth migrated to Skopje and were involved in the reconstruction process resulting in a large growth of the urban Macedonian population. The Albanian population of Skopje also increased as people from the northern villages migrated to the city and others came from Kosovo either to provide manpower for reconstruction or fled the deteriorating political situation, especially during the 1990s. However, during the 1980s and the 1990s, the country experienced inflation and recession and the local economy heavily suffered. The situation became better during the 2000s thanks to new investments. Many landmarks were restored and the "Skopje 2014" project renewed the appearance of the city centre.
Emblems
Main articles: Flag of Skopje and Coat of arms of Skopje
The Flag of Skopje is a red banner in proportions 1:2 with a gold-coloured coat of arms of the city positioned in the upper-left corner. It is either vertical or horizontal, but the vertical version was the first to be used.
The coat of arms of the city was adopted in the 1950s. It depicts the Stone Bridge with the Vardar river, the Kale Fortress and the snow-capped peaks of the Šar mountains.
Administration
Status
Greater Skopje among the municipalities of North Macedonia
Being the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje enjoys a particular status granted by law. The last revision of its status was made in 2004. Since then, the City of Skopje has been divided into 10 municipalities which all have a council and a mayor, like all of the country's municipalities. Municipalities only deal with matters specific of their territory, and the City of Skopje deals with matters that concern all of them, or that cannot be divided between two or more municipalities.
The City of Skopje is part of the Skopje Statistical Region, which has no political or administrative power.
City Council
The City Council consists of 45 members who serve a four-year term. It primarily deals with budget, global orientations and relations between the city and the government. Several commissions exist to treat more specific topics, such as urbanism, finances, environment of local development. The President of the council is elected by the Council Members. Since 2021 the president has been Trajko Slaveski, member of VMRO-DPMNE.
Following the 2021 local elections, the City Council is constituted as follows:
Party / List
Seats
SDSM
12
VMRO-DPMNE
18
DUI
5
AA/A
2
DOM
2
Levica
4
Total
45
Mayor
The Mayor of Skopje is elected every four years.
The mayor represents the City of Skopje and can submit ideas to the council, manages the administrative bodies and their officials.
Municipalities
Skopje was first divided into administrative units in 1945, but the first municipalities were created in 1976. They were five: Centar, Čair, Karpoš, Gazi Baba and Kisela Voda. After the 1991 independence of the country, power was centralized and municipalities lost much of their competences. A 1996 law restored them and created two new municipalities: Ǵorče Petrov and Šuto Orizari. After the insurgency between Albanian rebels and Macedonian forces in 2001, a new law was enacted in 2004 to incorporate Saraj Municipality into the City of Skopje. Saraj is mostly populated by Albanians and, since then, Albanians represent more than 20% of the city population. Thus Albanian became the second official language of the city administration, something which was one of the claims of the Albanian rebels. The same year, Aerodrom Municipality separated itself from Kisela Voda, and Butel Municipality from Čair.
Municipalities are administered by a council of 23 members elected every four years. They also have a mayor and several departments (education, culture, finances...). The mayor primarily deals with these departments.
Name
Size(km2)
Population 2002
Population 2021
Aerodrom
20
72,009
77,735
Butel
54.79
36,144
37,968
Centar
7.52
45,412
43,893
Čair
3.52
64,773
62,586
Gazi Baba
110.86
72,617
69,626
Ǵorče Petrov
66.93
41,634
44,844
Karpoš
35.21
59,666
63,760
Kisela Voda
34.24
57,236
61,965
Saraj
229.06
35,408
38,399
Šuto Orizari
7.48
22,017
25,726
City of Skopje
571.46
506,926
526,502
Centar (Центар)
Gazi Baba (Гази Баба)
Aerodrom (Аеродром)
Čair (Чаир)
Kisela Voda (Кисела Вода)
Butel (Бутел)
Šuto Orizari (Шуто Оризари)
Karpoš (Карпош)
Ǵorče Petrov (Ѓорче Петров)
Saraj (Сарај)
Economy
Economic weight
The small business district
Skopje is a medium city at the European level. Being the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje concentrates a large share of the national economy. The Skopje Statistical Region, which encompasses the City of Skopje and some neighbouring municipalities, produces 45.5% of the Macedonian GDP. In 2009, the regional GDP per capita amounted to US$6,565, or 155% of the Macedonian GDP per capita. This figure is, however, smaller than the one of neighboring Sofia (US$10,106), Sarajevo (US$10,048) or Belgrade (US$7,983), but higher than the one of Tirana (US$4,126).
Because there are no other large cities in the country, and because of political and economic centralization, a large number of Macedonians living outside of Skopje work in the capital city. The dynamism of the city also encourages rural exodus, not only from North Macedonia, but also from Kosovo, Albania and Southern Serbia.
Firms and activities
In 2009, Skopje had 26,056 firms but only 145 of them had a large size. The large majority of them are either small (12,017) or very small (13,625). A large share of the firms deal with trade of goods (9,758), 3,839 are specialized in business and real estate, and 2,849 are manufacturers. Although few in number, large firms account for 51% of the local production outside finance.
The Imperial Tobacco plantThe city industry is dominated by food processing, textile, printing and metal processing. In 2012, it accounted for 30% of the city's GDP. Most of the industrial areas are in Gazi Baba municipality, on the major routes and rail lines to Belgrade and Thessaloniki. Notably, the ArcelorMittal, Makstil steel plants and the Skopje Brewery are there. Other zones are between Aerodrom and Kisela Voda, along the railway to Greece. These zones comprise Alkaloid Skopje (pharmaceuticals), Rade Končar (electrical supplies), Imperial Tobacco, and Ohis (fertilizers). Two special economic zones also exist, around the airport and the Okta refinery. They have attracted several foreign companies, such as Johnson Controls, Johnson Matthey and Van Hool.
As the country's financial capital, Skopje is the seat of the Macedonian Stock Exchange, of the National Bank, and of most of the country's banking, insurance, and telecommunication companies, such as Makedonski Telekom, Komercijalna banka Skopje and Stopanska Banka. The services sector produces 60% of the city GDP.
The Zelen Pazar ("green market")
Besides many small traditional shops, Skopje has two large markets, the "Zelen Pazar" (green market) and the "Bit Pazar" (flea market). They are both considered local institutions. However, since the 1970s, retailing has largely been modernized and Skopje now has many supermarkets and shopping centres. The largest, Skopje City Mall, opened in 2012. It comprises a Carrefour hypermarket, 130 shops and a cinema, and employs 2,000 people.
Skopje City Mall
Employment
51% of the Skopje active population is employed in small firms. 52% of the population work in the services sector, 34% in industry, and the remaining is mainly employed in administration.
The unemployment rate for the Skopje Statistical Region was at 27% in 2009, three points under the national rate (30%). The neighbouring Polog Region had a similar rate, but the less affected region was the South-West, with 22%. Unemployment in Skopje mainly affects men, who represent 56% of job-seekers, people between 25 and 44 years old (45% of job-seekers), and non-qualified people (43%). Unemployment also concerns Roma people, who represent 4.63% of the city population but affects 70% of the active population in the community.
The average net monthly wage in Skopje was at €400 in October 2010, which represented 120% of the national figure. The average wage in Skopje was then lower than in Sarajevo (€522), Sofia (€436), and in Belgrade (€440).
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a. 192141,000— 193168,880+5.32% 194888,355+1.48% 1953120,130+6.34% 1961166,870+4.19% 1971314,552+6.54% 1981448,200+3.60% 1991444,760−0.08% 2002506,926+1.20% 2021526,502+0.20%Source:
Population
People on Macedonia street, the main pedestrian axis of the city
According to the results of the 2021 census, the City of Skopje had 526,502 inhabitants. Skopje's employment area covers a large part of the country, including Veles, Kumanovo and Tetovo, and totaling more than one million inhabitants.
Skopje contains roughly a quarter of North Macedonia's population. The second most populous municipality, Kumanovo, had 107,632 inhabitants in 2011, and an urban unit of 76,272 inhabitants in 2002.
Before the Austro-Turkish war and the 1689 Great Fire, Skopje was one of the biggest cities in the Balkans, with a population estimated between 30,000 and 60,000 inhabitants. After the fire set by the retreating Austrian forces, it experienced a long period of decline and only had 10,000 inhabitants in 1836. However, the population started to rise again after 1850 and reached 32,000 inhabitants in 1905. In the 20th century, Skopje was one of the fastest-growing cities in Yugoslavia, and it had 448,200 inhabitants in 1981. Since then, the demographic growth has continued at a steady pace.
Ethnic groups
Ethnic groups in the Greater Skopje include:
Ethnic group
2002
2021
Number
%
Number
%
Macedonians
338,358
66.75
309,107
58.71
Albanians
103,891
20.49
120,293
22.85
Turks
8,595
1.70
8,524
1.62
Roma
23,475
4.63
18,498
3.51
Vlachs
2,557
0.50
2,778
0.53
Serbs
14,298
2.82
9,478
1.80
Bosniaks
7,585
1.50
7,365
1.50
Others
8,167
1.61
6,284
1.19
Administrative sources
n/a
n/a
44,175
8.39
Total
506,926
100
526,502
100
Skopje, just like North Macedonia as a whole, is characterized by a large ethnic diversity. The city is in a region where Macedonians and Albanians meet, and it has welcomed Romani, Turks, Jews, and Serbs throughout its history. Skopje was mainly a Muslim city until the 19th century when large numbers of Christians started to settle there. According to the 2021 census, Macedonians were the largest ethnic group in Skopje, with 309,107 inhabitants, or 58.71% of the population. Then came Albanians with 120,293 inhabitants (22.85%), Roma people with 18,498 (3.51%), Serbs (9,478 inhabitants), Turks (8,524), Bosniaks (7,365) and Aromanians (also known as "Vlachs", 2,778). 6,284 people did not belong to any of these groups.
Macedonians form an overwhelming majority of the population in the municipalities of Aerodrom, Centar, Ǵorče Petrov, Karpoš and Kisela Voda, which are all south of the Vardar. They also form a majority in Butel and Gazi Baba which are north of the river. Albanians form a majority in Čair which roughly corresponds to the Old Bazaar, and in Saraj. They form a large minority in Butel and Gazi Baba. Šuto Orizari, on the northern edge of the city, is predominantly Roma. When an ethnic minority forms at least 20% of the population in a municipality, its language can become official on the local level. Thus, in Čair and Saraj schools and administration use Albanian, and Romani in Šuto Orizari. The latter is the only municipality in the world where Romani is an official language.
Relations between the two largest groups, Macedonians and Albanians, are sometimes difficult, as in the rest of the country. Each group tolerates the other but they tend to avoid each other and live in what can appear as two parallel worlds. Both Macedonians and Albanians view themselves each as the original population of Skopje and the other as newcomers. The Roma minority is on its side very deprived. Its exact size is not known because many Macedonian Roma declare themselves as belonging to other ethnic groups or simply avoid censuses. However, even if official figures are underestimated, Skopje is the city in the world with the largest Roma population.
Religion
The church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary
Religious affiliation is diverse: Macedonians, Serbs, and Aromanians are mainly Orthodox, with the majority affiliated to the Macedonian Orthodox Church; Turks are almost entirely Muslim; those of Albanian ethnicity are largely Muslim, although Skopje also has a sizeable Roman Catholic Albanian minority, into which Mother Teresa was born; the Roma (Gypsies) represent a mixture (in almost equal numbers) of Muslim and Orthodox religious heritage.
According to the 2002 census, 68.5% of the population of Skopje belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Church, while 28.6% belonged to Islam. The city also had Catholic (0.5%) and Protestant (0.04%) minorities. The Catholics are served by the Latin bishopric of Skopje, in which is also vested the Byzantine Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Macedonia.
2002
2021
Number
%
Number
%
TOTAL
506,926
100
526,502
100
Orthodox
348,837
68.8
264,872
60.3
Christians
216
0.49
50,624
Catholics
2,506
0.04
2,044
Islam
143,770
28.4
155,245
29.5
others
11,597
1.81
9,542
1.81
Administrative sources
44,175
8.39
Until World War II, Skopje had a significant Jewish minority which mainly descended from Spanish Sephardis who had escaped the Inquisition. The community comprised 2,424 members in 1939 (representing about 3% of the city population), but most of them were deported and killed by Nazis. After the war, most of the survivors settled in Israel. Today the city has around 200 Jewish inhabitants (about 0.04% of the population).
Because of its 520-year Ottoman past, and the fact that many of its inhabitants today are Muslims, Skopje has more mosques than churches. Religious communities often complain about the lack of infrastructure and new places of worship are often built. Skopje is the seat of many Macedonian religious organizations, such as the Macedonian Orthodox Church and the Islamic Religious Union of Macedonia. It has an Orthodox cathedral and seminary, several madrasahs, a Roman Catholic cathedral and a synagogue.
Health
Skopje has several public and private hospitals and specialized medical institutions, such as the Filip II Hospital, a psychiatric hospital, two obstetric hospitals, a gerontology hospital, and institutes for respiratory and ocular diseases. In 2012, Skopje had a ratio of one physician per 251.6 inhabitants, a figure higher than the national ratio (one per 370.9). The ratio of medical specialists was also higher than in the rest of the country. However, the ratio of hospital beds, pharmacists and dentists was lower in Skopje. The population in Skopje enjoys better health standards than other Macedonians. In 2010, the mortality rate was at 8.6‰ in Skopje and 9.3‰ on the national level. The infant mortality rate was at 6.8‰ in Skopje and 7.6‰ in North Macedonia.
Education
Faculty of Economics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University.
Skopje's citizenry is generally more educated than the rest of the country. 16% of Skopjans have graduated from university in contrast to 10% for the rest of the country. The number of people with a complete lack of education or ones who received a partial education is lower in Skopje at 9% compared to the provincial average of 17%. 80% of Macedonian citizens who hold a PhD take up residence in Skopje.
Skopje has 21 secondary schools; 5 of which serve as general high-school gymnasiums and 16 vocational schools. The city is also host to several higher education institutions, the most notable of which is Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, founded in 1949. The university has 23 departments, 10 research institutes and is attended by an average of 50,000 students. After the country's independence in 1991, several private universities were brought into existence. The largest private universities in Skopje are European University Skopje with 7 departments and FON University with 9 departments respectively.
Media
The Macedonian Radio-Television headquarters
Skopje is the largest media centre in North Macedonia. Of the 818 newspapers surveyed in 2000 by the Ministry of Information, over 600 had their headquarters in Skopje. The daily Dnevnik, founded in 1996, with 60 000 runs per day is the most printed in the country. Also based in Skopje, Večer is pulled 50,000 copies and the state owns one-third of its capital, as well as Nova Makedonija, reprinted 20,000 copies. Other major newspapers in Skopje, totally private, are Utrinski Vesnik (30,000 copies), Vest (25,000 copies), and Vreme (15,000 copies). Magazines Fokus (12,000 copies), Start (10,000 copies), and Denes (7,500 copies) also have their headquarters in Skopje.
The city is home of the studios of Macedonian Radio-Television (MRT), the country's public radio and television. Founded in 1966, it operates with three national broadcast channels, twenty-four hours a day. The most popular private television stations are Sitel, Kanal 5, Telma, Alfa TV, and AlsatM. MRT also operates radio stations with national coverage, the private station Skopje's Kanal 77 is the only one to have such a span. Radio Antenna 5 and Metropolis are two other major private stations that have their headquarters in Skopje.
Also, the city boasts big news agencies in the country, both public, such as the Media Information Agency, and private, such as the Makfax.
Sports
Main article: Sports in Skopje
As the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje has many major sporting facilities. The city has three large swimming pools, two of which feature Olympic pools. These pools are particularly relevant to coaching water polo teams. Skopje also boasts many football stadiums, like Ilinden in Čair and Železarnica, which can accommodate between 4,000 and 4,500 spectators. The basketball court Kale can accommodate 2,200 people and the court of Jane Sandanski has a 6,000 seat capacity.
The Toše Proeski Arena
The largest stadium remains Toše Proeski Arena. The stadium, built in 1947 and named until 2008, City Stadium Skopje experienced a total renovation, begun in 2009 to meet the standards of FIFA. Fully renovated the stadium contains 33,460 seats, and a health spa and fitness area. The Boris Trajkovski Sports Center is the largest sports complex in the country with 6,250 seats. It was opened in 2008 and named after former president Boris Trajkovski, who died in 2004. It includes rooms dedicated to handball, basketball, and volleyball, a bowling alley, a fitness area, and an ice hockey court. Its main hall, which regularly hosts concerts, holds around 10,000 people.
FK Vardar and FK Rabotnički are the two most popular football teams in the city. Vardar plays in the second division, while Rabotnicki plays in the first division. Their games are held at Toše Proeski Arena, like those of the national team. The city is also home to many smaller football clubs, such as: FK Makedonija Ǵorče Petrov, FK Gorno Lisiče, FK Lokomotiva Skopje, FK Metalurg Skopje, FK Madžari Solidarnost and FK Skopje, who play in first, second or third national league. Another popular sport in North Macedonia is basketball, represented in particular by the teams MZT Skopje and Rabotnički. Handball is illustrated by RK Vardar PRO and RK Metalurg Skopje, also the women's team ŽRK Metalurg and ŽRK Vardar. The city co-hosted the 2008 European Women's Handball Championship together with Ohrid, and hosted the 2017 UEFA Super Cup, the match between the two giants of the European football Real Madrid and Manchester United
Transport
Main connections
Skopje bypass
Skopje is near three other capital cities, Prishtina (87 km (54 mi) away), Tirana (291 km) and Sofia (245 km). Thessaloniki is 233 km (145 mi) south and Belgrade is 433 km (269 mi) north. Skopje is also at the crossroad of two Pan-European corridors: Corridor X, which runs between Austria and Greece, and Corridor VIII, which runs from the Adriatic in Albania to the Black Sea in Bulgaria. Corridor X links Skopje to Thessaloniki, Belgrade, and Western Europe, while Corridor VIII links it with Tirana and Sofia.
Corridor X locally corresponds to the M-1 motorway (E75), which is the longest highway in North Macedonia. It also corresponds to the Tabanovce-Gevgelija railway. Corridor VIII, less developed, corresponds to the M-4 motorway and the Kičevo-Beljakovce railway. Skopje is not quite on the Corridor X and the M-1 does not pass on the city territory. Thus the junction between the M-1 and M-4 is some 20 km (12 mi) east, close to the airport. Although Skopje is geographically close to other major cities, movement of people and goods is not optimized, especially with Albania. This is mainly due to poor infrastructure. As a result, 61.8% of Skopjans have never been to Tirana, while only 6.7% have never been to Thessaloniki and 0% to Sofia. Furthermore, 26% of Thessalonians, 33% of Sofians and 37% of Tiranans have never been to Skopje.
The first highways were built during the Yugoslav period, when Skopje was linked through the Brotherhood and Unity Highway to, what was then, the Yugoslav capital Belgrade to the North, and the Greek border to the South.
Rail and coach stations
Main railway station as seen from Mount Vodno
The main railway station in Skopje is serviced by the Belgrade-Thessaloniki and Skopje-Prishtina international lines. After the completion of the Corridor VIII railway project, currently scheduled for 2030, the city will also be linked to Tirana and Sofia. Daily trains also link Skopje with other towns of North Macedonia, such as Kumanovo, Kičevo, Štip, Bitola or Veles.
Skopje has several minor railway stations but the city does not have its own railway network and they are only serviced by intercity or international lines. On the railway linking the main station to Belgrade and Thessaloniki are Dračevo and Dolno Lisiče stations, and on the railway to Kičevo are Skopje-North, Ǵorče Petrov and Saraj stations. Several other stations are freight-only.
Skopje coach station opened in 2005 and is built right under the main railway station. It can host 450 coaches in a day. Coach connections reach more destinations than train connections, connecting Skopje to many domestic and foreign destinations including Istanbul, Sofia, Prague, Hamburg and Stockholm.
Public transport
A red Yutong City Master double-decker bus in Skopje
Skopje has a bus network managed by the city and operated by three companies. The oldest and largest is JSP Skopje, a public company founded in 1948. JSP lost its monopoly on public transport in 1990 and two new companies, Sloboda Prevoz and Mak Ekspres, obtained several lines. However, most of the network is still in the hands of JSP which operates 67 lines out of 80. Only 24 lines are urban, the others serving localities around the city. Many of the JSP vehicles are red Yutong City Master double-decker buses built by Chinese bus manufacturer Yutong and designed to resemble the classic British AEC Routemaster.
A tram network has long been planned in Skopje and the idea was first proposed in the 1980s. The project became real in 2006 when the mayor Trifun Kostovski asked for feasibility studies. His successor Koce Trajanovski launched a call for tenders in 2010 and the first line is scheduled for 2019.
A new network for small buses started to operate in June 2014, not to replace but to decrease the number of big buses in the city centre.
Airport
The airport was built in 1928. The first commercial flights in Skopje were introduced in 1929 when the Yugoslav carrier Aeroput introduced a route linking the city with the capital, Belgrade. A year later the route was extended to Thessaloniki in Greece, and further extended to Greek capital Athens in 1933. In 1935 Aeroput linked Skopje with Bitola and Niš, and also operated a longer international route linking Vienna and Thessaloniki through Zagreb, Belgrade and Skopje. After the Second World War, Aeroput was replaced by JAT Yugoslav Airlines, which linked Skopje to a number of domestic and international destinations until the dissolution of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s.
Skopje International Airport is in Petrovec, 20 km (12 mi) east of the city. Since 2008, it has been managed by the Turkish TAV Airports Holding and it can accommodate up to four million passengers per year. The annual traffic has constantly risen since 2008, reaching one million passengers in 2014.
Skopje's airport has connections to several European cities, including Athens, Vienna, Bratislava, Zürich, Brussels, Oslo, Istanbul, London and Rome. It also maintains a direct connection with Dubai and Doha, Qatar.
Culture
Cultural institutions
Macedonian Opera and Ballet
Skopje is home to the largest cultural institutions of the country, such as the National and University Library "St. Kliment of Ohrid", the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the National Theatre, the National Philharmonic Orchestra and the Macedonian Opera and Ballet. Among the local institutions are the Brothers Miladinov Library which has more than a million documents, the Cultural Information Centre which manages festivals, exhibitions and concerts, and the House of Culture Kočo Racin which is dedicated to contemporary art and young talents.
Skopje has also several foreign cultural centres, such as a Goethe-Institut, a British Council, an Alliance française, an American Corner.
The city has several theatres and concert halls. The Univerzalna Sala, seating 1,570, was built in 1966 and is used for concerts, fashion shows, and congresses. The Metropolis Arena, designed for large concerts, has 3,546 seats. Other large halls include the Macedonian Opera and Ballet (800 seats), the National Theatre (724), and the Drama Theatre (333). Other smaller venues exist, such as the Albanian Theatre and the Youth Theatre. A Turkish Theatre and a Philharmonic hall are under construction.
Museums
Museum of the Macedonian Struggle
The largest museum in Skopje is the Museum of the Republic of North Macedonia which details the history of the country. Its icons and lapidary collections are particularly rich. The Macedonian Archeological Museum, opened in 2014, keeps some of the best archeological finds in North Macedonia, dating from Prehistory to the Ottoman period. The National Gallery of Macedonia exhibits paintings dating from the 14th to the 20th century in two former hammams of the Old Bazaar. The Contemporary Art Museum was built after the 1963 earthquake thanks to international assistance. Its collections include Macedonian and foreign art, with works by Fernand Léger, André Masson, Pablo Picasso, Hans Hartung, Victor Vasarely, Alexander Calder, Pierre Soulages, Alberto Burri and Christo.
The Skopje City Museum is inside the remains of the old railway station, destroyed by the 1963 earthquake. It is dedicated to local history and it has four departments: archeology, ethnology, history, and art history. The Memorial House of Mother Teresa was built in 2009 on the original site of the church in which the saint had been baptized. The Museum of the Macedonian Struggle is dedicated to the modern national history and the struggle of Macedonians for their independence. Nearby is the Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia. The Macedonian Museum of Natural History showcases some 4,000 items while the 12-ha Skopje Zoo is home to 300 animals.
Architecture
Ruins of Roman Scupi
Although Skopje has been destroyed many times throughout its history, it still has many historical landmarks which reflect the successive occupations of the city. Skopje has one of the biggest Ottoman urban complexes in Europe, with many Ottoman monuments still serving their original purpose. It was also a ground for modernist experiments in the 20th century, following the 1963 earthquake. At the beginning of the 21st century, it is again the subject of massive building campaigns, thanks to the "Skopje 2014" project. Skopje is thus an environment where old, new, progressist, reactionary, eastern and western perspectives coexist.
Skopje Aqueduct
Skopje has some remains of Prehistorical architecture which can be seen on the Tumba Madžari Neolithic site. On the other side of the city lie the remains of the ancient Scupi, with ruins of a theatre, thermae and a basilica. The Skopje Aqueduct, between Scupi and the city centre, is rather mysterious because its date of construction is unknown. It seems to have been built by the Byzantines or the Turks, but it was already out of use in the 16th century. It consists of 50 arches, worked in cloisonné masonry.
Church of Saint Panteleimon
Skopje Fortress was rebuilt several times before it was destroyed by the 1963 earthquake. Since then, it has been restored to its medieval appearance. It is the only medieval monument in Skopje, but several churches around the city illustrate the Vardar architectural school which flourished around 1300. Among these churches are the ones around Matka Canyon (St Nicholas, St Andrew and Matka churches). The church of Saint Panteleimon in Gorno Nerezi dates from the 12th century. Its expressive frescoes anticipate the Italian primitives.
Aladža Mosque and its türbe
Examples of Ottoman architecture are in the Old Bazaar. Mosques in Skopje are usually simple in design, with a square base and a single dome and minaret. Their entrance is usually emphasized by a portico, as on Mustafa Pasha Mosque, dating from the 15th century. Some mosques show some originality in their appearance: Sultan Murad and Yahya Pasha mosques have lost their dome and have a pyramidal roof, while Isa Bey mosque has a rectangular base, two domes and two side wings. The Aladža Mosque was originally covered with blue faience, but it disappeared in the 1689 Great Fire. However, some tiles are still visible on the adjoining türbe. Other Ottoman public monuments include the 16th-century clock tower, a bedesten, three caravanserais, two hammams and the Stone Bridge, first mentioned in 1469.
The oldest churches in the city centre, the Ascension and St Dimitri churches, were built in the 18th century, after the 1689 Great Fire. They were both renovated in the 19th century. The Church of the Ascension is particularly small it is half-buried in order not to overlook neighbouring mosques. In the 19th century, several new churches were built, including the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, which is a large three-nave building designed by Andrey Damyanov.
Main post office and the Communication Centre
After 1912, when Skopje was annexed by Serbia, the city was drastically westernized. Wealthy Serbs built mansions and town houses such as the 1926 Ristiḱ Palace. The architecture of that time is very similar to the one of Central Europe, but some buildings are more creative, such as the Neo-Moorish Arab House and the Neo-Byzantine train station, both built in 1938. Modernism appeared as early as 1933 with the former Ethnographic Museum (today the City Gallery), designed by Milan Zloković. However, modernist architecture only fully developed in Skopje after the 1963 earthquake. The reconstruction of the city centre was partially planned by Japanese Kenzo Tange who designed the new train station. Macedonian architects also took part in the reconstruction: Georgi Konstantinovski designed the City Archives building in 1968 and the Hall of residence Goce Delčev in 1975, while Janko Konstantinov designed the Telecommunication Centre and the main post office (1974–1989). Slavko Brezovski designed the Church of St. Clement of Ohrid. These two buildings are noted for their originality although they are directly inspired by brutalism.
The reconstruction turned Skopje into a proper modernist city, with large blocks of flats, austere concrete buildings and scattered green spaces. The city centre was considered as a grey and unattractive place when local authorities unveiled the "Skopje 2014" project in 2010. It made plans to erect a large number of statues, fountains, bridges, and museums at a cost of about €500 million.
The project has generated controversy: critics have described the new landmark buildings as signs of reactionary historicist aesthetics. Also, the government has been criticized for its cost and the original lack of representation of national minorities in the coverage of its set of statues and memorials. However, representations of minorities have since been included among the monuments. The scheme is accused of turning Skopje to a theme park, which is viewed as nationalistic kitsch, and has made Skopje an example to see how national identities are constructed and how this construction is mirrored in the urban space.
Fresco in the church of Saint Panteleimon
Interior of Mustafa Pasha Mosque
Daut Pasha Hammam
The historic clock tower
The Arab House
Macedonian National Theater
Art Bridge
Festivals
The Skopje Jazz Festival has been held annually in October since 1981. It is part of the European Jazz Network and the European Forum of World Wide Festivals. The artists' profiles include fusion, acid jazz, Latin jazz, smooth jazz, and avant-garde jazz. Ray Charles, Tito Puente, Gotan Project, Al Di Meola, Youssou N'Dour, among others, have performed at the festival. Another music festival in Skopje is the Blues and Soul Festival. It is a relatively new event in the Macedonian cultural scene that occurs every summer in early July. Past guests include Larry Coryell, Mick Taylor & the All-Stars Blues Band, Candy Dulfer & Funky Stuff, João Bosco, the Temptations, Tolo Marton Trio, Blues Wire, and Phil Guy.
The Skopje Cultural Summer Festival is a renowned cultural event that takes place in Skopje each year during the summer. The festival is a member of the International Festivals and Events Association (IFEA) and it includes musical concerts, operas, ballets, plays, art and photograph exhibitions, movies, and multimedia projects that gather 2,000 participants from around the world each year including the St Petersburg Theatre, the Chamber Orchestra of the Bolshoi Theatre, Irina Arkhipova, Viktor Tretiakov, The Theatre of Shadows, Michel Dalberto, and David Burgess.
May Opera Evenings is a festival that has occurred annually in Skopje since 1972 and is dedicated to promoting opera among the general public. Over the years, it has evolved into a stage on which artists from some 50 countries have performed. There is one other major international theatre festival that takes place each year at the end of September, the Young Open Theater Festival (MOT), which was organized for the first time in May 1976 by the Youth Cultural Center – Skopje. More than 700 theatrical performances have been presented at this festival so far, most of them being alternative, experimental theatre groups engaging young writers and actors. The MOT International Theatre Festival is also a member of the International Network for Contemporary Performing Arts or IETM. Within the framework of the MOT Festival, the Macedonian National Center of the International Theater Institute (ITI) was established, and at the 25th ITI World Congress in Munich in 1993, it became a regular member of this theatre association. The festival has an international character, always representing theatres from all over the world that present and enhance the exchange and circulation of young-fresh-experimental-avant-garde theatrical energy and experience between its participants on one side and the audience on the other.
The Skopje Film Festival is an annual event held in the city every March. Over 50 films are shown at this five-day festival, mostly from North Macedonia and Europe, but also including some non-commercial film productions from all over the world.
Nightlife
Panorama of Skopje at night
Skopje has a diverse nightlife. There is a large emphasis on casinos, many of which are associated with hotels. In 2010, the Colosseum club was named fifth on a list of the best clubs in Southeastern Europe. Armin van Buuren, Above and Beyond, The Shapeshifters are just some of the many musicians that have visited the club. Nighttime concerts in local, regional and global music are often held at the Toše Proeski Arena and Boris Trajkovski Sports Center. For middle-aged people, places for having fun are also the kafeanas where traditional Macedonian food is served and traditional Macedonian music (Starogradska muzika) is played, but music from all the Balkans, particularly Serbian folk music is also popular. Apart from the traditional Macedonian restaurants, there are restaurants featuring international cuisines. The Old Bazaar was a popular nightlife destination in the past. The national government has created a project to revive nightlife in the Old Bazaar. The closing time in shops, cafés and restaurants was extended due to the high attendances recorded. In the bazaar's restaurants, along with the traditional Macedonian wine and food, dishes of the Ottoman cuisine are also served.
People from Skopje
Main article: List of people from Skopje
International relations
Soravia Center Skopje
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in North Macedonia
Twin towns – sister cities
Skopje is twinned with:
Bradford, United Kingdom (since 1961)
Dijon, France (since 1961)
Dresden, Germany (since 1967)
Tempe, United States (since 1971)
Roubaix, France (since 1973)
Waremme, Belgium (since 1974)
Nuremberg, Germany (since 1982)
Chlef, Algeria (since 1983)
Nanchang, China (since 1985)
Manisa, Turkey (since 1985)
Suez, Egypt (since 1985)
Pittsburgh, United States (since 2002)
Istanbul, Turkey (since 2003)
Ljubljana, Slovenia (since 2007)
Podgorica, Montenegro (since 2007)
Zaragoza, Spain (since 2008)
Zagreb, Croatia (since 2011)
Tirana, Albania (since 2016)
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 2017)
Partnerships
Ankara, Turkey (since 1995)
Belgrade, Serbia (since 2012)
See also
Europe portalNorth Macedonia portal
History of Skopje
List of honorary citizens of Skopje
List of people from Skopje
Old Bazaar, Skopje
Sports in Skopje
Notes
^ This name was also in use in English for a time.
^ By Alfons Mucha, 1926
^ Officially known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929
^ See Macedonia naming dispute
Citations
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^ Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Si dëshmi tjetër për praninë e albanëve në territorrin e Maqedonisë së sotme ishin edhe spahinjtë vendas, me prejardhje albane e jo të ardhur nga Arbanoni politik mesjetar, që më parë kishin kaluar në fenë islame dhe ishin inkuadruar në sistemin e timarit të spahinjve osmanë. Sipas defterëve të shek. XV (1451/53 dhe 1467/68) ata i kishin timaret e veta në territorin e Maqedonisë dhe të Kosovës, kësaj radhe po i përmendim vetëm disa prej tyre: Hamza Arnauti,59 nga mëhalla Mentesheli e Shku-pit e kishte timarin e vet në fshatin Gumaleva. Hamza Arnauti, (tjetër) nga vendbanimi Niçevo (Nokova) e Shkupit kishte timarin e tij në fshatin Pa-garusha. Jusuf Arnauti, nga fshati Topçe Is’akli afër Draçevës së Shkupit. Shahin Arnauti59/a dizdar i kalasë së Shkupit i kishte timarin në tri fshatra të Shkupit... pranë individit me etno-nimin Arbanas ose Arnaut, apelativi sllav: doshlac prishlac, uselica, emigrant, që do thotë se kryefamiljarët shqiptarëme këtë etnonim si:Petro Arbanas, Dimitri Arbanas, Nikolla Arbanas, Bogdan Arbanas, Bogoslav Arbanas, Milosh Arbanas, Bozhidar Arnaut, Gjuro Arba-nas, Mihajl Arbanas, Todor Arnaut, AndrejaArnaut, Lzar Arnaut apo Jusuf Arnaut, ose Hamza Arnavut etj., nuk janë shënuar me cilë-sorin sllav doselic ose prishlec, çka dëshmon se ata ishin vendës në vendbanimet e tyre{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ a b Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218.
^ Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në lagjenAhrijan Hasantë Shkupit të vitit 1451/53 ishte re-gjistruar në mesin e kryefamiljarëve myslimanë edhe kryefamiljari me partonimin e familjes fisnike albane Muzak, që kishte kaluar në islam, duke mos e përmendur emrin e tij të mëhershëm të krishterë dhe pa e theksuar pozitën shoqërore apo profesionin e tij.77 Në defterin tjetër të vitit 1467/68, tani në lagjen e krishterë me emrin Svetko Samarxhi tëShkupit, në mesin e 29 kryefamiljarëve me antroponimi krishtere sllave janë regjistruar: Nikolla, i biri Muzak-es, Todor, i biri Shendre-es (Shen Andre-it), Gjuro, i biri Marin-it, Jovan, i biri Suteç-it ( Suta). Nga këto të dhëna të këtyre dy defterëve shihet qartë, se këta dy kryefamiljarë me mbiemrin Muzaka, njëri i krishterë e tjetri mysliman ishin farefis dhe banorë të vjetër të Shkupit, ngase të parët e familjeve të tyre që nga mesjeta e hershme banonin në hapësirat e rajoneve të Nishit, Kosovës dhe të Maqedonisë sotme, pra para depërtimit osman në Ballkan{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ Rexha, Iljaz (2011). "Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në vijim po japim edhe disa të dhëna për spahinjtë e krishterë me prejardhje albane, që i kishin timaret e veta së bashku me individë të tjerë, në simbiozë me antroponimi sllave në rrethinën e Shkupit, ku shihet se edhe këta ishin vendas, meqë në defterë, posaçërisht theksohet se këta individë ishin spahinj të vjetër, çka kuptohet se edhe para viteve 1467-68, në regjistrimet e mëhershme, që nuk janë ruajtur, i kanë pasur timaret e tyre. Timari i Mirashit të birit të Todorit, i Dobroslavit, i të birit të Jaroslavit, i Kojçinit i të birit të Gjonit ,..... (dhe 4 individë të tjerë ). Timari i Gjurës i biri i Todorit, Petko i vëllai i Ibrahimit, Gjoni i vëlla i Petkos (Ibrahimit), Gjura i biri i Petko ( Ibrahimit ) dhe Lazori i biri Petko ( Ibrahimit ).Timari Hamzajt i vëlla i Ibrahimit, Gjoni i vëlla i Hamzait të vëllait të Ibrahimit, Nikolla i vëlla i tij Gjonit, Pavli i biri i Mihos, Pejo i biri i Pavlit, Petko i biri i Gjonit i vëllai i Hamzait të vëllait të Ibrahimit...Kemi edhe shumë spahinj tjerë me prejardhje albane si: Ali dhe Hamza Kërçovali, nga Kër-çova, Shimerd Vardarli i Shkupit, Mahmud Manastirli, Ali Arnauti etj. shihet qartazi se këta posedues të timareve ishin nga trojet e sotme të Maqedonisë e jo të ardhur nga Shqipëria e Qendrore e sotme.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
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^ "Skopje City Museum". Travel 2 Macedonia. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
^ "Introduction". Memorial House of Mother Teresa. 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
^ "Macedonian Museum of Natural History". The Second International Congress on "Biodiversity, Ecological Aspects and Conservation of the Balkan Fauna". 1998. Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
^ "Skopje Zoo". Skopje Zoo. 2009. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
^ "Neolithic Settlement Tumba Madzhari in Skopje". Tumba Madžari. Archived from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
^ Philippe Canaye; sieur de Fresne (1897). Le voyage du Levant. Slatkine. pp. 33–34. ISBN 9782051001632.
^ Thérese Steenberghen (2011). "Strategic Plan for the Preservation and Rehabilitation of the Skopje Aqueduct and Environment" (PDF). Skopje Aqueduct. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
^ Horst Woldemar Janson & Anthony F. Janson (2004). History of art: the Western tradition. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 263. ISBN 9780131828957.
^ "Monuments". OldSkopje. Archived from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
^ "Црква Св. Спас". Old Skopje. 2007. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
^ "Renaissance Architect Andreja Damjanov- New Ray of Light on a Valuable Work". Utrinski Vesnik. 2001. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
^ "Macedonian Cities – Skopje Churches". macedonia.co.uk.
^ PM Gruevski: Yes, Skopje 2014 was my Idea Archived 11 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Macedonian International News Agency, Saturday, 7 January 2012
^ Skopje 2014: The new face of Macedonia Archived 13 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine, BalkanInsight
^ Macedonian Arch May Be Wedding Scene Archived 25 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, BalkanInsight
^ a b Balkan Insight (24 June 2010). "Critics Lash 'Dated' Aesthetics of Skopje 2014". balkaninsight.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
^ Is Macedonia's capital being turned into a theme park? Archived 18 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine CNN International, 10 October 2011
^ Macedonia statue: Alexander the Great or a warrior on a horse? Archived 3 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian, 14 August 2011
^ Herold, Langer & Lechler 2010, p. 43.
^ Barikada – World of Music – Svastara – 2007. "Barikada – World of Music". Barikada.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "41. MOT – international theatre festival". mot.com.mk.
^ "IETM". ietm.org. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
^ Nova Makedonija Online. ""Колосеум" меѓу најдобрите пет клуба во Југоисточна Европа". daily.mk. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
^ a b Trip Advisor. "Skopje: Nightlife". tripadvisor.com. Retrieved 2 May 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Vest Online. "Нов живот на старата скопска чаршија". vest.com.mk. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
^ "Збратимени градови". starportal.skopje.gov.mk (in Macedonian). Skopje. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
^ "Sister Cities of Ankara". ankara.bel.tr. Ankara. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
^ "Belgrade has five twin cities in the world". ekapija.com. Belgrade. 18 June 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
General sources
Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253346568.
Duridanov, Ivan (1975). Die Hydronymie des Vardarsystems als Geschichtsquelle (PDF). Böhlau Verlag. ISBN 3412839736.
Papazoglu, Fanula (1978). The Central Balkan Tribes in pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians. Amsterdam: Hakkert. ISBN 9789025607937.
Herold, Stephanie; Langer, Benjamin & Lechler, Julia (2010). Reading the city: Urban Space and Memory in Skopje. Universitätsverlag der Technischen Universität Berlin. ISBN 9783798321298.
Further reading
Ilká Thiessen (2007). Waiting for Macedonia: Identity in a Changing World. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781551117195.
Ivan Tomovski (1978). Skopje between the past and the future. Macedonian Review Editions.
Jovan Šćekić (1963). This Was Skopje. Yugoslav Federal Secretariat for Information.
M. Tokarev (2006). 100 години модерна архитектура. Pridonesot na Makedonija i Jugoslavija.
Danilo Kocevski (2008). Чај од јужните мориња. Маgor. ISBN 9789989183447.
D. Gjorgiev (1997). Скопје од турското освојување до крајот на XVIII vek. Institut za nacionalna istorija.
L. Kumbaracı-Bogoyeviç (2008). Üsküp'te osmanlı mimarî eserleri. ENKA.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skopje.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Skopje.
Discover Skopje (archived 24 May 2013)
City of Skopje Official Portal
Skopje at night, picture gallery (archived 26 April 2011)
Online tourist guide for Skopje
Places adjacent to Skopje
Čučer-Sandevo,
Lipkovo
Želino, Jegunovce
Greater Skopje
Aračinovo, Ilinden
Studeničani, Sopište
Petrovec
vteCity of Skopje Municipalities
Aerodrom
Butel
Čair
Centar
Gazi Baba
Ǵorče Petrov
Karpoš
Kisela Voda
Saraj
Šuto Orizari
Geography
Matka Canyon
Skopje Statistical Region
Skopska Crna Gora
Vardar River
Vodno Mountain
History
Timeline of Skopje history
1555 Skopje earthquake
Skopje fire of 1689
1963 Skopje earthquake
Reconstruction of Skopje 1963
Landmarks
Cerje
Čifte Hammam
Kale Fortress
Kapan Han
Kuršumli An
Macedonia Square
Millennium Cross
Old Bazaar
Pella Square
Porta Macedonia
Ristiḱ Palace
Scupi
Skanderbeg Square
Skopje Aqueduct
Skopje Zoo
Sobranie Palace
Stone Bridge
Suli Han
Tauresium
Tumba Madžari
Churches
Church of the Ascension of Jesus
Church of St Clement of Ohrid
Church of St Nicetas
Church of St Panteleimon
Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos
Marko's Monastery
Mosques
Mustafa Pasha Mosque
Sultan Murad Mosque
Museums
Museum of North Macedonia
Museum of the Macedonian Struggle
National Gallery
Museum of Contemporary Art
Skopje City Museum
Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia
Memorial House of Mother Teresa
Sports venues
Avtokomanda
Boris Trajkovski Sports Center
Boris Trajkovski Stadium
Čair Stadium
Cementarnica Stadium
Independent Macedonia sport hall
Ǵorče Petrov Stadium
Jane Sandanski Arena
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Toše Proeski Arena
Rasadnik Hall
SRC Kale
Training Centre Petar Miloševski
Železarnica Stadium
Sports clubs
FK Aerodrom
FK Alumina
FK Balkan Skopje
FK Butel
FK Cementarnica 55
FK Goce Delčev Skopje
FK Gorno Lisiče
FK Ilinden Skopje
KK Karpoš Sokoli
FK Lokomotiva Skopje
FK Madžari Solidarnost
FK Makedonija Ǵorče Petrov
FK Metalurg Skopje
FK Rabotnički
FK Shkupi
FK Skopje
FK Sloboden
FK Sloga Jugomagnat
FK Vardar
MZT Skopje
KK Rabotnički
KK Torus
KK Vardar
ŽKK Badel 1862
RK Metalurg Skopje
RK Tineks Prolet
RK Vardar
ŽRK Metalurg
ŽRK Vardar
Education
FON University
European University
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University
University American College Skopje
Yahya Kemal College
Nova International Schools
Georgi Dimitrov High School
Rade Jovčevski-Korčagin High School
Orce Nikolov High School
Josip Broz Tito High School
Nikola Karev High School
Kočo Racin High School
Panče Arsovski High School
Lazar Ličenoski Art School
Dr. Panče Karagjozov Medical High School
Vasil Antevski-Dren Economical/Legal High School
Ilija Nikolovski-Luj Musical High School
Mihailo Pupin Electrotechnical High School
Events
Basker Fest
Dance Fest Skopje
Oro Bez Granici
Kota 2023
Skopje Book Fair
Skopje Fest
Skopje Film Festival
Skopje Jazz Festival
Skopje Summer Festival
Super Dzvezda
Theatre Fest
Transportation
Skopje Airport
Transportation Center Skopje
People
List of people from Skopje
vteSkopje and surrounding communities
Avtokomanda
Aerodrom
Bunjakovec
Butel
Čair
Central Skopje
Čento
Crniče
Debar Maalo
Deksion
Dračevo
Gazi Baba
Gege
Gjorče Petrov
Goce Delčev
Gorno Lisiče
Hipodrom
Idrizovo
Ilinden
Jane Sandanski
Kapištec
Karpoš
Kisela Voda
Kisela Jabuka
Kjeramidnica
Kozle
Kolonija Idrizovo
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Madžir Maalo
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Momin Potok
North Skopje
Novo Lisiče
Ostrovo
Pintija
Pržino
Pripor
Radišani
Sopište
Stajkovci
Šuto Orizari
Taftalidže
Tasino češmiče
Topansko pole
Vlae
Vodno
Volkovo
Ždanec
Železara
Zlokukjani
vteCities of North Macedonia by population50,000+
Bitola
Kumanovo
Prilep
Skopje
Tetovo
Coat of arms of North Macedonia10,000+
Debar
Delčevo
Gevgelija
Gostivar
Kavadarci
Kičevo
Kočani
Kriva Palanka
Negotino
Ohrid
Probištip
Radoviš
Struga
Strumica
Sveti Nikole
Štip
Veles
Vinica
2,000+
Berovo
Bogdanci
Demir Hisar
Demir Kapija
Kratovo
Kruševo
Makedonska Kamenica
Makedonski Brod
Pehčevo
Resen
Valandovo
vteCapitals of European states and territoriesCapitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics.Sovereign states
Amsterdam, Netherlands1
Andorra la Vella, Andorra
Ankara, Turkey3
Astana, Kazakhstan3
Athens, Greece
Baku, Azerbaijan3
Belgrade, Serbia
Berlin, Germany
Bern, Switzerland
Bratislava, Slovakia
Brussels, Belgium2
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Budapest, Hungary
Chișinău, Moldova
Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lisbon, Portugal
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Madrid, Spain
Minsk, Belarus
Monaco5
Moscow, Russia
Nicosia, Cyprus3
Oslo, Norway
Paris, France
Podgorica, Montenegro
Prague, Czech Republic
Reykjavík, Iceland
Riga, Latvia
Rome, Italy
San Marino, San Marino
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Skopje, North Macedonia
Sofia, Bulgaria
Stockholm, Sweden
Tallinn, Estonia
Tbilisi, Georgia3
Tirana, Albania
Vaduz, Liechtenstein
Valletta, Malta
Vatican City5
Vienna, Austria
Vilnius, Lithuania
Warsaw, Poland
Yerevan, Armenia3
Zagreb, Croatia
States withlimited recognition
North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus3
Pristina, Kosovo
Stepanakert, Republic of Artsakh3
Sukhumi, Abkhazia3
Tiraspol, Transnistria
Tskhinvali, South Ossetia3
DependenciesUnited KingdomConstituent countries
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Edinburgh, Scotland
Cardiff, Wales
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St Helier, Jersey
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Regions
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Namur, Wallonia
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Dresden, Saxony
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Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt
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Munich, Bavaria
Potsdam, Brandenburg
Saarbrücken, Saarland
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Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg
Wiesbaden, Hesse
RussiaRepublics
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Magas, Ingushetia
Makhachkala, Dagestan
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Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria
Petrozavodsk, Karelia
Saransk, Mordovia
Simferopol, Crimea (disputed)
Syktyvkar, Komi
Ufa, Bashkortostan
Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania
Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El
Autonomous okrugs
Naryan-Mar, Nenets
Krais
Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai
Perm, Perm Krai
Stavropol, Stavropol Krai
Oblasts
Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast
Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast
Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast
Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast
Kaluga, Kaluga Oblast
Kirov, Kirov Oblast
Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast
Krasnogorsk and Moscow, Moscow Oblast (de facto)
Kursk, Kursk Oblast
Lipetsk, Lipetsk Oblast
Murmansk, Murmansk Oblast
Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Orenburg, Orenburg Oblast
Oryol, Oryol Oblast
Penza, Penza Oblast
Pskov, Pskov Oblast
Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast
Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast
Saint Petersburg, Leningrad Oblast (de facto)
Samara, Samara Oblast
Saratov, Saratov Oblast
Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast
Tambov, Tambov Oblast
Tula, Tula Oblast
Tver, Tver Oblast
Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast
Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast
Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast
Vologda, Vologda Oblast
Voronezh, Voronezh Oblast
Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Oblast
Federal cities
Moscow, Moscow
Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg
Sevastopol, Sevastopol (disputed)
Switzerland
Aarau, Aargau
Altdorf, Uri
Appenzell, Appenzell Innerrhoden
Basel, Basel-Stadt
Bellinzona, Ticino
Chur, Grisons
Delémont, Jura
Frauenfeld, Thurgau
Fribourg, Canton of Fribourg
Geneva, Canton of Geneva
Herisau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden
Lausanne, Vaud
Liestal, Basel-Landschaft
Lucerne, Canton of Lucerne
Neuchâtel, Canton of Neuchâtel
Sarnen, Obwalden
Schaffhausen, Canton of Schaffhausen
Schwyz, Canton of Schwyz
Sion, Valais
Solothurn, Canton of Solothurn
Stans, Nidwalden
St. Gallen, Canton of St. Gallen
Glarus, Canton of Glarus
Zug, Canton of Zug
Zürich, Canton of Zürich
AutonomousentitiesItalyAutonomous regions
Cagliari, Sardinia
Palermo, Sicily
Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Aosta, Aosta Valley
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PortugalAutonomous regions
Ponta Delgada, Angra do Heroísmo, & Horta, Azores
Funchal, Madeira
Spain
Barcelona, Catalonia
Las Palmas & Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands
Logroño, La Rioja
Madrid, Community of Madrid
Mérida, Extremadura
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Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands
Pamplona, Navarre
Santander, Cantabria
Santiago de Compostela, Galicia
Seville, Andalusia
Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)
Valencia, Valencian Community
Valladolid, Castile and León (de facto)
Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country (de facto)
Zaragoza, Aragon
Other
Ajaccio, Corsica Collectivité (France)
Batumi, Adjara (Georgia)
Comrat, Gagauzia (Moldova)
Karyes, Mount Athos (Greece)
Mariehamn, Åland Islands (Finland)
Nakhchivan, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)
Novi Sad, Vojvodina (Serbia)
Simferopol, Crimea (Ukraine)
1 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
2 Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union
3 Continental placement may vary depending on geographic convention being followed
5 A city-state
vte Capital cities of the candidate countries of the European Union
Bosnia and Herzegovina:Sarajevo
Georgia (country):Tbilisi
Montenegro:Podgorica
Serbia:Belgrade
Albania:Tirana
North Macedonia:Skopje
Moldova:Chișinău
Ukraine:Kyiv
Turkey:Ankara
vteHistorical capitals of Serbia
Stari Ras (1170-1276)
Niš (1183-1191; 1914-1915)
Debrc (1276–1283)
Belgrade (1283–1430; since 1841)
Prizren, Skopje and Serres (1345–1371)
Pristina and Kruševac (1371–1389)
Smederevo (1430–1453)
Subotica (1526–1527)
Topola (1804-1813)
Kragujevac (1818–1841; 1914-1915)
vteHistorical capitals of Bulgaria
Pliska (681–893)
Preslav (893–972)
Skopje (972–992)
Ohrid (992–1018)
Veliko Tarnovo (1185–1393, 1878–1879)
Nikopol (1393–1395)
Sofia (since 1879)
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Latvia
Czech Republic
Australia
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
Other
NARA
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending"},{"link_name":"/ˈskɒpjeɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"SKOP-yay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"/ˈskoʊpjeɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"SKOHP-yay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈskɔpjɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Macedonian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/Mk-Skopje.ogg/Mk-Skopje.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mk-Skopje.ogg"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"definite form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness"},{"link_name":"largest city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Macedonia_by_population"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Skopje Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_Basin"},{"link_name":"Scupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scupi"},{"link_name":"Dardania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"early medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Serbian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"pashasanjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak"},{"link_name":"Vilayet of Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayet_of_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Balkans"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Balkan Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Wars"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFTw3lEqi2-oCdqserbiaannexed1912pgPA40_40]-11"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Vardarska Banovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardarska_Banovina"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"SR Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"federated state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_state"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"a disastrous earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar"},{"link_name":"Balkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats2-2"}],"text":"Capital and largest city of North MacedoniaCapital city in Skopje Statistical, North MacedoniaSkopje (/ˈskɒpjeɪ/ SKOP-yay,[5][6] US also /ˈskoʊpjeɪ/ SKOHP-yay;[7] Macedonian: Скопје [ˈskɔpjɛ] ⓘ; Albanian: Shkup, Albanian definite form: Shkupi) is the capital and largest city of North Macedonia. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. Skopje lies in the Skopje Basin.Scupi is attested for the first time in the second century AD as a city in Roman Dardania.[8][9] When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under Byzantine rule from Constantinople. During much of the early medieval period, the town was contested between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire, whose capital it was between 972 and 992. In 1004, when it was seized by the Byzantine Empire, the city became a centre of a new province called Bulgaria. From 1282, the town was part of the Serbian Empire and was its capital city from 1346 to 1371.In 1392, Skopje was conquered by the Ottoman Turks, who called it Üsküb (اسکوب).[a] The town stayed under Ottoman control for over 500 years, serving as the capital of the pashasanjak of Üsküp and later the Vilayet of Kosovo. Its central position in the Ottoman Balkans made it a significant centre of commerce and administration during the Ottoman era. In 1912, it was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia during the Balkan Wars.[10] During World War I the city was seized by the Kingdom of Bulgaria, and, after the war, it became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia as the capital of Vardarska Banovina. In World War II, the city was again captured by Bulgaria and in 1945 became the capital of SR Macedonia, a federated state within Yugoslavia.[11] The city developed rapidly, but this was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by a disastrous earthquake.Skopje is on the upper course of the Vardar River and is on a major north–south Balkan route between Belgrade and Athens. It is a centre for the chemical, timber, textile, leather, printing, and metal-processing industries. Industrial development of the city has been accompanied by development of the trade, logistics, and banking sectors, as well as an emphasis on the fields of transportation, culture and sport. According to the last official census from 2021, Skopje had a population of 526,502 inhabitants.[2]","title":"Skopje"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Other names of Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages:_Q-T#S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skoplje_1912.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vardar Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Dardania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Illyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_language"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov197518%E2%80%9319-13"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeroldLangerLechler201029-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-18"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-19"},{"link_name":"Aromanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Vardar Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"Socialist Republic of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia"}],"text":"See also: Other names of SkopjeSerbian troops overseeing the city's renaming from \"Üsküb\" to \"Skoplje\" following Serbia's annexation of Vardar Macedonia in 1912The city is attested for the first name in Geography by Ptolemy c. 150 AD as one of the cities of Roman Dardania. Ptolemy describes the city in Latin as Scupi and ancient Greek as Σκοῦποι. The toponym likely belongs to a group of similar Illyrian toponyms which have been transmitted to Slavic languages in the same way as the modern Macedonian toponym Skopje: Skoplje and Uskoplje in Bosnia, Uskoplje in Dalmatia (Croatia).[12] Shkup, the name of the city in Albanian developed directly from Roman-era Scupi in agreement with the Albanian phonological development, the basis of evidence of an earlier Albanian settlement in the area.[13][14][15] Shkupi is the definite form of Shkup in Albanian.[16] Skopje, the name of the city during the Middle Ages, is the local Slavic (Macedonian) rendition of Scupi.[17] The Ottoman Turkish rendition of the city's name is \"Üsküb\" (Ottoman Turkish: اسكوب) and it was adapted in Western languages in \"Uskub\" or \"Uskup\", and these two appellations were used in the Western world until 1912. Some Western sources also cite \"Scopia\" and \"Skopia\".[18] Scopia is the name of the city in Aromanian.[19]When Vardar Macedonia was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1912, the city officially became \"Skoplje\" (Serbian Cyrillic: Скопље) and many languages adopted this name. To reflect local pronunciation, the city's name was eventually spelled as \"Skopje\" (Macedonian: Скопје) after the Second World War, when standard Macedonian became the official language of the new Socialist Republic of Macedonia.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balkan peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_peninsula"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar"},{"link_name":"Aegean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tourism-21"},{"link_name":"Serava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serava&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transports-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-figures-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drisla-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-25"},{"link_name":"Dračevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dra%C4%8Devo,_Skopje"},{"link_name":"Gorno Nerezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorno_Nerezi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats2-2"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meta-26"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Čučer-Sandevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cu%C4%8Der-Sandevo_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Lipkovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipkovo_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Aračinovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara%C4%8Dinovo_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Ilinden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Studeničani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studeni%C4%8Dani_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Sopište","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopi%C5%A1te_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Želino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelino_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Jegunovce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jegunovce_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_City_of_Skopje_en.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIHPM(Skopje).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wildflowers_of_Bardovci12.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Topography","text":"Skopje is in the north of the country, in the centre of the Balkan peninsula, and halfway between Belgrade and Athens. The city was built in the Skopje valley, oriented on a west-east axis, along the course of the Vardar river, which flows into the Aegean Sea in Greece. The valley is approximately 20 km (12 mi) wide[20] and it is limited by several mountain ranges to the north and south. These ranges limit the urban expansion of Skopje, which spreads along the Vardar and the Serava, a small river which comes from the north. In its administrative boundaries, the City of Skopje stretches for more than 33 km (21 mi),[21] but it is only 10 km (6.2 mi) wide.[22]Skopje is approximately 245 m above sea level and covers 571.46 km2.[23] The urbanized area only covers 337 km2, with a density of 65 inhabitants per hectare.[24] Skopje, in its administrative limits, encompasses many villages and other settlements, including Dračevo, Gorno Nerezi and Bardovci. According to the 2021 census, the City of Skopje had 526,502 inhabitants.[2][25]The City of Skopje reaches the Kosovo border to the north-east. Clockwise, it is also bordered by the municipalities of Čučer-Sandevo, Lipkovo, Aračinovo, Ilinden, Studeničani, Sopište, Želino and Jegunovce.The city of Skopje; its administrative limits are in red.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLocation of Skopje in North Macedonia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLandscape of the Skopje valley, near Bardovci","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar"},{"link_name":"Gostivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gostivar"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vardar-27"},{"link_name":"Treska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treska"},{"link_name":"Matka Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matka_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Lepenac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepenac"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Old Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts"},{"link_name":"Scupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scupi"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Markova Reka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko%27s_River"},{"link_name":"Vodno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodno"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-figures-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-figures-23"},{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vardar-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kozjak-29"},{"link_name":"water table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_table"},{"link_name":"aquifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer"},{"link_name":"marl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marl"},{"link_name":"karstic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saraj_swimming_pool.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_X31.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar"},{"link_name":"Stone Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Skopje)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Del_od_Skopje,_1950ti.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serava.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Hydrography","text":"The Vardar river, which flows through Skopje, is at approximately 60 km (37 mi) from its source near Gostivar. In Skopje, its average discharge is 51 m3/s, with a wide amplitude depending on seasons, between 99.6 m3/s in May and 18.7 m3/s in July. The water temperature is between 4.6 °C in January and 18.1 °C in July.[26]Several rivers meet the Vardar within the city boundaries. The largest is the Treska, which is 130 km (81 mi) long. It crosses the Matka Canyon before reaching the Vardar on the western extremity of the City of Skopje. The Lepenac, coming from Kosovo, flows into the Vardar on the northwestern end of the urban area. The Serava, also coming from the North, had flowed through the Old Bazaar until the 1960s when it was diverted towards the West because its waters were very polluted. Originally, it met the Vardar close to the seat of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Nowadays, it flows into the Vardar near the ruins of Scupi.[27] Markova Reka, which originates in Mount Vodno, meets the Vardar at the eastern extremity of the city. These three rivers are less than 70 km (43 mi) long.[22]The City of Skopje incorporates two artificial lakes, on the Treska. The lake Matka is the result of the construction of a dam in the Matka Canyon in the 1930s, and the Treska lake was dug for leisure purposes in 1978.[22] Three small natural lakes can be found near Smiljkovci, on the northeastern edge of the urban area.The river Vardar historically caused many floods, such as in 1962, when its outflow reached 1110 m3/s−1.[26] Several works have been carried out since Byzantine times to limit the risks, and since the construction of the Kozjak dam on the Treska in 1994, the flood risk is close to zero.[28]The subsoil contains a large water table which is alimented by the Vardar river and functions as an underground river. Under the table lies an aquifer contained in marl. The water table is 4 to 12 m under the ground and 4 to 144 m deep. Several wells collect its waters but most of the drinking water used in Skopje comes from a karstic spring in Rašče, west of the city.[24]The Treska lake\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Vardar and the Stone Bridge, symbol of the city\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe main river running through the centre of Skopje, c. 1950\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Serava north of the city","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Šar Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ar_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Jakupica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakupica"},{"link_name":"Osogovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osogovo"},{"link_name":"Skopska Crna Gora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopska_Crna_Gora"},{"link_name":"Vodno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodno"},{"link_name":"Jakupica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakupica"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-figures-23"},{"link_name":"Skopje Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_Fortress"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"tectonic plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_plate"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-damages-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-damages-31"},{"link_name":"Neogene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene"},{"link_name":"Quaternary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary"},{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"marl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marl"},{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohis-33"},{"link_name":"karstic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst"},{"link_name":"Matka Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matka_Canyon"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macedonia.co.uk-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje-pano.JPG"},{"link_name":"Vodno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodno"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matka2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Matka Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matka_Canyon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cave_lake_(8172274819).jpg"},{"link_name":"Matka Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matka_Canyon"}],"sub_title":"Geology","text":"The Skopje valley is bordered on the West by the Šar Mountains, on the South by the Jakupica range, on the East by hills belonging to the Osogovo range, and on the North by the Skopska Crna Gora. Mount Vodno, the highest point inside the city limits, is 1066 m high and is part of the Jakupica range.[22]Although Skopje is built on the foot of Mount Vodno, the urban area is mostly flat. It comprises several minor hills, generally covered with woods and parks, such as Gazi Baba hill (325 m), Zajčev Rid (327 m), the foothills of Mount Vodno (the smallest are between 350 and 400 m high) and the promontory on which Skopje Fortress is built.[29]The Skopje valley is near a seismic fault between the African and Eurasian tectonic plates and experiences regular seismic activity.[30] This activity in enhanced by the porous structure of the subsoil.[31] Large earthquakes occurred in Skopje in 518, 1555 and 1963.[30]The Skopje valley belongs to the Vardar geotectonic region, the subsoil of which is formed of Neogene and Quaternary deposits. The substratum is made of Pliocene deposits including sandstone, marl, and various conglomerates. It is covered by a first layer of Quaternary sands and silt, which is between 70 and 90 m deep. The layer is topped by a much smaller layer of clay, sand, silt, and gravel, carried by the Vardar river. It is between 1.5 and 5.2 m deep.[32]In some areas, the subsoil is karstic. It led to the formation of canyons, such as the Matka Canyon, which is surrounded by ten caves. They are between 20 and 176 m deep.[33]Mount Vodno in the background overlooking Skopje\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Matka Canyon on the western edge of the City of Skopje\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA cave at the Matka Canyon","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"rain shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_shadow"},{"link_name":"Accursed Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accursed_Mountains"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"World Meteorological Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMO-38"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKO-39"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Skopje has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa), bordering on a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa)[34][35] with a mean annual temperature of 12.6 °C (55 °F). Precipitation is relatively low due to the pronounced rain shadow of the Accursed Mountains to the northwest, being significantly less than what is received on the Adriatic Sea coast at the same latitude. The summers are long, hot and relatively dry with low humidity. Skopje's average July high is 32 °C (90 °F). On average Skopje sees 88 days above 30 °C (86 °F) each year, and 10.2 days above 35.0 °C (95 °F) every year. Winters are short, relatively cold and wet. Snowfalls are common in the winter period, but heavy snow accumulation is rare and the snowcover lasts only for a few hours or a few days if heavy. In summer, temperatures are usually above 31 °C (88 °F) and sometimes above 40 °C (104 °F). In spring and autumn, the temperatures range from 15 to 24 °C (59 to 75 °F). In winter, the day temperatures are roughly in the range from 5–10 °C (41–50 °F), but at nights they often fall below 0 °C (32 °F) and sometimes below −10 °C (14 °F). Typically, temperatures throughout one year range from −13 °C to 39 °C. Occurrences of precipitation are evenly distributed throughout the year, being heaviest from October to December, and from April to June.Climate data for Skopje International Airport (1991-2020)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n19.9(67.8)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n28.8(83.8)\n\n32.4(90.3)\n\n35.2(95.4)\n\n41.1(106.0)\n\n42.8(109.0)\n\n43.7(110.7)\n\n37.0(98.6)\n\n33.9(93.0)\n\n28.2(82.8)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n43.7(110.7)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n4.8(40.6)\n\n9.0(48.2)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n24.4(75.9)\n\n29.2(84.6)\n\n32.0(89.6)\n\n32.3(90.1)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n5.9(42.6)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n0.2(32.4)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n7.7(45.9)\n\n12.4(54.3)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n24.1(75.4)\n\n24.1(75.4)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n6.9(44.4)\n\n1.8(35.2)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−3.3(26.1)\n\n−1.6(29.1)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n10.3(50.5)\n\n14.3(57.7)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n12.2(54.0)\n\n7.6(45.7)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n−1.4(29.5)\n\n6.7(44.2)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−25.8(−14.4)\n\n−21.8(−7.2)\n\n−10.8(12.6)\n\n−5.8(21.6)\n\n−1.0(30.2)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n−2.0(28.4)\n\n−6.4(20.5)\n\n−12.2(10.0)\n\n−22.9(−9.2)\n\n−25.8(−14.4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n30(1.2)\n\n29(1.1)\n\n38(1.5)\n\n40(1.6)\n\n43(1.7)\n\n54(2.1)\n\n38(1.5)\n\n36(1.4)\n\n34(1.3)\n\n49(1.9)\n\n45(1.8)\n\n48(1.9)\n\n483(19.0)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days\n\n10\n\n9\n\n10\n\n10\n\n11\n\n10\n\n7\n\n6\n\n6\n\n7\n\n9\n\n11\n\n106\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n5\n\n5\n\n3\n\n0.2\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0.1\n\n2\n\n5\n\n20\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n83\n\n75\n\n68\n\n66\n\n66\n\n61\n\n56\n\n56\n\n63\n\n74\n\n82\n\n85\n\n70\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n86.9\n\n112.5\n\n161.1\n\n198.4\n\n245.2\n\n276.3\n\n323.0\n\n305.4\n\n247.5\n\n188.2\n\n114.8\n\n79.6\n\n2,339\n\n\nSource 1: Pogoda.ru.net,[36] World Meteorological Organization (precipitation days)[37]\n\n\nSource 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[38]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matka Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matka_Canyon"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-25"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"soil pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_pollution"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"cadmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium"},{"link_name":"nitrogen oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide"},{"link_name":"carbon monoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-25"},{"link_name":"district heating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_heating"},{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-25"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-security-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_panorama_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_panorama_2.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Environment","text":"The City of Skopje encompasses various natural environments and its fauna and flora are rich. However, it is threatened by the intensification of agriculture and urban extension. The largest protected area within the city limits is Mount Vodno, which is a popular leisure destination. A cable car connects its peak to the downtown, and many pedestrian paths run through its woods. Other large natural spots include the Matka Canyon.[24]The city itself comprises several parks and gardens amounting to 4,361 hectares. Among these are the City Park (Gradski Park), built by the Ottoman Turks at the beginning of the 20th century; Žena Borec Park, in front of the Parliament; the university arboretum; and Gazi Baba forest. Many streets and boulevards are planted with trees.[39]Steel processing, which is a crucial activity for the local economy, is responsible for soil pollution with heavy metals such as lead, zinc and cadmium, and air pollution with nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide.[24] Vehicle traffic and district heating plants are also responsible for air pollution.Water treatment plants are being built, but much polluted water is still discharged untreated into the Vardar.[24] Waste is disposed of in the open-air municipal landfill site, 15 km (9.3 mi) north of the city. Every day, it receives 1,500 m3 of domestic waste and 400 m3 of industrial waste. Health levels are better in Skopje than in the rest of North Macedonia, and no link has been found between the low environmental quality and the health of the residents.[40]A panoramic view of Skopje as seen from Mount Vodno.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Urbanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg"},{"link_name":"26 July 1963 earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-damages-31"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-post-42"},{"link_name":"Adolf Ciborowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Ciborowski"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reconstruction-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_SPOT_1114.jpg"},{"link_name":"SPOT satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPOT_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"Aerodrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodrom_Municipality_(Skopje)"},{"link_name":"Kenzo Tange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenzo_Tange"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-post-42"},{"link_name":"Old Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje"},{"link_name":"Skopje Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_Fortress"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reconstruction-43"},{"link_name":"Old Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje"},{"link_name":"modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_architecture"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Skopje 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_2014"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-objections-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albanian_objections-47"},{"link_name":"Old Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_X48.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_-_Old_City_(9454038410).jpg"},{"link_name":"Old Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Towers_Karpos4_Skopje.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macedonian_Cross_Aerodrom_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cevahir Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cevahir_Towers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeological_Museum_of_Macedonia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Skopje 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_2014"}],"sub_title":"Urban morphology","text":"Skopje urban plan for 2002–2020: City centre Collective housing Individual housing Industrial areasThe urban morphology of Skopje was deeply impacted by the 26 July 1963 earthquake, which destroyed 80% of the city, and by the reconstruction that followed.[30] For instance, neighbourhoods were rebuilt in such a way that the demographic density remains low to limit the impact of potential future earthquakes.[41]Reconstruction following the 1963 earthquake was mainly conducted by the Polish architect Adolf Ciborowski, who had already planned the reconstruction of Warsaw after World War II. Ciborowski divided the city into blocks dedicated to specific activities. The banks of the Vardar river became natural areas and parks, areas between the main boulevards were built with highrise housing and shopping centres, and the suburbs were left to individual housing and industry.[42] Reconstruction had to be quick to relocate families and to relaunch the local economy. To stimulate economic development, the number of thoroughfares was increased and future urban extension was anticipated.[43]Skopje as seen by the SPOT satellite. Mount Vodno is visible on the bottom left of the picture.The south bank of the Vardar river generally comprises highrise tower blocks, including the vast Karpoš neighbourhood which was built in the 1970s west of the centre. Towards the East, the new municipality of Aerodrom was planned in the 1980s to house 80,000 inhabitants on the site of the old airport. Between Karpoš and Aerodrom lies the city centre, rebuilt according to plans by Japanese architect Kenzo Tange. The centre is surrounded by a row of long buildings suggesting a wall (\"Gradski Zid\").[41]On the north bank, where the most ancient parts of the city lie, the Old Bazaar was restored and its surroundings were rebuilt with low-rise buildings, so as not to spoil views of the Skopje Fortress. Several institutions, including the university and the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, were also relocated to the north bank to reduce borders between the ethnic communities. The north bank is mostly inhabited by Muslim Albanians, Turks, and Roma, whereas Christian ethnic Macedonians predominantly reside on the south bank.[42]The earthquake left the city with few historical monuments, apart from the Ottoman Old Bazaar, and the reconstruction, conducted between the 1960s and 1980s, turned Skopje into a modernist city. At the end of the 2000s, the city centre experienced profound changes. A highly controversial[44] urban project, \"Skopje 2014\", was adopted by the municipal authorities to give the city a more monumental and historical aspect, and thus to transform it into a proper national capital. Several neoclassical buildings destroyed in the 1963 earthquake were rebuilt, including the national theatre, and streets and squares were refurbished. Many other elements were also built, including fountains, statues, hotels, government buildings and bridges. The project has been criticized because of its cost and its historicist aesthetics.[45] The large Albanian minority felt it was not represented in the new monuments,[46] and launched side projects, including a new square over the boulevard that separates the city centre from the Old Bazaar.[47]Vapcarov Street, in the city centre\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA street in the Old Bazaar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHighrise housing in Karpoš\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"Macedonian Cross\" and Cevahir Towers.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe archeological museum, one of the elements of \"Skopje 2014\"","title":"Urbanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kapistec.jpg"},{"link_name":"Macedonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats1-49"},{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thiesen57-50"},{"link_name":"Topaana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topaana"},{"link_name":"Čair municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cair_municipality"},{"link_name":"Šuto Orizari municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0uto_Orizari_municipality"},{"link_name":"Old Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language"},{"link_name":"1963 earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roma-51"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Centar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centar_municipality_(Skopje)"},{"link_name":"Čair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cair_municipality"},{"link_name":"Šuto Orizari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0uto_Orizari_municipality"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats1-49"}],"sub_title":"Urban sociology","text":"Kapištec neighbourhood, developed during the 1970s. Some post-earthquake prefabricated houses can be seen in the foreground.Skopje is an ethnically diverse city, and its urban sociology primarily depends on ethnic and religious belonging. Macedonians form 66% of the city population, while Albanians and Roma account respectively for 20% and 6%.[48] Each ethnic group generally restricts itself to certain areas of the city. Macedonians live south of the Vardar, in areas massively rebuilt after 1963, and Muslims live on the northern side, in the oldest neighbourhoods of the city. These neighbourhoods are considered more traditional, whereas the south side evokes to Macedonians modernity and rupture from rural life.[49]The northern areas are the poorest. This is especially true for Topaana, in Čair municipality, and for Šuto Orizari municipality, which are the two main Roma neighbourhoods. They are made of many illegal constructions not connected to electricity and water supply, which are passed from one generation to another. Topaana, close to the Old Bazaar, is a very old area: it was first mentioned as a Roma neighbourhood in the beginning of the 14th century. It has between 3,000 and 5,000 inhabitants. Šuto Orizari, on the northern edge of the city, is a municipality of its own, with Romani as its local official language. It was developed after the 1963 earthquake to accommodate Roma who had lost their house.[50]The population density varies greatly from one area to another. So does the size of the living area per person. The city average was at 19.41 m2 (208.93 sq ft) per person as of 2002[update], but at 24 m2 (258 sq ft) in Centar on the south bank, and only 14 m2 (151 sq ft) in Čair on the north bank. In Šuto Orizari, the average was at 13 m2 (140 sq ft).[48]","title":"Urbanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorno_Nerezi_2013_(1).JPG"},{"link_name":"Gorno Nerezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorno_Nerezi"},{"link_name":"Čento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cento"},{"link_name":"Dračevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dra%C4%8Devo,_Skopje"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dwelling-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dwelling-52"},{"link_name":"Saraj municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraj_municipality"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-region-53"},{"link_name":"Ilinden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden_municipality"},{"link_name":"Petrovec municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrovec_municipality"},{"link_name":"airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_%22Alexander_the_Great%22_Airport"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-region-53"}],"sub_title":"Localities and villages","text":"Gorno Nerezi, a village on the northern side of Mount VodnoOutside of the urban area, the City of Skopje encompasses many small settlements. Some of them are becoming outer suburbs, such as Čento, on the road to Belgrade, which has more than 23,000 inhabitants, and Dračevo, which has almost 20,000 inhabitants.[51] Other large settlements are north of the city, such as Radišani, with 9,000 inhabitants,[51] whereas smaller villages can be found on Mount Vodno or in Saraj municipality, which is the most rural of the ten municipalities that form the City of Skopje.[52]Some localities outside the city limits are also becoming outer suburbs, particularly in Ilinden and Petrovec municipality. They benefit from the presence of major roads, railways, and the airport, in Petrovec.[52]","title":"Urbanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urban_pollution_,%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aljazeera-54"},{"link_name":"particulate matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates"},{"link_name":"WHO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aljazeera-54"},{"link_name":"application","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software"},{"link_name":"Gorjan Jovanovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorjan_Jovanovski"},{"link_name":"Traffic light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"CityTree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityTrees"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"activist community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activism"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skopje-smog-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skopje-smog-60"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_-_photo_by_Giotto_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5,_%D0%A0._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_,_Skopje,_R._Macedonia_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_-_photo_by_Giotto_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5,_%D0%A0._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_,_Skopje,_R._Macedonia_-_panoramio.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Pollution","text":"Pollution contributors in the area of SkopjeAir pollution is a serious problem in Skopje, especially in winter.[53] Concentrations of certain types of particulate matter (PM2 and PM10) are regularly over twelve times the WHO recommended maximum levels. In winter, smoke regularly obscures vision and can lead to problems for drivers. Together with Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia has the most polluted urban areas in Europe.[54]Skopje's high levels of pollution are caused by a combination of smoke from houses, emissions from the industry, buses, and other forms of public transport, as well as from cars, and a lack of interest in caring for the environment. Central heating is often not affordable, and so households often burn firewood, as well as used car tyres, various plastic garbage, petroleum, and other possible flammable waste, which emits toxic chemicals harmful to the population, especially to children and the elderly.[53]The city's smog has reduced its air quality and affected the health of many of its citizens, many of whom have died from pollution-related illnesses.An application called AirCare ('MojVozduh') has been launched by local eco-activist Gorjan Jovanovski to help citizens track pollution levels. It uses a Traffic light system, with purple for heavily polluted air, red for high levels detected, amber for moderate levels detected, and green for when the air is safe to inhale.[55] The application relies on both government and volunteer sensors to track hourly air pollution. Unfortunately, government sensors are frequently inoperable and malfunctioning, causing the need for more low-cost, but less accurate, volunteer sensors to be put up by citizens. Faults on government sensors are especially frequent when the pollution is measured is extremely high, according to the AQILHC (Air Quality Index Levels of Health Concern).[56]Skopje topped the ranks in December 2017 as one of the most polluted cities in the world.[57] In 2017, as part of the city's efforts to reduce pollution, a CityTree was installed, and promoted by German ambassador Christine Althauser.[58]On 29 November 2019, a march, organized by the Skopje Smog Alarm activist community,[59] attracted thousands of people who opposed the government's lack of action in dealing with the city's pollution, which has worsened since 2017, contributing to around 1300 deaths annually.[60][59]A panoramic view of the smog in the central area of Skopje","title":"Urbanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Skopje"},{"link_name":"Dardanian Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"First Bulgarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Grand Principality of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Second Bulgarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Empire of Nicaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea"},{"link_name":"Second Bulgarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Empire of Nicaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"Serbian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire"},{"link_name":"District of Branković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Brankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Tsardom of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Tsardom of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Democratic Federal Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Democratic Federal Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Socialist Republic of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[Note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Skopje.Timeline of Skopje Historical affiliations\n\n Dardanian Kingdom, 230–28 BC\n Roman Empire, 28 BC–395 \n Byzantine Empire, 395–836\n First Bulgarian Empire, 836–1004\n Byzantine Empire, 1004–1093\n Grand Principality of Serbia, 1093–1097\n Byzantine Empire, 1098–1203\n Second Bulgarian Empire, 1203–1246\n Empire of Nicaea, 1246–1255\n Second Bulgarian Empire, 1255–1256\n Empire of Nicaea, 1256–1261\n Byzantine Empire, 1261–1282\n Kingdom of Serbia, 1282–1346\n Serbian Empire, 1346–1371\n District of Branković, 1371–1392\n Ottoman Empire, 1392–1912\n Kingdom of Serbia 1912–1915\n Tsardom of Bulgaria 1915–1918\n Kingdom of Yugoslavia[Note 1] 1918–1941\n Tsardom of Bulgaria 1941–1944\n Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (Democratic Federal Macedonia) 1944–1946\n Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Socialist Republic of Macedonia) 1946–1992\n North Macedonia[Note 2] 1992–present","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skopje Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Chalcolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic"},{"link_name":"4th millennium BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_millennium_BC"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalepre-64"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Balkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaleant-65"},{"link_name":"Scupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scupi"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Aegean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-provincial-66"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-provincial-66"},{"link_name":"Dardani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardani"},{"link_name":"Illyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrians"},{"link_name":"Thracian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracians"},{"link_name":"Maedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maedi"},{"link_name":"Paeonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeonians"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov197517-67"},{"link_name":"Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedon"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"The rocky promontory on which Skopje Fortress stands was the first site to be settled in Skopje. The earliest vestiges of human occupation found on this site date from the Chalcolithic (4th millennium BC).[61]Although the Chalcolithic settlement must have been of some significance, it declined during the Bronze Age. Archeological research suggests that the settlement always belonged to the same culture, which progressively evolved due to contacts with Balkan and Danube cultures, and later with the Aegean. The locality eventually disappeared during the Iron Age[62] when Scupi emerged on Zajčev Rid hill, some 5 km (3.1 mi) west of the fortress promontory. At the centre of the Balkan peninsula and on the road between the Danube and Aegean Sea,[63] it was a prosperous locality, although its history is not well known.[63]During the Iron Age, the area of Skopje was inhabited by the Dardani. Illyrian tribes lived in most of the area west of Skopje and Thracian groups (Maedi) to the east, while Paeonians lived to the south of Skopje.[64] The Dardanians had remained independent after the Roman conquest of Macedon, and it seems most likely that Dardania lost its independence in 28 BC.[65]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shy_venus_statue_skopje.jpg"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Legio VII Claudia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_VII_Claudia"},{"link_name":"Domitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian"},{"link_name":"Roman province of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Crassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassus"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-18"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-provincial-66"},{"link_name":"emperor's dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archeology-72"},{"link_name":"Moesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Domitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian"},{"link_name":"Moesia Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia_Superior"},{"link_name":"Dardania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"Naissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naissus"},{"link_name":"Thracian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1978242-73"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archeology-72"},{"link_name":"Constantine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Eastern Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-18"},{"link_name":"Illyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrians"},{"link_name":"Albanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanoi"},{"link_name":"Scupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scupi"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archeology-72"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Roman Scupi","text":"A \"Venus Pudica\" found in Scupi, dated from the 2nd century AD[66]Roman expansion east brought Scupi under Roman rule as a colony of legionnaires, mainly veterans of the Legio VII Claudia in the time of Domitian (81–96 AD). However, several legions from the Roman province of Macedonia of Crassus' army may already have been stationed there around 29–28 BC before the official imperial command was instituted.[67][68] The first mention of the city was made at that period by Livy, who died in 17 AD.[17] Scupi first served as a military base to maintain peace in the region[63] and was officially named \"Colonia Flavia Scupinorum\", Flavia being the name of the emperor's dynasty.[69] Shortly afterwards it became part of the province of Moesia during Augustus's rule. After the division of the province by Domitian in 86 AD, Scupi was elevated to colonial status and became a seat of government within the new province of Moesia Superior. The district called Dardania (within Moesia Superior) was formed into a special province by Diocletian, with the capital at Naissus. In Roman times the eastern part of Dardania, from Scupi to Naissus, remained inhabited mostly by a local population, mainly of Thracian origin.[70]The city population was very diverse. Engravings on tombstones suggest that only a minority of the population came from Italy, while many veterans were from Dalmatia, southern Gaul and Syria. Because of the ethnic diversity of the population, Latin maintained itself as the main language in the city at the expense of Greek, which was spoken in most of the Moesian and Macedonian cities.[71] During the following centuries, Scupi experienced prosperity. The period from the end of the 3rd century to the end of the 4th century was particularly flourishing.[69] A first church was founded under the reign of Constantine the Great and Scupi became the seat of a diocese. In 395, following the division of the Roman Empire in two, Scupi became part of the Eastern Roman Empire.[17]An ancient funeral inscription of the Illyrian tribe Albanoi was found in Scupi.[72]In its heyday, Scupi covered 40 hectares and was closed by a 3.5 m (11 ft) wide wall.[73] It had many monuments, including four necropoles, a theatre, thermae,[69] and a large Christian basilica.[74]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_Kale_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Skopje Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_Fortress"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-damages-31"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Barbarian invasions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian_invasions"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Justinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_Fortress"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Berziti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berziti"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-18"},{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-18"},{"link_name":"First Bulgarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronation_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an,_in_%22The_Slavonic_Epic%22_(1926).jpg"},{"link_name":"The coronation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Serbian_monarch"},{"link_name":"Dušan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Samuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalemed-87"},{"link_name":"Basil the Bulgar Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_II"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Peter Delyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Delyan"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Georgi Voyteh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Voyteh"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"Robert Guiscard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Guiscard"},{"link_name":"Vukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukan,_Grand_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Aegean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Kaloyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"reestablished Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_1994_175%E2%80%93184-94"},{"link_name":"Strez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strez"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Boril of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boril_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Stefan Nemanjić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_the_First-Crowned"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_1994_175%E2%80%93184-94"},{"link_name":"Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus"},{"link_name":"Ivan Asen II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Asen_II_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Empire of Nicaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Michael Asen I of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Asen_I_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Tarnovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo"},{"link_name":"boyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyar"},{"link_name":"Stefan Nemanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja"},{"link_name":"Constantine Tikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Tikh_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Uprising of Ivaylo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_of_Ivaylo"},{"link_name":"Stefan Milutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_II_Milutin_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Nemanjić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemanji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalemed-87"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"Stefan Dušan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Uro%C5%A1_IV_Du%C5%A1an_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Serbian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-18"},{"link_name":"Lordship of Prilep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Prilep"},{"link_name":"Vuk Branković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuk_Brankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Battle of Maritsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maritsa"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-18"},{"link_name":"Stefan Dečanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_De%C4%8Danski"},{"link_name":"Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"}],"sub_title":"Middle Ages","text":"Skopje FortressIn 518, Scupi was destroyed by a violent earthquake,[30] possibly the most devastating the town had ever experienced.[75] At that time, the region was threatened by the Barbarian invasions, and the city inhabitants had already fled to the forests and mountains before the disaster occurred.[76] The city was eventually rebuilt by Justinian I. During his reign, many Byzantine towns were relocated on hills and other easily defendable places to face invasions. It was thus transferred to another site: the promontory on which the fortress stands.[77] However, Scupi was sacked by Slavs at the end of the 6th century and the city seems to have fallen under Slavic rule in 595.[78] The Slavic tribe which sacked Scupi was probably the Berziti,[17] who had invaded the entire Vardar valley.[79] However the Slavs did not settle permanently in the region, which had been already plundered and depopulated, but continued south to the Mediterranean coast.[80] After the Slavic invasion it was deserted for some time and is not mentioned during the following centuries.[17] Perhaps in the late 7th or the early 8th century the Byzantines again settled at this strategic location. Along with the rest of the Upper Vardar valley it became part of the expanding First Bulgarian Empire in the 830s.[81][82]The coronation of emperor Dušan in Skopje[b]Starting from the end of the 10th century Skopje experienced a period of wars and political troubles. It served as the Bulgarian capital from 972 to 992, and Samuil ruled it from 976[83] until 1004, when its governor surrendered it to Byzantine Emperor Basil the Bulgar Slayer in 1004 in exchange for the titles of patrician and strategos.[84] It became a centre of a new Byzantine province called Bulgaria.[85] Later Skopje was briefly seized twice by Slavic insurgents who wanted to restore the Bulgarian state. At first in 1040 under Peter Delyan's command,[86] and in 1072 under the orders of Georgi Voyteh.[87] In 1081, Skopje was captured by Norman troops led by Robert Guiscard and the city remained in their hands until 1088. Skopje was subsequently conquered by the Serbian Grand Prince Vukan in 1093, and again by the Normans four years later. However, because of epidemics and food shortage, Normans quickly surrendered to the Byzantines.[88]During the 12th and 13th centuries, Bulgarians and Serbs took advantage of Byzantine decline to create large kingdoms stretching from Danube to the Aegean Sea. Kaloyan brought Skopje back into reestablished Bulgaria in 1203[89][90] until his nephew Strez declared autonomy along the Upper Vardar with Serbian help only five years later.[91] In 1209, Strez switched allegiances and recognized Boril of Bulgaria with whom he led a successful joint campaign against Serbia's first internationally recognized king Stefan Nemanjić.[90] From 1214 to 1230, Skopje was a part of Byzantine successor state Epirus before being recaptured by Ivan Asen II and held by Bulgaria until 1246 when the Upper Vardar valley was incorporated once more into a Byzantine state – the Empire of Nicaea.[92] Byzantine conquest was briefly reversed in 1255 by the regents of the young Michael Asen I of Bulgaria.[93] Meanwhile, in the parallel civil war for the Crown in Tarnovo Skopje boyar and grandson to Stefan Nemanja Constantine Tikh gained the upper hand and ruled until Europe's only successful peasant revolt the Uprising of Ivaylo deposed him.In 1282, Skopje was captured by Serbian king Stefan Milutin.[94] Under the political stability of the Nemanjić rule, settlement has spread outside the walls of the fortress, towards Gazi Baba hill.[83] Churches, monasteries and markets were built and tradesmen from Venice and Dubrovnik opened shops. The town greatly benefited from its location near European, Middle Eastern, and African markets. In the 14th century, Skopje became such an important city that king Stefan Dušan made it the capital of the Serbian Empire. In 1346, he was crowned \"Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks\" in Skopje.[17] After his death the Serbian Empire collapsed into several principalities which were unable to defend themselves against the Turks. Skopje was first inherited by the Lordship of Prilep and finally taken by Vuk Branković in the wake of the Battle of Maritsa (1371)[95] before becoming part of the Ottoman Empire in 1392.[17]In 1330, Serbian king Stefan Dečanski mentioned Albanians as being in the district of Skopje and regularly going to the Fair of Saint George which convened near the city.[96]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prvomajska_proslava_vo_Skopje,_1909.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ottoman period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Rumelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumelia"},{"link_name":"Stone Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Skopje)"},{"link_name":"Sultan Mehmed II the 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family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaka_family"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Zenebishi family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenevisi_family"},{"link_name":"Soubashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soubashi"},{"link_name":"Nahiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahiyah"},{"link_name":"Kalkandelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetovo"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rexha_2011_167%E2%80%93218-105"},{"link_name":"timars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timar"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque,_Skopje.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Pasha Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_people"},{"link_name":"Ragusan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_people"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demographic-108"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Pasha Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haemus-109"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oao-110"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Skopje#Dubious"},{"link_name":"Old Bazaar of Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje"},{"link_name":"Stone Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Skopje)"},{"link_name":"Church of Saint Panteleimon, Gorno Nerezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Panteleimon,_Gorno_Nerezi"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_100-111"},{"link_name":"Modified Mercalli intensity scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-damages-31"},{"link_name":"Pjeter 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1683","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mark_Avrum_Ehrlich_2009_980-119"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-judah09-120"},{"link_name":"Hajduks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajduk"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-18"},{"link_name":"Petar Karposh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karposh%27s_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Stone Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Skopje)"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demographic-108"},{"link_name":"Ottoman 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Pazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak_of_Novi_Pazar"},{"link_name":"Vasil Kanchov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Kanchov"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Yordan Ivanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordan_Ivanov_(literary_historian)"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Gustav Weigand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Weigand"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart214-128"},{"link_name":"Prizren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizren"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-19"},{"link_name":"dyeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeing"},{"link_name":"weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving"},{"link_name":"tanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning_(leather)"},{"link_name":"ironworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironworks"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-19"},{"link_name":"Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization"},{"link_name":"Ilinden uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising"},{"link_name":"network in the region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_revolutionary_district"},{"link_name":"Nikola Pushkarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Pushkarov"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Bashibozuks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashibozuk"},{"link_name":"Young Turk Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-18"},{"link_name":"Young Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turks"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ottoman_Postcard_of_Huriet_in_Skopie2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Young Turk Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sv._Bogorodica_Skopje_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity_of_the_Theotokos,_Skopje"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje-couteliers_1919.jpg"},{"link_name":"Old Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman period","text":"First May Day celebration of the Ottoman period in Skopje, 1909The Ottomans stayed in Skopje for over 520 years and the city’s economic life greatly benefited from its position in the middle of Rumelia, the European province of the Ottomans. The Stone Bridge, \"one of the most imposing stone bridges to be found in Yugoslavia\", was reconstructed under the patronage of Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror between 1451 and 1469.[97] The Ottomans drastically changed the appearance of the city. They organized the Bazaar with its caravanserais, mosques and baths.[98]In the cadastral register of 1451-52, the Skopje neighborhood Gjin-ko - (Gjinaj), is mentioned, being named after the medieval Albanian Gjini family. The neighbourhood displayed mixed Christian Albanian anthroponomy with cases of Slavicisation present (e.g Palić; Pal + Slavic suffix ić).[99] During this time period, a number of timariotes of the city are recorded as bearing the name Arnauti (Albanian) alongside a Muslim name, i.e Hamza Arnauti, Shahin Arnauti, Jusuf Arnauti. Another group bore Christian/Slavic names, while also carrying bearing the surname Arbanas/Arnaut, i.e Bogdan Arbanas, Bogoslav Arbanas, Milosh Arbanas, Bozhidar Arnaut etc. These individuals are not noted as having the Slavic appellatives došlac, prišlac or uselica, which were given by Ottoman authorities to new settlers of a given region, likely indicating they were locals.[100] In the year 1451/53 a neighborhood was registered bearing an Aromanian name, Mahalle-i Todor Vlaja-Vlaha. Among the 45 family heads of this neighborhood, Christian-Slavic and Albanian anthroponyms were recorded (Gjon-çe, son of Noriç, Koljko Bibani, Tusho, son of Rada etc), while a sizeable number of individuals bearing mixed Slavic-Vlach anthroponyms are also registered, such as: Petko, son of Vllah (Iflak), Petru son of David, Andreja, kozhuhar, Nikul Çikun, etc.[101]In the mahallah Ahrijan Hasan in the year 1451/53, a head of the family from noble Albanian Muzaka family, who had converted to Islam, was re-registered among the Muslim heads of the family. In the other register of 1467/68, now in the Christian mahallah named Svetko Samarxhi, among the 29 heads of families with Slavic Christian anthroponyms, a number also carry Albanian anthroponyms.[102] In the neighborhood of Jazixhi Shahin, among the residents with Muslim names, the head of the family was registered only with the surname Zenebishi, without mentioning his social position or his profession, indicating a higher social status. This may suggest a relation to Hasan Bey Zenebishi adescendant of the Zenebishi family and the Soubashi of the Nahiyah of Kalkandelen. Individuals bearing Albanian anthroponyms, be they in conjunction with Oriental/Islamic, Slavic or Christian ones, also appear in the neighbourhoods of Kasim Fakih, Dursun Saraç, Kujumxhi Mentesheli, Çerep, Jandro, Stanimir, Vllah Dançu and Rela.[101] A number of Sipahis were also of Albanian origin, with these individuals holding timars in areas which had a Christian Albanian symbiosis with Slavic anthroponyms in the vicinity of Skopje. The defters noted that these were old were old Sipahis, likely having been landowners. These individual Sipahis were closely related by descent and blood, and taking account kinship ties, even though they had heterogeneous, Christian, Slavic and Oriental names, they appear to have been Albanians. Some have names indicating their origin, such as Shimerd Vardarli from Skopje, making it likely these timariotes were locals.[103]The 15th-century Mustafa Pasha MosqueAround 1529, the Christians of Skopje were mostly non-converted Slavs and Albanians, but also Ragusan and Armenian tradesmen.[104] Mustafa Pasha Mosque, built in 1492, is reputed to be \"one of the most resplendent sacral Islamic buildings in the Balkans.\"[105] In 1535 all churches were demolished by decree of the (Ottoman) governor.[106][dubious – discuss] In 1555, the city was hit by another severe earthquake, collapsing much of the city. The Old Bazaar of Skopje, the columns of the Stone Bridge, and the murals in the upper parts of the Church of Saint Panteleimon, Gorno Nerezi were all severely damaged.[107] Some modern sources estimate this earthquake to have been a category XII (Extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, although others believe this is an overestimate.[30]In 1623-1624, the Catholic Pjeter Mazreku reported the town was inhabited by 'Turks (Muslims), majority of them being Albanians, the rest are of Asiatic origin', Mazreku further wrote; 'there are also Jews, Serbs and some Greeks in the town'.[108][109] In the Ottoman period, 'Turk' was used within Christian writings as a name for a Muslim or for Islamised Albanians.[110][111]Until the 17th century, Skopje experienced a long golden age. Around 1650, the number of inhabitants in Skopje was between 30,000 and 60,000, and the city contained more than 10,000 houses. It was then one of the only big cities on the territory of future Yugoslavia, together with Belgrade and Sarajevo. At that time, Dubrovnik, which was a busy harbour, had not even 7,000 inhabitants.[112] The city severely suffered from the Great Turkish War at the end of the 17th century and consequently experienced recession until the 19th century. In 1689, the Hapsburgs seized Skopje which was already weakened by a cholera epidemic.[113] The same day, general Silvio Piccolomini set fire to the city to end the epidemic.[17] It is however possible that he wanted to avenge damages that Ottomans caused in Vienna in 1683.[114] Skopje burned for two days but the general himself perished of the plague and his leaderless army was routed.[115][116] The Austrian presence in Macedonia motivated Slav uprisings. Nevertheless, the Austrians left the country within the year and the Hajduks, leaders of the uprisings, had to follow them in their retreat north of the Balkans.[17] Some were arrested by the Ottomans, such as Petar Karposh, who was impaled on Skopje's Stone Bridge.[117]After the war, Skopje was in ruins. Most of the official buildings were restored or rebuilt, but the city experienced new plague and cholera epidemics and many inhabitants emigrated.[104] Ottoman Empire as a whole entered in recession and political decline. Many rebellions and pillages occurred in Macedonia during the 18th century, either led by Ottoman outlaws, Janissaries or Hajduks.[118] An estimation conducted by French officers around 1836 revealed that at that time Skopje only had around 10,000 inhabitants. It was surpassed by two other towns of present-day North Macedonia: Bitola (40,000) and Štip (15–20,000).[119]Skopje began to recover from decades of decline after 1850. At that time, the city experienced a slow but steady demographic growth, mainly due to the rural exodus of Slav Macedonians. It was also fuelled by the exodus of Muslims from Serbia and Bulgaria, which were gaining autonomy and independence from the Empire at that time.[17][104] During the Tanzimat reforms, nationalism arose in the Empire and in 1870 a new Bulgarian Church was established and its separate diocese was created, based on ethnic identity, rather than religious principles.[120] The Slavic population of the bishopric of Skopje voted in 1874 overwhelmingly, by 91% in favour of joining the Exarchate and became part of the Bulgarian Millet.[121] Economic growth was permitted by the construction of the Skopje-Salonica railway in 1873.[17] The train station was built south of the Vardar and this contributed to the relocation of economic activities on this side of the river, which had never been urbanized before.[42] Because of the rural exodus, the share of Christians in the city population arose. Some of the newcomers became part of the local elite and helped to spread nationalist ideas[104] In 1877, Skopje was chosen as the capital city of the new Kosovo Vilayet, which encompassed present-day Kosovo, northwestern Macedonia and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar.In statistics gathered by Bulgarian ethnographer Vasil Kanchov in 1900, the city of Skopje was inhabited by 31,900 people, of whom 15,000 were Turks, 13,000 Christian Bulgarians, 1920 Romani, 800 Jews, 450 Vlachs, 150 Christian Albanians, 50 Christian Greeks, 30 Circassians and 500 inhabitants of various other ethnicities.[122] Kanchov wrote in the same year that many Albanians declared themselves as Turks. In Skopje, the population that declared itself Turkish \"was of Albanian blood\", but it \"had been Turkified after the Ottoman invasion, including Skanderbeg\", referring to Islamization. Bulgarian literary historian Yordan Ivanov wrote in 1915 that Albanians, since they did not have their own alphabet, due to a lack of consolidated national consciousness and influenced by foreign propaganda, declared themselves as Turks, Greeks and Bulgarians, depending on which religion they belonged to. Albanians were losing their mother tongue in Skopje.[123] German linguist Gustav Weigand described that the Skopje's Muslim population of \"Turks\" or Ottomans (Osmanli) during the late Ottoman period were mainly Albanians who spoke Turkish in public and Albanian at home.[124] In 1905, the city had 32,000 inhabitants, making it the largest of the vilayet, although closely followed by Prizren with its 30,000 inhabitants.[18] At the beginning of the 20th century, local economy was focused on dyeing, weaving, tanning, ironworks and wine and flour processing.[18]Skopje was one of the five main centres of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization when it organized the 1903 Ilinden uprising. Its revolutionary network in the region led by Nikola Pushkarov was not well-developed and the lack of weapons was a serious problem. At the outbreak of the uprising, the rebel forces derailed a military train.[125] On 3 and 5 August respectively, they attacked an Ottoman unit guarding the bridge on the Vardar river and gave a battle in the \"St. Jovan\" monastery. In the next few days, the band was pursued by numerous Bashibozuks and moved to Bulgaria.Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Ottoman Empire experienced democracy and several political parties were created.[17] However, some of the policies implemented by the Young Turks, such as a tax rise and the interdiction of ethnic-based political parties, discontented minorities. Albanians opposed the nationalist character of the movement and led local uprisings in 1910 and 1912. During the latter, they managed to seize most of Kosovo and took Skopje on 11 August. On 18 August, the insurgents signed the Üsküb agreement which provided for the creation of an autonomous Albanian province and they were amnestied the day later.[126]Bulgarian manifestation in support of the Young Turk Revolution\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos, seat of the Bulgarian Orthodox Diocese of Skopje, built in the 19th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCutlers in the Old Bazaar around 1900","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shkup1912.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PedroIEnUskub11031v.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peter I of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Ottoman 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Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Vardar Banovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_Banovina"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demographic-108"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colophon-136"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopsko_Kale,_stara.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-18"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006139-138"},{"link_name":"bulgarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarization"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Treblinka extermination camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jews_p._47-140"},{"link_name":"Skopje was liberated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Skopje_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian People's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_People%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"in September","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1944"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans"},{"link_name":"Macedonian National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Democratic Federal Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"ASNOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian occupation zone in Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Socialist Yugoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"1963 earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake"},{"link_name":"1960 Agadir earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Agadir_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-post-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reconstruction-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_army_in_Skopje_1963.jpg"},{"link_name":"1963 earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centar,_Skopje_1000,_Macedonia_(FYROM)_-_panoramio_(151).jpg"},{"link_name":"earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-post-42"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ragaru535-146"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reconstruction-43"},{"link_name":"modernist architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_architecture"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neofotistos893-148"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thiessen10-149"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown417442-150"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ragaru535-146"},{"link_name":"Skopje 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_2014"}],"sub_title":"Balkan Wars to present day","text":"Skopje after being captured by Albanian revolutionaries in August 1912 after defeating the Ottoman forces holding the cityPeter I of Serbia visiting Skopje in 1914Following an alliance contracted in 1912, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Their goal was to definitively expel the Ottomans from Europe. The First Balkan War started on 8 October 1912 and lasted six weeks. Serbians reached Skopje on 26 October. Ottoman forces had left the city the day before.[17] During the conflict, Chetniks, a Serb irregular force razed the Albanian quarter of Skopje and killed numerous Albanian inhabitants from the city.[127] The Serbian annexation led to the exodus of 725 Muslim families which left the city on 27 January 1913. The same year, the city population was evaluated at 37,000 by the Serbian authorities.[104]A view of the centre of Skopje in the 1930sA Bulgarian officer looking at Skopje's centre, April 1941In 1915, during the First World War, Serbian Macedonia was invaded by Bulgaria, which captured Skopje on 22 October 1915. Serbia, allied to the Triple Entente, was helped by France, Britain, Greece, and Italy, which formed the Macedonian front. Following a great Allied offensive in 1918, the Armée française d'Orient reached Skopje 29 September and took the city by surprise.[128] After the end of the World War, Vardar Macedonia became part of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became \"Kingdom of Yugoslavia\" in 1929.[17] A mostly foreign ethnic Serb ruling class gained control, imposing large-scale repression.[129] The policies of de-Bulgarization and assimilation were pursued.[130] At that time part of the young locals, repressed by the Serbs, tried to find a separate way of ethnic Macedonian development.[131] In 1931, in a move to formally decentralize the country, Skopje was named the capital of the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Until the Second World War, Skopje experienced strong economic growth, and its population increased. The city had 41,066 inhabitants in 1921, 64,807 in 1931, and 80,000 in 1941.[104] Although in an underdeveloped region, it attracted wealthy Serbs who opened businesses and contributed to the modernization of the city.[132] In 1941, Skopje had 45 factories, half of the industry in the whole of Socialist Macedonia.[133]The national theatre and the fortress around 1920In 1941, during the Second World War, Yugoslavia was invaded by Nazi Germany. Germans seized Skopje on 8 April[17] and left it to their Bulgarian allies on 22 April 1941.[134] To ensure the bulgarization of the society, authorities closed Serbian schools and churches, opening new schools and a higher education institute, the King Boris University.[135] The 4,000 Jews of Skopje were all deported in 1943 to the Treblinka extermination camp where almost all of them were killed.[136]Skopje was liberated on 13 November 1944 by units of the Bulgarian People's Army (Bulgaria having switched sides in the war in September) aided by Yugoslav Partisans of the Macedonian National Liberation Army.[137][138][139][140] Skopje became the capital city of the newly proclaimed Democratic Federal Macedonia as set up by the ASNOM on 2 August 1944 in the Bulgarian occupation zone in Yugoslavia.After World War II, Skopje greatly benefited from Socialist Yugoslav policies which encouraged industry and the development of Macedonian cultural institutions. Consequently, Skopje became home to a national library, a philharmonic orchestra, a university, and the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. However, its post-war development was altered by the 1963 earthquake which occurred on 26 July. Although relatively weak in magnitude, it caused enormous damage in the city and can be compared to the 1960 Agadir earthquake.[141] The disaster killed 1,070 people, injuring 3,300 others. 16,000 people were buried alive in ruins and 70% of the population lost their home.[41] Many educational facilities, factories and historical buildings were destroyed.[42]American soldiers in Skopje after the 1963 earthquakeMonument to the Macedonian partisans – Liberators of Skopje, next to the Government buildingAfter the earthquake, reconstruction was quick. It had a deep psychological impact on the population because neighbourhoods were split and people were relocated to new houses and buildings they were not familiar with.[41] Many Albanians, some from Kosovo participated in the reconstruction effort.[142] Reconstruction was finished by 1980, even if many elements were never built because funds were exhausted.[42] Skopje cityscape was drastically changed and the city became a true example of modernist architecture. Demographic growth was very important after 1963, and Skopje had 408,100 inhabitants in 1981.[143] After 1963, rural youth migrated to Skopje and were involved in the reconstruction process resulting in a large growth of the urban Macedonian population.[144][145][146] The Albanian population of Skopje also increased as people from the northern villages migrated to the city and others came from Kosovo either to provide manpower for reconstruction or fled the deteriorating political situation, especially during the 1990s.[142] However, during the 1980s and the 1990s, the country experienced inflation and recession and the local economy heavily suffered. The situation became better during the 2000s thanks to new investments. Many landmarks were restored and the \"Skopje 2014\" project renewed the appearance of the city centre.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flag of Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Skopje"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Skopje"},{"link_name":"Stone Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Skopje)"},{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar"},{"link_name":"Kale Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Šar mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ar_mountains"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"}],"text":"The Flag of Skopje[147] is a red banner in proportions 1:2 with a gold-coloured coat of arms of the city positioned in the upper-left corner. It is either vertical or horizontal, but the vertical version was the first to be used.The coat of arms of the city was adopted in the 1950s. It depicts the Stone Bridge with the Vardar river, the Kale Fortress and the snow-capped peaks of the Šar mountains.[148]","title":"Emblems"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MKD_muni_nonn(Skopje).png"},{"link_name":"municipalities of North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-local-153"},{"link_name":"Skopje Statistical Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_Statistical_Region"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-local-153"}],"sub_title":"Status","text":"Greater Skopje among the municipalities of North MacedoniaBeing the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje enjoys a particular status granted by law. The last revision of its status was made in 2004. Since then, the City of Skopje has been divided into 10 municipalities which all have a council and a mayor, like all of the country's municipalities. Municipalities only deal with matters specific of their territory, and the City of Skopje deals with matters that concern all of them, or that cannot be divided between two or more municipalities.[149]The City of Skopje is part of the Skopje Statistical Region, which has no political or administrative power.[149]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-council-154"},{"link_name":"VMRO-DPMNE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-council-154"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-council-154"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"}],"sub_title":"City Council","text":"The City Council consists of 45 members who serve a four-year term. It primarily deals with budget, global orientations and relations between the city and the government. Several commissions exist to treat more specific topics, such as urbanism, finances, environment of local development.[150] The President of the council is elected by the Council Members. Since 2021 the president has been Trajko Slaveski, member of VMRO-DPMNE.[151][150]Following the 2021 local elections, the City Council is constituted as follows:[150][152]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mayor of Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Skopje"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"}],"sub_title":"Mayor","text":"The Mayor of Skopje is elected every four years.\nThe mayor represents the City of Skopje and can submit ideas to the council, manages the administrative bodies and their officials.[153]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centar_Municipality_(Skopje)"},{"link_name":"Čair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cair_municipality"},{"link_name":"Karpoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpo%C5%A1_municipality"},{"link_name":"Gazi Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazi_Baba_municipality"},{"link_name":"Kisela Voda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisela_Voda_municipality"},{"link_name":"Ǵorče Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov_municipality&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Šuto Orizari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0uto_Orizari_municipality"},{"link_name":"insurgency between Albanian rebels and Macedonian forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Saraj Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraj_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Aerodrom Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodrom_Municipality_(Skopje)"},{"link_name":"Butel Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butel_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-local-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"}],"sub_title":"Municipalities","text":"Skopje was first divided into administrative units in 1945, but the first municipalities were created in 1976. They were five: Centar, Čair, Karpoš, Gazi Baba and Kisela Voda. After the 1991 independence of the country, power was centralized and municipalities lost much of their competences. A 1996 law restored them and created two new municipalities: Ǵorče Petrov and Šuto Orizari. After the insurgency between Albanian rebels and Macedonian forces in 2001, a new law was enacted in 2004 to incorporate Saraj Municipality into the City of Skopje. Saraj is mostly populated by Albanians and, since then, Albanians represent more than 20% of the city population. Thus Albanian became the second official language of the city administration, something which was one of the claims of the Albanian rebels. The same year, Aerodrom Municipality separated itself from Kisela Voda, and Butel Municipality from Čair.[149]Municipalities are administered by a council of 23 members elected every four years. They also have a mayor and several departments (education, culture, finances...). The mayor primarily deals with these departments.[154]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_X9.JPG"},{"link_name":"Skopje Statistical Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_Statistical_Region"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"rural exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_exodus"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quality-165"}],"sub_title":"Economic weight","text":"The small business districtSkopje is a medium city at the European level. Being the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje concentrates a large share of the national economy. The Skopje Statistical Region, which encompasses the City of Skopje and some neighbouring municipalities, produces 45.5% of the Macedonian GDP.[155] In 2009, the regional GDP per capita amounted to US$6,565, or 155% of the Macedonian GDP per capita.[156] This figure is, however, smaller than the one of neighboring Sofia (US$10,106),[157] Sarajevo (US$10,048)[158] or Belgrade (US$7,983),[159] but higher than the one of Tirana (US$4,126).[160]Because there are no other large cities in the country, and because of political and economic centralization, a large number of Macedonians living outside of Skopje work in the capital city. The dynamism of the city also encourages rural exodus, not only from North Macedonia, but also from Kosovo, Albania and Southern Serbia.[161]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-region-53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_X132.JPG"},{"link_name":"Imperial Tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Tobacco"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-region-53"},{"link_name":"Gazi Baba municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazi_Baba_municipality"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"ArcelorMittal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArcelorMittal"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Imperial Tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Tobacco"},{"link_name":"special economic zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zone"},{"link_name":"Johnson Controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Controls"},{"link_name":"Johnson Matthey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Matthey"},{"link_name":"Van Hool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Hool"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Makedonski Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonski_Telekom"},{"link_name":"Komercijalna banka Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komercijalna_banka_Skopje"},{"link_name":"Stopanska Banka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopanska_Banka"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-region-53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zeleno_pazarce_-_Flickr_-_ImogenX_(9).jpg"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thiesen57-50"},{"link_name":"Carrefour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrefour"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_City_Mall.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Firms and activities","text":"In 2009, Skopje had 26,056 firms but only 145 of them had a large size. The large majority of them are either small (12,017) or very small (13,625).[162] A large share of the firms deal with trade of goods (9,758), 3,839 are specialized in business and real estate, and 2,849 are manufacturers.[163] Although few in number, large firms account for 51% of the local production outside finance.[52]The Imperial Tobacco plantThe city industry is dominated by food processing, textile, printing and metal processing. In 2012, it accounted for 30% of the city's GDP.[52] Most of the industrial areas are in Gazi Baba municipality, on the major routes and rail lines to Belgrade and Thessaloniki.[164] Notably, the ArcelorMittal, Makstil steel plants and the Skopje Brewery are there. Other zones are between Aerodrom and Kisela Voda, along the railway to Greece. These zones comprise Alkaloid Skopje (pharmaceuticals), Rade Končar (electrical supplies), Imperial Tobacco, and Ohis (fertilizers). Two special economic zones also exist, around the airport and the Okta refinery. They have attracted several foreign companies, such as Johnson Controls, Johnson Matthey and Van Hool.[165]As the country's financial capital, Skopje is the seat of the Macedonian Stock Exchange, of the National Bank, and of most of the country's banking, insurance, and telecommunication companies, such as Makedonski Telekom, Komercijalna banka Skopje and Stopanska Banka. The services sector produces 60% of the city GDP.[52]The Zelen Pazar (\"green market\")Besides many small traditional shops, Skopje has two large markets, the \"Zelen Pazar\" (green market) and the \"Bit Pazar\" (flea market). They are both considered local institutions.[49] However, since the 1970s, retailing has largely been modernized and Skopje now has many supermarkets and shopping centres. The largest, Skopje City Mall, opened in 2012. It comprises a Carrefour hypermarket, 130 shops and a cinema, and employs 2,000 people.[166]Skopje City Mall","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-region-53"},{"link_name":"Skopje Statistical Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_Statistical_Region"},{"link_name":"Polog Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polog_Statistical_Region"},{"link_name":"South-West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Statistical_Region"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-region-53"},{"link_name":"Roma people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_people"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roma-51"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brutno-172"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"}],"sub_title":"Employment","text":"51% of the Skopje active population is employed in small firms. 52% of the population work in the services sector, 34% in industry, and the remaining is mainly employed in administration.[52]The unemployment rate for the Skopje Statistical Region was at 27% in 2009, three points under the national rate (30%). The neighbouring Polog Region had a similar rate, but the less affected region was the South-West, with 22%.[167] Unemployment in Skopje mainly affects men, who represent 56% of job-seekers, people between 25 and 44 years old (45% of job-seekers), and non-qualified people (43%).[52] Unemployment also concerns Roma people, who represent 4.63% of the city population but affects 70% of the active population in the community.[50]The average net monthly wage in Skopje was at €400 in October 2010, which represented 120% of the national figure.[168] The average wage in Skopje was then lower than in Sarajevo (€522),[169] Sofia (€436),[170] and in Belgrade (€440).[171]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ulica_Makedonija.JPG"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats2-2"},{"link_name":"Veles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veles_(city)"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Tetovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetovo"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trace-178"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-179"},{"link_name":"urban unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_unit"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats1-49"},{"link_name":"Austro-Turkish war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars"},{"link_name":"1689 Great Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_of_Skopje_1689"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-18"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-population1-123"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-19"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jasna-176"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"People on Macedonia street, the main pedestrian axis of the cityAccording to the results of the 2021 census, the City of Skopje had 526,502 inhabitants.[2] Skopje's employment area covers a large part of the country, including Veles, Kumanovo and Tetovo, and totaling more than one million inhabitants.[174]Skopje contains roughly a quarter of North Macedonia's population. The second most populous municipality, Kumanovo, had 107,632 inhabitants in 2011,[175] and an urban unit of 76,272 inhabitants in 2002.[48]Before the Austro-Turkish war and the 1689 Great Fire, Skopje was one of the biggest cities in the Balkans, with a population estimated between 30,000 and 60,000 inhabitants.[17] After the fire set by the retreating Austrian forces, it experienced a long period of decline and only had 10,000 inhabitants in 1836.[119] However, the population started to rise again after 1850 and reached 32,000 inhabitants in 1905.[18] In the 20th century, Skopje was one of the fastest-growing cities in Yugoslavia, and it had 448,200 inhabitants in 1981. Since then, the demographic growth has continued at a steady pace.[172]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aromanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats2-2"},{"link_name":"Aerodrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodrom_Municipality_(Skopje)"},{"link_name":"Centar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centar_Municipality_(Skopje)"},{"link_name":"Ǵorče Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov_municipality&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karpoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpo%C5%A1_municipality"},{"link_name":"Kisela Voda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisela_Voda_municipality"},{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ragaru536-180"},{"link_name":"Butel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butel_municipality"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ragaru536537-181"},{"link_name":"Gazi Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazi_Baba_municipality"},{"link_name":"Čair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cair_municipality"},{"link_name":"Old Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje"},{"link_name":"Saraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraj_municipality"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ragaru535537-182"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ragaru536537-181"},{"link_name":"Šuto Orizari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0uto_Orizari_municipality"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats1-49"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roma-51"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StefoskaStojanov363-185"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ragaru535-146"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neofotistos893-148"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roma-51"}],"sub_title":"Ethnic groups","text":"Ethnic groups in the Greater Skopje include:Skopje, just like North Macedonia as a whole, is characterized by a large ethnic diversity. The city is in a region where Macedonians and Albanians meet, and it has welcomed Romani, Turks, Jews, and Serbs throughout its history. Skopje was mainly a Muslim city until the 19th century when large numbers of Christians started to settle there. According to the 2021 census, Macedonians were the largest ethnic group in Skopje, with 309,107 inhabitants, or 58.71% of the population. Then came Albanians with 120,293 inhabitants (22.85%), Roma people with 18,498 (3.51%), Serbs (9,478 inhabitants), Turks (8,524), Bosniaks (7,365) and Aromanians (also known as \"Vlachs\", 2,778). 6,284 people did not belong to any of these groups.[2]Macedonians form an overwhelming majority of the population in the municipalities of Aerodrom, Centar, Ǵorče Petrov, Karpoš and Kisela Voda, which are all south of the Vardar.[176] They also form a majority in Butel[177] and Gazi Baba which are north of the river. Albanians form a majority in Čair which roughly corresponds to the Old Bazaar, and in Saraj.[178] They form a large minority in Butel[177] and Gazi Baba. Šuto Orizari, on the northern edge of the city, is predominantly Roma.[48] When an ethnic minority forms at least 20% of the population in a municipality, its language can become official on the local level. Thus, in Čair and Saraj schools and administration use Albanian, and Romani in Šuto Orizari.[179] The latter is the only municipality in the world where Romani is an official language.[50]Relations between the two largest groups, Macedonians and Albanians, are sometimes difficult, as in the rest of the country. Each group tolerates the other but they tend to avoid each other and live in what can appear as two parallel worlds.[180] Both Macedonians and Albanians view themselves each as the original population of Skopje and the other as newcomers.[181][142][144] The Roma minority is on its side very deprived. Its exact size is not known because many Macedonian Roma declare themselves as belonging to other ethnic groups or simply avoid censuses. However, even if official figures are underestimated, Skopje is the city in the world with the largest Roma population.[50]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presveta_Bogordica_od_Skopje_4.JPG"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Ohrid_Archbishopric"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Mother Teresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Teresa"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"bishopric of Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Skopje"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Sephardis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardi_Jews"},{"link_name":"Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mark_Avrum_Ehrlich_2009_980-119"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"madrasahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"The church of the Nativity of the Virgin MaryReligious affiliation is diverse: Macedonians, Serbs, and Aromanians are mainly Orthodox, with the majority affiliated to the Macedonian Orthodox Church; Turks are almost entirely Muslim; those of Albanian ethnicity are largely Muslim, although Skopje also has a sizeable Roman Catholic Albanian minority, into which Mother Teresa was born; the Roma (Gypsies) represent a mixture (in almost equal numbers) of Muslim and Orthodox religious heritage.[182]According to the 2002 census, 68.5% of the population of Skopje belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Church, while 28.6% belonged to Islam. The city also had Catholic (0.5%) and Protestant (0.04%) minorities.[183] The Catholics are served by the Latin bishopric of Skopje, in which is also vested the Byzantine Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Macedonia.Until World War II, Skopje had a significant Jewish minority which mainly descended from Spanish Sephardis who had escaped the Inquisition. The community comprised 2,424 members in 1939 (representing about 3% of the city population), but most of them were deported and killed by Nazis. After the war, most of the survivors settled in Israel.[115][184] Today the city has around 200 Jewish inhabitants (about 0.04% of the population).Because of its 520-year Ottoman past, and the fact that many of its inhabitants today are Muslims, Skopje has more mosques than churches. Religious communities often complain about the lack of infrastructure and new places of worship are often built.[185] Skopje is the seat of many Macedonian religious organizations, such as the Macedonian Orthodox Church and the Islamic Religious Union of Macedonia. It has an Orthodox cathedral and seminary, several madrasahs, a Roman Catholic cathedral and a synagogue.[186]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filip II Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II_Hospital,_Skopje"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-health-192"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-health-192"}],"sub_title":"Health","text":"Skopje has several public and private hospitals and specialized medical institutions, such as the Filip II Hospital, a psychiatric hospital, two obstetric hospitals, a gerontology hospital, and institutes for respiratory and ocular diseases.[187] In 2012, Skopje had a ratio of one physician per 251.6 inhabitants, a figure higher than the national ratio (one per 370.9). The ratio of medical specialists was also higher than in the rest of the country. However, the ratio of hospital beds, pharmacists and dentists was lower in Skopje.[188] The population in Skopje enjoys better health standards than other Macedonians. In 2010, the mortality rate was at 8.6‰ in Skopje and 9.3‰ on the national level. The infant mortality rate was at 6.8‰ in Skopje and 7.6‰ in North Macedonia.[188]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_6.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ss. Cyril and Methodius University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_of_Skopje"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strategija-193"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Ss. Cyril and Methodius University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_of_Skopje"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"European University Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_University_Skopje"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"FON University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FON_University"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Faculty of Economics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University.Skopje's citizenry is generally more educated than the rest of the country. 16% of Skopjans have graduated from university in contrast to 10% for the rest of the country. The number of people with a complete lack of education or ones who received a partial education is lower in Skopje at 9% compared to the provincial average of 17%. 80% of Macedonian citizens who hold a PhD take up residence in Skopje.[189]Skopje has 21 secondary schools; 5 of which serve as general high-school gymnasiums and 16 vocational schools.[190] The city is also host to several higher education institutions, the most notable of which is Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, founded in 1949. The university has 23 departments, 10 research institutes and is attended by an average of 50,000 students.[191] After the country's independence in 1991, several private universities were brought into existence. The largest private universities in Skopje are European University Skopje with 7 departments[192] and FON University with 9 departments respectively.[193]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MRT_Center_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Radio-Television headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRT_Center"},{"link_name":"Dnevnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnevnik_(Skopje)"},{"link_name":"Večer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%8Der_(Macedonia)"},{"link_name":"Nova Makedonija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Makedonija"},{"link_name":"Vreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreme_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-media-198"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Radio-Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Radio_Television"},{"link_name":"Sitel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitel_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Kanal 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_5_(Macedonia)"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"Antenna 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_5_FM"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Media Information Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Information_Agency"},{"link_name":"Makfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makfax"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-media-198"}],"text":"The Macedonian Radio-Television headquartersSkopje is the largest media centre in North Macedonia. Of the 818 newspapers surveyed in 2000 by the Ministry of Information, over 600 had their headquarters in Skopje. The daily Dnevnik, founded in 1996, with 60 000 runs per day is the most printed in the country. Also based in Skopje, Večer is pulled 50,000 copies and the state owns one-third of its capital, as well as Nova Makedonija, reprinted 20,000 copies. Other major newspapers in Skopje, totally private, are Utrinski Vesnik (30,000 copies), Vest (25,000 copies), and Vreme (15,000 copies). Magazines Fokus (12,000 copies), Start (10,000 copies), and Denes (7,500 copies) also have their headquarters in Skopje.[194][195]The city is home of the studios of Macedonian Radio-Television (MRT), the country's public radio and television. Founded in 1966, it operates with three national broadcast channels, twenty-four hours a day. The most popular private television stations are Sitel, Kanal 5, Telma, Alfa TV, and AlsatM.[196] MRT also operates radio stations with national coverage, the private station Skopje's Kanal 77 is the only one to have such a span. Radio Antenna 5 and Metropolis are two other major private stations that have their headquarters in Skopje.[197]Also, the city boasts big news agencies in the country, both public, such as the Media Information Agency, and private, such as the Makfax.[194]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_X126.JPG"},{"link_name":"Toše Proeski Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C5%A1e_Proeski_Arena"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Boris Trajkovski Sports Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Trajkovski_Sports_Center"},{"link_name":"Boris Trajkovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Trajkovski"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"FK Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vardar"},{"link_name":"FK Rabotnički","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Rabotni%C4%8Dki"},{"link_name":"second division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Second_Football_League"},{"link_name":"first division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_First_Football_League"},{"link_name":"FK Makedonija Ǵorče Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Makedonija_%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov"},{"link_name":"FK Gorno Lisiče","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Gorno_Lisi%C4%8De"},{"link_name":"FK Lokomotiva Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Lokomotiva_Skopje"},{"link_name":"FK Metalurg Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Metalurg_Skopje"},{"link_name":"FK Madžari Solidarnost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Mad%C5%BEari_Solidarnost"},{"link_name":"FK Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Skopje"},{"link_name":"MZT Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_MZT_Skopje"},{"link_name":"Rabotnički","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Rabotni%C4%8Dki"},{"link_name":"RK Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RK_Vardar"},{"link_name":"RK Metalurg Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RK_Metalurg_Skopje"},{"link_name":"ŽRK Metalurg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDRK_Metalurg"},{"link_name":"ŽRK Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDRK_Vardar"},{"link_name":"2008 European Women's Handball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_European_Women%27s_Handball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"2017 UEFA Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_UEFA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United"}],"text":"As the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje has many major sporting facilities. The city has three large swimming pools, two of which feature Olympic pools. These pools are particularly relevant to coaching water polo teams. Skopje also boasts many football stadiums, like Ilinden in Čair and Železarnica, which can accommodate between 4,000 and 4,500 spectators. The basketball court Kale can accommodate 2,200 people and the court of Jane Sandanski has a 6,000 seat capacity.[198]The Toše Proeski ArenaThe largest stadium remains Toše Proeski Arena. The stadium, built in 1947 and named until 2008, City Stadium Skopje[199] experienced a total renovation, begun in 2009 to meet the standards of FIFA. Fully renovated the stadium contains 33,460 seats,[200] and a health spa and fitness area. The Boris Trajkovski Sports Center is the largest sports complex in the country with 6,250 seats. It was opened in 2008 and named after former president Boris Trajkovski, who died in 2004. It includes rooms dedicated to handball, basketball, and volleyball, a bowling alley, a fitness area, and an ice hockey court. Its main hall, which regularly hosts concerts, holds around 10,000 people.[201]FK Vardar and FK Rabotnički are the two most popular football teams in the city. Vardar plays in the second division, while Rabotnicki plays in the first division. Their games are held at Toše Proeski Arena, like those of the national team. The city is also home to many smaller football clubs, such as: FK Makedonija Ǵorče Petrov, FK Gorno Lisiče, FK Lokomotiva Skopje, FK Metalurg Skopje, FK Madžari Solidarnost and FK Skopje, who play in first, second or third national league. Another popular sport in North Macedonia is basketball, represented in particular by the teams MZT Skopje and Rabotnički. Handball is illustrated by RK Vardar PRO and RK Metalurg Skopje, also the women's team ŽRK Metalurg and ŽRK Vardar. The city co-hosted the 2008 European Women's Handball Championship together with Ohrid,[202] and hosted the 2017 UEFA Super Cup, the match between the two giants of the European football Real Madrid and Manchester United","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E65_Skopje_Northern_Bypass_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prishtina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prishtina"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rimed-207"},{"link_name":"Pan-European corridors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-European_corridors"},{"link_name":"Corridor X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_X"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Corridor VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_VIII"},{"link_name":"Adriatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"M-1 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M-1_motorway_(North_Macedonia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E75"},{"link_name":"Tabanovce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanovce"},{"link_name":"Gevgelija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevgelija"},{"link_name":"Kičevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C4%8Devo"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rimed-207"},{"link_name":"Brotherhood and Unity Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_and_Unity_Highway"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"}],"sub_title":"Main connections","text":"Skopje bypassSkopje is near three other capital cities, Prishtina (87 km (54 mi) away), Tirana (291 km) and Sofia (245 km). Thessaloniki is 233 km (145 mi) south and Belgrade is 433 km (269 mi) north.[203] Skopje is also at the crossroad of two Pan-European corridors: Corridor X, which runs between Austria and Greece, and Corridor VIII, which runs from the Adriatic in Albania to the Black Sea in Bulgaria. Corridor X links Skopje to Thessaloniki, Belgrade, and Western Europe, while Corridor VIII links it with Tirana and Sofia.Corridor X locally corresponds to the M-1 motorway (E75), which is the longest highway in North Macedonia. It also corresponds to the Tabanovce-Gevgelija railway. Corridor VIII, less developed, corresponds to the M-4 motorway and the Kičevo-Beljakovce railway. Skopje is not quite on the Corridor X and the M-1 does not pass on the city territory. Thus the junction between the M-1 and M-4 is some 20 km (12 mi) east, close to the airport. Although Skopje is geographically close to other major cities, movement of people and goods is not optimized, especially with Albania. This is mainly due to poor infrastructure. As a result, 61.8% of Skopjans have never been to Tirana, while only 6.7% have never been to Thessaloniki and 0% to Sofia. Furthermore, 26% of Thessalonians, 33% of Sofians and 37% of Tiranans have never been to Skopje.[203]The first highways were built during the Yugoslav period, when Skopje was linked through the Brotherhood and Unity Highway to, what was then, the Yugoslav capital Belgrade to the North, and the Greek border to the South.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_Train_Station_from_Mount_Vodno.JPG"},{"link_name":"Main railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Center_Skopje"},{"link_name":"Vodno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodno"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Prishtina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prishtina"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mz-208"},{"link_name":"Corridor VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_VIII"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Kičevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C4%8Devo"},{"link_name":"Štip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tip"},{"link_name":"Bitola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitola"},{"link_name":"Veles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veles_(city)"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mz-208"},{"link_name":"main station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Center_Skopje"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stations-212"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"}],"sub_title":"Rail and coach stations","text":"Main railway station as seen from Mount VodnoThe main railway station in Skopje is serviced by the Belgrade-Thessaloniki and Skopje-Prishtina international lines.[204] After the completion of the Corridor VIII railway project, currently scheduled for 2030, the city will also be linked to Tirana and Sofia.[205][206][207] Daily trains also link Skopje with other towns of North Macedonia, such as Kumanovo, Kičevo, Štip, Bitola or Veles.[204]Skopje has several minor railway stations but the city does not have its own railway network and they are only serviced by intercity or international lines. On the railway linking the main station to Belgrade and Thessaloniki are Dračevo and Dolno Lisiče stations, and on the railway to Kičevo are Skopje-North, Ǵorče Petrov and Saraj stations. Several other stations are freight-only.[208]Skopje coach station opened in 2005 and is built right under the main railway station. It can host 450 coaches in a day.[209] Coach connections reach more destinations than train connections, connecting Skopje to many domestic and foreign destinations including Istanbul, Sofia, Prague, Hamburg and Stockholm.[210]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yutong_City_Master_(SK_9734-AC)_JSP_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transpower-215"},{"link_name":"Yutong City Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutong_City_Master"},{"link_name":"Yutong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutong"},{"link_name":"AEC Routemaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEC_Routemaster"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"}],"sub_title":"Public transport","text":"A red Yutong City Master double-decker bus in SkopjeSkopje has a bus network managed by the city and operated by three companies. The oldest and largest is JSP Skopje, a public company founded in 1948. JSP lost its monopoly on public transport in 1990 and two new companies, Sloboda Prevoz and Mak Ekspres, obtained several lines. However, most of the network is still in the hands of JSP which operates 67 lines out of 80. Only 24 lines are urban, the others serving localities around the city.[211] Many of the JSP vehicles are red Yutong City Master double-decker buses built by Chinese bus manufacturer Yutong and designed to resemble the classic British AEC Routemaster.[212]A tram network has long been planned in Skopje and the idea was first proposed in the 1980s. The project became real in 2006 when the mayor Trifun Kostovski asked for feasibility studies. His successor Koce Trajanovski launched a call for tenders in 2010 and the first line is scheduled for 2019.[213]A new network for small buses started to operate in June 2014, not to replace but to decrease the number of big buses in the city centre.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aeroput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroput"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aeroput-218"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aeroput-218"},{"link_name":"Bitola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitola"},{"link_name":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aeroput-218"},{"link_name":"JAT Yugoslav Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAT_Airways"},{"link_name":"Skopje International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Petrovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrovec,_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"TAV Airports Holding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAV_Airports_Holding"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tav-219"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Doha, Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha,_Qatar"}],"sub_title":"Airport","text":"The airport was built in 1928. The first commercial flights in Skopje were introduced in 1929 when the Yugoslav carrier Aeroput introduced a route linking the city with the capital, Belgrade.[214] A year later the route was extended to Thessaloniki in Greece, and further extended to Greek capital Athens in 1933.[214] In 1935 Aeroput linked Skopje with Bitola and Niš, and also operated a longer international route linking Vienna and Thessaloniki through Zagreb, Belgrade and Skopje.[214] After the Second World War, Aeroput was replaced by JAT Yugoslav Airlines, which linked Skopje to a number of domestic and international destinations until the dissolution of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s.Skopje International Airport is in Petrovec, 20 km (12 mi) east of the city. Since 2008, it has been managed by the Turkish TAV Airports Holding and it can accommodate up to four million passengers per year.[215] The annual traffic has constantly risen since 2008, reaching one million passengers in 2014.[216]Skopje's airport has connections to several European cities, including Athens, Vienna, Bratislava, Zürich, Brussels, Oslo, Istanbul, London and Rome. It also maintains a direct connection with Dubai and Doha, Qatar.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macedonian_Opera_and_Ballet_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"National and University Library \"St. Kliment of Ohrid\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_and_University_Library_%22St._Kliment_of_Ohrid%22"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts"},{"link_name":"contemporary art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"Goethe-Institut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe-Institut"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"British Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Council"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"Alliance française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"American Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Corner"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"}],"sub_title":"Cultural institutions","text":"Macedonian Opera and BalletSkopje is home to the largest cultural institutions of the country, such as the National and University Library \"St. Kliment of Ohrid\", the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the National Theatre, the National Philharmonic Orchestra and the Macedonian Opera and Ballet. Among the local institutions are the Brothers Miladinov Library which has more than a million documents, the Cultural Information Centre which manages festivals, exhibitions and concerts, and the House of Culture Kočo Racin which is dedicated to contemporary art and young talents.[217]Skopje has also several foreign cultural centres, such as a Goethe-Institut,[218] a British Council,[219] an Alliance française,[220] an American Corner.[221]The city has several theatres and concert halls. The Univerzalna Sala, seating 1,570, was built in 1966 and is used for concerts, fashion shows, and congresses. The Metropolis Arena, designed for large concerts, has 3,546 seats. Other large halls include the Macedonian Opera and Ballet (800 seats), the National Theatre (724), and the Drama Theatre (333).[222] Other smaller venues exist, such as the Albanian Theatre and the Youth Theatre. A Turkish Theatre and a Philharmonic hall are under construction.[223][224]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_of_the_Macedonian_Struggle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Macedonian Struggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Macedonian_Struggle_(Skopje)"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Republic of North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Republic_of_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"icons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"Prehistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"hammams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammam"},{"link_name":"Old Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje"},{"link_name":"Contemporary Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Art_Museum_(North_Macedonia)"},{"link_name":"Fernand Léger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger"},{"link_name":"André Masson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Masson"},{"link_name":"Pablo Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Hans Hartung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hartung"},{"link_name":"Victor Vasarely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Vasarely"},{"link_name":"Alexander Calder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Calder"},{"link_name":"Pierre Soulages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Soulages"},{"link_name":"Alberto Burri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Burri"},{"link_name":"Christo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christo"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"Skopje City Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_City_Museum"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"Memorial House of Mother Teresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_House_of_Mother_Teresa"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Macedonian Struggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Macedonian_Struggle_(Skopje)"},{"link_name":"Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Center_for_the_Jews_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"Skopje Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"}],"sub_title":"Museums","text":"Museum of the Macedonian StruggleThe largest museum in Skopje is the Museum of the Republic of North Macedonia which details the history of the country. Its icons and lapidary collections are particularly rich.[225] The Macedonian Archeological Museum, opened in 2014, keeps some of the best archeological finds in North Macedonia, dating from Prehistory to the Ottoman period. The National Gallery of Macedonia exhibits paintings dating from the 14th to the 20th century in two former hammams of the Old Bazaar. The Contemporary Art Museum was built after the 1963 earthquake thanks to international assistance. Its collections include Macedonian and foreign art, with works by Fernand Léger, André Masson, Pablo Picasso, Hans Hartung, Victor Vasarely, Alexander Calder, Pierre Soulages, Alberto Burri and Christo.[226]The Skopje City Museum is inside the remains of the old railway station, destroyed by the 1963 earthquake. It is dedicated to local history and it has four departments: archeology, ethnology, history, and art history.[227] The Memorial House of Mother Teresa was built in 2009 on the original site of the church in which the saint had been baptized.[228] The Museum of the Macedonian Struggle is dedicated to the modern national history and the struggle of Macedonians for their independence. Nearby is the Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia. The Macedonian Museum of Natural History showcases some 4,000 items[229] while the 12-ha Skopje Zoo is home to 300 animals.[230]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skupi_(Colonia_Flavia_Scupinorum)_-_by_Pudelek_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Scupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scupi"},{"link_name":"modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_architecture"},{"link_name":"Skopje 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_2014"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colophon-136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_Aqueduct_9.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tumba Madžari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumba_Mad%C5%BEari"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"Scupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scupi"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archeology-72"},{"link_name":"Skopje Aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_Aqueduct"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strategic-237"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manastir_sveti_Pantelejmon_vo_selo_Nerezi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Skopje Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Vardar architectural school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_architecture"},{"link_name":"Matka Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matka_Canyon"},{"link_name":"church of Saint Panteleimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Panteleimon,_Gorno_Nerezi"},{"link_name":"Gorno Nerezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorno_Nerezi"},{"link_name":"Italian primitives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_primitives"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isak_Bey_Turbe_Aladja_Mosque_Skopje.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ottoman architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecture"},{"link_name":"Old Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje"},{"link_name":"dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome"},{"link_name":"minaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Pasha Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Sultan Murad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Murad_Mosque"},{"link_name":"türbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe"},{"link_name":"bedesten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedesten"},{"link_name":"caravanserais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserai"},{"link_name":"hammams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammam"},{"link_name":"Stone Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Skopje)"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottoman-102"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldskopje-239"},{"link_name":"Ascension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Ascension_of_Jesus,_Skopje"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"Andrey Damyanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Damyanov"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Po%C5%A1ta_vo_Skopje,_Macedonia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ristiḱ Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risti%E1%B8%B1_Palace"},{"link_name":"Neo-Moorish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Neo-Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colophon-136"},{"link_name":"Modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_architecture"},{"link_name":"Milan Zloković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Zlokovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colophon-136"},{"link_name":"Kenzo Tange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenzo_Tange"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colophon-136"},{"link_name":"Georgi Konstantinovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Konstantinovski"},{"link_name":"Janko Konstantinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janko_Konstantinov"},{"link_name":"Slavko Brezovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavko_Brezovski"},{"link_name":"Church of St. Clement of Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Clement_of_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"brutalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalist_architecture"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colophon-136"},{"link_name":"Skopje 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_2014"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"historicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicism_(art)"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skopje2014-246"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skopje2014-246"},{"link_name":"theme park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_park"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeroldLangerLechler2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsgfc1TosZGYCdqantiquizationpgPA43_43]-249"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"church of Saint Panteleimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Panteleimon,_Gorno_Nerezi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque,_Skopje_-_interior.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Pasha Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daut-pasin_amam,_Skopje.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saat_Kula-Sultan_Muratova_Dzamija_-Skopje_(27).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_X8.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Makedonski_Naroden_Teatar_2013_18.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_2014_-_Art_Bridge.JPG"},{"link_name":"Art Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Bridge"}],"sub_title":"Architecture","text":"Ruins of Roman ScupiAlthough Skopje has been destroyed many times throughout its history, it still has many historical landmarks which reflect the successive occupations of the city. Skopje has one of the biggest Ottoman urban complexes in Europe, with many Ottoman monuments still serving their original purpose. It was also a ground for modernist experiments in the 20th century, following the 1963 earthquake. At the beginning of the 21st century, it is again the subject of massive building campaigns, thanks to the \"Skopje 2014\" project. Skopje is thus an environment where old, new, progressist, reactionary, eastern and western perspectives coexist.[132]Skopje AqueductSkopje has some remains of Prehistorical architecture which can be seen on the Tumba Madžari Neolithic site.[231] On the other side of the city lie the remains of the ancient Scupi, with ruins of a theatre, thermae and a basilica.[69] The Skopje Aqueduct, between Scupi and the city centre, is rather mysterious because its date of construction is unknown. It seems to have been built by the Byzantines or the Turks, but it was already out of use in the 16th century.[232] It consists of 50 arches, worked in cloisonné masonry.[233]Church of Saint PanteleimonSkopje Fortress was rebuilt several times before it was destroyed by the 1963 earthquake. Since then, it has been restored to its medieval appearance. It is the only medieval monument in Skopje, but several churches around the city illustrate the Vardar architectural school which flourished around 1300. Among these churches are the ones around Matka Canyon (St Nicholas, St Andrew and Matka churches). The church of Saint Panteleimon in Gorno Nerezi dates from the 12th century. Its expressive frescoes anticipate the Italian primitives.[234]Aladža Mosque and its türbeExamples of Ottoman architecture are in the Old Bazaar. Mosques in Skopje are usually simple in design, with a square base and a single dome and minaret. Their entrance is usually emphasized by a portico, as on Mustafa Pasha Mosque, dating from the 15th century. Some mosques show some originality in their appearance: Sultan Murad and Yahya Pasha mosques have lost their dome and have a pyramidal roof, while Isa Bey mosque has a rectangular base, two domes and two side wings. The Aladža Mosque was originally covered with blue faience, but it disappeared in the 1689 Great Fire. However, some tiles are still visible on the adjoining türbe. Other Ottoman public monuments include the 16th-century clock tower, a bedesten, three caravanserais, two hammams and the Stone Bridge, first mentioned in 1469.[98][235]The oldest churches in the city centre, the Ascension and St Dimitri churches, were built in the 18th century, after the 1689 Great Fire. They were both renovated in the 19th century. The Church of the Ascension is particularly small it is half-buried in order not to overlook neighbouring mosques.[236] In the 19th century, several new churches were built, including the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, which is a large three-nave building designed by Andrey Damyanov.[237]Main post office and the Communication CentreAfter 1912, when Skopje was annexed by Serbia, the city was drastically westernized. Wealthy Serbs built mansions and town houses such as the 1926 Ristiḱ Palace. The architecture of that time is very similar to the one of Central Europe, but some buildings are more creative, such as the Neo-Moorish Arab House and the Neo-Byzantine train station, both built in 1938.[132] Modernism appeared as early as 1933 with the former Ethnographic Museum (today the City Gallery), designed by Milan Zloković.[132] However, modernist architecture only fully developed in Skopje after the 1963 earthquake. The reconstruction of the city centre was partially planned by Japanese Kenzo Tange who designed the new train station.[132] Macedonian architects also took part in the reconstruction: Georgi Konstantinovski designed the City Archives building in 1968 and the Hall of residence Goce Delčev in 1975, while Janko Konstantinov designed the Telecommunication Centre and the main post office (1974–1989). Slavko Brezovski designed the Church of St. Clement of Ohrid.[238] These two buildings are noted for their originality although they are directly inspired by brutalism.[132]The reconstruction turned Skopje into a proper modernist city, with large blocks of flats, austere concrete buildings and scattered green spaces. The city centre was considered as a grey and unattractive place when local authorities unveiled the \"Skopje 2014\" project in 2010.[239][240] It made plans to erect a large number of statues, fountains, bridges, and museums at a cost of about €500 million.[241]The project has generated controversy: critics have described the new landmark buildings as signs of reactionary historicist aesthetics.[242] Also, the government has been criticized for its cost and the original lack of representation of national minorities in the coverage of its set of statues and memorials.[242] However, representations of minorities have since been included among the monuments. The scheme is accused of turning Skopje to a theme park,[243] which is viewed as nationalistic kitsch,[244] and has made Skopje an example to see how national identities are constructed and how this construction is mirrored in the urban space.[245]Fresco in the church of Saint Panteleimon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior of Mustafa Pasha Mosque\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDaut Pasha Hammam\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe historic clock tower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Arab House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMacedonian National Theater\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArt Bridge","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skopje Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"acid jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_jazz"},{"link_name":"Latin jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_jazz"},{"link_name":"smooth jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_jazz"},{"link_name":"avant-garde jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"Tito Puente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Puente"},{"link_name":"Gotan Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotan_Project"},{"link_name":"Al Di Meola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Di_Meola"},{"link_name":"Youssou N'Dour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"},{"link_name":"Larry Coryell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Coryell"},{"link_name":"Mick Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Candy Dulfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Dulfer"},{"link_name":"João Bosco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Bosco"},{"link_name":"the Temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptations"},{"link_name":"Tolo Marton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tolo_Marton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blues Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blues_Wire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phil Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Guy"},{"link_name":"International Festivals and Events Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Festivals_and_Events_Association"},{"link_name":"St Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Bolshoi Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Irina Arkhipova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Arkhipova"},{"link_name":"Viktor Tretiakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Tretiakov"},{"link_name":"Michel Dalberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Dalberto"},{"link_name":"David Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Burgess_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"experimental theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_theatre"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"Skopje Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skopje_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Festivals","text":"The Skopje Jazz Festival has been held annually in October since 1981. It is part of the European Jazz Network and the European Forum of World Wide Festivals. The artists' profiles include fusion, acid jazz, Latin jazz, smooth jazz, and avant-garde jazz. Ray Charles, Tito Puente, Gotan Project, Al Di Meola, Youssou N'Dour, among others, have performed at the festival. Another music festival in Skopje is the Blues and Soul Festival. It is a relatively new event in the Macedonian cultural scene that occurs every summer in early July.[246] Past guests include Larry Coryell, Mick Taylor & the All-Stars Blues Band, Candy Dulfer & Funky Stuff, João Bosco, the Temptations, Tolo Marton Trio, Blues Wire, and Phil Guy.The Skopje Cultural Summer Festival is a renowned cultural event that takes place in Skopje each year during the summer. The festival is a member of the International Festivals and Events Association (IFEA) and it includes musical concerts, operas, ballets, plays, art and photograph exhibitions, movies, and multimedia projects that gather 2,000 participants from around the world each year including the St Petersburg Theatre, the Chamber Orchestra of the Bolshoi Theatre, Irina Arkhipova, Viktor Tretiakov, The Theatre of Shadows, Michel Dalberto, and David Burgess.May Opera Evenings is a festival that has occurred annually in Skopje since 1972 and is dedicated to promoting opera among the general public. Over the years, it has evolved into a stage on which artists from some 50 countries have performed. There is one other major international theatre festival that takes place each year at the end of September, the Young Open Theater Festival (MOT), which was organized for the first time in May 1976 by the Youth Cultural Center – Skopje.[247] More than 700 theatrical performances have been presented at this festival so far, most of them being alternative, experimental theatre groups engaging young writers and actors. The MOT International Theatre Festival is also a member of the International Network for Contemporary Performing Arts or IETM.[248] Within the framework of the MOT Festival, the Macedonian National Center of the International Theater Institute (ITI) was established, and at the 25th ITI World Congress in Munich in 1993, it became a regular member of this theatre association. The festival has an international character, always representing theatres from all over the world that present and enhance the exchange and circulation of young-fresh-experimental-avant-garde theatrical energy and experience between its participants on one side and the audience on the other.The Skopje Film Festival is an annual event held in the city every March. Over 50 films are shown at this five-day festival, mostly from North Macedonia and Europe, but also including some non-commercial film productions from all over the world.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopije_at_night.jpg"},{"link_name":"Armin van Buuren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_van_Buuren"},{"link_name":"Above and Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_and_Beyond_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Shapeshifters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapeshifters_(music_act)"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"Toše Proeski Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C5%A1e_Proeski_Arena"},{"link_name":"Boris Trajkovski Sports Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Trajkovski_Sports_Center"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nightlife-254"},{"link_name":"kafeanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafana"},{"link_name":"Macedonian food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Macedonian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Starogradska muzika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starogradska_muzika"},{"link_name":"music from all the Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_music"},{"link_name":"Serbian folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nightlife-254"},{"link_name":"Old Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje"},{"link_name":"national government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Ottoman cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"}],"sub_title":"Nightlife","text":"Panorama of Skopje at nightSkopje has a diverse nightlife. There is a large emphasis on casinos, many of which are associated with hotels. In 2010, the Colosseum club was named fifth on a list of the best clubs in Southeastern Europe. Armin van Buuren, Above and Beyond, The Shapeshifters are just some of the many musicians that have visited the club.[249] Nighttime concerts in local, regional and global music are often held at the Toše Proeski Arena and Boris Trajkovski Sports Center.[250] For middle-aged people, places for having fun are also the kafeanas where traditional Macedonian food is served and traditional Macedonian music (Starogradska muzika) is played, but music from all the Balkans, particularly Serbian folk music is also popular. Apart from the traditional Macedonian restaurants, there are restaurants featuring international cuisines.[250] The Old Bazaar was a popular nightlife destination in the past. The national government has created a project to revive nightlife in the Old Bazaar. The closing time in shops, cafés and restaurants was extended due to the high attendances recorded. In the bazaar's restaurants, along with the traditional Macedonian wine and food, dishes of the Ottoman cuisine are also served.[251]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"People from Skopje"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SoraviaCenter1.JPG"},{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_North_Macedonia"}],"text":"Soravia Center SkopjeSee also: List of twin towns and sister cities in North Macedonia","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Bradford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Dijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tempe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Roubaix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roubaix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Waremme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waremme"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Chlef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlef"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Nanchang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanchang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Manisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manisa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Suez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Podgorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podgorica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"}],"sub_title":"Twin towns – sister cities","text":"Skopje is twinned with:[252]Bradford, United Kingdom (since 1961)\n Dijon, France (since 1961)\n Dresden, Germany (since 1967)\n Tempe, United States (since 1971)\n Roubaix, France (since 1973)\n Waremme, Belgium (since 1974)\n Nuremberg, Germany (since 1982)\n Chlef, Algeria (since 1983)\n Nanchang, China (since 1985)\n Manisa, Turkey (since 1985)\n Suez, Egypt (since 1985)\n Pittsburgh, United States (since 2002)\n Istanbul, Turkey (since 2003)\n Ljubljana, Slovenia (since 2007)\n Podgorica, Montenegro (since 2007)\n Zaragoza, Spain (since 2008)\n Zagreb, Croatia (since 2011)\n Tirana, Albania (since 2016)\n Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 2017)","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"}],"sub_title":"Partnerships","text":"Ankara, Turkey (since 1995)[253]\n Belgrade, Serbia (since 2012)[254]","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-86"},{"link_name":"Alfons Mucha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_Mucha"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"Macedonia naming dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute"}],"text":"^ This name was also in use in English for a time.\n\n^ By Alfons Mucha, 1926^ Officially known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929\n\n^ See Macedonia naming dispute","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Local Elections 2021 – Mayor of Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rezultati.sec.mk/en/mayr-sk/r"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20211101082844/https://rezultati.sec.mk/en/mayr-sk/r"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stats2_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stats2_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stats2_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stats2_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stats2_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stats2_2-5"},{"link_name":"\"Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Северна Македонија, 2021 - прв сет на податоци, 2021\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.stat.gov.mk/PrikaziSoopstenie.aspx?rbrtxt=146"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Skopjan dictionary definition | skopjan defined\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.yourdictionary.com/skopjan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Skopje\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Skopje"},{"link_name":"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Skopje\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781405881180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405881180"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"The Provincial at Rome: And, Rome and the Balkans 80BC-AD14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=D5IxWxCgFFwC&q=scupi+dardania+roman&pg=PA129"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780859896320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859896320"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6L49AAAAIAAJ&q=scupi+&pg=PA65"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780710077141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710077141"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFTw3lEqi2-oCdqserbiaannexed1912pgPA40_40]_11-0"},{"link_name":"Ramet 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRamet2006"},{"link_name":"40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&dq=serbia++annexed++1912&pg=PA40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0874369355","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874369355"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov197518%E2%80%9319_13-0"},{"link_name":"Duridanov 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDuridanov1975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230207075619/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=osu1338406907"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=osu1338406907"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Demiraj, Shaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaban_Demiraj"},{"link_name":"The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201120114336/https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Academy of Sciences of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789994381715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789994381715"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeroldLangerLechler201029_17-0"},{"link_name":"Herold, Langer & Lechler 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State Election Commission.\n\n^ a b c d e f \"Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Северна Македонија, 2021 - прв сет на податоци, 2021\". www.stat.gov.mk (in Macedonian). Republic of North Macedonia State Statistical Office. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.\n\n^ \"Skopjan dictionary definition | skopjan defined\". YourDictionary.\n\n^ \"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.\n\n^ \"Skopje\". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 28 July 2023.\n\n^ \"Skopje\". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 28 July 2023.\n\n^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, p. 747, ISBN 9781405881180\n\n^ Syme, Ronald; Birley, Anthony (1 January 1999). The Provincial at Rome: And, Rome and the Balkans 80BC-AD14. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 9780859896320 – via Google Books.\n\n^ Mócsy, András (1 January 1974). Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN 9780710077141 – via Google Books.\n\n^ Ramet 2006, p. 40.\n\n^ John B., Bell, Martin, Conflict in the former Yugoslavia: an Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 1998, p. 270, ISBN 0874369355.\n\n^ Duridanov 1975, pp. 18–19.\n\n^ Curtis, Matthew Cowan (2012). Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence (Thesis). The Ohio State University. p. 45. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023. Again the evidence of an earlier Albanian settlement in Macedonian territories relies on the phonological development of particular locations. In Macedonia the names of Ohrid (Alb Ohër) < Lychnidus, Skopje (Mk Skopje, Sr Skoplje, Alb Shkup) < Skupi, and Štip < Astibos are best explained by the phonological developments of Albanian (Stanišić 1995: 10–11 and references therein).\n\n^ Demiraj, Shaban (2006). The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated. Academy of Sciences of Albania. p. 139. ISBN 9789994381715. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. The place-name Shkup is evidenced as Scupi- in ancient records, as for ex. in Itineraria Romana 1916 (of the III-IV centuries A.D.)77. ln the Balkan Slavic languages this place-name sounds with the initial /Sko-/: Skopie, whereas in Albanian the initial /Shku-/ in Shkup-i is a direct reflection of the ancient /Scu-/, and this excludes a Slavic intermediation. The regular evolution of Scupi > Shkup has also been admitted by Barić ( 1955, p. 49) and Skok78 (before him).\n\n^ Origins: Serbs, Albanians and Vlachs\nChapter 2 in Noel Malcolm's Kosovo, a short history (Macmilan, London, 1998, pp. 22-40) - The evidence is in fact very mixed; some of the Albanian forms (of both urban and rural names) suggest transmission via Slav, but others -including the towns of Shkodra, Drisht, Lezha, Shkup (Skopje) and perhaps Shtip (Stip, south-east of Skopje) - follow the pattern of continuous Albanian development from the Latin. [48] (One common objection to this argument, claiming that 'sc-' in Latin should have turned into 'h-', not 'shk-' in Albanian, rests on a chronological error, and can be disregarded.) 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Turistička štampa. p. 66.\n\n^ a b Zoran Pavlov M.A. & Radmila Petkova (2008). \"Macedonian Cultural Heritage – Ottoman Monuments\" (PDF). Unesco Venice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2012.\n\n^ Rexha, Iljaz (2011). \"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane\". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në defterin kadastral të vitit 1451-52 për Rumelinë, në Shkup ishte regjistruar lagjeja Gjin-ko –(Gjinaj), me emrin e familjes fisnike mesjetare albane, ku në dokumente sllave të shek.XIV, por edhe në defterët osmanë të shek.XV-XIV, permenden 5 vendbanime me emrin Gjinofc në rrthinat e Shtipt, të Kriva Pallankes, të Gostivarit, Tetovës dhe të Dibres si dhe 2 tjera me emrin Gjinofc janë regjitruar në hapësirën në mes Radomirit dhe të Qystendilit në Bullgari, vendbanime këto qe në mesjetë i themeluan vëllezritë e Gjinajve. Në lagjen e sipërpërmendur Gjinko, në radhë të parë ishte regjistruar kryefamiljari Gjin-ko, me profesion (këpuctarë), dhe Todori, i vëllai i tij (Gjinit), siç shihet themelues i kësaj lagje, ndersa më vonë, në këtë lagjë, në vitin 1467 ishte regjistruar djali i tij Marko, i biri i Gjinit, pastaj në mesin e banorëve të tjerë, ishin regjistruar edhe banorë me antroponimi simbiotike krishtere tradicionale arbane: Milesh-a, bostanxhi, Dimitri, i biri i Prençes, Dragati, i biri i Male-s (Malja), Nikolla, i biri i Naneçit (Nano), Jovan i vëllai i tij, Jako i biri i Dodanit (Doda), Stepan, i biri i Andreas, Paliq (Pali) i biri i Stepanit, Nikolla i biri i Drralla, Roza, e vejë.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)\n\n^ Rexha, Iljaz (2011). \"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane\". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Si dëshmi tjetër për praninë e albanëve në territorrin e Maqedonisë së sotme ishin edhe spahinjtë vendas, me prejardhje albane e jo të ardhur nga Arbanoni politik mesjetar, që më parë kishin kaluar në fenë islame dhe ishin inkuadruar në sistemin e timarit të spahinjve osmanë. Sipas defterëve të shek. XV (1451/53 dhe 1467/68) ata i kishin timaret e veta në territorin e Maqedonisë dhe të Kosovës, kësaj radhe po i përmendim vetëm disa prej tyre: Hamza Arnauti,59 nga mëhalla Mentesheli e Shku-pit e kishte timarin e vet në fshatin Gumaleva. Hamza Arnauti, (tjetër) nga vendbanimi Niçevo (Nokova) e Shkupit kishte timarin e tij në fshatin Pa-garusha. Jusuf Arnauti, nga fshati Topçe Is’akli afër Draçevës së Shkupit. Shahin Arnauti59/a dizdar i kalasë së Shkupit i kishte timarin në tri fshatra të Shkupit... pranë individit me etno-nimin Arbanas ose Arnaut, apelativi sllav: doshlac prishlac, uselica, emigrant, që do thotë se kryefamiljarët shqiptarëme këtë etnonim si:Petro Arbanas, Dimitri Arbanas, Nikolla Arbanas, Bogdan Arbanas, Bogoslav Arbanas, Milosh Arbanas, Bozhidar Arnaut, Gjuro Arba-nas, Mihajl Arbanas, Todor Arnaut, AndrejaArnaut, Lzar Arnaut apo Jusuf Arnaut, ose Hamza Arnavut etj., nuk janë shënuar me cilë-sorin sllav doselic ose prishlec, çka dëshmon se ata ishin vendës në vendbanimet e tyre{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)\n\n^ a b Rexha, Iljaz (2011). \"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane\". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218.\n\n^ Rexha, Iljaz (2011). \"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane\". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në lagjenAhrijan Hasantë Shkupit të vitit 1451/53 ishte re-gjistruar në mesin e kryefamiljarëve myslimanë edhe kryefamiljari me partonimin e familjes fisnike albane Muzak, që kishte kaluar në islam, duke mos e përmendur emrin e tij të mëhershëm të krishterë dhe pa e theksuar pozitën shoqërore apo profesionin e tij.77 Në defterin tjetër të vitit 1467/68, tani në lagjen e krishterë me emrin Svetko Samarxhi tëShkupit, në mesin e 29 kryefamiljarëve me antroponimi krishtere sllave janë regjistruar: Nikolla, i biri Muzak-es, Todor, i biri Shendre-es (Shen Andre-it), Gjuro, i biri Marin-it, Jovan, i biri Suteç-it ( Suta). Nga këto të dhëna të këtyre dy defterëve shihet qartë, se këta dy kryefamiljarë me mbiemrin Muzaka, njëri i krishterë e tjetri mysliman ishin farefis dhe banorë të vjetër të Shkupit, ngase të parët e familjeve të tyre që nga mesjeta e hershme banonin në hapësirat e rajoneve të Nishit, Kosovës dhe të Maqedonisë sotme, pra para depërtimit osman në Ballkan{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)\n\n^ Rexha, Iljaz (2011). \"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane\". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në vijim po japim edhe disa të dhëna për spahinjtë e krishterë me prejardhje albane, që i kishin timaret e veta së bashku me individë të tjerë, në simbiozë me antroponimi sllave në rrethinën e Shkupit, ku shihet se edhe këta ishin vendas, meqë në defterë, posaçërisht theksohet se këta individë ishin spahinj të vjetër, çka kuptohet se edhe para viteve 1467-68, në regjistrimet e mëhershme, që nuk janë ruajtur, i kanë pasur timaret e tyre. Timari i Mirashit të birit të Todorit, i Dobroslavit, i të birit të Jaroslavit, i Kojçinit i të birit të Gjonit ,..... (dhe 4 individë të tjerë ). Timari i Gjurës i biri i Todorit, Petko i vëllai i Ibrahimit, Gjoni i vëlla i Petkos (Ibrahimit), Gjura i biri i Petko ( Ibrahimit ) dhe Lazori i biri Petko ( Ibrahimit ).Timari Hamzajt i vëlla i Ibrahimit, Gjoni i vëlla i Hamzait të vëllait të Ibrahimit, Nikolla i vëlla i tij Gjonit, Pavli i biri i Mihos, Pejo i biri i Pavlit, Petko i biri i Gjonit i vëllai i Hamzait të vëllait të Ibrahimit...Kemi edhe shumë spahinj tjerë me prejardhje albane si: Ali dhe Hamza Kërçovali, nga Kër-çova, Shimerd Vardarli i Shkupit, Mahmud Manastirli, Ali Arnauti etj. shihet qartazi se këta posedues të timareve ishin nga trojet e sotme të Maqedonisë e jo të ardhur nga Shqipëria e Qendrore e sotme.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)\n\n^ a b c d e f Mehmet İnbaşi. \"The City of Skopje and its Demographic Structure in the 19th Century\" (PDF). International Balkan University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2020.\n\n^ \"Mustafa Pasha Mosque\". 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Retrieved 13 March 2011.\n\n^ a b \"Comparative Swot Analysis of the Four Metropolitan Regions, Transportation, Interaction, Relations and Networks among Skopje, Sofia, Tirana, and Thessaloniki\" (PDF). University of Thessaly. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2012.\n\n^ a b \"Возен ред 2011–2012\" (PDF). Makedonski Železnici. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.\n\n^ \"Проекти предвидени за реализација во 2012 г\". Makedonski Železnici. 2012. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2012.\n\n^ \"Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski kicks off reconstruction work on railway Corridor 8\". Western Balkans Investment Framework. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.\n\n^ Petrushevska, Dragana (20 October 2021). \"Bulgaria, Albania, N. Macedonia pledge to finish Corridor VIII by 2030\". SeeNews. 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Retrieved 24 October 2012.\n\n^ a b c Drustvo za Vazdusni Saobracaj A D – Aeroput (1927–1948) Archived 23 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine at europeanairlines.no\n\n^ \"TAV Airports puts the New Skopje Airport into service\". TAV Airports. 2011. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2012.\n\n^ \"FYR Macedonian airports anticipate busy 2015\". Balkans.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2014.\n\n^ \"Културни институции\". City of Skopje. 2009. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2012.\n\n^ \"Goethe Institut Skopje\". Goethe Institut. 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.\n\n^ \"Locations\". British Council. Archived from the original on 26 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.\n\n^ \"États généraux d'Europe\". Alliance française. 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2011.[dead link]\n\n^ \"American Corner Skopje\". Embassy of the United States in Macedonia. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2013.\n\n^ \"Саеми\". SEEbiz. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2012.\n\n^ Vesna Damcevska (2012). \"Македонската филхармонија конечно доби сала, ама сувенир!\". Nova Makedonija. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2012.\n\n^ Vesna Damcevska (2011). \"Новиот турски театар во август, на спорно земјиште\". Nova Makedonija. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2012.\n\n^ \"Introduction\". Museum of Macedonia. Archived from the original on 29 January 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.\n\n^ \"Home\". Contemporary Art Museum of Macedonia. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.\n\n^ \"Skopje City Museum\". Travel 2 Macedonia. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.\n\n^ \"Introduction\". Memorial House of Mother Teresa. 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.[dead link]\n\n^ \"Macedonian Museum of Natural History\". The Second International Congress on \"Biodiversity, Ecological Aspects and Conservation of the Balkan Fauna\". 1998. Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.\n\n^ \"Skopje Zoo\". Skopje Zoo. 2009. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2011.\n\n^ \"Neolithic Settlement Tumba Madzhari in Skopje\". Tumba Madžari. Archived from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2012.\n\n^ Philippe Canaye; sieur de Fresne (1897). Le voyage du Levant. Slatkine. pp. 33–34. ISBN 9782051001632.\n\n^ Thérese Steenberghen (2011). \"Strategic Plan for the Preservation and Rehabilitation of the Skopje Aqueduct and Environment\" (PDF). Skopje Aqueduct. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2012.\n\n^ Horst Woldemar Janson & Anthony F. Janson (2004). History of art: the Western tradition. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 263. ISBN 9780131828957.\n\n^ \"Monuments\". OldSkopje. Archived from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.\n\n^ \"Црква Св. Спас\". Old Skopje. 2007. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2012.\n\n^ \"Renaissance Architect Andreja Damjanov- New Ray of Light on a Valuable Work\". Utrinski Vesnik. 2001. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012.\n\n^ \"Macedonian Cities – Skopje Churches\". macedonia.co.uk.\n\n^ PM Gruevski: Yes, Skopje 2014 was my Idea Archived 11 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Macedonian International News Agency, Saturday, 7 January 2012\n\n^ Skopje 2014: The new face of Macedonia Archived 13 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine, BalkanInsight\n\n^ Macedonian Arch May Be Wedding Scene Archived 25 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, BalkanInsight\n\n^ a b Balkan Insight (24 June 2010). \"Critics Lash 'Dated' Aesthetics of Skopje 2014\". balkaninsight.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2010.\n\n^ Is Macedonia's capital being turned into a theme park? Archived 18 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine CNN International, 10 October 2011\n\n^ Macedonia statue: Alexander the Great or a warrior on a horse? Archived 3 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian, 14 August 2011\n\n^ Herold, Langer & Lechler 2010, p. 43.\n\n^ Barikada – World of Music – Svastara – 2007. \"Barikada – World of Music\". Barikada.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ \"41. MOT – international theatre festival\". mot.com.mk.\n\n^ \"IETM\". ietm.org. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.\n\n^ Nova Makedonija Online. \"\"Колосеум\" меѓу најдобрите пет клуба во Југоисточна Европа\". daily.mk. Retrieved 2 May 2011.\n\n^ a b Trip Advisor. \"Skopje: Nightlife\". tripadvisor.com. Retrieved 2 May 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)\n\n^ Vest Online. \"Нов живот на старата скопска чаршија\". vest.com.mk. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2011.\n\n^ \"Збратимени градови\". starportal.skopje.gov.mk (in Macedonian). Skopje. Retrieved 23 December 2019.\n\n^ \"Sister Cities of Ankara\". ankara.bel.tr. Ankara. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2019.\n\n^ \"Belgrade has five twin cities in the world\". ekapija.com. Belgrade. 18 June 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2020.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramet, Sabrina P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_P._Ramet"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780253346568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253346568"},{"link_name":"Die Hydronymie des Vardarsystems als Geschichtsquelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12037585.pdf"},{"link_name":"Böhlau Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6hlau_Verlag"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3412839736","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3412839736"},{"link_name":"Papazoglu, Fanula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanula_Papazoglu"},{"link_name":"The Central Balkan Tribes in pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Up4JAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789025607937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789025607937"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783798321298","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783798321298"}],"text":"Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253346568.\nDuridanov, Ivan (1975). Die Hydronymie des Vardarsystems als Geschichtsquelle (PDF). Böhlau Verlag. ISBN 3412839736.\nPapazoglu, Fanula (1978). The Central Balkan Tribes in pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians. Amsterdam: Hakkert. ISBN 9789025607937.\nHerold, Stephanie; Langer, Benjamin & Lechler, Julia (2010). Reading the city: Urban Space and Memory in Skopje. Universitätsverlag der Technischen Universität Berlin. ISBN 9783798321298.","title":"General sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781551117195","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551117195"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789989183447","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789989183447"}],"text":"Ilká Thiessen (2007). Waiting for Macedonia: Identity in a Changing World. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781551117195.\nIvan Tomovski (1978). Skopje between the past and the future. Macedonian Review Editions.\nJovan Šćekić (1963). This Was Skopje. Yugoslav Federal Secretariat for Information.\nM. Tokarev (2006). 100 години модерна архитектура. Pridonesot na Makedonija i Jugoslavija.\nDanilo Kocevski (2008). Чај од јужните мориња. Маgor. ISBN 9789989183447.\nD. Gjorgiev (1997). Скопје од турското освојување до крајот на XVIII vek. Institut za nacionalna istorija.\nL. Kumbaracı-Bogoyeviç (2008). Üsküp'te osmanlı mimarî eserleri. ENKA.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Serbian troops overseeing the city's renaming from \"Üsküb\" to \"Skoplje\" following Serbia's annexation of Vardar Macedonia in 1912","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Skoplje_1912.jpg/220px-Skoplje_1912.jpg"},{"image_text":"Skopje urban plan for 2002–2020: City centre Collective housing Individual housing Industrial areas ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg/220px-GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Skopje as seen by the SPOT satellite. Mount Vodno is visible on the bottom left of the picture.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Skopje_SPOT_1114.jpg/220px-Skopje_SPOT_1114.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kapištec neighbourhood, developed during the 1970s. Some post-earthquake prefabricated houses can be seen in the foreground.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kapistec.jpg/220px-Kapistec.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gorno Nerezi, a village on the northern side of Mount Vodno","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gorno_Nerezi_2013_%281%29.JPG/220px-Gorno_Nerezi_2013_%281%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pollution contributors in the area of Skopje","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Urban_pollution_%2C%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg/220px-Urban_pollution_%2C%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg"},{"image_text":"A \"Venus Pudica\" found in Scupi, dated from the 2nd century AD[66]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Shy_venus_statue_skopje.jpg/150px-Shy_venus_statue_skopje.jpg"},{"image_text":"Skopje Fortress","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Skopje_Kale_3.jpg/220px-Skopje_Kale_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"The coronation of emperor Dušan in Skopje[b]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coronation_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an%2C_in_%22The_Slavonic_Epic%22_%281926%29.jpg/220px-Coronation_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an%2C_in_%22The_Slavonic_Epic%22_%281926%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"First May Day celebration of the Ottoman period in Skopje, 1909","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Prvomajska_proslava_vo_Skopje%2C_1909.jpg/220px-Prvomajska_proslava_vo_Skopje%2C_1909.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 15th-century Mustafa Pasha Mosque","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje.jpg/220px-Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje.jpg"},{"image_text":"Skopje after being captured by Albanian revolutionaries in August 1912 after defeating the Ottoman forces holding the city","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Shkup1912.jpg/220px-Shkup1912.jpg"},{"image_text":"Peter I of Serbia visiting Skopje in 1914","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PedroIEnUskub11031v.jpg/220px-PedroIEnUskub11031v.jpg"},{"image_text":"A view of the centre of Skopje in the 1930s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Centarot_na_Skopje_pred_zemjotresot.jpg/220px-Centarot_na_Skopje_pred_zemjotresot.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Bulgarian officer looking at Skopje's centre, April 1941","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nanev_Skopje_1941.jpg/220px-Nanev_Skopje_1941.jpg"},{"image_text":"The national theatre and the fortress around 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Skopsko_Kale%2C_stara.jpg/220px-Skopsko_Kale%2C_stara.jpg"},{"image_text":"American soldiers in Skopje after the 1963 earthquake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US_army_in_Skopje_1963.jpg/220px-US_army_in_Skopje_1963.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monument to the Macedonian partisans – Liberators of Skopje, next to the Government building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Centar%2C_Skopje_1000%2C_Macedonia_%28FYROM%29_-_panoramio_%28151%29.jpg/220px-Centar%2C_Skopje_1000%2C_Macedonia_%28FYROM%29_-_panoramio_%28151%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Greater Skopje among the municipalities of North Macedonia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MKD_muni_nonn%28Skopje%29.png/220px-MKD_muni_nonn%28Skopje%29.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Skopje_administrative_division_numbered1.png"},{"image_text":"The small business district","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skopje_X9.JPG/220px-Skopje_X9.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Imperial Tobacco plant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Skopje_X132.JPG/220px-Skopje_X132.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Zelen Pazar (\"green market\")","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Zeleno_pazarce_-_Flickr_-_ImogenX_%289%29.jpg/220px-Zeleno_pazarce_-_Flickr_-_ImogenX_%289%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Skopje City Mall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Skopje_City_Mall.jpg/220px-Skopje_City_Mall.jpg"},{"image_text":"People on Macedonia street, the main pedestrian axis of the city","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ulica_Makedonija.JPG/220px-Ulica_Makedonija.JPG"},{"image_text":"The church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Presveta_Bogordica_od_Skopje_4.JPG/220px-Presveta_Bogordica_od_Skopje_4.JPG"},{"image_text":"Faculty of Economics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_6.jpg/220px-Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_6.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Macedonian Radio-Television headquarters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MRT_Center_3.jpg/200px-MRT_Center_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Toše Proeski Arena","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Skopje_X126.JPG/220px-Skopje_X126.JPG"},{"image_text":"Skopje bypass","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/E65_Skopje_Northern_Bypass_1.jpg/220px-E65_Skopje_Northern_Bypass_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Main railway station as seen from Mount Vodno","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Skopje_Train_Station_from_Mount_Vodno.JPG/220px-Skopje_Train_Station_from_Mount_Vodno.JPG"},{"image_text":"A red Yutong City Master double-decker bus in Skopje","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yutong_City_Master_%28SK_9734-AC%29_JSP_%281%29.jpg/220px-Yutong_City_Master_%28SK_9734-AC%29_JSP_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Macedonian Opera and Ballet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Macedonian_Opera_and_Ballet_3.jpg/220px-Macedonian_Opera_and_Ballet_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Museum of the Macedonian Struggle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Museum_of_the_Macedonian_Struggle.jpg/220px-Museum_of_the_Macedonian_Struggle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ruins of Roman Scupi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Skupi_%28Colonia_Flavia_Scupinorum%29_-_by_Pudelek_1.JPG/220px-Skupi_%28Colonia_Flavia_Scupinorum%29_-_by_Pudelek_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Skopje Aqueduct","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Skopje_Aqueduct_9.jpg/220px-Skopje_Aqueduct_9.jpg"},{"image_text":"Church of Saint Panteleimon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Manastir_sveti_Pantelejmon_vo_selo_Nerezi.jpg/220px-Manastir_sveti_Pantelejmon_vo_selo_Nerezi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aladža Mosque and its türbe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Isak_Bey_Turbe_Aladja_Mosque_Skopje.JPG/220px-Isak_Bey_Turbe_Aladja_Mosque_Skopje.JPG"},{"image_text":"Main post office and the Communication Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Po%C5%A1ta_vo_Skopje%2C_Macedonia.jpg/220px-Po%C5%A1ta_vo_Skopje%2C_Macedonia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Panorama of Skopje at night","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Skopije_at_night.jpg/220px-Skopije_at_night.jpg"},{"image_text":"Soravia Center Skopje","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/SoraviaCenter1.JPG/170px-SoraviaCenter1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of North Macedonia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg/55px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Europe portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Europe"},{"title":"North Macedonia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:North_Macedonia"},{"title":"History of Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Skopje"},{"title":"List of honorary citizens of Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Skopje"},{"title":"List of people from Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Skopje"},{"title":"Old Bazaar, Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje"},{"title":"Sports in Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Skopje"}] | [{"reference":"\"Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Северна Македонија, 2021 - прв сет на податоци, 2021\". www.stat.gov.mk (in Macedonian). Republic of North Macedonia State Statistical Office. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stat.gov.mk/PrikaziSoopstenie.aspx?rbrtxt=146","url_text":"\"Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Северна Македонија, 2021 - прв сет на податоци, 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Skopjan dictionary definition | skopjan defined\". YourDictionary.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yourdictionary.com/skopjan","url_text":"\"Skopjan dictionary definition | skopjan defined\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","url_text":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\""}]},{"reference":"\"Skopje\". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Skopje","url_text":"\"Skopje\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language","url_text":"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language"}]},{"reference":"\"Skopje\". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Skopje","url_text":"\"Skopje\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster","url_text":"Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, p. 747, ISBN 9781405881180","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405881180","url_text":"9781405881180"}]},{"reference":"Syme, Ronald; Birley, Anthony (1 January 1999). The Provincial at Rome: And, Rome and the Balkans 80BC-AD14. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 9780859896320 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D5IxWxCgFFwC&q=scupi+dardania+roman&pg=PA129","url_text":"The Provincial at Rome: And, Rome and the Balkans 80BC-AD14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859896320","url_text":"9780859896320"}]},{"reference":"Mócsy, András (1 January 1974). Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN 9780710077141 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6L49AAAAIAAJ&q=scupi+&pg=PA65","url_text":"Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710077141","url_text":"9780710077141"}]},{"reference":"Curtis, Matthew Cowan (2012). Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence (Thesis). The Ohio State University. p. 45. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023. Again the evidence of an earlier Albanian settlement in Macedonian territories relies on the phonological development of particular locations. In Macedonia the names of Ohrid (Alb Ohër) < Lychnidus, Skopje (Mk Skopje, Sr Skoplje, Alb Shkup) < Skupi, and Štip < Astibos are best explained by the phonological developments of Albanian (Stanišić 1995: 10–11 and references therein).","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207075619/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=osu1338406907","url_text":"Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence"},{"url":"https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=osu1338406907","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Demiraj, Shaban (2006). The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated. Academy of Sciences of Albania. p. 139. ISBN 9789994381715. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. The place-name Shkup is evidenced as Scupi- in ancient records, as for ex. in Itineraria Romana 1916 (of the III-IV centuries A.D.)77. ln the Balkan Slavic languages this place-name sounds with the initial /Sko-/: Skopie, whereas in Albanian the initial /Shku-/ in Shkup-i is a direct reflection of the ancient /Scu-/, and this excludes a Slavic intermediation. The regular evolution of Scupi > Shkup has also been admitted by Barić ( 1955, p. 49) and Skok78 (before him).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaban_Demiraj","url_text":"Demiraj, Shaban"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201120114336/https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Albania","url_text":"Academy of Sciences of Albania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789994381715","url_text":"9789994381715"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". City of Skopje. 2009. Archived from the original on 12 May 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090512232543/http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=46","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=46","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Usküb\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 811. USKÜB, Uscup, or Skopia (anc. Scupi, Turk. Üshküb, Slav. Skoplye), the capital of the vilayet of Kossovo","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Usk%C3%BCb","url_text":"\"Usküb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"The War of Numbers and its First Victim: The Aromanians in Macedonia (End of 19th – Beginning of 20th century)\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.ukim.mk/bitstream/20.500.12188/6782/1/The_war_of_numbers_and_its_first_victim.pdf","url_text":"\"The War of Numbers and its First Victim: The Aromanians in Macedonia (End of 19th – Beginning of 20th century)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nature of the region of Skopje\". Tourist office of Macedonia. 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110914052819/http://www.macedoniatourism.gov.mk/freeTime.aspx?q=uKZfRLQMSvIy7ig7VCbGlw==#&&hp=L75tfs0nVNv%2bI7mU8aucLg%3d%3d","url_text":"\"Nature of the region of Skopje\""},{"url":"http://www.macedoniatourism.gov.mk/freeTime.aspx?q=uKZfRLQMSvIy7ig7VCbGlw==#&&hp=L75tfs0nVNv%2bI7mU8aucLg%3d%3d","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Traffic and transport projects\". City of Skopje. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112034/http://www.transpower-rp6.org/uploads/media/Skopje_Actual__Traffic_Projects_01.pdf/","url_text":"\"Traffic and transport projects\""},{"url":"http://www.transpower-rp6.org/uploads/media/Skopje_Actual__Traffic_Projects_01.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Figures\". City of Skopje. 2009. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162550/http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=33","url_text":"\"Figures\""},{"url":"http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=33","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Drisla Landfill Feasibility Study, Volume 1 of 2 – Main Findings – Final Report\" (PDF). Mott MacDonald Ltd. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131226212124/http://drisla.mk/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Drisla-Landfill-Project-Feasibiity-Study.pdf","url_text":"\"Drisla Landfill Feasibility Study, Volume 1 of 2 – Main Findings – Final Report\""},{"url":"http://drisla.mk/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Drisla-Landfill-Project-Feasibiity-Study.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Study on Wastewater Management in Skopje in the Republic of Macedonia\". Tokyo Engineering Consultants. 2008. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121115085154/http://www.parkovi.com.mk/default.asp?ItemID=585010091E61F94A93252F30545D68B9","url_text":"\"The Study on Wastewater Management in Skopje in the Republic of Macedonia\""},{"url":"http://www.parkovi.com.mk/default.asp?ItemID=585010091E61F94A93252F30545D68B9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2021: North Macedonia with 1 836 713 citizens, out of whom 526 502 live in Skopje\". Meta.mk. 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://meta.mk/en/census-2021-north-macedonia-with-1-836-713-citizens-out-of-whom-526-502-live-in-skopje/","url_text":"\"Census 2021: North Macedonia with 1 836 713 citizens, out of whom 526 502 live in Skopje\""}]},{"reference":"\"Combined Cycle Co-Generation Power Plant Project, Skopje, Environmental Assessment Report\". TE-TO AD SKOPJE. 2006. 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Retrieved 14 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131226230957/http://www.rad2012.elfak.rs/pdf/presentations/StojanovskaRAD2012.ppt","url_text":"\"Annual and sesonnal variations of indoor radon concentration in Skopje (Republic of Macedonia), Zdenka Stojanovska, Faculty of Electronic Engeeniring, Nis, Serbia, 2012\""},{"url":"http://www.rad2012.elfak.rs/pdf/presentations/StojanovskaRAD2012.ppt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Macedonian Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, OHIS Site Remediation Project Conceptual Design, 2010\" (PDF). ozoneunit.gov.mk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140428174642/http://ozoneunit.gov.mk/pops/Ohis.pdf","url_text":"\"Macedonian Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, OHIS Site Remediation Project Conceptual Design, 2010\""},{"url":"http://ozoneunit.gov.mk/pops/Ohis.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Matka Canyon\". macedonia.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.macedonia.co.uk/client/index1.aspx?idp=modules&page=426","url_text":"\"Matka Canyon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Skopje Climate\". pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pogoda.ru.net/climate2/13586.htm","url_text":"\"Skopje Climate\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Weather Information Service – Skopje\". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. 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Biblioteca Virtual en Salud y Desastres Guatemala.","urls":[{"url":"http://desastres.usac.edu.gt/documentos/pdf/eng/doc13793/doc13793-1.pdf","url_text":"\"Post 1963 earthquake reconstruction: Long term effects\""}]},{"reference":"Robert Homes. \"Rebuilding Skopje\" (PDF). Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge and Chelmsford. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20121217074412/http://www.anglia.ac.uk/ruskin/en/home/faculties/alss/deps/law/staff0/home.Maincontent.0014.file.tmp/No7-Skopje.pdf","url_text":"\"Rebuilding Skopje\""},{"url":"http://www.anglia.ac.uk/ruskin/en/home/faculties/alss/deps/law/staff0/home.Maincontent.0014.file.tmp/No7-Skopje.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zoran Milutinovic (2007). \"Urbanistic aspects of post earthquake reconstruction and renewal – experiences of Skopje following earthquake of July 26, 1963\" (PDF). 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Archived from the original on 2 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://meta.mk/en/skopje-smog-alarm-asks-for-1-of-the-gdp-for-2018-for-the-protection-of-the-environment/","url_text":"\"Skopje Smog Alarm asks for 1% of the GDP of 2018 for the protection of the environment\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231102081859/https://meta.mk/en/skopje-smog-alarm-asks-for-1-of-the-gdp-for-2018-for-the-protection-of-the-environment/?upm_export=html&lang=en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"J., D. (7 February 2017). \"Beijing is nothing compared to Skopje – Air pollution is too high, four men die each day\". Telegraf.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraf.rs/english/2606068-beijing-is-nothing-compared-to-skopje-air-pollution-is-too-high-four-men-die-each-day-photo","url_text":"\"Beijing is nothing compared to Skopje – Air pollution is too high, four men die each day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prehistoric Kale\". Archaeological exavations Skopsko Kale. 2007. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304134515/http://www.skopskokale.com.mk/en/prehistory.php","url_text":"\"Prehistoric Kale\""},{"url":"http://www.skopskokale.com.mk/en/prehistory.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kale in the antiquity\". Archaeological exavations Skopsko Kale. 2007. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120212053952/http://www.skopskokale.com.mk/en/antiquty.php","url_text":"\"Kale in the antiquity\""},{"url":"http://www.skopskokale.com.mk/en/antiquty.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ronald Syme (2000). Provincial at Rome: and Rome and the Balkans 80BC-AD14. Anthony Birley, University of Exeter Press. p. 130. ISBN 9780859896320.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859896320","url_text":"9780859896320"}]},{"reference":"\"Vladimir P. Petrović, Pre-Roman and Roman Dardania Historical and Geographical Considerations, Balcanica XXXVII, p 10\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111006211424/http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-7653/2006/0350-76530637007P.pdf","url_text":"\"Vladimir P. Petrović, Pre-Roman and Roman Dardania Historical and Geographical Considerations, Balcanica XXXVII, p 10\""},{"url":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-7653/2006/0350-76530637007P.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Todorovska, Marina Ončevska (2011). \"The Status of Venus from Skupi\" (PDF). Folia Archaeologica Balkanica. II: 355.","urls":[{"url":"http://periodica.fzf.ukim.edu.mk/fab/FAB_02_(2012)/FAB%2002.22.%20On%C4%8Devska%20Todorovska,%20M.%20-%20The%20Statue%20of%20Venus%20Pudica%20from%20Scupi.pdf","url_text":"\"The Status of Venus from Skupi\""}]},{"reference":"Bury, John Bagnell; Cook, Stanley Arthur; Adcock, Frank Ezra (1 January 1996). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.-A.D. 69, 2nd ed., 1996. University Press. ISBN 9780521264303 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1OTgAAAAMAAJ&q=scupi%20dardania","url_text":"The Cambridge Ancient History: The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.-A.D. 69, 2nd ed., 1996"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521264303","url_text":"9780521264303"}]},{"reference":"Wilkes, John (9 January 1996). The Illyrians. Wiley. ISBN 9780631198079 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C&q=scupi","url_text":"The Illyrians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631198079","url_text":"9780631198079"}]},{"reference":"Matthew Brunwasser (2012). \"Burial Customs, Death on the Roman Empire's eastern frontier\". Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved 6 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archaeology.org/1209/features/scupi_macedonia_roman_colony_bronze_age.html","url_text":"\"Burial Customs, Death on the Roman Empire's eastern frontier\""}]},{"reference":"András Mócsy (1974). Pannonia and Upper Moesia. Vol. 4. Routledge. p. 117. ISBN 9780710077141.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710077141","url_text":"9780710077141"}]},{"reference":"Mimoza Petrevska Georgieva. \"Жителите на Скупи уживале во спа-центри\". Nova Makedonija. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120525200751/http://www.novamakedonija.com.mk/NewsDetal.asp?vest=5231293251&id=9&prilog=0&setIzdanie=22587","url_text":"\"Жителите на Скупи уживале во спа-центри\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Makedonija","url_text":"Nova Makedonija"},{"url":"http://www.novamakedonija.com.mk/NewsDetal.asp?vest=5231293251&id=9&prilog=0&setIzdanie=22587","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vesna Ivanovsa (30 July 2008). \"Откриена ранохристијанска базилика во Скупи\". Dnevnik. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140428173510/http://www.dnevnik.com.mk/default.asp?ItemID=91D0ED79D1994545B51D56D4677B3F81","url_text":"\"Откриена ранохристијанска базилика во Скупи\""},{"url":"http://www.dnevnik.com.mk/default.asp?ItemID=91D0ED79D1994545B51D56D4677B3F81","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"49 Years after the Disastrous Skopje Earthquake\". Kurir. 2012. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121031145850/http://kurir.mk/en/2012/07/26/49-years-after-the-disastrous-skopje-earthquake/","url_text":"\"49 Years after the Disastrous Skopje Earthquake\""},{"url":"http://kurir.mk/en/2012/07/26/49-years-after-the-disastrous-skopje-earthquake/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Arthur Evans (2007). Ancient Illyria: An Archaeological Exploration. I.B.Tauris. p. 234. ISBN 9781845111670.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845111670","url_text":"9781845111670"}]},{"reference":"András Mócsy (1974). Pannonia and Upper Moesia. Routledge. p. 356. ISBN 9780710077141.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710077141","url_text":"9780710077141"}]},{"reference":"Arthur Evans (2007). Ancient Illyria: An Archaeological Exploration. I.B.Tauris. p. 241. ISBN 9781845111670.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845111670","url_text":"9781845111670"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Rossos (2008). Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History. Hoover Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8179-4882-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4882-5","url_text":"978-0-8179-4882-5"}]},{"reference":"J. B. Bury (2008). History of the Eastern Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil: A.D. 802–867. London Macmillan. pp. 371–372. ISBN 978-1-60520-421-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=svPkt-TIHK0C&pg=PA371","url_text":"History of the Eastern Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil: A.D. 802–867"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-421-5","url_text":"978-1-60520-421-5"}]},{"reference":"Steven Runciman (1930). History of the First Bulgarian Empire. London: LG. Bell & Sons. p. 87. Archived from the original on 9 July 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130709081226/http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/en/sr/sr_2_2.htm","url_text":"History of the First Bulgarian Empire"},{"url":"http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/en/sr/sr_2_2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Medieval Kale\". Archaeological exavations Skopsko Kale. 2007. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120219235728/http://www.skopskokale.com.mk/en/mediaeval.php","url_text":"\"Medieval Kale\""},{"url":"http://www.skopskokale.com.mk/en/mediaeval.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"R. J. Crampton (2005). A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780521616379.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521616379","url_text":"9780521616379"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Rossos (2008). Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History. Hoover Press. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-0-8179-4882-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4882-5","url_text":"978-0-8179-4882-5"}]},{"reference":"Serge Jodra (2006). \"Bohémond (Marc)\". Imago Mundi. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cosmovisions.com/Bohemond.htm","url_text":"\"Bohémond (Marc)\""}]},{"reference":"Judith Herrin; Guillaume Saint-Guillain, eds. (2011). Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean After 1204. Ashgate Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 9781409410980.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p_mazcfdpVIC&pg=PA102","url_text":"Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean After 1204"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409410980","url_text":"9781409410980"}]},{"reference":"John Van Antwerp Fine (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. pp. 175–184. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5","url_text":"978-0-472-08260-5"}]},{"reference":"Florin Curta (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt/page/385","url_text":"Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt/page/385","url_text":"385"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0","url_text":"978-0-521-81539-0"}]},{"reference":"John Van Antwerp Fine (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA156","url_text":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5","url_text":"978-0-472-08260-5"}]},{"reference":"John Van Antwerp Fine (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA159","url_text":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5","url_text":"978-0-472-08260-5"}]},{"reference":"Valentina Georgieva & Sasha Konechni (1998). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia. Scarecrow Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0810833364.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000geor/page/9","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000geor/page/9","url_text":"9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810833364","url_text":"978-0810833364"}]},{"reference":"Sima M. Ćirković; Vuk Tošić (2004). The Serbs. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 79. ISBN 978-0631204718.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631204718","url_text":"978-0631204718"}]},{"reference":"Iseni, Bashkim (25 January 2008). La question nationale en Europe du Sud-Est : genèse, émergence et développement de l'indentité nationale albanaise au Kosovo et en Macédoine. Bern: P. Lang. p. 77. ISBN 978-3039113200.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gAdlqwCm_9sC&q=La+question+nationale+en+Europe+du+Sud-Est+:+gen%C3%A8se,+%C3%A9mergence+et+d%C3%A9veloppement+de+l%27indentit%C3%A9+nationale+albanaise+au+Kosovo+et+en+Mac%C3%A9doine","url_text":"La question nationale en Europe du Sud-Est : genèse, émergence et développement de l'indentité nationale albanaise au Kosovo et en Macédoine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3039113200","url_text":"978-3039113200"}]},{"reference":"Popovski, Jovan (1969). Macedonia. Turistička štampa. p. 66.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=elk9AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Macedonia"}]},{"reference":"Zoran Pavlov M.A. & Radmila Petkova (2008). \"Macedonian Cultural Heritage – Ottoman Monuments\" (PDF). Unesco Venice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201104181001/http://www.see-heritage-download.org/Ottoman_Monuments_EN.pdf","url_text":"\"Macedonian Cultural Heritage – Ottoman Monuments\""},{"url":"http://www.see-heritage-download.org/Ottoman_Monuments_EN.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rexha, Iljaz (2011). \"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane\". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në defterin kadastral të vitit 1451-52 për Rumelinë, në Shkup ishte regjistruar lagjeja Gjin-ko –(Gjinaj), me emrin e familjes fisnike mesjetare albane, ku në dokumente sllave të shek.XIV, por edhe në defterët osmanë të shek.XV-XIV, permenden 5 vendbanime me emrin Gjinofc në rrthinat e Shtipt, të Kriva Pallankes, të Gostivarit, Tetovës dhe të Dibres si dhe 2 tjera me emrin Gjinofc janë regjitruar në hapësirën në mes Radomirit dhe të Qystendilit në Bullgari, vendbanime këto qe në mesjetë i themeluan vëllezritë e Gjinajve. Në lagjen e sipërpërmendur Gjinko, në radhë të parë ishte regjistruar kryefamiljari Gjin-ko, me profesion (këpuctarë), dhe Todori, i vëllai i tij (Gjinit), siç shihet themelues i kësaj lagje, ndersa më vonë, në këtë lagjë, në vitin 1467 ishte regjistruar djali i tij Marko, i biri i Gjinit, pastaj në mesin e banorëve të tjerë, ishin regjistruar edhe banorë me antroponimi simbiotike krishtere tradicionale arbane: Milesh-a, bostanxhi, Dimitri, i biri i Prençes, Dragati, i biri i Male-s (Malja), Nikolla, i biri i Naneçit (Nano), Jovan i vëllai i tij, Jako i biri i Dodanit (Doda), Stepan, i biri i Andreas, Paliq (Pali) i biri i Stepanit, Nikolla i biri i Drralla, Roza, e vejë.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=70066","url_text":"\"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane\""}]},{"reference":"Rexha, Iljaz (2011). \"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane\". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Si dëshmi tjetër për praninë e albanëve në territorrin e Maqedonisë së sotme ishin edhe spahinjtë vendas, me prejardhje albane e jo të ardhur nga Arbanoni politik mesjetar, që më parë kishin kaluar në fenë islame dhe ishin inkuadruar në sistemin e timarit të spahinjve osmanë. Sipas defterëve të shek. XV (1451/53 dhe 1467/68) ata i kishin timaret e veta në territorin e Maqedonisë dhe të Kosovës, kësaj radhe po i përmendim vetëm disa prej tyre: Hamza Arnauti,59 nga mëhalla Mentesheli e Shku-pit e kishte timarin e vet në fshatin Gumaleva. Hamza Arnauti, (tjetër) nga vendbanimi Niçevo (Nokova) e Shkupit kishte timarin e tij në fshatin Pa-garusha. Jusuf Arnauti, nga fshati Topçe Is’akli afër Draçevës së Shkupit. Shahin Arnauti59/a dizdar i kalasë së Shkupit i kishte timarin në tri fshatra të Shkupit... pranë individit me etno-nimin Arbanas ose Arnaut, apelativi sllav: doshlac prishlac, uselica, emigrant, që do thotë se kryefamiljarët shqiptarëme këtë etnonim si:Petro Arbanas, Dimitri Arbanas, Nikolla Arbanas, Bogdan Arbanas, Bogoslav Arbanas, Milosh Arbanas, Bozhidar Arnaut, Gjuro Arba-nas, Mihajl Arbanas, Todor Arnaut, AndrejaArnaut, Lzar Arnaut apo Jusuf Arnaut, ose Hamza Arnavut etj., nuk janë shënuar me cilë-sorin sllav doselic ose prishlec, çka dëshmon se ata ishin vendës në vendbanimet e tyre","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=70066","url_text":"\"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane\""}]},{"reference":"Rexha, Iljaz (2011). \"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane\". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=70066","url_text":"\"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane\""}]},{"reference":"Rexha, Iljaz (2011). \"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane\". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në lagjenAhrijan Hasantë Shkupit të vitit 1451/53 ishte re-gjistruar në mesin e kryefamiljarëve myslimanë edhe kryefamiljari me partonimin e familjes fisnike albane Muzak, që kishte kaluar në islam, duke mos e përmendur emrin e tij të mëhershëm të krishterë dhe pa e theksuar pozitën shoqërore apo profesionin e tij.77 Në defterin tjetër të vitit 1467/68, tani në lagjen e krishterë me emrin Svetko Samarxhi tëShkupit, në mesin e 29 kryefamiljarëve me antroponimi krishtere sllave janë regjistruar: Nikolla, i biri Muzak-es, Todor, i biri Shendre-es (Shen Andre-it), Gjuro, i biri Marin-it, Jovan, i biri Suteç-it ( Suta). Nga këto të dhëna të këtyre dy defterëve shihet qartë, se këta dy kryefamiljarë me mbiemrin Muzaka, njëri i krishterë e tjetri mysliman ishin farefis dhe banorë të vjetër të Shkupit, ngase të parët e familjeve të tyre që nga mesjeta e hershme banonin në hapësirat e rajoneve të Nishit, Kosovës dhe të Maqedonisë sotme, pra para depërtimit osman në Ballkan","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=70066","url_text":"\"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane\""}]},{"reference":"Rexha, Iljaz (2011). \"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane\". Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në vijim po japim edhe disa të dhëna për spahinjtë e krishterë me prejardhje albane, që i kishin timaret e veta së bashku me individë të tjerë, në simbiozë me antroponimi sllave në rrethinën e Shkupit, ku shihet se edhe këta ishin vendas, meqë në defterë, posaçërisht theksohet se këta individë ishin spahinj të vjetër, çka kuptohet se edhe para viteve 1467-68, në regjistrimet e mëhershme, që nuk janë ruajtur, i kanë pasur timaret e tyre. Timari i Mirashit të birit të Todorit, i Dobroslavit, i të birit të Jaroslavit, i Kojçinit i të birit të Gjonit ,..... (dhe 4 individë të tjerë ). Timari i Gjurës i biri i Todorit, Petko i vëllai i Ibrahimit, Gjoni i vëlla i Petkos (Ibrahimit), Gjura i biri i Petko ( Ibrahimit ) dhe Lazori i biri Petko ( Ibrahimit ).Timari Hamzajt i vëlla i Ibrahimit, Gjoni i vëlla i Hamzait të vëllait të Ibrahimit, Nikolla i vëlla i tij Gjonit, Pavli i biri i Mihos, Pejo i biri i Pavlit, Petko i biri i Gjonit i vëllai i Hamzait të vëllait të Ibrahimit...Kemi edhe shumë spahinj tjerë me prejardhje albane si: Ali dhe Hamza Kërçovali, nga Kër-çova, Shimerd Vardarli i Shkupit, Mahmud Manastirli, Ali Arnauti etj. shihet qartazi se këta posedues të timareve ishin nga trojet e sotme të Maqedonisë e jo të ardhur nga Shqipëria e Qendrore e sotme.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=70066","url_text":"\"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane\""}]},{"reference":"Mehmet İnbaşi. \"The City of Skopje and its Demographic Structure in the 19th Century\" (PDF). International Balkan University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200129002827/http://www.ibu.edu.mk/Skopje%20and%20its%20demograhic%20structure.pdf","url_text":"\"The City of Skopje and its Demographic Structure in the 19th Century\""},{"url":"http://www.ibu.edu.mk/Skopje%20and%20its%20demograhic%20structure.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mustafa Pasha Mosque\". HAEMUS : Center for scientific research and promotion of culture. Retrieved 3 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://haemus.org.mk/mustafa-pasha-mosque/","url_text":"\"Mustafa Pasha Mosque\""}]},{"reference":"\"Skopje [Lat. Skupi; formerly Turk. Uskup]\". Skopje. Grove Art Online. 2003. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T079129.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T079129","url_text":"10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T079129"}]},{"reference":"Гергова, Яна (2015). Култът към светци безсребърници в България: образи, вярвания и ритуални практики. София: ИК „Гутенберг“. p. 100. ISBN 978-619-176-046-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-619-176-046-6","url_text":"978-619-176-046-6"}]},{"reference":"John R. Lampe (2000). Yugoslavia as History: Twice there was a Country. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_Sabov%C4%8D%C3%ADk | Jozef Sabovčík | ["1 Personal life","2 Career","3 Programs","4 Results","5 References","6 External links"] | Slovak figure skater (born 1963)
Jozef SabovčíkJozef SabovčíkBorn (1963-12-04) 4 December 1963 (age 60)Bratislava, CzechoslovakiaFigure skating careerCountryCzechoslovakiaCoachAgnesa Búřilová, Hilda Múdra, Lojkovičová, AnderlováBegan skating1969/1970Retired1986
Medal record
Representing Czechoslovakia
Figure skating: Men's singles
Winter Olympics
1984 Sarajevo
Men's singles
European Championships
1985 Gothenburg
Men's singles
1986 Copenhagen
Men's singles
1983 Dortmund
Men's singles
Jozef (Jumping Joe) Sabovčík (born 4 December 1963) is a Slovak figure skater who competed representing Czechoslovakia. He is the 1984 Olympic bronze medalist, a two-time European champion (1985 and 1986), and a six-time Czechoslovak national champion. His quad toe loop at the 1986 European Championships was originally approved as the first quad jump landed in competition, but a few weeks later it was deemed invalid due to a touchdown with his free foot.
Personal life
Sabovčík was born on 4 December 1963 in Bratislava. His mother, Alexandra, was a ballerina of Czech descent, and his father, Jozef, a dancer and choreographer of Slovak descent. He is Catholic, speaks five languages (Slovak, Czech, English, Russian and German), and has dual Slovak and Canadian citizenship. In 2005, he stated that he did not agree with the dissolution of Czechoslovakia and still felt Czechoslovak. His first marriage was to Canadian champion Tracey Wainman, with whom he has a son named Blade, and his second marriage is to Jennifer Verili, with whom he has a son named Jozef Junior. They live in Bountiful, Utah.
Career
Sabovčík began skating when he was six years old. His main coach was Agnesa Búřilová but he also worked with Anderlová, Lojkovičová, and Hilda Múdra. His choreographer was Frantisek Blaťák.
Sabovčík won bronze at the 1981 Skate Canada International and 1982 Skate America. He was the silver medalist at the 1983 European Championships. Sabovčík had knee effusion before the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo. He won the bronze medal behind Scott Hamilton and Brian Orser.
Sabovčík became a two-time European champion with wins in 1985 and 1986. He also won 1985 Skate Canada International and Skate America. Sabovčík landed a quad toe loop at the 1986 European Championships. It was approved at the time as the first quad in competition but a few weeks later ruled invalid because of an alleged touchdown with his free foot.
Despite a knee injury, he had to compete at the 1986 World Championships because his federation did not believe he was really injured. He said, "It was the hardest 4½ minutes of my skating career, knowing that I had to finish, but could hardly walk, let alone skate." Having undergone three knee operations, he retired from competition in 1986.
Nicknamed "Jumping Joe", Sabovčík was known for his jumping ability and later turned it into a lucrative professional career. He is known for an excellent tuck Axel. "Sometimes there is beauty in simplicity and I think an open Axel is very beautiful. A tuck Axel is basically the same thing, but it has a little more edge to it, which is great for me, because I can use it with my rock numbers. If you noticed in my slower, quieter programs I always do an open Axel as it's better suited for that kind of music." He was disappointed by the loss of compulsory figures, saying, "In my opinion, the quality of skating itself (not jumping) has gone down. Figures taught how to use edges, like Robin Cousins and Brian Boitano still do, that with a couple of pushes they can get across the whole rink, you don't see that with the new skaters."
Sabovčík coaches skating at the Weber County Sports Complex in Utah.
Programs
Some of his programs were to the following music: Trapped by Bruce Springsteen, Alone You Breathe by Savatage, and In Loving Memory by Alter Bridge.
Results
International
Event
75–76
76–77
77–78
78–79
79–80
80–81
81–82
82–83
83–84
84–85
85–86
Olympics
3rd
Worlds
19th
16th
12th
16th
6th
4th
4th
6th
Europeans
17th
9th
5th
8th
2nd
4th
1st
1st
Skate America
3rd
1st
Skate Canada
3rd
1st
NHK Trophy
WD
4th
WD
Prague Skate
9th
3rd
1st
1st
1st
International: Junior
Junior Worlds
10th
Grand Prize SNP
3rd
1st
National
Czechoslovak
3rd
2nd
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
2nd
1st
Slovak*
1st
*Sub-national level; WD = Withdrew
References
^ "Register olympionikov zo Slovenska" (PDF) (in Slovak). Slovak Olympic Committee. p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-07-05. Retrieved 2014-05-31.
^ a b "Sabovčík zůstal rebelem i v mormonském městě" . Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). 11 February 2002.
^ a b c d e Šimo, Marián (4 December 2013). "Sabovčík má päťdesiat: Vek je len číslo, moje srdce je stále mladé" . Pravda (Slovakia) (in Slovak).
^ a b "Jozef Sabovcik" (in German). Munzinger.de.
^ a b c "Jsem Čechoslovák. Chlap. A rocker!" . Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). 6 October 2005.
^ a b Boronkayová, Felícia (2011). "Jumping Joe: Sabovčík je pyšný na synov a hľadá nové talenty" . Život (Slovakia) (in Slovak).
^ a b c d e f "Jozef Sabovcik: Online Interview". GoldenSkate. 2 February 2003. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008.
^ Elfman, Lois (11 February 2016). "Bratislava celebrates return of native son Sabovčík". IceNetwork.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ "Jumping Joe oslavuje. A stále má dve svetové prvenstvá". News Agency of the Slovak Republic (in Slovak). tvnoviny.sk. 4 December 2013.
^ "Medaila mi zmenila kariéru. Aj život" . hnonline.sk (in Slovak). 7 February 2014.
^ Hloch, Jan (21 April 2008). "Světové krasobruslařské hvězdy nadchly Prahu" (in Czech). Czech Radio. Retrieved 28 April 2010. Fantastickou atmosféru vyprodané haly si plnými doušky vychutnával i bronzový medailista z OH v Sarajevu a mistr Evropy Jozef Sabovčík.
^ "The quad: Skating's evolution is for more revolution". CBS Sports. 2 December 1999. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012.
Sabovcik, Jozef. Jumpin' Joe: The Jozef Sabovcik Story. 1998.
External links
Jozef Sabovčík at Olympics.com
Jozef Sabovčík at Olympedia
Jozef Sabovčík at Olympic.sk (in Slovak)
vteEuropean figure skating champions (men's singles)
1891: Oskar Uhlig
1892: Eduard Engelmann
1893: Eduard Engelmann
1894: Eduard Engelmann
1895: Tibor von Földváry
1898: Ulrich Salchow
1899: Ulrich Salchow
1900: Ulrich Salchow
1901: Gustav Hügel
1904: Ulrich Salchow
1905: Max Bohatsch
1906: Ulrich Salchow
1907: Ulrich Salchow
1908: Ernst Herz
1909: Ulrich Salchow
1910: Ulrich Salchow
1911: Per Thorén
1912: Ivan Malinin
1913: Andor Szende
1914: Fritz Kachler
1922: Willy Böckl
1923: Willy Böckl
1924: Fritz Kachler
1925: Willy Böckl
1926: Willy Böckl
1927: Willy Böckl
1928: Willy Böckl
1929: Karl Schäfer
1930: Karl Schäfer
1931: Karl Schäfer
1932: Karl Schäfer
1933: Karl Schäfer
1934: Karl Schäfer
1935: Karl Schäfer
1936: Karl Schäfer
1937: Felix Kaspar
1938: Felix Kaspar
1939: Graham Sharp
1947: Hans Gerschwiler
1948: Dick Button
1949: Edi Rada
1950: Ede Király
1951: Helmut Seibt
1952: Helmut Seibt
1953: Carlo Fassi
1954: Carlo Fassi
1955: Alain Giletti
1956: Alain Giletti
1957: Alain Giletti
1958: Karol Divín
1959: Karol Divín
1960: Alain Giletti
1961: Alain Giletti
1962: Alain Calmat
1963: Alain Calmat
1964: Alain Calmat
1965: Emmerich Danzer
1966: Emmerich Danzer
1967: Emmerich Danzer
1968: Emmerich Danzer
1969: Ondrej Nepela
1970: Ondrej Nepela
1971: Ondrej Nepela
1972: Ondrej Nepela
1973: Ondrej Nepela
1974: Jan Hoffmann
1975: Vladimir Kovalev
1976: John Curry
1977: Jan Hoffmann
1978: Jan Hoffmann
1979: Jan Hoffmann
1980: Robin Cousins
1981: Igor Bobrin
1982: Norbert Schramm
1983: Norbert Schramm
1984: Alexandre Fadeev
1985: Jozef Sabovčík
1986: Jozef Sabovčík
1987: Alexandre Fadeev
1988: Alexandre Fadeev
1989: Alexandre Fadeev
1990: Viktor Petrenko
1991: Viktor Petrenko
1992: Petr Barna
1993: Dmitri Dmitrenko
1994: Viktor Petrenko
1995: Ilia Kulik
1996: Viacheslav Zagorodniuk
1997: Alexei Urmanov
1998: Alexei Yagudin
1999: Alexei Yagudin
2000: Evgeni Plushenko
2001: Evgeni Plushenko
2002: Alexei Yagudin
2003: Evgeni Plushenko
2004: Brian Joubert
2005: Evgeni Plushenko
2006: Evgeni Plushenko
2007: Brian Joubert
2008: Tomáš Verner
2009: Brian Joubert
2010: Evgeni Plushenko
2011: Florent Amodio
2012: Evgeni Plushenko
2013: Javier Fernández
2014: Javier Fernández
2015: Javier Fernández
2016: Javier Fernández
2017: Javier Fernández
2018: Javier Fernández
2019: Javier Fernández
2020: Dmitri Aliev
2022: Mark Kondratiuk
2023: Adam Siao Him Fa
2024: Adam Siao Him Fa
vteSkate Canada International figure skating champions (men's singles)
1973: Toller Cranston
1974: Ron Shaver
1975: Toller Cranston
1976: Ron Shaver
1977: Robin Cousins
1978: Fumio Igarashi
1980: Scott Hamilton
1981: Norbert Schramm
1982: Brian Boitano
1983: Brian Orser
1984: Brian Orser
1985: Jozef Sabovčík
1986: Vitali Egorov
1987: Brian Orser
1988: Kurt Browning
1989: Petr Barna
1990: Kurt Browning
1991: Elvis Stojko
1992: Elvis Stojko
1993: Kurt Browning
1994: Elvis Stojko
1995: Alexei Urmanov
1996: Elvis Stojko
1997: Elvis Stojko
1998: Evgeni Plushenko
1999: Alexei Yagudin
2000: Alexei Yagudin
2001: Alexei Yagudin
2002: Takeshi Honda
2003: Evgeni Plushenko
2004: Emanuel Sandhu
2005: Emanuel Sandhu
2006: Stéphane Lambiel
2007: Brian Joubert
2008: Patrick Chan
2009: Jeremy Abbott
2010: Patrick Chan
2011: Patrick Chan
2012: Javier Fernández
2013: Patrick Chan
2014: Takahito Mura
2015: Patrick Chan
2016: Patrick Chan
2017: Shoma Uno
2018: Shoma Uno
2019: Yuzuru Hanyu
2021: Nathan Chen
2022: Shoma Uno
2023: Sōta Yamamoto
vteSkate America champions (men's singles)
1979: Scott Hamilton
1981: Scott Hamilton
1982: Scott Hamilton
1983: Brian Boitano
1985: Jozef Sabovčík
1986: Brian Boitano
1988: Christopher Bowman
1989: Christopher Bowman
1990: Viktor Petrenko
1991: Christopher Bowman
1992: Todd Eldredge
1993: Viktor Petrenko
1994: Todd Eldredge
1995: Todd Eldredge
1996: Todd Eldredge
1997: Todd Eldredge
1998: Alexei Yagudin
1999: Alexei Yagudin
2000: Timothy Goebel
2001: Timothy Goebel
2002: Brian Joubert
2003: Michael Weiss
2004: Brian Joubert
2005: Daisuke Takahashi
2006: Nobunari Oda
2007: Daisuke Takahashi
2008: Takahiko Kozuka
2009: Evan Lysacek
2010: Daisuke Takahashi
2011: Michal Březina
2012: Takahiko Kozuka
2013: Tatsuki Machida
2014: Tatsuki Machida
2015: Max Aaron
2016: Shoma Uno
2017: Nathan Chen
2018: Nathan Chen
2019: Nathan Chen
2020: Nathan Chen
2021: Vincent Zhou
2022: Ilia Malinin
2023: Ilia Malinin
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
People
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"figure skater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skater"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"1984 Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"quad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_(figure_skating)"},{"link_name":"toe loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toe_loop_jump"},{"link_name":"1986 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_European_Figure_Skating_Championships"}],"text":"Jozef (Jumping Joe) Sabovčík (born 4 December 1963) is a Slovak figure skater who competed representing Czechoslovakia. 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Wainman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_Wainman"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zivot2011-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IN160211-8"},{"link_name":"Bountiful, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bountiful,_Utah"}],"text":"Sabovčík was born on 4 December 1963 in Bratislava.[1] His mother, Alexandra, was a ballerina of Czech descent, and his father, Jozef, a dancer and choreographer of Slovak descent.[2][3][4] He is Catholic,[2][5] speaks five languages (Slovak, Czech, English, Russian and German),[6] and has dual Slovak and Canadian citizenship.[7][5] In 2005, he stated that he did not agree with the dissolution of Czechoslovakia and still felt Czechoslovak.[5] His first marriage was to Canadian champion Tracey Wainman, with whom he has a son named Blade, and his second marriage is to Jennifer Verili, with whom he has a son named Jozef Junior.[6][8] They live in Bountiful, Utah.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gs020203-7"},{"link_name":"Agnesa Búřilová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnesa_B%C3%BA%C5%99ilov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Hilda Múdra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_M%C3%BAdra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pravda131204-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TASR131204-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-munz-4"},{"link_name":"Skate Canada International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_Canada_International"},{"link_name":"Skate America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_America"},{"link_name":"1983 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"knee effusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee_effusion"},{"link_name":"1984 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HN140207-10"},{"link_name":"Scott Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hamilton_(figure_skater)"},{"link_name":"Brian Orser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Orser"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radiocz-11"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Skate Canada International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_Canada_International"},{"link_name":"Skate America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_America"},{"link_name":"quad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_(figure_skating)"},{"link_name":"toe loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toe_loop_jump"},{"link_name":"1986 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pravda131204-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evolution-12"},{"link_name":"1986 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gs020203-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pravda131204-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gs020203-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gs020203-7"},{"link_name":"compulsory figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_figures"},{"link_name":"Robin Cousins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Cousins"},{"link_name":"Brian Boitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Boitano"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gs020203-7"}],"text":"Sabovčík began skating when he was six years old.[7] His main coach was Agnesa Búřilová but he also worked with Anderlová, Lojkovičová, and Hilda Múdra.[3][9] His choreographer was Frantisek Blaťák.[4]Sabovčík won bronze at the 1981 Skate Canada International and 1982 Skate America. He was the silver medalist at the 1983 European Championships. Sabovčík had knee effusion before the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo.[10] He won the bronze medal behind Scott Hamilton and Brian Orser.[11]Sabovčík became a two-time European champion with wins in 1985 and 1986. He also won 1985 Skate Canada International and Skate America. Sabovčík landed a quad toe loop at the 1986 European Championships.[3] It was approved at the time as the first quad in competition but a few weeks later ruled invalid because of an alleged touchdown with his free foot.[12]Despite a knee injury, he had to compete at the 1986 World Championships because his federation did not believe he was really injured. He said, \"It was the hardest 4½ minutes of my skating career, knowing that I had to finish, but could hardly walk, let alone skate.\"[7] Having undergone three knee operations, he retired from competition in 1986.[3]Nicknamed \"Jumping Joe\", Sabovčík was known for his jumping ability and later turned it into a lucrative professional career. He is known for an excellent tuck Axel.[7] \"Sometimes there is beauty in simplicity and I think an open Axel is very beautiful. A tuck Axel is basically the same thing, but it has a little more edge to it, which is great for me, because I can use it with my rock numbers. If you noticed in my slower, quieter programs I always do an open Axel as it's better suited for that kind of music.\"[7] He was disappointed by the loss of compulsory figures, saying, \"In my opinion, the quality of skating itself (not jumping) has gone down. Figures taught how to use edges, like Robin Cousins and Brian Boitano still do, that with a couple of pushes they can get across the whole rink, you don't see that with the new skaters.\"[7]Sabovčík coaches skating at the Weber County Sports Complex in Utah.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pravda131204-3"},{"link_name":"Alter Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_Bridge"}],"text":"Some of his programs were to the following music: Trapped by Bruce Springsteen, Alone You Breathe by Savatage,[3] and In Loving Memory by Alter Bridge.","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Register olympionikov zo Slovenska\" [List of Olympians from Slovakia] (PDF) (in Slovak). Slovak Olympic Committee. p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-07-05. Retrieved 2014-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160705231440/http://www.olympic.sk/userfiles/files/register_nasich_olympionikov.pdf","url_text":"\"Register olympionikov zo Slovenska\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Olympic_Committee","url_text":"Slovak Olympic Committee"},{"url":"http://www.olympic.sk/userfiles/files/register_nasich_olympionikov.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sabovčík zůstal rebelem i v mormonském městě\" [Sabovčík, a rebel in a Mormon city]. Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). 11 February 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://oh.idnes.cz/sabovcik-zustal-rebelem-i-v-mormonskem-meste-fn1-/oh-salt-lake-city.aspx?c=A020211_232010_zoh02_ruzne_hdv","url_text":"\"Sabovčík zůstal rebelem i v mormonském městě\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlad%C3%A1_fronta_DNES","url_text":"Mladá fronta DNES"}]},{"reference":"Šimo, Marián (4 December 2013). \"Sabovčík má päťdesiat: Vek je len číslo, moje srdce je stále mladé\" [Sabovčík turns 50: Age is just a number, my heart is still young]. Pravda (Slovakia) (in Slovak).","urls":[{"url":"http://sport.pravda.sk/zimne-sporty/clanok/301349-sabovcik-ma-paetdesiat-vek-je-len-cislo-moje-srdce-je-stale-mlade/","url_text":"\"Sabovčík má päťdesiat: Vek je len číslo, moje srdce je stále mladé\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravda_(Slovakia)","url_text":"Pravda (Slovakia)"}]},{"reference":"\"Jozef Sabovcik\" (in German). Munzinger.de.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=01000000662","url_text":"\"Jozef Sabovcik\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jsem Čechoslovák. Chlap. A rocker!\" [I am Czechoslovak]. Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). 6 October 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://sport.idnes.cz/jsem-cechoslovak-chlap-a-rocker-dms-/sporty.aspx?c=A051006_092404_sporty_ma","url_text":"\"Jsem Čechoslovák. Chlap. A rocker!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlad%C3%A1_fronta_DNES","url_text":"Mladá fronta DNES"}]},{"reference":"Boronkayová, Felícia (2011). \"Jumping Joe: Sabovčík je pyšný na synov a hľadá nové talenty\" [Jumping Joe: Sabovčík is proud of sons and looking for new talent]. Život (Slovakia) (in Slovak).","urls":[{"url":"http://zivot.azet.sk/clanok/10409/jumping-joe-sabovcik-je-pysny-na-synov-a-hlada-nove-talenty.html","url_text":"\"Jumping Joe: Sabovčík je pyšný na synov a hľadá nové talenty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jozef Sabovcik: Online Interview\". GoldenSkate. 2 February 2003. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goldenskate.com/articles/2002/020203.shtml","url_text":"\"Jozef Sabovcik: Online Interview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080725011311/http://www.goldenskate.com/articles/2002/020203.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Elfman, Lois (11 February 2016). \"Bratislava celebrates return of native son Sabovčík\". IceNetwork.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180702213452/http://web.icenetwork.com/news/2016/02/11/164019106/","url_text":"\"Bratislava celebrates return of native son Sabovčík\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceNetwork.com","url_text":"IceNetwork.com"},{"url":"http://web.icenetwork.com/news/2016/02/11/164019106/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jumping Joe oslavuje. A stále má dve svetové prvenstvá\". News Agency of the Slovak Republic (in Slovak). tvnoviny.sk. 4 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvnoviny.sk/sekcia/sport/1734322_jumping-joe-oslavuje.-a-stale-ma-dve-svetove-prvenstva","url_text":"\"Jumping Joe oslavuje. A stále má dve svetové prvenstvá\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Agency_of_the_Slovak_Republic","url_text":"News Agency of the Slovak Republic"}]},{"reference":"\"Medaila mi zmenila kariéru. Aj život\" [Career-changing medals]. hnonline.sk (in Slovak). 7 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://style.hnonline.sk/vikend-140/medaila-mi-zmenila-karieru-aj-zivot-604136","url_text":"\"Medaila mi zmenila kariéru. Aj život\""}]},{"reference":"Hloch, Jan (21 April 2008). \"Světové krasobruslařské hvězdy nadchly Prahu\" [World skating stars in Prague] (in Czech). Czech Radio. Retrieved 28 April 2010. Fantastickou atmosféru vyprodané haly si plnými doušky vychutnával i bronzový medailista z OH v Sarajevu a mistr Evropy Jozef Sabovčík.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radio.cz/cz/clanek/103245","url_text":"\"Světové krasobruslařské hvězdy nadchly Prahu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Radio","url_text":"Czech Radio"}]},{"reference":"\"The quad: Skating's evolution is for more revolution\". CBS Sports. 2 December 1999. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120129011333/http://www.cbssports.com/u/wire/stories/0%2C1169%2C1675967_10946%2C00.html","url_text":"\"The quad: Skating's evolution is for more revolution\""},{"url":"http://www.cbssports.com/u/wire/stories/0,1169,1675967_10946,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160705231440/http://www.olympic.sk/userfiles/files/register_nasich_olympionikov.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Register olympionikov zo Slovenska\""},{"Link":"http://www.olympic.sk/userfiles/files/register_nasich_olympionikov.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://oh.idnes.cz/sabovcik-zustal-rebelem-i-v-mormonskem-meste-fn1-/oh-salt-lake-city.aspx?c=A020211_232010_zoh02_ruzne_hdv","external_links_name":"\"Sabovčík zůstal rebelem i v mormonském městě\""},{"Link":"http://sport.pravda.sk/zimne-sporty/clanok/301349-sabovcik-ma-paetdesiat-vek-je-len-cislo-moje-srdce-je-stale-mlade/","external_links_name":"\"Sabovčík má päťdesiat: Vek je len číslo, moje srdce je stále mladé\""},{"Link":"http://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=01000000662","external_links_name":"\"Jozef Sabovcik\""},{"Link":"http://sport.idnes.cz/jsem-cechoslovak-chlap-a-rocker-dms-/sporty.aspx?c=A051006_092404_sporty_ma","external_links_name":"\"Jsem Čechoslovák. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerbet_reaction | Guerbet reaction | ["1 Scope and applications","2 Mechanism","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | The Guerbet reaction, named after Marcel Guerbet (1861–1938), is an organic reaction that converts a primary alcohol into its β-alkylated dimer alcohol with loss of one equivalent of water. The process is of interest because it converts simple inexpensive feedstocks into more valuable products. Its main disadvantage is that the reaction produces mixtures.
Guerbet Reaction
Scope and applications
The original 1899 publication concerned the conversion of n-butanol to 2-ethylhexanol. 2-ethylhexanol is however more easily prepared by alternative methods (from butyraldehyde).
Instead, the Guerbet reaction is mainly applied to fatty alcohols to afford oily products, which are called Guerbet alcohols. They are of commercial interest to as components of cosmetics, plasticizers, and related applications. The reaction is conducted in the temperature range 180-360 °C, often in a sealed reactor. The reaction requires alkali metal hydroxides or alkoxides. Catalysts such as Raney Nickel are required to facilitate the hydrogen transfer steps.
While the Guerbet reaction is traditionally (and commercially) focused on fatty alcohols, it has been investigated for the dimerization of ethanol to butanol.
Organometallic catalysts have been investigated. A small amount of the diene 1,7-octadiene is required as a proton acceptor.
Guerbet Reaction Scope
Mechanism
The reaction mechanism for this reaction is a four-step sequence. In the first step the alcohol is oxidized to the aldehyde. These intermediates then react in an aldol condensation to the allyl aldehyde which the hydrogenation catalyst then reduces to the alcohol.
Guerbet Reaction Mechanism
The Cannizzaro reaction is a competing reaction when two aldehyde molecules react by disproportionation to form the corresponding alcohol and carboxylic acid. Another side reaction is the Tishchenko reaction.
See also
Oxo alcohols - a different reaction which gives similar products
Guerbet alcohols
2-Ethyl-1-butanol
2-Ethylhexanol
2-Propylheptan-1-ol
2-Butyl-1-octanol
2-Butyl-1-octanol
References
^ a b Noweck, Klaus; Grafahrend, Wolfgang (2006). "Fatty Alcohols". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_277.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
^
Marcel Guerbet (1909). "Condensation de l'alcool isopropylique avec son dérivé sodé; formation du méthylisobutylcarbinol et du diméthyl-2.4-heptanol-6". Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. 149: 129–132.
^ Wu, Lipeng; Moteki, Takahiko; Gokhale, Amit A.; Flaherty, David W.; Toste, F. Dean (2016). "Production of Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass: Condensation Reactions and Beyond". Chem. 1: 32. doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2016.05.002.
^ Toyomi Matsu-ura; Satoshi Sakaguchi; Yasushi Obora; Yasutaka Ishii (2006). "Guerbet Reaction of Primary Alcohols Leading to -Alkylated Dimer Alcohols Catalyzed by Iridium Complexes". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 71 (21): 8306–8308. doi:10.1021/jo061400t. PMID 17025333.
^ S. Veibel; J. I. Nielsen (1967). "On the mechanism of the Guerbet reaction". Tetrahedron. 23 (4): 1723–1733. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)82571-0.
External links
A Review of Guerbet Chemistry Anthony J. O’Lenick, Jr. https://web.archive.org/web/20110209074739/http://www.zenitech.com/ Link | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GuerbetReaction.png"}],"text":"Guerbet Reaction","title":"Guerbet reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"n-butanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Butanol"},{"link_name":"2-ethylhexanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-ethylhexanol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"butyraldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyraldehyde"},{"link_name":"fatty alcohols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_alcohol"},{"link_name":"alkoxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoxide"},{"link_name":"Catalysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"},{"link_name":"Raney Nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raney_Nickel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"diene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diene"},{"link_name":"1,7-octadiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,7-octadiene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GuerbetReactionScope.png"}],"text":"The original 1899 publication concerned the conversion of n-butanol to 2-ethylhexanol.[2] 2-ethylhexanol is however more easily prepared by alternative methods (from butyraldehyde).Instead, the Guerbet reaction is mainly applied to fatty alcohols to afford oily products, which are called Guerbet alcohols. They are of commercial interest to as components of cosmetics, plasticizers, and related applications. The reaction is conducted in the temperature range 180-360 °C, often in a sealed reactor. The reaction requires alkali metal hydroxides or alkoxides. Catalysts such as Raney Nickel are required to facilitate the hydrogen transfer steps.[1]While the Guerbet reaction is traditionally (and commercially) focused on fatty alcohols, it has been investigated for the dimerization of ethanol to butanol.[3]Organometallic catalysts have been investigated.[4] A small amount of the diene 1,7-octadiene is required as a proton acceptor.Guerbet Reaction Scope","title":"Scope and applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reaction mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_mechanism"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"oxidized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_oxidation"},{"link_name":"aldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde"},{"link_name":"aldol condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldol_condensation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guerbet_ReactionMechanism.png"},{"link_name":"Cannizzaro reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannizzaro_reaction"},{"link_name":"aldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde"},{"link_name":"disproportionation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disproportionation"},{"link_name":"carboxylic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid"},{"link_name":"Tishchenko reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tishchenko_reaction"}],"text":"The reaction mechanism for this reaction is a four-step sequence. In the first step the alcohol is oxidized to the aldehyde. These intermediates then react in an aldol condensation to the allyl aldehyde which the hydrogenation catalyst then reduces to the alcohol.[5]Guerbet Reaction MechanismThe Cannizzaro reaction is a competing reaction when two aldehyde molecules react by disproportionation to form the corresponding alcohol and carboxylic acid. Another side reaction is the Tishchenko reaction.","title":"Mechanism"}] | [{"image_text":"Guerbet Reaction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/GuerbetReaction.png/400px-GuerbetReaction.png"},{"image_text":"Guerbet Reaction Scope","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GuerbetReactionScope.png/400px-GuerbetReactionScope.png"},{"image_text":"Guerbet Reaction Mechanism","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Guerbet_ReactionMechanism.png/400px-Guerbet_ReactionMechanism.png"}] | [{"title":"Oxo alcohols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxo_alcohol"},{"title":"2-Ethyl-1-butanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Ethyl-1-butanol"},{"title":"2-Ethylhexanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Ethylhexanol"},{"title":"2-Propylheptan-1-ol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylheptyl_alcohol"},{"title":"2-Butyl-1-octanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2-Butyl-1-octanol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"2-Butyl-1-octanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2-Butyl-1-octanol&action=edit&redlink=1"}] | [{"reference":"Noweck, Klaus; Grafahrend, Wolfgang (2006). \"Fatty Alcohols\". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_277.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry","url_text":"Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a10_277.pub2","url_text":"10.1002/14356007.a10_277.pub2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732","url_text":"978-3527306732"}]},{"reference":"Marcel Guerbet (1909). \"Condensation de l'alcool isopropylique avec son dérivé sodé; formation du méthylisobutylcarbinol et du diméthyl-2.4-heptanol-6\". Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. 149: 129–132.","urls":[{"url":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3103r/f129.table","url_text":"\"Condensation de l'alcool isopropylique avec son dérivé sodé; formation du méthylisobutylcarbinol et du diméthyl-2.4-heptanol-6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptes_rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences","url_text":"Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences"}]},{"reference":"Wu, Lipeng; Moteki, Takahiko; Gokhale, Amit A.; Flaherty, David W.; Toste, F. Dean (2016). \"Production of Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass: Condensation Reactions and Beyond\". Chem. 1: 32. doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2016.05.002.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chempr.2016.05.002","url_text":"\"Production of Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass: Condensation Reactions and Beyond\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chempr.2016.05.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.chempr.2016.05.002"}]},{"reference":"Toyomi Matsu-ura; Satoshi Sakaguchi; Yasushi Obora; Yasutaka Ishii (2006). \"Guerbet Reaction of Primary Alcohols Leading to -Alkylated Dimer Alcohols Catalyzed by Iridium Complexes\". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 71 (21): 8306–8308. doi:10.1021/jo061400t. PMID 17025333.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Organic_Chemistry","url_text":"Journal of Organic Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo061400t","url_text":"10.1021/jo061400t"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17025333","url_text":"17025333"}]},{"reference":"S. Veibel; J. I. Nielsen (1967). \"On the mechanism of the Guerbet reaction\". Tetrahedron. 23 (4): 1723–1733. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)82571-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron_(journal)","url_text":"Tetrahedron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0040-4020%2801%2982571-0","url_text":"10.1016/S0040-4020(01)82571-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a10_277.pub2","external_links_name":"10.1002/14356007.a10_277.pub2"},{"Link":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3103r/f129.table","external_links_name":"\"Condensation de l'alcool isopropylique avec son dérivé sodé; formation du méthylisobutylcarbinol et du diméthyl-2.4-heptanol-6\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chempr.2016.05.002","external_links_name":"\"Production of Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass: Condensation Reactions and Beyond\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chempr.2016.05.002","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.chempr.2016.05.002"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo061400t","external_links_name":"10.1021/jo061400t"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17025333","external_links_name":"17025333"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0040-4020%2801%2982571-0","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0040-4020(01)82571-0"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110209074739/http://www.zenitech.com/","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110209074739/http://www.zenitech.com/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060318103037/http://www.zenitech.com/documents/guerbet_chemistry.pdf#search=%22Guerbet%20Reaction%22","external_links_name":"Link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_Mario | Can Mario Museum | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°55′08″N 3°09′58″E / 41.91889°N 3.16611°E / 41.91889; 3.16611The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Can Mario Museum" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Can Mario Museum is the Fundació Vila Casas Museum of Contemporary Sculpture in Palafrugell (Costa Brava). It was opened in 2004. It has around 220 works on show dating from the 1960s to the present day by a wide range of artists born or living in Catalonia. Temporary exhibitions are also held every year.
Temporary exhibitions are organised every year. Can Mario was a cork factory dating from the early 20th century and was one of the buildings of the Miquel & Vincke cork company. Today it is a place for contemplating art situated in the Plaça de Can Mario, where we can also find a modernista water tower and the Cork Museum.Museo Can Mario
Since April 2011, 33 sculptures by artists from the Empordà region of Catalonia have been placed in the Gardens of Can Mario, as permanent, open air exhibits. In October of the same year the Empordà Gallery was opened in the Museum, for holding temporary exhibitions of artists from the region.
References
^ "Ajuntament de Palafrugell, Can Mario". Archived from the original on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-01-14.
^ "Guia del Ocio, Can Mario". Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2014-01-14.
^ "Can Mario Museum of Contemporary Sculpture". costabrava.apartime.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-19. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
^ "Welcome to Cork Museum". museuscostabrava.cat. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
^ "Can Mario Museum, Palafrugell". fundaciovilacasas.com. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
^ "Can Mario Museum of Contemporary Sculpture / Museo de escultura contemporánea Can Mario". pinterest.com. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
^ Water Tower Can Mario
^ Cork Museum Palafrugell
^ "Can Mario Catalunya Cultura". Archived from the original on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-01-14.
^ Consell Comarcal del Baix Empordà (2016). "Museums and Collections of the Baix Empordà region" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-02. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
^ Sculpture Garden Opening
^ El Pais Sculpture Garden Opening
^ Empordà Gallery Artista en
External links
Can Mario Website, Fundació Vila Casas
Empordà Guia Can Mario
Visit Palafrugell Can Mario
vteList of museums and collections of the Baix Empordà region
The Gala Dalí Castle House-Museum (Púbol, La Pera)
The Archaeological Museum of Catalonia (Ullastret)
The Museum of the Mediterranean (Torroella de Montgrí)
The Fishing Museum (Palamós)
The Cork Museum (Palafrugell)
The Terracotta Ceramics Museum (La Bisbal d'Empordà)
The Sant Feliu de Guíxols History Museum (Sant Feliu de Guíxols)
The Maritime Rescue Museum (Sant Feliu de Guíxols)
The Carmen Thyssen Space (Sant Feliu de Guíxols)
The Josep Pla Foundation (Palafrugell)
The Cuixart Foundation (Palafrugell)
The Mascort Foundation (Torroella de Montgrí)
Can Mario Museum (Palafrugell)
Palau Solterra Museum (Torroella de Montgrí)
The House of Magic (Santa Cristina d'Aro)
Ca la Pruna - Culture Museum (Pals)
The Jam Museum (Torrent)
The Toy Museum (Sant Feliu de Guíxols)
The Doll Museum (Castell-Platja d'Aro)
The Rural Museum (Palau-sator)
The Enrique Sacristán Zarzuela Museum (Santa Cristina d'Aro)
The Gastronomy Interpretation Centre (Palafrugell)
The Sa Perola Interpretation Centre (Palafrugell)
The Historical site of Sant Sebastià de la Guarda (Palafrugell)
Nativity Dioramas in the Monastery of Solius (Santa Cristina d'Aro)
See also: Baix Empordà
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
41°55′08″N 3°09′58″E / 41.91889°N 3.16611°E / 41.91889; 3.16611 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fundació Vila Casas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundacio_Vila_Casas"},{"link_name":"Palafrugell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palafrugell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Costa Brava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Brava"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-costabrava-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-museuscostabrava-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fundaciovilacasas-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pinterest-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museo_Can_Mario.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Can Mario Museum is the Fundació Vila Casas Museum of Contemporary Sculpture in Palafrugell[1] (Costa Brava). It was opened in 2004. It has around 220 works on show dating from the 1960s to the present day by a wide range of artists born or living in Catalonia. Temporary exhibitions are also held every year.[2][3][4][5][6]Temporary exhibitions are organised every year. Can Mario was a cork factory dating from the early 20th century and was one of the buildings of the Miquel & Vincke cork company. Today it is a place for contemplating art situated in the Plaça de Can Mario, where we can also find a modernista water tower[7] and the Cork Museum.[8][9][10]Museo Can MarioSince April 2011, 33 sculptures[11][12] by artists from the Empordà region of Catalonia have been placed in the Gardens of Can Mario, as permanent, open air exhibits. In October of the same year the Empordà Gallery[13] was opened in the Museum, for holding temporary exhibitions of artists from the region.","title":"Can Mario Museum"}] | [{"image_text":"Museo Can Mario","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Museo_Can_Mario.jpg/220px-Museo_Can_Mario.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ajuntament de Palafrugell, Can Mario\". Archived from the original on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116075532/http://es.visitpalafrugell.cat/guia/serveis/fundacio-vila-casas-espai-can-mario#","url_text":"\"Ajuntament de Palafrugell, Can Mario\""},{"url":"http://es.visitpalafrugell.cat/guia/serveis/fundacio-vila-casas-espai-can-mario#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guia del Ocio, Can Mario\". Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Penzi | Liu Penzi | ["1 Family background","2 Being made emperor","3 As emperor","4 Post-surrender and death","5 References","6 Era name"] | Puppet emperor placed on the Han dynasty throne (25–27 AD) by the Red Eyebrows (Chimei) rebels
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Liu Penzi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Liu.
Liu PenziBorn10 ADDiedAfter 27 ADDynastyHan dynastyFatherLiu Meng
Liu Penzi (Chinese: 劉盆子; 10 AD – after 27 AD) was a puppet emperor placed on the Han dynasty throne temporarily by the Red Eyebrows (Chimei) rebels after the collapse of the Xin dynasty, from 25 to 27 AD. Liu Penzi and his two brothers were forced into the Red Eyebrows as child soldiers. When the Red Eyebrows submitted to the new Gengshi Emperor, his older brother Liu Gong fled to support the new emperor. Later, the Red Eyebrows rose again in rebellion and chose Liu Penzi as emperor. When they took Chang'an, Liu Penzi was officially Emperor of China, but he never had actual powers. When Liu Xiu definitively defeated the Red Eyebrows, he spared the 17-year-old puppet emperor.
Family background
Liu Penzi was a descendant of the Western Han prince Liu Zhang, Prince Jing of Chengyang, from whose principality many Chimei men came. The people of the principality had long worshipped Prince Jing as a god. Penzi's grandfather Liu Xian (劉憲) was created the Marquess of Shi by Emperor Yuan, and Penzi's father Liu Meng (劉萌) inherited the march after Marquess Xian's death. When Wang Mang usurped the Han throne and established the Xin Dynasty in 8, the march was abolished.
Penzi was the youngest of three brothers. His older brothers were Liu Gong (劉恭) and Liu Mao (劉茂). As Chimei forces rose late during the Xin Dynasty, the Liu brothers were forced into the Chimei to be child soldiers. Later, when the Chimei general Fan Chong (樊崇) temporarily submitted to Gengshi Emperor's authority after Gengshi Emperor overthrew Wang Mang, Liu Gong accompanied Fan to the capital, Luoyang, and was created the Marquess of Shi to inherit his father's title. He did not accompany Fan when Fan later fled from Luoyang back to the Chimei stronghold of Puyang (濮陽, in modern Puyang, Henan), but remained a follower of Gengshi Emperor. Mao and Penzi remained in the Chimei forces and were made cattlemen.
Being made emperor
As Chimei forces were on their way to overthrow the temporary Han emperor Gengshi Emperor in 25, they became convinced that they should find a descendant of Prince Zhang and make him emperor to inherit the Han throne. They found some 70 descendants of Liu Zhang, but only three were from the main line—the brothers Mao and Penzi, and another Liu Xiao (劉孝), the former Marquess of Xi'an. After drawing lots, Penzi was declared emperor. The 14-year-old Penzi was greatly scared when he saw all of the generals bow down to him, and he tried to destroy the lot he drew by chewing it in his mouth, but it was in vain; he was selected. Even after his selection, however, he had no power and remained a cattleman until the Chimei forces defeated Gengshi Emperor and entered the capital Chang'an later that year.
As emperor
The Chimei generals were as inept at ruling as they were capable in the battlefield. Initially, the people of the Guanzhong (關中, modern central Shaanxi) region submitted and offered tributes, but were surprised when the Chimei soldiers continuously robbed them on the way to Chang'an. The locals soon resumed maintaining and defending their outposts.
In 26, Liu Gong, seeing the dangers of the situation for his brother the emperor, decided to make one attempt to either put the situation under control or disengage his brother from the mess. At the New Year's Day imperial gathering, Liu Gong first spoke and asked that Emperor Penzi be allowed to yield the throne, and Emperor Penzi jumped off the throne, took the imperial seal off himself, and spoke while crying:
"Now there is an emperor, but everyone continues to act as robbers. The people hate us and do not trust us. This is because you chose the wrong Son of Heaven. Please return my body to me. But if you want to kill me to divert blame, then I must die."
Fan and the other leaders were ashamed, and they left their seats and bowed down to Emperor Penzi, apologizing for their failures. They physically forced Emperor Penzi back onto the throne and put the imperial seal back onto him. For weeks after the incident, the generals restrained their soldiers from unlawful acts, and the people praised Emperor Penzi as a merciful and brilliant emperor. However, after some time elapsed, the lawlessness returned. Soon, the food supplies were completely depleted, and the Chimei forces burned many Chang'an palaces and other buildings and pillaged the city, then marched west into the modern eastern Gansu region.
Soon, the Chimei were repelled by the local warlord Wei Xiao (隗囂) and forced to retreat east. After battles of attrition against Liu Xiu (Emperor Guangwu)'s forces, they were completely drained, and they surrendered to him in spring 27. Emperor Penzi yielded his title, and Emperor Guangwu, aware that he did not have any actual powers, spared him.
Post-surrender and death
Emperor Guangwu made Penzi an assistant to his uncle Liu Liang (劉良), the Prince of Zhao. Later, Liu Penzi suffered an illness that blinded him, and Liu Xiu gave him a large swath of farmland, allowing him to survive on the rent from the farms for the rest of his life.
He died after 27 AD, but the exact date of his death is currently unknown.
References
^
"Sinan Period". Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-16. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ a b c d
Ulrich Theobald (2005-12-17). "Chinese History - Han Dynasty". Ulrich Theobald. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
Beck, B. J. Mansvelt (1990). Treatises of Later Han. Brill. p. 188. ISBN 90-04-08895-4.
Kohn, Livia (2000). Daoism Handbook. Brill. p. 136. ISBN 9004112081.
Era name
Jianshi (建始), 25–27
Emperor PenziHouse of Liu
Titles in pretence
Preceded byGengshi Emperor
— TITULAR — Emperor of China Chimei claimant25–27Reason for succession failure:Collapse of Chimei
Succeeded byEmperor Guangwu of Han
vteEmperors of the Han dynastyHan dynastyWestern Han
Gaozu
Hui
Empress Lü
Qianshao
Houshao
Wen
Jing
Wu
Zhao
Liu He
Xuan
Yuan
Cheng
Ai
Ping
Ruzi
漢(Xin dynasty)
(Wang Mang)
Lülin and Chimei
Gengshi
Liu Penzi
Eastern Han
Guangwu
Ming
Zhang
He
Shang
An
Marquess of Beixiang
Shun
Chong
Zhi
Huan
Ling
Liu Bian
Xian
Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → ROC / PRC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thinkquest-1"},{"link_name":"emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_China"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Red Eyebrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Eyebrows"},{"link_name":"Xin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xin_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Gengshi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gengshi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Liu Xiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xin-2"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Liu.Liu Penzi (Chinese: 劉盆子; 10 AD – after 27 AD)[1] was a puppet emperor placed on the Han dynasty throne temporarily by the Red Eyebrows (Chimei) rebels after the collapse of the Xin dynasty, from 25 to 27 AD. Liu Penzi and his two brothers were forced into the Red Eyebrows as child soldiers. When the Red Eyebrows submitted to the new Gengshi Emperor, his older brother Liu Gong fled to support the new emperor. Later, the Red Eyebrows rose again in rebellion and chose Liu Penzi as emperor. When they took Chang'an, Liu Penzi was officially Emperor of China, but he never had actual powers. When Liu Xiu definitively defeated the Red Eyebrows, he spared the 17-year-old puppet emperor.[2]","title":"Liu Penzi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liu Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Zhang_(Han_prince)"},{"link_name":"Emperor Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Wang Mang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Mang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xin-2"},{"link_name":"Fan Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fan_Chong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gengshi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gengshi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Luoyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyang"},{"link_name":"Puyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyang"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"}],"text":"Liu Penzi was a descendant of the Western Han prince Liu Zhang, Prince Jing of Chengyang, from whose principality many Chimei men came. The people of the principality had long worshipped Prince Jing as a god. Penzi's grandfather Liu Xian (劉憲) was created the Marquess of Shi by Emperor Yuan, and Penzi's father Liu Meng (劉萌) inherited the march after Marquess Xian's death. When Wang Mang usurped the Han throne and established the Xin Dynasty in 8, the march was abolished.[2]Penzi was the youngest of three brothers. His older brothers were Liu Gong (劉恭) and Liu Mao (劉茂). As Chimei forces rose late during the Xin Dynasty, the Liu brothers were forced into the Chimei to be child soldiers. Later, when the Chimei general Fan Chong (樊崇) temporarily submitted to Gengshi Emperor's authority after Gengshi Emperor overthrew Wang Mang, Liu Gong accompanied Fan to the capital, Luoyang, and was created the Marquess of Shi to inherit his father's title. He did not accompany Fan when Fan later fled from Luoyang back to the Chimei stronghold of Puyang (濮陽, in modern Puyang, Henan), but remained a follower of Gengshi Emperor. Mao and Penzi remained in the Chimei forces and were made cattlemen.","title":"Family background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gengshi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gengshi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Chang'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xin-2"}],"text":"As Chimei forces were on their way to overthrow the temporary Han emperor Gengshi Emperor in 25, they became convinced that they should find a descendant of Prince Zhang and make him emperor to inherit the Han throne. They found some 70 descendants of Liu Zhang, but only three were from the main line—the brothers Mao and Penzi, and another Liu Xiao (劉孝), the former Marquess of Xi'an. After drawing lots, Penzi was declared emperor. The 14-year-old Penzi was greatly scared when he saw all of the generals bow down to him, and he tried to destroy the lot he drew by chewing it in his mouth, but it was in vain; he was selected. Even after his selection, however, he had no power and remained a cattleman until the Chimei forces defeated Gengshi Emperor and entered the capital Chang'an later that year.[2]","title":"Being made emperor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Son of Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_China"},{"link_name":"Liu Xiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xin-2"}],"text":"The Chimei generals were as inept at ruling as they were capable in the battlefield. Initially, the people of the Guanzhong (關中, modern central Shaanxi) region submitted and offered tributes, but were surprised when the Chimei soldiers continuously robbed them on the way to Chang'an. The locals soon resumed maintaining and defending their outposts.In 26, Liu Gong, seeing the dangers of the situation for his brother the emperor, decided to make one attempt to either put the situation under control or disengage his brother from the mess. At the New Year's Day imperial gathering, Liu Gong first spoke and asked that Emperor Penzi be allowed to yield the throne, and Emperor Penzi jumped off the throne, took the imperial seal off himself, and spoke while crying:\"Now there is an emperor, but everyone continues to act as robbers. The people hate us and do not trust us. This is because you chose the wrong Son of Heaven. Please return my body to me. But if you want to kill me to divert blame, then I must die.\"Fan and the other leaders were ashamed, and they left their seats and bowed down to Emperor Penzi, apologizing for their failures. They physically forced Emperor Penzi back onto the throne and put the imperial seal back onto him. For weeks after the incident, the generals restrained their soldiers from unlawful acts, and the people praised Emperor Penzi as a merciful and brilliant emperor. However, after some time elapsed, the lawlessness returned. Soon, the food supplies were completely depleted, and the Chimei forces burned many Chang'an palaces and other buildings and pillaged the city, then marched west into the modern eastern Gansu region.Soon, the Chimei were repelled by the local warlord Wei Xiao (隗囂) and forced to retreat east. After battles of attrition against Liu Xiu (Emperor Guangwu)'s forces, they were completely drained, and they surrendered to him in spring 27.[2] Emperor Penzi yielded his title, and Emperor Guangwu, aware that he did not have any actual powers, spared him.","title":"As emperor"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Emperor Guangwu made Penzi an assistant to his uncle Liu Liang (劉良), the Prince of Zhao. Later, Liu Penzi suffered an illness that blinded him, and Liu Xiu gave him a large swath of farmland, allowing him to survive on the rent from the farms for the rest of his life.He died after 27 AD, but the exact date of his death is currently unknown.","title":"Post-surrender and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Han_emperors"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Han_emperors"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Han_emperors"},{"link_name":"Emperors of the Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Western Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Han"},{"link_name":"Gaozu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Empress Lü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Qianshao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Qianshao_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Houshao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Houshao_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Jing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Zhao_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Liu He","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Haihun"},{"link_name":"Xuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Cheng_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Ai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ai_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Ping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ping_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Ruzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruzi_Ying"},{"link_name":"Xin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xin_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Wang Mang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Mang"},{"link_name":"Lülin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BClin"},{"link_name":"Chimei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Eyebrows"},{"link_name":"Gengshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gengshi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Liu Penzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Eastern Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Han"},{"link_name":"Guangwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Zhang_of_Han"},{"link_name":"He","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_He_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Shang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Shang_of_Han"},{"link_name":"An","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_An_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Beixiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Beixiang"},{"link_name":"Shun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Shun_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Chong_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Zhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Zhi_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Huan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Huan_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ling_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Liu Bian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bian"},{"link_name":"Xian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xian_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Xia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia"},{"link_name":"Shang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang"},{"link_name":"Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin"},{"link_name":"Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Han_emperors"},{"link_name":"3 Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors"},{"link_name":"Jìn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)"},{"link_name":"16 Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers"},{"link_name":"S. Dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors"},{"link_name":"N. Dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors"},{"link_name":"Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors"},{"link_name":"Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors"},{"link_name":"5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers"},{"link_name":"Liao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors"},{"link_name":"Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Song_emperors"},{"link_name":"W. Xia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors"},{"link_name":"Jīn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)"},{"link_name":"Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors"},{"link_name":"Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors"},{"link_name":"Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors"},{"link_name":"ROC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"PRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"}],"text":"Jianshi (建始), 25–27vteEmperors of the Han dynastyHan dynastyWestern Han\nGaozu\nHui\nEmpress Lü\nQianshao\nHoushao\nWen\nJing\nWu\nZhao\nLiu He\nXuan\nYuan\nCheng\nAi\nPing\nRuzi\n漢(Xin dynasty)\n(Wang Mang)\nLülin and Chimei\nGengshi\nLiu Penzi\nEastern Han\nGuangwu\nMing\nZhang\nHe\nShang\nAn\nMarquess of Beixiang\nShun\nChong\nZhi\nHuan\nLing\nLiu Bian\nXian\nXia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → ROC / PRC","title":"Era name"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sinan Period\". Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-16. Retrieved 2007-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070716060158/http://library.thinkquest.org/C006324/han.htm","url_text":"\"Sinan Period\""},{"url":"http://library.thinkquest.org/C006324/han.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ulrich Theobald (2005-12-17). \"Chinese History - Han Dynasty\". Ulrich Theobald. Retrieved 2007-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/han-event.html#xin","url_text":"\"Chinese History - Han Dynasty\""}]},{"reference":"Beck, B. J. Mansvelt (1990). Treatises of Later Han. Brill. p. 188. ISBN 90-04-08895-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-v_41CYr92wC&dq=liu+penzi&pg=PA188","url_text":"Treatises of Later Han"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08895-4","url_text":"90-04-08895-4"}]},{"reference":"Kohn, Livia (2000). Daoism Handbook. Brill. p. 136. ISBN 9004112081.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EXVk1tr6lEYC&dq=liu+penzi&pg=PA136","url_text":"Daoism Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004112081","url_text":"9004112081"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Liu+Penzi%22","external_links_name":"\"Liu Penzi\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Liu+Penzi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Liu+Penzi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Liu+Penzi%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Liu+Penzi%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Liu+Penzi%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070716060158/http://library.thinkquest.org/C006324/han.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sinan Period\""},{"Link":"http://library.thinkquest.org/C006324/han.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/han-event.html#xin","external_links_name":"\"Chinese History - Han Dynasty\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-v_41CYr92wC&dq=liu+penzi&pg=PA188","external_links_name":"Treatises of Later Han"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EXVk1tr6lEYC&dq=liu+penzi&pg=PA136","external_links_name":"Daoism Handbook"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCVNGR | SCVNGR | ["1 History","2 Description","3 Examples of SCVNGR use in education","4 Funding","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | SCVNGRType of businessPrivateType of siteSocial GamingAvailable inEnglishHeadquartersCambridge, Massachusetts, United StatesArea servedWorldwideFounder(s)Seth PriebatschEmployees60URLwww.scvngr.comRegistrationRequiredCurrent statusOffline
SCVNGR (SCaVeNGeR) was a social location-based gaming platform for mobile phones. SCVNGR was part game, part game platform.
History
SCVNGR was founded by Seth Priebatsch.
In February 2011, it was speculated that SCVNGR had reached over 1 million users. In March 2011, SCVNGR launched LevelUp, a mobile payments platform to increase engagement and loyalty at local businesses. The SCVNGR Android app was silently pulled out of Google Play store sometime in early 2012.
As of 2021, scvngr.com redirects to thelevelup.com, a spinoff company and product that was acquired by GrubHub in 2018.
Description
The application had both a consumer and enterprise component. Companies, educational institutions, and organizations could build challenges, the core unit of their game, at places on SCVNGR from the web. The service also supported SMS. SCVNGR built a game "layer" on top of the world.
Players could earn points by going places and doing challenges, and could broadcast where they were and their activities to their friends on Facebook and Twitter. By doing challenges, players could unlock badges and real-world rewards, such as discounts or free items. By June 2010, over 1000 companies, educational institutions, and organizations had built on SCVNGR by creating challenges (and often rewards) at their locations.
Examples of SCVNGR use in education
At educational institutions, SCVNGR was mostly utilized as a tool for orientation for prospective and new students to college campuses (for example at the University of Louisville in Kentucky). Rather than having a traditional tour guide approach to orientation, colleges used the SCVNGR application to entice students to visit places they want students to know about, to receive rewards and as an icebreaker for meeting new people. The app was also used for orientation to campus libraries; for example, librarians from Boise State University and Oregon State University have created SCVNGR hunts and documented its use for library introductions for international students and bibliographic instruction.
Funding
In June 2008 the company raised a $35k Seed round with DreamIt Ventures.
In August 2009 a $750k round was raised with Highland Capital Partners.
In January 2010 a $4M Series B round was raised with Google Ventures, Highland Capital Partners and DreamIT Ventures.
In January 2011 an additional $15M round was raised with Google Ventures, Balderton Capital, and Highland Capital
In June 2012 a $12M Series D round was raised with Google Ventures, Transmedia Capital, Highland Capital Partners, and Balderton Capital – and in August of the same year an additional $9M Series D round was raised with T-Venture.
See also
Geosocial networking
Gowalla
Location-based game
Social network game
Gbanga
References
^ "America's Most Productive CEOs: Seth Priebatsch of SCVNGR". Inc.com. 2010-03-01. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
^ Zaki Usman (2011-02-23). "SCVNGR may have 1 Million users". shoutEx.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-26. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
^ "SCVNGR's New Mobile Payment Solution LevelUp Goes Device Agnostic With A Web App". TechCrunch. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
^ Kincaid, Jason (10 March 2011). "SCVNGR Launches Spinoff LevelUp: Daily Deals Meet Location-Based Gaming". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
^ Ha, Anthony (25 July 2018). "Grubhub acquires payments and loyalty company LevelUp for $390M". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
^ "2009 Finalists: America's Best Young Entrepreneurs: SCVNGR - BusinessWeek". Images.businessweek.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
^ "Forbes.com Video Network | BreakOut!: Tech-Savvy Scavengers". Video.forbes.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-28. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
^ "Clients". SCVNGR. Archived from the original on 2010-12-28. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
^ "SCVNGR for Universities". SCVNGR. Archived from the original on 2011-12-28. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
^ Amy E. Vecchione and Margaret Mellinger (February 2011). "Beyond Foursquare: Library Treks with SCVNGR". HandHeld Librarian IV. Archived from the original on 2018-12-09. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
^ Jason Kincaid Dec 24, 2009 (December 24, 2009). "SCVNGR Raises $4 Million From Google Ventures". Techcrunch.com. Archived from the original on August 13, 2011. Retrieved December 28, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "SCVNGR Inc". Bloomberg.
External links
Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived 2014-09-26) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_game"},{"link_name":"location-based gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location-based_game"},{"link_name":"mobile phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"}],"text":"SCVNGR (SCaVeNGeR) was a social location-based gaming platform for mobile phones. SCVNGR was part game, part game platform.","title":"SCVNGR"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shoutEx-2"},{"link_name":"LevelUp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LevelUp"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Android app","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_app"},{"link_name":"Google Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play"},{"link_name":"why?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"thelevelup.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LevelUp"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"SCVNGR was founded by Seth Priebatsch.[1]In February 2011, it was speculated that SCVNGR had reached over 1 million users.[2] In March 2011, SCVNGR launched LevelUp, a mobile payments platform to increase engagement and loyalty at local businesses.[3] The SCVNGR Android app was silently pulled out of Google Play store[why?] sometime in early 2012.As of 2021, scvngr.com redirects to thelevelup.com, a spinoff company and product[4] that was acquired by GrubHub in 2018.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The application had both a consumer and enterprise component. Companies, educational institutions, and organizations could build challenges, the core unit of their game, at places on SCVNGR from the web. The service also supported SMS.[6][7] SCVNGR built a game \"layer\" on top of the world.Players could earn points by going places and doing challenges, and could broadcast where they were and their activities to their friends on Facebook and Twitter. By doing challenges, players could unlock badges and real-world rewards, such as discounts or free items. By June 2010, over 1000 companies, educational institutions, and organizations had built on SCVNGR by creating challenges (and often rewards) at their locations.[8]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_orientation"},{"link_name":"University of Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Louisville"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"icebreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker_(facilitation)"},{"link_name":"Boise State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise_State_University"},{"link_name":"Oregon State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_University"},{"link_name":"bibliographic instruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographic_instruction"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"At educational institutions, SCVNGR was mostly utilized as a tool for orientation for prospective and new students to college campuses (for example at the University of Louisville in Kentucky[9]). Rather than having a traditional tour guide approach to orientation, colleges used the SCVNGR application to entice students to visit places they want students to know about, to receive rewards and as an icebreaker for meeting new people. The app was also used for orientation to campus libraries; for example, librarians from Boise State University and Oregon State University have created SCVNGR hunts and documented its use for library introductions for international students and bibliographic instruction.[10]","title":"Examples of SCVNGR use in education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Google Ventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Ventures"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-techcrunch-11"},{"link_name":"Balderton Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balderton_Capital"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In June 2008 the company raised a $35k Seed round with DreamIt Ventures.\nIn August 2009 a $750k round was raised with Highland Capital Partners.\nIn January 2010 a $4M Series B round was raised with Google Ventures,[11] Highland Capital Partners and DreamIT Ventures.\nIn January 2011 an additional $15M round was raised with Google Ventures, Balderton Capital, and Highland Capital\nIn June 2012 a $12M Series D round was raised with Google Ventures, Transmedia Capital, Highland Capital Partners, and Balderton Capital – and in August of the same year an additional $9M Series D round was raised with T-Venture.[12]","title":"Funding"}] | [] | [{"title":"Geosocial networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosocial_networking"},{"title":"Gowalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowalla"},{"title":"Location-based game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location-based_game"},{"title":"Social network game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_game"},{"title":"Gbanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbanga"}] | [{"reference":"\"America's Most Productive CEOs: Seth Priebatsch of SCVNGR\". Inc.com. 2010-03-01. Retrieved 2022-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inc.com/magazine/20100301/the-engager-seth-priebatsch-scvngr.html","url_text":"\"America's Most Productive CEOs: Seth Priebatsch of SCVNGR\""}]},{"reference":"Zaki Usman (2011-02-23). \"SCVNGR may have 1 Million users\". shoutEx.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-26. Retrieved 2011-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoutex.com/blog/location-based-mobile-apps-scvngr-flowd-spyami/","url_text":"\"SCVNGR may have 1 Million users\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110226021740/http://shoutex.com/blog/location-based-mobile-apps-scvngr-flowd-spyami/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SCVNGR's New Mobile Payment Solution LevelUp Goes Device Agnostic With A Web App\". TechCrunch. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 2022-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://social.techcrunch.com/2011/12/08/scvngrs-new-mobile-payment-solution-levelup-goes-device-agnostic-with-a-web-app/","url_text":"\"SCVNGR's New Mobile Payment Solution LevelUp Goes Device Agnostic With A Web App\""}]},{"reference":"Kincaid, Jason (10 March 2011). \"SCVNGR Launches Spinoff LevelUp: Daily Deals Meet Location-Based Gaming\". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110312023819/https://techcrunch.com/2011/03/10/scvngr-launches-spinoff-levelup-daily-deals-meet-location-based-gaming/","url_text":"\"SCVNGR Launches Spinoff LevelUp: Daily Deals Meet Location-Based Gaming\""},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2011/03/10/scvngr-launches-spinoff-levelup-daily-deals-meet-location-based-gaming/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ha, Anthony (25 July 2018). \"Grubhub acquires payments and loyalty company LevelUp for $390M\". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180725165318/https://techcrunch.com/2018/07/25/grubhub-acquires-levelup/","url_text":"\"Grubhub acquires payments and loyalty company LevelUp for $390M\""},{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/07/25/grubhub-acquires-levelup/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Finalists: America's Best Young Entrepreneurs: SCVNGR - BusinessWeek\". Images.businessweek.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2010-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101214055339/http://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/10/1009_entrepreneurs_25_and_under/19.htm","url_text":"\"2009 Finalists: America's Best Young Entrepreneurs: SCVNGR - BusinessWeek\""},{"url":"http://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/10/1009_entrepreneurs_25_and_under/19.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes.com Video Network | BreakOut!: Tech-Savvy Scavengers\". Video.forbes.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-28. Retrieved 2010-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101228131528/http://video.forbes.com/fvn/breakout/city-wide-board-games","url_text":"\"Forbes.com Video Network | BreakOut!: Tech-Savvy Scavengers\""},{"url":"https://video.forbes.com/fvn/breakout/city-wide-board-games","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Clients\". SCVNGR. Archived from the original on 2010-12-28. Retrieved 2010-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scvngr.com/clients","url_text":"\"Clients\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101228194741/http://scvngr.com/clients","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SCVNGR for Universities\". SCVNGR. Archived from the original on 2011-12-28. Retrieved 2012-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scvngr.com/university","url_text":"\"SCVNGR for Universities\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111228223021/http://www.scvngr.com/university","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Amy E. Vecchione and Margaret Mellinger (February 2011). \"Beyond Foursquare: Library Treks with SCVNGR\". HandHeld Librarian IV. Archived from the original on 2018-12-09. Retrieved 2012-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://works.bepress.com/amy_vecchione/23","url_text":"\"Beyond Foursquare: Library Treks with SCVNGR\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181209212638/https://works.bepress.com/amy_vecchione/23/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jason Kincaid Dec 24, 2009 (December 24, 2009). \"SCVNGR Raises $4 Million From Google Ventures\". Techcrunch.com. Archived from the original on August 13, 2011. Retrieved December 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2009/12/24/scvngr-google/","url_text":"\"SCVNGR Raises $4 Million From Google Ventures\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110813053331/http://techcrunch.com/2009/12/24/scvngr-google/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SCVNGR Inc\". Bloomberg.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/4529248Z:US","url_text":"\"SCVNGR Inc\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.scvngr.com/","external_links_name":"www.scvngr.com"},{"Link":"https://www.inc.com/magazine/20100301/the-engager-seth-priebatsch-scvngr.html","external_links_name":"\"America's Most Productive CEOs: Seth Priebatsch of SCVNGR\""},{"Link":"http://shoutex.com/blog/location-based-mobile-apps-scvngr-flowd-spyami/","external_links_name":"\"SCVNGR may have 1 Million users\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110226021740/http://shoutex.com/blog/location-based-mobile-apps-scvngr-flowd-spyami/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://social.techcrunch.com/2011/12/08/scvngrs-new-mobile-payment-solution-levelup-goes-device-agnostic-with-a-web-app/","external_links_name":"\"SCVNGR's New Mobile Payment Solution LevelUp Goes Device Agnostic With A Web App\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110312023819/https://techcrunch.com/2011/03/10/scvngr-launches-spinoff-levelup-daily-deals-meet-location-based-gaming/","external_links_name":"\"SCVNGR Launches Spinoff LevelUp: Daily Deals Meet Location-Based Gaming\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2011/03/10/scvngr-launches-spinoff-levelup-daily-deals-meet-location-based-gaming/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180725165318/https://techcrunch.com/2018/07/25/grubhub-acquires-levelup/","external_links_name":"\"Grubhub acquires payments and loyalty company LevelUp for $390M\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2018/07/25/grubhub-acquires-levelup/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101214055339/http://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/10/1009_entrepreneurs_25_and_under/19.htm","external_links_name":"\"2009 Finalists: America's Best Young Entrepreneurs: SCVNGR - BusinessWeek\""},{"Link":"http://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/10/1009_entrepreneurs_25_and_under/19.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101228131528/http://video.forbes.com/fvn/breakout/city-wide-board-games","external_links_name":"\"Forbes.com Video Network | BreakOut!: Tech-Savvy Scavengers\""},{"Link":"https://video.forbes.com/fvn/breakout/city-wide-board-games","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.scvngr.com/clients","external_links_name":"\"Clients\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101228194741/http://scvngr.com/clients","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.scvngr.com/university","external_links_name":"\"SCVNGR for Universities\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111228223021/http://www.scvngr.com/university","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://works.bepress.com/amy_vecchione/23","external_links_name":"\"Beyond Foursquare: Library Treks with SCVNGR\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181209212638/https://works.bepress.com/amy_vecchione/23/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2009/12/24/scvngr-google/","external_links_name":"\"SCVNGR Raises $4 Million From Google Ventures\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110813053331/http://techcrunch.com/2009/12/24/scvngr-google/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/4529248Z:US","external_links_name":"\"SCVNGR Inc\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140926024846/http://www.scvngr.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopnik | Gopnik | ["1 Etymology","2 Stereotypical appearance and behaviour","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Russian and Eastern European term for delinquent
For people with this surname, see Gopnik (surname).
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A Russian gopnik squats in a stairwell in a khrushchyovka building (2016)
A gopnik (Russian: гопник, romanized: gopnik, pronounced ; Ukrainian: гопник, romanized: hopnyk; Belarusian: гопнік, romanized: hopnik) is a member of a delinquent subculture in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and in other former Soviet republics—a young man (or a woman, a gopnitsa) of working-class background who usually lives in suburban areas and comes from a family of poor education and income.
The collective noun is gopota (Russian: гопота). The subculture of gopota has its roots in working-class communities in the late Russian Empire and gradually emerged underground during the later half of the 20th century in many cities in the Soviet Union. It was the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, during the collapse of the Soviet Union and its associated rise in poverty, that saw the gopota subculture truly come to fruition and flourish.
These years—between the late 1980s and roughly 2001—were the time when the gopota subculture was at its greatest extent, though it remained prevalent, albeit in decline, throughout much of the former Soviet space into the 2000s. As of the late 2010s, the subculture has faded for the most part, although youth gangs (such as the A.U.E.) that resemble gopota still exist in Russia and in other Slavic and Baltic countries.
Etymology
Folk etymology connects the word to the GOP, the acronym for the Gorodskoye Obshezhitie Proletariata (Local dormitory for proletariat). These were almshouses for the destitute created by the Bolshevik government after the October Revolution in 1917.
A more plausible origin is the onomatopoeic гоп (gop), which represents a swift act of grabbing or striking, likely via the slang term го́пать (gopat'), which means to mug or rob.
According to the Russian Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary, first published in the 19th century, an old slang word for "sleeping on streets" was "гопать" (gopat', literally "to gop") something that was related to the "mazuricks" or the criminals of Saint Petersburg.
One of the first appearances of "gopnik" in written text is in Zoopark's 1984 song Gopniki.
Stereotypical appearance and behaviour
Typical Russian gopniks from the city of Tyumen, early 2000sGopniks are often seen wearing Adidas or Puma tracksuits, which were popularized by the 1980 Moscow Olympics Soviet team. Sunflower seeds (colloquially semki or semechki ) are habitually eaten by gopniks, especially in Ukraine and Russia.
The subculture is stereotypically associated with Russian chanson music, specifically the blatnaya pesnya subgenre. Since the mid-2010s, gopniks have been associated with hardbass music in internet memes and viral videos.
Some gopniks have Russian nationalism or Pan-Slavism as their primary political views, though there are also leftist, far-right and even neo-Nazi gopnik communities. In Russia, some gopniks hold strong anti-Western views and often show admiration to the Putin regime.
Gopniks are often seen squatting in groups "in court" (на кортах, na kortakh) or "doing the crab" (на крабе, na krabe) outside blocks of flats or schools with their heels on the ground. It is described as a learned behavior, attributed to Russian and Soviet prison culture to avoid sitting on the cold ground. They are also stereotyped as being prone to substance and alcohol abuse, crime and hooliganism.
See also
Similar subcultures by country include:
Bogan and eshay (Australia/New Zealand)
Chav (United Kingdom)
Cocalar/Bombardier (Romania)
Dresiarz (Poland)
Dizelaš (Serbia)
Hamalli (Malta)
Ned (Scotland)
Preman (Indonesia)
Raskol (Papua New Guinea)
Redneck (United States)
Apaçi/Keko (Turkey)
Flaite (Chile)
Mat rempit (Malaysia)
Narcos (Mexico)
Skeet (Newfoundland, Canada)
Ah Beng (Singapore)
Raggare (Sweden)
Kagouras (Greece)
Tokkie (Netherlands)
Trẻ Trâu (Vietnam)
References
^ Russian plural гопники (gopniki), also гопота (gopota), and гопари (gopari). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y90yaLFoYoA Archived 2020-03-27 at the Wayback Machine
^ Beiträge der Europäischen Slavistischen Linguistik (POLYSLAV)., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y90yaLFoYoA Archived 2020-03-27 at the Wayback Machine Volume 8, 2005, ISBN 3-87690-924-4, p. 237 Archived 2016-05-08 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Michele A. Berdy (2014-04-10). "Thugs, Rednecks, Nationalists: Understanding Russia's Gopnik Culture". Moscow Times.Anastasiya Fedorova (2014-07-30). "An Ode to Russia's Ugly, Mean Suburbs". Moscow Times.
^ "Slav Squat – Russian Disturbing Street Trend". Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
^ "Russia's original gangstas: meet the gopniki". 22 July 2011. Archived from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
^ RIR, specially for (2016-03-30). "Who are Russia's 'gopniks'?". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
^ "Британский исследовательский центр предлагает отказаться от слова "гопник"". Англия, Великобритания: энциклопедия, новости, фото. Всё об Англии и про Англию. Аделанта. July 17, 2008. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
^ "Opinion: Can Slav and gopnik memes do real damage?". The Calvert Journal. 13 December 2016.
^ "Why is Adidas so Popular Among Russians?". 4 January 2015. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
^ a b "Russian Gopniks: How to look like you belong". 9 October 2019.
^ "Russia's Hard Bass Scene is Completely Insane". 12 April 2013.
^ Yegorov, Oleg (2017-12-22). "Russian hard bass: How a musical monstrosity went viral". www.rbth.com. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
^ Anastasiia Fedorova (2014-05-28). "Russia's suburbs lack charm ... which may be why they're creative hotspots". Guardian. Archived from the original on 2020-01-15. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
^ Flynn, Moya; Kay, Rebecca; Oldfield, Jonathan D. (1 June 2008). Trans-national issues, local concerns and meanings of post-socialism: insights from Russia, Central Eastern Europe, and beyond. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0761840558. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017 – via Google Books.
^ a b Ханипов Р. «Гопники» – значение понятия, и элементы репрезентации субкультуры «гопников» в России // "Social Identities in Transforming Societies"
External links
Media related to Gopnik at Wikimedia Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gopnik (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopnik_(surname)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg"},{"link_name":"khrushchyovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrushchyovka"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"[ˈɡopnʲɪk]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"delinquent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency"},{"link_name":"subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"former Soviet republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_states"},{"link_name":"working-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working-class"},{"link_name":"suburban areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moscowtimes-3"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"collapse of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"youth gangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_gangs"},{"link_name":"A.U.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.U.E."},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_countries"},{"link_name":"Baltic countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_states"}],"text":"For people with this surname, see Gopnik (surname).A Russian gopnik squats in a stairwell in a khrushchyovka building (2016)A gopnik (Russian: гопник, romanized: gopnik, pronounced [ˈɡopnʲɪk]; Ukrainian: гопник, romanized: hopnyk; Belarusian: гопнік, romanized: hopnik)[1] is a member of a delinquent subculture in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and in other former Soviet republics—a young man (or a woman, a gopnitsa) of working-class background who usually lives in suburban areas[2] and comes from a family of poor education and income.[3]The collective noun is gopota (Russian: гопота). The subculture of gopota has its roots in working-class communities in the late Russian Empire and gradually emerged underground during the later half of the 20th century in many cities in the Soviet Union.[4][5] It was the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, during the collapse of the Soviet Union and its associated rise in poverty, that saw the gopota subculture truly come to fruition and flourish.[6]These years—between the late 1980s and roughly 2001—were the time when the gopota subculture was at its greatest extent, though it remained prevalent, albeit in decline, throughout much of the former Soviet space into the 2000s. As of the late 2010s, the subculture has faded for the most part, although youth gangs (such as the A.U.E.) that resemble gopota still exist in Russia and in other Slavic and Baltic countries.","title":"Gopnik"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Folk etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_etymology"},{"link_name":"acronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym"},{"link_name":"almshouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almshouse"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"onomatopoeic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopoeia"},{"link_name":"гоп","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BF#Russian"},{"link_name":"го́пать","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C#Russian"},{"link_name":"Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanatory_Dictionary_of_the_Living_Great_Russian_Language"},{"link_name":"sleeping on streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"mazuricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratva"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brit-7"},{"link_name":"Zoopark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoopark_(band)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Folk etymology connects the word to the GOP, the acronym for the Gorodskoye Obshezhitie Proletariata (Local dormitory for proletariat). These were almshouses for the destitute created by the Bolshevik government after the October Revolution in 1917.A more plausible origin is the onomatopoeic гоп (gop), which represents a swift act of grabbing or striking, likely via the slang term го́пать (gopat'), which means to mug or rob.According to the Russian Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary, first published in the 19th century, an old slang word for \"sleeping on streets\" was \"гопать\" (gopat', literally \"to gop\") something that was related to the \"mazuricks\" or the criminals of Saint Petersburg.[7]One of the first appearances of \"gopnik\" in written text is in Zoopark's 1984 song Gopniki.[8]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gopniks,_or_delinquent_low-key_criminals.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tyumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyumen"},{"link_name":"Adidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidas"},{"link_name":"Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_(brand)"},{"link_name":"1980 Moscow Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Moscow_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbth-10"},{"link_name":"Sunflower seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_seed"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbth-10"},{"link_name":"Russian chanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_chanson"},{"link_name":"blatnaya pesnya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blatnaya_pesnya"},{"link_name":"hardbass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardbass"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Russian nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Pan-Slavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Slavism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"leftist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"far-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_politics"},{"link_name":"neo-Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Nazism"},{"link_name":"anti-Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment"},{"link_name":"Putin regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moscowtimes-3"},{"link_name":"squatting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting_position"},{"link_name":"flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrushchyovka"},{"link_name":"heels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heels"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gop-15"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_prisons"},{"link_name":"Soviet prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag"},{"link_name":"substance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse"},{"link_name":"alcohol abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_crime"},{"link_name":"hooliganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooliganism#In_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gop-15"}],"text":"Typical Russian gopniks from the city of Tyumen, early 2000sGopniks are often seen wearing Adidas or Puma tracksuits, which were popularized by the 1980 Moscow Olympics Soviet team.[9][10] Sunflower seeds (colloquially semki [семки] or semechki [семечки]) are habitually eaten by gopniks, especially in Ukraine and Russia.[10]The subculture is stereotypically associated with Russian chanson music, specifically the blatnaya pesnya subgenre. Since the mid-2010s, gopniks have been associated with hardbass music in internet memes and viral videos.[11][12]Some gopniks have Russian nationalism or Pan-Slavism as their primary political views,[13] though there are also leftist, far-right and even neo-Nazi gopnik communities. In Russia, some gopniks hold strong anti-Western views and often show admiration to the Putin regime.[3]Gopniks are often seen squatting in groups \"in court\" (на кортах, na kortakh) or \"doing the crab\" (на крабе, na krabe) outside blocks of flats or schools with their heels on the ground.[14][15] It is described as a learned behavior, attributed to Russian and Soviet prison culture to avoid sitting on the cold ground. They are also stereotyped as being prone to substance and alcohol abuse, crime and hooliganism.[15]","title":"Stereotypical appearance and behaviour"}] | [{"image_text":"A Russian gopnik squats in a stairwell in a khrushchyovka building (2016)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg/290px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Typical Russian gopniks from the city of Tyumen, early 2000s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gopniks%2C_or_delinquent_low-key_criminals.jpg/290px-Gopniks%2C_or_delinquent_low-key_criminals.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Bogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogan"},{"title":"eshay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshay"},{"title":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"title":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"title":"Chav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav"},{"title":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"title":"Dresiarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresiarz"},{"title":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"title":"Dizelaš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizela%C5%A1"},{"title":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"title":"Hamalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamalli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"title":"Ned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_(Scottish)"},{"title":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"title":"Preman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preman_(Indonesian_gangster)"},{"title":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"title":"Raskol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raskol_gangs"},{"title":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"title":"Redneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redneck"},{"title":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"title":"Apaçi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apa%C3%A7i&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"title":"Flaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaite"},{"title":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"title":"Mat rempit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_rempit"},{"title":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"title":"Narcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcoculture_in_Mexico"},{"title":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"title":"Skeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeet_(Newfoundland)"},{"title":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland"},{"title":"Ah Beng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah_Beng"},{"title":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"title":"Raggare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggare"},{"title":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"title":"Kagouras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kagouras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"title":"Tokkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokkie"},{"title":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"title":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"}] | [{"reference":"Michele A. Berdy (2014-04-10). \"Thugs, Rednecks, Nationalists: Understanding Russia's Gopnik Culture\". Moscow Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/04/10/thugs-rednecks-nationalists-understanding-russias-gopnik-culture-a33852","url_text":"\"Thugs, Rednecks, Nationalists: Understanding Russia's Gopnik Culture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moscow_Times","url_text":"Moscow Times"}]},{"reference":"Anastasiya Fedorova (2014-07-30). \"An Ode to Russia's Ugly, Mean Suburbs\". Moscow Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/07/30/an-ode-to-russias-ugly-mean-suburbs-a37840","url_text":"\"An Ode to Russia's Ugly, Mean Suburbs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slav Squat – Russian Disturbing Street Trend\". Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180828023429/https://weirdrussia.com/2014/04/24/slav-squat-russian-disturbing-street-trend/","url_text":"\"Slav Squat – Russian Disturbing Street Trend\""},{"url":"http://weirdrussia.com/2014/04/24/slav-squat-russian-disturbing-street-trend/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Russia's original gangstas: meet the gopniki\". 22 July 2011. Archived from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181111034203/http://exiledonline.com/russias-original-gangstas-meet-the-gopniki/","url_text":"\"Russia's original gangstas: meet the gopniki\""},{"url":"http://exiledonline.com/russias-original-gangstas-meet-the-gopniki/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"RIR, specially for (2016-03-30). \"Who are Russia's 'gopniks'?\". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 2022-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbth.com/society/2016/03/30/who-are-russias-gopniks_580301","url_text":"\"Who are Russia's 'gopniks'?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Британский исследовательский центр предлагает отказаться от слова \"гопник\"\". Англия, Великобритания: энциклопедия, новости, фото. Всё об Англии и про Англию. Аделанта. July 17, 2008. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://adelanta.info/news/england12/index2008/07/17/3090.html","url_text":"\"Британский исследовательский центр предлагает отказаться от слова \"гопник\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120907075412/http://adelanta.info/news/england12/index2008/07/17/3090.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Opinion: Can Slav and gopnik memes do real damage?\". The Calvert Journal. 13 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.calvertjournal.com/articles/show/7350/gopniks-slavs-squatting-memes","url_text":"\"Opinion: Can Slav and gopnik memes do real damage?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why is Adidas so Popular Among Russians?\". 4 January 2015. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170506122902/http://weirdrussia.com/2015/01/04/why-is-adidas-so-popular-among-russians/","url_text":"\"Why is Adidas so Popular Among Russians?\""},{"url":"http://weirdrussia.com/2015/01/04/why-is-adidas-so-popular-among-russians/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Russian Gopniks: How to look like you belong\". 9 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/331106-how-to-look-like-russian-gopniks","url_text":"\"Russian Gopniks: How to look like you belong\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia's Hard Bass Scene is Completely Insane\". 12 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/69qv76/russias-hard-bass-scene-is-even-more-ridiculous-than-the-harlem-shake","url_text":"\"Russia's Hard Bass Scene is Completely Insane\""}]},{"reference":"Yegorov, Oleg (2017-12-22). \"Russian hard bass: How a musical monstrosity went viral\". www.rbth.com. Retrieved 2020-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbth.com/arts/327108-russian-hard-bass-how-it-went-viral","url_text":"\"Russian hard bass: How a musical monstrosity went viral\""}]},{"reference":"Anastasiia Fedorova (2014-05-28). \"Russia's suburbs lack charm ... which may be why they're creative hotspots\". Guardian. Archived from the original on 2020-01-15. Retrieved 2019-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/may/28/russia-suburbs-creative-hotspots-photography-art-fashion","url_text":"\"Russia's suburbs lack charm ... which may be why they're creative hotspots\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200115055721/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/may/28/russia-suburbs-creative-hotspots-photography-art-fashion","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Flynn, Moya; Kay, Rebecca; Oldfield, Jonathan D. (1 June 2008). Trans-national issues, local concerns and meanings of post-socialism: insights from Russia, Central Eastern Europe, and beyond. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0761840558. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171212033143/https://books.google.ie/books?id=ta4EAQAAIAAJ&q=gopnik+-adam+-alison+russia&dq=gopnik+-adam+-alison+russia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQzZHGw4LYAhWMBcAKHSbaCUo4ChDoAQguMAE","url_text":"Trans-national issues, local concerns and meanings of post-socialism: insights from Russia, Central Eastern Europe, and beyond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_America","url_text":"University Press of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761840558","url_text":"978-0761840558"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ta4EAQAAIAAJ&q=gopnik+-adam+-alison+russia","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google 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\"гопник\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120907075412/http://adelanta.info/news/england12/index2008/07/17/3090.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.calvertjournal.com/articles/show/7350/gopniks-slavs-squatting-memes","external_links_name":"\"Opinion: Can Slav and gopnik memes do real damage?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170506122902/http://weirdrussia.com/2015/01/04/why-is-adidas-so-popular-among-russians/","external_links_name":"\"Why is Adidas so Popular Among Russians?\""},{"Link":"http://weirdrussia.com/2015/01/04/why-is-adidas-so-popular-among-russians/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/331106-how-to-look-like-russian-gopniks","external_links_name":"\"Russian Gopniks: How to look like you belong\""},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/69qv76/russias-hard-bass-scene-is-even-more-ridiculous-than-the-harlem-shake","external_links_name":"\"Russia's Hard Bass Scene is Completely Insane\""},{"Link":"https://www.rbth.com/arts/327108-russian-hard-bass-how-it-went-viral","external_links_name":"\"Russian hard bass: How a musical monstrosity went viral\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/may/28/russia-suburbs-creative-hotspots-photography-art-fashion","external_links_name":"\"Russia's suburbs lack charm ... which may be why they're creative hotspots\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200115055721/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/may/28/russia-suburbs-creative-hotspots-photography-art-fashion","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171212033143/https://books.google.ie/books?id=ta4EAQAAIAAJ&q=gopnik+-adam+-alison+russia&dq=gopnik+-adam+-alison+russia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQzZHGw4LYAhWMBcAKHSbaCUo4ChDoAQguMAE","external_links_name":"Trans-national issues, local concerns and meanings of post-socialism: insights from Russia, Central Eastern Europe, and beyond"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ta4EAQAAIAAJ&q=gopnik+-adam+-alison+russia","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1971 | November 1971 | ["1 November 1, 1971 (Monday)","2 November 2, 1971 (Tuesday)","3 November 3, 1971 (Wednesday)","4 November 4, 1971 (Thursday)","5 November 5, 1971 (Friday)","6 November 6, 1971 (Saturday)","7 November 7, 1971 (Sunday)","8 November 8, 1971 (Monday)","9 November 9, 1971 (Tuesday)","10 November 10, 1971 (Wednesday)","11 November 11, 1971 (Thursday)","12 November 12, 1971 (Friday)","13 November 13, 1971 (Saturday)","14 November 14, 1971 (Sunday)","15 November 15, 1971 (Monday)","16 November 16, 1971 (Tuesday)","17 November 17, 1971 (Wednesday)","18 November 18, 1971 (Thursday)","19 November 19, 1971 (Friday)","20 November 20, 1971 (Saturday)","21 November 21, 1971 (Sunday)","22 November 22, 1971 (Monday)","23 November 23, 1971 (Tuesday)","24 November 24, 1971 (Wednesday)","25 November 25, 1971 (Thursday)","26 November 26, 1971 (Friday)","27 November 27, 1971 (Saturday)","28 November 28, 1971 (Sunday)","29 November 29, 1971 (Monday)","30 November 30, 1971 (Tuesday)","31 References"] | Month of 1971
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November 13, 1971: U.S. probe Mariner 9 becomes first Earth object to enter Mars Orbit, sends first detailed photos of terrain (pictured, Noctis Labyrinthus)
The dry river beds of Nirgal Vallis, seen from Mariner 9
The following events occurred in November 1971:
November 1, 1971 (Monday)
The planned launch of the World Hockey Association for the 1972-1973 professional hockey season, as a competitor to the National Hockey League, was announced in New York City by Dennis Murphy and Gary Davidson, who had created the American Basketball Association (ABA) as a rival to the NBA in 1967. The initial lineup of 10 franchises was announced as being in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, St. Paul (Minnesota) and Dayton (Ohio) in the U.S.; and Winnipeg, Edmonton and Calgary in Canada.
The 1971 Eisenhower dollar
In the U.S., the Eisenhower dollar was made available to the general public for the first time by the United States Mint.
Reverend Gonville ffrench-Beytagh, the Anglican Church's Dean of Johannesburg, was sentenced to five years imprisonment under South Africa's Terrorism Act for speaking out against the apartheid policies of South Africa's white-minority government. Free on bail while pursuing his appeal, ffrench-Beytagh, a coloured member of the Anglican clergy, was allowed to leave South Africa in April after his conviction was upheld.
The Toronto Sun daily newspaper began publication in Canada, two days after the final issue of the Toronto Telegram.
The Body Politic, Canada's first significant gay magazine, published its first issue.
Born: Dennis King, Canadian politician, Premier of Prince Edward Island since 2019; in Georgetown, Prince Edward Island
Died:
Mikhail Romm, 70, Russian film director;
A. Willis Robertson, 84, U.S. Senator for Virginia from 1946 to 1966, U.S. Representative 1933 to 1946, father of Pat Robertson
British-Burmese commercial diver Htun Minn, 36, died of an air embolism after making an uncontrolled ascent to the surface while conducting a surface-orientated hard-hat dive in the North Sea from the drill ship Glomar III. Minn's family would try for many years to prove negligence.
November 2, 1971 (Tuesday)
Professor Gerhard Herzberg of Canada was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research into the structure of the molecule, and Professor Dennis Gabor, a Hungarian-born British scientist, won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of holography.
The People's Republic of China, recently approved as the representative of the Chinese people in the United Nations, named its nine-member delegation to the UN, headed by its chief delegate, Qiao Guanhua (Chiao Kuan-hua).
Off-year elections were held for governors and state legislators in the United States, and included the election for Governor of Mississippi, the first in that state in which an African-American challenged a white nominee. Bill Waller, the Democratic nominee, was a prosecutor who had unsuccessfully sought to convict the accused murder of civil rights activist Medgar Evers, and his independent challenger, James Charles Evers, was the brother of Medgar and the incumbent mayor of the primarily-black municipality of Fayette, Mississippi. There was no Republican nominee. Waller won overwhelmingly with over 75% of the vote in a race that had an unprecedented large turnout of black voters and white voters.
November 3, 1971 (Wednesday)
The first UNIX Programmer's Manual was published, originally to quickly bring in more users for the testing of the world's first portable programming system for the so-called Uniplexed Information and Computing Service ("unics") as an improvement on multics.
Born: Unai Emery, Spanish footballer and coach; in Hondarribia
November 4, 1971 (Thursday)
Emma Groves, Irish mother of eleven, was hit in the face by a rubber bullet and blinded; she spent the rest of her life campaigning against the use of rubber bullets.
Born: Lieutenant General Vladimer Chachibaia, Georgian military leader and former Chief of Georgian Defense Forces; in Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, USSR
Died:
Guillermo León Valencia, 62, former President of Colombia, of a heart attack, during a visit to New York City
Ba Than, 76, Burmese surgeon, pathologist and hospital founder
Ann Pennington, 77, American stage and film actress and dancer, prominent in the 1920s
November 5, 1971 (Friday)
The first, and only, launch of the Europa-2 rocket by the European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO) failed when the missile exploded two minutes and 41 seconds after liftoff from the ELDO launch site at Kourou in French Guiana. Electrical interference in the inertial guidance system for the rocket's third stage when it reached an altitude of 27,000 metres (89,000 ft) and the Europa-2 tilted, putting a strain on the second stage that ended in the explosion.
The 24th Amendment to the Indian Constitution went into effect, giving the Indian Parliament the power to suspend the listed "Fundamental Rights" as deemed necessary.
Born:
Jonny Greenwood, English musician and composer, in Oxford
Corin Nemec (stage name for Joseph Charles Nemec IV), American TV actor known for Parker Lewis Can't Lose and Stargate SG-1; in Little Rock, Arkansas
November 6, 1971 (Saturday)
The U.S. tested a thermonuclear warhead in Alaska at Amchitka Island, after federal courts denied a petition by environmentalists to prevent the test, code-named Project Cannikin. At around five megatons, it was the largest ever U.S. underground detonation. The test went ahead, as scheduled, as the U.S. Supreme Court voted, 4 to 3, not to allow an injunction for its postponement.
Died: Spessard Holland, 79, former four-term U.S. Senator and wartime Governor of Florida from 1941-1945 of an apparent heart attack at his Bartow, Florida home. Holland sponsored the 24th amendment to the U.S. Constitution banning poll taxes in elections for federal office.
November 7, 1971 (Sunday)
Elections were held in Belgium for the 212 seats in the Chambre des représentants or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers and the 106 seats of the Belgian Senate. The Flemish Christelijke Volkspartij, led by Prime Minister Gaston Eyskens, won a plurality of seats (40) and continued its coalition government with the Christian Social Party and the Belgian Socialist Party, both regional parties.
Born: Robin Finck, American lead guitarist of Nine Inch Nails, in Park Ridge, New Jersey
November 8, 1971 (Monday)
The fourth best selling record album of all time the untitled fourth studio album of Led Zeppelin, was released, making its debut in the United States four days before its November 12 release in the United Kingdom, and contained the band's most popular song, "Stairway to Heaven".
Elections were held for the Philippine Senate, and although the Nacionalista Party of President Ferdinand Marcos retained control of 16 of the 24 seats, the Liberal Party of Gerardo Roxas gained three to increase its share to eight seats. Jovito Salonga of the Liberals, who had been critically injured in the bombing of a Liberal Party rally on August 21, won 5.6 million votes, more than any other candidate.
Berkeley, California, became the first "sanctuary city" in the United States, with the passage of an ordinance that prohibited its city employees, including its police, from enforcing federal arrest warrants for non-violent offenses. The "sanctuary city" concept was later adopted in other politically liberal communities in the U.S.
The U.S. House of Representatives considered, but failed to pass, a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution that would have permitted voluntary prayer in public schools. The response to the 1963 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Abington School District v. Schempp, which had barred state-sanctioned Bible reading and prayer in non-private schools, the proposed 27th Amendment received 240 votes in favor and 162 against, but constitutional amendments required a two-thirds majority (268 of the 402 votes cast) to pass.
Died: Robert "Bobbie" Brown, Jr., 68, U.S. Medal of Honor recipient for his bravery in the 1944 Battle of Crucifix Hill in Aachen during World War II, committed suicide with a single gunshot wound to the chest. Brown had been suffering from PTSD and constant pain from his war injuries for more than 27 years.
November 9, 1971 (Tuesday)
All 52 people on board a Royal Air Force Hercules C-130K air transport— the six-member British crew and 46 Italian Air Force paratroopers— were killed when their plane crashed during a NATO training mission.
In Westfield, New Jersey, accountant John List murdered his mother, his wife and his three children. He would remain a fugitive for almost 18 years, working under a variety of aliases, before being captured in 1989 after the case was featured in a nationwide broadcast of the relatively new FOX Network show America's Most Wanted. List would remain in prison until his death in 2008 at the age of 82.
The Bangladesh Navy was inaugurated with six patrol vessels.
Born: Dimitris Kontopoulos, Greek songwriter, in Athens
Died: Friedrich Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg, 70; the last member of the House of Schwarzburg
November 10, 1971 (Wednesday)
All 69 people on board were killed in the crash of a Vickers Viscount turboprop airplane operated by Merpati Nusantara Airlines in Indonesia. Carrying 62 passengers and seven crew, the airliner had taken off from Jakarta and was approaching its destination at Padang when it crashed into the sea.
In Cambodia, Khmer Rouge forces attacked the Phnom Penh international airport, killing 44 people, mostly civilians who were members of families traveling with soldiers, wounding 30 others and damaging nine aircraft.
Cuba's Premier, Fidel Castro, arrived to the only other Latin American nation where he was welcomed by the government, arriving in Santiago as the guest of Chile's Marxist President, Salvador Allende. The relationship between Cuba and Chile fueled the belief by U.S. President Nixon that, if either regime continued, "you will have in Latin America a red sandwich. And eventually, it will be all red."
The U.S. Senate voted, 84 to 6, to ratify the Okinawa Reversion Agreement, returning the island of Okinawa, and other Japanese territory captured in 1945 during World War II, to Japanese control. The treaty, signed on June 17, provided that the United States would be able to maintain its military bases on Okinawa, but would not be able to launch military operations from the bases without consultation and approval by the Japanese government.
Peru's military government, headed by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, issued the "General Telecommunications Law" by decree, requiring that the Republic of Peru be the owner of at least 51 percent of the shares of the South American nation's 19 television stations, and that the government have 25 percent ownership of its 222 radio stations.
Born:
Mario Abdo Benítez, Paraguayan politician, President 2018–, in Asunción.
Niki Karimi, Iranian actress and director, in Tehran.
November 11, 1971 (Thursday)
A man-made earthslide at Kawasaki, Japan, killed fifteen people.
Television reached Australia's Northern Territory for the first time at 5:00 in the afternoon, as NTD-9 began broadcasting from a station at Darwin as part of the Nine Network.
Born: David DeLuise, American actor and director, in Burbank, California, the youngest son of Dom DeLuise and Carol Arthur.
Died: A. P. Herbert, 81, English humorist.
November 12, 1971 (Friday)
All 43 passengers and five crew on Aeroflot Flight N-63 were killed when the Antonov An-24B airplane crashed while attempting to land at Vinnitsa after taking off from Kiev in a flight within the Ukrainian SSR.
As part of the policy of Vietnamization, U.S. President Richard M. Nixon announced that 45,000 additional American troops would be removed from Vietnam by February 1.
Mexico's research institute for astrophysics, optics, and electronics, the Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE), was created by presidential decree. It is now located at the site of the Tonantzintla Observatory, outside of San Andrés Cholula in Mexico's Puebla state.
Died: Soichi Sunami, 86, Japanese-born American portrait photographer
November 13, 1971 (Saturday)
Mariner 9
The U.S. probe Mariner 9 became the first spacecraft to successfully enter the orbit of Mars. Previous American and Soviet probes had made close "fly-by" approaches. At 4:42 p.m. California time (00:42 UTC on 14 November), the technicians at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, made Mariner 9 the first object from Earth to be put into orbit around another planet. The elliptical orbit ranged between 800 miles (1,300 km) above the Martian surface and 10,700 miles (17,200 km) twice a day
Greece and Albania restored full diplomatic relations and the Greek government dropped a 100-year-old claim it had had for what Greece called Northern Epirus and Albania called Toskëria. Incorporating 1,930 square miles (5,000 km2) of the Albanian counties of Vlorë (Avlona) and Gjirokastër (Argyrokastro), the area had been captured from Greece by the Ottoman Empire, from which Albania was formed after World War I.
U.S. President Nixon issued Executive Order 11627, the implementation of "Phase II" of the nationwide wage and price controls authorized by the Economic Stabilization Act of 1970. Controls against increases in wages, rents, prices on certain goods and services, would be ended by a subsequent order on January 11, 1973.
Duel, one of the most successful of made-for-TV films produced in the U.S. for the ABC Movie of the Weekend program, was broadcast for the first time. The horror film was the first to be directed by Steven Spielberg and featured Dennis Weaver as a car driver pursued by the never-visible driver of a large gasoline truck. The TV version had a running time of 74 minutes punctuated by 16 minutes of commercials between 8:30 and 10:00 p.m.
November 14, 1971 (Sunday)
Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria was enthroned as the leader of the Coptic Christian Church and the 117th successor to Saint Mark. He would serve until his death on March 17, 2012.
Elections were held in East Germany for the 434 directly elected seats in the 500-member Volkskammer. All 584 candidates had to be approved by East Germany's National Front, which was controlled by the Communist party, the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), in a nominally multiparty contest in which the 434 persons receiving the highest number of votes were elected, and other candidates getting at least 5% of the votes were placed on a reserve list to fill vacancies.
Born: Adam Gilchrist, Australian cricketer, in Bellingen, New South Wales
Died: Paul Klinger, 64, German stage and film actor
November 15, 1971 (Monday)
Intel announced the world's first microprocessor, the Intel 4004.
The International Organization of Space Communications (Intersputnik) was founded by scientist delegates from the Soviet Union and from seven Soviet allies (Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Mongolia, and Cuba) to cooperate on communications satellites, in the same manner as the western Intelsat organization.
The People's Republic of China formally joined the United Nations after the October 25 vote in favor of its admission and the expulsion of Taiwan as the representative of the Chinese mainland.
Britain's Foreign Secretary Alec Douglas-Home arrived in Salisbury, capital of Rhodesia, to discuss proposals for a political settlement. Salisbury, Rhodesia would later be renamed Harare, Zimbabwe, after the white minority government yielded to black majority rule and economic disaster.
Died: Rudolf Abel (William August Fisher), 68, English-born KGB spy for the Soviet Union who was convicted in the U.S. for smuggling American nuclear secrets to the Soviet government, and returned to the Soviets in 1962 in exchange for captured American pilot Francis Gary Powers.
November 16, 1971 (Tuesday)
The British Government committee of inquiry, chaired by Lord Parker, the Lord Chief Justice of England and charged to look into the legal and moral aspects of the use of the five techniques of interrogation in Northern Ireland, released its 72-page report. Although the Commission noted that prisoners arrested on August 9 had been subjected to sleep deprivation, a "bread and water" diet, "continuous and monotonous noise" and "hooded isolation", it noted that "Where we have concluded that physical ill-treatment took place, we are not making a finding of brutality. We consider that brutality is an inhuman or savage form of curelty. We do not think that happened here."
Born: Waqar Younis, bowler for and captain of the Pakistan Test Cricket team and cricketer, in Burewala, Punjab province.
Died: Edie Sedgwick, 28, American actress and associate of Andy Warhol, of a barbiturate overdose
November 17, 1971 (Wednesday)
Kittikachorn
Thailand's Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn, a Field Marshal in the Royal Thai Air Force, staged a coup d'état against his own government, dissolving the national parliament and his cabinet, including longtime Foreign Minister Thanat Khoman. A five-member "Revolutionary Council", headed by Kittikachorn, was created to replace the constitutional government, and the monarchy was maintained.
Nine Irish Republican Army prisoners escaped the Crumlin Road Jail in Belfast, Northern Ireland, after rope ladders were thrown over the wall to them. Two Roman Catholic monks and several Belfast businessmen would later be charged with aiding the escape. Seven were able to flee across the border to Ireland, which allowed them to remain.
Died:
Debaki Kumar Bose, 73, Indian film producer and director known for his innovations in Hindi and Bengali film
Gladys Cooper, 82, English stage, film and television character actress known for My Fair Lady and Now, Voyager.
November 18, 1971 (Thursday)
At a cafe in the town of Hestroff, the government of France began the first auction of the structures of the 40-year old Maginot Line that had been built in the 1930s along the border with Germany, finally disposing of what one journalist observed to be "an emblem of a false sense of security". The heavily fortified Maginot Line, designed to stop a German invasion, never saw battle after World War Two broke out in 1939. In 1940, the German Wehrmacht invaded France anyway, sweeping across the unfortified border with Belgium.
Born:
Thérèse Coffey, British politician, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in Billinge, Merseyside
Jun Tanaka, U.S.-born Japanese-British chef and TV celebrity; in New York City
Died: Junior Parker, 39, blues musician, died during brain surgery
November 19, 1971 (Friday)
The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) released its report of the November 6 nuclear detonation in Alaska of a five megaton thermonuclear weapon, and said that there was no radiation detected nor evidence of radioactive contamination to the environment of Amchitka Island. The AEC said that the explosive force of the $200 million test had created a concussion that killed "hundreds of fish... as well as 18 sea otters, four seals and 16 birds."
November 20, 1971 (Saturday)
In Brazil, 29 people were killed in the collapse of a bridge still under construction, the Elevado Engenheiro Freyssinet, when a 110 m (360 ft) section of the structure fell on traffic at the intersection of Paulo de Frontin Avenue and Haddock Lobo, in Rio de Janeiro. According to authorities, at least two buses and ten cars were crushed under thousands of tons of debris.
The Cairngorm Plateau disaster, which ended in the deaths of five teenagers and an inexperienced adult guide during a mountain hike in Scotland, began with a weekend expedition into the mountains known as the Cairngorms, even with snow predicted. The teenagers, all 15 years old, were students at Ainslie Park School in Edinburgh
Women from all over the U.S. marched in support of abortion rights in events in Washington D.C. and San Francisco. The marches were organized by a new organization, WONAAC, which had been created in July.
Born: Joel McHale, American comedian and TV actor known for Community; to American parents in Rome.
November 21, 1971 (Sunday)
The Battle of Garibpur took place as the first major conflict between India and Pakistan prior to the Indo-Pakistani War that would end with Pakistan recognizing the independence of Bangladesh.
At the same time, an aerial battle broke out between India and Pakistan over the Boyra peninsula.
China Airlines Flight 825, a Caravelle III jet, crashed into the waters of the Taiwan Strait when it exploded in mid-air during a flight from Taipei to Hong Kong, killing all 25 people on board.
After six days of negotiations, Prime Minister Ian Smith of Rhodesia signed a short-lived accord with British Foreign Secretary Alec Douglas-Home, to gradually end white-minority rule of the southern African nation.
November 22, 1971 (Monday)
The U.S. and Honduras signed a treaty in the Honduran city of San Pedro Sula to return the U.S.-controlled and uninhabited Swan Islands to Honduras after 108 years. Located in the Gulf of Mexico about 100 miles (160 km) north of Honduras, the islands of Greater Swan and Lesser Swan, and a coral reef called the Bobby Cay, had been under U.S. sovereignty since 1863 and housed weather, navigation and communication stations. The islands, totaling 3 square miles (7.8 km2) in area, are now referred to by the Spanish word for a swan, Islas de Cisne.
The long-running nightly Australian TV news show A Current Affair, still on stations of the Nine Network 49 years later, made its debut as a local feature of the Melbourne Channel 9 station, GTV-9, with Mike Willesee as the first host.
A clash in the Philippines between the Philippine Army and predominantly Muslim Moro insurgents took place on the day of a special election near the town of Magsaysay, Lanao del Norte. Thirty-seven Moros were killed and 43 wounded, while two Philippine soldiers were wounded. Another battle occurred at the city of Nunungan where seven Moros were killed after stealing ballot boxes.
Six climbers died while attempting to scale Cairn Gorm in Scotland.
Died: József Zakariás, 47, Hungarian footballer
November 23, 1971 (Tuesday)
An agreement was signed in London between a deputy minister of the British Ministry for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Anthony Royle, and the Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, providing for British recognition of Brunei's self-government regarding internal matters, and continuation of protectorate status in the matter of Brunei's foreign affairs and defence.
Pakistan's President Yahya Khan declared a national emergency in an address to his country and told Pakistanis to prepare for a war with India. The action came a day after Indian Army troops crossed into East Pakistan to aid in an offensive by the Bangladesh guerrilla army."
The People's Republic of China took the place of Taiwan as one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, after the seating of the PRC delegation on November 15.
November 24, 1971 (Wednesday)
During a severe thunderstorm over Washington, a man calling himself D. B. Cooper parachuted from Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305, a Boeing 727 that he had hijacked, with US$200,000 in ransom money. He was never apprehended, and nearly 50 years later, the case would remain the only unsolved skyjacking in history.
A Brussels court sentenced pretender Alexis Brimeyer, in absentia, to 18 months in jail for falsely using a title of Belgian nobility. Brimeyer had already fled to Greece.
Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith and British Foreign Secretary Alec Douglas-Home signed an agreement on proposals for a political settlement. Under the terms of the pact, the white minority government (in a nation with 250,000 white European and five million black African citizens) would retain its present power, but British economic sanctions would be lifted if the white government enacted legislation to outlaw racial discrimination, and the goal would be set for eventual black majority rule of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).
Japan's parliament, the National Diet, ratified the terms of the 1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement, signed on June 17.
November 25, 1971 (Thursday)
The #1 and #2 ranked teams in the United States, both undefeated after nine games and both in the Big Eight Conference, met in the most anticipated college football game of the year, as the #1 University of Nebraska Cornhuskers visited the #2 University of Oklahoma Sooners. Trailing, 31 to 28 with less than two minutes to play, Nebraska scored the winning touchdown with 1:38 left in the game and winning 35–31. The Cornhuskers would go on to win recognition as the NCAA national champions in another #1 vs. #2 game, beating second-ranked Alabama at the Orange Bowl on New Year's Day.
British Prime Minister Harold Wilson presented a plan to the House of Commons for an eventual union of the Republic of Ireland and the British region of Northern Ireland that could take effect as early as the year 1987, starting with the formation of a commission composed of British, Northern Irish and Irish members to frame a constitution for united Ireland, to come into effect 15 years after all three parliaments ratified the instrument. Northern Irish Prime Minister Brian Faulkner rejected the plan the next day, declaring that although he would welcome dialogue with the Republic of Ireland, he would not consider weakening his region within the United Kingdom.
Born:
Christina Applegate, American television and film actress, known primarily for the TV show Married With Children; in Hollywood, California to record producer Robert W. Applegate and soap opera actress Nancy Priddy
Dražen Erdemović, Bosnian war criminal, in Tuzla
Died: Leonard W. Murray, 75, Canadian naval commander
November 26, 1971 (Friday)
Two days of elections were held in Czechoslovakia for the 200 seats of the lower house of the Federal Assembly, the Chamber of the People (Sněmovna lidu Czech or Snemovňa ľudu Slovak). Voters were limited to approving or disapproving the pre-approved slate of 200 candidates endorsed by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.
For the first time since the founding of the modern state of Israel in 1948, Muslim Israeli citizens were given permission to come to Mecca in Saudi Arabia for the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Islam's holiest city, held annually. The decision was announced in a letter from King Faisal II of Sauid Arabia to the Palestinian Mayor of Hebron in the West Bank, occupied by Israel since 1967. At the time, about 325,000 of Israel's three million citizens were Muslim. The decision affected the upcoming Hajj starting January 22, 1972, corresponding to the 8th day of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah, 1391 A.H. on the Muslim calendar.
A ban against "caning" of students, used as a form of corporal punishment to enforce discipline in British schools since the early 19th century, was ordered by the Inner London Education Authority for the 880 primary schools in London, but was not scheduled to go into effect until January 1, 1973, 13 months in the future at the time. The punishment typically was administered by a teacher, with a long stick made of rattan to an unruly student, generally hitting the recipient across the buttocks.
East Germany's parliament, the Volkskammer, unanimously re-elected former Communist Party Chairman Walter Ulbricht as the nation's nominal head of state, and Willi Stoph as the head of government.
Died:
Giacomo Alberione, 87, Italian priest, founder of the Society of St. Paul and the Daughters of St. Paul;
Bengt Ekerot, 51, Swedish actor, best known for his role as Death in Ingmar Bergman's The Seventh Seal
Palwankar Vithal, Indian cricketer
November 27, 1971 (Saturday)
Mars 2 and Mars 3, artist's rendition
The lander of the USSR's Mars 2 probe, became the first man-made object to reach the surface of Mars, but was destroyed on impact because its parachute failed to deploy due to a computer malfunction. The orbiter, launched with the lander on May 19, would continue in Martian orbit and transmit data for eight months before being deactivated on August 22, 1972.
November 28, 1971 (Sunday)
Thirty-four members of the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division were killed in the crash of a CH-47 Chinook helicopter in South Vietnam, when the aircraft impacted the western slope of Mum Kun Sac Mountain near Phu Loc. The wreckage would not be discovered until December 2nd.
Presidential and congressional elections were held in Uruguay. Under an electoral system where the party whose presidential candidates received the most votes would win the presidency, Juan María Bordaberry was the president-elect. Thus, although Wilson Ferreira Aldunate of the National Party won 60,000 more votes than Bordaberry's Colorado Party, the Colorado Party's five candidates won 681,624 votes while the National's two candidates won 668,822. The Colorado Party had a 41 to 40 edge in the 100-seat Chamber of Deputies, and a 13 to 12 lead in the 30 seat Senate.
Pakistan launched its first direct assault against India in the latest war between the two nations, killing at least 20 people and injuring 70 in the city of Balurghat in the West Bengal state, near the border with East Pakistan. The Pakistani Army fired artillery shells from their side of the border, at least three miles (about two kilometers) away from the target area. Eight of the shells fell on crowded areas of the city during the morning.
Died: Wasfi al-Tal, 52, Prime Minister of Jordan, He was assassinated by members of the Palestinian terrorist group Black September while standing on the steps of the Sheraton Hotel in Cairo, while attending an Arab League summit meeting in Egypt. Tal and Jordan's Foreign Minister Abdullah Salah were returning to their hotel after a meeting with the joint defense council of the Arab League, where the member nations had been discussing strategy against Israel, when three members of the Palestinian guerrilla group Black September ran toward them from the hotel lobby and began firing with revolvers.
November 29, 1971 (Monday)
For the first time since the founding of the Swiss Confederation in 1291, Switzerland's national parliament had female members, as 10 women were sworn into office in the National Council, and one took the office in the Council of State.
The Computerized Criminal History (CCH) program of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) began operations as an opportunity for individual states to enter an individual's criminal history into a national database to be linked to the existing NCIC.
The Soviet Union launched the satellites Kosmos 458 and Kosmos 459 from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 133.
The Soviet Union performed a nuclear test at its Semipalatinsk Test Site.
Died: Edith Tolkien (née Bratt), 82, English wife of J. R. R. Tolkien
November 30, 1971 (Tuesday)
A gunbattle killed four policemen and three Iranian Marines in a fight between Iran and the United Arab Emirates over ownership of a set of islands in the Persian Gulf, Abu Musa, Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb. The fight came one day after Iran and one of the emirates, Sharjah, had signed an agreement to allow both nations to maintain a presence on the island. Iran has retained control of the islands ever since.
The Sandy's hamburger restaurant chain, with franchises in Illinois, Iowa and other U.S. Midwestern states and operating since 1956, was acquired by the Hardee's restaurant chain based in the South and founded in 1960.
Pakistan's President Yahya Khan and the armed forces made the ultimately disastrous decision to launch Operation Chengiz Khan, an airstrike against India and its airbases near the border with East Pakistan, to take place on December 3. At the same time, India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi publicly called on Yahya Khan to pull all Pakistani Army troops from East Pakistan as "a gesture for peace".
The finance ministers and central bank governors of ten non-Communist nations began discussions at Rome to negotiate a realignment of the national currencies of all 10 states. The "Group of 10" sent representatives for the U.S., Canada, the U.K., Sweden, Japan, France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands. U.S. Treasury Secretary John B. Connally appeared as the American finance minister.
Died: Fred Quilt, a 55-year-old leader of the Tsilhqot'in First Nation, two days after being fatally injured in the course of his arrest by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, which initially pulled him over for drunk driving. Quilt died two days later and the Fred Quilt inquiry followed.
References
^ "World Hockey Association Sees Action Next October— 10 Franchises in Canada, U.S." Spokane Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. November 2, 1971. p. 15.
^ Eskenazi, Gerald (November 2, 1971). "New Hockey League Bars Reserve Clause". The New York Times. p. 29.
^ Morgan, Charles (March 21, 2012). "When dealing with Eisenhower Dollars, grade is everything". CoinWeek.
^ "Johannesburg Dean Gets 5-Year Term on Plot Charge". The New York Times. November 2, 1971. p. 1.
^ Clarke, Bob (2008). Anglicans against apartheid, 1936-1996. Cluster Publications.
^ "From 1971: When the Toronto Sun rose after the Telegram fell". CBC News. November 1, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
^ "Dennis King".
^ Prokhorov, Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich (1973). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Macmillan. p. 268.
^ The New York Times Biographical Service. New York Times & Arno Press. November 1971. p. 3981.
^ Limbrick, Jim (2001). North Sea Divers - a Requiem. Hertford: Authors OnLine. pp. 86–88. ISBN 0-7552-0036-5.
^ "Briton, Canadian Win Nobel Prizes— Awards Are Announced for Physics and Chemistry", The New York Times, November 2, 1971, p. 1
^ "China Names U.N. Delegates, Due Soon", by Henry Tanner, The New York Times, November 2, 1971, p. 1
^ "Evers Is Defeated In Large Turnout In Mississippi Vote", The New York Times, November 2, 1971, p. 1
^ "A Research UNIX Reader: Annotated Excerpts from the Programmer’s Manual, 1971-1986", by M. Douglas McIlroy, Dartmouth University Department of Computer Science website
^ November 1971 at BDFutbol
^ The Guardian article on Emma Groves Archived 18 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Vladimer Chachibaia— Biography", Civil.ge, United Nations Association of Georgia
^ Lentz, Harris (2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 184. ISBN 9781134264902.
^ "Ba Than", Who's who in Health and Medicine in Myanmar (Myanmar Ministry of Health, 2005)
^ "Rites for Ann Pennington", The New York Times, November 6, 1971, p. 34
^ Harvey, Brian (2003). Europe's Space Programme: To Ariane and Beyond. Springer. p. 48.
^ Current Biography Yearbook. H. W. Wilson. 2001. p. 428.
^ "Corin Nemec". South Florida Sun Sentinel. September 23, 1990.
^ Rose, Mike. "Today's top celebrity birthdays list for November 5, 2018". Cleveland.com.
^ "Aleutians Site Is Prepared for Blast Today", by Wallace Turner, The New York Times, November 6, 1971, p. 1
^ "High Court, 4 to 3, Bars Delay in Amchitka Blast", The New York Times, November 7, 1971, p. 1
^ "Spessard Holland Dies In Bartow Home At 79" The Ledger Lakeland, Fla., November 7, 1971, p. 1
^ "Extremists Gain in Belgian Vote— But Coalition Still Dominant as Returns Are Counted", The New York Times, November 8, 1971, p. 13
^ Jon Bream, Whole Lotta Led Zeppelin (Voyageur Press, 2008) p. 271
^ "Marcos-Backed Candidates Trail in Off-Year Vote", The New York Times, November 9, 1971, p. 2
^ "Berkeley Is The Original Sanctuary City", East Bay Express (Berkeley CA), February 14, 2017
^ "School Prayers Blocked by House by 28-vote Margin— 240-162 Ballot Turns Down Proposed Amendment for 'Voluntary' Worship", The New York Times, November 9, 1971, p. 1
^ "Bobbie E. Brown, Medal of Honor Winner, Is Dead", by Murray Illson, The New York Times, November 11, 1971
^ "RAF Plane crashes in Italy, killing 52", by Peter Nichols, The Times (London), November 10, 1971, p. 1
^ "52 Missing in Plane Crash Off Italy", The New York Times, November 10, 1971, p. 1
^ "Westfielder sought in slaying of 5", The Courier-News (Bridgewater, NJ), December 8, 1971, p. 1
^ "John Emil List", CrimeLibrary.com
^ "TV show hopes viewers help located John List tonight", The Sunday Courier-News (Bridgewater, NJ), May 21, 1989, p. 1
^ "18-year-old murder case resolved— TV tip leads to arrest", by Steve Chambers, Asbury Park (NJ) Press, June 2, 1989, p. 1
^ John E. List, 82, Killer of 5 Family Members, Dies", by David Stout, The New York Times, March 25, 2008
^ Aviation Safety Network
^ "Airliner Lost With 69 Aboard", Long Beach (CA) Press-Courier, November 11, 1971, p. 2
^ "Cambodia Airport Shelled by Enemy", The New York Times, November 10, 1971, p. 10
^ "Castro Arrives in Santiago To Enthusiastic Welcome", by Juan de Onis, The New York Times, November 11, 1971, p. 1
^ Gaddis Smith, The Last Years of the Monroe Doctrine, 1945-1993 (Macmillan, 1994) p. 133
^ "Senate Endorses Okinawa Treaty", by John W. Finney, The New York Times, November 11, 1971, p. 1
^ a b "Agreement Between the United States of America and Japan Concerning the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands"
^ "Peruvians Decree State Control For All TV and Radio Stations", by H. J. Maidenberg, The New York Times, November 11, 1971, p. 11
^ "Mario Abdo Benítez". CIDOB (in Spanish). Retrieved October 24, 2021.
^ "What Happened in November 1971". OnThisDay.com. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
^ "Herbert, Sir Alan Patrick (1890–1971), by Reginald Pound, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online (Oxford University Press, 2004)
^ Aviation Safety Network
^ "Nixon Says 45,000 More U.S. Troops Will Quit Vietnam Before Feb. 1; To Keep 139,000 There as Peace Aid", The New York Times, November 13, 1971, p. 1
^ INAOE history
^ "Invocation of Beauty: The Life and Photography of Soichi Sunami", Cascadia Art Museum (Edmonds, Wash.)
^ "Mariner 9 Placed in Orbit of Mars", by John Noble Wilford, The New York Times, November 14, 1971, p. 1
^ "Greece, Diplomatic Rift Healed, Drops Claim to Part of Albania", The New York Times, November 14, 1971, p. 2
^ "Records of the Economic Stabilization Programs, 1971-1974", U.S. National Archives
^ "Dennis Weaver In 'Duel' Role", Tampa (FL) Tribune, November 13, 1971, p.6-D
^ "New Coptic Pope Crowned in Cairo— Patriarch Is Former Hermit and Egyptian Army Officer", The New York Times, November 15, 1971, p. 11
^ "Coptic Orthodox Church Network"
^ "12 Million Balloting As East Germany Elects Legislators", by David Binder, The New York Times, November 15, 1971, p. 4
^ "German Democratic Republic, November 14, 1971", Inter-Parliamentary Union archive, ipu.org
^ "Klinger, P., Schauspieler", Knerger.de
^ Gilder, George (1990). Microcosm: the quantum revolution in economics and technology. Simon and Schuster. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-671-70592-3. Intel's first advertisement for the 4004 appeared in the November 15, 1971 issue of Electronic News
^ "About Intersputnik: Five Decades in Outer Space"
^ Crewe, Tara (2002). The territories of the People's Republic of China. London New York: Europa. p. 28. ISBN 9781135356187.
^ "Home and Smith Open Talks in Rhodesia", The New York Times, November 16, 1971, p. 1
^ "Once the breadbasket of Africa, Zimbabwe now on brink of man-made starvation, UN rights expert warns".
^ "Abel, Red Spy, Dies; Freed in 1962 Swap", The New York Times, November 17, 1971, p. 1
^ "British Commission Denies Brutality in Ulster Prisons", by Bernard Weinraub, The New York Times, November 17, 1971, p. 3
^ Happy birthday Waqar: Burewala Express turns 46 - Cricket - Dunya News
^ Stein, Jean; Plimpton, George (1982). Edie. Knopf. p. 421. ISBN 0-394-48819-9.
^ "Thai Parliament Is Ended; Leaders Seize Full Power", The New York Times, November 18, 1971, p. 1
^ John McGuffin, Internment (Anvil Books 1973), reprinted with permission on Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN.ulster.ac.uk)
^ "Debaki Bose — The first internationally honoured Indian filmmaker", Cinestaan.com, November 17, 2016
^ "Gladys Cooper, British Actress, Dies", The New York Times, November 18, 1971, p. 50
^ "The Fortresses of the Maginot Line Fall to the Highest Bidders", The New York Times, November 18, 1971, p. 9
^ Dale, Iain; Smith, Jacqui (2019-11-14). The Honourable Ladies: Volume II: Profiles of Women MPs 1997–2019 - Iain Dale, Jacqui Smith - Google Books. Biteback. ISBN 9781785904479. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
^ Jun Tanaka, Simple to Sensational (Simon and Schuster, 2009)
^ "A-Test Site Held Radiation-Free— A.E.C. Finds No Seepage in Amchitka Environment", by Richard D. Lyons, The New York Times, November 20, 1971, p. 11
^ "Viaduct Collapse in Rio Kills at Least 10 Persons, The New York Times, November 21, 1971, p. 2
^ "24 known killed in span collapse", Baltimore Sun, November 22, 1971, p. 2
^ "em-novembro-de-1971-elevado-paulo-de-frontin-desabou-matando-29-pessoas"|Em Novembro de 1971 Elevado Pauldo de Frontin Desabou, Matando 29 Pessoas" ("In November 1971, Elevado Paulo de Frontin collapsed, killing 29 people") O Globo newspaper (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), November 18, 2013
^ John Duff, A Bobbie on Ben Macdhui: Life and Death on the Braes o' Mar (Leopard Magazine Publishing, 2001)
^ "Misc 22 October 1971". Newspaperarchives.vassar.edu. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
^
^ "Wonaac National Newsletter" (PDF). Womenshealthinwomenshands.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
^ "Monitor", Entertainment Weekly, November 25, 2011
^
"Revisiting the Battle of Garibpur, a Precursor to the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War", by Amrit Pal Singh, in The Wire' (New Delhi), November 21, 2020
^ "22nd November 1971". Archived from the original on November 18, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
^ Robert Blake, A History of Rhodesia (Eyre Methuen, 1977) p.403
^ "U.S. Agrees to Cede 2 Islets to Honduras", The New York Times, November 23, 1971, p. 3
^ "Swan Islands Visited by Columbus, Pirates and Birds", by Richard Severo, The New York Times, November 23, 1971, p. 3
^ "44 Philippine Muslims Killed By Army in Election Incidents", The New York Times, November 24, 1971, p. 2
^ ""1971: Six dead in Scottish mountain tragedy", BBC On This Day". BBC News. November 22, 1971. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
^ "Big Indian Force Reported Going Into East Pakistan; Emergency Is Set", The New York Times, November 24, 1971, p. 1
^ "Indo-Pakistani War of 1971", Warchat.org
^ "A Major Attack in East Pakistan Reported Begun— Pakistan Says India Has Made Dents Along Border", by Malcolm W. Browne, The New York Times, November 23, 1971, p. 1
^ "Hijacker Flees, Taking $200,000", The New York Times, November 25, 1971, p. 1
^ "Hijacker Collects Ransom of $200,000; Parchutes From Jet and Disappears", by Earl Caldwell, The New York Times, November 26, 1971, p. 1
^ "The D.B. Cooper case has baffled the FBI for 45 years. Now it may never be solved.", by Peter Holley, Washington Post, July 13, 2016
^ "Dispute Nears End As Rhodesia Signs Pact With Britain", by Anthony Lewis, The New York Times, November 25, 1971, p. 1
^ "Lower House in Japan Votes Okinawa Pact With U.S.", by Richard Halloran, The New York Times, November 25, 1971, p. 4
^ "Nebraska, on Late Rally, Stops Oklahoma for 21st in Row, 35-31", by Neil Amdur, The New York Times, November 26, 1971, p. 45
^ "Faulkner Rejects Wilson Plan for United Ireland", The New York Times, November 27, 1971, p. 2
^ "Prague Is Uneasy on Election's Eve", by James Feron, The New York Times, November 26, 1971, p. 20
^ "Faisal Will Let Moslems From Israel Visit Mecca", by Peter Grose, The New York Times, November 27, 1971, p. 1
^ "London Orders End of Caning of Pupils", by Bernard Weinraub, The New York Times, November 27, 1971, p. 1
^ "Ulbricht and Stoph Re-elected to Posts", The New York Times, November 27, 1971, p. 4
^ "Mars 2", NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
^ Aviation Safety Network
^ "33 on U.S. Copter Vanish in Storm", The New York Times, November 30, 1971, p. 14
^ "Voter Turnout in Uruguay Sets a Record", by Joseph Novitski, The New York Times, November 29, 1971, p. 3
^ "Eleccion_nacional_1971.htm", Corte Electoral de Uruguay
^ "Indian Town's Inhabitants Flee Shelling by Pakistan", by Kasturi Bangan, The New York Times, November 29, 1971, p. 1
^ "Premier Tal Of Jordan Slain By Assassins", Tampa Bay Times, November 29, 1971, p. 4
^ "Jordan's Premier is Slain in Cairo; 3 Gunmen Seized", by Raymond H. Anderson, The New York Times, November 29, 1971, p. 1
^ "First Women Seated In Swiss Parliament", The New York Times, November 30, 1971, p. 8
^ "Evolution to Computerized Criminal History Records", in An Assessment of Alternatives for a National Computerized Criminal History System (U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, 1982) p.3-30
^ Wade, Mark. "Kosmos 2". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
^ Paul Simpson; Angie Errigo (2003). The Rough Guide to the Lord of the Rings. Rough Guides. p. 48. ISBN 9781843532750.
^ "Iranian Troops Occupy Three Strategic Islands in Persian Gulf, and a Sheikdom Protests", The New York Times, December 1, 1971, p. 13
^ "Sandy's Chain Plans to Merge Into Hardee's", Chicago Tribune, December 1, 1971. p. G7
^ "Mrs. Gandhi Bids Pakistan Remove Forces from East", The New York Times, December 1, 1971, p. 1
^ "Group of 10, in Rome, Begins Negotiating Realignment of Currencies", by Clyde H. Farnsworth, The New York Times, December 1, 1971, p. 1
^ Clement 2009, p. 75 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFClement2009 (help)
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Dec | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971"},{"link_name":"January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_1971"},{"link_name":"February","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1971"},{"link_name":"March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1971"},{"link_name":"April","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_1971"},{"link_name":"May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1971"},{"link_name":"June","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1971"},{"link_name":"July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_1971"},{"link_name":"August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_1971"},{"link_name":"September","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1971"},{"link_name":"October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_1971"},{"link_name":"November","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"December","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_1971"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M09_mtvs4187_45.gif"},{"link_name":"Noctis Labyrinthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noctis_Labyrinthus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NirgalVallis_by_Mariner9.jpg"}],"text":"1971\nJanuary\nFebruary\nMarch\nApril\nMay\nJune\nJuly\nAugust\nSeptember\nOctober\nNovember\nDecemberNovember 13, 1971: U.S. probe Mariner 9 becomes first Earth object to enter Mars Orbit, sends first detailed photos of terrain (pictured, Noctis Labyrinthus)The dry river beds of Nirgal Vallis, seen from Mariner 9The following events occurred in November 1971:","title":"November 1971"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"American Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eisenhower_Dollar_noBG.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_dollar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gonville ffrench-Beytagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonville_ffrench-Beytagh"},{"link_name":"Anglican Church's Dean of Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Terrorism Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_Act,_1967"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Toronto Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Sun"},{"link_name":"Toronto Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Telegram"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Body Politic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Politic_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Dennis King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_King_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Premier of Prince Edward Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"Georgetown, Prince Edward Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Romm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Romm"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"A. Willis Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Willis_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Pat Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Robertson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"air embolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_embolism"},{"link_name":"surface-orientated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_oriented_diving"},{"link_name":"hard-hat dive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_diving_dress"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The planned launch of the World Hockey Association for the 1972-1973 professional hockey season, as a competitor to the National Hockey League, was announced in New York City by Dennis Murphy and Gary Davidson, who had created the American Basketball Association (ABA) as a rival to the NBA in 1967.[1] The initial lineup of 10 franchises was announced as being in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, St. Paul (Minnesota) and Dayton (Ohio) in the U.S.; and Winnipeg, Edmonton and Calgary in Canada.[2]The 1971 Eisenhower dollarIn the U.S., the Eisenhower dollar was made available to the general public for the first time by the United States Mint.[3]\nReverend Gonville ffrench-Beytagh, the Anglican Church's Dean of Johannesburg, was sentenced to five years imprisonment under South Africa's Terrorism Act for speaking out against the apartheid policies of South Africa's white-minority government.[4] Free on bail while pursuing his appeal, ffrench-Beytagh, a coloured member of the Anglican clergy, was allowed to leave South Africa in April after his conviction was upheld.[5]\nThe Toronto Sun daily newspaper began publication in Canada, two days after the final issue of the Toronto Telegram.[6]\nThe Body Politic, Canada's first significant gay magazine, published its first issue.\nBorn: Dennis King, Canadian politician, Premier of Prince Edward Island since 2019; in Georgetown, Prince Edward Island[7]\nDied:\nMikhail Romm, 70, Russian film director;[8]\nA. Willis Robertson, 84, U.S. Senator for Virginia from 1946 to 1966, U.S. Representative 1933 to 1946, father of Pat Robertson[9]\nBritish-Burmese commercial diver Htun Minn, 36, died of an air embolism after making an uncontrolled ascent to the surface while conducting a surface-orientated hard-hat dive in the North Sea from the drill ship Glomar III. Minn's family would try for many years to prove negligence.[10]","title":"November 1, 1971 (Monday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerhard Herzberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"molecule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule"},{"link_name":"Dennis Gabor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Gabor"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics"},{"link_name":"holography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Qiao Guanhua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiao_Guanhua"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"election for Governor of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Bill Waller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Waller"},{"link_name":"Medgar Evers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medgar_Evers"},{"link_name":"James Charles Evers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Charles_Evers"},{"link_name":"Fayette, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayette,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Professor Gerhard Herzberg of Canada was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research into the structure of the molecule, and Professor Dennis Gabor, a Hungarian-born British scientist, won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of holography.[11]\nThe People's Republic of China, recently approved as the representative of the Chinese people in the United Nations, named its nine-member delegation to the UN, headed by its chief delegate, Qiao Guanhua (Chiao Kuan-hua).[12]\nOff-year elections were held for governors and state legislators in the United States, and included the election for Governor of Mississippi, the first in that state in which an African-American challenged a white nominee. Bill Waller, the Democratic nominee, was a prosecutor who had unsuccessfully sought to convict the accused murder of civil rights activist Medgar Evers, and his independent challenger, James Charles Evers, was the brother of Medgar and the incumbent mayor of the primarily-black municipality of Fayette, Mississippi. There was no Republican nominee. Waller won overwhelmingly with over 75% of the vote in a race that had an unprecedented large turnout of black voters and white voters.[13]","title":"November 2, 1971 (Tuesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UNIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"},{"link_name":"portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_portability"},{"link_name":"multics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Unai Emery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unai_Emery"},{"link_name":"Hondarribia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondarribia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The first UNIX Programmer's Manual was published, originally to quickly bring in more users for the testing of the world's first portable programming system for the so-called Uniplexed Information and Computing Service (\"unics\") as an improvement on multics.[14]\nBorn: Unai Emery, Spanish footballer and coach; in Hondarribia[15]","title":"November 3, 1971 (Wednesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emma Groves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Groves"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Vladimer Chachibaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimer_Chachibaia"},{"link_name":"Chief of Georgian Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Georgian_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Guillermo León Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Le%C3%B3n_Valencia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ba Than","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Than_(surgeon)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ann Pennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Pennington_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Emma Groves, Irish mother of eleven, was hit in the face by a rubber bullet and blinded; she spent the rest of her life campaigning against the use of rubber bullets.[16]\nBorn: Lieutenant General Vladimer Chachibaia, Georgian military leader and former Chief of Georgian Defense Forces; in Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, USSR[17]\nDied:\nGuillermo León Valencia, 62, former President of Colombia, of a heart attack, during a visit to New York City[18]\nBa Than, 76, Burmese surgeon, pathologist and hospital founder[19]\nAnn Pennington, 77, American stage and film actress and dancer, prominent in the 1920s[20]","title":"November 4, 1971 (Thursday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Europa-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"European Launcher Development Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Kourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourou"},{"link_name":"French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"24th Amendment to the Indian Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India"},{"link_name":"\"Fundamental Rights\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_rights_in_India"},{"link_name":"Jonny Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Corin Nemec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corin_Nemec"},{"link_name":"Parker Lewis Can't Lose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Lewis_Can%27t_Lose"},{"link_name":"Stargate SG-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1"},{"link_name":"Little Rock, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The first, and only, launch of the Europa-2 rocket by the European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO) failed when the missile exploded two minutes and 41 seconds after liftoff from the ELDO launch site at Kourou in French Guiana. Electrical interference in the inertial guidance system for the rocket's third stage when it reached an altitude of 27,000 metres (89,000 ft) and the Europa-2 tilted, putting a strain on the second stage that ended in the explosion.[21]\nThe 24th Amendment to the Indian Constitution went into effect, giving the Indian Parliament the power to suspend the listed \"Fundamental Rights\" as deemed necessary.\nBorn:\nJonny Greenwood, English musician and composer, in Oxford[22]\nCorin Nemec (stage name for Joseph Charles Nemec IV), American TV actor known for Parker Lewis Can't Lose and Stargate SG-1; in Little Rock, Arkansas[23][24]","title":"November 5, 1971 (Friday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The U.S. tested a thermonuclear warhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Grommet"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Amchitka Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amchitka_Island"},{"link_name":"megatons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatons"},{"link_name":"underground detonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_nuclear_testing"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Spessard Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spessard_Holland"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The U.S. tested a thermonuclear warhead in Alaska at Amchitka Island, after federal courts denied a petition by environmentalists to prevent the test, code-named Project Cannikin. At around five megatons, it was the largest ever U.S. underground detonation.[25] The test went ahead, as scheduled, as the U.S. Supreme Court voted, 4 to 3, not to allow an injunction for its postponement.[26]\nDied: Spessard Holland, 79, former four-term U.S. Senator and wartime Governor of Florida from 1941-1945 of an apparent heart attack at his Bartow, Florida home. Holland sponsored the 24th amendment to the U.S. Constitution banning poll taxes in elections for federal office.[27]","title":"November 6, 1971 (Saturday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elections were held in Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Belgian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Chambre des représentants or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Belgian Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Christelijke Volkspartij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_People%27s_Party_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Gaston Eyskens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens"},{"link_name":"Robin Finck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Finck"},{"link_name":"Nine Inch Nails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails"},{"link_name":"Park Ridge, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Ridge,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Elections were held in Belgium for the 212 seats in the Chambre des représentants or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers and the 106 seats of the Belgian Senate.[28] The Flemish Christelijke Volkspartij, led by Prime Minister Gaston Eyskens, won a plurality of seats (40) and continued its coalition government with the Christian Social Party and the Belgian Socialist Party, both regional parties.\nBorn: Robin Finck, American lead guitarist of Nine Inch Nails, in Park Ridge, New Jersey[citation needed]","title":"November 7, 1971 (Sunday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fourth studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_IV"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Stairway to Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stairway_to_Heaven"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Elections were held for the Philippine Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Philippine_Senate_election"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Nacionalista Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalista_Party"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Gerardo Roxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Roxas"},{"link_name":"Jovito Salonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovito_Salonga"},{"link_name":"Berkeley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"sanctuary city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_city"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Abington School District v. Schempp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abington_School_District_v._Schempp"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Robert \"Bobbie\" Brown, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbie_E._Brown"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Battle of Crucifix Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Crucifix_Hill"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"The fourth best selling record album of all time the untitled fourth studio album of Led Zeppelin, was released, making its debut in the United States four days before its November 12 release in the United Kingdom, and contained the band's most popular song, \"Stairway to Heaven\".[29]\nElections were held for the Philippine Senate,[30] and although the Nacionalista Party of President Ferdinand Marcos retained control of 16 of the 24 seats, the Liberal Party of Gerardo Roxas gained three to increase its share to eight seats. Jovito Salonga of the Liberals, who had been critically injured in the bombing of a Liberal Party rally on August 21, won 5.6 million votes, more than any other candidate.\nBerkeley, California, became the first \"sanctuary city\" in the United States, with the passage of an ordinance that prohibited its city employees, including its police, from enforcing federal arrest warrants for non-violent offenses. The \"sanctuary city\" concept was later adopted in other politically liberal communities in the U.S.[31]\nThe U.S. House of Representatives considered, but failed to pass, a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution that would have permitted voluntary prayer in public schools. The response to the 1963 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Abington School District v. Schempp, which had barred state-sanctioned Bible reading and prayer in non-private schools, the proposed 27th Amendment received 240 votes in favor and 162 against, but constitutional amendments required a two-thirds majority (268 of the 402 votes cast) to pass.[32]\nDied: Robert \"Bobbie\" Brown, Jr., 68, U.S. Medal of Honor recipient for his bravery in the 1944 Battle of Crucifix Hill in Aachen during World War II, committed suicide with a single gunshot wound to the chest. Brown had been suffering from PTSD and constant pain from his war injuries for more than 27 years.[33]","title":"November 8, 1971 (Monday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"were killed when their plane crashed during a NATO training mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_RAF_Hercules_crash"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Westfield, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"John List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_List_(serial_killer)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy"},{"link_name":"Dimitris Kontopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitris_Kontopoulos"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_G%C3%BCnther,_Prince_of_Schwarzburg"},{"link_name":"House of Schwarzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg"}],"text":"All 52 people on board a Royal Air Force Hercules C-130K air transport— the six-member British crew and 46 Italian Air Force paratroopers— were killed when their plane crashed during a NATO training mission.[34][35]\nIn Westfield, New Jersey, accountant John List murdered his mother, his wife and his three children.[36][37] He would remain a fugitive for almost 18 years, working under a variety of aliases, before being captured in 1989 after the case was featured in a nationwide broadcast of the relatively new FOX Network show America's Most Wanted.[38][39] List would remain in prison until his death in 2008 at the age of 82.[40]\nThe Bangladesh Navy was inaugurated with six patrol vessels.\nBorn: Dimitris Kontopoulos, Greek songwriter, in Athens\nDied: Friedrich Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg, 70; the last member of the House of Schwarzburg","title":"November 9, 1971 (Tuesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All 69 people on board were killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Indian_Ocean_Vickers_Viscount_crash"},{"link_name":"Vickers Viscount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Viscount"},{"link_name":"Merpati Nusantara Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merpati_Nusantara_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Padang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Khmer Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge"},{"link_name":"Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Salvador Allende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Allende"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"red sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_theory#Applications_to_communism_outside_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Reversion Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Okinawa_Reversion_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-47"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Juan Velasco Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Velasco_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Mario Abdo Benítez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Abdo_Ben%C3%ADtez"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Niki Karimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_Karimi"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"All 69 people on board were killed in the crash of a Vickers Viscount turboprop airplane operated by Merpati Nusantara Airlines in Indonesia.[41] Carrying 62 passengers and seven crew, the airliner had taken off from Jakarta and was approaching its destination at Padang when it crashed into the sea.[42]\nIn Cambodia, Khmer Rouge forces attacked the Phnom Penh international airport, killing 44 people, mostly civilians who were members of families traveling with soldiers, wounding 30 others and damaging nine aircraft.[43]\nCuba's Premier, Fidel Castro, arrived to the only other Latin American nation where he was welcomed by the government, arriving in Santiago as the guest of Chile's Marxist President, Salvador Allende.[44] The relationship between Cuba and Chile fueled the belief by U.S. President Nixon that, if either regime continued, \"you will have in Latin America a red sandwich. And eventually, it will be all red.\"[45]\nThe U.S. Senate voted, 84 to 6, to ratify the Okinawa Reversion Agreement, returning the island of Okinawa, and other Japanese territory captured in 1945 during World War II, to Japanese control.[46] The treaty, signed on June 17, provided that the United States would be able to maintain its military bases on Okinawa, but would not be able to launch military operations from the bases without consultation and approval by the Japanese government.[47]\nPeru's military government, headed by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, issued the \"General Telecommunications Law\" by decree, requiring that the Republic of Peru be the owner of at least 51 percent of the shares of the South American nation's 19 television stations, and that the government have 25 percent ownership of its 222 radio stations.[48]\nBorn:\nMario Abdo Benítez, Paraguayan politician, President 2018–, in Asunción.[49]\nNiki Karimi, Iranian actress and director, in Tehran.[citation needed]","title":"November 10, 1971 (Wednesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kawasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"NTD-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTD_(Australian_TV_station)"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Nine Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Network"},{"link_name":"David DeLuise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_DeLuise"},{"link_name":"Burbank, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"Dom DeLuise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_DeLuise"},{"link_name":"Carol Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Arthur"},{"link_name":"A. P. Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._Herbert"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"A man-made earthslide at Kawasaki, Japan, killed fifteen people.[50]\nTelevision reached Australia's Northern Territory for the first time at 5:00 in the afternoon, as NTD-9 began broadcasting from a station at Darwin as part of the Nine Network.\nBorn: David DeLuise, American actor and director, in Burbank, California, the youngest son of Dom DeLuise and Carol Arthur.\nDied: A. P. Herbert, 81, English humorist.[51]","title":"November 11, 1971 (Thursday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aeroflot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot"},{"link_name":"Antonov An-24B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-24B"},{"link_name":"Vinnitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnitsa"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Vietnamization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamization"},{"link_name":"Richard M. Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Tonantzintla Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonantzintla_Observatory"},{"link_name":"San Andrés Cholula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_Cholula,_Puebla"},{"link_name":"Puebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla"},{"link_name":"Soichi Sunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soichi_Sunami"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"All 43 passengers and five crew on Aeroflot Flight N-63 were killed when the Antonov An-24B airplane crashed while attempting to land at Vinnitsa after taking off from Kiev in a flight within the Ukrainian SSR.[52]\nAs part of the policy of Vietnamization, U.S. President Richard M. Nixon announced that 45,000 additional American troops would be removed from Vietnam by February 1.[53]\nMexico's research institute for astrophysics, optics, and electronics, the Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE), was created by presidential decree.[54] It is now located at the site of the Tonantzintla Observatory, outside of San Andrés Cholula in Mexico's Puebla state.\nDied: Soichi Sunami, 86, Japanese-born American portrait photographer[55]","title":"November 12, 1971 (Friday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mariner09.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mariner 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_9"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Pasadena, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Northern Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Epirus"},{"link_name":"Toskëria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosk%C3%ABria"},{"link_name":"Vlorë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB_County"},{"link_name":"Gjirokastër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_County"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Economic Stabilization Act of 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_1970"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Duel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"ABC Movie of the Weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Movie_of_the_Week"},{"link_name":"Steven Spielberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg"},{"link_name":"Dennis Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Weaver"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"Mariner 9The U.S. probe Mariner 9 became the first spacecraft to successfully enter the orbit of Mars. Previous American and Soviet probes had made close \"fly-by\" approaches. At 4:42 p.m. California time (00:42 UTC on 14 November), the technicians at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, made Mariner 9 the first object from Earth to be put into orbit around another planet. The elliptical orbit ranged between 800 miles (1,300 km) above the Martian surface and 10,700 miles (17,200 km) twice a day[56]\nGreece and Albania restored full diplomatic relations and the Greek government dropped a 100-year-old claim it had had for what Greece called Northern Epirus and Albania called Toskëria. Incorporating 1,930 square miles (5,000 km2) of the Albanian counties of Vlorë (Avlona) and Gjirokastër (Argyrokastro), the area had been captured from Greece by the Ottoman Empire, from which Albania was formed after World War I.[57]\nU.S. President Nixon issued Executive Order 11627, the implementation of \"Phase II\" of the nationwide wage and price controls authorized by the Economic Stabilization Act of 1970. Controls against increases in wages, rents, prices on certain goods and services, would be ended by a subsequent order on January 11, 1973.[58]\nDuel, one of the most successful of made-for-TV films produced in the U.S. for the ABC Movie of the Weekend program, was broadcast for the first time. The horror film was the first to be directed by Steven Spielberg and featured Dennis Weaver as a car driver pursued by the never-visible driver of a large gasoline truck. The TV version had a running time of 74 minutes punctuated by 16 minutes of commercials between 8:30 and 10:00 p.m.[59]","title":"November 13, 1971 (Saturday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Shenouda III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Shenouda_III"},{"link_name":"Saint Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Elections were held in East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_East_German_general_election"},{"link_name":"Volkskammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkskammer"},{"link_name":"National Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"Socialist Unity Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Adam Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist"},{"link_name":"Bellingen, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingen,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Paul Klinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Klinger"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria was enthroned as the leader of the Coptic Christian Church and the 117th successor to Saint Mark. He would serve until his death on March 17, 2012.[60][61]\nElections were held in East Germany for the 434 directly elected seats in the 500-member Volkskammer. All 584 candidates had to be approved by East Germany's National Front, which was controlled by the Communist party, the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), in a nominally multiparty contest in which the 434 persons receiving the highest number of votes were elected, and other candidates getting at least 5% of the votes were placed on a reserve list to fill vacancies.[62][63]\nBorn: Adam Gilchrist, Australian cricketer, in Bellingen, New South Wales\nDied: Paul Klinger, 64, German stage and film actor[64]","title":"November 14, 1971 (Sunday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"microprocessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"Intel 4004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_4004"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilder_1990-65"},{"link_name":"International Organization of Space Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_of_Space_Communications"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Intelsat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelsat"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Alec Douglas-Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Abel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Abel"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"Intel announced the world's first microprocessor, the Intel 4004.[65]\nThe International Organization of Space Communications (Intersputnik) was founded by scientist delegates from the Soviet Union and from seven Soviet allies (Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Mongolia, and Cuba) to cooperate on communications satellites, in the same manner as the western Intelsat organization.[66]\nThe People's Republic of China formally joined the United Nations after the October 25 vote in favor of its admission and the expulsion of Taiwan as the representative of the Chinese mainland.[67]\nBritain's Foreign Secretary Alec Douglas-Home arrived in Salisbury, capital of Rhodesia, to discuss proposals for a political settlement.[68] Salisbury, Rhodesia would later be renamed Harare, Zimbabwe, after the white minority government yielded to black majority rule and economic disaster. [69]\nDied: Rudolf Abel (William August Fisher), 68, English-born KGB spy for the Soviet Union who was convicted in the U.S. for smuggling American nuclear secrets to the Soviet government, and returned to the Soviets in 1962 in exchange for captured American pilot Francis Gary Powers.[70]","title":"November 15, 1971 (Monday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Parker,_Baron_Parker_of_Waddington"},{"link_name":"Lord Chief Justice of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England"},{"link_name":"five techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_techniques"},{"link_name":"sleep deprivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_deprivation"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Waqar Younis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqar_Younis"},{"link_name":"Burewala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burewala"},{"link_name":"Punjab province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Edie Sedgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edie_Sedgwick"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"text":"The British Government committee of inquiry, chaired by Lord Parker, the Lord Chief Justice of England and charged to look into the legal and moral aspects of the use of the five techniques of interrogation in Northern Ireland, released its 72-page report. Although the Commission noted that prisoners arrested on August 9 had been subjected to sleep deprivation, a \"bread and water\" diet, \"continuous and monotonous noise\" and \"hooded isolation\", it noted that \"Where we have concluded that physical ill-treatment took place, we are not making a finding of brutality. We consider that brutality is an inhuman or savage form of curelty. We do not think that happened here.\"[71]\nBorn: Waqar Younis, bowler for and captain of the Pakistan Test Cricket team and cricketer, in Burewala, Punjab province.[72]\nDied: Edie Sedgwick, 28, American actress and associate of Andy Warhol, of a barbiturate overdose[73]","title":"November 16, 1971 (Tuesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thanom_Kittikachorn_1960_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thanom Kittikachorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanom_Kittikachorn"},{"link_name":"Royal Thai Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Thanat Khoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanat_Khoman"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Crumlin Road Jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Crumlin_Road"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Debaki Kumar Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debaki_Bose"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Gladys Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"text":"KittikachornThailand's Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn, a Field Marshal in the Royal Thai Air Force, staged a coup d'état against his own government, dissolving the national parliament and his cabinet, including longtime Foreign Minister Thanat Khoman. A five-member \"Revolutionary Council\", headed by Kittikachorn, was created to replace the constitutional government, and the monarchy was maintained.[74]\nNine Irish Republican Army prisoners escaped the Crumlin Road Jail in Belfast, Northern Ireland, after rope ladders were thrown over the wall to them. Two Roman Catholic monks and several Belfast businessmen would later be charged with aiding the escape. Seven were able to flee across the border to Ireland, which allowed them to remain.[75]\nDied:\nDebaki Kumar Bose, 73, Indian film producer and director known for his innovations in Hindi and Bengali film[76]\nGladys Cooper, 82, English stage, film and television character actress known for My Fair Lady and Now, Voyager.[77]","title":"November 17, 1971 (Wednesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hestroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hestroff"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Maginot Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maginot_Line"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Thérèse Coffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Coffey"},{"link_name":"Billinge, Merseyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billinge,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Jun Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_Tanaka_(chef)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Junior Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Parker"}],"text":"At a cafe in the town of Hestroff, the government of France began the first auction of the structures of the 40-year old Maginot Line that had been built in the 1930s along the border with Germany, finally disposing of what one journalist observed to be \"an emblem of a false sense of security\".[78] The heavily fortified Maginot Line, designed to stop a German invasion, never saw battle after World War Two broke out in 1939. In 1940, the German Wehrmacht invaded France anyway, sweeping across the unfortified border with Belgium.\nBorn:\nThérèse Coffey, British politician, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in Billinge, Merseyside[79]\nJun Tanaka, U.S.-born Japanese-British chef and TV celebrity; in New York City[80]\nDied: Junior Parker, 39, blues musician, died during brain surgery","title":"November 18, 1971 (Thursday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atomic Energy Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission"},{"link_name":"the November 6 nuclear detonation in Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Grommet"},{"link_name":"Amchitka Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amchitka_Island"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"text":"The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) released its report of the November 6 nuclear detonation in Alaska of a five megaton thermonuclear weapon, and said that there was no radiation detected nor evidence of radioactive contamination to the environment of Amchitka Island. The AEC said that the explosive force of the $200 million test had created a concussion that killed \"hundreds of fish... as well as 18 sea otters, four seals and 16 birds.\"[81]","title":"November 19, 1971 (Friday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Cairngorm Plateau disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairngorm_Plateau_disaster"},{"link_name":"Cairngorms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairngorms"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Ainslie Park School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainslie_Park_School"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Washington D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C."},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Joel McHale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_McHale"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"text":"In Brazil, 29 people were killed in the collapse of a bridge still under construction, the Elevado Engenheiro Freyssinet, when a 110 m (360 ft) section of the structure fell on traffic at the intersection of Paulo de Frontin Avenue and Haddock Lobo, in Rio de Janeiro. According to authorities, at least two buses and ten cars were crushed under thousands of tons of debris.[82][83][84]\nThe Cairngorm Plateau disaster, which ended in the deaths of five teenagers and an inexperienced adult guide during a mountain hike in Scotland, began with a weekend expedition into the mountains known as the Cairngorms, even with snow predicted.[85] The teenagers, all 15 years old, were students at Ainslie Park School in Edinburgh\nWomen from all over the U.S. marched in support of abortion rights in events in Washington D.C. and San Francisco. The marches were organized by a new organization, WONAAC, which had been created in July.[86][87][88]\nBorn: Joel McHale, American comedian and TV actor known for Community; to American parents in Rome.[89]","title":"November 20, 1971 (Saturday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Garibpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Garibpur"},{"link_name":"Indo-Pakistani War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"an aerial battle broke out between India and Pakistan over the Boyra peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boyra"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"China Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Taiwan Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Strait"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Ian Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Smith"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Alec Douglas-Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"text":"The Battle of Garibpur took place as the first major conflict between India and Pakistan prior to the Indo-Pakistani War that would end with Pakistan recognizing the independence of Bangladesh.[90]\nAt the same time, an aerial battle broke out between India and Pakistan over the Boyra peninsula.[91]\nChina Airlines Flight 825, a Caravelle III jet, crashed into the waters of the Taiwan Strait when it exploded in mid-air during a flight from Taipei to Hong Kong, killing all 25 people on board.\nAfter six days of negotiations, Prime Minister Ian Smith of Rhodesia signed a short-lived accord with British Foreign Secretary Alec Douglas-Home, to gradually end white-minority rule of the southern African nation.[92]","title":"November 21, 1971 (Sunday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"San Pedro Sula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_Sula"},{"link_name":"Swan Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Islands,_Honduras"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"A Current Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Current_Affair_(Australian_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Nine Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Network"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"GTV-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTV_(Australian_TV_station)"},{"link_name":"Mike Willesee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Willesee"},{"link_name":"Moro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_people"},{"link_name":"Magsaysay, Lanao del Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magsaysay,_Lanao_del_Norte"},{"link_name":"Nunungan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunungan"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Cairn Gorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairn_Gorm"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"József Zakariás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Zakari%C3%A1s"}],"text":"The U.S. and Honduras signed a treaty in the Honduran city of San Pedro Sula to return the U.S.-controlled and uninhabited Swan Islands to Honduras after 108 years.[93] Located in the Gulf of Mexico about 100 miles (160 km) north of Honduras, the islands of Greater Swan and Lesser Swan, and a coral reef called the Bobby Cay, had been under U.S. sovereignty since 1863 and housed weather, navigation and communication stations. The islands, totaling 3 square miles (7.8 km2) in area, are now referred to by the Spanish word for a swan, Islas de Cisne.[94]\nThe long-running nightly Australian TV news show A Current Affair, still on stations of the Nine Network 49 years later, made its debut as a local feature of the Melbourne Channel 9 station, GTV-9, with Mike Willesee as the first host.\nA clash in the Philippines between the Philippine Army and predominantly Muslim Moro insurgents took place on the day of a special election near the town of Magsaysay, Lanao del Norte. Thirty-seven Moros were killed and 43 wounded, while two Philippine soldiers were wounded. Another battle occurred at the city of Nunungan where seven Moros were killed after stealing ballot boxes.[95]\nSix climbers died while attempting to scale Cairn Gorm in Scotland.[96]\nDied: József Zakariás, 47, Hungarian footballer","title":"November 22, 1971 (Monday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Brunei"},{"link_name":"Hassanal Bolkiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Yahya Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"East Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"}],"text":"An agreement was signed in London between a deputy minister of the British Ministry for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Anthony Royle, and the Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, providing for British recognition of Brunei's self-government regarding internal matters, and continuation of protectorate status in the matter of Brunei's foreign affairs and defence.\nPakistan's President Yahya Khan declared a national emergency in an address to his country and told Pakistanis to prepare for a war with India.[97][98] The action came a day after Indian Army troops crossed into East Pakistan to aid in an offensive by the Bangladesh guerrilla army.\"[99]\nThe People's Republic of China took the place of Taiwan as one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, after the seating of the PRC delegation on November 15.","title":"November 23, 1971 (Tuesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thunderstorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderstorm"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"D. B. Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._B._Cooper"},{"link_name":"Northwest Orient Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Orient_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Alexis Brimeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Brimeyer"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Ian Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Smith"},{"link_name":"Alec Douglas-Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Okinawa_Reversion_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-47"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"text":"During a severe thunderstorm over Washington, a man calling himself D. B. Cooper parachuted from Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305, a Boeing 727 that he had hijacked, with US$200,000 in ransom money.[100][101] He was never apprehended, and nearly 50 years later, the case would remain the only unsolved skyjacking in history.[102]\nA Brussels court sentenced pretender Alexis Brimeyer, in absentia, to 18 months in jail for falsely using a title of Belgian nobility. Brimeyer had already fled to Greece.\nRhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith and British Foreign Secretary Alec Douglas-Home signed an agreement on proposals for a political settlement. Under the terms of the pact, the white minority government (in a nation with 250,000 white European and five million black African citizens) would retain its present power, but British economic sanctions would be lifted if the white government enacted legislation to outlaw racial discrimination, and the goal would be set for eventual black majority rule of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).[103]\nJapan's parliament, the National Diet, ratified the terms of the 1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement, signed on June 17.[47][104]","title":"November 24, 1971 (Wednesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Eight Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Eight_Conference"},{"link_name":"the most anticipated college football game of the year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Nebraska_vs._Oklahoma_football_game"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska Cornhuskers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team"},{"link_name":"University of Oklahoma Sooners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Harold Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"united Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Ireland"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Christina Applegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Applegate"},{"link_name":"Hollywood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_California"},{"link_name":"Nancy Priddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Priddy"},{"link_name":"Dražen Erdemović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dra%C5%BEen_Erdemovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Tuzla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzla"},{"link_name":"Leonard W. Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_W._Murray"}],"text":"The #1 and #2 ranked teams in the United States, both undefeated after nine games and both in the Big Eight Conference, met in the most anticipated college football game of the year, as the #1 University of Nebraska Cornhuskers visited the #2 University of Oklahoma Sooners. Trailing, 31 to 28 with less than two minutes to play, Nebraska scored the winning touchdown with 1:38 left in the game and winning 35–31. The Cornhuskers would go on to win recognition as the NCAA national champions in another #1 vs. #2 game, beating second-ranked Alabama at the Orange Bowl on New Year's Day.[105]\nBritish Prime Minister Harold Wilson presented a plan to the House of Commons for an eventual union of the Republic of Ireland and the British region of Northern Ireland that could take effect as early as the year 1987, starting with the formation of a commission composed of British, Northern Irish and Irish members to frame a constitution for united Ireland, to come into effect 15 years after all three parliaments ratified the instrument. Northern Irish Prime Minister Brian Faulkner rejected the plan the next day, declaring that although he would welcome dialogue with the Republic of Ireland, he would not consider weakening his region within the United Kingdom.[106]\nBorn:\nChristina Applegate, American television and film actress, known primarily for the TV show Married With Children; in Hollywood, California to record producer Robert W. Applegate and soap opera actress Nancy Priddy\nDražen Erdemović, Bosnian war criminal, in Tuzla\nDied: Leonard W. Murray, 75, Canadian naval commander","title":"November 25, 1971 (Thursday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Two days of elections were held in Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Czechoslovak_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Federal Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Dhu al-Hijjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"caning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caning"},{"link_name":"corporal punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_punishment"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"rattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattan"},{"link_name":"Volkskammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkskammer"},{"link_name":"Walter Ulbricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Alberione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Alberione"},{"link_name":"Bengt Ekerot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Ekerot"},{"link_name":"Ingmar Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman"},{"link_name":"The Seventh Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seventh_Seal"},{"link_name":"Palwankar Vithal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palwankar_Vithal"}],"text":"Two days of elections were held in Czechoslovakia for the 200 seats of the lower house of the Federal Assembly, the Chamber of the People (Sněmovna lidu Czech or Snemovňa ľudu Slovak).[107] Voters were limited to approving or disapproving the pre-approved slate of 200 candidates endorsed by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.\nFor the first time since the founding of the modern state of Israel in 1948, Muslim Israeli citizens were given permission to come to Mecca in Saudi Arabia for the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Islam's holiest city, held annually. The decision was announced in a letter from King Faisal II of Sauid Arabia to the Palestinian Mayor of Hebron in the West Bank, occupied by Israel since 1967. At the time, about 325,000 of Israel's three million citizens were Muslim. The decision affected the upcoming Hajj starting January 22, 1972, corresponding to the 8th day of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah, 1391 A.H. on the Muslim calendar.[108]\nA ban against \"caning\" of students, used as a form of corporal punishment to enforce discipline in British schools since the early 19th century, was ordered by the Inner London Education Authority for the 880 primary schools in London, but was not scheduled to go into effect until January 1, 1973, 13 months in the future at the time.[109] The punishment typically was administered by a teacher, with a long stick made of rattan to an unruly student, generally hitting the recipient across the buttocks.\nEast Germany's parliament, the Volkskammer, unanimously re-elected former Communist Party Chairman Walter Ulbricht as the nation's nominal head of state, and Willi Stoph as the head of government.[110]\nDied:\nGiacomo Alberione, 87, Italian priest, founder of the Society of St. Paul and the Daughters of St. Paul;\nBengt Ekerot, 51, Swedish actor, best known for his role as Death in Ingmar Bergman's The Seventh Seal\nPalwankar Vithal, Indian cricketer","title":"November 26, 1971 (Friday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mars3_iki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mars 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_2"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"text":"Mars 2 and Mars 3, artist's renditionThe lander of the USSR's Mars 2 probe, became the first man-made object to reach the surface of Mars, but was destroyed on impact because its parachute failed to deploy due to a computer malfunction.[111] The orbiter, launched with the lander on May 19, would continue in Martian orbit and transmit data for eight months before being deactivated on August 22, 1972.","title":"November 27, 1971 (Saturday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phu Loc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_L%E1%BB%99c,_Th%E1%BB%ABa_Thi%C3%AAn%E2%80%93Hu%E1%BA%BF"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Presidential and congressional elections were held in Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Uruguayan_general_election"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"an electoral system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_Lemas"},{"link_name":"Juan María Bordaberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Bordaberry"},{"link_name":"Wilson Ferreira Aldunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Ferreira_Aldunate"},{"link_name":"National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_(Uruguay)"},{"link_name":"Colorado Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Party_(Uruguay)"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"latest war between the two nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971"},{"link_name":"Balurghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balurghat"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Wasfi al-Tal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasfi_al-Tal"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Arab League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Arab League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League"},{"link_name":"Black September","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_September"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"text":"Thirty-four members of the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division were killed in the crash of a CH-47 Chinook helicopter in South Vietnam, when the aircraft impacted the western slope of Mum Kun Sac Mountain near Phu Loc.[112][113] The wreckage would not be discovered until December 2nd.\nPresidential and congressional elections were held in Uruguay.[114] Under an electoral system where the party whose presidential candidates received the most votes would win the presidency, Juan María Bordaberry was the president-elect. Thus, although Wilson Ferreira Aldunate of the National Party won 60,000 more votes than Bordaberry's Colorado Party, the Colorado Party's five candidates won 681,624 votes while the National's two candidates won 668,822. The Colorado Party had a 41 to 40 edge in the 100-seat Chamber of Deputies, and a 13 to 12 lead in the 30 seat Senate.[115]\nPakistan launched its first direct assault against India in the latest war between the two nations, killing at least 20 people and injuring 70 in the city of Balurghat in the West Bengal state, near the border with East Pakistan. The Pakistani Army fired artillery shells from their side of the border, at least three miles (about two kilometers) away from the target area. Eight of the shells fell on crowded areas of the city during the morning.[116]\nDied: Wasfi al-Tal, 52, Prime Minister of Jordan, He was assassinated by members of the Palestinian terrorist group Black September while standing on the steps of the Sheraton Hotel in Cairo, while attending an Arab League summit meeting in Egypt.[117] Tal and Jordan's Foreign Minister Abdullah Salah were returning to their hotel after a meeting with the joint defense council of the Arab League, where the member nations had been discussing strategy against Israel, when three members of the Palestinian guerrilla group Black September ran toward them from the hotel lobby and began firing with revolvers.[118]","title":"November 28, 1971 (Sunday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1291","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Computerized Criminal History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerized_Criminal_History"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"NCIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Crime_Information_Center"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Kosmos 458","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_458"},{"link_name":"Kosmos 459","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_459"},{"link_name":"Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome_Site_133"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Semipalatinsk Test Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site"},{"link_name":"Edith Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Tolkien"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"text":"For the first time since the founding of the Swiss Confederation in 1291, Switzerland's national parliament had female members, as 10 women were sworn into office in the National Council, and one took the office in the Council of State.[119]\nThe Computerized Criminal History (CCH) program of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) began operations as an opportunity for individual states to enter an individual's criminal history into a national database to be linked to the existing NCIC.[120]\nThe Soviet Union launched the satellites Kosmos 458 and Kosmos 459 from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 133.[121]\nThe Soviet Union performed a nuclear test at its Semipalatinsk Test Site.\nDied: Edith Tolkien (née Bratt), 82, English wife of J. R. R. Tolkien[122]","title":"November 29, 1971 (Monday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A gunbattle killed four policemen and three Iranian Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Abu_Musa_and_the_Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Sharjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharjah"},{"link_name":"Sandy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%27s"},{"link_name":"Hardee's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardee%27s"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Yahya Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan"},{"link_name":"Operation Chengiz Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chengiz_Khan"},{"link_name":"Indira Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"East Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"John B. Connally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Connally"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Tsilhqot'in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsilhqot%27in"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clement_p._75-127"},{"link_name":"Fred Quilt inquiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Quilt_inquiry"}],"text":"A gunbattle killed four policemen and three Iranian Marines in a fight between Iran and the United Arab Emirates over ownership of a set of islands in the Persian Gulf, Abu Musa, Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb.[123] The fight came one day after Iran and one of the emirates, Sharjah, had signed an agreement to allow both nations to maintain a presence on the island. Iran has retained control of the islands ever since.\nThe Sandy's hamburger restaurant chain, with franchises in Illinois, Iowa and other U.S. Midwestern states and operating since 1956, was acquired by the Hardee's restaurant chain based in the South and founded in 1960.[124]\nPakistan's President Yahya Khan and the armed forces made the ultimately disastrous decision to launch Operation Chengiz Khan, an airstrike against India and its airbases near the border with East Pakistan, to take place on December 3. At the same time, India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi publicly called on Yahya Khan to pull all Pakistani Army troops from East Pakistan as \"a gesture for peace\".[125]\nThe finance ministers and central bank governors of ten non-Communist nations began discussions at Rome to negotiate a realignment of the national currencies of all 10 states. The \"Group of 10\" sent representatives for the U.S., Canada, the U.K., Sweden, Japan, France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands. U.S. Treasury Secretary John B. Connally appeared as the American finance minister.[126]\nDied: Fred Quilt, a 55-year-old leader of the Tsilhqot'in First Nation, two days after being fatally injured in the course of his arrest by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, which initially pulled him over for drunk driving.[127] Quilt died two days later and the Fred Quilt inquiry followed.","title":"November 30, 1971 (Tuesday)"}] | [{"image_text":"November 13, 1971: U.S. probe Mariner 9 becomes first Earth object to enter Mars Orbit, sends first detailed photos of terrain (pictured, Noctis Labyrinthus)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/M09_mtvs4187_45.gif/300px-M09_mtvs4187_45.gif"},{"image_text":"The dry river beds of Nirgal Vallis, seen from Mariner 9","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/NirgalVallis_by_Mariner9.jpg/300px-NirgalVallis_by_Mariner9.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 1971 Eisenhower dollar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eisenhower_Dollar_noBG.jpg/200px-Eisenhower_Dollar_noBG.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mariner 9","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mariner09.jpg/150px-Mariner09.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kittikachorn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Thanom_Kittikachorn_1960_02.jpg/150px-Thanom_Kittikachorn_1960_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mars 2 and Mars 3, artist's rendition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mars3_iki.jpg/150px-Mars3_iki.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"World Hockey Association Sees Action Next October— 10 Franchises in Canada, U.S.\" Spokane Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. November 2, 1971. p. 15.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eu9LAAAAIBAJ&pg=5305%2C384231","url_text":"\"World Hockey Association Sees Action Next October— 10 Franchises in Canada, U.S.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane_Spokesman-Review","url_text":"Spokane Spokesman-Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane,_Washington","url_text":"Spokane, Washington"}]},{"reference":"Eskenazi, Gerald (November 2, 1971). \"New Hockey League Bars Reserve Clause\". The New York Times. p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Charles (March 21, 2012). \"When dealing with Eisenhower Dollars, grade is everything\". CoinWeek.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoinWeek","url_text":"CoinWeek"}]},{"reference":"\"Johannesburg Dean Gets 5-Year Term on Plot Charge\". The New York Times. November 2, 1971. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Clarke, Bob (2008). Anglicans against apartheid, 1936-1996. Cluster Publications.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_Publications","url_text":"Cluster Publications"}]},{"reference":"\"From 1971: When the Toronto Sun rose after the Telegram fell\". CBC News. November 1, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/archives/from-1971-when-the-toronto-sun-rose-after-the-telegram-fell-1.4888171","url_text":"\"From 1971: When the Toronto Sun rose after the Telegram fell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Dennis King\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/dennis-king","url_text":"\"Dennis King\""}]},{"reference":"Prokhorov, Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich (1973). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Macmillan. p. 268.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lFoNAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Great Soviet Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"The New York Times Biographical Service. New York Times & Arno Press. November 1971. p. 3981.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xiJBAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The New York Times Biographical Service"}]},{"reference":"Limbrick, Jim (2001). North Sea Divers - a Requiem. Hertford: Authors OnLine. pp. 86–88. ISBN 0-7552-0036-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lPp68NAoUF0C&pg=PA86","url_text":"North Sea Divers - a Requiem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7552-0036-5","url_text":"0-7552-0036-5"}]},{"reference":"Lentz, Harris (2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 184. ISBN 9781134264902.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134264902","url_text":"9781134264902"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Brian (2003). Europe's Space Programme: To Ariane and Beyond. Springer. p. 48.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Harvey_(author)","url_text":"Harvey, Brian"}]},{"reference":"Current Biography Yearbook. H. W. Wilson. 2001. p. 428.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._W._Wilson_Company","url_text":"H. W. Wilson"}]},{"reference":"\"Corin Nemec\". South Florida Sun Sentinel. September 23, 1990.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/1990/09/23/corin-nemec/","url_text":"\"Corin Nemec\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida_Sun_Sentinel","url_text":"South Florida Sun Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Mike. \"Today's top celebrity birthdays list for November 5, 2018\". Cleveland.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleveland.com/expo/life-and-culture/erry-2018/11/8dc3e436973030/todays-top-celebrity-birthdays.html","url_text":"\"Today's top celebrity birthdays list for November 5, 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland.com","url_text":"Cleveland.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Mario Abdo Benítez\". CIDOB (in Spanish). Retrieved October 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/paraguay/mario_abdo_benitez","url_text":"\"Mario Abdo Benítez\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Happened in November 1971\". OnThisDay.com. Retrieved 24 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyorb.com/date/1971/november","url_text":"\"What Happened in November 1971\""}]},{"reference":"Gilder, George (1990). Microcosm: the quantum revolution in economics and technology. Simon and Schuster. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-671-70592-3. Intel's first advertisement for the 4004 appeared in the November 15, 1971 issue of Electronic News","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/microcosm00geor","url_text":"Microcosm: the quantum revolution in economics and technology"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/microcosm00geor/page/107","url_text":"107"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-70592-3","url_text":"978-0-671-70592-3"}]},{"reference":"Crewe, Tara (2002). The territories of the People's Republic of China. London New York: Europa. p. 28. ISBN 9781135356187.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135356187","url_text":"9781135356187"}]},{"reference":"\"Once the breadbasket of Africa, Zimbabwe now on brink of man-made starvation, UN rights expert warns\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/11/once-breadbasket-africa-zimbabwe-now-brink-man-made-starvation-un-rights","url_text":"\"Once the breadbasket of Africa, Zimbabwe now on brink of man-made starvation, UN rights expert warns\""}]},{"reference":"Stein, Jean; Plimpton, George (1982). Edie. Knopf. p. 421. ISBN 0-394-48819-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/edieamericanbiog00stei/page/421","url_text":"Edie"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/edieamericanbiog00stei/page/421","url_text":"421"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-48819-9","url_text":"0-394-48819-9"}]},{"reference":"Dale, Iain; Smith, Jacqui (2019-11-14). The Honourable Ladies: Volume II: Profiles of Women MPs 1997–2019 - Iain Dale, Jacqui Smith - Google Books. Biteback. ISBN 9781785904479. Retrieved 2022-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E9a8DwAAQBAJ&dq=therese+coffey+november+1971&pg=PT393","url_text":"The Honourable Ladies: Volume II: Profiles of Women MPs 1997–2019 - Iain Dale, Jacqui Smith - Google Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785904479","url_text":"9781785904479"}]},{"reference":"\"Misc 22 October 1971\". Newspaperarchives.vassar.edu. Retrieved March 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://newspaperarchives.vassar.edu/cgi-bin/vassar?a=d&d=miscellany19711022-01.2.15","url_text":"\"Misc 22 October 1971\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wonaac National Newsletter\" (PDF). Womenshealthinwomenshands.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150227185517/http://www.womenshealthinwomenshands.org/PDFs/WomensNationalAbortionActionCoalition.pdf","url_text":"\"Wonaac National Newsletter\""},{"url":"http://www.womenshealthinwomenshands.org/PDFs/WomensNationalAbortionActionCoalition.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"22nd November 1971\". Archived from the original on November 18, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111118130237/http://bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1971War/Sabres.html","url_text":"\"22nd November 1971\""},{"url":"http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1971War/Sabres.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"1971: Six dead in Scottish mountain tragedy\", BBC On This Day\". BBC News. November 22, 1971. Retrieved 2008-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/22/newsid_2549000/2549021.stm","url_text":"\"\"1971: Six dead in Scottish mountain tragedy\", BBC On This Day\""}]},{"reference":"Wade, Mark. \"Kosmos 2\". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120618125001/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/kosmos2.htm","url_text":"\"Kosmos 2\""},{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/kosmos2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Paul Simpson; Angie Errigo (2003). The Rough Guide to the Lord of the Rings. Rough Guides. p. 48. ISBN 9781843532750.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843532750","url_text":"9781843532750"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eu9LAAAAIBAJ&pg=5305%2C384231","external_links_name":"\"World Hockey Association Sees Action Next October— 10 Franchises in Canada, U.S.\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/archives/from-1971-when-the-toronto-sun-rose-after-the-telegram-fell-1.4888171","external_links_name":"\"From 1971: When the Toronto Sun rose after the Telegram fell\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/dennis-king","external_links_name":"\"Dennis King\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lFoNAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Great Soviet Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xiJBAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The New York Times Biographical Service"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lPp68NAoUF0C&pg=PA86","external_links_name":"North Sea Divers - a Requiem"},{"Link":"https://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/reader.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Research UNIX Reader: Annotated Excerpts from the Programmer’s Manual, 1971-1986\""},{"Link":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j2558.html","external_links_name":"November 1971"},{"Link":"http://politics.guardian.co.uk/kelly/comment/0,,1137670,00.html","external_links_name":"The Guardian article on Emma Groves"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061218155242/http://politics.guardian.co.uk/kelly/comment/0,,1137670,00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://civil.ge/archives/118447","external_links_name":"\"Vladimer Chachibaia— Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/1990/09/23/corin-nemec/","external_links_name":"\"Corin Nemec\""},{"Link":"https://www.cleveland.com/expo/life-and-culture/erry-2018/11/8dc3e436973030/todays-top-celebrity-birthdays.html","external_links_name":"\"Today's top celebrity birthdays list for November 5, 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/berkeley-the-original-sanctuary-city/Content?oid=5306164","external_links_name":"\"Berkeley Is The Original Sanctuary City\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050405060854/http://crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/family/list/3.html?sect=12","external_links_name":"\"John Emil List\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19711110-0","external_links_name":"Aviation Safety Network"},{"Link":"https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/paraguay/mario_abdo_benitez","external_links_name":"\"Mario Abdo Benítez\""},{"Link":"http://www.historyorb.com/date/1971/november","external_links_name":"\"What Happened in November 1971\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19711112-0","external_links_name":"Aviation Safety Network"},{"Link":"https://www.inaoep.mx/historia.php","external_links_name":"INAOE history"},{"Link":"http://www.cascadiaartmuseum.org/?exhibition=invocation-of-beauty-the-life-and-photography-of-soichi-sunami","external_links_name":"\"Invocation of Beauty: The Life and Photography of Soichi Sunami\""},{"Link":"https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/432.html#432.2.9","external_links_name":"\"Records of the Economic Stabilization Programs, 1971-1974\""},{"Link":"http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/pope/#Biography","external_links_name":"\"Coptic Orthodox Church Network\""},{"Link":"http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/GERMAN_DEMOCRATIC_REPUBLIC_1971.PDF","external_links_name":"\"German Democratic Republic, November 14, 1971\""},{"Link":"http://knerger.de/html/klingerpschauspieler_84.html","external_links_name":"\"Klinger, P., Schauspieler\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/microcosm00geor","external_links_name":"Microcosm: the quantum revolution in economics and technology"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/microcosm00geor/page/107","external_links_name":"107"},{"Link":"https://intersputnik.int/about/organization/","external_links_name":"\"About Intersputnik: Five Decades in Outer Space\""},{"Link":"https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/11/once-breadbasket-africa-zimbabwe-now-brink-man-made-starvation-un-rights","external_links_name":"\"Once the breadbasket of Africa, Zimbabwe now on brink of man-made starvation, UN rights expert warns\""},{"Link":"https://dunyanews.tv/en/Cricket/414729-","external_links_name":"Happy birthday Waqar: Burewala Express turns 46 - Cricket - Dunya News"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/edieamericanbiog00stei/page/421","external_links_name":"Edie"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/edieamericanbiog00stei/page/421","external_links_name":"421"},{"Link":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/intern/docs/jmcg73.htm#chap8","external_links_name":"John McGuffin, Internment (Anvil Books 1973)"},{"Link":"https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/nov/17/2946/debaki-bose-mdash-the-first-internationally-honoured-indian-filmmaker","external_links_name":"\"Debaki Bose — The first internationally honoured Indian filmmaker\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E9a8DwAAQBAJ&dq=therese+coffey+november+1971&pg=PT393","external_links_name":"The Honourable Ladies: Volume II: Profiles of Women MPs 1997–2019 - Iain Dale, Jacqui Smith - Google Books"},{"Link":"https://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/em-destaque/em-novembro-de-1971-elevado-paulo-de-frontin-desabou-matando-29-pessoas-10808571","external_links_name":"\"em-novembro-de-1971-elevado-paulo-de-frontin-desabou-matando-29-pessoas\"|Em Novembro de 1971 Elevado Pauldo de Frontin Desabou, Matando 29 Pessoas\""},{"Link":"http://newspaperarchives.vassar.edu/cgi-bin/vassar?a=d&d=miscellany19711022-01.2.15","external_links_name":"\"Misc 22 October 1971\""},{"Link":"http://www.rainbowhistory.org/pdf/wonaac.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150227185517/http://www.womenshealthinwomenshands.org/PDFs/WomensNationalAbortionActionCoalition.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Wonaac National Newsletter\""},{"Link":"http://www.womenshealthinwomenshands.org/PDFs/WomensNationalAbortionActionCoalition.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ew.com/article/2011/11/18/monitor-nov-25-2011/","external_links_name":"\"Monitor\""},{"Link":"https://thewire.in/history/revisiting-battle-garibpur-precursor-bangladesh-liberation-war","external_links_name":"\"Revisiting the Battle of Garibpur, a Precursor to the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111118130237/http://bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1971War/Sabres.html","external_links_name":"\"22nd November 1971\""},{"Link":"http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1971War/Sabres.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/22/newsid_2549000/2549021.stm","external_links_name":"\"\"1971: Six dead in Scottish mountain tragedy\", BBC On This Day\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090823055450/http://www.warchat.org/history-asia/indo-pakistani-war-of-1971.html","external_links_name":"\"Indo-Pakistani War of 1971\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160819045714/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/crime/the-db-cooper-case-has-baffled-the-fbi-for-45-years-now-it-may-never-be-solved/ar-BBugIcH?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=iehp","external_links_name":"\"The D.B. Cooper case has baffled the FBI for 45 years. Now it may never be solved.\""},{"Link":"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-045A","external_links_name":"\"Mars 2\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/76002","external_links_name":"Aviation Safety Network"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180106183036/http://www.corteelectoral.gub.uy/gxportal/gxpfiles/elecciones/Eleccion_nacional_1971.htm","external_links_name":"\"Eleccion_nacional_1971.htm\""},{"Link":"http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1982/8203/820306.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Evolution to Computerized Criminal History Records\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120618125001/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/kosmos2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kosmos 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/kosmos2.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEO_Japan_Ladies_Pro-Wrestling | NEO Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling | ["1 NEO Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling","2 NEO Women's Wrestling","3 Titles","3.1 NEO Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling","3.2 International Wrestling Association of Japan","4 Alumni","5 NEO Hall of Fame","6 Footnotes","7 References","8 External links"] | Japanese women's professional wrestling promotion
NEO Japan Ladies Pro-WrestlingOfficial logo of the promotionAcronymNEOFounded1997Defunct2010StyleJoshi PuroresuHeadquartersYokohama, JapanFounder(s)Kyoko InoueSplit fromAll Japan Women's Pro-WrestlingSuccessorWorld Woman Pro-Wrestling Diana
NEO Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling (frequently styled as NEO) was a joshi puroresu (women's professional wrestling) promotion established in 1997 by Kyoko Inoue. The first event took place on January 9, 1998.
NEO Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling
NEO Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling was founded during All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling financial struggles. The figurehead of the company was Kyoko Inoue, a former All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling wrestler. The name was meant to reference the "Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling" part of the name for All Japan Women's Pro Wrestling. The group was pegged with problems from the beginning as the group was initially supposed to be called New Japan Women's Pro Wrestling, but due to copyright concerns, NEO was chosen instead.
Their first show on January 9, 1998, featured the 9 members of the roster wrestling multiple times due to the small roster. The main event of the first show featured Las Cachorras Orientales of Etsuko Mita and Mima Shimoda teaming with Saya Endo to defeat Chaparita Asari, Kyoko Inoue and Yoshiko Tamura.
During Spring 1998, Kyoko Inoue feuded with Lioness Asuka. Kyoko captured Lioness' TWF title on April 26, 1998. The feud carried over to NEO where they met in a singles match on May 6, 1998, for JDStar's TWF Title, in which Asuka won the title back. In August 1998, Nicole Bass toured with the promotion, defeating Etsuko Mita, Chaparita ASARI and Kyoko Inoue on August 16, 1998.
On October 29, 1998, the promotion featured a match between Kyoko Inoue and Aja Kong for Kyoko Inoue's 10th anniversary as a wrestler.
During Summer 1999, the promotion feuded with JWP and All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling, resulting in multiple inter-promotional matches. On July 11, 1999, Kyoko Inoue captured the WWWA World Single Championship of All Japan Women's, defeating Yumiko Hotta. The two had a rematch at a NEO event on October 22, 1999, with Hotta winning the title back.
The original incarnation of the promotion only lasted until January 6, 2000, less than two years after its first show. The last show featured Kyoko Inoue wrestling in every match on the card.
NEO Women's Wrestling
NEO renamed itself to NEO Women's Wrestling after NEO Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling closed in 2000. The promotion's pre-debut show was on March 16, 2000, and their official debut was on May 31, 2000. The promotion regularly held events at Itabashi Green Hall in Itabashi, Tokyo, due to its smaller size, while running Korakuen Hall for bigger events.
The promotion rose to power in 2005 after the closure of All Japan Women's Pro Wrestling and Gaea Japan, with NEO being considered by many to be the top joshi puroresu promotion during this time. In 2007, founder Kyoko Inoue had complications from her pregnancy and was unable to wrestle, which hurt the promotion.
In 2009, business declined when two of their top stars, Etsuko Mita and idol wrestler Haruka Matsuo retired.
The promotion announced its closure May 5, 2010. Kyoko Inoue announced her resignation, Yoshiko Tamura, Tanny Mouse and Yuki Miyazaki were slated to retire, young wrestlers Aoi Ishibashi and Natsumi Kawano had already left the company and the roster would have only been left with three wrestlers, due to the companies struggles with finding new talent. The company held their final show on December 31, 2010. The first main event featured Ayumi Kurihara capturing her long-awaited first major singles title by defeating Yoshiko Tamura for the NWA Women's Pacific/NEO Single Championship and the second main event featured the remaining members of the NEO roster competing in 10-minute time limit trios match.
Titles
NEO Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling
Championship
Final champion(s)
Reign
Date won
Previous champion(s)
NWA Women's Pacific/NEO Single Championship
Ayumi Kurihara
1
May 25, 2011
Yoshiko Tamura
High Speed Championship
Leon
1
November 27, 2010
Natsuki☆Taiyo
NEO Tag Team Championship
NEO Machine Guns(Tanny Mouse and Yuki Miyazaki
2
November 28, 2010
Aya Yuuki and Ryo Mizunami
NEO Itabashi Tag Team Championship
Chiharu and Yuka Nakamura
1(2, 2)
December 23, 2004
Tanny Mouse and Yuki Miyazaki
NEO Kitazawa Tag Team Championship
Tanny Mouse and Yuki Miyazaki
4
October 4, 2004
Etsuko Mita and Kyoko Inoue
International Wrestling Association of Japan
Championship
Final champion
Reign
Date won
Previous champion
AWF World Women's Championship
Tanny Mouse
1
June 26, 2004
Misae Genki
Alumni
Azumi Hyuga
Ayako Sato
Kyoko Inoue
Kiyoko Ichiki
Etsuko Mita
Mima Shimoda
Kazumi Shimouma
Yoshiko Tamura
Chaparita Asari
Misae Genki
Haruka Matsuo
Saya Endo
Tanny Mouse
Tomoko Watanabe
Yuki Miyazaki
Yuka Shiina
Nozomi Dai
Natsumi Kawano
Mika Iida
Aya Yuuki
Nagisa Nozaki
Nicole Bass
NEO Hall of Fame
#
Year
Ring name(Real name)
Inducted for
Notes
1
2005
Chaparita Asari(Masami Watanabe)
Wrestling
2
2005
Tomiko Sai
Wrestling
Won the NEO Itabashi Tag Team Championship (1 time)
3
2005
Yu Tanabe
Wrestling
4
2005
Junko Nagura
5
2010
Etsuko Mita
Wrestling
Won the NWA Women's Pacific/NEO Single Championship (1 time), NEO Tag Team Championship (1 time), NEO Kitazawa Tag Team Championship (1 time), and NEO Itabashi Tag Team Championship (1 time)
6
2010
Yuka Shiina
Wrestling
Won the NEO Kitazawa Tag Team Championship (1 time)
7
2010
Misae Genki(Misae Watanabe)
Wrestling
Won the NWA Women's Pacific/NEO Single Championship (3 times) and NEO Tag Team Championship (2 times)
8
2010
Azumi Hyuga(Tomoko Kuzumi)
Wrestling
Won the NWA Women's Pacific/NEO Single Championship (1 time)
9
2010
Yuka Nakamura
Wrestling
Won the NEO Tag Team Championship (2 times) and NEO Itabashi Tag Team Championship (1 time)
10
2010
Haruka Matsuo
Wrestling
Won the NEO Tag Team Championship (2 times) and NEO Itabashi Tag Team Championship (1 time)
11
2010
Megumi Asano
Refereeing
12
2010
Katsuhiro Nagata
Wrestling
13
2010
Yoshiko Tamura
Wrestling
Won the NEO Tag Team Championship (3 times)
14
2010
Tanny Mouse(Mina Taniyama)
Wrestling
Won the NEO Tag Team Championship (2 times), NEO Kitazawa Tag Team Championship (4 times), and NEO Itabashi Tag Team Championship (6 times)
15
2010
Yuki Miyazaki
Wrestling
Won the NEO Tag Team Championship (2 times), NEO Kitazawa Tag Team Championship (4 times), and NEO Itabashi Tag Team Championship (6 times)
Footnotes
a – Entries without a birth name indicates that the inductee did not perform under a ring name.
b – This section mainly lists the major accomplishments of each inductee in the NEO promotion.
References
^ a b c d "NEO". cagematch.net. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
^ "NEO". cagematch.net. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
^ "World Women's Title". wrestling-titles.com. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
^ "NEO @ ???". wrestlingdata.net. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
^ "Neo Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling Videos ISO". quebrada.net. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
^ "NEO @ Tokyo". wrestlingdata.net. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
^ a b c "ＮＥＯが記念興行で解散を発表／ＮＥＯ". Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). Nikkan Sports. March 24, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
^ "京子は「方向性の違い」とＮＥＯ退団". Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). Nikkan Sports. May 5, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
External links
Archived official website at the Wayback Machine (archived February 9, 2005)
Another version of NEO's Archived official website at the Wayback Machine (archived February 4, 2009)
vteNEO Japan Ladies Pro-WrestlingChampionships
NWA Women's Pacific/NEO Single Championship
High Speed Championship
NEO Tag Team Championship
NEO Itabashi Tag Team Championship
NEO Kitazawa Tag Team Championship
AWF World Women's Championship
Miscellaneous
NEO Hall Of Fame
Partnerships
All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling
Gaea Japan
JDStar
JWP Joshi Puroresu
vteProfessional wrestling in JapanActive promotionsMajor promotions
All Japan Pro Wrestling
CyberFight
DDT Pro-Wrestling
Pro Wrestling Noah
Dragongate
New Japan Pro-Wrestling
Women's
CyberFight
Tokyo Joshi Pro-Wrestling
World Wonder Ring Stardom
Independent promotions
Active Advance Pro Wrestling
Big Japan Pro Wrestling
Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling-Explosion
Dradition
Ganbare☆Pro-Wrestling
Gleat
Lidet UWF
G Prowrestling
Kyushu Pro-Wrestling
Michinoku Pro Wrestling
Osaka Pro Wrestling
Pro-Wrestling Basara
Pro Wrestling Freedoms
Pro Wrestling Land's End
Pro-Wrestling Shi-En
Pro Wrestling Zero1
Professional Wrestling Just Tap Out
Strong Style Pro-Wrestling
Tenryu Project
Tokyo Gurentai
Wrestling of Darkness 666
Women's
2point5 Joshi Pro Wrestling
Actwres girl'Z
Dream Star Fighting Marigold
Ice Ribbon
Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling
Ladies Legend Pro-Wrestling
Marvelous That's Women Pro Wrestling
Oz Academy
Pro Wrestling Wave
Pure-J
Reina Joshi Puroresu
Seadlinnng
Sendai Girls' Pro Wrestling
World Woman Pro-Wrestling Diana
Governing bodies andinterpromotional alliancesLegitimate
Allied Independent Wrestling Federations
Asia-Pacific Federation of Wrestling
United Japan Pro-Wrestling
United Wrestling Network
Storyline
AWA
International Wrestling Grand Prix
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Sisterhood of the Squared Circle | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"joshi puroresu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshi_puroresu"},{"link_name":"women's professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion"},{"link_name":"Kyoko Inoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoko_Inoue"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cage-1"}],"text":"NEO Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling (frequently styled as NEO) was a joshi puroresu (women's professional wrestling) promotion established in 1997 by Kyoko Inoue. 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The figurehead of the company was Kyoko Inoue, a former All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling wrestler. The name was meant to reference the \"Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling\" part of the name for All Japan Women's Pro Wrestling. The group was pegged with problems from the beginning as the group was initially supposed to be called New Japan Women's Pro Wrestling, but due to copyright concerns, NEO was chosen instead.Their first show on January 9, 1998, featured the 9 members of the roster wrestling multiple times due to the small roster. The main event of the first show featured Las Cachorras Orientales of Etsuko Mita and Mima Shimoda teaming with Saya Endo to defeat Chaparita Asari, Kyoko Inoue and Yoshiko Tamura.[2]During Spring 1998, Kyoko Inoue feuded with Lioness Asuka. Kyoko captured Lioness' TWF title on April 26, 1998.[3] The feud carried over to NEO where they met in a singles match on May 6, 1998, for JDStar's TWF Title, in which Asuka won the title back. In August 1998, Nicole Bass toured with the promotion, defeating Etsuko Mita, Chaparita ASARI and Kyoko Inoue on August 16, 1998.[4]On October 29, 1998, the promotion featured a match between Kyoko Inoue and Aja Kong for Kyoko Inoue's 10th anniversary as a wrestler.During Summer 1999, the promotion feuded with JWP and All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling, resulting in multiple inter-promotional matches. On July 11, 1999, Kyoko Inoue captured the WWWA World Single Championship of All Japan Women's, defeating Yumiko Hotta. The two had a rematch at a NEO event on October 22, 1999, with Hotta winning the title back.[5]The original incarnation of the promotion only lasted until January 6, 2000, less than two years after its first show. The last show featured Kyoko Inoue wrestling in every match on the card.[6]","title":"NEO Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Itabashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itabashi"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Korakuen Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korakuen_Hall"},{"link_name":"All Japan Women's Pro Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Japan_Women%27s_Pro_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Gaea Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaea_Japan"},{"link_name":"puroresu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puroresu"},{"link_name":"Kyoko Inoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoko_Inoue"},{"link_name":"Etsuko Mita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etsuko_Mita"},{"link_name":"idol wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Idol_wrestler"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS-7"},{"link_name":"Kyoko Inoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoko_Inoue"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS2-8"},{"link_name":"Yoshiko Tamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiko_Tamura"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS-7"},{"link_name":"Ayumi Kurihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi_Kurihara"},{"link_name":"Yoshiko Tamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiko_Tamura"},{"link_name":"NWA Women's Pacific/NEO Single Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Women%27s_Pacific/NEO_Single_Championship"}],"text":"NEO renamed itself to NEO Women's Wrestling after NEO Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling closed in 2000. The promotion's pre-debut show was on March 16, 2000, and their official debut was on May 31, 2000. The promotion regularly held events at Itabashi Green Hall in Itabashi, Tokyo, due to its smaller size, while running Korakuen Hall for bigger events.The promotion rose to power in 2005 after the closure of All Japan Women's Pro Wrestling and Gaea Japan, with NEO being considered by many to be the top joshi puroresu promotion during this time. In 2007, founder Kyoko Inoue had complications from her pregnancy and was unable to wrestle, which hurt the promotion.In 2009, business declined when two of their top stars, Etsuko Mita and idol wrestler Haruka Matsuo retired.[7]The promotion announced its closure May 5, 2010.[7] Kyoko Inoue announced her resignation,[8] Yoshiko Tamura, Tanny Mouse and Yuki Miyazaki were slated to retire, young wrestlers Aoi Ishibashi and Natsumi Kawano had already left the company and the roster would have only been left with three wrestlers, due to the companies struggles with finding new talent.[7] The company held their final show on December 31, 2010. The first main event featured Ayumi Kurihara capturing her long-awaited first major singles title by defeating Yoshiko Tamura for the NWA Women's Pacific/NEO Single Championship and the second main event featured the remaining members of the NEO roster competing in 10-minute time limit trios match.","title":"NEO Women's Wrestling"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"NEO Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling","title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International Wrestling Association of Japan","title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azumi Hyuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azumi_Hyuga"},{"link_name":"Ayako Sato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayako_Sato"},{"link_name":"Kyoko Inoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoko_Inoue"},{"link_name":"Kiyoko Ichiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoko_Ichiki"},{"link_name":"Etsuko Mita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etsuko_Mita"},{"link_name":"Mima Shimoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mima_Shimoda"},{"link_name":"Kazumi Shimouma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazumi_Shimouma"},{"link_name":"Yoshiko Tamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiko_Tamura"},{"link_name":"Misae Genki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misae_Genki"},{"link_name":"Tanny Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanny_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Tomoko Watanabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoko_Watanabe_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Yuki Miyazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki_Miyazaki"},{"link_name":"Mika Iida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Iida"},{"link_name":"Nagisa Nozaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagisa_Nozaki"},{"link_name":"Nicole Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Bass"}],"text":"Azumi Hyuga\nAyako Sato\nKyoko Inoue\nKiyoko Ichiki\nEtsuko Mita\nMima Shimoda\nKazumi Shimouma\nYoshiko Tamura\nChaparita Asari\nMisae Genki\nHaruka Matsuo\nSaya Endo\n\n\nTanny Mouse\nTomoko Watanabe\nYuki Miyazaki\nYuka Shiina\nNozomi Dai\nNatsumi Kawano\nMika Iida\nAya Yuuki\nNagisa Nozaki\nNicole Bass","title":"Alumni"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NEO Hall of Fame"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_birthnamea"},{"link_name":"ring name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_name"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Notesb"}],"text":"a – Entries without a birth name indicates that the inductee did not perform under a ring name.\nb – This section mainly lists the major accomplishments of each inductee in the NEO promotion.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"NEO\". cagematch.net. Retrieved March 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=8&nr=157","url_text":"\"NEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEO\". cagematch.net. Retrieved March 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=16473","url_text":"\"NEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Women's Title\". wrestling-titles.com. Retrieved March 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/japan/jd/twf-s.html","url_text":"\"World Women's Title\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEO @ ???\". wrestlingdata.net. Retrieved March 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=shows&show=220262","url_text":"\"NEO @ ???\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neo Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling Videos ISO\". quebrada.net. Retrieved March 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://quebrada.net/videos/Neo1.html","url_text":"\"Neo Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling Videos ISO\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEO @ Tokyo\". wrestlingdata.net. Retrieved March 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=shows&show=197792","url_text":"\"NEO @ Tokyo\""}]},{"reference":"\"ＮＥＯが記念興行で解散を発表／ＮＥＯ\". Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). Nikkan Sports. March 24, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nikkansports.com/battle/news/f-bt-tp0-20100505-626162.html","url_text":"\"ＮＥＯが記念興行で解散を発表／ＮＥＯ\""}]},{"reference":"\"京子は「方向性の違い」とＮＥＯ退団\". Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). Nikkan Sports. May 5, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nikkansports.com/battle/news/f-bt-tp0-20100505-626261.html","url_text":"\"京子は「方向性の違い」とＮＥＯ退団\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=8&nr=157","external_links_name":"\"NEO\""},{"Link":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=16473","external_links_name":"\"NEO\""},{"Link":"http://www.wrestling-titles.com/japan/jd/twf-s.html","external_links_name":"\"World Women's Title\""},{"Link":"https://www.wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=shows&show=220262","external_links_name":"\"NEO @ ???\""},{"Link":"http://quebrada.net/videos/Neo1.html","external_links_name":"\"Neo Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling Videos ISO\""},{"Link":"https://www.wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=shows&show=197792","external_links_name":"\"NEO @ Tokyo\""},{"Link":"https://www.nikkansports.com/battle/news/f-bt-tp0-20100505-626162.html","external_links_name":"\"ＮＥＯが記念興行で解散を発表／ＮＥＯ\""},{"Link":"https://www.nikkansports.com/battle/news/f-bt-tp0-20100505-626261.html","external_links_name":"\"京子は「方向性の違い」とＮＥＯ退団\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050209083730/http://homepage1.nifty.com/REALLIFE/index2.htm","external_links_name":"Archived official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090204162238/http://neopro.ne07.jp/","external_links_name":"Another version of NEO's Archived official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Tiara_series | Continental Tiara series | ["1 Design and development","2 Series","2.1 Four-cylinder","2.2 Six-cylinder","2.3 Eight-cylinder","3 Applications","3.1 Tiara 6","4 Specifications (Tiara 6-285-A)","4.1 General characteristics","4.2 Components","4.3 Performance","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Family of aircraft engines
Tiara series
Tiara 0-405 on display at the Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust Derby
Type
Piston aircraft engine
Manufacturer
Teledyne Continental Motors
First run
1960s
Major applications
Piper PA-36 Pawnee Brave Robin HR100 Transavia PL-12 Airtruk
Produced
1969–1975
The Continental Tiara series are a family of air-cooled, horizontally opposed aircraft engines. Designed and built by Continental Motors/TCM, the Tiara series were commercially unsuccessful, costing the company millions of dollars.
Design and development
Continental began development of the Tiara series in 1965. At the time, CAE, Continental Motor's turbine engine subsidiary, had developed the T65, a small turboshaft engine which was being considered by Bell for its new Model 206 helicopter. Faced with having to fund the production tooling for the T65 in order to keep the price reasonable, or funding the Tiara series, Continental's corporate management chose to invest in the Tiaras.
While the Tiara series were basically traditional boxer engines, they did have some unique features. The engines had high rotational speeds, 0.5:1 gearing was used to reduce propeller speed, with the camshaft forming an extension of the propeller shaft. The propeller shaft featured the Hydra-Torque drive to reduce the shaft's vibrations. The engines were available with four, six- and eight-cylinders. All were fuel-injected, with turbocharging being optional.
The engines' fuel consumption was high, which became a disadvantage during the 1973 oil crisis era. In addition, the Tiaras' performance was not significantly improved over existing engines, making it difficult for aircraft manufacturers to justify the costs of certificating their products for the engines. These problems led Continental to finally discontinue the engines in 1980.
Series
Reference: Continental, Teledyne Continental Motors, TCM (US); Rolls-Royce (UK) Part 1: Introduction and O-110 through OL-300
Four-cylinder
Tiara 4-180 (O-270)
180 hp, 271 cu in capacity
Six-cylinder
Tiara 6-260 (O-405)
260 hp, 406 cu in capacity
Tiara 6-260A
Tiara 6-285 (O-405)
285 hp, 406 cu in capacity
Tiara 6-285A
Tiara 6-320 (O-405)
300 hp, 406 cu in capacity
Tiara T6-260 (O-405)
260 hp, 406 cu in capacity, turbocharged
Tiara T6-285 (O-405)
285 hp, 406 cu in capacity, turbocharged
Tiara T6-320 (O-405)
300 hp, 406 cu in capacity, turbocharged
Eight-cylinder
Tiara 8-380 (O-540)
380 hp, 541 cu in
Tiara T8-450 (O-540)
450 hp, 541 cu in, turbocharged
Applications
Tiara 6
Cerva CE.44 Couguar
Cierva CR.640 (not built)
Piper PA-36-285 Pawnee Brave
Robin HR100/285TR Tiara
Spencer S-12-EAir Car (prototype)
Transavia PL-12 T-320 Airtruk
Trident Trigull (prototypes)
Specifications (Tiara 6-285-A)
Data from FAA TDC
General characteristics
Type: 6-cylinder, horizontally opposed piston engine
Bore: 4.875 in (124 mm)
Stroke: 3.625 in (92 mm)
Displacement: 406 in³ (6.65 L)
Dry weight: 375 lb (170 kg) dry
Components
Fuel system: Fuel Injected
Fuel type: 100/100LL avgas
Oil system: 5 US quarts (4.7 L), wet sump
Cooling system: Air-cooled
Performance
Power output: 285 hp (212 kW) at 4000 rpm
Compression ratio: 9.0:1
See also
Related lists
List of aircraft engines
References
^ a b c d e Gunston, p.191
^ a b c d Leyes, p.119
^ a b Continental, Teledyne Continental Motors, TCM (US); Rolls-Royce (UK) Part 1: Introduction and O-110 through OL-300 Archived December 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ Federal Aviation Administration, Type Certificate Data Sheet No. E12CE, Revision 8, May 31, 1977
Gunston, Bill (1999). The Development of Piston Aero Engines, 2nd Edition. Sparkford, Somerset, England, UK: Patrick Stephens, Haynes Publishing. p. 191. ISBN 0-7509-4478-1.
Leyes II, Richard A.; William A. Fleming (1999). The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. p. 119. ISBN 1-56347-332-1.
Smith, Herschel (1986). A History of Aircraft Piston Engines. Sunflower University Press. p. 206. ISBN 0-89745-079-5.
External links
Teledyne Continental Motors
Flight International, 15 August 1968
New Continental engine, Flight International, 12 February 1970
World Aero-engine industry, Flight International, 20 June 1974
vteContinental Motors, Teledyne Continental, and Continental Aerospace Technologies aircraft enginesOpposed piston engines (Gasoline)By companyhorsepower designation
A40
A50
A65
A70
A75
A80
C75
C85
C90
C115
C125
C140
C145
E165
E185
E225
Tiara series
By displacement
O-170
O-190
O-200
O-205
O-240
O-280
O-300
IO-346
IO-360
IO-368
IO-370
O-470
O-520
O-526
IO-550
Aircraft Diesel engines
CD-155
CD-200 (TD-300)
CD-300
Radial engines
R-544
R-670
R-975
Inverted-V engines
XI-1430
Turboprops
TP-500 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horizontally opposed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontally_opposed"},{"link_name":"aircraft engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine"},{"link_name":"Continental Motors/TCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teledyne_Continental_Motors"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunston-1"}],"text":"The Continental Tiara series are a family of air-cooled, horizontally opposed aircraft engines. Designed and built by Continental Motors/TCM, the Tiara series were commercially unsuccessful, costing the company millions of dollars.[1]","title":"Continental Tiara series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leyes-2"},{"link_name":"CAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teledyne_CAE"},{"link_name":"T65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_T65"},{"link_name":"turboshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboshaft"},{"link_name":"Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Helicopter"},{"link_name":"Model 206","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_206"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leyes-2"},{"link_name":"boxer engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_engine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunston-1"},{"link_name":"0.5:1 gearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_speed_reduction_unit"},{"link_name":"camshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camshaft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunston-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comcast-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunston-1"},{"link_name":"1973 oil crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leyes-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leyes-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunston-1"}],"text":"Continental began development of the Tiara series in 1965.[2] At the time, CAE, Continental Motor's turbine engine subsidiary, had developed the T65, a small turboshaft engine which was being considered by Bell for its new Model 206 helicopter. Faced with having to fund the production tooling for the T65 in order to keep the price reasonable, or funding the Tiara series, Continental's corporate management chose to invest in the Tiaras.[2]While the Tiara series were basically traditional boxer engines, they did have some unique features.[1] The engines had high rotational speeds, 0.5:1 gearing was used to reduce propeller speed, with the camshaft forming an extension of the propeller shaft.[1][3] The propeller shaft featured the Hydra-Torque drive to reduce the shaft's vibrations.[1] The engines were available with four, six- and eight-cylinders. All were fuel-injected, with turbocharging being optional.The engines' fuel consumption was high, which became a disadvantage during the 1973 oil crisis era.[2] In addition, the Tiaras' performance was not significantly improved over existing engines, making it difficult for aircraft manufacturers to justify the costs of certificating their products for the engines.[2] These problems led Continental to finally discontinue the engines in 1980.[1]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comcast-3"}],"text":"Reference: Continental, Teledyne Continental Motors, TCM (US); Rolls-Royce (UK) Part 1: Introduction and O-110 through OL-300[3]","title":"Series"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Four-cylinder","text":"Tiara 4-180 (O-270)\n180 hp, 271 cu in capacity","title":"Series"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Six-cylinder","text":"Tiara 6-260 (O-405)\n260 hp, 406 cu in capacity\nTiara 6-260A\nTiara 6-285 (O-405)\n285 hp, 406 cu in capacity\nTiara 6-285A\n\nTiara 6-320 (O-405)\n300 hp, 406 cu in capacity\nTiara T6-260 (O-405)\n260 hp, 406 cu in capacity, turbocharged\nTiara T6-285 (O-405)\n285 hp, 406 cu in capacity, turbocharged\nTiara T6-320 (O-405)\n300 hp, 406 cu in capacity, turbocharged","title":"Series"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Eight-cylinder","text":"Tiara 8-380 (O-540)\n380 hp, 541 cu in\nTiara T8-450 (O-540)\n450 hp, 541 cu in, turbocharged","title":"Series"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cerva CE.44 Couguar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerva_CE.43_Gu%C3%A9pard"},{"link_name":"Cierva CR.640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cierva_CR_Twin"},{"link_name":"Piper PA-36-285 Pawnee Brave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_PA-36_Pawnee_Brave"},{"link_name":"Robin HR100/285TR Tiara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_HR100"},{"link_name":"Spencer S-12-EAir Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Air_Car"},{"link_name":"Transavia PL-12 T-320 Airtruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transavia_PL-12_Airtruk"},{"link_name":"Trident Trigull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident_Trigull"}],"sub_title":"Tiara 6","text":"Cerva CE.44 Couguar\nCierva CR.640 (not built)\nPiper PA-36-285 Pawnee Brave\nRobin HR100/285TR Tiara\nSpencer S-12-EAir Car (prototype)\nTransavia PL-12 T-320 Airtruk\nTrident Trigull (prototypes)","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Data from FAA TDC[4]","title":"Specifications (Tiara 6-285-A)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore_(engine)"},{"link_name":"Stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_(engine)"},{"link_name":"Displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_displacement"},{"link_name":"Dry weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_weight"}],"sub_title":"General characteristics","text":"Type: 6-cylinder, horizontally opposed piston engine\nBore: 4.875 in (124 mm)\nStroke: 3.625 in (92 mm)\nDisplacement: 406 in³ (6.65 L)\nDry weight: 375 lb (170 kg) dry","title":"Specifications (Tiara 6-285-A)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"avgas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avgas"},{"link_name":"wet sump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_sump"}],"sub_title":"Components","text":"Fuel system: Fuel Injected\nFuel type: 100/100LL avgas\nOil system: 5 US quarts (4.7 L), wet sump\nCooling system: Air-cooled","title":"Specifications (Tiara 6-285-A)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Compression ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratio"}],"sub_title":"Performance","text":"Power output: 285 hp (212 kW) at 4000 rpm\nCompression ratio: 9.0:1","title":"Specifications (Tiara 6-285-A)"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of aircraft engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_engines"}] | [{"reference":"Gunston, Bill (1999). The Development of Piston Aero Engines, 2nd Edition. Sparkford, Somerset, England, UK: Patrick Stephens, Haynes Publishing. p. 191. ISBN 0-7509-4478-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-4478-1","url_text":"0-7509-4478-1"}]},{"reference":"Leyes II, Richard A.; William A. Fleming (1999). The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. p. 119. ISBN 1-56347-332-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V0SnFt8JGokC&pg=PA119","url_text":"The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56347-332-1","url_text":"1-56347-332-1"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Herschel (1986). A History of Aircraft Piston Engines. Sunflower University Press. p. 206. ISBN 0-89745-079-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89745-079-5","url_text":"0-89745-079-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://home.comcast.net/~aeroengine/Continental1.html","external_links_name":"Continental, Teledyne Continental Motors, TCM (US); Rolls-Royce (UK) Part 1: Introduction and O-110 through OL-300"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202141950/http://home.comcast.net/~aeroengine/Continental1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/1376f796a5b3e1d58525670e00481fc2/$FILE/E12ce.PDF","external_links_name":"Federal Aviation Administration, Type Certificate Data Sheet No. E12CE, Revision 8, May 31, 1977"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V0SnFt8JGokC&pg=PA119","external_links_name":"The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070809111515/http://tcmlink.com/fiddefault.aspx","external_links_name":"Teledyne Continental Motors"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%201553.html?search=Hydra-Torque","external_links_name":"Flight International, 15 August 1968"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1970/1970%20-%200261.html","external_links_name":"New Continental engine, Flight International, 12 February 1970"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%200954.html","external_links_name":"World Aero-engine industry, Flight International, 20 June 1974"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hertog | Thomas Hertog | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Selected publications","3.1 Books","3.2 Journal articles","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Belgian cosmologist and former collaborator of Professor Stephen Hawking
Thomas Hertog
Thomas Hertog is a Belgian cosmologist at KU Leuven university and was a key collaborator of Professor Stephen Hawking.
Early life
Thomas Hertog was born on 27 May 1975. He graduated Summa cum laude from KU Leuven in 1997 with an MSc degree in physics. He obtained his Master's degree at the University of Cambridge in Part III of the Mathematical Tripos and obtained a Ph.D. degree at Cambridge with a thesis on the origins of cosmic expansion under the supervision of Stephen Hawking.
Career
Hertog had the opportunity to conduct research with Stephen Hawking in the field of cosmic inflation, a branch of the Big Bang theory.
He then worked as a researcher at the University of California - Santa Barbara in the United States and the Université de Paris VII in France. He became a fellow at CERN in Geneva in 2005. In October 2011, Hertog was appointed professor at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at KU Leuven through the Odysseus program of the Flemish government. He leads a research group studying the relationship between the Big Bang and string theory, with the idea that concepts like space and time lose their meaning. He also emphasizes Georges Lemaître's insight that the Big Bang is central to Einstein's gravitational waves. Hertog worked in the field of quantum cosmology and string theory with James Hartle and Stephen Hawking. In 2011, after years of research, they came to a new insight by combining the mathematics of quantum cosmology and that of string theory. In 2018, he published 'A smooth exit from eternal inflation?' with Stephen Hawking.
Hertog was an important contributor to the development of top-down cosmology. He explains the theory in his 2023 book On the Origin of Time, which Hawking asked him to write just before his death.
Selected publications
Books
Hertog, Thomas; Baert, Barbara; Van de Stock, Jan (2021). Big Bang: Imagining the Universe. Translated by Simpson, Helen; Logan, Sandy. Hannibal Books. ISBN 9789463887878.
Hertog, Thomas (2023). On the Origin of Time: Stephen Hawking's Final Theory. Random House. ISBN 9780593128442.
Journal articles
Binétruy, P.; Bohé, A.; Hertog, T.; Steer, D. A. (2009-12-09). "Gravitational wave bursts from cosmic superstrings with Y-junctions". Physical Review D. 80 (12). American Physical Society (APS): 123510. arXiv:0907.4522. Bibcode:2009PhRvD..80l3510B. doi:10.1103/physrevd.80.123510. ISSN 1550-7998. S2CID 7271201.
Hertog, Thomas; Horowitz, Gary T (2004-07-30). "Towards a Big Crunch Dual". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2004 (7). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 073. arXiv:hep-th/0406134. Bibcode:2004JHEP...07..073H. doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2004/07/073. ISSN 1029-8479. S2CID 16255740.
Hawking, S. W.; Hertog, T.; Reall, H. S. (2000-06-29). "Brane new world". Physical Review D. 62 (4). American Physical Society (APS): 043501. arXiv:hep-th/0003052. Bibcode:2000PhRvD..62d3501H. doi:10.1103/physrevd.62.043501. ISSN 0556-2821. S2CID 7180487.
Hawking, S. W.; Hertog, Thomas (2018). "A smooth exit from eternal inflation?". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2018 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 147. arXiv:1707.07702. Bibcode:2018JHEP...04..147H. doi:10.1007/jhep04(2018)147. ISSN 1029-8479. S2CID 13745992.
See also
On the Origin of Time
References
^ "KU Leuven who's who - Thomas Hertog". www.kuleuven.be.
^ Dirk Draulans, Eindeloos veel heelallen, in: Knack, 4 juli 2012, p. 76 t.e.m. 80.
^ "Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek - Vlaanderen - Odysseusprogramma". www.fwo.be.
^ Hawking, S. W.; Hertog, Thomas (2018). "A smooth exit from eternal inflation?". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2018 (4): 147. arXiv:1707.07702. Bibcode:2018JHEP...04..147H. doi:10.1007/JHEP04(2018)147. S2CID 13745992.
^ Hawking, S. W.; Hertog, Thomas (2006-06-23). "Populating the landscape: A top-down approach". Physical Review D. 73 (12): 123527. arXiv:hep-th/0602091. Bibcode:2006PhRvD..73l3527H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.73.123527. S2CID 9856127.
^ Hertog, Thomas. On the Origin of Time. Random House, 2023, p. 248.
External links
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9021-5966
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thomas_Hertog
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Czech Republic
Academics
MathSciNet
Mathematics Genealogy Project
ORCID
zbMATH
This article about a physicist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Hertog_(2018).jpg"},{"link_name":"KU Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KU_Leuven"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hawking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Thomas HertogThomas Hertog is a Belgian cosmologist at KU Leuven university and was a key collaborator of Professor Stephen Hawking.[1]","title":"Thomas Hertog"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Summa cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_cum_laude"},{"link_name":"KU Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KU_Leuven"},{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Part III of the Mathematical Tripos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_III_of_the_Mathematical_Tripos"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"cosmic expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_expansion"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hawking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking"}],"text":"Thomas Hertog was born on 27 May 1975. He graduated Summa cum laude from KU Leuven in 1997 with an MSc degree in physics. He obtained his Master's degree at the University of Cambridge in Part III of the Mathematical Tripos and obtained a Ph.D. degree at Cambridge with a thesis on the origins of cosmic expansion under the supervision of Stephen Hawking.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen Hawking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking"},{"link_name":"cosmic inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)"},{"link_name":"Big Bang theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_theory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of California - Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara"},{"link_name":"Université de Paris VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Paris_VII"},{"link_name":"CERN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN"},{"link_name":"Flemish government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Government"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"string theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory"},{"link_name":"Georges Lemaître","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre"},{"link_name":"gravitational waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave"},{"link_name":"quantum cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cosmology"},{"link_name":"James Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hartle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hawking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"top-down cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-down_cosmology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"On the Origin of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Time"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Hertog had the opportunity to conduct research with Stephen Hawking in the field of cosmic inflation, a branch of the Big Bang theory.[2]He then worked as a researcher at the University of California - Santa Barbara in the United States and the Université de Paris VII in France. He became a fellow at CERN in Geneva in 2005. In October 2011, Hertog was appointed professor at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at KU Leuven through the Odysseus program of the Flemish government.[3] He leads a research group studying the relationship between the Big Bang and string theory, with the idea that concepts like space and time lose their meaning. He also emphasizes Georges Lemaître's insight that the Big Bang is central to Einstein's gravitational waves. Hertog worked in the field of quantum cosmology and string theory with James Hartle and Stephen Hawking. In 2011, after years of research, they came to a new insight by combining the mathematics of quantum cosmology and that of string theory.[citation needed] In 2018, he published 'A smooth exit from eternal inflation?' with Stephen Hawking.[4]Hertog was an important contributor to the development of top-down cosmology.[5] He explains the theory in his 2023 book On the Origin of Time, which Hawking asked him to write just before his death.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Bang: Imagining the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JMSQzgEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789463887878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789463887878"},{"link_name":"On the Origin of Time: Stephen Hawking's Final Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=txuOEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780593128442","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780593128442"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Hertog, Thomas; Baert, Barbara; Van de Stock, Jan (2021). Big Bang: Imagining the Universe. Translated by Simpson, Helen; Logan, Sandy. Hannibal Books. ISBN 9789463887878.\nHertog, Thomas (2023). On the Origin of Time: Stephen Hawking's Final Theory. Random House. 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A. (2009-12-09). \"Gravitational wave bursts from cosmic superstrings with Y-junctions\". Physical Review D. 80 (12). American Physical Society (APS): 123510. arXiv:0907.4522. Bibcode:2009PhRvD..80l3510B. doi:10.1103/physrevd.80.123510. ISSN 1550-7998. S2CID 7271201.\nHertog, Thomas; Horowitz, Gary T (2004-07-30). \"Towards a Big Crunch Dual\". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2004 (7). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 073. arXiv:hep-th/0406134. Bibcode:2004JHEP...07..073H. doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2004/07/073. ISSN 1029-8479. S2CID 16255740.\nHawking, S. W.; Hertog, T.; Reall, H. S. (2000-06-29). \"Brane new world\". Physical Review D. 62 (4). American Physical Society (APS): 043501. arXiv:hep-th/0003052. Bibcode:2000PhRvD..62d3501H. doi:10.1103/physrevd.62.043501. ISSN 0556-2821. S2CID 7180487.\nHawking, S. W.; Hertog, Thomas (2018). \"A smooth exit from eternal inflation?\". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2018 (4). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Action_Drama | Love Action Drama | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Music","5 Release","5.1 Theatrical","6 Reception","6.1 Box office","6.2 Critical response","7 References","8 External links"] | 2019 Indian film
Love Action DramaTheatrical release posterDirected byDhyan SreenivasanWritten byDhyan SreenivasanProduced byVisakh SubramaniamAju VargheseStarringNivin PaulyNayantharaVineeth SreenivasanAju VargheseCinematographyJomon T. JohnRoby Varghese RajEdited byVivek HarshanMusic byShaan RahmanProductioncompaniesFuntastic FilmsM-Star Little CommunicationsMerryland StudioDistributed byFuntastic Films ReleaseRelease date
5 September 2019 (2019-09-05) (India)
Running time146 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageMalayalam
Love Action Drama is a 2019 Indian Malayalam-language romantic comedy film written and directed by Dhyan Sreenivasan in his directorial debut.
Produced by Visakh Subramaniam and Aju Varghese, the film stars Nivin Pauly and Nayanthara in lead roles. Its music was composed by Shaan Rahman. The film was released in theatres across India on 5 September 2019 and was released internationally on 13 September 2019.
Plot
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Dinesh, a wealthy bachelor who is overconfident of himself tries to impress Shobha with the help of his best friend Sagar and hopes to marry her someday.
The movie takes place in a series of flashbacks, starting with Dinesh reminiscing about his first meeting with Shobha and their relationship. Dinesh comes from a very rich background and as such doesn't work, he is always engaged with partying and drinking with his friends. He's upset that his cousin Swathi is getting married. They were supposedly in a relationship until Swathi learned through google (when they were still kids) that people who are blood-relatives tend to have babies with higher probability in genetic disorders and breaks up with Dinesh (when they were still kids).
Dinesh is still upset about it and wants to break up the wedding at any cost. Shobha is one of Swathi's friends and she seems to like Dinesh on sight. Shobha definitely seems to find his antics funny, not getting mad when she gets hurt as a result of Dinesh's plan to hurt the bridegroom. He mistakenly enters Shobha's room and spills coconut oil on the floor (while drunk) hoping the bridegroom will get hurt and the marriage will be cancelled. Later, Dinesh is asked to accompany Shobha's friends in the hospital for her overnight stay and has a conversation with her. Shobha advises Dinesh to move on, get a haircut, shave and attend the wedding, saying some other girl is sure to fall for him. They flirt throughout the wedding and she indirectly invites him to meet up with her when he's in Chennai.
Dinesh finds a way to temporarily shift to Chennai with his friend&cousin Sagar, to woo Shobha. He hangs out with Shobha and her friends at first and things seem to be going fine for them. One day, Dinesh and Sagar start a fight during Shobha's friend Priya's birthday party and Shobha asks them to stay away. Her friends criticize her for introducing vagabonds to their group. Shobha learns that Dinesh is not pursuing master's like he told her, but is just wasting time drinking and spending money without a care in the world. Shobha, although wealthy too, works hard and runs her own business. Dinesh sets about trying to get back into Shobha's good graces. He starts with her friends first, and wins their trust. Shobha agrees to a relationship and potential marriage to Dinesh, placing one condition that he should give up smoking and drinking. Dinesh agrees to her condition but ends up getting drunk that very night. Shobha and Priya catch him in the act (he rents a house opposite to hers) and storms away in anger.
Dinesh manages to convince Shobha by donning on Sabarimala (religious oath to abstain from indulging alcohol-related activities for 41 days) and they get back together. This time, Dinesh becomes suspicious and too possessive of Shobha because she's always busy with work and avoids the topic of settling down, moving in together as well as eventually getting married then building a family. Some random guy implies to Dinesh that Shobha dates around a lot and he starts following her to find out what she's actually doing for a few days. Dinesh confronts the guy and he vaguely implies how beautiful girls like Shobha always have plenty of guys admiring her and it's common to throw away a partner when a better one comes around. Enraged, Dinesh gets rid of the chains and bracelet (religious constraint) and drinks an entire bottle of vodka. Sagar admits him to the hospital and calls Shobha and Priya. Shobha hits Dinesh and he walks away in anger. A few days later, Shobha calls and proposes marriage, to which he agrees.
Shobha's father doesn't like Dinesh, after tricking and finding out that Dinesh still drinks despite several promises made to Shobha, but doesn't say no to the match because Shobha has faith "he will take care of" her. Two days before the wedding, Dinesh is approached by a stranger who has a few photographs of himself and Shobha together, stating Shobha cheated him after getting a better match in the form of wealthy Dinesh. This is where the flashbacks end as Dinesh is contemplating what to do next. He already calls off the wedding through a phone call with Shobha. When his mom asks Dinesh to meet and discuss in person the reason for calling off the wedding, Dinesh reminds Shobha's father about his failed marriage when he tries to give them advice. This pushes Shobha to give up changing him and she leaves with her father.
Dinesh is leaving the city with Sagar when he finds out through a selfie, drunkenly posted on Facebook by the stranger, Suman that he and the guy who implied Shobha dates a lot and another of Shobha's friend's husband are all friends. Turns out these three guys planned and ruined Dinesh and Shobha's relationship on purpose. Priya's ex-husband is mad that his marriage ended mainly because of Shobha. Initially, he and Priya have been so in love but because she spends most of the day with Shoba instead of him even after getting married, this creates tension between them. He had even expressed to her his discomfort feelings regarding this matter, however, she does not change and this frustration and disappointment lead him to slap Priya and Shobha came in just in time to see that and she forcibly brought Priya out of their home to keep her away from him permanently. Hence, he plotted this plan in revenge to make Shobha feel the pain he experienced after the separation.
Shobha and her friends are called to the police station after Dinesh beats those three guys up. Dinesh begs for forgiveness and expresses that he needs her, saying he's wrong to suspect her. Shobha resists at first, stating she doesn't trust him anymore and that faith in the relationship is crucial. She soon agrees, mentioning the same 'no drinking & smoking' conditions to which Dinesh agrees, and tells him to convince her father. Later, Dinesh begs Shobha's father for forgiveness.
Cut to Present: Dinesh takes an alcoholic drink and smokes a cigarette with Sagar before entering the marriage hall where he marries Shobha.
Cast
Nivin Pauly as Dinesh P.
Dwayne Wayanad as Young Dinesh
Nayanthara as Shobha
Vineeth Sreenivasan as Suman/Rohan
Aju Varghese as Sagar
Vashisht as Young Sagar
Prajin Padmanabhan as Ravi Krishna
Durga Krishna as Swathy
Sreenivasan as Shobha's father
Mallika Sukumaran as Lalitha (Dinesh's mother)
Renji Panicker as Swathy's father
Basil Joseph as DJ B (Brijesh)
Dhyan Sreenivasan (cameo in a song)
Jude Anthany Joseph as Shinoj
Biju Sopanam as Dinesh's uncle
Dhanya Balakrishna as Priya
Motta Rajendran as SI Rajendar
Vaiyapuri as a doctor
Sunder Ramu as Venkit Mohan
Gayathri Shan as Kala
Vismaya as Vismaya
Seetha as Shobha's mother (photo presence)
Bhagath Manuel as himself (cameo appearance)
Deepak Parambol as himself (cameo appearance)
Harikrishnan as himself (cameo appearance)
Geevarghese Eapen as himself (cameo appearance)
Jeevika as Shobha's Friend
Production
Love Action Drama marks the directorial debut of the actor Dhyan Sreenivasan, and his second screenplay after Goodalochana. The film also marks the debut production of Visakh Subramaniam and Aju Varghese under their newly formed production company Funtastic Films. It was during the time of Adi Kapyare Kootamani (2015) that Subramaniam and Aju decided to co-produce the film. Love Action Drama was announced in July 2017, during the fifth anniversary of Thattathin Marayathu. The film, according to Dhyan, is a modern-day take on the 1989 film Vadakkunokkiyantram written, directed and starring his father Sreenivasan. Nivin's and Nayanthara's characters were named Dineshan and Shobha after the names of the lead characters in Vadakkunokkiyantram.
It was Vineeth Sreenivasan who suggested the name of Nayanthara and she immediately agreed after hearing the screenplay. Dhyan completed the screenplay by November 2017. The filming was expected to begin by the end of the year, but had to wait for the lead actors' availability. In February 2018, Aju said that the shoot would begin by July 2018, once Nivin completes filming Kayamkulam Kochunni. He also revealed that Nivin was planning to lose weight for the role. A pooja function for the film was held at Anjumana Devi Temple in Kochi on 14 July 2018, with principal photography beginning the same day. The first schedule ended on 27 July 2018. After a delay, the second schedule began in February 2019 and the entire filming process was completed by early June 2019.
Music
Love Action DramaSoundtrack album by Shaan RahmanReleased2019GenreFilmiLength23:08LanguageMalayalamLabelMuzik 247Shaan Rahman chronology
Sachin(2019)
Love Action Drama(2019)
Pranaya Meenukalude Kadal(2019)
The music was composed by Shaan Rahman, with lyrics written by Manu Manjith, Preeti Nambiar, B. K. Harinarayanan, Santhosh Varma, and Vineeth Sreenivasan. The song teaser of "Kudukku" crossed 13 million views within its release. The audio rights were acquired by Muzik247.
Track listingNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1."Raathein"Preeti NambiarNarayani Gopan, Shaan Rahman3.032."Kudukku"Manu ManjithVineeth Sreenivasan2.363."Varavaayi"B. K. HarinarayananShaan Rahman4.774."Aalolam"Santhosh VarmaK. S. Harisankar, Gowry Lekshmi4.135."Churulariyaatha"Vineeth SreenivasanVineeth Sreenivasan1.856."Ponvilakkaayi"B. K. HarinarayananShaan Rahman2.297."Oru Swapnam Pole"Manu ManjithBharath Sajikumar, Aswin Vijayan, Sreejish C. S., Nanda J. Devan, Narayani Gopan4.65Total length:23.08
Release
Theatrical
Love Action Drama was released in theatres across India on 5 September 2019 and in rest-of-India in the following day and was released internationally on 13 September 2019.
Reception
Box office
The film got mixed reviews from critics but was a commercial success at the box office and ran for 100 days.The film collected ₹1.8 crore from Kerala box office on its first day of release.
The film grossed US$387,185 from 46 screens in the opening weekend (12 – 15 September) in the United Arab Emirates and US$528,340 in four weeks. In the opening weekends in other territories in the following weeks, it grossed A$15,914 (₹7.83 lakh) from six screens in Australia, US$34,021 (₹24.14 lakh) from 34 screens in the United States, NZ$13,265 (₹5.91 lakh) from 8 screens in New Zealand, and US$6,625 (₹4.7 lakh) from four screens in Canada. It grossed NZ$19,378 (₹8.58 lakh) in New Zealand in two weeks, A$25,361 (₹12.1 lakh) in Australia in three weeks, and US$53,887 (₹38.15 lakh) in the US in five weeks.
Critical response
Malayala Manorama rated 3 in a scale of 5, and said: "as a simple fun-filled movie, Love Action Drama stands out. There are things that keep us interested in proceedings as Dhyan Sreenivasan focuses on making an out-an-out entertainer than delivering so-called realistic or sensible content. As a debutant director, Dhyan has managed to make an enjoyable film with ease". Calling the film "entertaining", Sify rated 3 out of 5 and wrote, "Love Action Drama is a romantic comedy that is a fine watch that ensures some good laughs and some fine moments".
Anna Mathews of The Times of India rated 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Love Action Drama is a simple, in fact, old fashioned tale, but it has many laugh out loud moments and, apart from the lead acts, who have great charisma and chemistry, Aju Varghese who plays Sagar, Nivin Pauly’s cousin and confidante, adds great entertainment". Rating 3 out of 5, Manoj Kumar R. of The Indian Express said: "Dhyan smartly weaves some effective observations on the battle of the sexes into an entertaining romantic comedy, which feels more like pop-corn blockbuster than a comment on the complexity of today's relationships".
Deccan Chronicle rated 3 out of 5 and wrote: "Dhyan's direction is above average and the film hardly offers any boring or dead sequence ... Delicious visuals in Chennai and decent music make it a worthy one-time watch. Sajin Shrijith of The New Indian Express rated 2.5 out of 5, stating "It's obvious that the goal of the film is only to entertain us and not be too intellectual. Even so, there has to be a certain degree of emotional conflict to get us invested in the drama". Behindwoods.com rated 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote: "Love Action Drama is a watchable entertainer with elements appealing to youth and family audiences". Sowmya Rajendran of The News Minute rated 2 out of 5 and stated "LAD is like a stuck record, playing the one line story of the film over and over again". Gulf News critic said "'LAD' is all frills with little substance", adding that "there seems to have been an urge to fill it with as many commercial elements possible. The resulting cocktail tastes insipid".
The Hindu wrote: "Even for a movie which doesn't take itself too seriously, which is a good thing, the lack of seriousness in having a solid script hurts it sorely. This is especially evident in the second half, when even the peppy song numbers and the jokes thrown in mechanically at regular intervals fail to excite". HuffPost wrote: "Dhyan Sreenivasan is definitely inspired by his brother Vineeth Sreenivasan's sense of humour in cinema. But unlike him, Dhyan is more inclined towards the social media troll/meme version of comedy. So, what we get are already seen and heard, just that Dhyan copy-pastes it at various scenes. It's easy and lazy writing. Few of the gags work, most fall flat". Anna M. M. Vetticad from Firstpost awarded 1.5 in a scale of 5 and said: "Love Action Drama taps his versatility with a narrative that repeatedly breaks its own mood by jumping from extreme intensity to extreme frivolity without warning often within the same scene. The switches are fun at first because they signal the writer-director's keenness that we not take his film too seriously. Fair enough. The technique wears thin though as Love Action Drama's lack of substance becomes increasingly obvious and it wanders about aimlessly, wanders again, then wanders some more".
References
^ a b Shrijith, Sajin (5 September 2019). "'We didn't expect Nayanthara to say yes': Visakh Subramaniam". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
^ Sidhardhan, Sanjith (9 July 2017). "Nivin, Nayanthara to play the lead in Dhyan's directorial which will be a modern day Vadakkunokkiyanthram". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ "Dhyan Sreenivasan completes script of Nivin-Nayanthara starrer". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
^ "Nivin Pauly to shed weight for Love Action Drama-". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
^ "കളർഫുൾ ലവ്, ചിയർഫുൾ ഡ്രാമ; റിവ്യു". ManoramaOnline (in Malayalam). Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
^ Jayaram, Deepika (14 July 2018). "Love Action Drama team starts rolling". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
^ "'Love Action Drama' completes the first schedule". Sify. 28 July 2018. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018.
^ "Nivin Pauly, Nayanthara wrap up Love Action Drama". The Indian Express. 5 June 2019. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
^ "'Love Action Drama'". LyricsMall. 3 September 2019. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
^ "'Ittymaani' and 'Love Action Drama' leads the Onam box office race!". Sify. 9 September 2019. Archived from the original on 9 September 2019.
^ "Love Action Drama". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
^ "Dream Girl collects 1.67 mil. USD in overseas". Bollywood Hungama. 17 September 2019. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
^ "Dream Girl collects 3.21 mil. USD in overseas". Bollywood Hungama. 23 September 2019. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
^ "Dream Girl collects 4.05 mil. USD in overseas". Bollywood Hungama. 30 September 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
^ "War collects 12.93 mil. USD in overseas". Bollywood Hungama. 21 October 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
^ "Love Action Drama review: Nivin Pauly-Nayanthara movie lives up to its title". OnManorama. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
^ "Love Action Drama review: A romantic comedy that ensures a few laughs". Sify. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019.
^ "Love Action Drama Review {3/5}: Nivin Pauly and Nayanthara starrer will definitely appeal to youth crowds, and to families". The Times of India.
^ "Love Action Drama movie review: Nivin Pauly and Nayanthara shine in entertaining romantic drama". 6 September 2019. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^ m.g, Gokul (7 September 2019). "Love Action Drama movie review: Dhyan hits bullseye". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^ "'Love Action Drama' film review: An elegant but bland romantic comedy". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
^ "Love Action Drama (aka) Love review". Behindwoods. 5 September 2019. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^ "'Love Action Drama' review: Nivin-Nayanthara's romcom is out of fresh ideas". The News Minute. 7 September 2019. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^ "'Love Action Drama' film review: Insipid and unconvincing". gulfnews.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^ Praveen, S. r (6 September 2019). "'Love Action Drama' review: This Nivin Pauly outing lacks substance and a solid script". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.
^ "'Love Action Drama' Review: This Nivin Pauly-Nayanthara Rom-Com Ends up Being Absurd and Aimless". 7 September 2019. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^ "Love Action Drama movie review: Nayanthara is a mere aside in an immature Nivin Pauly dramedy". Firstpost. 8 September 2019. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
External links
Love Action Drama on Facebook
Love Action Drama at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"romantic comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"Dhyan Sreenivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhyan_Sreenivasan"},{"link_name":"Visakh Subramaniam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakh_Subramaniam"},{"link_name":"Aju Varghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aju_Varghese"},{"link_name":"Nivin Pauly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivin_Pauly"},{"link_name":"Nayanthara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayanthara"},{"link_name":"Shaan Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaan_Rahman"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"}],"text":"Love Action Drama is a 2019 Indian Malayalam-language romantic comedy film written and directed by Dhyan Sreenivasan in his directorial debut.\nProduced by Visakh Subramaniam and Aju Varghese, the film stars Nivin Pauly and Nayanthara in lead roles. Its music was composed by Shaan Rahman. The film was released in theatres across India on 5 September 2019 and was released internationally on 13 September 2019.","title":"Love Action Drama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"partying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party"},{"link_name":"drinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"genetic disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder"},{"link_name":"coconut oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_oil"},{"link_name":"smoking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking"},{"link_name":"Sabarimala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarimala"},{"link_name":"vodka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"}],"text":"Dinesh, a wealthy bachelor who is overconfident of himself tries to impress Shobha with the help of his best friend Sagar and hopes to marry her someday.The movie takes place in a series of flashbacks, starting with Dinesh reminiscing about his first meeting with Shobha and their relationship. Dinesh comes from a very rich background and as such doesn't work, he is always engaged with partying and drinking with his friends. He's upset that his cousin Swathi is getting married. They were supposedly in a relationship until Swathi learned through google (when they were still kids) that people who are blood-relatives tend to have babies with higher probability in genetic disorders and breaks up with Dinesh (when they were still kids).Dinesh is still upset about it and wants to break up the wedding at any cost. Shobha is one of Swathi's friends and she seems to like Dinesh on sight. Shobha definitely seems to find his antics funny, not getting mad when she gets hurt as a result of Dinesh's plan to hurt the bridegroom. He mistakenly enters Shobha's room and spills coconut oil on the floor (while drunk) hoping the bridegroom will get hurt and the marriage will be cancelled. Later, Dinesh is asked to accompany Shobha's friends in the hospital for her overnight stay and has a conversation with her. Shobha advises Dinesh to move on, get a haircut, shave and attend the wedding, saying some other girl is sure to fall for him. They flirt throughout the wedding and she indirectly invites him to meet up with her when he's in Chennai.Dinesh finds a way to temporarily shift to Chennai with his friend&cousin Sagar, to woo Shobha. He hangs out with Shobha and her friends at first and things seem to be going fine for them. One day, Dinesh and Sagar start a fight during Shobha's friend Priya's birthday party and Shobha asks them to stay away. Her friends criticize her for introducing vagabonds to their group. Shobha learns that Dinesh is not pursuing master's like he told her, but is just wasting time drinking and spending money without a care in the world. Shobha, although wealthy too, works hard and runs her own business. Dinesh sets about trying to get back into Shobha's good graces. He starts with her friends first, and wins their trust. Shobha agrees to a relationship and potential marriage to Dinesh, placing one condition that he should give up smoking and drinking. Dinesh agrees to her condition but ends up getting drunk that very night. Shobha and Priya catch him in the act (he rents a house opposite to hers) and storms away in anger.Dinesh manages to convince Shobha by donning on Sabarimala (religious oath to abstain from indulging alcohol-related activities for 41 days) and they get back together. This time, Dinesh becomes suspicious and too possessive of Shobha because she's always busy with work and avoids the topic of settling down, moving in together as well as eventually getting married then building a family. Some random guy implies to Dinesh that Shobha dates around a lot and he starts following her to find out what she's actually doing for a few days. Dinesh confronts the guy and he vaguely implies how beautiful girls like Shobha always have plenty of guys admiring her and it's common to throw away a partner when a better one comes around. Enraged, Dinesh gets rid of the chains and bracelet (religious constraint) and drinks an entire bottle of vodka. Sagar admits him to the hospital and calls Shobha and Priya. Shobha hits Dinesh and he walks away in anger. A few days later, Shobha calls and proposes marriage, to which he agrees.Shobha's father doesn't like Dinesh, after tricking and finding out that Dinesh still drinks despite several promises made to Shobha, but doesn't say no to the match because Shobha has faith \"he will take care of\" her. Two days before the wedding, Dinesh is approached by a stranger who has a few photographs of himself and Shobha together, stating Shobha cheated him after getting a better match in the form of wealthy Dinesh. This is where the flashbacks end as Dinesh is contemplating what to do next. He already calls off the wedding through a phone call with Shobha. When his mom asks Dinesh to meet and discuss in person the reason for calling off the wedding, Dinesh reminds Shobha's father about his failed marriage when he tries to give them advice. This pushes Shobha to give up changing him and she leaves with her father.Dinesh is leaving the city with Sagar when he finds out through a selfie, drunkenly posted on Facebook by the stranger, Suman that he and the guy who implied Shobha dates a lot and another of Shobha's friend's husband are all friends. Turns out these three guys planned and ruined Dinesh and Shobha's relationship on purpose. Priya's ex-husband is mad that his marriage ended mainly because of Shobha. Initially, he and Priya have been so in love but because she spends most of the day with Shoba instead of him even after getting married, this creates tension between them. He had even expressed to her his discomfort feelings regarding this matter, however, she does not change and this frustration and disappointment lead him to slap Priya and Shobha came in just in time to see that and she forcibly brought Priya out of their home to keep her away from him permanently. Hence, he plotted this plan in revenge to make Shobha feel the pain he experienced after the separation.Shobha and her friends are called to the police station after Dinesh beats those three guys up. Dinesh begs for forgiveness and expresses that he needs her, saying he's wrong to suspect her. Shobha resists at first, stating she doesn't trust him anymore and that faith in the relationship is crucial. She soon agrees, mentioning the same 'no drinking & smoking' conditions to which Dinesh agrees, and tells him to convince her father. Later, Dinesh begs Shobha's father for forgiveness.Cut to Present: Dinesh takes an alcoholic drink and smokes a cigarette with Sagar before entering the marriage hall where he marries Shobha.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nivin Pauly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivin_Pauly"},{"link_name":"Nayanthara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayanthara"},{"link_name":"Vineeth Sreenivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineeth_Sreenivasan"},{"link_name":"Aju Varghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aju_Varghese"},{"link_name":"Prajin Padmanabhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajin"},{"link_name":"Durga Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Krishna"},{"link_name":"Sreenivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sreenivasan"},{"link_name":"Mallika Sukumaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallika_Sukumaran"},{"link_name":"Renji Panicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renji_Panicker"},{"link_name":"Basil Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Dhyan Sreenivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhyan_Sreenivasan"},{"link_name":"Jude Anthany Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jude_Anthany_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Biju Sopanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biju_Sopanam"},{"link_name":"Dhanya Balakrishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanya_Balakrishna"},{"link_name":"Motta Rajendran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motta_Rajendran"},{"link_name":"Vaiyapuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaiyapuri"},{"link_name":"Sunder Ramu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunder_Ramu"},{"link_name":"Seetha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seetha_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Bhagath Manuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagath_Manuel"},{"link_name":"Deepak Parambol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepak_Parambol"},{"link_name":"Harikrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harikrishnan_(Malayalam_actor)"}],"text":"Nivin Pauly as Dinesh P.\nDwayne Wayanad as Young Dinesh\nNayanthara as Shobha\nVineeth Sreenivasan as Suman/Rohan\nAju Varghese as Sagar\nVashisht as Young Sagar\n Prajin Padmanabhan as Ravi Krishna\nDurga Krishna as Swathy\nSreenivasan as Shobha's father\nMallika Sukumaran as Lalitha (Dinesh's mother)\nRenji Panicker as Swathy's father\nBasil Joseph as DJ B (Brijesh)\nDhyan Sreenivasan (cameo in a song)\nJude Anthany Joseph as Shinoj\nBiju Sopanam as Dinesh's uncle\nDhanya Balakrishna as Priya\nMotta Rajendran as SI Rajendar\nVaiyapuri as a doctor\nSunder Ramu as Venkit Mohan\nGayathri Shan as Kala\nVismaya as Vismaya\nSeetha as Shobha's mother (photo presence)\nBhagath Manuel as himself (cameo appearance)\nDeepak Parambol as himself (cameo appearance)\nHarikrishnan as himself (cameo appearance)\nGeevarghese Eapen as himself (cameo appearance)\nJeevika as Shobha's Friend","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dhyan Sreenivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhyan_Sreenivasan"},{"link_name":"Goodalochana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodalochana"},{"link_name":"Visakh Subramaniam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakh_Subramaniam"},{"link_name":"Aju Varghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aju_Varghese"},{"link_name":"production company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_company"},{"link_name":"Adi Kapyare Kootamani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Kapyare_Kootamani"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TNIE-1"},{"link_name":"Thattathin Marayathu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thattathin_Marayathu"},{"link_name":"Vadakkunokkiyantram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadakkunokkiyantram"},{"link_name":"Sreenivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sreenivasan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timesofindia-2"},{"link_name":"Vineeth Sreenivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineeth_Sreenivasan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TNIE-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thetimesofindia1-3"},{"link_name":"Kayamkulam Kochunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayamkulam_Kochunni_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenewindianexpress-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"pooja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Kochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi"},{"link_name":"principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thetimesofindia2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sify-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Love Action Drama marks the directorial debut of the actor Dhyan Sreenivasan, and his second screenplay after Goodalochana. The film also marks the debut production of Visakh Subramaniam and Aju Varghese under their newly formed production company Funtastic Films. It was during the time of Adi Kapyare Kootamani (2015) that Subramaniam and Aju decided to co-produce the film.[1] Love Action Drama was announced in July 2017, during the fifth anniversary of Thattathin Marayathu. The film, according to Dhyan, is a modern-day take on the 1989 film Vadakkunokkiyantram written, directed and starring his father Sreenivasan. Nivin's and Nayanthara's characters were named Dineshan and Shobha after the names of the lead characters in Vadakkunokkiyantram.[2]It was Vineeth Sreenivasan who suggested the name of Nayanthara and she immediately agreed after hearing the screenplay.[1] Dhyan completed the screenplay by November 2017. The filming was expected to begin by the end of the year, but had to wait for the lead actors' availability.[3] In February 2018, Aju said that the shoot would begin by July 2018, once Nivin completes filming Kayamkulam Kochunni. He also revealed that Nivin was planning to lose weight for the role.[4][5] A pooja function for the film was held at Anjumana Devi Temple in Kochi on 14 July 2018, with principal photography beginning the same day.[6] The first schedule ended on 27 July 2018.[7] After a delay, the second schedule began in February 2019 and the entire filming process was completed by early June 2019.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaan Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaan_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Manu Manjith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_Manjith"},{"link_name":"Vineeth Sreenivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineeth_Sreenivasan"},{"link_name":"Muzik247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik_247"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Manu Manjith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_Manjith"},{"link_name":"Shaan Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaan_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Gowry Lekshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowry_Lekshmi"},{"link_name":"Vineeth Sreenivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineeth_Sreenivasan"},{"link_name":"Manu Manjith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_Manjith"}],"text":"The music was composed by Shaan Rahman, with lyrics written by Manu Manjith, Preeti Nambiar, B. K. Harinarayanan, Santhosh Varma, and Vineeth Sreenivasan. The song teaser of \"Kudukku\" crossed 13 million views within its release. The audio rights were acquired by Muzik247.[9]Track listingNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1.\"Raathein\"Preeti NambiarNarayani Gopan, Shaan Rahman3.032.\"Kudukku\"Manu ManjithVineeth Sreenivasan2.363.\"Varavaayi\"B. K. HarinarayananShaan Rahman4.774.\"Aalolam\"Santhosh VarmaK. S. Harisankar, Gowry Lekshmi4.135.\"Churulariyaatha\"Vineeth SreenivasanVineeth Sreenivasan1.856.\"Ponvilakkaayi\"B. K. HarinarayananShaan Rahman2.297.\"Oru Swapnam Pole\"Manu ManjithBharath Sajikumar, Aswin Vijayan, Sreejish C. S., Nanda J. Devan, Narayani Gopan4.65Total length:23.08","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"}],"sub_title":"Theatrical","text":"Love Action Drama was released in theatres across India on 5 September 2019 and in rest-of-India in the following day and was released internationally on 13 September 2019.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"The film got mixed reviews from critics but was a commercial success at the box office and ran for 100 days.The film collected ₹1.8 crore from Kerala box office on its first day of release.[10]The film grossed US$387,185 from 46 screens in the opening weekend (12 – 15 September) in the United Arab Emirates and US$528,340 in four weeks.[11] In the opening weekends in other territories in the following weeks, it grossed A$15,914 (₹7.83 lakh) from six screens in Australia,[12] US$34,021 (₹24.14 lakh) from 34 screens in the United States, NZ$13,265 (₹5.91 lakh) from 8 screens in New Zealand, and US$6,625 (₹4.7 lakh) from four screens in Canada.[13] It grossed NZ$19,378 (₹8.58 lakh) in New Zealand in two weeks, A$25,361 (₹12.1 lakh) in Australia in three weeks,[14] and US$53,887 (₹38.15 lakh) in the US in five weeks.[15]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malayala Manorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayala_Manorama"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"battle of the sexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/battle_of_the_sexes"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Deccan Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The New Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The News Minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_Minute"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Gulf News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_News"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"HuffPost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost"},{"link_name":"Vineeth Sreenivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineeth_Sreenivasan"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Anna M. M. Vetticad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_M._M._Vetticad"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Malayala Manorama rated 3 in a scale of 5, and said: \"as a simple fun-filled movie, Love Action Drama stands out. There are things that keep us interested in proceedings as Dhyan Sreenivasan focuses on making an out-an-out entertainer than delivering so-called realistic or sensible content. As a debutant director, Dhyan has managed to make an enjoyable film with ease\".[16] Calling the film \"entertaining\", Sify rated 3 out of 5 and wrote, \"Love Action Drama is a romantic comedy that is a fine watch that ensures some good laughs and some fine moments\".\n[17] Anna Mathews of The Times of India rated 3 out of 5 stars and wrote \"Love Action Drama is a simple, in fact, old fashioned tale, but it has many laugh out loud moments and, apart from the lead acts, who have great charisma and chemistry, Aju Varghese who plays Sagar, Nivin Pauly’s cousin and confidante, adds great entertainment\".[18] Rating 3 out of 5, Manoj Kumar R. of The Indian Express said: \"Dhyan smartly weaves some effective observations on the battle of the sexes into an entertaining romantic comedy, which feels more like pop-corn blockbuster than a comment on the complexity of today's relationships\".[19]Deccan Chronicle rated 3 out of 5 and wrote: \"Dhyan's direction is above average and the film hardly offers any boring or dead sequence ... Delicious visuals in Chennai and decent music make it a worthy one-time watch.[20] Sajin Shrijith of The New Indian Express rated 2.5 out of 5, stating \"It's obvious that the goal of the film is only to entertain us and not be too intellectual. Even so, there has to be a certain degree of emotional conflict to get us invested in the drama\".[21] Behindwoods.com rated 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote: \"Love Action Drama is a watchable entertainer with elements appealing to youth and family audiences\".[22] Sowmya Rajendran of The News Minute rated 2 out of 5 and stated \"LAD is like a stuck record, playing the one line story of the film over and over again\".[23] Gulf News critic said \"'LAD' is all frills with little substance\", adding that \"there seems to have been an urge to fill it with as many commercial elements possible. The resulting cocktail tastes insipid\".[24]The Hindu wrote: \"Even for a movie which doesn't take itself too seriously, which is a good thing, the lack of seriousness in having a solid script hurts it sorely. This is especially evident in the second half, when even the peppy song numbers and the jokes thrown in mechanically at regular intervals fail to excite\".[25] HuffPost wrote: \"Dhyan Sreenivasan is definitely inspired by his brother Vineeth Sreenivasan's sense of humour in cinema. But unlike him, Dhyan is more inclined towards the social media troll/meme version of comedy. So, what we get are already seen and heard, just that Dhyan copy-pastes it at various scenes. It's easy and lazy writing. Few of the gags work, most fall flat\".[26] Anna M. M. Vetticad from Firstpost awarded 1.5 in a scale of 5 and said: \"Love Action Drama taps his [Nivin Pauly's] versatility with a narrative that repeatedly breaks its own mood by jumping from extreme intensity to extreme frivolity without warning often within the same scene. The switches are fun at first because they signal the writer-director's keenness that we not take his film too seriously. Fair enough. The technique wears thin though as Love Action Drama's lack of substance becomes increasingly obvious and it wanders about aimlessly, wanders again, then wanders some more\".[27]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Shrijith, Sajin (5 September 2019). \"'We didn't expect Nayanthara to say yes': Visakh Subramaniam\". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/sep/05/we-didnt-expect-nayanthara-to-say-yes-visakh-subramaniam-2029149.html","url_text":"\"'We didn't expect Nayanthara to say yes': Visakh Subramaniam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express","url_text":"The New Indian Express"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190905062535/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/sep/05/we-didnt-expect-nayanthara-to-say-yes-visakh-subramaniam-2029149.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sidhardhan, Sanjith (9 July 2017). \"Nivin, Nayanthara to play the lead in Dhyan's directorial which will be a modern day Vadakkunokkiyanthram\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-nayanthara-to-play-lead-in-dhyans-directorial-which-will-be-a-modern-day-vadakkunokkiyanthram/articleshow/59502790.cms","url_text":"\"Nivin, Nayanthara to play the lead in Dhyan's directorial which will be a modern day Vadakkunokkiyanthram\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928115612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-nayanthara-to-play-lead-in-dhyans-directorial-which-will-be-a-modern-day-vadakkunokkiyanthram/articleshow/59502790.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dhyan Sreenivasan completes script of Nivin-Nayanthara starrer\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dhyan-sreenivasan-completes-script-of-nivin-nayanthara-starrer/articleshow/61643461.cms","url_text":"\"Dhyan Sreenivasan completes script of Nivin-Nayanthara starrer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180817041110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dhyan-sreenivasan-completes-script-of-nivin-nayanthara-starrer/articleshow/61643461.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nivin Pauly to shed weight for Love Action Drama-\". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/feb/04/nivin-pauly-to-shed-weight-for-love-action-drama-1768348.html","url_text":"\"Nivin Pauly to shed weight for Love Action Drama-\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express","url_text":"The New Indian Express"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180715123513/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/feb/04/nivin-pauly-to-shed-weight-for-love-action-drama-1768348.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"കളർഫുൾ ലവ്, ചിയർഫുൾ ഡ്രാമ; റിവ്യു\". ManoramaOnline (in Malayalam). Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2019/09/05/love-action-drama-movie-review-nivin-pauly-nayanthara-dhyan-sreenivasan.html","url_text":"\"കളർഫുൾ ലവ്, ചിയർഫുൾ ഡ്രാമ; റിവ്യു\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190905104902/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2019/09/05/love-action-drama-movie-review-nivin-pauly-nayanthara-dhyan-sreenivasan.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jayaram, Deepika (14 July 2018). \"Love Action Drama team starts rolling\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/love-action-drama-team-starts-rolling/articleshow/64986836.cms","url_text":"\"Love Action Drama team starts rolling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20180715151711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/love-action-drama-team-starts-rolling/articleshow/64986836.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Love Action Drama' completes the first schedule\". Sify. 28 July 2018. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180729043758/http://www.sify.com/movies/love-action-drama-completes-the-first-schedule-news-malayalam-sh2oBvdccfbef.html","url_text":"\"'Love Action Drama' completes the first schedule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify","url_text":"Sify"},{"url":"http://sify.com/movies/love-action-drama-completes-the-first-schedule-news-malayalam-sh2oBvdccfbef.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nivin Pauly, Nayanthara wrap up Love Action Drama\". The Indian Express. 5 June 2019. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/nivin-pauly-nayanthara-wrap-up-love-action-drama-5766012/","url_text":"\"Nivin Pauly, Nayanthara wrap up Love Action Drama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express","url_text":"The Indian Express"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190905194607/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/nivin-pauly-nayanthara-wrap-up-love-action-drama-5766012/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Love Action Drama'\". LyricsMall. 3 September 2019. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lyricsmall.com/movies/love-action-drama-malayalam-movie-songs-lyrics/","url_text":"\"'Love Action Drama'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190903141756/https://www.lyricsmall.com/movies/love-action-drama-malayalam-movie-songs-lyrics/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Ittymaani' and 'Love Action Drama' leads the Onam box office race!\". Sify. 9 September 2019. Archived from the original on 9 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190909070353/https://www.sify.com/movies/ittymaani-and-love-action-drama-leads-the-onam-box-office-race-news-malayalam-tjjjNmdhhbjej.html","url_text":"\"'Ittymaani' and 'Love Action Drama' leads the Onam box office race!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify","url_text":"Sify"},{"url":"https://www.sify.com/movies/ittymaani-and-love-action-drama-leads-the-onam-box-office-race-news-malayalam-tjjjNmdhhbjej.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Love Action Drama\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 13 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=UE&wk=2019W40&id=_fLOVEACTIONDRAMA01","url_text":"\"Love Action Drama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"Dream Girl collects 1.67 mil. USD [Rs. 11.69 cr.] in overseas\". Bollywood Hungama. 17 September 2019. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/dream-girl-collects-1-67-mil-usd-rs-11-69-cr-in-overseas/","url_text":"\"Dream Girl collects 1.67 mil. USD [Rs. 11.69 cr.] in overseas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190929143010/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/dream-girl-collects-1-67-mil-usd-rs-11-69-cr-in-overseas/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dream Girl collects 3.21 mil. USD [Rs. 22.76 cr.] in overseas\". Bollywood Hungama. 23 September 2019. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/dream-girl-collects-3-21-mil-usd-rs-22-76-cr-in-overseas/","url_text":"\"Dream Girl collects 3.21 mil. 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Retrieved 11 October 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/love-action-drama-review-this-nivin-pauly-outing-lacks-substance-and-a-solid-script/article29350623.ece","url_text":"\"'Love Action Drama' review: This Nivin Pauly outing lacks substance and a solid script\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191011123352/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/love-action-drama-review-this-nivin-pauly-outing-lacks-substance-and-a-solid-script/article29350623.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Love Action Drama' Review: This Nivin Pauly-Nayanthara Rom-Com Ends up Being Absurd and Aimless\". 7 September 2019. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/love-action-drama-review-nivin-pauly-nayanthara-rom-com-absurd_in_5d733a62e4b0fde50c269c94","url_text":"\"'Love Action Drama' Review: This Nivin Pauly-Nayanthara Rom-Com Ends up Being Absurd and Aimless\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191011123349/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/love-action-drama-review-nivin-pauly-nayanthara-rom-com-absurd_in_5d733a62e4b0fde50c269c94","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Love Action Drama movie review: Nayanthara is a mere aside in an immature Nivin Pauly dramedy\". Firstpost. 8 September 2019. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Belden | James J. Belden | ["1 Biography","2 Career","3 Death","4 References","5 External links"] | American politician (1825–1904)
James Jerome BeldenMember of the U.S. House of Representatives from New YorkIn officeMarch 4, 1897 – March 3, 1899Preceded byTheodore L. PooleSucceeded byMichael E. DriscollConstituency27th districtIn officeNovember 8, 1887 – March 3, 1895Preceded byFrank HiscockSucceeded byTheodore L. PooleConstituency25th district (1887–93)27th district (1893–95)
Personal detailsBornSeptember 30, 1825 (1825-09-30)Fabius, New York, USDiedJanuary 1, 1904 (1904-02) (aged 78)Syracuse, New York, USPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseMary Anna Gere BeldenChildrenHarriet Anna BeldenProfessionbankerbuilderhotel ownerpolitician
James Jerome Belden (September 30, 1825 – January 1, 1904) was an American politician and a U.S. Representative from New York.
Biography
Born in Fabius, New York, Belden was the son of Royal Denison Belding and Olive Cadwell and attended the common schools. He married Mary Anna Gere and they had a daughter, Harriet Anna Belden. He lived in the luxurious Belden House at 620 W. Genesee St. in Syracuse.
Career
After completing his education in local schools, Belden worked in a Jefferson County store to learn bookkeeping and accounting. He went into banking in Syracuse, New York, in 1880. Later he was active in construction, completing many railroads and public works projects. He was also President of the company that published the Syracuse Post and was a hotel owner. In 1877 and 1878, he served as mayor of Syracuse, New York. Among his activities as mayor, he formed a committee of citizens to look after the interests of St. Joseph's Hospital. He later left the hospital a bequest of $50,000.
Belden was elected as a Republican to the Fiftieth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Frank Hiscock, who had been elected to the office of United States Senator.
Reelected to the Fifty-first and Fifty-second Congresses, Belden served as U. S. Representative for the twenty-fifth district of New York from November 8, 1887, to March 3, 1893. He was then elected for the Fifty-third Congress and served as U. S. Representative for the twenty-seventh district of New York from March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1895. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1894.
Again elected to the Fifty-fifth Congress, Belden served as U. S. Representative for the twenty-seventh district of New York from March 4, 1897, to March 3, 1899. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1898, but retired to Syracuse.
Death
Belden died of uremic poisoning in Syracuse, New York on January 1, 1904 (age 78 years, 93 days). He is interred at Oakwood Cemetery (Syracuse, New York). When he died, he was Syracuse's richest citizen with his wealth being estimated at $10 million ($330 million in 2022 dollars), according to an obituary in The Sheffield Observer on January 7, 1914.
References
^ a b c Haas, David (18 August 2022). "Come inside the mansion built for the 'richest man in Syracuse' (Beyond the Front Door)". Syracuse Post-Standard. Retrieved 19 August 2022. (subscription required)
^ Onondaga County Medical Society, 1906-1956: Sesquicentennial, p. 70
^ "James J. Belden". Govtrack US Congress. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
^ "James J. Belden". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
^ "James J. Belden". The Sheffield Observer. January 7, 1914. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
External links
United States Congress. "James J. Belden (id: B000325)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byFrank Hiscock
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 25th congressional district November 8, 1887 – March 3, 1893
Succeeded byJames S. Sherman
Preceded bySereno E. Payne
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 27th congressional district March 4, 1893 – March 3, 1895
Succeeded byTheodore L. Poole
Preceded byTheodore L. Poole
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 27th congressional district March 4, 1897 – March 3, 1899
Succeeded byMichael E. Driscoll
This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Authority control databases: People
US Congress | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"}],"text":"James Jerome Belden (September 30, 1825 – January 1, 1904) was an American politician and a U.S. Representative from New York.","title":"James J. Belden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fabius, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabius,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belden_House-1"}],"text":"Born in Fabius, New York, Belden was the son of Royal Denison Belding and Olive Cadwell and attended the common schools. He married Mary Anna Gere and they had a daughter, Harriet Anna Belden. He lived in the luxurious Belden House at 620 W. 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He went into banking in Syracuse, New York, in 1880. Later he was active in construction, completing many railroads and public works projects. He was also President of the company that published the Syracuse Post and was a hotel owner. In 1877 and 1878, he served as mayor of Syracuse, New York.[1] Among his activities as mayor, he formed a committee of citizens to look after the interests of St. Joseph's Hospital. He later left the hospital a bequest of $50,000.[2]Belden was elected as a Republican to the Fiftieth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Frank Hiscock, who had been elected to the office of United States Senator.Reelected to the Fifty-first and Fifty-second Congresses, Belden served as U. S. Representative for the twenty-fifth district of New York from November 8, 1887, to March 3, 1893. He was then elected for the Fifty-third Congress and served as U. S. Representative for the twenty-seventh district of New York from March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1895. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1894.Again elected to the Fifty-fifth Congress, Belden served as U. S. Representative for the twenty-seventh district of New York from March 4, 1897, to March 3, 1899.[3] He was not a candidate for renomination in 1898, but retired to Syracuse.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uremic poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uremic_poisoning"},{"link_name":"Syracuse, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York"},{"link_name":"interred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial"},{"link_name":"Oakwood Cemetery (Syracuse, New York)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakwood_Cemetery_(Syracuse,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belden_House-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Belden died of uremic poisoning in Syracuse, New York on January 1, 1904 (age 78 years, 93 days). He is interred at Oakwood Cemetery (Syracuse, New York).[4] When he died, he was Syracuse's richest citizen with his wealth being estimated at $10 million ($330 million in 2022 dollars[1]), according to an obituary in The Sheffield Observer on January 7, 1914.[5]","title":"Death"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Haas, David (18 August 2022). \"Come inside the mansion built for the 'richest man in Syracuse' (Beyond the Front Door)\". Syracuse Post-Standard. Retrieved 19 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syracuse.com/living/2022/08/come-inside-the-mansion-built-for-the-richest-man-in-syracuse-beyond-the-front-door.html","url_text":"\"Come inside the mansion built for the 'richest man in Syracuse' (Beyond the Front Door)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Post-Standard","url_text":"Syracuse Post-Standard"}]},{"reference":"\"James J. Belden\". Govtrack US Congress. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranchuk_cooler | Pomeranchuk cooling | ["1 References"] | Physical phenomenon
Pomeranchuk cooling (named after Isaak Pomeranchuk) is the phenomenon in which liquid helium-3 will cool if it is compressed isentropically when it is below 0.3 K. This occurs because helium-3 has the unusual property that its solid state can have a higher entropy than its liquid state. The effect was first observed by Yuri Anufriev in 1965. This can be used to construct a cryogenic cooler.
In 2021 an analog effect has been observed on twisted bilayer graphene and in TMDs
References
^ Lee, David M. (1 July 1997). "The extraordinary phases of liquid ${}^{3}$He". Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 (3): 645–666. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.645.
^ Weisstein, Eric. "Pomeranchuk Cooling". Eric Weisstein's World of Science.
^ "Electrons in twisted graphene 'freeze' when heated". Physics World. 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
^ Rozen, Asaf; Park, Jeong Min; Zondiner, Uri; Cao, Yuan; Rodan-Legrain, Daniel; Taniguchi, Takashi; Watanabe, Kenji; Oreg, Yuval; Stern, Ady; Berg, Erez; Jarillo-Herrero, Pablo (April 2021). "Entropic evidence for a Pomeranchuk effect in magic-angle graphene". Nature. 592 (7853): 214–219. arXiv:2009.01836. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03319-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33828314. S2CID 221516628.
^ Ablikim, M.; Achasov, M. N.; Adlarson, P.; Ahmed, S.; Albrecht, M.; Aliberti, R.; Amoroso, A.; An, Q.; Lavania, Anita; Bai, X. H.; Bai, Y. (November 2021). "Oscillating features in the electromagnetic structure of the neutron". Nature Physics. 17 (11): 1200–1204. arXiv:2103.12486. doi:10.1038/s41567-021-01345-6. ISSN 1745-2481. S2CID 243888280.
^ Li, Tingxin; Jiang, Shengwei; Li, Lizhong; Zhang, Yang; Kang, Kaifei; Zhu, Jiacheng; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi; Chowdhury, Debanjan; Fu, Liang; Shan, Jie; Mak, Kin Fai (September 2021). "Continuous Mott transition in semiconductor moiré superlattices". Nature. 597 (7876): 350–354. arXiv:2103.09779. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03853-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34526709. S2CID 232257656.
This thermodynamics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isaak Pomeranchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaak_Pomeranchuk"},{"link_name":"helium-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium-3"},{"link_name":"isentropically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isentropic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cryogenic cooler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cryogenic_cooler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"twisted bilayer graphene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilayer_graphene#Superconductivity_in_twisted_bilayer_graphene"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"TMDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal_dichalcogenide_monolayers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Pomeranchuk cooling (named after Isaak Pomeranchuk) is the phenomenon in which liquid helium-3 will cool if it is compressed isentropically when it is below 0.3 K. This occurs because helium-3 has the unusual property that its solid state can have a higher entropy than its liquid state. The effect was first observed by Yuri Anufriev in 1965.[1] This can be used to construct a cryogenic cooler.[2]In 2021 an analog effect has been observed on twisted bilayer graphene[3][4][5] and in TMDs[6]","title":"Pomeranchuk cooling"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Lee, David M. (1 July 1997). \"The extraordinary phases of liquid ${}^{3}$He\". Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 (3): 645–666. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.645.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.69.645","url_text":"\"The extraordinary phases of liquid ${}^{3}$He\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.69.645","url_text":"10.1103/RevModPhys.69.645"}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric. \"Pomeranchuk Cooling\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orval_beer | Orval Brewery | ["1 History","2 Beers","3 Brewery","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 49°38′22″N 5°20′55″E / 49.63944°N 5.34861°E / 49.63944; 5.34861Belgian Trappist brewery
Brasserie d'OrvalIndustryTrappist brewery Trappist cheesefarmFounded1931FounderNotre-Dame d'Orval AbbeyHeadquartersOrval Abbey, Wallonia, BelgiumNumber of locations1ProductsBeerProduction output77,000 hLWebsitehttp://www.orval.be
Orval Brewery (French: Brasserie d'Orval) is a Trappist brewery within the walls of the Abbaye Notre-Dame d'Orval in the Gaume region of Belgium.
The brewery produces two Trappist beers, Orval and Orval Vert (first stage of the Orval)
History
Main article: Orval Abbey
Evidence of brewing goes back to the earliest days of the monastery. A document written by the abbot in 1628 directly refers to the consumption of beer and wine by the monks. The last of the brewers to be a monk was Brother Pierre, up until the 1793 fire.
In 1931 the present day brewery became in use, employing lay people and intended to provide a source of funds for the monastery reconstruction. The new Abbye was designed by Henry Vaes, who also designed the distinctive Orval beer glass, together with his daughter. The first beer was shipped from the brewery on 7 May 1932, and was sold in barrels rather than the bottles of today. Orval was the first Trappist beer to be sold nationally around Belgium.
As with other Trappist breweries, the beer is sold in order to financially support the monastery and some other good causes. All of the profits from the sale of the beer are distributed to charities and for community development around the region.
Beers
Orval Trappist Ale bottle with traditional glass
Orval is the main brand. Depending on age, its alcohol by volume varies from 5.9% to 7.2%. Bottles are normally labelled with the average 6.2%, but to meet North American legal requirements they must there be labelled with the maximum 6.9%. It was first made in 1931, and has a complex and unusual flavour and aroma produced by a specific strain of yeast: Brettanomyces bruxellensis. The beer is light in colour, slightly cloudy, and has a large, foamy head. There is a complex aroma of leather, spice, and many other earthy components.
Beer critic Michael Jackson considered Orval to be "a wonderful aperitif", and a "world classic". Its very distinctive taste is largely attributed to two parts of the brewing process. One of these is the use of dry hopping, in which large meshed bags of hops infuse the beer during the three-week maturation period. The other is the use of Brettanomyces yeast during this same maturation, which is a local wild yeast. Hallertau, Styrian Goldings and French Strisselspalt hops are used.
Orval beer is bottled exclusively in a distinctive skittle shaped 33 cl bottle. The bottling plant has a capacity of 24,000 bottles per hour. The beer is then matured at 15 °C for a minimum of four weeks on site before being distributed. Beer that will be sold at the Abbey or local cafe is matured for six months. As the beer is bottle conditioned, its flavour can evolve over the years with aging.
Orval Vert, also known as Petit Orval, is a 4.5% abv, available only on tap in the café near the monastery.
Brewery
The brewery is normally closed to the public, but opens its doors for two days each year. There are presently 32 secular workers.
References
^ Kelly, Laura. "Best beers made by Trappist monks". foxnews.com. Fox News. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
^ Kearney, Breandán (2 June 2016). "Orval Trappist Ale - Changes in Fortune and Secrets of Success". Belgian Smaak. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
^ "Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter – Chastity, poverty and a pint". beerhunter.com. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
^ Villa, K., "Orval Brewery" in Oliver, G. (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Beer (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 630–631.
External links
Orval website
vteTrappist beerTrappist breweries
Chimay
Engelszell
La Trappe
Orval
Rochefort
Spencer
Tre Fontane
Tynt Meadow
Westmalle
Westvleteren
Zundert
Others
Mont des Cats
Mariawald
Achel
Related articles
Abbey beer
Trappists
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orval beer.
49°38′22″N 5°20′55″E / 49.63944°N 5.34861°E / 49.63944; 5.34861 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Trappist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trappist"},{"link_name":"brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewery"},{"link_name":"Abbaye Notre-Dame d'Orval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbaye_Notre-Dame_d%27Orval"},{"link_name":"Gaume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaume"},{"link_name":"Trappist beers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trappist_beer"}],"text":"Belgian Trappist breweryOrval Brewery (French: Brasserie d'Orval) is a Trappist brewery within the walls of the Abbaye Notre-Dame d'Orval in the Gaume region of Belgium.The brewery produces two Trappist beers, Orval and Orval Vert (first stage of the Orval)","title":"Orval Brewery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Evidence of brewing goes back to the earliest days of the monastery. 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All of the profits from the sale of the beer are distributed to charities and for community development around the region.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orval_Trappist_Ale_with_traditional_glass.JPG"},{"link_name":"alcohol by volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brettanomyces bruxellensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brettanomyces_bruxellensis"},{"link_name":"head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_head"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"dry hopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_hopping"},{"link_name":"hops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hops"},{"link_name":"maturation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_(food)"},{"link_name":"Brettanomyces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brettanomyces"},{"link_name":"Hallertau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties#Hallertau"},{"link_name":"Styrian Goldings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties#Styrian_Golding"},{"link_name":"Strisselspalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties#Strisselspalt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"skittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#skittle"},{"link_name":"bottle conditioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottle_conditioning"}],"text":"Orval Trappist Ale bottle with traditional glassOrval is the main brand. Depending on age, its alcohol by volume varies from 5.9% to 7.2%. Bottles are normally labelled with the average 6.2%, but to meet North American legal requirements they must there be labelled with the maximum 6.9%.[2] It was first made in 1931, and has a complex and unusual flavour and aroma produced by a specific strain of yeast: Brettanomyces bruxellensis. The beer is light in colour, slightly cloudy, and has a large, foamy head. There is a complex aroma of leather, spice, and many other earthy components.Beer critic Michael Jackson considered Orval to be \"a wonderful aperitif\", and a \"world classic\".[3] Its very distinctive taste is largely attributed to two parts of the brewing process. One of these is the use of dry hopping, in which large meshed bags of hops infuse the beer during the three-week maturation period. The other is the use of Brettanomyces yeast during this same maturation, which is a local wild yeast. Hallertau, Styrian Goldings and French Strisselspalt hops are used.[4]Orval beer is bottled exclusively in a distinctive skittle shaped 33 cl bottle. The bottling plant has a capacity of 24,000 bottles per hour. The beer is then matured at 15 °C for a minimum of four weeks on site before being distributed. Beer that will be sold at the Abbey or local cafe is matured for six months. As the beer is bottle conditioned, its flavour can evolve over the years with aging.Orval Vert, also known as Petit Orval, is a 4.5% abv, available only on tap in the café near the monastery.","title":"Beers"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The brewery is normally closed to the public, but opens its doors for two days each year. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Meece | Swynnerton | ["1 Transport","2 HS2","3 Notable residents","4 Nearby locations","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°55′01″N 2°13′01″W / 52.917°N 2.217°W / 52.917; -2.217
Human settlement in EnglandSwynnertonSt Mary's ChurchSwynnertonLocation within StaffordshirePopulation4,453 (2011)OS grid referenceSJ8535Civil parishSwynnertonDistrictStaffordShire countyStaffordshireRegionWest MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townSTONEPostcode districtST15Dialling code01782PoliceStaffordshireFireStaffordshireAmbulanceWest Midlands
UK ParliamentStone
List of places
UK
England
Staffordshire
52°55′01″N 2°13′01″W / 52.917°N 2.217°W / 52.917; -2.217
Swynnerton is a village and civil parish in Staffordshire, England. It lies in the Borough of Stafford, and at the 2001 census had a population of 4,233, increasing to 4,453 at the 2011 Census.
Swynnerton is listed in the Domesday Book identifying the lord in 1066 as Brothir (of Oaken) and in 1086, Edelo (of Rauceby), who was in service to Robert de Stafford, the tenant-in-chief. The record shows the settlement consisted of ten villagers' households, and five smallholders. Property consisted of eight ploughlands suitable for one lord's plough teams, and six men's plough teams. Other resources are listed as ten acres of meadow, and one league of woodland. The owner's value was estimated at £2.
St Mary's Church dates back to at least the 13th century, and as far back as the 11th century. Swynnerton received its charter from Edward I in 1306. During the 14th century a market used to be held every Wednesday and an annual fair was held on 15 August each year.
A grand manor house used to exist until its destruction in the English Civil War by Cromwell's men, its replacement being Swynnerton Hall, built in 1725 by Francis Smith of Warwick, which still dominates the Swynnerton skyline today. The Roman Catholic church of Our Lady adjoins the hall, which was built in 1868 by Gilbert Blount. Most of the houses in the village are post World War II.
Nearby Cold Meece houses a British Army training area that used to be a Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Swynnerton. It is often used by the Air Training Corps and the Army Cadet Force, but is also a regular training area for the British Army. During the war, the factory was served by Cold Meece railway station.
Yarnfield and Cold Meece civil parish and parish council came into being in April 2019, with two wards, Yarnfield and Cold Meece. It is included in the Borough of Stafford, and was previously the southern part of Swynnerton parish.
The village pub, the Fitzherbert Arms, has three bars, two dining areas and accommodation.
Transport
Swynnerton is directly connected to Eccleshall by the Swynnerton Road. It is also a 10 minute drive from Stone and Meaford via the A51. The nearest city is Stoke-on-Trent, a 15 minute drive via the A51 and A34 roads.
The village is poorly served by public transport. The D&G Bus service number 14 previously called at the church bus stop five times a day on its way to and from Hanley, Trentham, Barlaston, Stone, Eccleshall and Stafford in 2017, however as of 2023 only a bus Stone via Yarnfield operates. This is 5 times a day Monday - Friday, twice on Saturdays with no service on Sundays.
The nearest train station is Stone railway station, known officially as Stone (Staffs) and by railway code SNE 4.3 miles away.
HS2
Government plans for a new high speed rail line (part of what was known as HS2) to pass directly to the north of the village were first confirmed in 2013.
It immediately provoked controversy, with the nearest station intended for Crewe railway station over 20 miles away, due to local impact and lack of considered benefits to Staffordshire including from current resident of Swynnerton Hall, Lord Stafford.
When the act of parliament for HS2a (West Midlands - Crewe) received Royal Assent works by HS2 Ltd intensified, the complusary land purchase process began which included a small number of properties, farmland and woodland on the edge of the village.
In late 2021 eco campaigners opposed to the destruction of specific ancient woodlands along the route arrived outside the village and set up encampments within local woodlands earmarked for demolition. They sought the support of the local community through flyering and Facebook via what was called the 'Bluebell Wood HS2 Resistance Camp'. The group grew to over 1,000 members suggesting either strong local environmental concern or NIMBYism. Despite being served an eviction notice in March 2022 were only removed after exhausting supplies in tunnels in July.
Work then continued with updates from hs2 to residents, with security to prevent return of protestors and early earth works related to gas pipelines.
In March 2023 the Transport Secretary Mark Harper announced a two year 'phased delay' to HS2 due to spiraling costs. As a result of this, the encampments outside the village were largely abandoned and leaflets issued to residents advised 90% of works intended to be progressed were being put on hold.
In September 2023 at the Conservative Party Conference in Manchester, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announced that HS2 north of Birmingham was being scrapped. It is now expected the local land will be resold and the project will not be renewed, as the Labour Party UK has not recommitted to the project should it win the next election.
Notable residents
Thomas Fitzherbert (1552–1640) was an English Jesuit, born at Swynnerton. His father died whilst he was an infant and he was the head of an important family.
Lord Stafford's family presence dates back several centuries.
Maria Fitzherbert (1756-1837) companion and (invalidly) first wife of George IV, was previously wife of Thomas Fitzherbert of Swynnerton, from 1778 to his death in 1781.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–1882) is believed to have penned his famous poem, The Village Blacksmith, in Swynnerton.
Nearby locations
Eccleshall
Meaford
Stafford
Stoke-on-Trent
Stone
Tittensor
Yarnfield
See also
Listed buildings in Swynnerton
References
^ "Civil Parish population 2011". Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^ "Census 2001: Parish Headcounts: Stafford". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
^ "Swynnerton | Domesday Book".
^ "Swynnerton". GENUKI. 5 December 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
^ Website of St Mary's Church, Swynnerton retrieved Jan 2017
^ "Our Lady of the Assumption, Swynnerton". ourladyoftheassumption.org.uk. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
^ Yarnfield and Cold Meece Parish Council
^ Borough of Stafford Order 2018
^ "History | The Fitzherbert Arms". Retrieved 5 November 2022.
^ D&G Bus website Timetable list Archived 2017-01-04 at the Wayback Machine retrieved Jan 2017
^ https://apps2.staffordshire.gov.uk/SCC/BusTimes/display.aspx?Route=102&Line=04102&Filter=1#divMainAreaDisplay
^ https://apps2.staffordshire.gov.uk/SCC/BusTimes/display.aspx?Route=102&Line=04102&Filter=1#divMainAreaDisplay
^ https://apps2.staffordshire.gov.uk/SCC/BusTimes/display.aspx?Route=102&Line=04102&Filter=1#divMainAreaDisplay
^ "Stone (Staffs) Station | National Rail".
^ "Stone (Staffs) Railway Station (SNE) - the ABC Railway Guide".
^ https://www.staffordshire.gov.uk/Transport/trains/High-speed-rail-phase-2/Documents/HS2-route-and-PROW-within-a-3KM-buffer---Wrinehill-to-Swynnerton.pdf
^ "Exclusive: Stop HS2 carving up my historic estate". 10 August 2013.
^ "Phase 2a Act to bring HS2 to the north".
^ https://assets.hs2.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/HS2_Compulsory_Purchase_AW_Web.pdf
^ https://www.facebook.com/groups/campbluebell/
^ "Look at HS2 protesters' amazing camp with its own visitor centre". 24 March 2022.
^ "Swynnerton HS2 protesters emerge after 47 days underground". BBC News. 25 June 2022.
^ "West Midlands to Crewe (Phase 2a)".
^ Topham, Gwyn (9 March 2023). "HS2 to be delayed by two more years due to soaring costs". The Guardian.
^ "HS2: What is the route and why is the Manchester link scrapped?". BBC News. 10 January 2012.
^ "Labour can not promise HS2 to Manchester - Keir Starmer". BBC News. 5 October 2023.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Fitzherbert, Thomas" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 446.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Stafford, Earls and Marquesses of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 756.
^ "Mistresses of the Prince". Georgian index. Archived from the original on 16 April 2003. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
^ "Longfellow - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 200th Birthday". Hwlongfellow.org. 7 December 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
^ "59. The Village Blacksmith. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Yale Book of American Verse". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swynnerton.
Swynnerton Parish Council Website
Swinnerton / Swynnerton Family web pages
Our Lady Parish Church web pages
Website of Potteries.org - Neville Malkin's "Grand Tour" of the Potteries Retrieved Feb 2017 = Has several old pictures, drawings and historical narrative about St. Mary's Church, Swynnerton
vteCivil parishes of the Borough of Stafford
Adbaston
Barlaston
Berkswich
Bradley
Brocton
Chebsey
Church Eaton
Colwich
Creswell
Doxey
Eccleshall
Ellenhall
Forton
Fradswell
Fulford
Gayton
Gnosall
Haughton
High Offley
Hilderstone
Hixon
Hopton and Coton
Hyde Lea
Ingestre
Marston
Milwich
Norbury
Ranton
Salt and Enson
Sandon and Burston
Seighford
Standon
Stone
Stone Rural
Stowe-by-Chartley
Swynnerton
Tixall
Weston
Whitgreave
Yarnfield and Cold Meece
Authority control databases: National
Israel | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Borough of Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Stafford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"Robert de Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Stafford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Swynnerton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swynnerton_Hall"},{"link_name":"Francis Smith of Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Smith_of_Warwick"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Blount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Blount"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Royal Ordnance Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ordnance_Factory"},{"link_name":"ROF Swynnerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROF_Swynnerton"},{"link_name":"Air Training Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Training_Corps"},{"link_name":"Army Cadet Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Cadet_Force"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Cold Meece railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Meece_railway_station"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Yarnfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarnfield"},{"link_name":"Cold Meece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Meece"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Borough of Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Stafford"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandSwynnerton is a village and civil parish in Staffordshire, England. It lies in the Borough of Stafford, and at the 2001 census had a population of 4,233,[2] increasing to 4,453 at the 2011 Census.Swynnerton is listed in the Domesday Book identifying the lord in 1066 as Brothir (of Oaken) and in 1086, Edelo (of Rauceby), who was in service to Robert de Stafford, the tenant-in-chief. The record shows the settlement consisted of ten villagers' households, and five smallholders. Property consisted of eight ploughlands suitable for one lord's plough teams, and six men's plough teams. Other resources are listed as ten acres of meadow, and one league of woodland. The owner's value was estimated at £2.[3]St Mary's Church dates back to at least the 13th century, and as far back as the 11th century.[4][5] Swynnerton received its charter from Edward I in 1306. During the 14th century a market used to be held every Wednesday and an annual fair was held on 15 August each year.A grand manor house used to exist until its destruction in the English Civil War by Cromwell's men, its replacement being Swynnerton Hall, built in 1725 by Francis Smith of Warwick, which still dominates the Swynnerton skyline today. The Roman Catholic church of Our Lady[6] adjoins the hall, which was built in 1868 by Gilbert Blount. Most of the houses in the village are post World War II.Nearby Cold Meece houses a British Army training area that used to be a Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Swynnerton. It is often used by the Air Training Corps and the Army Cadet Force, but is also a regular training area for the British Army. During the war, the factory was served by Cold Meece railway station.Yarnfield and Cold Meece civil parish and parish council came into being in April 2019, with two wards, Yarnfield and Cold Meece.[7][8] It is included in the Borough of Stafford, and was previously the southern part of Swynnerton parish.The village pub, the Fitzherbert Arms,[9] has three bars, two dining areas and accommodation.","title":"Swynnerton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meaford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaford,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"A51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A51_road"},{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"A34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A34_road"},{"link_name":"D&G Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%26G_Bus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanley"},{"link_name":"Trentham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentham,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Barlaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlaston"},{"link_name":"Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Eccleshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccleshall"},{"link_name":"Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford"},{"link_name":"Yarnfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarnfield"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Stone railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Swynnerton is directly connected to Eccleshall by the Swynnerton Road. It is also a 10 minute drive from Stone and Meaford via the A51. The nearest city is Stoke-on-Trent, a 15 minute drive via the A51 and A34 roads.The village is poorly served by public transport. The D&G Bus service number 14[10] previously called at the church bus stop five times a day on its way to and from Hanley, Trentham, Barlaston, Stone, Eccleshall and Stafford in 2017, however as of 2023 only a bus Stone via Yarnfield operates. This is 5 times a day Monday - Friday,[11] twice on Saturdays[12] with no service on Sundays.[13]The nearest train station is Stone railway station, known officially as Stone (Staffs)[14] and by railway code SNE[15] 4.3 miles away.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HS2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Crewe railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Swynnerton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swynnerton_Hall"},{"link_name":"Lord Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Stafford"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"act of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)"},{"link_name":"Crewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe"},{"link_name":"Royal Assent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Assent"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"ancient woodlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_woodland"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"NIMBYism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIMBY"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Transport Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Mark Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Harper"},{"link_name":"HS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HS2"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"Rishi Sunak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Sunak"},{"link_name":"HS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HS2"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Labour Party UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_UK"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Government plans for a new high speed rail line (part of what was known as HS2) to pass directly to the north of the village were first confirmed in 2013.[16]It immediately provoked controversy, with the nearest station intended for Crewe railway station over 20 miles away, due to local impact and lack of considered benefits to Staffordshire including from current resident of Swynnerton Hall, Lord Stafford.[17]When the act of parliament for HS2a (West Midlands - Crewe) received Royal Assent[18] works by HS2 Ltd intensified, the complusary land purchase process began[19] which included a small number of properties, farmland and woodland on the edge of the village.In late 2021 eco campaigners opposed to the destruction of specific ancient woodlands along the route arrived outside the village and set up encampments within local woodlands earmarked for demolition. They sought the support of the local community through flyering and Facebook via what was called the 'Bluebell Wood HS2 Resistance Camp'.[20] The group grew to over 1,000 members suggesting either strong local environmental concern or NIMBYism. Despite being served an eviction notice in March 2022[21] were only removed after exhausting supplies in tunnels[22] in July.Work then continued with updates from hs2 to residents,[23] with security to prevent return of protestors and early earth works related to gas pipelines.In March 2023 the Transport Secretary Mark Harper announced a two year 'phased delay' to HS2 due to spiraling costs.[24] As a result of this, the encampments outside the village were largely abandoned and leaflets issued to residents advised 90% of works intended to be progressed were being put on hold.In September 2023 at the Conservative Party Conference in Manchester, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announced that HS2 north of Birmingham was being scrapped.[25] It is now expected the local land will be resold and the project will not be renewed, as the Labour Party UK has not recommitted to the project should it win the next election.[26]","title":"HS2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Fitzherbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fitzherbert"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Lord Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Stafford"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Maria Fitzherbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Fitzherbert"},{"link_name":"George IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Henry Wadsworth Longfellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Thomas Fitzherbert (1552–1640) was an English Jesuit, born at Swynnerton. His father died whilst he was an infant and he was the head of an important family.[27]\nLord Stafford's family presence dates back several centuries.[28]\nMaria Fitzherbert (1756-1837) companion and (invalidly) first wife of George IV, was previously wife of Thomas Fitzherbert of Swynnerton, from 1778 to his death in 1781.[29]\nHenry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–1882)[30] is believed to have penned his famous poem, The Village Blacksmith,[31] in Swynnerton.","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eccleshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccleshall"},{"link_name":"Meaford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaford,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford"},{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Tittensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tittensor"},{"link_name":"Yarnfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarnfield"}],"text":"Eccleshall\nMeaford\nStafford\nStoke-on-Trent\nStone\nTittensor\nYarnfield","title":"Nearby locations"}] | [] | [{"title":"Listed buildings in Swynnerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Swynnerton"}] | [{"reference":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\". Retrieved 4 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11129395&c=Swynnerton&d=16&e=62&g=6464841&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1449240943429&enc=1","url_text":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2001: Parish Headcounts: Stafford\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/viewFullDataset.do?instanceSelection=03070&productId=779&$ph=60_61&datasetInstanceId=3070&startColumn=1&numberOfColumns=8&containerAreaId=790516","url_text":"\"Census 2001: Parish Headcounts: Stafford\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swynnerton | Domesday Book\".","urls":[{"url":"http://opendomesday.org/place/SJ8535/swynnerton/","url_text":"\"Swynnerton | Domesday Book\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swynnerton\". GENUKI. 5 December 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/STS/Swynnerton/","url_text":"\"Swynnerton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Lady of the Assumption, Swynnerton\". ourladyoftheassumption.org.uk. Retrieved 5 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://ourladyoftheassumption.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Our Lady of the Assumption, Swynnerton\""}]},{"reference":"\"History | The Fitzherbert Arms\". Retrieved 5 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://fitzherbertarms.co.uk/history/","url_text":"\"History | The Fitzherbert Arms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stone (Staffs) Station | National Rail\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/stone-staffs/","url_text":"\"Stone (Staffs) Station | National Rail\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stone (Staffs) Railway Station (SNE) - the ABC Railway Guide\".","urls":[{"url":"https://abcrailwayguide.uk/sne-stone-staffs-railway-station/map","url_text":"\"Stone (Staffs) Railway Station (SNE) - the ABC Railway Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive: Stop HS2 carving up my historic estate\". 10 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressandstar.com/news/transport/2013/08/10/exclusive-stop-hs2-carving-up-my-historic-estate/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Stop HS2 carving up my historic estate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phase 2a Act to bring HS2 to the north\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/phase-2a-act-to-bring-hs2-to-the-north","url_text":"\"Phase 2a Act to bring HS2 to the north\""}]},{"reference":"\"Look at HS2 protesters' amazing camp with its own visitor centre\". 24 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.staffordshire-live.co.uk/news/local-news/look-hs2-protesters-amazing-staffordshire-6854915","url_text":"\"Look at HS2 protesters' amazing camp with its own visitor centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swynnerton HS2 protesters emerge after 47 days underground\". BBC News. 25 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-stoke-staffordshire-61938239","url_text":"\"Swynnerton HS2 protesters emerge after 47 days underground\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Midlands to Crewe (Phase 2a)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hs2.org.uk/in-your-area/local-community-webpages/hs2-between-stone-and-swynnerton/","url_text":"\"West Midlands to Crewe (Phase 2a)\""}]},{"reference":"Topham, Gwyn (9 March 2023). \"HS2 to be delayed by two more years due to soaring costs\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/mar/09/parts-hs2-delayed-two-years-cut-soaring-costs-rail-project","url_text":"\"HS2 to be delayed by two more years due to soaring costs\""}]},{"reference":"\"HS2: What is the route and why is the Manchester link scrapped?\". BBC News. 10 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16473296","url_text":"\"HS2: What is the route and why is the Manchester link scrapped?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Labour can not promise HS2 to Manchester - Keir Starmer\". BBC News. 5 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-67016873","url_text":"\"Labour can not promise HS2 to Manchester - Keir Starmer\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Fitzherbert, Thomas\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 446.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fitzherbert,_Thomas","url_text":"\"Fitzherbert, Thomas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Stafford, Earls and Marquesses of\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 756.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Stafford,_Earls_and_Marquesses_of","url_text":"\"Stafford, Earls and Marquesses of\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Mistresses of the Prince\". Georgian index. Archived from the original on 16 April 2003. Retrieved 16 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030416160610/http://www.georgianindex.net/mistresses/prinny_mistresses.html#TOP","url_text":"\"Mistresses of the Prince\""},{"url":"http://www.georgianindex.net/mistresses/prinny_mistresses.html#TOP","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Longfellow - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 200th Birthday\". Hwlongfellow.org. 7 December 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hwlongfellow.org/hwl200_overview.shtml","url_text":"\"Longfellow - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 200th Birthday\""}]},{"reference":"\"59. The Village Blacksmith. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Yale Book of American Verse\". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 26 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bartleby.com/102/59.html","url_text":"\"59. The Village Blacksmith. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Yale Book of American Verse\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swynnerton¶ms=52.917_N_2.217_W_region:GB_type:city(4453)","external_links_name":"52°55′01″N 2°13′01″W / 52.917°N 2.217°W / 52.917; -2.217"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swynnerton¶ms=52.912214_N_2.224499_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Swynnerton","external_links_name":"SJ8535"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swynnerton¶ms=52.917_N_2.217_W_region:GB_type:city(4453)","external_links_name":"52°55′01″N 2°13′01″W / 52.917°N 2.217°W / 52.917; -2.217"},{"Link":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11129395&c=Swynnerton&d=16&e=62&g=6464841&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1449240943429&enc=1","external_links_name":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/viewFullDataset.do?instanceSelection=03070&productId=779&$ph=60_61&datasetInstanceId=3070&startColumn=1&numberOfColumns=8&containerAreaId=790516","external_links_name":"\"Census 2001: Parish Headcounts: Stafford\""},{"Link":"http://opendomesday.org/place/SJ8535/swynnerton/","external_links_name":"\"Swynnerton | Domesday Book\""},{"Link":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/STS/Swynnerton/","external_links_name":"\"Swynnerton\""},{"Link":"http://stmaryswynnerton.org/st-mary-s","external_links_name":"Website of St Mary's Church, Swynnerton"},{"Link":"http://ourladyoftheassumption.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Our Lady of the Assumption, Swynnerton\""},{"Link":"https://www.ycm-pc.org.uk/about-the-parish/history-of-the-parish-2/","external_links_name":"Yarnfield and Cold Meece Parish Council"},{"Link":"https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/lgbce/Reviews/West%20Midlands/CGRs/Stafford%20CGR.pdf","external_links_name":"Borough of Stafford Order 2018"},{"Link":"https://fitzherbertarms.co.uk/history/","external_links_name":"\"History | The Fitzherbert Arms\""},{"Link":"http://www.dgbus.co.uk/bus-times-in-staffordshire-and-stoke-on-trent.html","external_links_name":"D&G Bus website Timetable list"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170104235536/http://www.dgbus.co.uk/bus-times-in-staffordshire-and-stoke-on-trent.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://apps2.staffordshire.gov.uk/SCC/BusTimes/display.aspx?Route=102&Line=04102&Filter=1#divMainAreaDisplay","external_links_name":"https://apps2.staffordshire.gov.uk/SCC/BusTimes/display.aspx?Route=102&Line=04102&Filter=1#divMainAreaDisplay"},{"Link":"https://apps2.staffordshire.gov.uk/SCC/BusTimes/display.aspx?Route=102&Line=04102&Filter=1#divMainAreaDisplay","external_links_name":"https://apps2.staffordshire.gov.uk/SCC/BusTimes/display.aspx?Route=102&Line=04102&Filter=1#divMainAreaDisplay"},{"Link":"https://apps2.staffordshire.gov.uk/SCC/BusTimes/display.aspx?Route=102&Line=04102&Filter=1#divMainAreaDisplay","external_links_name":"https://apps2.staffordshire.gov.uk/SCC/BusTimes/display.aspx?Route=102&Line=04102&Filter=1#divMainAreaDisplay"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/stone-staffs/","external_links_name":"\"Stone (Staffs) Station | National Rail\""},{"Link":"https://abcrailwayguide.uk/sne-stone-staffs-railway-station/map","external_links_name":"\"Stone (Staffs) Railway Station (SNE) - 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Keir Starmer\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fitzherbert,_Thomas","external_links_name":"\"Fitzherbert, Thomas\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Stafford,_Earls_and_Marquesses_of","external_links_name":"\"Stafford, Earls and Marquesses of\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030416160610/http://www.georgianindex.net/mistresses/prinny_mistresses.html#TOP","external_links_name":"\"Mistresses of the Prince\""},{"Link":"http://www.georgianindex.net/mistresses/prinny_mistresses.html#TOP","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hwlongfellow.org/hwl200_overview.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Longfellow - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 200th Birthday\""},{"Link":"http://www.bartleby.com/102/59.html","external_links_name":"\"59. The Village Blacksmith. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Yale Book of American Verse\""},{"Link":"http://www.swynnertonparishcouncil.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Swynnerton Parish Council Website"},{"Link":"http://www.swinnerton.org/","external_links_name":"Swinnerton / Swynnerton Family web pages"},{"Link":"http://stmaryswynnerton.org/st-mary-s","external_links_name":"Our Lady Parish Church web pages"},{"Link":"http://www.thepotteries.org/tour/007.htm","external_links_name":"Website of Potteries.org - Neville Malkin's \"Grand Tour\" of the Potteries Retrieved Feb 2017"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567015405171","external_links_name":"Israel"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubin_Grove_station | Aubin Grove railway station | ["1 Description","1.1 Public art","2 History","3 Services","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 32°09′18″S 115°51′28″E / 32.1550°S 115.8579°E / -32.1550; 115.8579Railway station in Western Australia
Aubin GroveAubin Grove bus station entrance in April 2017General informationLocationKwinana FreewaySuccess and AtwellWestern AustraliaAustraliaCoordinates32°09′18″S 115°51′28″E / 32.1550°S 115.8579°E / -32.1550; 115.8579Owned byPublic Transport AuthorityOperated byPublic Transport AuthorityLine(s) Mandurah lineDistance23.8 kilometres (14.8 mi) from PerthPlatforms1 island platform with 2 platform edgesTracks2Bus routes7Bus stands4ConstructionParking1,948 baysBicycle facilities88 baysAccessibleYesOther informationFare zone3HistoryOpened23 April 2017Services
Preceding station
Transperth
Following station
Cockburn Centraltowards Perth Underground
Mandurah lineAll, K
Kwinanatowards Rockingham or Mandurah
LocationLocation of Aubin Grove station
Aubin Grove railway station is a suburban railway station serving Atwell, Aubin Grove, Hammond Park and Success, which are suburbs of Perth, Western Australia. It is on the Mandurah line, which is part of the Transperth network, and is located immediately north of Russell Road in the median of the Kwinana Freeway. It has two platform faces on a singular island platform, which is linked to either side of the freeway by a pedestrian overpass. Services run every 10 minutes during peak and every 15 minutes between peak. The journey to Perth station is 23.8 kilometres (14.8 mi) and takes 21 minutes. The station has a bus interchange with four bus stands and seven regular bus routes.
Construction of the station was promised by both major political parties ahead of the 2013 Western Australian state election. A tender was released for the station's construction in July 2014, with a projected cost of A$80 million for the whole project, including the purchase of two Transperth B-series trains. The design contract was awarded in February 2015 to a joint venture between Coniglio Ainsworth Architects and M. P. S. Architects. The scope of the project was broadened in April 2015 to include the widening of the Russell Road bridge over the freeway, which increased the project budget to $105 million. Construction on the station began in March 2016, and it was opened on 23 April 2017, with the final cost being $125 million.
Description
Aubin Grove station platform
Aubin Grove station is located in the median strip of the Kwinana Freeway, just north of Russell Road. The station is on the border of Atwell and Success, which are suburbs of Perth, Western Australia. It is also near Aubin Grove and Hammond Park, which are just south of Russell Road/Gibbs Road. It is on the Mandurah line, 23.8 kilometres (14.8 mi), or a 21-minute train journey, from Perth station. The adjacent stations are Cockburn station towards Perth and Kwinana station towards Mandurah. The station is within fare zone three.
Aubin Grove station consists of two platform faces on a singular island platform. The platform is 10 metres (33 ft) wide and 150 metres (490 ft) long, or long enough for a Transperth six car train – the longest trains used on the network. The platforms are linked to both sides of the freeway by a pedestrian bridge. The pedestrian bridge is accessed from the platforms by a set of escalators, a lift, and stairs. The station is fully accessible. In the western entrance are public toilets. Next to that entrance is the station's bus interchange, which has four bus stands, as well as the station's main car park. There is a smaller car park next to the eastern entrance. In total, the station has 1,948 regular parking bays, 6 short term parking bays, and 19 motorcycle bays, making it the second largest station car park in Perth. The western car park was built to be so large in part due to high voltage transmission lines making the land unable to be used for much else.
Public art
Connections, situated at the station's western entrance.
Outside the station's western entrance is a public art installation named Connections. Created by a three-person team from Midnight Tuesday, it is an 11-metre (36 ft) long screen consisting of a tessellating pattern of angled triangles on a galvanised steel frame. The triangles are coloured blue, silver and champagne. The structure provides a barrier between passengers and the prevailing south-westerly winds. The artwork was inspired by Banksia leaves and local wetlands.
History
During the construction of the Mandurah line in the mid-2000s, the site of Aubin Grove station was identified as a possible location for a future railway station. The railway tracks were built with a gap for the station to be built later.
Ahead of the 2013 Western Australian state election, both major parties announced plans to build Aubin Grove station if elected. The Labor Party announced in June 2012 that it would build the station with 900 car parking bays, at a cost of A$45 million. In August, the Liberal Party, which was in government at the time, announced it would build the station with 2,000 car parking bays and order new trains, at a cost of $80 million. The station was planned to relieve pressure at Cockburn Central station, which has its carparks full at 7:11 am, the earliest of any Mandurah line station. In the same month, the government expanded an already existing order of 15 three car Transperth B-series trains by two, to cater for the new station. The Liberal Party won the election.
In July 2014, a tender was issued to build the station. Further details were given on the project, including that the station would open late 2016, and that it was predicted to cost $57 million, with the railcars costing $23 million. The daily patronage was predicted to be 3,900. In February 2015, CAMPS, which is a joint venture between Coniglio Ainsworth Architects and M. P. S. Architects, was selected to design the station, and Georgiou Group was selected as the contractor. The project used an early contractor involvement model, which meant that Georgiou provided input on the design for constructability, cost and timing.: 2
In April 2015, the scope of the project was increased to include widening of the nearby Russell Road bridge over the Kwinana Freeway, in anticipation of increased traffic due to the station. This increased the project's budget to $105 million and delayed the completion date to early 2017. The bridge was to be duplicated, doubling the number of lanes across the freeway. The design of the station was released in November 2015. To minimise disruption to the freeway, the station had a modular design, to be built mostly off-site. Georgiou was awarded the construction contract in late 2015, with site preparations beginning soon after. Construction on the station began in March 2016. Aubin Grove station was the first island platform station to be built within a live rail environment in Western Australia.: 2 Ordinarily, trains would travel at over 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph) through the area, but during construction, the speed limit was lowered to 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph).: 4
In April 2016, the project's cost was increased again, to $120 million. Transport Minister Dean Nalder attributed the cost increase to a widening of the project's scope. During the middle of 2016, in order to lift the modular structural pieces into place, construct the pedestrian bridge, and construct the Russell Road bridge widening, there were three consecutive weekend closures to the Mandurah line and the Kwinana Freeway. The freeway was diverted to the Russell Road on and off ramps during these closures, and Russell Road was closed. Georgiou chose to do three longer closures rather than do more closures that are shorter in time. Each closure was 30 hours long, which was the longest ever freeway closure in Western Australia. Main Roads was reluctant to approve the closures, only doing so the week before the first closure.: 4, 8 During construction, it was discovered that mulch laid down in August 2016 contained asbestos. The mulch was removed in November 2016. Main Roads said that "only small traces of non-friable asbestos containing material was discovered", and that "the pieces were bonded and not airborne, so the health risk was negligible".: 8
The road upgrades were completed in December 2016. On 23 April 2017, the station was opened by Mark McGowan, the Premier of Western Australia, and Rita Saffioti, the Minister for Transport. In a statement, McGowan recognised the former premier Colin Barnett's role in starting the project. The first train stopped at the station at 10:56 am that day. The final cost was $125 million. Since opening, it has been nominated for and won several construction awards. The state-based awards won are the Civil Contractors Federation Earth Award, the Master Builders Australia Excellence in Construction Award for Best Government Building and the Australian Institute of Building Professional Excellence in Building Award for Infrastructure. The project also won the national Australian Institute of Building Professional Excellence in Building Award for Infrastructure.
Services
Aubin Grove bus interchange
Aubin Grove station is served by the Mandurah line on the Transperth network. These services are operated by the Public Transport Authority. The line goes between Mandurah station and Perth station, continuing north from there as the Joondalup line. Mandurah line trains stop at the station every 10 minutes during peak on weekdays and every 15 minutes during the day outside peak every day of the year except Christmas Day. At night, trains are half-hourly or hourly.
Aubin Grove station has a bus interchange with four bus stands. Bus services are operated by Swan Transit and Transdev WA under contract. Seven regular routes serve the station. Routes 525 and 526 go through Success, past Cockburn Gateway Shopping City, up to Cockburn Central station. Route 527 goes through Atwell up to Cockburn Central station. Route 534 goes west along Russell Road to Wattleup. Route 535 goes south-west through Hammond Park, terminating at Hammond Park Primary School. Route 536 goes south through Hammond Park, terminating at Hammond Park Secondary College. Route 537 goes south through Aubin Grove, terminating at Honeywood Primary School in Wandi. Rail replacement bus services operate as route 909.
References
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^ "Manual – Rail Access" (PDF). Public Transport Authority. 30 August 2021. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
^ a b "Mandurah Line Train Timetable" (PDF). Transperth. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ a b c "Aubin Grove Station". Transperth. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ "Transperth Zone Map" (PDF). Transperth. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
^ a b c d "Aubin Grove Train Station and Russell Road Upgrade" (PDF). Australian Construction Achievement Award. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
^ "Transformation of Peel transport network continues". Public Transport Authority. 28 November 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ a b "Aubin Grove Project Overview Fact Sheet" (PDF). Public Transport Authority. June 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ "Aubin Grove Station : Connections". Public Transport Authority. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ "Liberals likely to build new train station". ABC News. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ a b Orr, Aleisha (25 June 2012). "New southern Perth train station on track". WAtoday. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ "2,000-bay car park, station for southern suburbs". Media Statements. 5 August 2012. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ Hyams, Lara (5 August 2012). "$80 million for Aubin Grove station". WAtoday. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ "Government to spend $80m on Perth-Mandurah rail line". Perth Now. 4 August 2012. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ Carter, Matt (6 November 2013). "Perth grapples with growth and funding challenges". International Railway Journal. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
^ "More rail cars for Perth transport system". Media Statements. 4 November 2012. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
^ "WA election: Barnett and the Liberals do it easy". The Conversation. 10 March 2013. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
^ "Tenders called for Aubin Grove Station project". Urbanalyst. 8 July 2014. Archived from the original on 1 April 2015.
^ "Aubin Grove Station reaches milestone". Media Statements. 1 July 2014. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ "Designer selected for $57m Aubin Grove Station project". Urbanalyst. 7 February 2015. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015.
^ "Aubin Grove Station designer selected". Media Statements. 3 February 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ a b c d e f "Aubin Grove Train Station". Georgiou. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
^ "Russell Road upgrade for Aubin Grove project". Media Statements. 24 April 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ Young, Emma (24 April 2015). "Government adds bridge widening to Aubin Grove station project". WAtoday. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ "Aubin Grove Station Fact Sheet #2" (PDF). Public Transport Authority. June 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ a b "Aubin Grove Project Update 3" (PDF). Public Transport Authority. December 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ "Aubin Grove Station design revealed". Media Statements. 10 November 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ Luff, Bryce (5 April 2016). "Aubin Grove Train Station well underway but completion date unclear". Perth Now. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ Lague, Marissa (23 March 2016). "Georgiou starts on train station". The West Australian. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ Beattie, Fraser (28 April 2016). "Aubin Grove station cost hits $120m". Business News. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ "Aubin Grove station upgrade". Infrastructure Magazine. 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ "Milestone reached on Aubin Grove station upgrade". Media Statements. 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
^ "Aubin Grove Project Update 5.pdf" (PDF). Public Transport Authority. May 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aubin Grove railway station.
Aubin Grove Station information page from Transperth
Aubin Grove Station June Works on YouTube
Aubin Grove June works – Weekend 2 on YouTube
Aubin Grove Station June Works – Final Weekend on YouTube
Aubin Grove Station opens for use on YouTube
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CircleRoute
List of bus routes | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"suburban railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburban_rail"},{"link_name":"Atwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwell,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Aubin Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubin_Grove,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Hammond Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_Park,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Success","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Success,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"Mandurah line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandurah_line"},{"link_name":"Transperth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperth"},{"link_name":"Kwinana Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinana_Freeway"},{"link_name":"island platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"Perth station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_railway_station"},{"link_name":"2013 Western Australian state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Western_Australian_state_election"},{"link_name":"A$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A$"},{"link_name":"Transperth B-series trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperth_B-series_train"}],"text":"Railway station in Western AustraliaAubin Grove railway station is a suburban railway station serving Atwell, Aubin Grove, Hammond Park and Success, which are suburbs of Perth, Western Australia. It is on the Mandurah line, which is part of the Transperth network, and is located immediately north of Russell Road in the median of the Kwinana Freeway. It has two platform faces on a singular island platform, which is linked to either side of the freeway by a pedestrian overpass. Services run every 10 minutes during peak and every 15 minutes between peak. The journey to Perth station is 23.8 kilometres (14.8 mi) and takes 21 minutes. The station has a bus interchange with four bus stands and seven regular bus routes.Construction of the station was promised by both major political parties ahead of the 2013 Western Australian state election. A tender was released for the station's construction in July 2014, with a projected cost of A$80 million for the whole project, including the purchase of two Transperth B-series trains. The design contract was awarded in February 2015 to a joint venture between Coniglio Ainsworth Architects and M. P. S. Architects. The scope of the project was broadened in April 2015 to include the widening of the Russell Road bridge over the freeway, which increased the project budget to $105 million. Construction on the station began in March 2016, and it was opened on 23 April 2017, with the final cost being $125 million.","title":"Aubin Grove railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aubin_Grove_station,_April_2021_17.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kwinana Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinana_Freeway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Access_Map-1"},{"link_name":"Atwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwell,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Success","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Success,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"Aubin Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubin_Grove,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Hammond Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_Park,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Mandurah line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandurah_line"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rail_Access_Manual-2"},{"link_name":"Perth station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timetable-3"},{"link_name":"Cockburn station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockburn_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Kwinana station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinana_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facilities-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"island platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"Transperth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACAA_pdf-6"},{"link_name":"accessible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessible"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Access_Map-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facilities-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facilities-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fact_Sheet_1-8"}],"text":"Aubin Grove station platformAubin Grove station is located in the median strip of the Kwinana Freeway, just north of Russell Road.[1] The station is on the border of Atwell and Success, which are suburbs of Perth, Western Australia. It is also near Aubin Grove and Hammond Park, which are just south of Russell Road/Gibbs Road. It is on the Mandurah line, 23.8 kilometres (14.8 mi),[2] or a 21-minute train journey, from Perth station.[3] The adjacent stations are Cockburn station towards Perth and Kwinana station towards Mandurah.[4] The station is within fare zone three.[5]Aubin Grove station consists of two platform faces on a singular island platform. The platform is 10 metres (33 ft) wide and 150 metres (490 ft) long, or long enough for a Transperth six car train – the longest trains used on the network.[6] The platforms are linked to both sides of the freeway by a pedestrian bridge. The pedestrian bridge is accessed from the platforms by a set of escalators, a lift, and stairs. The station is fully accessible. In the western entrance are public toilets. Next to that entrance is the station's bus interchange, which has four bus stands, as well as the station's main car park. There is a smaller car park next to the eastern entrance.[1][4] In total, the station has 1,948 regular parking bays, 6 short term parking bays, and 19 motorcycle bays,[4] making it the second largest station car park in Perth.[7] The western car park was built to be so large in part due to high voltage transmission lines making the land unable to be used for much else.[8]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aubin_Grove_station,_April_2021_11.jpg"},{"link_name":"champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_(color)"},{"link_name":"Banksia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Public art","text":"Connections, situated at the station's western entrance.Outside the station's western entrance is a public art installation named Connections. Created by a three-person team from Midnight Tuesday, it is an 11-metre (36 ft) long screen consisting of a tessellating pattern of angled triangles on a galvanised steel frame. The triangles are coloured blue, silver and champagne. The structure provides a barrier between passengers and the prevailing south-westerly winds. The artwork was inspired by Banksia leaves and local wetlands.[9]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fact_Sheet_1-8"},{"link_name":"2013 Western Australian state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Western_Australian_state_election"},{"link_name":"Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_(Western_Australian_Branch)"},{"link_name":"A$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A$"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAtoday_25_June_2012-11"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia_(Western_Australian_Division)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAtoday_25_June_2012-11"},{"link_name":"Transperth B-series trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperth_B-series_train"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Urbanalyst_8_July_2014-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Georgiou Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiou_Group"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"early contractor involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_contractor_involvement"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Georgiou-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Project_Update_3-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Project_Update_3-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACAA_pdf-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACAA_pdf-6"},{"link_name":"Transport Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Transport_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Dean Nalder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Nalder"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Project_Update_5-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Main Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Roads_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACAA_pdf-6"},{"link_name":"friable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friable"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Georgiou-22"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Mark McGowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_McGowan"},{"link_name":"Premier of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Rita Saffioti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Saffioti"},{"link_name":"Colin Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Barnett"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Georgiou-22"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Georgiou-22"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Australian Institute of Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Building"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Georgiou-22"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Georgiou-22"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"During the construction of the Mandurah line in the mid-2000s, the site of Aubin Grove station was identified as a possible location for a future railway station. The railway tracks were built with a gap for the station to be built later.[8]Ahead of the 2013 Western Australian state election, both major parties announced plans to build Aubin Grove station if elected. The Labor Party announced in June 2012 that it would build the station with 900 car parking bays, at a cost of A$45 million.[10][11] In August, the Liberal Party, which was in government at the time, announced it would build the station with 2,000 car parking bays and order new trains, at a cost of $80 million.[12][13][14] The station was planned to relieve pressure at Cockburn Central station, which has its carparks full at 7:11 am, the earliest of any Mandurah line station.[11] In the same month, the government expanded an already existing order of 15 three car Transperth B-series trains by two, to cater for the new station.[15][16] The Liberal Party won the election.[17]In July 2014, a tender was issued to build the station. Further details were given on the project, including that the station would open late 2016, and that it was predicted to cost $57 million, with the railcars costing $23 million. The daily patronage was predicted to be 3,900.[18][19] In February 2015, CAMPS, which is a joint venture between Coniglio Ainsworth Architects and M. P. S. Architects, was selected to design the station, and Georgiou Group was selected as the contractor.[20][21] The project used an early contractor involvement model, which meant that Georgiou provided input on the design for constructability, cost and timing.[22]: 2In April 2015, the scope of the project was increased to include widening of the nearby Russell Road bridge over the Kwinana Freeway, in anticipation of increased traffic due to the station. This increased the project's budget to $105 million and delayed the completion date to early 2017.[23][24] The bridge was to be duplicated, doubling the number of lanes across the freeway.[25] The design of the station was released in November 2015. To minimise disruption to the freeway, the station had a modular design, to be built mostly off-site.[26][27] Georgiou was awarded the construction contract in late 2015,[26] with site preparations beginning soon after.[28] Construction on the station began in March 2016.[29] Aubin Grove station was the first island platform station to be built within a live rail environment in Western Australia.[6]: 2 Ordinarily, trains would travel at over 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph) through the area, but during construction, the speed limit was lowered to 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph).[6]: 4In April 2016, the project's cost was increased again, to $120 million. Transport Minister Dean Nalder attributed the cost increase to a widening of the project's scope.[30][31][32] During the middle of 2016, in order to lift the modular structural pieces into place, construct the pedestrian bridge, and construct the Russell Road bridge widening, there were three consecutive weekend closures to the Mandurah line and the Kwinana Freeway. The freeway was diverted to the Russell Road on and off ramps during these closures, and Russell Road was closed.[33][34][35][36][37] Georgiou chose to do three longer closures rather than do more closures that are shorter in time. Each closure was 30 hours long, which was the longest ever freeway closure in Western Australia. Main Roads was reluctant to approve the closures, only doing so the week before the first closure.[6]: 4, 8 During construction, it was discovered that mulch laid down in August 2016 contained asbestos. The mulch was removed in November 2016. Main Roads said that \"only small traces of non-friable asbestos containing material was discovered\", and that \"the pieces were bonded and not airborne, so the health risk was negligible\".[22]: 8 [38][39]The road upgrades were completed in December 2016. On 23 April 2017, the station was opened by Mark McGowan, the Premier of Western Australia, and Rita Saffioti, the Minister for Transport. In a statement, McGowan recognised the former premier Colin Barnett's role in starting the project. The first train stopped at the station at 10:56 am that day. The final cost was $125 million.[40][41][42] Since opening, it has been nominated for and won several construction awards. The state-based awards won are the Civil Contractors Federation Earth Award,[22][43] the Master Builders Australia Excellence in Construction Award for Best Government Building[22][44] and the Australian Institute of Building Professional Excellence in Building Award for Infrastructure.[22][45] The project also won the national Australian Institute of Building Professional Excellence in Building Award for Infrastructure.[22][46]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transperth_Aubin_Grove_Station_bus_stands.jpg"},{"link_name":"Public Transport Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Transport_Authority_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Transperth-48"},{"link_name":"Joondalup line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_line"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timetable-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Access_Map-1"},{"link_name":"Swan Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Transit"},{"link_name":"Transdev WA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdev_WA"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Transperth-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Access_Map-1"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Wattleup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattleup,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Hammond Park Secondary College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_Park_Secondary_College"},{"link_name":"Wandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandi,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Rail replacement bus services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_replacement_bus_service"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Access_Map-1"}],"text":"Aubin Grove bus interchangeAubin Grove station is served by the Mandurah line on the Transperth network. These services are operated by the Public Transport Authority.[47][48] The line goes between Mandurah station and Perth station, continuing north from there as the Joondalup line. Mandurah line trains stop at the station every 10 minutes during peak on weekdays and every 15 minutes during the day outside peak every day of the year except Christmas Day. At night, trains are half-hourly or hourly.[3]Aubin Grove station has a bus interchange with four bus stands.[1] Bus services are operated by Swan Transit and Transdev WA under contract.[48][49] Seven regular routes serve the station.[1] Routes 525 and 526 go through Success, past Cockburn Gateway Shopping City, up to Cockburn Central station. Route 527 goes through Atwell up to Cockburn Central station.[50] Route 534 goes west along Russell Road to Wattleup. Route 535 goes south-west through Hammond Park, terminating at Hammond Park Primary School. Route 536 goes south through Hammond Park, terminating at Hammond Park Secondary College. Route 537 goes south through Aubin Grove, terminating at Honeywood Primary School in Wandi.[51] Rail replacement bus services operate as route 909.[1]","title":"Services"}] | [{"image_text":"Aubin Grove station platform","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Aubin_Grove_station%2C_April_2021_17.jpg/220px-Aubin_Grove_station%2C_April_2021_17.jpg"},{"image_text":"Connections, situated at the station's western entrance.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Aubin_Grove_station%2C_April_2021_11.jpg/220px-Aubin_Grove_station%2C_April_2021_11.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aubin Grove bus interchange","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Transperth_Aubin_Grove_Station_bus_stands.jpg/220px-Transperth_Aubin_Grove_Station_bus_stands.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Aubin Grove Station – Access Map\" (PDF). Transperth. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablePDFs/BusStationMaps/Aubin%20Grove%20Station.pdf","url_text":"\"Aubin Grove Station – Access Map\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211214082955/https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablePDFs/BusStationMaps/Aubin%20Grove%20Station.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Manual – Rail Access\" (PDF). Public Transport Authority. 30 August 2021. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921045822/https://www.pta.wa.gov.au/Portals/15/AA_DOCUMENTS/About_us/Working%20with%20PTA/Safety%20resources/8800-400-001%20-%20Rail%20Access%20Manual.pdf","url_text":"\"Manual – Rail Access\""},{"url":"https://www.pta.wa.gov.au/Portals/15/AA_DOCUMENTS/About_us/Working%20with%20PTA/Safety%20resources/8800-400-001%20-%20Rail%20Access%20Manual.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mandurah Line Train Timetable\" (PDF). Transperth. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Mandurah%20Line%2020190721.pdf","url_text":"\"Mandurah Line Train Timetable\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210412085308/https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Mandurah%20Line%2020190721.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Aubin Grove Station\". Transperth. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/using-transperth/station-facilities/stations-maps?sid=81","url_text":"\"Aubin Grove Station\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211214082959/https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/using-transperth/station-facilities/stations-maps?sid=81","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Transperth Zone Map\" (PDF). Transperth. Retrieved 30 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/Portals/0/Asset/Documents/Tickets%20&%20Fares/Transperth_zone_map.pdf","url_text":"\"Transperth Zone Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aubin Grove Train Station and Russell Road Upgrade\" (PDF). Australian Construction Achievement Award. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://acaa.net.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Aubin-Grove-Train-Station-_-Russell-Road-Upgrade.pdf","url_text":"\"Aubin Grove Train Station and Russell Road Upgrade\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211215130916/https://acaa.net.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Aubin-Grove-Train-Station-_-Russell-Road-Upgrade.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Transformation of Peel transport network continues\". Public Transport Authority. 28 November 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pta.wa.gov.au/news/media-statements/transformation-of-peel-transport-network-continues","url_text":"\"Transformation of Peel transport network continues\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220131105913/https://www.pta.wa.gov.au/news/media-statements/transformation-of-peel-transport-network-continues","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Aubin Grove Project Overview Fact Sheet\" (PDF). Public Transport Authority. June 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pta.wa.gov.au/Portals/15/AA_DOCUMENTS/Projects/Aubin%20Grove%20Project%20Overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf?ver=5lbw3dqhUbtuzSkYLNuPRA%3d%3d","url_text":"\"Aubin Grove Project Overview Fact Sheet\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211214082955/https://www.pta.wa.gov.au/Portals/15/AA_DOCUMENTS/Projects/Aubin%20Grove%20Project%20Overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf?ver=5lbw3dqhUbtuzSkYLNuPRA%3D%3D","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Aubin Grove Station : Connections\". Public Transport Authority. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pta.wa.gov.au/our-system/public-art#cbp=mediaid1050","url_text":"\"Aubin Grove Station : Connections\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211214083004/https://pta.wa.gov.au/our-system/public-art#cbp=mediaid1050","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Liberals likely to build new train station\". ABC News. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-06-25/wa-liberals-likely-to-build-new-rail-station/4090098","url_text":"\"Liberals likely to build new train station\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211214083001/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-06-25/wa-liberals-likely-to-build-new-rail-station/4090098","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Orr, Aleisha (25 June 2012). \"New southern Perth train station on track\". WAtoday. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psaltodini | Psaltodini | ["1 Genera","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"] | Tribe of true bugs
Psaltodini
Psaltoda aurora
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hemiptera
Suborder:
Auchenorrhyncha
Superfamily:
Cicadoidea
Family:
Cicadidae
Subfamily:
Cicadinae
Tribe:
PsaltodiniMoulds, 2018
Psaltodini is a tribe of cicadas in the family Cicadidae, found in Australia. There are at least 3 genera and about 17 described species in Psaltodini.
Genera
These three genera belong to the tribe Psaltodini:
Anapsaltoda Ashton, 1921
Neopsaltoda Distant, 1910
Psaltoda Stål, 1861
References
^
"GBIF". Retrieved 2018-07-03.
^ a b
Marshall, David C.; Moulds, Max; Hill, Kathy B. R.; Price, Benjamin W.; et al. (2018). "A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification". Zootaxa. 4424 (1). Magnolia Press: 1–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1. PMID 30313477.
Further reading
Arnett, Ross H. Jr. (2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0212-9.
Bantock, T.; Botting, J. (2013). "British Bugs, an online identification guide to UK Hemiptera". Retrieved 2018-07-03.
Majka, C. (2009). "Thomas L. Casey and Rhode Island". ZooKeys (22): 267–283. Bibcode:2009ZooK...22..267M. doi:10.3897/zookeys.22.93.
Moulds, M.S. (2005). "An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna". Records of the Australian Museum. 57 (3): 375–446. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447. ISSN 0067-1975.
Moulds, M.S. (2018). "Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae". Zootaxa. 4438 (3). Magnolia Press: 443–470. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2. PMID 30313130.
Sanborn, Allen F. (2009). "Checklist, new species and key to the cicadas of Cuba (Hemiptera, Cicadoidea, Cicadidae)". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 56 (1): 85–92. doi:10.1002/mmnd.200900007. ISSN 0012-0073.
Sanborn, Allen F. (2007). "New species, new records and checklist of cicadas from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)". Zootaxa (1651): 1–42. ISSN 1175-5334.
Sanborn, Allen (2013). Catalogue of the Cicadoidea (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) (1 ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 9780124166479. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
Sanborn, Allen F.; Heath, Maxine S. (2017). "Priority and synonymy of some North American cicada genera (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini)". Zootaxa. 4243 (2). Magnolia Press: 377–382. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4243.2.8. PMID 28610155.
Sanborn, A.F.; Phillips, P.K. (2013). "Biogeography of the Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, North of Mexico" (PDF). Diversity. 5 (2): 166–239. doi:10.3390/d5020166.
Van Duzee, E.P. (1915). "A preliminary review of the West coast Cicadidae". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 23 (1): 21–44.
External links
Media related to Psaltodini at Wikimedia Commons
Taxon identifiersPsaltodini
Wikidata: Q55630722
Wikispecies: Psaltodini
AFD: Psaltodini
CoL: 8JKF6
NCBI: 2218917
Open Tree of Life: 7460018
This Cicadidae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cicadidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicadidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbif-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xcit6-2"}],"text":"Psaltodini is a tribe of cicadas in the family Cicadidae, found in Australia. There are at least 3 genera and about 17 described species in Psaltodini.[1][2]","title":"Psaltodini"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xcit6-2"},{"link_name":"Anapsaltoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anapsaltoda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neopsaltoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neopsaltoda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Psaltoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psaltoda"}],"text":"These three genera belong to the tribe Psaltodini:[2]Anapsaltoda Ashton, 1921\nNeopsaltoda Distant, 1910\nPsaltoda Stål, 1861","title":"Genera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DKzAmSDdLtsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8493-0212-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0212-9"},{"link_name":"\"British Bugs, an online identification guide to UK Hemiptera\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britishbugs.org.uk/"},{"link_name":"\"Thomas L. 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Jr. (2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0212-9.\nBantock, T.; Botting, J. (2013). \"British Bugs, an online identification guide to UK Hemiptera\". Retrieved 2018-07-03.\nMajka, C. (2009). \"Thomas L. Casey and Rhode Island\". ZooKeys (22): 267–283. Bibcode:2009ZooK...22..267M. doi:10.3897/zookeys.22.93.\nMoulds, M.S. (2005). \"An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna\". Records of the Australian Museum. 57 (3): 375–446. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447. ISSN 0067-1975.\nMoulds, M.S. (2018). \"Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae\". Zootaxa. 4438 (3). Magnolia Press: 443–470. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2. PMID 30313130.\nSanborn, Allen F. (2009). \"Checklist, new species and key to the cicadas of Cuba (Hemiptera, Cicadoidea, Cicadidae)\". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 56 (1): 85–92. doi:10.1002/mmnd.200900007. ISSN 0012-0073.\nSanborn, Allen F. (2007). \"New species, new records and checklist of cicadas from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)\". Zootaxa (1651): 1–42. ISSN 1175-5334.\nSanborn, Allen (2013). Catalogue of the Cicadoidea (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) (1 ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 9780124166479. Retrieved 2018-07-03.\nSanborn, Allen F.; Heath, Maxine S. (2017). \"Priority and synonymy of some North American cicada genera (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini)\". Zootaxa. 4243 (2). Magnolia Press: 377–382. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4243.2.8. PMID 28610155.\nSanborn, A.F.; Phillips, P.K. (2013). \"Biogeography of the Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, North of Mexico\" (PDF). Diversity. 5 (2): 166–239. doi:10.3390/d5020166.\nVan Duzee, E.P. (1915). \"A preliminary review of the West coast Cicadidae\". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 23 (1): 21–44.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"GBIF\". Retrieved 2018-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/","url_text":"\"GBIF\""}]},{"reference":"Marshall, David C.; Moulds, Max; Hill, Kathy B. R.; Price, Benjamin W.; et al. (2018). \"A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification\". Zootaxa. 4424 (1). Magnolia Press: 1–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1. PMID 30313477.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4424.1.1","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30313477","url_text":"30313477"}]},{"reference":"Arnett, Ross H. Jr. (2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico (2nd ed.). CRC Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whiting_Borden | William Whiting Borden | ["1 Life and work","1.1 Childhood and youth","1.2 Yale","1.3 Brief career","2 Apocryphal anecdote","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | American missionary
For other people named William Borden, see William Borden (disambiguation).
William Borden
William Whiting Borden (November 1, 1887 – April 9, 1913) was an American philanthropist and millionaire Christian missionary candidate who died in Egypt before reaching his chosen field, Gansu province in China.
Life and work
Childhood and youth
William Whiting Borden was born into a prominent and wealthy Illinois family, the third child of William and Mary DeGarmo Whiting Borden. Borden's father had made a fortune in Colorado silver mining, but the family was unrelated to the Borden Condensed Milk Company—an advantage for Borden since if asked about his wealth, he could honestly reply that his family was often mistaken for "the rich Condensed Milk firm that bears the name of Borden." Borden had three siblings: John (1884-1961), Joyce (1897-1971), and novelist and poet Mary Borden Spears (1886-1968).
After his mother converted to evangelical Christianity in 1894, she took Borden to Chicago Avenue Church, later Moody Church, where he responded to the gospel preaching of R. A. Torrey. From that juncture, prayer and Bible study became hallmarks of his life. After he graduated from The Hill School, Pottstown, Pennsylvania, at age 16, his parents gave him the gift of a chaperoned trip around the world, during which he first developed a desire to become a foreign missionary. In London, once again under the preaching of Torrey who was holding meetings there, Borden surrendered his life for Christian service.
Yale
Borden entered Yale University in 1905, and with the encouragement of young classics tutor Henry Burt Wright, Borden began daily prayer groups that within two years reached the entire university from the freshman class to the senior. At a 1906 Student Volunteer Movement convention in Nashville, Samuel Marinus Zwemer, "a man with a map," impressed Borden with his emphasis on the open doors for evangelizing the Muslim world.
Borden had a charismatic personality, was sociable, athletic, and fun loving but also was an intense and hardworking natural leader. At Yale, he was elected president of Phi Beta Kappa and was active in several collegiate sports, especially wrestling and crew. He also became the master of his own sailing yacht. Borden refused to join a fraternity fearing "it might set him apart from the body of the class," but he was elected to the Elihu society. Though an opponent of liberal Christianity, Borden was ecumenical in spirit. With his own money, he funded a New Haven rescue mission and there did personal work himself. One well-traveled English visitor, when asked what had most impressed him about America, is said to have replied, "The sight of that young millionaire kneeling with his arm around a 'bum' in the Yale Hope Mission."
Brief career
After graduating from Yale in 1909, Borden attended Princeton Theological Seminary before graduating in 1912. Professor Charles R. Erdman wrote that no other student had exerted a greater personal influence over him than Borden. "His judgment was so unerring and so mature that I always forgot there was such a difference in our ages. His complete consecration and devotion to Christ were a revelation to me, and his confidence in prayer a continual inspiration." Meanwhile, Borden's reputation was such that he became a board member of the National Bible Institute in New York City and at one point temporarily took charge of the whole ministry, including office management, oversight of student practical training, and the operations of four rescue missions. He also became a director of Moody Bible Institute and, at age 22, a member of the North American Council of the China Inland Mission. (He was asked to withdraw from the meeting when the Council officially passed on his own fitness to become a probationer of the Mission.)
Borden's intention was to become a missionary to Hui Muslims in northwestern China's Gansu Province, but he decided first to study Islam and Arabic in Cairo, boarding with a Syrian family there so that he would hear Arabic spoken as much as possible. He also spent time distributing on the streets Christian sermons written in a Koranic style.
In March 1913 he contracted cerebral meningitis, exhibiting symptoms on March 21 and dying less than three weeks later. He was 25. Ironically, his mother had just arrived from America to vacation with him in the mountains of Lebanon, and she was present for the simple funeral in which Samuel Zwemer participated. Borden is buried in the American Cemetery in Cairo. On his grave were inscribed words suggested by Charles Erdman: "Apart from faith in Christ, there is no explanation of such a life." Memorial services were conducted for Borden at Princeton University and at a little African Methodist church where Borden had taught Sunday school for two years. Other services were held at Yale Hope Mission, at Moody Church, at Marble Collegiate Church in New York, and in Japan, Korea, India and South Africa.
Borden bequeathed $800,000 to the China Inland Mission and other Christian agencies. China Inland Mission named Borden Memorial Hospital in Lanzhou, Gansu, in his memory.
Apocryphal anecdote
According to an oft-repeated anecdote, following Borden's death, his mother found in his Bible the words "No Reserve" and a date suggesting it had been written shortly after he had renounced his fortune in favor of missions. Later he was said to have written "No Retreat," after his father supposedly told him that he would never hold a position in the family business. Finally, shortly before he died in Egypt, he is supposed to have added the phrase "No Regrets." There is no evidence for the historicity of this anecdote. If Borden ever wrote those words in a Bible, the Bible has not been discovered.
References
^ Chicago Tribune, April 4, 1906, 4
^ Mary Geraldine Guinness (Mrs. Howard) Taylor, Borden of Yale '09 (Philadelphia: China Inland Mission, 1927), 256.
^ Fort Scott Tribune, July 29, 1961. John Borden, a lawyer and businessman, became the father-in-law of presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson.
^ Taylor, 35, 47, 70, 75-76. Borden visited Japan, China (where he survived typhoid fever), India, Egypt, Palestine, Turkey, Greece, Italy, Switzerland (where he developed a love of mountain climbing), France, and England.
^ Taylor, 82.
^ Taylor, 97-98. Borden noted that one voluntary meeting, held in Dwight Hall in 1906, perhaps 500 students, some of them standing, heard a sermon by Robert Elliott Speer, who was secretary of the American Presbyterian Mission and an authority on world missions.
^ Taylor, 106-08.
^ Taylor, 143, 145, 148-49, 157.
^ Taylor, 223.
^ Taylor, 177.
^ Taylor, 196.
^ Taylor, 180-81.
^ Taylor, 241-42.
^ Samuel M. Zwemer, typescript biography of William Whiting Borden, September 1913, pp. 186-7. NCC RG 9, Box 73, Folder 12; Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia, PA.
^ Taylor, 275. Borden's full epitaph reads: "A man in Christ/He arose and forsook all and followed Him,/Kindly affectioned with brotherly love,/Fervent in spirit serving the Lord,/Rejoicing in hope,/Patient in tribulation,/Instant in prayer,/Communicating to the necessity of saints,/In honour preferring others./Apart from faith in Christ,/There is no explanation for such a life."
^ Taylor, 266-72.
^ "$800,000 for Church Work," The New York Times, April 26, 1913, 11.
^ a b Jayson Casper, "The Forgotten Final Resting Place of William Borden," Christianity Today, February 24, 2017
^ On December 31, 1988, the apocryphal story was featured in the popular devotional Our Daily Bread Bible.org. The anecdote was likely developed from a sentence in an early biography of Borden by Mary Geraldine Guinness Taylor:"Had not his prayer from childhood been that the will of God should be done in his life? There was no shrinking now... What if, for himself too, the call had come? No reserve, no retreat, no regrets had any place in Borden's consecration to God." Taylor, Borden of Yale (China Inland Mission, 1926), 260.
Further reading
Campbell, Charles Soutter, William Whiting Borden: A Short Life Complete In Christ, 1909
Borden of Yale '09: "The Life that Counts", Mrs. Howard Taylor; China Inland Mission, 1913
Erdman, C. R. (Charles Rosenbury), An ideal missionary volunteer : a sketch of the life and character of William Whiting Borden, London: South Africa General Mission, (c.1913?)
Hudson Taylor & China’s Open Century Volume Seven: It Is Not Death To Die; Alfred James Broomhall; Hodder and Stoughton and Overseas Missionary Fellowship, 1989
External links
No Reserves. No Retreats. No Regrets—a short biographical article about Borden
Wheaton College Billy Graham Center Archive on Borden
William Whiting Borden at Find a Grave
Christian Union biography
vteProtestant missions to the Middle EastBackground
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Borden (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Borden_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WilliamBorden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"},{"link_name":"Gansu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other people named William Borden, see William Borden (disambiguation).William BordenWilliam Whiting Borden (November 1, 1887 – April 9, 1913) was an American philanthropist and millionaire Christian missionary candidate who died in Egypt before reaching his chosen field, Gansu province in China.[1]","title":"William Whiting Borden"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Borden Condensed Milk Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borden_(company)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mary Borden Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Borden"},{"link_name":"Moody Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody_Church"},{"link_name":"R. A. Torrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._Torrey"},{"link_name":"The Hill School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_School"},{"link_name":"Pottstown, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottstown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Childhood and youth","text":"William Whiting Borden was born into a prominent and wealthy Illinois family, the third child of William and Mary DeGarmo Whiting Borden. Borden's father had made a fortune in Colorado silver mining, but the family was unrelated to the Borden Condensed Milk Company—an advantage for Borden since if asked about his wealth, he could honestly reply that his family was often mistaken for \"the rich Condensed Milk firm that bears the name of Borden.\"[2] Borden had three siblings: John (1884-1961),[3] Joyce (1897-1971), and novelist and poet Mary Borden Spears (1886-1968).After his mother converted to evangelical Christianity in 1894, she took Borden to Chicago Avenue Church, later Moody Church, where he responded to the gospel preaching of R. A. Torrey. From that juncture, prayer and Bible study became hallmarks of his life. After he graduated from The Hill School, Pottstown, Pennsylvania, at age 16, his parents gave him the gift of a chaperoned trip around the world, during which he first developed a desire to become a foreign missionary.[4] In London, once again under the preaching of Torrey who was holding meetings there, Borden surrendered his life for Christian service.[5]","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Henry Burt Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Burt_Wright"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Student Volunteer Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Volunteer_Movement"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Samuel Marinus Zwemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Marinus_Zwemer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"sailing yacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_yacht"},{"link_name":"Elihu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_(secret_society)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"liberal Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Christianity"},{"link_name":"ecumenical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical"},{"link_name":"rescue mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_mission"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Yale","text":"Borden entered Yale University in 1905, and with the encouragement of young classics tutor Henry Burt Wright, Borden began daily prayer groups that within two years reached the entire university from the freshman class to the senior.[6] At a 1906 Student Volunteer Movement convention in Nashville, Samuel Marinus Zwemer, \"a man with a map,\" impressed Borden with his emphasis on the open doors for evangelizing the Muslim world.[7]Borden had a charismatic personality, was sociable, athletic, and fun loving but also was an intense and hardworking natural leader. At Yale, he was elected president of Phi Beta Kappa and was active in several collegiate sports, especially wrestling and crew. He also became the master of his own sailing yacht. Borden refused to join a fraternity fearing \"it might set him apart from the body of the class,\" but he was elected to the Elihu society.[8] Though an opponent of liberal Christianity, Borden was ecumenical in spirit. With his own money, he funded a New Haven rescue mission and there did personal work himself. One well-traveled English visitor, when asked what had most impressed him about America, is said to have replied, \"The sight of that young millionaire kneeling with his arm around a 'bum' in the Yale Hope Mission.\"[9]","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princeton Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Charles R. Erdman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Erdman,_Sr."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Moody Bible Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody_Bible_Institute"},{"link_name":"China Inland Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Inland_Mission"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"cerebral meningitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_meningitis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sunday school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_school"},{"link_name":"Marble Collegiate Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Collegiate_Church"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"China Inland Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Inland_Mission"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Borden Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borden_Memorial_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Lanzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzhou"},{"link_name":"Gansu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansu"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casper-18"}],"sub_title":"Brief career","text":"After graduating from Yale in 1909, Borden attended Princeton Theological Seminary before graduating in 1912. Professor Charles R. Erdman wrote that no other student had exerted a greater personal influence over him than Borden. \"His judgment was so unerring and so mature that I always forgot there was such a difference in our ages. His complete consecration and devotion to Christ were a revelation to me, and his confidence in prayer a continual inspiration.\"[10] Meanwhile, Borden's reputation was such that he became a board member of the National Bible Institute in New York City and at one point temporarily took charge of the whole ministry, including office management, oversight of student practical training, and the operations of four rescue missions.[11] He also became a director of Moody Bible Institute and, at age 22, a member of the North American Council of the China Inland Mission. (He was asked to withdraw from the meeting when the Council officially passed on his own fitness to become a probationer of the Mission.)[12]Borden's intention was to become a missionary to Hui Muslims in northwestern China's Gansu Province, but he decided first to study Islam and Arabic in Cairo, boarding with a Syrian family there so that he would hear Arabic spoken as much as possible. He also spent time distributing on the streets Christian sermons written in a Koranic style.[13]In March 1913 he contracted cerebral meningitis, exhibiting symptoms on March 21 and dying less than three weeks later.[14] He was 25. Ironically, his mother had just arrived from America to vacation with him in the mountains of Lebanon, and she was present for the simple funeral in which Samuel Zwemer participated. Borden is buried in the American Cemetery in Cairo. On his grave were inscribed words suggested by Charles Erdman: \"Apart from faith in Christ, there is no explanation of such a life.\"[15] Memorial services were conducted for Borden at Princeton University and at a little African Methodist church where Borden had taught Sunday school for two years. Other services were held at Yale Hope Mission, at Moody Church, at Marble Collegiate Church in New York, and in Japan, Korea, India and South Africa.[16]Borden bequeathed $800,000 to the China Inland Mission and other Christian agencies.[17] China Inland Mission named Borden Memorial Hospital in Lanzhou, Gansu, in his memory. [18]","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casper-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"According to an oft-repeated anecdote, following Borden's death, his mother found in his Bible the words \"No Reserve\" and a date suggesting it had been written shortly after he had renounced his fortune in favor of missions. Later he was said to have written \"No Retreat,\" after his father supposedly told him that he would never hold a position in the family business. Finally, shortly before he died in Egypt, he is supposed to have added the phrase \"No Regrets.\" There is no evidence for the historicity of this anecdote. If Borden ever wrote those words in a Bible, the Bible has not been discovered.[18][19]","title":"Apocryphal anecdote"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mrs. Howard Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Howard_Taylor"}],"text":"Campbell, Charles Soutter, William Whiting Borden: A Short Life Complete In Christ, 1909\nBorden of Yale '09: \"The Life that Counts\", Mrs. Howard Taylor; China Inland Mission, 1913\nErdman, C. R. (Charles Rosenbury), An ideal missionary volunteer : a sketch of the life and character of William Whiting Borden, London: South Africa General Mission, (c.1913?)\nHudson Taylor & China’s Open Century Volume Seven: It Is Not Death To Die; Alfred James Broomhall; Hodder and Stoughton and Overseas Missionary Fellowship, 1989","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"William Borden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/WilliamBorden.jpg/220px-WilliamBorden.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1906/04/11/page/4/article/apoplexy-fatal-to-william-borden","external_links_name":"Chicago Tribune, April 4, 1906, 4"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1906&dat=19610722&id=accfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vtgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5387,3667744&hl=en","external_links_name":"Fort Scott Tribune, July 29, 1961"},{"Link":"http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/topics/missions-world-christianity/forgotten-final-resting-place-of-william-borden.html","external_links_name":"Jayson Casper, \"The Forgotten Final Resting Place of William Borden,\" Christianity Today, February 24, 2017"},{"Link":"https://bible.org/illustration/no-reserves%E2%80%94no-retreats%E2%80%94no-regrets","external_links_name":"Bible.org"},{"Link":"http://home.snu.edu/~HCULBERT/regret.htm","external_links_name":"No Reserves. No Retreats. No Regrets"},{"Link":"http://www.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/bulletin/bu0308.htm","external_links_name":"Wheaton College Billy Graham Center Archive on Borden"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/15641525","external_links_name":"William Whiting Borden"},{"Link":"http://involve.christian-union.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=7569","external_links_name":"Christian Union biography"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/447325/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000050387312","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4472732","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpPwWhrfYCp6B7qcrDKBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00030875","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620398","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018N5393","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66q2h6k","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeling_Through | Feeling Through | ["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Cast","4 Promotion","5 Accolades","6 References","7 External links"] | 2019 film by Doug Roland
Feeling ThroughPromotional posterDirected byDoug RolandScreenplay byDoug RolandProduced by
Doug Roland
Luis Augusto Figueroa
Phil Newsom
Sue Ruzenski
Starring
Steven Prescod
Robert Tarango
CinematographyEugene KohEdited byDoug RolandMusic byDaniel RyanProductioncompanies
Doug Roland Films
Giant Hunter Media
Release date
December 3, 2019 (2019-12-03)
Running time19 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$3,200Box office$443,050(all short films)
Feeling Through is a 2019 American short drama film directed by Doug Roland. It was nominated for the 2021 Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. Actress Marlee Matlin serves as an executive producer.
Plot
In New York City, a homeless teenager named Tereek is enjoying a late night with his friends. As they go their separate ways, Tereek notices a deaf and blind man named Artie holding a cane and a sign requesting assistance in crossing the street. Tereek hesitantly touches Artie to offer his help, and Artie writes the number of the bus he needs to catch. Tereek guides him to the bus stop and they gradually introduce themselves to one another. Although Tereek receives messages from his girlfriend, who is expecting him, he decides to stay with Artie and make sure he gets on the bus.
Artie tells Tereek that he is thirsty, so they head to a bodega where Tereek uses Artie's money to buy him a drink and himself a candy bar, pocketing $10 in the process. They return to the bus stop but just miss the bus. As they wait, Artie tells Tereek that he was on a date and that he needs to be tapped by the bus driver when he reaches his stop. The bus finally comes and they get on. Tereek tells the driver what Artie needs and the man brusquely agrees to help him. Artie and Tereek assure each other that they will be OK and embrace. When Tereek gets off the bus, he puts the $10 that he took from Artie's wallet into the cup of a sleeping homeless man.
Production
The short film grew from director Doug Roland's encounter with a DeafBlind man in New York City years earlier. The title of Feeling Through is a pun: It is a reference to the DeafBlind community, which is at the heart of the film, as members of that community navigate the world through touch, while the metaphorical meaning refers to the protagonist's personal journey of having to carefully learn how to open his heart without necessarily knowing how to.
Realizing in that one interaction he went from seeing Artemio as his disability to seeing him as a friend inspired Roland to write the story for what eventually became Feeling Through.
"I thought to myself that I had never met anyone who was DeafBlind before, let alone really thought about that community. I tapped him and he took out a notepad and wrote a bus stop that he needed. I took him there, and when we arrived I saw that a bus wasn’t coming for over an hour. I wanted to let him know I’d sit and wait with him, but I didn’t know how to communicate with him. Then, instinctively, I took his palm and started tracing one letter at a time on it, and he understood. We sat together and had a whole conversation that way, and I got to know this man, Artemio, as a funny, charismatic, warm-hearted guy with who I felt like I had made a connection. When his bus arrived, we gave each other a big hug goodbye."
—Roland on the inspiration of Feeling Through
Roland partnered with the Helen Keller National Center in order to make the film and cast a DeafBlind actor in a lead role, which is a first in film history.
Roland also shot a behind-the-scenes documentary along the way, called Connecting the Dots, which follows the process of casting and working with the DeafBlind actor Robert Tarango, who also works at the kitchen of the Helen Keller Center, as well as their year-long search to find the real life Artemio.
Cast
Steven Prescod as Tereek
Robert Tarango as Artie
Francisco Burgos as Clay
Alestair Shu as J.R.
Javier Rodriguez as Bodega cashier
Coffey as Homeless man
Jose Toro as Sleeping man
Luis Antonio Aponte as Bus driver
Promotion
In addition to the film's festival run, Roland worked with Helen Keller National Center to create a fully accessible screening event called "The Feeling Through Experience", which included the making-of documentary called Connecting the Dots and a panel discussion and Q&A with the DeafBlind community.
Accolades
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.
2020
Bengaluru International Film Festival
Festival Award
Doug Roland
Runner Up
deadCenter Film Festival
Audience Award Best Short
Won
Port Townsend Film Festival
Jury Award - Best Short Narrative
Won
Audience Award - Best Short Narrative
Won
Best Actor
Robert Tarango & Steven Prescod
Won
Portland Film Festival
Audience Award - Best Short
Doug Roland
Won
San Diego International Film Festival
Audience Award - Best Short
Won
Wisconsin Film Festival
Honorable Mention - Golden Badger
Won
Woods Hole Film Festival
Jury Award - Best Short Drama
Won
2021
Slamdance Film Festival
Unstoppable Shorts
Honorable mention
93rd Academy Awards
Best Live-Action Short Film
Doug Roland, Sue Ruzenski
Nominated
References
^ a b Zapke, Angela (November 29, 2019). "New Film Features First DeafBlind Actor in a Lead Role". Patch.com. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
^ a b c d e "Feeling Through by Doug Roland, an Ode to DeafBlind Community". Indie Activity. February 23, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
^ "2021 Oscar Nominated Short Films: Live Action". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
^ Lang, George (June 12, 2020). "deadCenter roundups: Test Pattern, Feeling Through and Billie". Oklahoma City Free Press. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
^ Kilgannon, Corey (March 7, 2020). "A Deaf-Blind Dishwasher Achieves His Childhood Dream: Movie Actor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
^ "Interview: Doug Roland". Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
^ "Bengaluru International Film Festival". Facebook. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
^ McDonnell, Brandy (June 22, 2020). "OKC's deadCenter Film Festival announces winning films". Retrieved March 15, 2021.
^ Busis, Hillary (March 15, 2021). "Oscar Nominations 2021: See the Full List". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
^ ""Sound of Metal" and "Feeling Through" Receive Oscar Nominations". Daily Moth. March 15, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
External links
Feeling Through at IMDb
Official website
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Actress Marlee Matlin serves as an executive producer.[1]","title":"Feeling Through"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"bodega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodega_(store)"}],"text":"In New York City, a homeless teenager named Tereek is enjoying a late night with his friends. As they go their separate ways, Tereek notices a deaf and blind man named Artie holding a cane and a sign requesting assistance in crossing the street. Tereek hesitantly touches Artie to offer his help, and Artie writes the number of the bus he needs to catch. Tereek guides him to the bus stop and they gradually introduce themselves to one another. Although Tereek receives messages from his girlfriend, who is expecting him, he decides to stay with Artie and make sure he gets on the bus.Artie tells Tereek that he is thirsty, so they head to a bodega where Tereek uses Artie's money to buy him a drink and himself a candy bar, pocketing $10 in the process. They return to the bus stop but just miss the bus. As they wait, Artie tells Tereek that he was on a date and that he needs to be tapped by the bus driver when he reaches his stop. The bus finally comes and they get on. Tereek tells the driver what Artie needs and the man brusquely agrees to help him. Artie and Tereek assure each other that they will be OK and embrace. 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The title of Feeling Through is a pun: It is a reference to the DeafBlind community, which is at the heart of the film, as members of that community navigate the world through touch, while the metaphorical meaning refers to the protagonist's personal journey of having to carefully learn how to open his heart without necessarily knowing how to.[2]Realizing in that one interaction he went from seeing Artemio as his disability to seeing him as a friend inspired Roland to write the story for what eventually became Feeling Through.\"I thought to myself that I had never met anyone who was DeafBlind before, let alone really thought about that community. I tapped him and he took out a notepad and wrote a bus stop that he needed. I took him there, and when we arrived I saw that a bus wasn’t coming for over an hour. I wanted to let him know I’d sit and wait with him, but I didn’t know how to communicate with him. Then, instinctively, I took his palm and started tracing one letter at a time on it, and he understood. We sat together and had a whole conversation that way, and I got to know this man, Artemio, as a funny, charismatic, warm-hearted guy with who I felt like I had made a connection. When his bus arrived, we gave each other a big hug goodbye.\"\n\n\n—Roland on the inspiration of Feeling Through[2]Roland partnered with the Helen Keller National Center[4] in order to make the film and cast a DeafBlind actor in a lead role,[5] which is a first in film history.[citation needed]Roland also shot a behind-the-scenes documentary along the way, called Connecting the Dots, which follows the process of casting and working with the DeafBlind actor Robert Tarango, who also works at the kitchen of the Helen Keller Center, as well as their year-long search to find the real life Artemio.[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Steven Prescod as Tereek\nRobert Tarango as Artie\nFrancisco Burgos as Clay\nAlestair Shu as J.R.\nJavier Rodriguez as Bodega cashier\nCoffey as Homeless man\nJose Toro as Sleeping man\nLuis Antonio Aponte as Bus driver","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indie-2"}],"text":"In addition to the film's festival run, Roland worked with Helen Keller National Center to create a fully accessible screening event called \"The Feeling Through Experience\", which included the making-of documentary called Connecting the Dots and a panel discussion and Q&A with the DeafBlind community.[2]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Zapke, Angela (November 29, 2019). \"New Film Features First DeafBlind Actor in a Lead Role\". Patch.com. Retrieved March 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://patch.com/new-york/midtown-nyc/new-film-features-first-deaf-blind-actor-lead-role","url_text":"\"New Film Features First DeafBlind Actor in a Lead Role\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feeling Through by Doug Roland, an Ode to DeafBlind Community\". Indie Activity. February 23, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indieactivity.com/feeling-through-by-doug-roland-an-ode-to-deafblind-community/","url_text":"\"Feeling Through by Doug Roland, an Ode to DeafBlind Community\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Oscar Nominated Short Films: Live Action\". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved July 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt14322204/","url_text":"\"2021 Oscar Nominated Short Films: Live Action\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"Lang, George (June 12, 2020). \"deadCenter roundups: Test Pattern, Feeling Through and Billie\". Oklahoma City Free Press. Retrieved March 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://freepressokc.com/deadcenter-roundups-test-pattern-feeling-through-and-billie/","url_text":"\"deadCenter roundups: Test Pattern, Feeling Through and Billie\""}]},{"reference":"Kilgannon, Corey (March 7, 2020). \"A Deaf-Blind Dishwasher Achieves His Childhood Dream: Movie Actor\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/07/nyregion/deaf-blind-actor-feeling-through.html","url_text":"\"A Deaf-Blind Dishwasher Achieves His Childhood Dream: Movie Actor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: Doug Roland\". Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211737/http://www.idmagazine.us/interview-doug-roland/","url_text":"\"Interview: Doug Roland\""},{"url":"http://www.idmagazine.us/interview-doug-roland/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bengaluru International Film Festival\". Facebook. Retrieved March 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/bisffblr/posts/3679084735493889","url_text":"\"Bengaluru International Film Festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"McDonnell, Brandy (June 22, 2020). \"OKC's deadCenter Film Festival announces winning films\". Retrieved March 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oklahoman.com/article/5665165/okcs-deadcenter-film-festival-announces-winning-films","url_text":"\"OKC's deadCenter Film Festival announces winning films\""}]},{"reference":"Busis, Hillary (March 15, 2021). \"Oscar Nominations 2021: See the Full List\". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2021/03/oscar-nominations-2021-full-list","url_text":"\"Oscar Nominations 2021: See the Full List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)","url_text":"Vanity Fair"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Sound of Metal\" and \"Feeling Through\" Receive Oscar Nominations\". Daily Moth. March 15, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailymoth.com/blog/sound-of-metal-and-feeling-through-receive-oscar-nominations","url_text":"\"\"Sound of Metal\" and \"Feeling Through\" Receive Oscar Nominations\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://patch.com/new-york/midtown-nyc/new-film-features-first-deaf-blind-actor-lead-role","external_links_name":"\"New Film Features First DeafBlind Actor in a Lead Role\""},{"Link":"https://www.indieactivity.com/feeling-through-by-doug-roland-an-ode-to-deafblind-community/","external_links_name":"\"Feeling Through by Doug Roland, an Ode to DeafBlind Community\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt14322204/","external_links_name":"\"2021 Oscar Nominated Short Films: Live Action\""},{"Link":"https://freepressokc.com/deadcenter-roundups-test-pattern-feeling-through-and-billie/","external_links_name":"\"deadCenter roundups: Test Pattern, Feeling Through and Billie\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/07/nyregion/deaf-blind-actor-feeling-through.html","external_links_name":"\"A Deaf-Blind Dishwasher Achieves His Childhood Dream: Movie Actor\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211737/http://www.idmagazine.us/interview-doug-roland/","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Doug Roland\""},{"Link":"http://www.idmagazine.us/interview-doug-roland/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/bisffblr/posts/3679084735493889","external_links_name":"\"Bengaluru International Film Festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.oklahoman.com/article/5665165/okcs-deadcenter-film-festival-announces-winning-films","external_links_name":"\"OKC's deadCenter Film Festival announces winning films\""},{"Link":"https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2021/03/oscar-nominations-2021-full-list","external_links_name":"\"Oscar Nominations 2021: See the Full List\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailymoth.com/blog/sound-of-metal-and-feeling-through-receive-oscar-nominations","external_links_name":"\"\"Sound of Metal\" and \"Feeling Through\" Receive Oscar Nominations\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9280166/","external_links_name":"Feeling Through"},{"Link":"https://www.feelingthrough.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1CqzntEZZ8","external_links_name":"Feeling Through"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup | 1988–89 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup | ["1 Calendar","1.1 Men","1.2 Ladies","2 Men","2.1 Overall","2.2 Downhill","2.3 Super-G","2.4 Giant Slalom","2.5 Slalom","2.6 Combined","3 Ladies","3.1 Overall","3.2 Downhill","3.3 Super-G","3.4 Giant Slalom","3.5 Slalom","3.6 Combined","4 Nations Cup","4.1 Overall","4.2 Men","4.3 Ladies","5 References","6 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1988–89 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup 1988/89Discipline
Men
WomenOverall
Marc Girardelli
Vreni SchneiderDownhill
Marc Girardelli
Michela FiginiSuper G
Pirmin Zurbriggen
Carole MerleGiant Slalom
Ole Kristian Furuseth Pirmin Zurbriggen
Vreni SchneiderSlalom
Armin Bittner
Vreni SchneiderNations Cup
Austria
SwitzerlandNations Cup overall
SwitzerlandCompetitionLocations
16
15Individual
31
28
←1987/881989/90→
The 23rd World Cup season began in November 1988 in Austria and concluded in March 1989 in Japan.
The overall champions were Marc Girardelli of Luxembourg (his third) and Vreni Schneider of Switzerland (her first). Schneider established the record for victories in a World Cup season, winning a total of 14 races (6 (out of 7) giant slaloms, 7 (out of 7) slaloms, and 1 (of 2) combined), surpassing the record of 13 established in 1978-79 by the great Swedish skier and three-time overall World Cup champion Ingemar Stenmark.
Stenmark, who became the primary example of the transition of the World Cup circuit from fully amateur to fully professional during his 16-year career, retired at the end of the season, after notching his all-time record 86th race victory in February. All of Stenmark's victories were either in giant slalom (46) or slalom (40).
The break in the schedule in early February was for the 1989 World Championships, held in Vail, Colorado, USA.
Calendar
Source:
Men
Event Key: DH – Downhill, SL – Slalom, GS – Giant Slalom, SG – Super Giant Slalom, KB – Combined, PS – Parallel Slalom (Nations Cup ranking only)
Race
Season
Date
Place
Type
Winner
Second
Third
633
1
27 November 1988
Schladming
SG 027
Pirmin Zurbriggen
Franck Piccard
Leonhard Stock
634
2
29 November 1988
Val Thorens
GS 172
Pirmin Zurbriggen
Rudolf Nierlich
Hans Enn
635
3
6 December 1988
Sestriere
SL 195
Marc Girardelli
Jonas Nilsson
Paul Accola
636
4
9 December 1988
Val Gardena
DH 188
Peter Müller
Armin Assinger
Rob Boyd
637
5
10 December 1988
DH 189
Helmut Höflehner
Patrick Ortlieb
Peter Müller
638
6
11 December 1988
Madonna di Campiglio
SL 196
Alberto Tomba
Marc Girardelli
Michael Tritscher
639
7
17 December 1988
Kranjska Gora
SL 197
Marc Girardelli
Armin Bittner
Alberto Tomba
640
8
21 December 1988
St. Anton
SL 198
Armin Bittner
Bernhard Gstrein
Pirmin Zurbriggen
641
9
22 December 1988
DH 190
Helmut Höflehner
Pirmin Zurbriggen
Leonhard Stock
642
10
22 December 1988
KB 054
Pirmin Zurbriggen
Markus Wasmeier
Hubert Strolz
643
11
6 January 1989
Laax
DH 191
Leonhard Stock
Peter Wirnsberger
Helmut Höflehner
644
12
8 January 1989
SG 028
Martin Hangl
Hans Enn
Helmut Mayer
645
13
10 January 1989
Kirchberg
GS 173
Rudolf Nierlich
Pirmin Zurbriggen
Alberto Tomba
646
14
13 January 1989
Kitzbühel
DH 192
Marc Girardelli
Michael Mair
Roman Rupp
647
15
14 January 1989
DH 193
Daniel Mahrer
Marc Girardelli
Peter Wirnsberger
648
16
15 January 1989
SL 199
Armin Bittner
Alberto Tomba
Rudolf Nierlich
649
17
15 January 1989
KB 055
Marc Girardelli
Paul Accola
Michael Mair
650
18
17 January 1989
Adelboden
GS 174
Marc Girardelli
Ole Kristian Furuseth
Alberto Tomba
651
19
20 January 1989
Wengen
DH 194
Marc Girardelli
Markus Wasmeier
Daniel Mahrer
652
20
21 January 1989
DH 195
Marc Girardelli
Pirmin Zurbriggen
Daniel Mahrer
653
21
22 January 1989
SL 200
Rudolf Nierlich
Alberto Tomba
Hubert Strolz
654
22
22 January 1989
KB 056
Marc Girardelli
Pirmin Zurbriggen
Markus Wasmeier
1989 World Championships (2–12 February)
655
23
17 February 1989
Aspen
DH 196
Karl Alpiger
Marc Girardelli
Daniel Mahrer
656
24
18 February 1989
SG 029
Lars-Börje Eriksson
Markus Wasmeier
Helmut Mayer
657
25
19 February 1989
GS 175
Ingemar Stenmark
Marc Girardelli
Lars-Börje Eriksson
658
26
25 February 1989
Whistler
DH 197
Rob Boyd
Daniel Mahrer
Pirmin Zurbriggen
659
27
26 February 1989
SG 030
Marc Girardelli
Lars-Börje Eriksson
Pirmin Zurbriggen
660
28
3 March 1989
Furano
GS 176
Rudolf Nierlich
Ole Kristian Furuseth
Pirmin Zurbriggen
661
29
5 March 1989
SL 201
Ole Kristian Furuseth
Alberto Tomba
Jonas Nilsson
662
30
9 March 1989
Shiga Kogen
GS 177
Ole Kristian Furuseth
Hubert Strolz
Johan Wallner
663
31
10 March 1989
SL 202
Rudolf Nierlich
Ole Kristian Furuseth
Armin Bittner
Nations Cup
11 March 1989
Shiga Kogen
PS ncr
Bernhard Gstrein
Pirmin Zurbriggen
Rudolf Nierlich
Ladies
Event Key: DH – Downhill, SL – Slalom, GS – Giant Slalom, SG – Super Giant Slalom, KB – Combined, PS – Parallel Slalom (Nations Cup ranking only)
Race
Season
Date
Place
Type
Winner
Second
Third
584
1
26 November 1988
Schladming
SG 023
Carole Merle
Ulrike Maier
Anita Wachter Regine Mösenlechner
585
2
28 November 1988
Les Menuires
GS 166
Vreni Schneider
Anita Wachter
Ulrike Maier
586
3
2 December 1988
Val d'Isère
DH 157
Michela Figini
Regine Mösenlechner
Michaela Gerg
587
4
15 December 1988
Altenmarkt-Zauchensee
DH 158
Maria Walliser
Veronika Wallinger
Michela Figini
588
5
16 December 1988
SL 192
Vreni Schneider
Katjusa Pusnik
Tamara McKinney
589
6
16 December 1988
KB 049
Vreni Schneider
Ulrike Maier
Petra Kronberger
590
7
18 December 1988
Val Zoldana
GS 167
Vreni Schneider
Mateja Svet
Anita Wachter
591
8
20 December 1988
Courmayeur
SL 193
Vreni Schneider
Blanca Fernández Ochoa
Ingrid Salvenmoser
592
9
3 January 1989
Maribor
SL 194
Vreni Schneider
Monika Maierhofer
Tamara McKinney
593
10
6 January 1989
Schwarzenberg
GS 168
Vreni Schneider
Ulrike Maier
Maria Walliser
594
11
7 January 1989
GS 169
Vreni Schneider
Ulrike Maier
Carole Merle
595
12
8 January 1989
Mellau
SL 195
Vreni Schneider
Mateja Svet
Patricia Chauvet
596
13
12 January 1989
Grindelwald
DH 159
Michela Figini
Beatrice Gafner
Carole Merle
597
14
13 January 1989
DH 160
Michela Figini
Carole Merle
Maria Walliser
598
15
14 January 1989
SG 024
Carole Merle
Sigrid Wolf
Maria Walliser
599
16
15 January 1989
SL 196
Vreni Schneider
Tamara McKinney
Monika Maierhofer
600
17
15 January 1989
KB 050
Brigitte Oertli
Karen Percy
Michela Figini
601
18
19 January 1989
Tignes
DH 161
Maria Walliser
Carole Merle
Michaela Gerg
602
19
20 January 1989
SG 025
Carole Merle
Anita Wachter
Sigrid Wolf
603
20
21 January 1989
GS 170
Vreni Schneider
Carole Merle
Maria Walliser
1989 World Championships (2–12 February)
604
21
18 February 1989
Lake Louise
DH 162
Michela Figini
Maria Walliser
Michaela Gerg
605
22
19 February 1989
DH 163
Michela Figini
Maria Walliser
Michaela Gerg
606
23
24 February 1989
Steamboat Springs
DH 164
Michela Figini
Maria Walliser
Chantal Bournissen
607
24
25 February 1989
SG 026
Sigrid Wolf
Anita Wachter
Michela Figini
608
25
3 March 1989
Furano
SL 197
Vreni Schneider
Veronika Šarec
Tamara McKinney
609
26
4 March 1989
GS 171
Maria Walliser
Mateja Svet
Vreni Schneider
610
27
8 March 1989
Shiga Kogen
GS 172
Vreni Schneider
Mateja Svet
Christina Meier
611
28
10 March 1989
SL 198
Vreni Schneider
Monika Maierhofer
Veronika Šarec
Nations Cup
11 March 1989
Shiga Kogen
PS ncr
Chantal Bournissen
Michaela Gerg-Leitner
Tamara McKinney
Men
Overall
see complete table
In Men's Overall World Cup 1988/89 all results count. The parallel slalom did not count for the Overall World Cup. Marc Girardelli won his third Overall World Cup.
Place
Name
Country
Total
DH
SG
GS
SL
KB
1
Marc Girardelli
Luxembourg
407
139
46
66
106
50
2
Pirmin Zurbriggen
Switzerland
309
94
62
82
26
45
3
Alberto Tomba
Italy
189
0
37
40
112
0
4
Ole Kristian Furuseth
Norway
188
0
0
82
106
0
5
Markus Wasmeier
West Germany
166
67
43
9
0
47
6
Rudolf Nierlich
Austria
144
0
0
79
65
0
7
Armin Bittner
West Germany
127
0
0
10
117
0
8
Helmut Höflehner
Austria
126
112
14
0
0
0
9
Daniel Mahrer
Switzerland
114
102
2
0
0
10
10
Hubert Strolz
Austria
112
0
18
46
33
15
11
Lars-Börje Eriksson
Sweden
102
2
51
38
0
11
12
Peter Müller
Switzerland
100
79
6
0
0
15
13
Michael Mair
Italy
89
74
0
0
0
15
Peter Wirnsberger
Austria
89
89
0
0
0
0
15
Martin Hangl
Switzerland
87
0
47
40
0
0
16
Franck Piccard
France
82
21
49
6
0
6
17
Ingemar Stenmark
Sweden
79
0
0
67
12
0
18
Leonhard Stock
Austria
76
57
19
0
0
0
19
Helmut Mayer
Austria
74
0
35
39
0
0
20
Paul Accola
Switzerland
72
0
0
0
28
44
Downhill
see complete table
In Men's Downhill World Cup 1988/89 all results count.
Place
Name
Country
Total
4
5
9
11
14
15
19
20
23
26
1
Marc Girardelli
Luxembourg
139
-
-
12
7
25
20
25
25
20
5
2
Helmut Höflehner
Austria
112
4
25
25
15
-
6
4
10
11
12
3
Daniel Mahrer
Switzerland
102
-
-
3
-
9
25
15
15
15
20
4
Pirmin Zurbriggen
Switzerland
94
12
-
20
6
-
12
8
20
1
15
5
Peter Wirnsberger
Austria
89
7
-
10
20
10
15
11
-
9
7
6
Peter Müller
Switzerland
79
25
15
-
-
12
11
-
-
6
10
7
Michael Mair
Italy
74
3
6
11
12
20
8
7
4
3
-
8
Rob Boyd
Canada
68
15
-
-
-
-
10
9
9
-
25
9
Markus Wasmeier
West Germany
67
9
-
9
10
-
-
20
11
8
-
10
Karl Alpiger
Switzerland
65
-
10
-
1
11
7
5
5
25
1
11
Leonhard Stock
Austria
57
5
-
15
25
5
3
-
-
4
-
Super-G
see complete table
In Men's Super-G World Cup 1988/89 all four results count. Pirmin Zurbriggen won his third Super-G World Cup in a row. All events were won by a different racer.
Place
Name
Country
Total
1
12
24
27
1
Pirmin Zurbriggen
Switzerland
62
25
12
10
15
2
Lars-Börje Eriksson
Sweden
51
-
6
25
20
3
Franck Piccard
France
49
20
9
11
9
4
Martin Hangl
Switzerland
47
3
25
9
10
5
Marc Girardelli
Luxembourg
46
7
2
12
25
6
Markus Wasmeier
West Germany
43
11
-
20
12
7
Alberto Tomba
Italy
37
12
11
7
7
8
Helmut Mayer
Austria
35
-
15
15
5
9
Hans Enn
Austria
26
6
20
-
-
10
Luc Alphand
France
25
9
-
5
11
Giant Slalom
see complete table
In Men's Giant Slalom World Cup 1988/89 all results count. Ole Kristian Furuseth won Giant Slalom World Cup (20 points two times).
Place
Name
Country
Total
2
13
18
25
28
30
1
Ole Kristian Furuseth
Norway
82
-
10
20
7
20
25
2
Pirmin Zurbriggen
Switzerland
82
25
20
11
-
15
11
3
Rudolf Nierlich
Austria
79
20
25
-
-
25
9
4
Ingemar Stenmark
Sweden
67
9
2
10
25
9
12
5
Marc Girardelli
Luxembourg
66
3
11
25
20
7
-
6
Hubert Strolz
Austria
46
8
9
7
-
2
20
7
Alberto Tomba
Italy
40
-
15
15
10
-
-
8
Martin Hangl
Switzerland
40
-
8
9
11
6
6
9
Helmut Mayer
Austria
39
12
5
12
-
10
-
10
Lars-Börje Eriksson
Sweden
38
-
4
-
15
12
7
Slalom
see complete table
In Men's Slalom World Cup 1988/89 all results count.
Place
Name
Country
Total
3
6
7
8
16
21
29
31
1
Armin Bittner
West Germany
117
12
12
20
25
25
-
8
15
2
Alberto Tomba
Italy
112
-
25
15
-
20
20
20
12
3
Marc Girardelli
Luxembourg
106
25
20
25
-
12
12
12
-
4
Ole Kristian Furuseth
Norway
106
7
8
12
12
11
11
25
20
5
Jonas Nilsson
Sweden
70
20
-
7
8
-
10
15
10
6
Rudolf Nierlich
Austria
65
-
-
-
-
15
25
-
25
7
Michael Tritscher
Austria
54
8
15
4
9
-
5
7
6
8
Bernhard Gstrein
Austria
51
11
11
-
20
-
-
9
-
9
Felix McGrath
United States
43
9
-
8
11
-
-
11
4
10
Paul Frommelt
Liechtenstein
42
-
10
1
-
10
9
5
7
Combined
see complete table
In Men's Combined World Cup 1988/89 all three results count.
Place
Name
Country
Total
10
17
22
1
Marc Girardelli
Luxembourg
50
-
25
25
2
Markus Wasmeier
West Germany
47
20
12
15
3
Pirmin Zurbriggen
Switzerland
45
25
-
20
4
Paul Accola
Switzerland
44
12
20
12
5
Gustav Oehrli
Switzerland
22
3
8
11
6
Atle Skårdal
Norway
20
7
5
8
7
Jean-Luc Crétier
France
19
9
10
-
8
Hubert Strolz
Austria
15
15
-
-
Michael Mair
Italy
15
-
15
-
10
Peter Müller
Switzerland
15
4
11
-
Ladies
Overall
see complete table
In Women's Overall World Cup 1988/89 all results count. The parallel slalom did not count for the Overall World Cup.
Place
Name
Country
Total
DH
SG
GS
SL
KB
1
Vreni Schneider
Switzerland
376
0
11
165
175
25
2
Maria Walliser
Switzerland
261
142
27
87
0
5
3
Michela Figini
Switzerland
248
176
29
18
0
25
4
Carole Merle
France
206
67
75
55
0
9
5
Anita Wachter
Austria
157
0
56
59
42
0
6
Mateja Svet
Yugoslavia
154
0
0
106
40
8
7
Ulrike Maier
Austria
150
0
33
60
26
31
8
Michaela Gerg
West Germany
148
91
23
34
0
0
9
Karen Percy
Canada
127
53
13
24
17
20
10
Sigrid Wolf
Austria
119
28
71
20
0
0
11
Tamara McKinney
United States
116
0
0
27
77
12
12
Heidi Zurbriggen
Switzerland
86
41
18
12
0
15
13
Monika Maierhofer
Austria
85
0
0
0
85
0
14
Regine Mösenlechner
West Germany
84
45
27
12
0
0
15
Veronika Wallinger
Austria
78
65
13
0
0
0
16
Ingrid Salvenmoser
Austria
66
0
0
31
35
0
17
Veronika Šarec
Yugoslavia
62
0
0
1
61
0
18
Blanca Fernández Ochoa
Spain
61
0
4
17
40
0
19
Brigitte Oertli
Switzerland
60
9
8
0
7
36
20
Barbara Sadleder
Austria
58
41
9
0
0
8
Downhill
see complete table
In Women's Downhill World Cup 1988/89 all results count. Michela Figini won her fourth Downhill World Cup (the last three in a row). She was able to win six races and only her teammate Maria Walliser was able to take two wins. The second consecutive season that saw only wins by Swiss athletes!
Place
Name
Country
Total
3
4
13
14
18
21
22
23
1
Michela Figini
Switzerland
176
25
15
25
25
11
25
25
25
2
Maria Walliser
Switzerland
142
5
25
12
15
25
20
20
20
3
Michaela Gerg
West Germany
91
15
4
6
9
15
15
15
12
4
Carole Merle
France
67
12
-
15
20
20
-
-
-
5
Veronika Wallinger
Austria
65
11
20
9
7
-
7
-
11
6
Chantal Bournissen
Switzerland
55
7
-
-
-
9
12
12
15
7
Karen Percy
Canada
53
10
-
5
-
6
10
12
10
8
Regine Mösenlechner
West Germany
45
20
-
4
11
10
-
-
-
9
Heidi Zurbriggen
Switzerland
41
9
-
3
6
12
11
-
-
Barbara Sadleder
Austria
41
7
12
10
3
-
-
3
6
Super-G
see complete table
In Women's Super-G World Cup 1988/89 all four results count.
Place
Name
Country
Total
1
15
19
24
1
Carole Merle
France
75
25
25
25
-
2
Sigrid Wolf
Austria
71
11
20
15
25
3
Anita Wachter
Austria
56
15
1
20
20
4
Ulrike Maier
Austria
33
20
12
1
-
5
Michela Figini
Switzerland
29
9
5
-
15
6
Maria Walliser
Switzerland
27
-
15
12
-
Regine Mösenlechner
West Germany
27
15
3
9
-
8
Michaela Gerg
West Germany
23
8
8
7
-
9
Catherine Quittet
France
22
-
-
11
11
10
Heidi Zurbriggen
Switzerland
18
-
2
6
10
Cathy Chedal
France
18
4
-
10
4
Giant Slalom
see complete table
In Women's Giant Slalom World Cup 1988/89 all results count. Vreni Schneider won her third Giant Slalom World Cup by winning 6 races out of 7. Only her teammate Maria Walliser was able to win a single race.
Place
Name
Country
Total
2
7
10
11
20
26
27
1
Vreni Schneider
Switzerland
165
25
25
25
25
25
15
25
2
Mateja Svet
Yugoslavia
106
10
20
12
12
12
20
20
3
Maria Walliser
Switzerland
87
-
11
15
9
15
25
12
4
Ulrike Maier
Austria
60
15
-
20
20
5
-
-
5
Anita Wachter
Austria
59
20
15
-
-
10
6
8
6
Carole Merle
France
55
-
10
10
15
20
-
-
7
Catherine Quittet
France
35
-
1
9
3
-
12
10
8
Michaela Gerg
West Germany
34
8
-
-
8
7
-
11
9
Traudl Hächer
West Germany
32
9
-
8
6
2
7
-
10
Ingrid Salvenmoser
Austria
31
3
8
4
5
-
10
1
Slalom
see complete table
In Women's Slalom World Cup 1988/89 all results count. Vreni Schneider won all races and won the cup with maximum points. Up to now this was the last time an athlete was able to win a cup with maximum points. Together with the win in the first race next season 1989/90 Vreni Schneider was able to win nine world cup slalom races in a row!
Place
Name
Country
Total
5
8
9
12
16
25
28
1
Vreni Schneider
Switzerland
175
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
2
Monika Maierhofer
Austria
85
12
-
20
11
15
7
20
3
Tamara McKinney
United States
77
15
-
15
-
20
15
12
4
Veronika Šarec
Yugoslavia
61
2
-
-
12
12
20
15
5
Christine von Grünigen
Switzerland
48
-
10
11
10
8
9
-
6
Patricia Chauvet
France
45
11
-
-
15
9
10
-
7
Anita Wachter
Austria
42
-
12
-
8
-
11
11
8
Blanca Fernández Ochoa
Spain
40
9
20
-
-
11
-
-
Mateja Svet
Yugoslavia
40
10
-
-
20
10
-
-
10
Katjuša Pušnik
Yugoslavia
39
20
-
10
-
7
-
2
Combined
see complete table
In Women's Combined World Cup 1988/89 both results count. Brigitte Oertli won her fourth Combined World Cup (the last three in a row).
Place
Name
Country
Total
6
17
1
Brigitte Oertli
Switzerland
36
11
25
2
Ulrike Maier
Austria
31
20
11
3
Vreni Schneider
Switzerland
25
25
-
Michela Figini
Switzerland
25
10
15
5
Karen Percy
Canada
20
-
20
6
Petra Kronberger
Austria
19
15
4
7
Heidi Zurbriggen
Switzerland
15
5
10
8
Tamara McKinney
United States
12
12
-
Florence Masnada
France
12
-
12
10
Ulrike Stanggassinger
West Germany
9
9
-
Carole Merle
France
9
-
9
Lenka Kebrlová
Czechoslovakia
9
7
2
Nations Cup
Overall
Place
Country
Total
Men
Ladies
1
Switzerland
2225
928
1297
2
Austria
1967
1037
930
3
West Germany
834
433
401
4
France
609
170
439
5
Italy
414
414
0
6
Luxembourg
407
407
0
7
Sweden
366
294
72
8
Yugoslavia
335
80
255
9
Canada
276
85
191
10
Norway
256
256
0
11
United States
217
74
143
12
Liechtenstein
77
42
35
13
Spain
61
0
61
14
Czechoslovakia
39
19
20
15
Japan
38
38
0
16
Soviet Union
33
0
33
17
United Kingdom
8
5
3
18
Mexico
2
2
0
Men
All points were shown. But without parallel slalom, because result ? (Also possible, that the parallel slaloms were only show-events.)
Place
Country
Total
DH
SG
GS
SL
KB
Racers
Wins
1
Austria
1037
404
132
195
270
36
21
7
2
Switzerland
928
447
128
166
43
144
15
7
3
West Germany
433
131
58
29
143
72
15
2
4
Italy
414
105
53
67
164
25
16
1
5
Luxembourg
407
139
46
66
106
50
1
9
6
Sweden
294
2
54
137
84
17
7
2
7
Norway
256
48
0
82
106
20
3
2
8
France
170
21
74
23
18
34
9
0
9
Canada
85
81
1
0
0
3
4
1
10
Yugoslavia
80
0
8
50
22
0
5
0
11
United States
74
0
0
13
55
6
5
0
12
Liechtenstein
42
0
0
0
42
0
1
0
13
Japan
38
0
0
0
38
0
1
0
14
Czechoslovakia
19
0
0
0
0
19
2
0
15
United Kingdom
5
5
0
0
0
0
1
0
16
Mexico
2
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
Ladies
All points were shown. But without parallel slalom, because result ? (Also possible, that the parallel slaloms were only show-events.) Only three teams were able to win races.
Place
Country
Total
DH
SG
GS
SL
KB
Racers
Wins
1
Switzerland
1297
493
110
314
265
115
18
24
2
Austria
930
219
212
204
236
59
17
1
3
France
439
88
123
115
91
22
11
3
4
West Germany
401
180
71
119
16
15
9
0
5
Yugoslavia
255
0
0
107
140
8
3
0
6
Canada
191
97
22
24
22
26
6
0
7
United States
143
12
2
30
87
12
7
0
8
Sweden
72
0
0
18
54
0
3
0
9
Spain
61
0
4
17
40
0
1
0
10
Liechtenstein
35
0
0
22
13
0
1
0
11
Soviet Union
33
21
12
0
0
0
2
0
12
Czechoslovakia
20
0
0
0
1
19
3
0
13
United Kingdom
3
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
References
^ "All Season 1989". Fis-Ski.com. FIS. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
^ "FIS: Alpine World Cup 1989 men's schedule". International Ski Federation. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
^ "FIS: Alpine World Cup 1989 ladies' schedule". International Ski Federation. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
External links
FIS-ski.com - World Cup standings - 1989
vteFIS Alpine Ski World Cup
International Ski and Snowboard Federation
FIS Alpine World Ski Championships
FIS Alpine Ski Europa Cup
Seasons
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vte1988–89 World Cup seasons in the winter sports
Alpine skiing
Biathlon
Bobsleigh
Cross-country skiing
Freestyle skiing
Luge
Nordic combined
Skeleton
Ski jumping
Speed skating | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_Ski_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Marc Girardelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Girardelli"},{"link_name":"Vreni Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreni_Schneider"},{"link_name":"Ingemar Stenmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingemar_Stenmark"},{"link_name":"1989 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships_1989"},{"link_name":"Vail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vail,_Colorado"}],"text":"The 23rd World Cup season began in November 1988 in Austria and concluded in March 1989 in Japan. \nThe overall champions were Marc Girardelli of Luxembourg (his third) and Vreni Schneider of Switzerland (her first). Schneider established the record for victories in a World Cup season, winning a total of 14 races (6 (out of 7) giant slaloms, 7 (out of 7) slaloms, and 1 (of 2) combined), surpassing the record of 13 established in 1978-79 by the great Swedish skier and three-time overall World Cup champion Ingemar Stenmark.Stenmark, who became the primary example of the transition of the World Cup circuit from fully amateur to fully professional during his 16-year career, retired at the end of the season, after notching his all-time record 86th race victory in February. All of Stenmark's victories were either in giant slalom (46) or slalom (40).The break in the schedule in early February was for the 1989 World Championships, held in Vail, Colorado, USA.","title":"1988–89 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Source:[1]","title":"Calendar"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Calendar"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ladies","title":"Calendar"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Men"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"see complete table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_-_Men%27s_overall"},{"link_name":"Marc Girardelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Girardelli"}],"sub_title":"Overall","text":"see complete tableIn Men's Overall World Cup 1988/89 all results count. The parallel slalom did not count for the Overall World Cup. Marc Girardelli won his third Overall World Cup.","title":"Men"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"see complete table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_-_Men%27s_downhill"}],"sub_title":"Downhill","text":"see complete tableIn Men's Downhill World Cup 1988/89 all results count.","title":"Men"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"see complete table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_-_Men%27s_Super_G"},{"link_name":"Pirmin Zurbriggen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmin_Zurbriggen"}],"sub_title":"Super-G","text":"see complete tableIn Men's Super-G World Cup 1988/89 all four results count. Pirmin Zurbriggen won his third Super-G World Cup in a row. All events were won by a different racer.","title":"Men"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"see complete table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_-_Men%27s_giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"Ole Kristian Furuseth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Kristian_Furuseth"}],"sub_title":"Giant Slalom","text":"see complete tableIn Men's Giant Slalom World Cup 1988/89 all results count. Ole Kristian Furuseth won Giant Slalom World Cup (20 points two times).","title":"Men"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"see complete table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_-_Men%27s_slalom"}],"sub_title":"Slalom","text":"see complete tableIn Men's Slalom World Cup 1988/89 all results count.","title":"Men"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"see complete table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_-_Men%27s_combined"}],"sub_title":"Combined","text":"see complete tableIn Men's Combined World Cup 1988/89 all three results count.","title":"Men"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ladies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"see complete table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_-_Women%27s_overall"}],"sub_title":"Overall","text":"see complete tableIn Women's Overall World Cup 1988/89 all results count. The parallel slalom did not count for the Overall World Cup.","title":"Ladies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"see complete table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_-_Women%27s_downhill"},{"link_name":"Michela Figini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michela_Figini"},{"link_name":"Maria Walliser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Walliser"}],"sub_title":"Downhill","text":"see complete tableIn Women's Downhill World Cup 1988/89 all results count. Michela Figini won her fourth Downhill World Cup (the last three in a row). She was able to win six races and only her teammate Maria Walliser was able to take two wins. The second consecutive season that saw only wins by Swiss athletes!","title":"Ladies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"see complete table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_-_Women%27s_Super_G"}],"sub_title":"Super-G","text":"see complete tableIn Women's Super-G World Cup 1988/89 all four results count.","title":"Ladies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"see complete table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_-_Women%27s_giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"Vreni Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreni_Schneider"},{"link_name":"Maria Walliser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Walliser"}],"sub_title":"Giant Slalom","text":"see complete tableIn Women's Giant Slalom World Cup 1988/89 all results count. Vreni Schneider won her third Giant Slalom World Cup by winning 6 races out of 7. Only her teammate Maria Walliser was able to win a single race.","title":"Ladies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"see complete table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_-_Women%27s_slalom"},{"link_name":"Vreni Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreni_Schneider"},{"link_name":"Vreni Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreni_Schneider"}],"sub_title":"Slalom","text":"see complete tableIn Women's Slalom World Cup 1988/89 all results count. Vreni Schneider won all races and won the cup with maximum points. Up to now this was the last time an athlete was able to win a cup with maximum points. Together with the win in the first race next season 1989/90 Vreni Schneider was able to win nine world cup slalom races in a row!","title":"Ladies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"see complete table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_-_Women%27s_combined"},{"link_name":"Brigitte Oertli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Oertli"}],"sub_title":"Combined","text":"see complete tableIn Women's Combined World Cup 1988/89 both results count. Brigitte Oertli won her fourth Combined World Cup (the last three in a row).","title":"Ladies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Nations Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Overall","title":"Nations Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","text":"All points were shown. But without parallel slalom, because result ? (Also possible, that the parallel slaloms were only show-events.)","title":"Nations Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ladies","text":"All points were shown. But without parallel slalom, because result ? (Also possible, that the parallel slaloms were only show-events.) Only three teams were able to win races.","title":"Nations Cup"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"All Season 1989\". Fis-Ski.com. FIS. Retrieved 2 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/alpine-skiing/calendar-results.html?eventselection=&place=§orcode=AL&seasoncode=1989&categorycode=WC&disciplinecode=&gendercode=W&racedate=&racecodex=&nationcode=&seasonmonth=X-1989&saveselection=-1&seasonselection=","url_text":"\"All Season 1989\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIS: Alpine World Cup 1989 men's schedule\". International Ski Federation. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/alpine-skiing/calendar-results.html?eventselection=&place=§orcode=AL&seasoncode=1989&categorycode=WC&disciplinecode=&gendercode=M&racedate=&racecodex=&nationcode=&seasonmonth=X-1989","url_text":"\"FIS: Alpine World Cup 1989 men's schedule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ski_Federation","url_text":"International Ski Federation"}]},{"reference":"\"FIS: Alpine World Cup 1989 ladies' schedule\". International Ski Federation. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/alpine-skiing/calendar-results.html?eventselection=&place=§orcode=AL&seasoncode=1989&categorycode=WC&disciplinecode=&gendercode=L&racedate=&racecodex=&nationcode=&seasonmonth=X-1989","url_text":"\"FIS: Alpine World Cup 1989 ladies' schedule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ski_Federation","url_text":"International Ski Federation"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221988%E2%80%9389+FIS+Alpine+Ski+World+Cup%22","external_links_name":"\"1988–89 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221988%E2%80%9389+FIS+Alpine+Ski+World+Cup%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221988%E2%80%9389+FIS+Alpine+Ski+World+Cup%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221988%E2%80%9389+FIS+Alpine+Ski+World+Cup%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221988%E2%80%9389+FIS+Alpine+Ski+World+Cup%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221988%E2%80%9389+FIS+Alpine+Ski+World+Cup%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/alpine-skiing/calendar-results.html?eventselection=&place=§orcode=AL&seasoncode=1989&categorycode=WC&disciplinecode=&gendercode=W&racedate=&racecodex=&nationcode=&seasonmonth=X-1989&saveselection=-1&seasonselection=","external_links_name":"\"All Season 1989\""},{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/alpine-skiing/calendar-results.html?eventselection=&place=§orcode=AL&seasoncode=1989&categorycode=WC&disciplinecode=&gendercode=M&racedate=&racecodex=&nationcode=&seasonmonth=X-1989","external_links_name":"\"FIS: Alpine World Cup 1989 men's schedule\""},{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/alpine-skiing/calendar-results.html?eventselection=&place=§orcode=AL&seasoncode=1989&categorycode=WC&disciplinecode=&gendercode=L&racedate=&racecodex=&nationcode=&seasonmonth=X-1989","external_links_name":"\"FIS: Alpine World Cup 1989 ladies' schedule\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20110526095432/http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/disciplines/alpineskiing/cupstandings.html?suchen=true&suchcompetitorid=&suchseason=1989","external_links_name":"FIS-ski.com"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe_Hauptbahnhof | Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof | ["1 History","1.1 Old station","1.2 New station","1.3 Development of the station","2 Operations","2.1 Long-distance services","2.2 Regional services","2.3 Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn service","2.4 Karlsruhe Stadtbahn services","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 48°59′38″N 8°24′2″E / 48.99389°N 8.40056°E / 48.99389; 8.40056Railway station in Germany
Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof Through stationMain entranceGeneral informationLocationBahnhofplatz 1a76137 KarlsruheKarlsruhe, Baden-WürttembergGermanyCoordinates48°59′38″N 8°24′2″E / 48.99389°N 8.40056°E / 48.99389; 8.40056Line(s)
Karlsruhe–Mühlacker railway
Winden–Karlsruhe railway
Rhine Valley Railway
Rhine Railway
Platforms16Connections
S 1 S 11 S 31 S 32 S 4 S 5 S 51 S 52 S 7 S 71 S 8 S 81
ConstructionArchitectural styleNeoclassical and Art NouveauOther informationStation code3107DS100 codeRKIBNR8000191Category1Fare zoneKVV: 100Websitewww.bahnhof.deHistoryOpened1913Passengers60,000 daily
Services
Preceding station
DB Fernverkehr
Following station
Terminus
ICE 11
Mannheim Hbftowards Berlin Gesundbrunnen
Baden-Badentowards Interlaken Ost or Chur
ICE 12
Mannheim Hbftowards Berlin Ostbahnhof or Hamburg Hbf
Baden-Badentowards Zürich HB
ICE 20
Mannheim Hbftowards Hamburg-Altona or Kiel Hbf
Baden-Badentowards Basel Bad Bf
ICE 22
Mannheim HbfOne-way operation
Terminus
ICE 26
Bruchsaltowards Hamburg-Altona
Baden-Badentowards Konstanz
IC 35
Mannheim Hbftowards Emden Hbf
Mannheim Hbftowards Hamburg-Altona or Amsterdam Centraal
ICE 43
Baden-Badentowards Basel SBB
Baden-Badentowards Zürich HB or Interlaken Ost
IC 43
Mannheim Hbftowards Hamburg-Altona
Terminus
ICE 60
Bruchsaltowards München Hbf
IC 61
Pforzheim Hbftowards Leipzig Hbf
Strasbourgtowards Paris Est
ICE/TGV 82
Mannheim Hbftowards Frankfurt (Main) Hbf
ICE/TGV 83
Stuttgart Hbftowards München Hbf
Baden-Badentowards Marseille
ICE/TGV 84
Mannheim Hbftowards Frankfurt (Main) Hbf
Preceding station
DB Regio Baden-Württemberg
Following station
Baden-Badentowards Konstanz
RE 2
Terminus
Preceding station
DB Regio Mitte
Following station
Graben-Neudorftowards Frankfurt (Main) Hbf
RE 4
Terminus
Wörth (Rhein)towards Kaiserslautern Hbf
RE 6
Terminus
RE 73
Karlsruhe-Durlachtowards Heidelberg Hbf
Karlsruhe Westtowards Neustadt (Weinstraße) Hbf
RB 51
Terminus
Preceding station
Following station
Terminus
IRE 1
Karlsruhe-Durlachtowards Aalen Hbf
Preceding station
Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn
Following station
Karlsruhe-Durlachtowards Germersheim
S3
Terminus
Terminus
S9
Karlsruhe-Hagsfeldtowards Groß‑Rohrheim
LocationKarlsruheLocation in Baden-WürttembergShow map of Baden-WürttembergKarlsruheLocation in GermanyShow map of GermanyKarlsruheLocation in EuropeShow map of Europe
Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof is a railway station in the German city of Karlsruhe. The station is classified as a Category 1 station, as it is a major hub where several railways connect.
History
Old station
When the Baden Mainline was built between Mannheim and Basel, the original Karlsruhe station was built on Kriegsstraße between Ettlinger Tor and Mendelssohnplatz about 500 metres south of Karlsruher Marktplatz, the central square of Karlsruhe. The station was designed by Friedrich Eisenlohr and it was opened on 1 April 1843 with two platforms. From the beginning, it was designed as a through station. South of the station there was a locomotive depot and to its east there was a freight yard and a central workshop.
It was built to Irish gauge (1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in)), as were all railways built by the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway in the early days. It was converted to standard gauge in 1855. In the following years other routes were connected to Karlsruhe station: in 1859 the line to Stuttgart, in 1863 the Maxau Railway (German: Maxaubahn) connecting with the Palatinate, in 1870 the Rhine Railway to Mannheim, in 1879 the Kraichgau Railway and in 1895 the strategic railway from Graben-Neudorf via Rastatt to Haguenau. The tracks ran at ground level and the approach lines were built with sharp curves because of the confined spaces.
The increased rail traffic and the resulting frequent closures of the level crossings disrupted the ever-growing city and made its expansion more difficult. After several years of discussion, which considered, among other things, the raising of the level of the tracks, the Baden parliament decided in 1902 to relocate the station to a site one kilometre south of the existing site.
After the opening of the new station in 1913, the existing railway station lost its function as a railway station and continued to be used until the 1960s as a market hall. Today, the Baden State Theatre is located on the former railway yard. Some of the remaining tracks were used over the decades as sidings, but have since been entirely removed. The freight yard was used as a repair shop until 1997. Ludwig-Erhard-Allee was built in the meantime on the grounds of the freight yard, the workshop area is currently being redeveloped with blocks of flats (2010).
New station
The station building, which continues in use, was built about a kilometre south of its predecessor between Südstadt and the marshalling yard. Construction began in 1910 to the plans of August Stürzenacker and the station was opened on the night of 22/23 October 1913. The station and access tracks were built in the district of Beiertheim and also occupied a significant part of the Stadtgarten (city garden, the location of Karlsruhe Zoo) and the garden behind the Stephanienbad (now Paul-Gerhardt) church. This resulted in the cutting down of the then oldest eastern cottonwood poplar in Europe.
Entrance hall
The platforms and the approach tracks were built on an embankment, with access via a pedestrian underpass. The entrance building is on the north side of the tracks. The building has both neoclassical and Art Nouveau features. East of the station building there is a second underpass, which originally served as an outlet for arriving passengers and was used for a time mainly as an underground car park and a few years ago for secure bicycle parking, but it is now back in use as a pedestrian underpass. A five-span, steel concourse was built to cover five island platforms. Later an eleventh platform track was built and, in the 1980s, three more platform tracks were created south of the station concourse. West of the station building a station annex was built with four terminal tracks, where the lines from the Palatinate and Graben-Neudorf (via Eggenstein) terminated. The construction of the new station also affected the access routes. Thus, the former stations at Mühlburger Tor in Karlsruhe and in Beiertheim and Rüppurr were closed. The stations in Mühlburg and Durlach were relocated and the tracks of the line to Mühlacker, which had previously ended in Durlach, were extended to the new Hauptbahnhof, so that there were now four tracks between Durlach and Karlsruhe. Also the new Karlsruhe-West station was opened for passenger services.
The station forecourt was designed by Wilhelm Vitalli. The square with a rectangular ground plan is surrounded by arcades. At the end of the square to the east and the west are two hotel buildings and on the northern side is the entrance to the Stadtgarten and the commercial buildings. The station forecourt is a typical ensemble of urban architecture from the last years before the First World War. East of the station was the railway post office, which had a railway siding on the tramway as well.
A week before the opening of the station a tram line was opened between Ettlinger Tor and the new station, which—after removal of the access tracks to the old station—was connected to the city centre. A new terminus for the Alb Valley Railway (Albtalbahn) was opened 300 meters west of the station in Ebertstraße in 1915.
Development of the station
In the Second World War, the station was damaged by bombing, but not destroyed, so that it could be rebuilt after the war. The period after 1950 was characterised by a continuous modernisation of the station and the forecourt. In 1957, the electrification of the railway was completed. In 1969, the rebuilding of the station forecourt began, where—in the spirit of the times—a pedestrian underpass was created and the car and tram traffic were reorganised. In 1977, a new interlocking controlled by pushing buttons was put into operation.
At the end of the 1980s, the station was expanded to include three through tracks, 12–14, and a parking garage was built. This was intended to be followed by a redesign of the area immediately south of the station, but this has still not been implemented. Two platforms were extended and modernised for Karlsruhe's inclusion in the Intercity-Express network and the access stairs were complemented with lifts and escalators.
In 1995, there was a further reorganisation of the station forecourt, during which the pedestrian underpass was closed and the tram station was rebuilt. In 1996, a rail link was built between the western track south of the station and the Albtalbahnhof (the Karlsruhe station of the Alb Valley Railway), over which Stadtbahn (light rail) services could run to Rastatt as line S 4/S 41 of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn between the rail network and the tram network. As a result, two terminating tracks, 103 and 104, were no longer necessary and, in the mid-2000s, they were closed, so the station now has 14 through tracks, 1–14, and two terminating tracks, 101 and 102.
Operations
Tram-train ("Stadtbahnwagen") in the station
The Karlsruhe station is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 1 station. It is served by Intercity-Express trains to Berlin, Hamburg, Dortmund and Basel, from Intercity trains to Stralsund, Cologne, Nuremberg, Munich and Konstanz and by TGV trains to Paris and Stuttgart. It is also served by Regional-Express services to Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Mainz, Stuttgart and Konstanz as well as local and S-Bahn services in the Karlsruhe region. According to DB the station receives about 60,000 passengers and visitors each day.
The tracks are designed for through services, with platform tracks 1–4 being used for services on the route to Mannheim and Basel, tracks 5–8 for services to and from Heidelberg and Rastatt, tracks 9–14 for services to and from Rastatt and Pforzheim and tracks 101 and 102 for services between Karlsruhe and Neustadt. The through tracks 1–14 can be approached from all lines while tracks 101 and 102 can only be used by services to and from Wörth and Durmersheim.
West of the station are carriage sidings with a turntable and the Karlsruhe depot of DB Regio. East of the station there is a second set of carriage sidings. A connecting track allows shunting between the station and Karlsruhe freight yard.
According to DB, the station is used by 130 long-distance trains, 133 regional trains and 121 S-Bahn trains each day (as at 29 June 2011).
Long-distance services
The station is served by 130 long-distance trains each day, mainly ICEs and ICs on the Rhine route and TGV Duplex trains between Paris and Stuttgart.
Line
Route
Interval
ICE 11
Karlsruhe – Mannheim – Frankfurt – Erfurt – Leipzig – Berlin – Berlin Gesundbrunnen
One train
ICE 12
Berlin Ost – Braunschweig – Frankfurt – Mannheim – Karlsruhe – Offenburg – Freiburg – Basel (– Bern – Interlaken)
Every two hours
ICE 20
(Kiel –) Hamburg – Hannover – Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe – Frankfurt – Mannheim – Karlsruhe – Baden-Baden – Freiburg – Basel – Zürich (– Chur)
ICE 26
(Binz – Stralsund –) Hamburg – Hannover – Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe – Gießen – Frankfurt – Heidelberg – Karlsruhe
IC 35
(Norddeich Mole –) Emden – Münster – Gelsenkirchen – Duisburg – Düsseldorf – Cologne – Bonn – Koblenz – Mainz – Mannheim – Karlsruhe – Baden-Baden – Offenburg – Singen – Konstanz
One train pair on the weekend
ICE 43
(Hannover – Dortmund –) or (Amsterdam – Duisburg –) Cologne – Frankfurt Airport – Mannheim – Karlsruhe – Offenburg – Freiburg – Basel
Every two hours
EC 43
Hamburg-Altona – Hamburg – Bremen – Osnabrück – Münster – Dortmund – Essen – Duisburg – Düsseldorf – Cologne – Bonn – Koblenz – Mainz – Mannheim – Karlsruhe – Baden-Baden – Freiburg – Basel – Zürich / Interlaken
Two train pairs
ICE 60
(Basel Bad – Freiburg – Offenburg – Baden-Baden –) Karlsruhe – Stuttgart – Ulm – Augsburg – Munich
Every two hours
IC 61
Karlsruhe – Pforzheim – Mühlacker – Vaihingen – Stuttgart – Aalen – Crailsheim – Nuremberg – Bamberg – Jena Paradies – Leipzig
ICE/TGV 82
Paris Est – Strasbourg – Karlsruhe – Mannheim – Frankfurt
Two train pairs
ICE/TGV 83
Paris Est – Strasbourg – Karlsruhe – Stuttgart (– Ulm – Augsburg – Munich)
Five train pairs
ICE/TGV 84
Frankfurt – Mannheim – Karlsruhe – Baden-Baden – Strasbourg – Mulhouse-Ville – Belfort-Montbéliard – Besançon Franche-Comté – Chalon-sur-Saône – Lyon-Part-Dieu – Avignon – Aix-en-Provence – Marseille-Saint-Charles
One train pair
ECE 85
Frankfurt – Mannheim – Karlsruhe – Baden-Baden – Freiburg – Basel – Lucerne – Bellinzona – Lugano – Chiasso – Monza – Milan
Regional services
Line
Route
Frequency
IRE 1
Karlsruhe – Pforzheim – Mühlacker – Vaihingen (Enz) – Stuttgart – Schorndorf – Aalen
Hourly (Stuttgart – Aalen: every two hours)
RE 2
SchwarzwaldbahnKarlsruhe – Baden-Baden – Achern – Offenburg – Villingen – Singen – Konstanz (– Kreuzlingen)
Hourly
RE 4
Südwest- Express (SÜWEX)
Karlsruhe – Germersheim – Speyer – Ludwigshafen – Frankenthal – Worms – Mainz – Frankfurt
Every two hours
RE 6
Neustadt (Weinstr) – Landau (Pfalz) – Wörth (Rhein) – Karlsruhe
Hourly
RE 40
Karlsruhe – Rastatt – Gaggenau – Gernsbach – Forbach – Freudenstadt
Every two hours
RE 45
Karlsruhe – Bretten – Eppingen – Schwaigern – Heilbronn
Hourly
RE 73
Karlsruhe – Karlsruhe-Durlach – Bruchsal – Heidelberg
Hourly
RB 41
Karlsruhe – Ettlingen West – Rastatt – Gernsbach – Forbach (some trains: Freudenstadt – Bondorf – Herrenberg)
Hourly, Mon-Fri only
RB 44
Karlsruhe – Ettlingen West – Rastatt (some trains: Baden-Baden – Achern)
Hourly
RB 51
Karlsruhe – Wörth – Kandel – Landau – Edenkoben – Neustadt
Hourly
Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn service
Karlsruhe Huaptbahnhof is start and end station of Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn line S3 service on the Karlsruhe– Bruchsal–Heidelberg– Mannheim– Ludwigshafen– Speyer– Germersheim route.
Line
Route
Frequency
S3
Karlsruhe Hbf – KA-Durlach – Bruchsal – Heidelberg – Mannheim – Ludwigshafen (Rhein) – Schifferstadt – Speyer – Germersheim
Hourly,
peak hours: 30 minute intervals
Karlsruhe Stadtbahn services
Karlsruhe station is a hub for S-Bahn train services of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn of the Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft. Most of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn services, however, use platforms A to D on the station forecourt (officially: Bahnhofplatz), which is shared with urban trams and buses.
Line
Route
Frequency
S 1
Linkenheim-Hochstetten – Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen – KA-Neureut – Karlsruhe Marktplatz – Karlsruhe Bahnhofsvorplatz – KA-Rüppurr – Ettlingen – Waldbronn-Busenbach – Bad Herrenalb
Between Ettlingen and Neureut at 10-minute intervals (weekdays),
otherwise 20 minute intervals
S 11
Linkenheim-Hochstetten – Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen – KA-Neureut – Karlsruhe Marktplatz – Karlsruhe Bahnhofsvorplatz – KA-Rüppurr – Ettlingen – Waldbronn-Busenbach – Karlsbad-Langensteinbach – Karlsbad-Ittersbach
Between Ettlingen and Neureut at minute intervals (weekdays),
otherwise 20 minute intervals
S 31
(Eutingen im Gäu –) Freudenstadt – Baiersbronn – Forbach (Baden) – Rastatt – Muggensturm – Karlsruhe Hbf – KA-Durlach Bf – Bruchsal – Östringen-Odenheim
20 minute intervals
S 32
Achern – Baden-Baden – Rastatt – Muggensturm – Karlsruhe Hbf – KA-Durlach Bf – Bruchsal – Kraichtal-Menzingen
20 minute intervals
S 4
Achern – Baden-Baden – Rastatt – Durmersheim – Karlsruhe Bahnhofsvorplatz – Karlsruhe Marktplatz – KA-Durlach Bf – Bretten – Eppingen – Heilbronn Bahnhofsvorplatz – Öhringen
3 an hour
S 51
Karlsruhe-Marktplatz – Karlsruhe Bahnhofsvorplatz – Karlsruhe West – Maximiliansau – Wörth – Jockgrim – Rheinzabern – Rülzheim – Bellheim – Germersheim
Hourly
S 7
Achern – Baden-Baden – Rastatt – Durmersheim – Karlsruhe Bahnhofsvorplatz – Karlsruhe Tullastraße/VBK
S 71
Achern – Baden-Baden – Rastatt – Muggensturm – Karlsruhe
S 8
(Herrenberg –) Eutingen im Gäu – Freudenstadt – Baiersbronn – Forbach (Baden) – Rastatt – Durmersheim – Karlsruhe Bahnhofsvorplatz – Karlsruhe Tullastraße/VBK
Every 30 minutes between Freudenstadt Hbf and Freudenstadtstadt, every 60 minutes between Freudenstadt Hbf and Karlsruhe Tullastr., every 120 minutes between Eutingen in the Gäu and Freudenstadt Hbf, a single journey from/to Herrenberg in the evening
S 81
Karlsruhe Hbf – Rastatt – Gaggenau – Gernsbach – Forbach (Schwarzwald) – Baiersbronn – Freudenstadt Stadt – Freudenstadt Hbf
Every 120 minutes, express service
Notes
^ a b c "Stationspreisliste 2024" (PDF) (in German). DB Station&Service. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
^ "Wabenplan" (PDF). Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund. 13 December 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
^ a b "Reisen, Service und Shopping für täglich 60.000 Reisende und Besucher Information" (in German). Deutsche Bahn. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
References
Otto Linde (1914). "Der neue Personenbahnhof in Karlsruhe in Baden". Zeitschrift für Bauwesen (in German). 64 (4): 239–264. (urn:nbn:de:kobv:109-opus-91915, with additional illustrations on pages 23 to 27 in the 1914 year book, urn:nbn:de:kobv:109-opus-91974.)
Klaus E. R. Lindemann, Barbara Steinhof, ed. (1988). 75 Jahre Hauptbahnhof Karlsruhe (in German). Karlsruhe: INFO VERLAG. ISBN 3-88190-058-6.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof.
"Station track plan" (PDF; 197,2 kB) (in German). Deutsche Bahn. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
Vanessa Beer (12 September 2010). "Der Hauptbahnhof Karlsruhe" (in German). Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2012(The origin and architecture of the station and its forecourt){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Portals: Transport Baden-Württemberg
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Deutsche Bahn | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Karlsruhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe"},{"link_name":"Category 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_railway_station_categories"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-categories-1"}],"text":"Railway station in GermanyKarlsruhe Hauptbahnhof is a railway station in the German city of Karlsruhe. The station is classified as a Category 1 station,[1] as it is a major hub where several railways connect.","title":"Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baden Mainline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_Mainline"},{"link_name":"Mannheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Badischer_Bahnhof"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Eisenlohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Eisenlohr"},{"link_name":"Irish gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_gauge"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_State_Railway"},{"link_name":"line to Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe%E2%80%93M%C3%BChlacker_railway"},{"link_name":"Maxau Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxau_Railway"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate_(region)"},{"link_name":"Rhine Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_Railway_(Baden)"},{"link_name":"Kraichgau Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraichgau_Railway"},{"link_name":"Graben-Neudorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben-Neudorf_station"},{"link_name":"Rastatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastatt_station"},{"link_name":"Haguenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haguenau"},{"link_name":"Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Baden State Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badisches_Staatstheater_Karlsruhe"}],"sub_title":"Old station","text":"When the Baden Mainline was built between Mannheim and Basel, the original Karlsruhe station was built on Kriegsstraße between Ettlinger Tor and Mendelssohnplatz about 500 metres south of Karlsruher Marktplatz, the central square of Karlsruhe. The station was designed by Friedrich Eisenlohr and it was opened on 1 April 1843 with two platforms. From the beginning, it was designed as a through station. South of the station there was a locomotive depot and to its east there was a freight yard and a central workshop.It was built to Irish gauge (1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in)), as were all railways built by the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway in the early days. It was converted to standard gauge in 1855. In the following years other routes were connected to Karlsruhe station: in 1859 the line to Stuttgart, in 1863 the Maxau Railway (German: Maxaubahn) connecting with the Palatinate, in 1870 the Rhine Railway to Mannheim, in 1879 the Kraichgau Railway and in 1895 the strategic railway from Graben-Neudorf via Rastatt to Haguenau. The tracks ran at ground level and the approach lines were built with sharp curves because of the confined spaces.The increased rail traffic and the resulting frequent closures of the level crossings disrupted the ever-growing city and made its expansion more difficult. After several years of discussion, which considered, among other things, the raising of the level of the tracks, the Baden parliament decided in 1902 to relocate the station to a site one kilometre south of the existing site.After the opening of the new station in 1913, the existing railway station lost its function as a railway station and continued to be used until the 1960s as a market hall. Today, the Baden State Theatre is located on the former railway yard. Some of the remaining tracks were used over the decades as sidings, but have since been entirely removed. The freight yard was used as a repair shop until 1997. Ludwig-Erhard-Allee was built in the meantime on the grounds of the freight yard, the workshop area is currently being redeveloped with blocks of flats (2010).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karlsruhe Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe_Zoo"},{"link_name":"eastern cottonwood poplar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_deltoides"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karlsruhe_asv2022-10_img19_Hauptbahnhof.jpg"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"via Eggenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardt_Railway"},{"link_name":"Durlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe-Durlach_station"},{"link_name":"line to Mühlacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe%E2%80%93M%C3%BChlacker_railway"},{"link_name":"tramway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrsbetriebe_Karlsruhe"},{"link_name":"Alb Valley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb_Valley_Railway"}],"sub_title":"New station","text":"The station building, which continues in use, was built about a kilometre south of its predecessor between Südstadt and the marshalling yard. Construction began in 1910 to the plans of August Stürzenacker and the station was opened on the night of 22/23 October 1913. The station and access tracks were built in the district of Beiertheim and also occupied a significant part of the Stadtgarten (city garden, the location of Karlsruhe Zoo) and the garden behind the Stephanienbad (now Paul-Gerhardt) church. This resulted in the cutting down of the then oldest eastern cottonwood poplar in Europe.Entrance hallThe platforms and the approach tracks were built on an embankment, with access via a pedestrian underpass. The entrance building is on the north side of the tracks. The building has both neoclassical and Art Nouveau features. East of the station building there is a second underpass, which originally served as an outlet for arriving passengers and was used for a time mainly as an underground car park and a few years ago for secure bicycle parking, but it is now back in use as a pedestrian underpass. A five-span, steel concourse was built to cover five island platforms. Later an eleventh platform track was built and, in the 1980s, three more platform tracks were created south of the station concourse. West of the station building a station annex was built with four terminal tracks, where the lines from the Palatinate and Graben-Neudorf (via Eggenstein) terminated. The construction of the new station also affected the access routes. Thus, the former stations at Mühlburger Tor in Karlsruhe and in Beiertheim and Rüppurr were closed. The stations in Mühlburg and Durlach were relocated and the tracks of the line to Mühlacker, which had previously ended in Durlach, were extended to the new Hauptbahnhof, so that there were now four tracks between Durlach and Karlsruhe. Also the new Karlsruhe-West station was opened for passenger services.The station forecourt was designed by Wilhelm Vitalli. The square with a rectangular ground plan is surrounded by arcades. At the end of the square to the east and the west are two hotel buildings and on the northern side is the entrance to the Stadtgarten and the commercial buildings. The station forecourt is a typical ensemble of urban architecture from the last years before the First World War. East of the station was the railway post office, which had a railway siding on the tramway as well.A week before the opening of the station a tram line was opened between Ettlinger Tor and the new station, which—after removal of the access tracks to the old station—was connected to the city centre. A new terminus for the Alb Valley Railway (Albtalbahn) was opened 300 meters west of the station in Ebertstraße in 1915.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interlocking controlled by pushing buttons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_interlocking"},{"link_name":"Intercity-Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercity-Express"},{"link_name":"Stadtbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtbahn"},{"link_name":"Karlsruhe Stadtbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe_Stadtbahn"}],"sub_title":"Development of the station","text":"In the Second World War, the station was damaged by bombing, but not destroyed, so that it could be rebuilt after the war. The period after 1950 was characterised by a continuous modernisation of the station and the forecourt. In 1957, the electrification of the railway was completed. In 1969, the rebuilding of the station forecourt began, where—in the spirit of the times—a pedestrian underpass was created and the car and tram traffic were reorganised. In 1977, a new interlocking controlled by pushing buttons was put into operation.At the end of the 1980s, the station was expanded to include three through tracks, 12–14, and a parking garage was built. This was intended to be followed by a redesign of the area immediately south of the station, but this has still not been implemented. Two platforms were extended and modernised for Karlsruhe's inclusion in the Intercity-Express network and the access stairs were complemented with lifts and escalators.In 1995, there was a further reorganisation of the station forecourt, during which the pedestrian underpass was closed and the tram station was rebuilt. In 1996, a rail link was built between the western track south of the station and the Albtalbahnhof (the Karlsruhe station of the Alb Valley Railway), over which Stadtbahn (light rail) services could run to Rastatt as line S 4/S 41 of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn between the rail network and the tram network. As a result, two terminating tracks, 103 and 104, were no longer necessary and, in the mid-2000s, they were closed, so the station now has 14 through tracks, 1–14, and two terminating tracks, 101 and 102.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S-Bahn-Karlsruhe.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tram-train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram-train"},{"link_name":"category 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_railway_station_categories"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-categories-1"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_SBB_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Intercity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercity_(Deutsche_Bahn)"},{"link_name":"Stralsund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stralsund_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Konstanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanz_station"},{"link_name":"TGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare_de_Paris-Est"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Regional-Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional-Express"},{"link_name":"Neustadt an der Weinstraße","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadt_(Weinstra%C3%9Fe)_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-db-3"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Pforzheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"DB Regio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Regio"}],"text":"Tram-train (\"Stadtbahnwagen\") in the stationThe Karlsruhe station is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 1 station.[1] It is served by Intercity-Express trains to Berlin, Hamburg, Dortmund and Basel, from Intercity trains to Stralsund, Cologne, Nuremberg, Munich and Konstanz and by TGV trains to Paris and Stuttgart. It is also served by Regional-Express services to Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Mainz, Stuttgart and Konstanz as well as local and S-Bahn services in the Karlsruhe region. According to DB the station receives about 60,000 passengers and visitors each day.[3]The tracks are designed for through services, with platform tracks 1–4 being used for services on the route to Mannheim and Basel, tracks 5–8 for services to and from Heidelberg and Rastatt, tracks 9–14 for services to and from Rastatt and Pforzheim and tracks 101 and 102 for services between Karlsruhe and Neustadt. The through tracks 1–14 can be approached from all lines while tracks 101 and 102 can only be used by services to and from Wörth and Durmersheim.West of the station are carriage sidings with a turntable and the Karlsruhe depot of DB Regio. East of the station there is a second set of carriage sidings. A connecting track allows shunting between the station and Karlsruhe freight yard.According to DB, the station is used by 130 long-distance trains, 133 regional trains and 121 S-Bahn trains each day (as at 29 June 2011).","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TGV Duplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Duplex"}],"sub_title":"Long-distance services","text":"The station is served by 130 long-distance trains each day, mainly ICEs and ICs on the Rhine route and TGV Duplex trains between Paris and Stuttgart.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regional services","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine-Neckar_S-Bahn"}],"sub_title":"Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn service","text":"Karlsruhe Huaptbahnhof is start and end station of Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn line S3 service on the Karlsruhe– Bruchsal–Heidelberg– Mannheim– Ludwigshafen– Speyer– Germersheim route.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karlsruhe Stadtbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe_Stadtbahn"},{"link_name":"Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft"}],"sub_title":"Karlsruhe Stadtbahn services","text":"Karlsruhe station is a hub for S-Bahn train services of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn of the Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft. Most of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn services, however, use platforms A to D on the station forecourt (officially: Bahnhofplatz), which is shared with urban trams and buses.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-categories_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-categories_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-categories_1-2"},{"link_name":"\"Stationspreisliste 2024\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutschebahn.com/resource/blob/10549430/8b4014c743df66a357abf2c652860d8b/Anlage-1-Geplantes-Entgelt-pro-Station-alphabetisch-sortiert-getrennt-nach-Bahnhof-und-Bahnsteig_R1-data.pdf"},{"link_name":"DB Station&Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Station%26Service"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Wabenplan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.kvv.de/fileadmin/user_upload/kvv/Dateien/Fahrplaene_Netzplaene/2020-12_-_KVV-Wabenplan.pdf"},{"link_name":"Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karlsruher_Verkehrsverbund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-db_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-db_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Reisen, Service und Shopping für täglich 60.000 Reisende und Besucher Information\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120215055042/http://www.bahnhof.de/site/bahnhoefe/de/sued/karlsruhe__hbf/daten__und__fakten/daten__und__fakten__.html"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bahnhof.de/site/bahnhoefe/de/sued/karlsruhe__hbf/daten__und__fakten/daten__und__fakten__.html"}],"text":"^ a b c \"Stationspreisliste 2024\" [Station price list 2024] (PDF) (in German). DB Station&Service. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.\n\n\n^ \"Wabenplan\" (PDF). Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund. 13 December 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2021.\n\n^ a b \"Reisen, Service und Shopping für täglich 60.000 Reisende und Besucher Information\" (in German). Deutsche Bahn. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Entrance hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Karlsruhe_asv2022-10_img19_Hauptbahnhof.jpg/220px-Karlsruhe_asv2022-10_img19_Hauptbahnhof.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tram-train (\"Stadtbahnwagen\") in the station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/S-Bahn-Karlsruhe.JPG/220px-S-Bahn-Karlsruhe.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Stationspreisliste 2024\" [Station price list 2024] (PDF) (in German). DB Station&Service. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deutschebahn.com/resource/blob/10549430/8b4014c743df66a357abf2c652860d8b/Anlage-1-Geplantes-Entgelt-pro-Station-alphabetisch-sortiert-getrennt-nach-Bahnhof-und-Bahnsteig_R1-data.pdf","url_text":"\"Stationspreisliste 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Station%26Service","url_text":"DB Station&Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Wabenplan\" (PDF). Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund. 13 December 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kvv.de/fileadmin/user_upload/kvv/Dateien/Fahrplaene_Netzplaene/2020-12_-_KVV-Wabenplan.pdf","url_text":"\"Wabenplan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karlsruher_Verkehrsverbund&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund"}]},{"reference":"\"Reisen, Service und Shopping für täglich 60.000 Reisende und Besucher Information\" (in German). Deutsche Bahn. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120215055042/http://www.bahnhof.de/site/bahnhoefe/de/sued/karlsruhe__hbf/daten__und__fakten/daten__und__fakten__.html","url_text":"\"Reisen, Service und Shopping für täglich 60.000 Reisende und Besucher Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn","url_text":"Deutsche Bahn"},{"url":"http://www.bahnhof.de/site/bahnhoefe/de/sued/karlsruhe__hbf/daten__und__fakten/daten__und__fakten__.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Otto Linde (1914). \"Der neue Personenbahnhof in Karlsruhe in Baden\". Zeitschrift für Bauwesen (in German). 64 (4): 239–264.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Klaus E. R. Lindemann, Barbara Steinhof, ed. (1988). 75 Jahre Hauptbahnhof Karlsruhe (in German). Karlsruhe: INFO VERLAG. ISBN 3-88190-058-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88190-058-6","url_text":"3-88190-058-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Station track plan\" (PDF; 197,2 kB) (in German). Deutsche Bahn. Retrieved 6 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deutschebahn.com/site/bahn/de/geschaefte/infrastruktur__schiene/netz/netzzugang/dokumente/Bahnhof/SNB/R/RK__NBS.pdf","url_text":"\"Station track plan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn","url_text":"Deutsche Bahn"}]},{"reference":"Vanessa Beer (12 September 2010). \"Der Hauptbahnhof Karlsruhe\" (in German). Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2012(The origin and architecture of the station and its forecourt)","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100906083343/https://www.karlsruhe.de/kultur/stadtgeschichte/denkmaltag/2010/hauptbahnhof_suedweststadt","url_text":"\"Der Hauptbahnhof Karlsruhe\""},{"url":"http://www.karlsruhe.de/kultur/stadtgeschichte/denkmaltag/2010/hauptbahnhof_suedweststadt","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karlsruhe_Hauptbahnhof¶ms=48_59_38_N_8_24_2_E_region:DE-BW_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"48°59′38″N 8°24′2″E / 48.99389°N 8.40056°E / 48.99389; 8.40056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karlsruhe_Hauptbahnhof¶ms=48_59_38_N_8_24_2_E_region:DE-BW_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"48°59′38″N 8°24′2″E / 48.99389°N 8.40056°E / 48.99389; 8.40056"},{"Link":"https://www.bahnhof.de/en/Karlsruhe-Hbf","external_links_name":"www.bahnhof.de"},{"Link":"https://www.deutschebahn.com/resource/blob/10549430/8b4014c743df66a357abf2c652860d8b/Anlage-1-Geplantes-Entgelt-pro-Station-alphabetisch-sortiert-getrennt-nach-Bahnhof-und-Bahnsteig_R1-data.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Stationspreisliste 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.kvv.de/fileadmin/user_upload/kvv/Dateien/Fahrplaene_Netzplaene/2020-12_-_KVV-Wabenplan.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Wabenplan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120215055042/http://www.bahnhof.de/site/bahnhoefe/de/sued/karlsruhe__hbf/daten__und__fakten/daten__und__fakten__.html","external_links_name":"\"Reisen, Service und Shopping für täglich 60.000 Reisende und Besucher Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.bahnhof.de/site/bahnhoefe/de/sued/karlsruhe__hbf/daten__und__fakten/daten__und__fakten__.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de%3Akobv%3A109-opus-91915","external_links_name":"nbn:de:kobv:109-opus-91915"},{"Link":"https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de%3Akobv%3A109-opus-91974","external_links_name":"nbn:de:kobv:109-opus-91974"},{"Link":"http://www.deutschebahn.com/site/bahn/de/geschaefte/infrastruktur__schiene/netz/netzzugang/dokumente/Bahnhof/SNB/R/RK__NBS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Station track plan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100906083343/https://www.karlsruhe.de/kultur/stadtgeschichte/denkmaltag/2010/hauptbahnhof_suedweststadt","external_links_name":"\"Der Hauptbahnhof Karlsruhe\""},{"Link":"http://www.karlsruhe.de/kultur/stadtgeschichte/denkmaltag/2010/hauptbahnhof_suedweststadt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/242177681","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4232909-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20056327","external_links_name":"Structurae"},{"Link":"https://iris.noncd.db.de/wbt/js/index.html?bhf=RK&zeilen=50&seclang=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Bahn"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welthungerhilfe | Welthungerhilfe | ["1 Goals and Guidelines","2 History","3 Structure","4 Funding","5 Activities","6 Transparency","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | AbbreviationWHHTypeNGOPurposedevelopment cooperation, humanitarian assistanceHeadquartersBonn, GermanySecretary GeneralMathias MoggeChair of the BoardMarlehn ThiemeWebsitewww.welthungerhilfe.org
Deutsche Welthungerhilfe e. V. – or Welthungerhilfe (German pronunciation: ⓘ; literally: World Hunger Help) for short – is a German non-denominational and politically independent non-profit and non-governmental aid agency working in the fields of development cooperation and humanitarian assistance. Since its founding in 1962, it has used 4.2 billion euros to carry out more than 10.369 projects in 70 countries in Africa, Latin America and Asia. Welthungerhilfe holds the Seal of Approval awarded by Deutsches Zentralinstitut für Soziale Fragen (DZI). In 2014, Welthungerhilfe and the aid organization World Vision International were announced the most transparent German organizations.
Welthungerhilfe is part of the Partner Circle of the Foundations Platform F20, a global network of foundations and philanthropic organizations.
Goals and Guidelines
Welthungerhilfe's goal is to end hunger and poverty. Following the basic principle of help towards self-help, it works with local partner organisations to support the efforts of people in developing countries to free themselves from hunger and poverty and to provide for themselves on a sustainable basis.
History
Welthungerhilfe was founded in 1962 on the initiative of the then Federal President of Germany, Heinrich Lübke. It formed the German section of the Freedom from Hunger Campaign, which was launched in 1961 by Binay Ranjan Sen, the Director-General of the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In 1967 the organisation's name was changed to Deutsche Welthungerhilfe e. V. The organisation's chairpersons have been:
1962–1965: Fritz Dietz
1965–1968: Hans-Joachim von Merkatz
1968–1973: Heinrich Kraut
1973–1984: Claus W. Broicher
1984–1995: Helga Henselder-Barzel
1996–2008: Ingeborg Schäuble
2008–2018: Bärbel Dieckmann (new title after changing the management structure: President)
2018–present: Marlehn Thieme
Structure
Since its founding, the respective Federal President of Germany has been patron of the organization. In 2008, a new management structure was established. Bärbel Dieckmann, who was at that time the mayor of Bonn, became Welthungerhilfe's President in November 2008; her deputy is Joachim von Braun, Director of the Center for Development Research (ZEF) at the University of Bonn. In organisational terms the registered association is managed by an honorary Supervisory Board of seven members which appoints a three-member executive Board of Directors. In September 2018, Mathias Mogge has been selected as secretary general.
Funding
Despite a rapid increase in the amount of private donations from the general public (2016: 44.7 million euros), Welthungerhilfe continues to finance the majority of its work from institutional grants (2016: 213.4 million euros). The largest institutional donor organisations are the United Nations' World Food Programme (WFP), the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), the EU Commission and the German Federal Foreign Office (AA). In addition to those principal sources, income is received through 'Foundation Welthungerhilfe' (2016: 0.8 million euros) and "Interest and other income" (2016: 2.2 million euros). In 2016, Welthungerhilfe spent 4.9% of its income on administration, a further 9.7% was spent on advertising and public relations.
Activities
As well as direct disaster aid, Welthungerhilfe mainly provides support for people in developing countries in the fields of rural development and food security. Projects to restore basic infrastructure (schools, roads, etc.) to improve social integration and education and to strengthen civil society and health care are also carried out.
In Germany and Europe, Welthungerhilfe is working together with other organisations to scrutinize current development policies and to campaign the relevant government bodies. In 2016, 17 projects in Germany helped raise awareness of global problems among the German and European public and political bodies. Together with the children's charity, terre des hommes, Welthungerhilfe regularly publishes the Report on the Reality of Development Aid. Welthungerhilfe is a member of VENRO, the Association of German Development and Humanitarian Aid NGOs. Together with the Alliance2015 network, an association of seven European aid organisations, it carries out political lobbying work at European level. It also promotes the appropriate debate of development politics topics in school lessons by providing teaching material, and offers a range of participative campaigns. Volunteer supporters assist Welthungerhilfe with fundraising events.
Since 2006, Welthungerhilfe, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), and – since 2007 – Concern Worldwide have been publishing the annual Global Hunger Index every October.
Transparency
In 2014, the analysis institute Phineo conducted a study on transparency and examined 50 aid agencies in different categories. The research revealed the level of transparency of the information provided by the organizations about their strategies, activities and impact. Welthungerhilfe documents its work transparently on its website and was named as the most transparent organization in Germany in December 2014, alongside World Vision.
See also
Viva con Agua de Sankt Pauli
References
^ "F20 – For a transformation that leaves no one behind – F20 – For a transformation that leaves no one behind". Retrieved 18 November 2020.
^ Welthungerhilfe's vision and guidelines https://www.welthungerhilfe.org/about-us/mission-and-vision/vision
^ "Change of Leadership at Welthungerhilfe". Welthungerhilfe.de – Für eine Welt ohne Hunger und Armut. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
^ "Welthungerhilfe Press Release: Change in Executive Board at Welthungerhilfe".
^ "Annual Report | Welthungerhilfe Facts and Figures". Welthungerhilfe.de – Für eine Welt ohne Hunger und Armut. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^ "This is How Welthungerhilfe Works". Welthungerhilfe.de – Für eine Welt ohne Hunger und Armut. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^ "Transparency and Quality at Welthungerhilfe". Welthungerhilfe.de – Für eine Welt ohne Hunger und Armut. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
^ Diekmann, Florian; Sayami (Grafik), Hanz Omar (28 November 2014). "Rangliste: So transparent arbeiten die großen Spendenorganisationen". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
Further reading
"Rede: Aufruf zur Woche der Welthungerhilfe". Der Bundespräsident (in German). 22 October 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
"Rede: Festakt 60 Jahre Welthungerhilfe". Der Bundespräsident (in German). Retrieved 15 December 2022.
External links
Welthungerhilfe
Welthungerhilfe South Asia
Civil Society Academy
Alliance2015
Millennium Village Project managed by Welthungerhilfe in the Development Cooperation Handbook . ⇒ playlist
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CiNii | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[vɛltˈhʊŋɐˌhɪlfə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/De-Welthungerhilfe.ogg/De-Welthungerhilfe.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Welthungerhilfe.ogg"},{"link_name":"non-governmental aid agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"development cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_cooperation"},{"link_name":"humanitarian assistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_aid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"World Vision International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Vision_International"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Foundations Platform F20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foundations_Platform_F20&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Deutsche Welthungerhilfe e. V. – or Welthungerhilfe (German pronunciation: [vɛltˈhʊŋɐˌhɪlfə] ⓘ; literally: World Hunger Help) for short – is a German non-denominational and politically independent non-profit and non-governmental aid agency working in the fields of development cooperation and humanitarian assistance. Since its founding in 1962, it has used 4.2 billion euros to carry out more than 10.369 projects in 70 countries in Africa, Latin America and Asia.[1] Welthungerhilfe holds the Seal of Approval awarded by Deutsches Zentralinstitut für Soziale Fragen (DZI). In 2014, Welthungerhilfe and the aid organization World Vision International were announced the most transparent German organizations.[citation needed]Welthungerhilfe is part of the Partner Circle of the Foundations Platform F20, a global network of foundations and philanthropic organizations. [1]","title":"Welthungerhilfe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"developing countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countries"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"sustainable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability"}],"text":"Welthungerhilfe's goal is to end hunger and poverty. Following the basic principle of help towards self-help, it works with local partner organisations to support the efforts of people in developing countries to free themselves from hunger and poverty [2] and to provide for themselves on a sustainable basis.","title":"Goals and Guidelines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heinrich Lübke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke"},{"link_name":"Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization"},{"link_name":"Hans-Joachim von Merkatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz"},{"link_name":"Claus W. Broicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claus_W._Broicher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Helga Henselder-Barzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Henselder-Barzel"},{"link_name":"Ingeborg Schäuble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingeborg_Sch%C3%A4uble&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bärbel Dieckmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4rbel_Dieckmann"},{"link_name":"Marlehn Thieme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marlehn_Thieme&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Welthungerhilfe was founded in 1962 on the initiative of the then Federal President of Germany, Heinrich Lübke. It formed the German section of the Freedom from Hunger Campaign, which was launched in 1961 by Binay Ranjan Sen, the Director-General of the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In 1967 the organisation's name was changed to Deutsche Welthungerhilfe e. V. The organisation's chairpersons have been:1962–1965: Fritz Dietz\n1965–1968: Hans-Joachim von Merkatz\n1968–1973: Heinrich Kraut\n1973–1984: Claus W. Broicher\n1984–1995: Helga Henselder-Barzel\n1996–2008: Ingeborg Schäuble\n2008–2018: Bärbel Dieckmann (new title after changing the management structure: President)\n2018–present: Marlehn Thieme[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal President of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Bärbel Dieckmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4rbel_Dieckmann"},{"link_name":"Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn"},{"link_name":"Joachim von Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Braun"},{"link_name":"University of Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bonn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Since its founding, the respective Federal President of Germany has been patron of the organization. In 2008, a new management structure was established. Bärbel Dieckmann, who was at that time the mayor of Bonn, became Welthungerhilfe's President in November 2008; her deputy is Joachim von Braun, Director of the Center for Development Research (ZEF) at the University of Bonn. In organisational terms the registered association is managed by an honorary Supervisory Board of seven members which appoints a three-member executive Board of Directors. In September 2018, Mathias Mogge has been selected as secretary general.[4]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Food Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme"},{"link_name":"Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Economic_Cooperation_and_Development"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Internationale_Zusammenarbeit"},{"link_name":"EU Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"German Federal Foreign Office (AA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Despite a rapid increase in the amount of private donations from the general public (2016: 44.7 million euros), Welthungerhilfe continues to finance the majority of its work from institutional grants (2016: 213.4 million euros). The largest institutional donor organisations are the United Nations' World Food Programme (WFP), the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), the EU Commission and the German Federal Foreign Office (AA). In addition to those principal sources, income is received through 'Foundation Welthungerhilfe' (2016: 0.8 million euros) and \"Interest and other income\" (2016: 2.2 million euros). In 2016, Welthungerhilfe spent 4.9% of its income on administration, a further 9.7% was spent on advertising and public relations.[5]","title":"Funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rural development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_development"},{"link_name":"food security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"civil society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society"},{"link_name":"terre des hommes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_des_hommes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"VENRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VENRO"},{"link_name":"International Food Policy Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"Concern Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concern_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"Global Hunger Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Hunger_Index"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"As well as direct disaster aid, Welthungerhilfe mainly provides support for people in developing countries in the fields of rural development and food security.[6] Projects to restore basic infrastructure (schools, roads, etc.) to improve social integration and education and to strengthen civil society and health care are also carried out.In Germany and Europe, Welthungerhilfe is working together with other organisations to scrutinize current development policies and to campaign the relevant government bodies. In 2016, 17 projects in Germany helped raise awareness of global problems among the German and European public and political bodies. Together with the children's charity, terre des hommes, Welthungerhilfe regularly publishes the Report on the Reality of Development Aid.[6] Welthungerhilfe is a member of VENRO, the Association of German Development and Humanitarian Aid NGOs. Together with the Alliance2015 network, an association of seven European aid organisations, it carries out political lobbying work at European level. It also promotes the appropriate debate of development politics topics in school lessons by providing teaching material, and offers a range of participative campaigns. Volunteer supporters assist Welthungerhilfe with fundraising events.Since 2006, Welthungerhilfe, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), and – since 2007 – Concern Worldwide have been publishing the annual Global Hunger Index every October.[7]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phineo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phineo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 2014, the analysis institute Phineo conducted a study on transparency and examined 50 aid agencies in different categories. The research revealed the level of transparency of the information provided by the organizations about their strategies, activities and impact. Welthungerhilfe documents its work transparently on its website[7] and was named as the most transparent organization in Germany in December 2014, alongside World Vision.[8]","title":"Transparency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Rede: Aufruf zur Woche der Welthungerhilfe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Reden/DE/Frank-Walter-Steinmeier/Reden/2022/10/221016-Aufruf-Welthungerhilfe.html"},{"link_name":"Der Bundespräsident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Bundespr%C3%A4sident"},{"link_name":"\"Rede: Festakt 60 Jahre Welthungerhilfe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Reden/DE/Frank-Walter-Steinmeier/Reden/2022/12/221214-60-Jahre-Welthungerhilfe.html"},{"link_name":"Der Bundespräsident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Bundespr%C3%A4sident"}],"text":"\"Rede: Aufruf zur Woche der Welthungerhilfe\". Der Bundespräsident (in German). 22 October 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.\n\"Rede: Festakt 60 Jahre Welthungerhilfe\". Der Bundespräsident (in German). Retrieved 15 December 2022.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Viva con Agua de Sankt Pauli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_con_Agua_de_Sankt_Pauli"}] | [{"reference":"\"F20 – For a transformation that leaves no one behind – F20 – For a transformation that leaves no one behind\". Retrieved 18 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foundations-20.org/","url_text":"\"F20 – For a transformation that leaves no one behind – F20 – For a transformation that leaves no one behind\""}]},{"reference":"\"Change of Leadership at Welthungerhilfe\". Welthungerhilfe.de – Für eine Welt ohne Hunger und Armut. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welthungerhilfe.org/news/press-releases/new-president-of-welthungerhilfe-elected/","url_text":"\"Change of Leadership at Welthungerhilfe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welthungerhilfe Press Release: Change in Executive Board at Welthungerhilfe\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welthungerhilfe.org/news/press-releases/change-of-leadership-at-welthungerhilfe/","url_text":"\"Welthungerhilfe Press Release: Change in Executive Board at Welthungerhilfe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report | Welthungerhilfe Facts and Figures\". Welthungerhilfe.de – Für eine Welt ohne Hunger und Armut. Retrieved 5 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welthungerhilfe.org/about-us/transparency-and-quality/annual-report/","url_text":"\"Annual Report | Welthungerhilfe Facts and Figures\""}]},{"reference":"\"This is How Welthungerhilfe Works\". Welthungerhilfe.de – Für eine Welt ohne Hunger und Armut. Retrieved 5 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welthungerhilfe.org/news/latest-articles/this-is-how-welthungerhilfe-works/","url_text":"\"This is How Welthungerhilfe Works\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transparency and Quality at Welthungerhilfe\". Welthungerhilfe.de – Für eine Welt ohne Hunger und Armut. Retrieved 7 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welthungerhilfe.org/about-us/transparency-and-quality/","url_text":"\"Transparency and Quality at Welthungerhilfe\""}]},{"reference":"Diekmann, Florian; Sayami (Grafik), Hanz Omar (28 November 2014). \"Rangliste: So transparent arbeiten die großen Spendenorganisationen\". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 7 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/service/transparenz-test-ranking-der-50-top-spenden-organisationen-a-1005164.html","url_text":"\"Rangliste: So transparent arbeiten die großen Spendenorganisationen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rede: Aufruf zur Woche der Welthungerhilfe\". Der Bundespräsident (in German). 22 October 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Reden/DE/Frank-Walter-Steinmeier/Reden/2022/10/221016-Aufruf-Welthungerhilfe.html","url_text":"\"Rede: Aufruf zur Woche der Welthungerhilfe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Bundespr%C3%A4sident","url_text":"Der Bundespräsident"}]},{"reference":"\"Rede: Festakt 60 Jahre Welthungerhilfe\". Der Bundespräsident (in German). Retrieved 15 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Reden/DE/Frank-Walter-Steinmeier/Reden/2022/12/221214-60-Jahre-Welthungerhilfe.html","url_text":"\"Rede: Festakt 60 Jahre Welthungerhilfe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Bundespr%C3%A4sident","url_text":"Der Bundespräsident"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.welthungerhilfe.org/","external_links_name":"www.welthungerhilfe.org"},{"Link":"https://www.foundations-20.org/","external_links_name":"\"F20 – For a transformation that leaves no one behind – F20 – For a transformation that leaves no one behind\""},{"Link":"https://www.welthungerhilfe.org/about-us/mission-and-vision/vision","external_links_name":"https://www.welthungerhilfe.org/about-us/mission-and-vision/vision"},{"Link":"https://www.welthungerhilfe.org/news/press-releases/new-president-of-welthungerhilfe-elected/","external_links_name":"\"Change of Leadership at Welthungerhilfe\""},{"Link":"https://www.welthungerhilfe.org/news/press-releases/change-of-leadership-at-welthungerhilfe/","external_links_name":"\"Welthungerhilfe Press Release: Change in Executive Board at Welthungerhilfe\""},{"Link":"https://www.welthungerhilfe.org/about-us/transparency-and-quality/annual-report/","external_links_name":"\"Annual Report | Welthungerhilfe Facts and Figures\""},{"Link":"https://www.welthungerhilfe.org/news/latest-articles/this-is-how-welthungerhilfe-works/","external_links_name":"\"This is How Welthungerhilfe Works\""},{"Link":"https://www.welthungerhilfe.org/about-us/transparency-and-quality/","external_links_name":"\"Transparency and Quality at Welthungerhilfe\""},{"Link":"https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/service/transparenz-test-ranking-der-50-top-spenden-organisationen-a-1005164.html","external_links_name":"\"Rangliste: So transparent arbeiten die großen Spendenorganisationen\""},{"Link":"https://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Reden/DE/Frank-Walter-Steinmeier/Reden/2022/10/221016-Aufruf-Welthungerhilfe.html","external_links_name":"\"Rede: Aufruf zur Woche der Welthungerhilfe\""},{"Link":"https://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Reden/DE/Frank-Walter-Steinmeier/Reden/2022/12/221214-60-Jahre-Welthungerhilfe.html","external_links_name":"\"Rede: Festakt 60 Jahre Welthungerhilfe\""},{"Link":"https://www.welthungerhilfe.de/home-english.html","external_links_name":"Welthungerhilfe"},{"Link":"http://welthungerhilfesouthasia.org/","external_links_name":"Welthungerhilfe South Asia"},{"Link":"https://www.civilsocietyacademy.org/","external_links_name":"Civil Society Academy"},{"Link":"http://www.alliance2015.org/","external_links_name":"Alliance2015"},{"Link":"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Development_Cooperation_Handbook/Stories/Millennium_Village_Project","external_links_name":"Millennium Village Project"},{"Link":"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Development_Cooperation_Handbook","external_links_name":"Development Cooperation Handbook"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9C83AA9B9A1EDF86","external_links_name":"playlist"},{"Link":"https://ec.europa.eu/echo/partnerships/humanitarian-partners_en","external_links_name":"Humanitarian partners"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000107275478","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153079181","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/12006115","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/2008313-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82253938","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA16609420?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_and_Only_(British_TV_series) | The One and Only (British TV series) | ["1 Concept","2 Contestants","2.1 Anthony Adams","2.2 Ed Hintze","2.3 Evelyne Brink","2.4 Greg Dorell","2.5 Joanna Berns","2.6 Katy Setterfield","2.7 Moni Tivoni","2.8 Siam Hurlock","2.9 Simon Abbotts","2.10 Tara Stafford-Allen","2.11 Tony Lewis","2.12 Victoria Jones","3 Live Show Details","3.1 Week One","3.2 Week Two","3.3 Week Three","3.4 Week Four","3.5 Week Five","3.6 Final Week Six","4 Elimination Table","5 References","6 External links"] | British TV series or programme
The One and OnlyGenreRealityPresented byGraham NortonCountry of originUnited KingdomNo. of series1No. of episodes6Original releaseNetworkBBC OneRelease5 January (2008-01-05) –16 February 2008 (2008-02-16)
The One and Only is an entertainment talent contest made by the BBC. It was broadcast on BBC One and hosted by Graham Norton. The aim of the show is to find a musical tribute act to perform in a three-month stint in Las Vegas. Each week throughout January and February 2008 one of their number was lost after a public vote, and the other acts then chose who should go through based on their second performance.
The Judges were David Grant and Carrie Grant. The show was won on 16 February 2008 by Katy Setterfield as Dusty Springfield.
Concept
The top twelve contestants were emulating one famous musician, both past and present.
These musicians are Britney Spears, Cher, Diana Ross, Dusty Springfield, Elton John, Frank Sinatra, Kylie Minogue, Lionel Richie, Madonna, Robbie Williams, Rod Stewart, and Tom Jones. Each week the contestants performed a song by their idols, after which the public voted. The two contestants with the fewest votes then had to sing again in front of a panel of the safe contestants. These contestants then voted to save one of the bottom two performers, and the contestant with the least support from their fellow contestants was eliminated.
Contestants
The top twelve contestants were chosen from thousands of potential contestants around the country to participate in a series of auditions, from which a top three for each tribute act was chosen. These final three contestants then went on to audition in front of a selection of "superfans" of their chosen tribute act, who chose the act who would go through to the final twelve. The final twelve contestants were:
Contestant
Eliminated
Katy Setterfield (Dusty Springfield)
Winner
Anthony Adams (Frank Sinatra)
Week 6
Moni Tivony (Lionel Richie)
Week 6
Joanna Berns (Cher)
Week 6
Tony Lewis (Robbie Williams)
Week 6
Siam Hurlock (Diana Ross)
Week 5
Simon Abbotts (Tom Jones)
Week 5
Ed Hintze (Elton John)
Week 4
Victoria Jones (Kylie Minogue)
Week 4
Tara Stafford-Allen (Britney Spears)
Week 3
Evelyne Brink (Madonna)
Week 2
Greg Dorell (Rod Stewart)
Week 1
Anthony Adams
Anthony was a 52-year-old delivery driver and Frank Sinatra tribute act from Poole, Dorset. Anthony had always wanted a career in music but had never had any major success in this field. Anthony once set up a Sinatra tribute band called "Simply Sinatra" and was persuaded to audition for the show by a customer of his. Anthony's favourite Sinatra song was "Three Coins in the Fountain". Anthony finished in second place, as announced on the Final Show.
Ed Hintze
Ed was a 34-year-old music teacher and Elton John impersonator from Weymouth. Ed performed his first solo gig at the age of twelve, which consisted of playing the keyboards at his local pub. After being inspired by another tribute act Ed began a tribute to Elton John in 1992. Ed lives with his wife and two children, and enjoys spending his free time cooking gourmet meals for her. Ed's favourite Elton John song is "Sorry Seems to be the Hardest Word". He was also the only performer on the show who played an instrument live as well as singing. Ed was Eliminated in Week Four after losing the student Vote against Cher.
Evelyne Brink
Evelyne, who originates from Frankfurt in Germany, was a 31-year-old Madonna lookalike and soundalike. She has lived all over the World before settling in London, including a period in the United States when Evelyne lived in the same New York City district that Madonna once lived in. Evelyne was always told that she looked like Madonna, but it wasn't until 2003 that she first performed as Madonna in Purley, Surrey. Evelyne worked in promotions and waitressing, as well as studying at the New York School of Music and Television. Evelyne was in the Bottom Two in Week One, and was Eliminated Week Two.
Greg Dorell
Greg was a 41-year-old Rod Stewart tribute act. Since leaving school Greg had worked as a butcher and in a hairdressing apprenticeship. Greg's talent was first spotted by an ex-girlfriend when she heard him singing along to a Rod Stewart track and asked him to give a performance at the London Palladium for a children's dance concert she was involved in. He gigged regularly in his local area and around the country, and said his favourite Rod Stewart songs are "Baby Jane" and "Forever Young". Greg was Eliminated Week One.
Joanna Berns
Joanna was a 35-year-old Cher impersonator from Hertfordshire. Joanna first put together her Cher tribute act in 1998, but had been singing since the age of four. Joanna made a living from performing as Cher and performs her tribute act each year on a Caribbean cruise ship and has performed as Cher in Dubai. Joanna came from a very musical family, and her current boyfriend Steve was also a singer, who sometimes performed with her. Joanna's favourite Cher song was "Love and Understanding". Joanna was in the Bottom Three in Weeks Four and Five, but was saved by the student Vote. Cher was Eliminated in the first show of the Final Week, and did not get the chance to perform in the second programme.
Katy Setterfield
Katy was a 37-year-old Dusty Springfield impersonator from High Wycombe. Katy had been a musician all her life, but when she was not singing she enjoys spending time with her horses, walking her dog and jogging. Katy had travelled all over the World in a stage act which paid tribute to the music of Dusty Springfield, as well as Cher and Tina Turner. Katy had the ability to contort her voice to fit the sound of various musical superstars, but said that her favourite was Dusty. Katy's husband, Andy Hodge, was the bass player in her stage act, and said her favourite Dusty Springfield song was "Son of a Preacher Man". Katy was announced as the Winner of The One and Only on the final show.
www.katysetterfield.com
Moni Tivoni
Moni, a 27-year-old supermarket worker and Lionel Richie tribute act had been singing and performing since he was a small child. Moni's mother was a huge Motown fan and he immersed himself in the music. Despite never having performed as Lionel Richie on stage Moni performed part-time in a soul vocal group. Moni's favourite Lionel songs were "Penny Lover", "Say You, Say Me" and "All Night Long (All Night)". Moni went on to finish in Third Place on the final night. Moni later went on and auditioned for The Voice UK in 2013 and made it to the knockout rounds.
Siam Hurlock
Siam was a 39-year-old Diana Ross tribute act from London. Singing and performing had always been Siam's dream, and as a child became obsessed with Motown performers, dreaming that one day she could be like Diana Ross. As a child Siam was too nervous to performs in front of an audience, even running off of the stage at the Hackney Empire once as nerves got the better of her. Before The One and Only Siam worked as a hairdresser in London, but had also worked in the West End, once playing Diana Ross in the musical "Dancing in the Streets". Siam crafted her own costumes that accompany her on stage and said that her favourite Diana Ross song was "Ain't No Mountain High Enough". Siam was in the Bottom Two in Week 2, and was Eliminated in Week 5 after losing the Public Vote against Cher.
Simon Abbotts
Simon was a 42-year-old Tom Jones tribute act. He first started performing as Tom Jones when he was 25 years old and had been performing regularly as him ever since. Simon once had a single chart in Germany with the band Pulse. Simon's greatest ambition was to perform in Las Vegas and to sing on television. His favourite Tom Jones song was "I'll Never Fall in Love Again". Simon was Eliminated in Week Five when he polled Bottom of the Public Vote.
Tara Stafford-Allen
Tara, a 29-year-old police officer from Lincolnshire, was a Britney Spears impersonator. Tara had only been performing as Britney for nine months, but had been singing since she was 12 years old. As a child an illness affecting Tara's immune system left her unable to pursue her love of acting and singing, and doctors feared she may lose her legs. Tara originally trained as a riding instructor, pursuing her other passion of horses, but later decided to re-train as a police officer. Tara lived next door to her parents in Lincolnshire and said that the only time she had ever been apart from them was when she briefly attended a boarding school. Tara's favourite Britney Spears track was "I Love Rock N Roll". Tara was Eliminated in Week Three.
Tony Lewis
Tony, was a 27-year-old former plumber and air conditioning engineer from Lancashire. In his spare time he worked as a Robbie Williams tribute act. Tony first started working as a tribute act when he entered a karaoke competition and won. Tony had been following Robbie's concert tours since 1996 and had been a successful Robbie Williams Tribute Act for more than five years. Tony's favourite Robbie Williams song was "Let Me Entertain You". Robbie was Eliminated in the first show of the Final Week, and did not get the chance to perform in the second programme.
Victoria Jones
Victoria was a 25-year-old Kylie Minogue impersonator. Victoria had always been a Kylie fan; as a child her mother would curl her hair so she could look like her idol, and by the time she was fifteen years old she was performing Kylie track on stage in a cabaret act. Victoria's tribute act included a performance of "Better the Devil You Know" dressed in those famous hot-pants. Despite Victoria's obvious talent it was only when she was involved in a car accident the previous year that she truly decided to follow her dream. Victoria was highly competitive and determined to win the One and Only, and said her favourite Kylie record was "Better the Devil You Know". Victoria was in the Bottom Two in Week Three, and Eliminated Week Four.
Live Show Details
Week One
Artist
Song (Original Artists)
Results
Anthony Adams (Frank Sinatra)
Strangers in the Night- Frank Sinatra
Ed Hintze (Elton John)
I Guess That's Why They Call It The Blues - Elton John
Evelyne Brink (Madonna)
Material Girl - Madonna
Bottom Two
Greg Dorell (Rod Stewart)
Do Ya Think I'm Sexy - Rod Stewart
Eliminated
Joanna Berns (Cher)
Strong Enough - Cher
Katie Setterfield (Dusty Springfield)
I Only Wanna Be With You - Dusty Springfield
Moni Tivony (Lionel Richie)
Easy - Lionel Richie
Siam Hurlcok (Diana Ross)
I'm Coming Out - Diana Ross
Simon Abbotts (Tom Jones)
What's New Pussycat - Tom Jones
Tara Stafford-Allen (Britney Spears)
(You Drive Me) Crazy - Britney Spears
Tony Lewis (Robbie Williams)
Feel - Robbie Williams
Victoria Jones (Kylie Minogue)
I Should Be So Lucky - Kylie Minogue
Madonna Tribute Act Evelyne Brink and Rod Stewart Tribute Act Greg Dorrell found themselves in the Bottom Two. After performing again Rod Stewart was Eliminated by the surviving performers with only 1 of 10 votes - choosing Madonna to stay.
Week Two
Artist
Song (Original Artists)
Results
Anthony Adams (Frank Sinatra)
That's Life - Frank Sinatra
Ed Hintze (Elton John)
Rocket Man - Elton John
Evelyne Brink (Madonna)
Papa Don't Preach - Madonna
Eliminated
Joanna Berns (Cher)
Believe - Cher
Katie Setterfield (Dusty Springfield)
Wishing and Hoping - Dusty Springfield
Moni Tivony (Lionel Richie)
All Night Long - Lionel Richie
Siam Hurlcok (Diana Ross)
Chain Reaction - Diana Ross
Bottom Two
Simon Abbotts (Tom Jones)
Green Green Grass of Home - Tom Jones
Tara Stafford-Allen (Britney Spears)
...Baby One More Time - Britney Spears
Tony Lewis (Robbie Williams)
Let Me Entertain You - Robbie Williams
Victoria Jones (Kylie Minogue)
Spinning Around - Kylie Minogue
Madonna Tribute Act Evelyne Brink and Diana Ross Tribute Act Siam Hurlock found themselves in the Bottom Two. After performing again Madonna was Eliminated by the surviving performers with 2 out of a possible 9 votes - choosing Diana Ross to stay.
Week Three
Artist
Song (Original Artists)
Results
Anthony Adams (Frank Sinatra)
New York, New York - Frank Sinatra
Ed Hintze (Elton John)
Candle in the Wind - Elton John
Joanna Berns (Cher)
If I Could Turn Back Time - Cher
Katie Setterfield (Dusty Springfield)
"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" - Dusty Springfield
Moni Tivony (Lionel Richie)
Dancing on the Ceiling - Lionel Richie
Siam Hurlcok (Diana Ross)
Touch Me in The Morning - Diana Ross
Simon Abbotts (Tom Jones)
It's Not Unusual - Tom Jones
Tara Stafford-Allen (Britney Spears)
Toxic - Britney Spears
Eliminated
Tony Lewis (Robbie Williams)
She's The One - Robbie Williams
Victoria Jones (Kylie Minogue)
Can't Get You Out of My Head - Kylie Minogue
Bottom Two
Britney Spears Tribute Act Tara Stafford-Allen and Kylie Minogue Tribute Act Victoria Jones found themselves in the Bottom Two. After performing again Britney Spears was Eliminated by the surviving performers with 3 out of a possible 8 votes - choosing Kylie Minogue to stay.
Week Four
Artist
Song (Original Artists)
Results
Anthony Adams (Frank Sinatra)
I Get A Kick Out of You - Frank Sinatra
Ed Hintze (Elton John)
I'm Still Standing - Elton John
Eliminated
Joanna Berns (Cher)
Walking in Memphis - Cher
Bottom Three
Katie Setterfield (Dusty Springfield)
Son of a Preacher Man - Dusty Springfield
Moni Tivony (Lionel Richie)
Three Times A Lady - Lionel Richie
Siam Hurlcok (Diana Ross)
"Stop! In the Name of Love" - Diana Ross
Simon Abbotts (Tom Jones)
Delilah - Tom Jones
Tony Lewis (Robbie Williams)
Angels - Robbie Williams
Victoria Jones (Kylie Minogue)
Better The Devil You Know - Kylie Minogue
Eliminated
This Week the three acts with the fewest votes were revealed; Cher Tribute Act Joanna Berns, Elton John Tribute Act Ed Hintze and Kylie Minogue Tribute Act Victoria Jones. The act with the fewest votes (Kylie Minogue) was immediately Eliminated, leaving Cher and Elton John to face the Vote. After they performed again Elton John was Eliminated by the surviving performers with 2 out of a possible 6 votes - choosing Cher to stay.
Week Five
Artist
Song (Original Artists)
Results
Anthony Adams (Frank Sinatra)
My Way - Frank Sinatra
Joanna Berns (Cher)
I Found Someone - Cher
Bottom Three
Katie Setterfield (Dusty Springfield)
"I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself" - Dusty Springfield
Moni Tivony (Lionel Richie)
Hello - Lionel Richie
Siam Hurlcok (Diana Ross)
Aint No Mountain High Enough - Diana Ross
Eliminated
Simon Abbotts (Tom Jones)
Sex Bomb - Tom Jones
Eliminated
Tony Lewis (Robbie Williams)
Rock DJ - Robbie Williams
This Week the three acts with the fewest votes were revealed; Cher Tribute Act Joanna Berns, Diana Tribute Act Siam Hurlock and Tom Jones Tribute Act Simon Abbots. The act with the fewest votes (Tom Jones) was immediately Eliminated, leaving Cher and Diana Ross to face the Vote. After they performed again Diana was Eliminated by the surviving performers with 1 out of a possible 4 votes - choosing Cher to stay.
Final Week Six
Artist
Song (Original Artists)
Results
Anthony Adams (Frank Sinatra)
Come Fly With Me - Frank Sinatra
Runner-Up
The Lady Is A Tramp - Frank Sinatra
Joanna Berns (Cher)
Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves - Cher
Eliminated
The Shoop Shoop Song - Cher
Katie Setterfield (Dusty Springfield)
In the Middle of Nowhere - Dusty Springfield
Winner
All I See is You - Dusty Springfield
Moni Tivony (Lionel Richie)
My Destiny - Lionel Richie
Third Place
Say You, Say Me - Lionel Richie
Tony Lewis (Robbie Williams)
Supreme - Robbie Williams
Eliminated
Millennium - Robbie Williams
In the first of two live shows, the two acts with the fewest votes were immediately Eliminated at the end of the show. These two acts were Robbie Williams tribute act Tony Lewis and Cher Tribute Act Joanna Berns. This left Dusty, Frank and Lionel in the final three for the second programme of the night.
In the second show of the night Dusty Springfield tribute act Katie Setterfield was announced as the winner of the contract to perform in Las Vegas, with Frank Sinatra tribute act Anthony Adams in second place and Lionel Richie tribute act Moni Tivony in third place.
Elimination Table
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
FINAL Week 6
Show One
Show Two
Katy Setterfield(Dusty Springfield)
Madonna
Madonna
Kylie
Cher
Cher
Safe
Winner
Anthony Adams(Frank Sinatra)
Madonna
Diana
Britney
Cher
Cher
Safe
Runner-Up
Moni Tivony(Lionel Richie)
Madonna
Diana
Britney
Elton
Cher
Safe
Third Place(Week 6)
Joanna Berns(Cher)
Madonna
Diana
Kylie
BottomThree
BottomThree
BottomTwo
Eliminated(Week 6)
Tony Lewis(Robbie Williams)
Madonna
Diana
Kylie
Cher
Diana
BottomTwo
Eliminated(Week 6)
Siam Hurlcok(Diana Ross)
Madonna
BottomTwo
Kylie
Cher
BottomThree
Eliminated(Week 5)
Simon Abbotts(Tom Jones)
Rod
Madonna
Britney
Elton
Bottom
Eliminated(Week 5)
Ed Hintze(Elton John)
Madonna
Diana
Kylie
BottomThree
Eliminated(Week 4)
Victoria Jones(Kylie Minogue)
Madonna
Diana
BottomTwo
Bottom
Eliminated(Week 4)
Tara Stafford-Allen(Britney Spears)
Madonna
Diana
BottomTwo
Eliminated(Week 3)
Evelyne Brink(Madonna)
BottomTwo
BottomTwo
Eliminated(Week 2)
Greg Dorell(Rod Stewart)
BottomTwo
Eliminated(Week 1)
BottomTwo/Three
Madonna, Rod
Diana,Madonna
Britney,Kylie
Cher,Elton
Cher,Diana
Cher,Robbie
-
Eliminated
RodStewart1 of 10Votes
Madonna2 of 9Votes
BritneySpears3 of 8Votes
KylieMinogueBottom
TomJonesBottom
RobbieWilliamsBottom Two
LionelRitchieThird Place
FrankSinatraRunner-Up
EltonJohn2 of 6Votes
DianaRoss1 of 4Votes
CherBottom Two
DustySpringfieldWinner
References
^ "BBC - Error 404 : Not Found". Archived from the original on 1 January 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2008.
External links
The One and Only at BBC Online
www.dusty-springfield.com - The Dusty Springfield Network | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"talent contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_contest"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"Graham Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Norton"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"David Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grant_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Carrie Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Grant"},{"link_name":"Dusty Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_Springfield"}],"text":"British TV series or programmeThe One and Only is an entertainment talent contest made by the BBC. It was broadcast on BBC One and hosted by Graham Norton. The aim of the show is to find a musical tribute act to perform in a three-month stint in Las Vegas.[1] Each week throughout January and February 2008 one of their number was lost after a public vote, and the other acts then chose who should go through based on their second performance.\nThe Judges were David Grant and Carrie Grant. The show was won on 16 February 2008 by Katy Setterfield as Dusty Springfield.","title":"The One and Only (British TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher"},{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"Dusty Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_Springfield"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Kylie Minogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylie_Minogue"},{"link_name":"Lionel Richie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Richie"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna"},{"link_name":"Robbie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Williams"},{"link_name":"Rod Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Tom Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Jones_(singer)"}],"text":"The top twelve contestants were emulating one famous musician, both past and present.\nThese musicians are Britney Spears, Cher, Diana Ross, Dusty Springfield, Elton John, Frank Sinatra, Kylie Minogue, Lionel Richie, Madonna, Robbie Williams, Rod Stewart, and Tom Jones. Each week the contestants performed a song by their idols, after which the public voted. The two contestants with the fewest votes then had to sing again in front of a panel of the safe contestants. These contestants then voted to save one of the bottom two performers, and the contestant with the least support from their fellow contestants was eliminated.","title":"Concept"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The top twelve contestants were chosen from thousands of potential contestants around the country to participate in a series of auditions, from which a top three for each tribute act was chosen. These final three contestants then went on to audition in front of a selection of \"superfans\" of their chosen tribute act, who chose the act who would go through to the final twelve. The final twelve contestants were:","title":"Contestants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"delivery driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delivery_driver"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"}],"sub_title":"Anthony Adams","text":"Anthony was a 52-year-old delivery driver and Frank Sinatra tribute act from Poole, Dorset. Anthony had always wanted a career in music but had never had any major success in this field. Anthony once set up a Sinatra tribute band called \"Simply Sinatra\" and was persuaded to audition for the show by a customer of his. Anthony's favourite Sinatra song was \"Three Coins in the Fountain\". Anthony finished in second place, as announced on the Final Show.","title":"Contestants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Weymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"pub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub"},{"link_name":"tribute act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_act"},{"link_name":"gourmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourmet"}],"sub_title":"Ed Hintze","text":"Ed was a 34-year-old music teacher and Elton John impersonator from Weymouth. Ed performed his first solo gig at the age of twelve, which consisted of playing the keyboards at his local pub. After being inspired by another tribute act Ed began a tribute to Elton John in 1992. Ed lives with his wife and two children, and enjoys spending his free time cooking gourmet meals for her. Ed's favourite Elton John song is \"Sorry Seems to be the Hardest Word\". He was also the only performer on the show who played an instrument live as well as singing. Ed was Eliminated in Week Four after losing the student Vote against Cher.","title":"Contestants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District"},{"link_name":"Purley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purley,_London"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"waitressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitressing"},{"link_name":"New York School of Music and Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_School_of_Music_and_Television&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Evelyne Brink","text":"Evelyne, who originates from Frankfurt in Germany, was a 31-year-old Madonna lookalike and soundalike. She has lived all over the World before settling in London, including a period in the United States when Evelyne lived in the same New York City district that Madonna once lived in. Evelyne was always told that she looked like Madonna, but it wasn't until 2003 that she first performed as Madonna in Purley, Surrey. Evelyne worked in promotions and waitressing, as well as studying at the New York School of Music and Television. Evelyne was in the Bottom Two in Week One, and was Eliminated Week Two.","title":"Contestants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rod Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Stewart"},{"link_name":"butcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butcher"},{"link_name":"hairdressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairdressing"},{"link_name":"apprenticeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeship"},{"link_name":"London Palladium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Palladium"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance"},{"link_name":"concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert"}],"sub_title":"Greg Dorell","text":"Greg was a 41-year-old Rod Stewart tribute act. Since leaving school Greg had worked as a butcher and in a hairdressing apprenticeship. Greg's talent was first spotted by an ex-girlfriend when she heard him singing along to a Rod Stewart track and asked him to give a performance at the London Palladium for a children's dance concert she was involved in. He gigged regularly in his local area and around the country, and said his favourite Rod Stewart songs are \"Baby Jane\" and \"Forever Young\". Greg was Eliminated Week One.","title":"Contestants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"cruise ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ship"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"}],"sub_title":"Joanna Berns","text":"Joanna was a 35-year-old Cher impersonator from Hertfordshire. Joanna first put together her Cher tribute act in 1998, but had been singing since the age of four. Joanna made a living from performing as Cher and performs her tribute act each year on a Caribbean cruise ship and has performed as Cher in Dubai. Joanna came from a very musical family, and her current boyfriend Steve was also a singer, who sometimes performed with her. Joanna's favourite Cher song was \"Love and Understanding\". Joanna was in the Bottom Three in Weeks Four and Five, but was saved by the student Vote. Cher was Eliminated in the first show of the Final Week, and did not get the chance to perform in the second programme.","title":"Contestants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Setterfield"},{"link_name":"Dusty Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_Springfield"},{"link_name":"High Wycombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Wycombe"},{"link_name":"musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musician"},{"link_name":"Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher"},{"link_name":"Tina Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Turner"},{"link_name":"Andy Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Hodge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bass player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_player"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.katysetterfield.com/"}],"sub_title":"Katy Setterfield","text":"Katy was a 37-year-old Dusty Springfield impersonator from High Wycombe. Katy had been a musician all her life, but when she was not singing she enjoys spending time with her horses, walking her dog and jogging. Katy had travelled all over the World in a stage act which paid tribute to the music of Dusty Springfield, as well as Cher and Tina Turner. Katy had the ability to contort her voice to fit the sound of various musical superstars, but said that her favourite was Dusty. Katy's husband, Andy Hodge, was the bass player in her stage act, and said her favourite Dusty Springfield song was \"Son of a Preacher Man\". Katy was announced as the Winner of The One and Only on the final show.[1] www.katysetterfield.com","title":"Contestants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lionel Richie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Richie"},{"link_name":"Motown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown"},{"link_name":"Penny Lover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Lover"},{"link_name":"Say You, Say Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_You,_Say_Me"},{"link_name":"All Night Long (All Night)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Night_Long_(All_Night)"},{"link_name":"The Voice UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_UK"}],"sub_title":"Moni Tivoni","text":"Moni, a 27-year-old supermarket worker and Lionel Richie tribute act had been singing and performing since he was a small child. Moni's mother was a huge Motown fan and he immersed himself in the music. Despite never having performed as Lionel Richie on stage Moni performed part-time in a soul vocal group. Moni's favourite Lionel songs were \"Penny Lover\", \"Say You, Say Me\" and \"All Night Long (All Night)\". Moni went on to finish in Third Place on the final night. Moni later went on and auditioned for The Voice UK in 2013 and made it to the knockout rounds.","title":"Contestants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"tribute act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_act"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Motown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown"},{"link_name":"Hackney Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Empire"},{"link_name":"hairdresser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairdresser"}],"sub_title":"Siam Hurlock","text":"Siam was a 39-year-old Diana Ross tribute act from London. Singing and performing had always been Siam's dream, and as a child became obsessed with Motown performers, dreaming that one day she could be like Diana Ross. As a child Siam was too nervous to performs in front of an audience, even running off of the stage at the Hackney Empire once as nerves got the better of her. Before The One and Only Siam worked as a hairdresser in London, but had also worked in the West End, once playing Diana Ross in the musical \"Dancing in the Streets\". Siam crafted her own costumes that accompany her on stage and said that her favourite Diana Ross song was \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\". Siam was in the Bottom Two in Week 2, and was Eliminated in Week 5 after losing the Public Vote against Cher.","title":"Contestants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Jones_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Pulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse"}],"sub_title":"Simon Abbotts","text":"Simon was a 42-year-old Tom Jones tribute act. He first started performing as Tom Jones when he was 25 years old and had been performing regularly as him ever since. Simon once had a single chart in Germany with the band Pulse. Simon's greatest ambition was to perform in Las Vegas and to sing on television. His favourite Tom Jones song was \"I'll Never Fall in Love Again\". Simon was Eliminated in Week Five when he polled Bottom of the Public Vote.","title":"Contestants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"impersonator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impersonator"},{"link_name":"riding instructor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riding_instructor"},{"link_name":"horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"}],"sub_title":"Tara Stafford-Allen","text":"Tara, a 29-year-old police officer from Lincolnshire, was a Britney Spears impersonator. Tara had only been performing as Britney for nine months, but had been singing since she was 12 years old. As a child an illness affecting Tara's immune system left her unable to pursue her love of acting and singing, and doctors feared she may lose her legs. Tara originally trained as a riding instructor, pursuing her other passion of horses, but later decided to re-train as a police officer. Tara lived next door to her parents in Lincolnshire and said that the only time she had ever been apart from them was when she briefly attended a boarding school. Tara's favourite Britney Spears track was \"I Love Rock N Roll\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCttikofer%27s_epauletted_fruit_bat | Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat | ["1 Taxonomy and etymology","2 Description","3 Biology","4 Range and habitat","5 Conservation","6 References"] | Species of mammal
Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Chiroptera
Family:
Pteropodidae
Genus:
Epomops
Species:
E. buettikoferi
Binomial name
Epomops buettikoferi(Matschie, 1899)
Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat range
Synonyms
Epomophorus büttikoferi Matschie, 1899
Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat (Epomops buettikoferi) is a species of megabat in the family Pteropodidae. It is found in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and savanna.
Taxonomy and etymology
It was described as a new species in 1899 by German zoologist Paul Matschie. Matschie placed it in the genus Epomophorus, naming it Epomophorus büttikoferi. The holotype was found in Schlieffelinsville, Liberia, along the Junk River. Matschie named the new species after Dr. Johann Büttikofer, who had conducted several scientific expeditions to Liberia.
In 1965, Kuhn published that it was a subspecies of the Franquet's epauletted fruit bat (Epomops franqueti). This was refuted in 1975 by Bergmans, who reported that the Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat differs significantly from Franquet's epauletted fruit bat in its morphology, warranting that they remain separate species.
This conclusion may be challenged again, however, as a 2016 study found that Franquet's epauletted fruit bat and Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat were indistinguishable on the basis of mitochondrial DNA. The small genetic distance between the two taxa led the authors of the 2016 paper to assert that Epomops is monotypic, consisting of only Franquet's epauletted fruit bat, which is further divided into subspecies E. franqueti franqueti in Central Africa and E. franqueti buettikoferi in West Africa.
Description
Males of this species weigh 164–198 g (0.362–0.437 lb), while females weigh 85–132 g (0.187–0.291 lb). While it is similar in appearance to Franquet's epauletted fruit bat, Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat can be differentiated by its greater forearm, greater skull length, and longer first molar. Males have a forearm length greater than 91 mm (3.6 in) while females have a forearm length usually exceeding 86 mm (3.4 in). Greatest skull length in males is greater than 51 mm (2.0 in), while greatest skull length in females is greater than 45.8 mm (1.80 in).
Biology
Free-ranging Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bats feed almost exclusively on fruit. The fruits of the Cape fig and Ficus vallischoudae comprised almost 50% of the diet of a population in Ivory Coast.
Little is known about the reproduction of this species. It is possible that there are two breeding seasons per year, as pregnant females have been encountered in January and July. Juvenile individuals have been found in March and August. This hypothesis was supported by research on a population in Liberia, which had two breeding seasons per year. Births occurred in February–March and August–September, coinciding with the biannual wet seasons.
Range and habitat
The Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat overlaps with Franquet's epauletted fruit bat in the western part of its range.
In its range to the west of Ghana, it is one of the most common species of its family encountered. While usually found in low-lying areas, it has been documented at elevations up to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) above sea level on Mount Nimba.
Conservation
Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat has been evaluated by the IUCN since 1994. From 1994–2004 it was listed as vulnerable; from 2004–present it has been least concern. While some of its habitat is within protected areas, it can thrive in areas that lack legal protection. It is hunted for bushmeat, though it is unclear what impact this has on its population numbers.
References
^ a b c d Monadjem, A. (2016). "Epomops buettikoferi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7907A22116763. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T7907A22116763.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
^ Matschie, P. (1899). Die Fledermäuse des Berliner Museums für Naturkunde. 1. Lieferung. Die Megachiroptera des Berliner Museums für Naturkunde. Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. pp. 45–46.
^ a b c d Bergmans, W. (1975). "On the differences between sympatric Epomops franqueti (Tomes, 1860) and Epomops buettikoferi (Matschie, 1899), with additional notes on the latter species (Mammalia, Megachiroptera)". Beaufortia. 23 (304): 141–152.
^ Hassanin, A.; Nesi, N.; Marin, J.; Kadjo, B.; Pourrut, X.; Leroy, É.; Ruedi, M. (2016). "Comparative phylogeography of African fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) provide new insights into the outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa, 2014–2016". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 339 (11): 517–528. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2016.09.005. PMID 27746072.
^ Thomas, D. W. (1984). "Fruit intake and energy budgets of frugivorous bats". Physiological Zoology. 57 (4): 457–467. doi:10.1086/physzool.57.4.30163347.
^ Kofron, C. P.; Chapman, A. (1994). "Reproduction and sexual dimorphism of the West African fruit bat, Epomops buettikoferi, in Liberia". African Journal of Ecology. 32 (4): 308–316. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1994.tb00581.x.
vteExtant species of family Pteropodidae
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Order: Chiroptera
Subfamily NyctimeninaeNyctimene(tube-nosed fruit bats)
Broad-striped tube-nosed fruit bat (N. aello)
Common tube-nosed fruit bat (N. albiventer)
Pallas's tube-nosed bat (N. cephalotes)
Mountain tube-nosed fruit bat (N. certans)
Round-eared tube-nosed fruit bat (N. cyclotis)
Dragon tube-nosed fruit bat (N. draconilla)
Keast's tube-nosed fruit bat (N. keasti)
Island tube-nosed fruit bat (N. major)
Malaita tube-nosed fruit bat (N. malaitensis)
Demonic tube-nosed fruit bat (N. masalai)
Lesser tube-nosed bat (N. minutus)
Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat (N. rabori)
Eastern tube-nosed Bat (N. robinsoni)
Umboi tube-nosed fruit bat (N. vizcaccia)
Paranyctimene
Lesser tube-nosed fruit bat (P. raptor)
Steadfast tube-nosed fruit bat (P. tenax)
Subfamily CynopterinaeAethalops(Pygmy fruit bats)
Borneo fruit bat (A. aequalis)
Pygmy fruit bat (A. alecto)
Alionycteris
Mindanao pygmy fruit bat (A. paucidentata)
Balionycteris
Spotted-winged fruit bat (B. maculata)
Balionycteris seimundi
Chironax
Black-capped fruit bat (C. melanocephalus)
Cynopterus(Dog-faced fruit bats)
Lesser short-nosed fruit bat (C. brachyotis)
Horsfield's fruit bat (C. horsfieldii)
Peters's fruit bat (C. luzoniensis)
Minute fruit bat (C. minutus)
Nusatenggara short-nosed fruit bat (C. nusatenggara)
Greater short-nosed fruit bat (C. sphinx)
Indonesian short-nosed fruit bat (C. titthaecheilus)
Dyacopterus(Dayak fruit bats)
Brooks's dyak fruit bat (D. brooksi)
Rickart's dyak fruit bat (D. rickarti)
Dayak fruit bat (D. spadiceus)
Haplonycteris
Fischer's pygmy fruit bat (H. fischeri)
Latidens
Salim Ali's fruit bat (L. salimalii)
Megaerops
Tailless fruit bat (M. ecaudatus)
Javan tailless fruit bat (M. kusnotoi)
Ratanaworabhan's fruit bat (M. niphanae)
White-collared fruit bat (M. wetmorei)
Otopteropus
Luzon fruit bat (O. cartilagonodus)
Penthetor
Dusky fruit bat (P. lucasi)
Ptenochirus(Musky fruit bats)
Greater musky fruit bat (P. jagori)
Lesser musky fruit bat (P. minor)
Sphaerias
Blanford's fruit bat (S. blanfordi)
Thoopterus
Swift fruit bat (T. nigrescens)
T. suhaniahae
Subfamily HarpyionycterinaeAproteles
Bulmer's fruit bat (A. bulmerae)
Dobsonia(Bare-backed fruit bats)
Andersen's naked-backed fruit bat (D. anderseni)
Beaufort's naked-backed fruit bat (D. beauforti)
Philippine naked-backed fruit bat (D. chapmani)
Halmahera naked-backed fruit bat (D. crenulata)
Biak naked-backed fruit bat (D. emersa)
Sulawesi naked-backed fruit bat (D. exoleta)
Solomon's naked-backed fruit bat (D. inermis)
Lesser naked-backed fruit bat (D. minor)
Moluccan naked-backed fruit bat (D. moluccensis)
Panniet naked-backed fruit bat (D. pannietensis)
Western naked-backed fruit bat (D. peronii)
New Britain naked-backed fruit bat (D. praedatrix)
Greenish naked-backed fruit bat (D. viridis)
Harpyionycteris
Sulawesi harpy fruit bat (H. celebensis)
Harpy fruit bat (H. whiteheadi)
Subfamily MacroglossinaeMacroglossus(Long-tongued fruit bats)
Long-tongued nectar bat (M. minimus)
Long-tongued fruit bat (M. sobrinus)
Melonycteris
Fardoulis's blossom bat (M. fardoulisi)
Black-bellied fruit bat (M. melanops)
Woodford's fruit bat (M. woodfordi)
Notopteris(Long-tailed fruit bats)
Long-tailed fruit bat (N. macdonaldi)
New Caledonia blossom bat (N. neocaledonica)
Syconycteris(blossom bats)
Common blossom bat (S. australis)
Halmahera blossom bat (S. carolinae)
Moss-forest blossom bat (S. hobbit)
Subfamily PteropodinaeAcerodon
Sulawesi flying fox (A. celebensis)
Talaud flying fox (A. humilis)
Giant golden-crowned flying fox (A. jubatus)
Palawan fruit bat (A. leucotis)
Sunda flying fox (A. mackloti)
Desmalopex
White-winged flying fox (D. leucopterus)
Small white-winged flying fox (D. microleucopterus)
Eidolon(Straw-coloured fruit bats)
Madagascan fruit bat (E. dupreanum)
Straw-coloured fruit bat (E. helvum)
Mirimiri
Fijian monkey-faced Bat (M. acrodonta)
Neopteryx
Small-toothed fruit bat (N. frosti)
Pteralopex
Bougainville monkey-faced Bat (P. anceps)
Guadalcanal monkey-faced Bat (P. atrata)
Greater monkey-faced Bat (P. flanneryi)
Montane monkey-faced Bat (P. pulchra)
New Georgian monkey-faced Bat (P. taki)
Pteropus(flying foxes)
Admiralty flying fox (P. admiralitatum)
Aldabra flying fox (P. aldabrensis)
Black flying fox (P. alecto)
Small Samoan flying fox (P. allenorum)
Vanuatu flying fox (P. anetianus)
Aru flying fox (P. aruensis)
Ashy-headed flying fox (P. caniceps)
Bismarck masked flying fox (P. capistratus)
Moluccan flying fox (P. chrysoproctus)
Makira flying fox (P. cognatus)
Spectacled flying fox (P. conspicillatus)
Large Samoan flying fox (P. coxi)
Ryukyu flying fox (P. dasymallus)
New Ireland masked flying fox (P. ennisae)
Nicobar flying fox (P. faunulus)
Banks flying fox (P. fundatus)
Gilliard's flying fox (P. gilliardorum)
Gray flying fox (P. griseus)
Ontong Java flying fox (P. howensis)
Small flying fox (P. hypomelanus)
Andersen's flying fox (P. intermedius)
Kei flying fox (P. keyensis)
Livingstone's fruit bat (P. livingstonii)
Lombok flying fox (P. lombocensis)
Okinawa flying fox (P. loochoensis)
Lyle's flying fox (P. lylei)
Big-eared flying fox (P. macrotis)
Lesser flying fox (P. mahaganus)
Mariana fruit bat (P. mariannus)
Indian flying fox (P. medius)
Black-bearded flying fox (P. melanopogon)
Black-eared flying fox (P. melanotus)
Caroline flying fox (P. molossinus)
Great flying fox (P. neohibernicus)
Mauritian flying fox (P. niger)
Temotu flying fox (P. nitendiensis)
Ceram fruit bat (P. ocularis)
Ornate flying fox (P. ornatus)
P. pelagicus
Pelew flying fox (P. pelewensis)
Masked flying fox (P. personatus)
Geelvink Bay flying fox (P. pohlei)
Grey-headed flying fox (P. poliocephalus)
Bonin flying fox (P. pselaphon)
Little golden-mantled flying fox (P. pumilus)
Solomons flying fox (P. rayneri)
Rennell flying fox (P. rennelli)
Rodrigues flying fox (P. rodricensis)
Madagascan flying fox (P. rufus)
Samoa flying fox (P. samoensis)
Little red flying fox (P. scapulatus)
Seychelles fruit bat (P. seychellensis)
Philippine gray flying fox (P. speciosus)
Temminck's flying fox (P. temminckii)
Insular flying fox (P. tonganus)
Vanikoro flying fox (P. tuberculatus)
Kosrae flying fox (P. ualanus)
Large flying fox (P. vampyrus)
New Caledonia flying fox (P. vetulus)
Pemba flying fox (P. voeltzkowi)
Dwarf flying fox (P. woodfordi)
Styloctenium
Mindoro stripe-faced fruit bat (S. mindorensis)
Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat (S. wallacei)
Subfamily RousettinaeEonycteris(Dawn fruit bats)
Greater nectar bat (E. major)
Cave nectar bat (E. spelaea)
Philippine dawn bat (E. robusta)
Rousettus(rousette fruit bats)
Subgenus Boneia: Manado fruit bat (R. bidens)
Subgenus Rousettus: Geoffroy's rousette (R. amplexicaudatus)
Sulawesi rousette (R. celebensis)
Egyptian rousette (R. aegyptiacus)
Leschenault's rousette (R. leschenaulti)
Linduan Rousette (R. linduensis)
Comoro rousette (R. obliviosus)
Bare-backed rousette (R. spinalatus)
Subgenus Stenonycteris: Long-haired rousette (R. lanosus)
Madagascan rousette (R. madagascariensis)
Subfamily EpomophorinaeEpomophoriniEpomophorus(Epauleted fruit bats)
Angolan epauletted fruit bat (E. angolensis)
Ansell's epauletted fruit bat (E. anselli)
Peters's epauletted fruit bat (E. crypturus)
Gambian epauletted fruit bat (E. gambianus)
Lesser Angolan epauletted fruit bat (E. grandis)
Ethiopian epauletted fruit bat (E. labiatus)
East African epauletted fruit bat (E. minimus)
Minor epauletted fruit bat (E. minor)
Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat (E. wahlbergi)
Epomops(Epauleted bats)
Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat (E. buettikoferi)
Dobson's fruit bat (E. dobsoni)
Franquet's epauletted fruit bat (E. franqueti)
Hypsignathus
Hammer-headed Bat (H. monstrosus)
Micropteropus(Dwarf epauleted bats)
Hayman's dwarf epauletted fruit bat (M. intermedius)
Peters' dwarf epauletted fruit bat (M. pusillus)
Nanonycteris
Veldkamp's dwarf epauletted fruit bat (N. veldkampii)
MyonycteriniLissonycteris
Angolan rousette (L. angolensis)
Megaloglossus
Azagnyi fruit bat (M. azagnyi)
Woermann's bat (M. woermanni)
Myonycteris(Little collared fruit bats)
São Tomé collared fruit bat (M. brachycephala)
East African little collared fruit bat (M. relicta)
Little collared fruit bat (M. torquata)
PlerotiniPlerotes
D'Anchieta's fruit bat (P. anchietae)
ScotonycteriniCasinycteris
Short-palated fruit bat (C. argynnis)
Campo-Ma’an fruit bat (C. campomaanensis)
Pohle's fruit bat (C. ophiodon)
Scotonycteris
Zenker's fruit bat (S. zenkeri)
Taxon identifiersEpomops buettikoferi
Wikidata: Q305728
Wikispecies: Epomops buettikoferi
CoL: 6FWY5
EoL: 327343
GBIF: 2432803
iNaturalist: 40806
IRMNG: 11085760
ITIS: 631576
IUCN: 7907
MDD: 1004527
MSW: 13800121
NCBI: 1410044
Open Tree of Life: 3613510
Epomophorus buettikoferi
Wikidata: Q109647279
CoL: 6G8XY
GBIF: 8002861
ITIS: 946859 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"megabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabat"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_16_November_2021-1"}],"text":"Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat (Epomops buettikoferi) is a species of megabat in the family Pteropodidae. It is found in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and savanna.[1]","title":"Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Paul Matschie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Matschie"},{"link_name":"Epomophorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epomophorus"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"Johann Büttikofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_B%C3%BCttikofer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matschie_1899-2"},{"link_name":"Franquet's epauletted fruit bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franquet%27s_epauletted_fruit_bat"},{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergmans_1975-3"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"},{"link_name":"genetic distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_distance"},{"link_name":"Epomops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epomops"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic_taxon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hassanin_2016-4"}],"text":"It was described as a new species in 1899 by German zoologist Paul Matschie. Matschie placed it in the genus Epomophorus, naming it Epomophorus büttikoferi. The holotype was found in Schlieffelinsville, Liberia, along the Junk River. Matschie named the new species after Dr. Johann Büttikofer, who had conducted several scientific expeditions to Liberia.[2]\nIn 1965, Kuhn published that it was a subspecies of the Franquet's epauletted fruit bat (Epomops franqueti). This was refuted in 1975 by Bergmans, who reported that the Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat differs significantly from Franquet's epauletted fruit bat in its morphology, warranting that they remain separate species.[3]This conclusion may be challenged again, however, as a 2016 study found that Franquet's epauletted fruit bat and Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat were indistinguishable on the basis of mitochondrial DNA. The small genetic distance between the two taxa led the authors of the 2016 paper to assert that Epomops is monotypic, consisting of only Franquet's epauletted fruit bat, which is further divided into subspecies E. franqueti franqueti in Central Africa and E. franqueti buettikoferi in West Africa.[4]","title":"Taxonomy and etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"molar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_(tooth)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergmans_1975-3"}],"text":"Males of this species weigh 164–198 g (0.362–0.437 lb), while females weigh 85–132 g (0.187–0.291 lb). While it is similar in appearance to Franquet's epauletted fruit bat, Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat can be differentiated by its greater forearm, greater skull length, and longer first molar. Males have a forearm length greater than 91 mm (3.6 in) while females have a forearm length usually exceeding 86 mm (3.4 in). Greatest skull length in males is greater than 51 mm (2.0 in), while greatest skull length in females is greater than 45.8 mm (1.80 in).[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape fig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_sur"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"breeding seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_breeder"},{"link_name":"Juvenile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_(organism)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergmans_1975-3"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"wet seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_season"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kofron_1994-6"}],"text":"Free-ranging Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bats feed almost exclusively on fruit. The fruits of the Cape fig and Ficus vallischoudae comprised almost 50% of the diet of a population in Ivory Coast.[5]\nLittle is known about the reproduction of this species. It is possible that there are two breeding seasons per year, as pregnant females have been encountered in January and July. Juvenile individuals have been found in March and August.[3] This hypothesis was supported by research on a population in Liberia, which had two breeding seasons per year. Births occurred in February–March and August–September, coinciding with the biannual wet seasons.[6]","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franquet's epauletted fruit bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franquet%27s_epauletted_fruit_bat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergmans_1975-3"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"its family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteropodidae"},{"link_name":"Mount Nimba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Richard-Molard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_16_November_2021-1"}],"text":"The Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat overlaps with Franquet's epauletted fruit bat in the western part of its range.[3]\nIn its range to the west of Ghana, it is one of the most common species of its family encountered. While usually found in low-lying areas, it has been documented at elevations up to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) above sea level on Mount Nimba.[1]","title":"Range and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species"},{"link_name":"least concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_concern"},{"link_name":"protected areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_area"},{"link_name":"bushmeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmeat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_16_November_2021-1"}],"text":"Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat has been evaluated by the IUCN since 1994. From 1994–2004 it was listed as vulnerable; from 2004–present it has been least concern. While some of its habitat is within protected areas, it can thrive in areas that lack legal protection. It is hunted for bushmeat, though it is unclear what impact this has on its population numbers.[1]","title":"Conservation"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Monadjem, A. (2016). \"Epomops buettikoferi\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7907A22116763. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T7907A22116763.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7907/22116763","url_text":"\"Epomops buettikoferi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T7907A22116763.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T7907A22116763.en"}]},{"reference":"Matschie, P. (1899). Die Fledermäuse des Berliner Museums für Naturkunde. 1. Lieferung. Die Megachiroptera des Berliner Museums für Naturkunde. Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. pp. 45–46.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/103360#page/54/mode/2up","url_text":"Die Fledermäuse des Berliner Museums für Naturkunde. 1. Lieferung. Die Megachiroptera des Berliner Museums für Naturkunde"}]},{"reference":"Bergmans, W. (1975). \"On the differences between sympatric Epomops franqueti (Tomes, 1860) and Epomops buettikoferi (Matschie, 1899), with additional notes on the latter species (Mammalia, Megachiroptera)\". Beaufortia. 23 (304): 141–152.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/548868","url_text":"\"On the differences between sympatric Epomops franqueti (Tomes, 1860) and Epomops buettikoferi (Matschie, 1899), with additional notes on the latter species (Mammalia, Megachiroptera)\""}]},{"reference":"Hassanin, A.; Nesi, N.; Marin, J.; Kadjo, B.; Pourrut, X.; Leroy, É.; Ruedi, M. (2016). \"Comparative phylogeography of African fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) provide new insights into the outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa, 2014–2016\". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 339 (11): 517–528. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2016.09.005. PMID 27746072.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2016.09.005","url_text":"\"Comparative phylogeography of African fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) provide new insights into the outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa, 2014–2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2016.09.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.crvi.2016.09.005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27746072","url_text":"27746072"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, D. W. (1984). \"Fruit intake and energy budgets of frugivorous bats\". Physiological Zoology. 57 (4): 457–467. doi:10.1086/physzool.57.4.30163347.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fphyszool.57.4.30163347","url_text":"10.1086/physzool.57.4.30163347"}]},{"reference":"Kofron, C. P.; Chapman, A. (1994). \"Reproduction and sexual dimorphism of the West African fruit bat, Epomops buettikoferi, in Liberia\". African Journal of Ecology. 32 (4): 308–316. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1994.tb00581.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2028.1994.tb00581.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2028.1994.tb00581.x"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7907/22116763","external_links_name":"\"Epomops buettikoferi\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T7907A22116763.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T7907A22116763.en"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/103360#page/54/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Die Fledermäuse des Berliner Museums für Naturkunde. 1. Lieferung. Die Megachiroptera des Berliner Museums für Naturkunde"},{"Link":"http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/548868","external_links_name":"\"On the differences between sympatric Epomops franqueti (Tomes, 1860) and Epomops buettikoferi (Matschie, 1899), with additional notes on the latter species (Mammalia, Megachiroptera)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2016.09.005","external_links_name":"\"Comparative phylogeography of African fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) provide new insights into the outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa, 2014–2016\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2016.09.005","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.crvi.2016.09.005"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27746072","external_links_name":"27746072"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fphyszool.57.4.30163347","external_links_name":"10.1086/physzool.57.4.30163347"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2028.1994.tb00581.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1365-2028.1994.tb00581.x"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6FWY5","external_links_name":"6FWY5"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/327343","external_links_name":"327343"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2432803","external_links_name":"2432803"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/40806","external_links_name":"40806"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11085760","external_links_name":"11085760"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=631576","external_links_name":"631576"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/7907","external_links_name":"7907"},{"Link":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1004527","external_links_name":"1004527"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13800121","external_links_name":"13800121"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1410044","external_links_name":"1410044"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3613510","external_links_name":"3613510"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6G8XY","external_links_name":"6G8XY"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/8002861","external_links_name":"8002861"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=946859","external_links_name":"946859"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_simplex | Simplex | ["1 History","2 Elements","3 Symmetric graphs of regular simplices","4 Standard simplex","4.1 Examples","4.2 Increasing coordinates","4.3 Projection onto the standard simplex","4.4 Corner of cube","5 Cartesian coordinates for a regular n-dimensional simplex in Rn","6 Geometric properties","6.1 Volume","6.2 Dihedral angles of the regular n-simplex","6.3 Simplices with an \"orthogonal corner\"","6.4 Relation to the (n + 1)-hypercube","6.5 Topology","6.6 Probability","6.7 Aitchison geometry","6.8 Compounds","7 Algebraic topology","8 Algebraic geometry","9 Applications","10 See also","11 Notes","12 References"] | For other uses, see Simplex (disambiguation).
Multi-dimensional generalization of triangle
The four simplexes that can be fully represented in 3D space.
In geometry, a simplex (plural: simplexes or simplices) is a generalization of the notion of a triangle or tetrahedron to arbitrary dimensions. The simplex is so-named because it represents the simplest possible polytope in any given dimension. For example,
a 0-dimensional simplex is a point,
a 1-dimensional simplex is a line segment,
a 2-dimensional simplex is a triangle,
a 3-dimensional simplex is a tetrahedron, and
a 4-dimensional simplex is a 5-cell.
Specifically, a k-simplex is a k-dimensional polytope that is the convex hull of its k + 1 vertices. More formally, suppose the k + 1 points
u
0
,
…
,
u
k
{\displaystyle u_{0},\dots ,u_{k}}
are affinely independent, which means that the k vectors
u
1
−
u
0
,
…
,
u
k
−
u
0
{\displaystyle u_{1}-u_{0},\dots ,u_{k}-u_{0}}
are linearly independent. Then, the simplex determined by them is the set of points
C
=
{
θ
0
u
0
+
⋯
+
θ
k
u
k
|
∑
i
=
0
k
θ
i
=
1
and
θ
i
≥
0
for
i
=
0
,
…
,
k
}
.
{\displaystyle C=\left\{\theta _{0}u_{0}+\dots +\theta _{k}u_{k}~{\Bigg |}~\sum _{i=0}^{k}\theta _{i}=1{\mbox{ and }}\theta _{i}\geq 0{\mbox{ for }}i=0,\dots ,k\right\}.}
A regular simplex is a simplex that is also a regular polytope. A regular k-simplex may be constructed from a regular (k − 1)-simplex by connecting a new vertex to all original vertices by the common edge length.
The standard simplex or probability simplex is the (k − 1)-dimensional simplex whose vertices are the k standard unit vectors in
R
k
{\displaystyle \mathbf {R} ^{k}}
, or in other words
{
x
∈
R
k
:
x
0
+
⋯
+
x
k
−
1
=
1
,
x
i
≥
0
for
i
=
0
,
…
,
k
−
1
}
.
{\displaystyle \left\{x\in \mathbf {R} ^{k}:x_{0}+\dots +x_{k-1}=1,x_{i}\geq 0{\text{ for }}i=0,\dots ,k-1\right\}.}
In topology and combinatorics, it is common to "glue together" simplices to form a simplicial complex. The associated combinatorial structure is called an abstract simplicial complex, in which context the word "simplex" simply means any finite set of vertices.
History
The concept of a simplex was known to William Kingdon Clifford, who wrote about these shapes in 1886 but called them "prime confines".
Henri Poincaré, writing about algebraic topology in 1900, called them "generalized tetrahedra".
In 1902 Pieter Hendrik Schoute described the concept first with the Latin superlative simplicissimum ("simplest") and then with the same Latin adjective in the normal form simplex ("simple").
The regular simplex family is the first of three regular polytope families, labeled by Donald Coxeter as αn, the other two being the cross-polytope family, labeled as βn, and the hypercubes, labeled as γn. A fourth family, the tessellation of n-dimensional space by infinitely many hypercubes, he labeled as δn.
Elements
The convex hull of any nonempty subset of the n + 1 points that define an n-simplex is called a face of the simplex. Faces are simplices themselves. In particular, the convex hull of a subset of size m + 1 (of the n + 1 defining points) is an m-simplex, called an m-face of the n-simplex. The 0-faces (i.e., the defining points themselves as sets of size 1) are called the vertices (singular: vertex), the 1-faces are called the edges, the (n − 1)-faces are called the facets, and the sole n-face is the whole n-simplex itself. In general, the number of m-faces is equal to the binomial coefficient
(
n
+
1
m
+
1
)
{\displaystyle {\tbinom {n+1}{m+1}}}
. Consequently, the number of m-faces of an n-simplex may be found in column (m + 1) of row (n + 1) of Pascal's triangle. A simplex A is a coface of a simplex B if B is a face of A. Face and facet can have different meanings when describing types of simplices in a simplicial complex.
The extended f-vector for an n-simplex can be computed by (1,1)n+1, like the coefficients of polynomial products. For example, a 7-simplex is (1,1)8 = (1,2,1)4 = (1,4,6,4,1)2 = (1,8,28,56,70,56,28,8,1).
The number of 1-faces (edges) of the n-simplex is the n-th triangle number, the number of 2-faces of the n-simplex is the (n − 1)th tetrahedron number, the number of 3-faces of the n-simplex is the (n − 2)th 5-cell number, and so on.
n-Simplex elements
Δn
Name
SchläfliCoxeter
0-faces(vertices)
1-faces(edges)
2-faces(faces)
3-faces(cells)
4-faces
5-faces
6-faces
7-faces
8-faces
9-faces
10-faces
Sum= 2n+1 − 1
Δ0
0-simplex(point)
( )
1
1
Δ1
1-simplex(line segment)
{ } = ( ) ∨ ( ) = 2⋅( )
2
1
3
Δ2
2-simplex(triangle)
{3} = 3⋅( )
3
3
1
7
Δ3
3-simplex(tetrahedron)
{3,3} = 4⋅( )
4
6
4
1
15
Δ4
4-simplex(5-cell)
{33} = 5⋅( )
5
10
10
5
1
31
Δ5
5-simplex
{34} = 6⋅( )
6
15
20
15
6
1
63
Δ6
6-simplex
{35} = 7⋅( )
7
21
35
35
21
7
1
127
Δ7
7-simplex
{36} = 8⋅( )
8
28
56
70
56
28
8
1
255
Δ8
8-simplex
{37} = 9⋅( )
9
36
84
126
126
84
36
9
1
511
Δ9
9-simplex
{38} = 10⋅( )
10
45
120
210
252
210
120
45
10
1
1023
Δ10
10-simplex
{39} = 11⋅( )
11
55
165
330
462
462
330
165
55
11
1
2047
An n-simplex is the polytope with the fewest vertices that requires n dimensions. Consider a line segment AB as a shape in a 1-dimensional space (the 1-dimensional space is the line in which the segment lies). One can place a new point C somewhere off the line. The new shape, triangle ABC, requires two dimensions; it cannot fit in the original 1-dimensional space. The triangle is the 2-simplex, a simple shape that requires two dimensions. Consider a triangle ABC, a shape in a 2-dimensional space (the plane in which the triangle resides). One can place a new point D somewhere off the plane. The new shape, tetrahedron ABCD, requires three dimensions; it cannot fit in the original 2-dimensional space. The tetrahedron is the 3-simplex, a simple shape that requires three dimensions. Consider tetrahedron ABCD, a shape in a 3-dimensional space (the 3-space in which the tetrahedron lies). One can place a new point E somewhere outside the 3-space. The new shape ABCDE, called a 5-cell, requires four dimensions and is called the 4-simplex; it cannot fit in the original 3-dimensional space. (It also cannot be visualized easily.) This idea can be generalized, that is, adding a single new point outside the currently occupied space, which requires going to the next higher dimension to hold the new shape. This idea can also be worked backward: the line segment we started with is a simple shape that requires a 1-dimensional space to hold it; the line segment is the 1-simplex. The line segment itself was formed by starting with a single point in 0-dimensional space (this initial point is the 0-simplex) and adding a second point, which required the increase to 1-dimensional space.
More formally, an (n + 1)-simplex can be constructed as a join (∨ operator) of an n-simplex and a point, ( ). An (m + n + 1)-simplex can be constructed as a join of an m-simplex and an n-simplex. The two simplices are oriented to be completely normal from each other, with translation in a direction orthogonal to both of them. A 1-simplex is the join of two points: ( ) ∨ ( ) = 2 ⋅ ( ). A general 2-simplex (scalene triangle) is the join of three points: ( ) ∨ ( ) ∨ ( ). An isosceles triangle is the join of a 1-simplex and a point: { } ∨ ( ). An equilateral triangle is 3 ⋅ ( ) or {3}. A general 3-simplex is the join of 4 points: ( ) ∨ ( ) ∨ ( ) ∨ ( ). A 3-simplex with mirror symmetry can be expressed as the join of an edge and two points: { } ∨ ( ) ∨ ( ). A 3-simplex with triangular symmetry can be expressed as the join of an equilateral triangle and 1 point: 3.( )∨( ) or {3}∨( ). A regular tetrahedron is 4 ⋅ ( ) or {3,3} and so on.
The numbers of faces in the above table are the same as in Pascal's triangle, without the left diagonal.
The total number of faces is always a power of two minus one. This figure (a projection of the tesseract) shows the centroids of the 15 faces of the tetrahedron.
In some conventions, the empty set is defined to be a (−1)-simplex. The definition of the simplex above still makes sense if n = −1. This convention is more common in applications to algebraic topology (such as simplicial homology) than to the study of polytopes.
Symmetric graphs of regular simplices
These Petrie polygons (skew orthogonal projections) show all the vertices of the regular simplex on a circle, and all vertex pairs connected by edges.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Standard simplex
The standard 2-simplex in R3
The standard n-simplex (or unit n-simplex) is the subset of Rn+1 given by
Δ
n
=
{
(
t
0
,
…
,
t
n
)
∈
R
n
+
1
|
∑
i
=
0
n
t
i
=
1
and
t
i
≥
0
for
i
=
0
,
…
,
n
}
{\displaystyle \Delta ^{n}=\left\{(t_{0},\dots ,t_{n})\in \mathbf {R} ^{n+1}~{\Bigg |}~\sum _{i=0}^{n}t_{i}=1{\text{ and }}t_{i}\geq 0{\text{ for }}i=0,\ldots ,n\right\}}
.
The simplex Δn lies in the affine hyperplane obtained by removing the restriction ti ≥ 0 in the above definition.
The n + 1 vertices of the standard n-simplex are the points ei ∈ Rn+1, where
e0 = (1, 0, 0, ..., 0),
e1 = (0, 1, 0, ..., 0),
⋮
en = (0, 0, 0, ..., 1).
A standard simplex is an example of a 0/1-polytope, with all coordinates as 0 or 1. It can also be seen one facet of a regular (n + 1)-orthoplex.
There is a canonical map from the standard n-simplex to an arbitrary n-simplex with vertices (v0, ..., vn) given by
(
t
0
,
…
,
t
n
)
↦
∑
i
=
0
n
t
i
v
i
{\displaystyle (t_{0},\ldots ,t_{n})\mapsto \sum _{i=0}^{n}t_{i}v_{i}}
The coefficients ti are called the barycentric coordinates of a point in the n-simplex. Such a general simplex is often called an affine n-simplex, to emphasize that the canonical map is an affine transformation. It is also sometimes called an oriented affine n-simplex to emphasize that the canonical map may be orientation preserving or reversing.
More generally, there is a canonical map from the standard
(
n
−
1
)
{\displaystyle (n-1)}
-simplex (with n vertices) onto any polytope with n vertices, given by the same equation (modifying indexing):
(
t
1
,
…
,
t
n
)
↦
∑
i
=
1
n
t
i
v
i
{\displaystyle (t_{1},\ldots ,t_{n})\mapsto \sum _{i=1}^{n}t_{i}v_{i}}
These are known as generalized barycentric coordinates, and express every polytope as the image of a simplex:
Δ
n
−
1
↠
P
.
{\displaystyle \Delta ^{n-1}\twoheadrightarrow P.}
A commonly used function from Rn to the interior of the standard
(
n
−
1
)
{\displaystyle (n-1)}
-simplex is the softmax function, or normalized exponential function; this generalizes the standard logistic function.
Examples
Δ0 is the point 1 in R1.
Δ1 is the line segment joining (1, 0) and (0, 1) in R2.
Δ2 is the equilateral triangle with vertices (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1) in R3.
Δ3 is the regular tetrahedron with vertices (1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 0, 1) in R4.
Δ4 is the regular 5-cell with vertices (1, 0, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 0, 0, 1) in R5.
Increasing coordinates
An alternative coordinate system is given by taking the indefinite sum:
s
0
=
0
s
1
=
s
0
+
t
0
=
t
0
s
2
=
s
1
+
t
1
=
t
0
+
t
1
s
3
=
s
2
+
t
2
=
t
0
+
t
1
+
t
2
⋮
s
n
=
s
n
−
1
+
t
n
−
1
=
t
0
+
t
1
+
⋯
+
t
n
−
1
s
n
+
1
=
s
n
+
t
n
=
t
0
+
t
1
+
⋯
+
t
n
=
1
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}s_{0}&=0\\s_{1}&=s_{0}+t_{0}=t_{0}\\s_{2}&=s_{1}+t_{1}=t_{0}+t_{1}\\s_{3}&=s_{2}+t_{2}=t_{0}+t_{1}+t_{2}\\&\;\;\vdots \\s_{n}&=s_{n-1}+t_{n-1}=t_{0}+t_{1}+\cdots +t_{n-1}\\s_{n+1}&=s_{n}+t_{n}=t_{0}+t_{1}+\cdots +t_{n}=1\end{aligned}}}
This yields the alternative presentation by order, namely as nondecreasing n-tuples between 0 and 1:
Δ
∗
n
=
{
(
s
1
,
…
,
s
n
)
∈
R
n
∣
0
=
s
0
≤
s
1
≤
s
2
≤
⋯
≤
s
n
≤
s
n
+
1
=
1
}
.
{\displaystyle \Delta _{*}^{n}=\left\{(s_{1},\ldots ,s_{n})\in \mathbf {R} ^{n}\mid 0=s_{0}\leq s_{1}\leq s_{2}\leq \dots \leq s_{n}\leq s_{n+1}=1\right\}.}
Geometrically, this is an n-dimensional subset of
R
n
{\displaystyle \mathbf {R} ^{n}}
(maximal dimension, codimension 0) rather than of
R
n
+
1
{\displaystyle \mathbf {R} ^{n+1}}
(codimension 1). The facets, which on the standard simplex correspond to one coordinate vanishing,
t
i
=
0
,
{\displaystyle t_{i}=0,}
here correspond to successive coordinates being equal,
s
i
=
s
i
+
1
,
{\displaystyle s_{i}=s_{i+1},}
while the interior corresponds to the inequalities becoming strict (increasing sequences).
A key distinction between these presentations is the behavior under permuting coordinates – the standard simplex is stabilized by permuting coordinates, while permuting elements of the "ordered simplex" do not leave it invariant, as permuting an ordered sequence generally makes it unordered. Indeed, the ordered simplex is a (closed) fundamental domain for the action of the symmetric group on the n-cube, meaning that the orbit of the ordered simplex under the n! elements of the symmetric group divides the n-cube into
n
!
{\displaystyle n!}
mostly disjoint simplices (disjoint except for boundaries), showing that this simplex has volume 1/n!. Alternatively, the volume can be computed by an iterated integral, whose successive integrands are 1, x, x2/2, x3/3!, ..., xn/n!.
A further property of this presentation is that it uses the order but not addition, and thus can be defined in any dimension over any ordered set, and for example can be used to define an infinite-dimensional simplex without issues of convergence of sums.
Projection onto the standard simplex
Especially in numerical applications of probability theory a projection onto the standard simplex is of interest. Given
(
p
i
)
i
{\displaystyle (p_{i})_{i}}
with possibly negative entries, the closest point
(
t
i
)
i
{\displaystyle \left(t_{i}\right)_{i}}
on the simplex has coordinates
t
i
=
max
{
p
i
+
Δ
,
0
}
,
{\displaystyle t_{i}=\max\{p_{i}+\Delta \,,0\},}
where
Δ
{\displaystyle \Delta }
is chosen such that
∑
i
max
{
p
i
+
Δ
,
0
}
=
1.
{\textstyle \sum _{i}\max\{p_{i}+\Delta \,,0\}=1.}
Δ
{\displaystyle \Delta }
can be easily calculated from sorting pi.
The sorting approach takes
O
(
n
log
n
)
{\displaystyle O(n\log n)}
complexity, which can be improved to O(n) complexity via median-finding algorithms. Projecting onto the simplex is computationally similar to projecting onto the
ℓ
1
{\displaystyle \ell _{1}}
ball.
Corner of cube
Finally, a simple variant is to replace "summing to 1" with "summing to at most 1"; this raises the dimension by 1, so to simplify notation, the indexing changes:
Δ
c
n
=
{
(
t
1
,
…
,
t
n
)
∈
R
n
|
∑
i
=
1
n
t
i
≤
1
and
t
i
≥
0
for all
i
}
.
{\displaystyle \Delta _{c}^{n}=\left\{(t_{1},\ldots ,t_{n})\in \mathbf {R} ^{n}~{\Bigg |}~\sum _{i=1}^{n}t_{i}\leq 1{\text{ and }}t_{i}\geq 0{\text{ for all }}i\right\}.}
This yields an n-simplex as a corner of the n-cube, and is a standard orthogonal simplex. This is the simplex used in the simplex method, which is based at the origin, and locally models a vertex on a polytope with n facets.
Cartesian coordinates for a regular n-dimensional simplex in Rn
One way to write down a regular n-simplex in Rn is to choose two points to be the first two vertices, choose a third point to make an equilateral triangle, choose a fourth point to make a regular tetrahedron, and so on. Each step requires satisfying equations that ensure that each newly chosen vertex, together with the previously chosen vertices, forms a regular simplex. There are several sets of equations that can be written down and used for this purpose. These include the equality of all the distances between vertices; the equality of all the distances from vertices to the center of the simplex; the fact that the angle subtended through the new vertex by any two previously chosen vertices is
π
/
3
{\displaystyle \pi /3}
; and the fact that the angle subtended through the center of the simplex by any two vertices is
arccos
(
−
1
/
n
)
{\displaystyle \arccos(-1/n)}
.
It is also possible to directly write down a particular regular n-simplex in Rn which can then be translated, rotated, and scaled as desired. One way to do this is as follows. Denote the basis vectors of Rn by e1 through en. Begin with the standard (n − 1)-simplex which is the convex hull of the basis vectors. By adding an additional vertex, these become a face of a regular n-simplex. The additional vertex must lie on the line perpendicular to the barycenter of the standard simplex, so it has the form (α/n, ..., α/n) for some real number α. Since the squared distance between two basis vectors is 2, in order for the additional vertex to form a regular n-simplex, the squared distance between it and any of the basis vectors must also be 2. This yields a quadratic equation for α. Solving this equation shows that there are two choices for the additional vertex:
1
n
(
1
±
n
+
1
)
⋅
(
1
,
…
,
1
)
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{n}}\left(1\pm {\sqrt {n+1}}\right)\cdot (1,\dots ,1).}
Either of these, together with the standard basis vectors, yields a regular n-simplex.
The above regular n-simplex is not centered on the origin. It can be translated to the origin by subtracting the mean of its vertices. By rescaling, it can be given unit side length. This results in the simplex whose vertices are:
1
2
e
i
−
1
n
2
(
1
±
1
n
+
1
)
⋅
(
1
,
…
,
1
)
,
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\mathbf {e} _{i}-{\frac {1}{n{\sqrt {2}}}}{\bigg (}1\pm {\frac {1}{\sqrt {n+1}}}{\bigg )}\cdot (1,\dots ,1),}
for
1
≤
i
≤
n
{\displaystyle 1\leq i\leq n}
, and
±
1
2
(
n
+
1
)
⋅
(
1
,
…
,
1
)
.
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2(n+1)}}}\cdot (1,\dots ,1).}
Note that there are two sets of vertices described here. One set uses
+
{\displaystyle +}
in each calculation. The other set uses
−
{\displaystyle -}
in each calculation.
This simplex is inscribed in a hypersphere of radius
n
/
(
2
(
n
+
1
)
)
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {n/(2(n+1))}}}
.
A different rescaling produces a simplex that is inscribed in a unit hypersphere. When this is done, its vertices are
1
+
n
−
1
⋅
e
i
−
n
−
3
/
2
(
n
+
1
±
1
)
⋅
(
1
,
…
,
1
)
,
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {1+n^{-1}}}\cdot \mathbf {e} _{i}-n^{-3/2}({\sqrt {n+1}}\pm 1)\cdot (1,\dots ,1),}
where
1
≤
i
≤
n
{\displaystyle 1\leq i\leq n}
, and
±
n
−
1
/
2
⋅
(
1
,
…
,
1
)
.
{\displaystyle \pm n^{-1/2}\cdot (1,\dots ,1).}
The side length of this simplex is
2
(
n
+
1
)
/
n
{\textstyle {\sqrt {2(n+1)/n}}}
.
A highly symmetric way to construct a regular n-simplex is to use a representation of the cyclic group Zn+1 by orthogonal matrices. This is an n × n orthogonal matrix Q such that Qn+1 = I is the identity matrix, but no lower power of Q is. Applying powers of this matrix to an appropriate vector v will produce the vertices of a regular n-simplex. To carry this out, first observe that for any orthogonal matrix Q, there is a choice of basis in which Q is a block diagonal matrix
Q
=
diag
(
Q
1
,
Q
2
,
…
,
Q
k
)
,
{\displaystyle Q=\operatorname {diag} (Q_{1},Q_{2},\dots ,Q_{k}),}
where each Qi is orthogonal and either 2 × 2 or 1 × 1. In order for Q to have order n + 1, all of these matrices must have order dividing n + 1. Therefore each Qi is either a 1 × 1 matrix whose only entry is 1 or, if n is odd, −1; or it is a 2 × 2 matrix of the form
(
cos
2
π
ω
i
n
+
1
−
sin
2
π
ω
i
n
+
1
sin
2
π
ω
i
n
+
1
cos
2
π
ω
i
n
+
1
)
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}\cos {\frac {2\pi \omega _{i}}{n+1}}&-\sin {\frac {2\pi \omega _{i}}{n+1}}\\\sin {\frac {2\pi \omega _{i}}{n+1}}&\cos {\frac {2\pi \omega _{i}}{n+1}}\end{pmatrix}},}
where each ωi is an integer between zero and n inclusive. A sufficient condition for the orbit of a point to be a regular simplex is that the matrices Qi form a basis for the non-trivial irreducible real representations of Zn+1, and the vector being rotated is not stabilized by any of them.
In practical terms, for n even this means that every matrix Qi is 2 × 2, there is an equality of sets
{
ω
1
,
n
+
1
−
ω
1
,
…
,
ω
n
/
2
,
n
+
1
−
ω
n
/
2
}
=
{
1
,
…
,
n
}
,
{\displaystyle \{\omega _{1},n+1-\omega _{1},\dots ,\omega _{n/2},n+1-\omega _{n/2}\}=\{1,\dots ,n\},}
and, for every Qi, the entries of v upon which Qi acts are not both zero. For example, when n = 4, one possible matrix is
(
cos
(
2
π
/
5
)
−
sin
(
2
π
/
5
)
0
0
sin
(
2
π
/
5
)
cos
(
2
π
/
5
)
0
0
0
0
cos
(
4
π
/
5
)
−
sin
(
4
π
/
5
)
0
0
sin
(
4
π
/
5
)
cos
(
4
π
/
5
)
)
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}\cos(2\pi /5)&-\sin(2\pi /5)&0&0\\\sin(2\pi /5)&\cos(2\pi /5)&0&0\\0&0&\cos(4\pi /5)&-\sin(4\pi /5)\\0&0&\sin(4\pi /5)&\cos(4\pi /5)\end{pmatrix}}.}
Applying this to the vector (1, 0, 1, 0) results in the simplex whose vertices are
(
1
0
1
0
)
,
(
cos
(
2
π
/
5
)
sin
(
2
π
/
5
)
cos
(
4
π
/
5
)
sin
(
4
π
/
5
)
)
,
(
cos
(
4
π
/
5
)
sin
(
4
π
/
5
)
cos
(
8
π
/
5
)
sin
(
8
π
/
5
)
)
,
(
cos
(
6
π
/
5
)
sin
(
6
π
/
5
)
cos
(
2
π
/
5
)
sin
(
2
π
/
5
)
)
,
(
cos
(
8
π
/
5
)
sin
(
8
π
/
5
)
cos
(
6
π
/
5
)
sin
(
6
π
/
5
)
)
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\1\\0\end{pmatrix}},{\begin{pmatrix}\cos(2\pi /5)\\\sin(2\pi /5)\\\cos(4\pi /5)\\\sin(4\pi /5)\end{pmatrix}},{\begin{pmatrix}\cos(4\pi /5)\\\sin(4\pi /5)\\\cos(8\pi /5)\\\sin(8\pi /5)\end{pmatrix}},{\begin{pmatrix}\cos(6\pi /5)\\\sin(6\pi /5)\\\cos(2\pi /5)\\\sin(2\pi /5)\end{pmatrix}},{\begin{pmatrix}\cos(8\pi /5)\\\sin(8\pi /5)\\\cos(6\pi /5)\\\sin(6\pi /5)\end{pmatrix}},}
each of which has distance √5 from the others.
When n is odd, the condition means that exactly one of the diagonal blocks is 1 × 1, equal to −1, and acts upon a non-zero entry of v; while the remaining diagonal blocks, say Q1, ..., Q(n − 1) / 2, are 2 × 2, there is an equality of sets
{
ω
1
,
−
ω
1
,
…
,
ω
(
n
−
1
)
/
2
,
−
ω
n
−
1
)
/
2
}
=
{
1
,
…
,
(
n
−
1
)
/
2
,
(
n
+
3
)
/
2
,
…
,
n
}
,
{\displaystyle \left\{\omega _{1},-\omega _{1},\dots ,\omega _{(n-1)/2},-\omega _{n-1)/2}\right\}=\left\{1,\dots ,(n-1)/2,(n+3)/2,\dots ,n\right\},}
and each diagonal block acts upon a pair of entries of v which are not both zero. So, for example, when n = 3, the matrix can be
(
0
−
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
−
1
)
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}0&-1&0\\1&0&0\\0&0&-1\\\end{pmatrix}}.}
For the vector (1, 0, 1/√2), the resulting simplex has vertices
(
1
0
1
/
√
2
)
,
(
0
1
−
1
/
√
2
)
,
(
−
1
0
1
/
√
2
)
,
(
0
−
1
−
1
/
√
2
)
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\1/\surd 2\end{pmatrix}},{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\-1/\surd 2\end{pmatrix}},{\begin{pmatrix}-1\\0\\1/\surd 2\end{pmatrix}},{\begin{pmatrix}0\\-1\\-1/\surd 2\end{pmatrix}},}
each of which has distance 2 from the others.
Geometric properties
Volume
The volume of an n-simplex in n-dimensional space with vertices (v0, ..., vn) is
V
o
l
u
m
e
=
1
n
!
|
det
(
v
1
−
v
0
v
2
−
v
0
⋯
v
n
−
v
0
)
|
{\displaystyle \mathrm {Volume} ={\frac {1}{n!}}\left|\det {\begin{pmatrix}v_{1}-v_{0}&&v_{2}-v_{0}&&\cdots &&v_{n}-v_{0}\end{pmatrix}}\right|}
where each column of the n × n determinant is a vector that points from vertex v0 to another vertex vk. This formula is particularly useful when
v
0
{\displaystyle v_{0}}
is the origin.
The expression
V
o
l
u
m
e
=
1
n
!
det
[
(
v
1
T
−
v
0
T
v
2
T
−
v
0
T
⋮
v
n
T
−
v
0
T
)
(
v
1
−
v
0
v
2
−
v
0
⋯
v
n
−
v
0
)
]
1
/
2
{\displaystyle \mathrm {Volume} ={\frac {1}{n!}}\det \left^{1/2}}
employs a Gram determinant and works even when the n-simplex's vertices are in a Euclidean space with more than n dimensions, e.g., a triangle in
R
3
{\displaystyle \mathbf {R} ^{3}}
.
A more symmetric way to compute the volume of an n-simplex in
R
n
{\displaystyle \mathbf {R} ^{n}}
is
V
o
l
u
m
e
=
1
n
!
|
det
(
v
0
v
1
⋯
v
n
1
1
⋯
1
)
|
.
{\displaystyle \mathrm {Volume} ={1 \over n!}\left|\det {\begin{pmatrix}v_{0}&v_{1}&\cdots &v_{n}\\1&1&\cdots &1\end{pmatrix}}\right|.}
Another common way of computing the volume of the simplex is via the Cayley–Menger determinant, which works even when the n-simplex's vertices are in a Euclidean space with more than n dimensions.
Without the 1/n! it is the formula for the volume of an n-parallelotope.
This can be understood as follows: Assume that P is an n-parallelotope constructed on a basis
(
v
0
,
e
1
,
…
,
e
n
)
{\displaystyle (v_{0},e_{1},\ldots ,e_{n})}
of
R
n
{\displaystyle \mathbf {R} ^{n}}
.
Given a permutation
σ
{\displaystyle \sigma }
of
{
1
,
2
,
…
,
n
}
{\displaystyle \{1,2,\ldots ,n\}}
, call a list of vertices
v
0
,
v
1
,
…
,
v
n
{\displaystyle v_{0},\ v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}}
a n-path if
v
1
=
v
0
+
e
σ
(
1
)
,
v
2
=
v
1
+
e
σ
(
2
)
,
…
,
v
n
=
v
n
−
1
+
e
σ
(
n
)
{\displaystyle v_{1}=v_{0}+e_{\sigma (1)},\ v_{2}=v_{1}+e_{\sigma (2)},\ldots ,v_{n}=v_{n-1}+e_{\sigma (n)}}
(so there are n! n-paths and
v
n
{\displaystyle v_{n}}
does not depend on the permutation). The following assertions hold:
If P is the unit n-hypercube, then the union of the n-simplexes formed by the convex hull of each n-path is P, and these simplexes are congruent and pairwise non-overlapping. In particular, the volume of such a simplex is
Vol
(
P
)
n
!
=
1
n
!
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {\operatorname {Vol} (P)}{n!}}={\frac {1}{n!}}.}
If P is a general parallelotope, the same assertions hold except that it is no longer true, in dimension > 2, that the simplexes need to be pairwise congruent; yet their volumes remain equal, because the n-parallelotope is the image of the unit n-hypercube by the linear isomorphism that sends the canonical basis of
R
n
{\displaystyle \mathbf {R} ^{n}}
to
e
1
,
…
,
e
n
{\displaystyle e_{1},\ldots ,e_{n}}
. As previously, this implies that the volume of a simplex coming from a n-path is:
Vol
(
P
)
n
!
=
det
(
e
1
,
…
,
e
n
)
n
!
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {\operatorname {Vol} (P)}{n!}}={\frac {\det(e_{1},\ldots ,e_{n})}{n!}}.}
Conversely, given an n-simplex
(
v
0
,
v
1
,
v
2
,
…
v
n
)
{\displaystyle (v_{0},\ v_{1},\ v_{2},\ldots v_{n})}
of
R
n
{\displaystyle \mathbf {R} ^{n}}
, it can be supposed that the vectors
e
1
=
v
1
−
v
0
,
e
2
=
v
2
−
v
1
,
…
e
n
=
v
n
−
v
n
−
1
{\displaystyle e_{1}=v_{1}-v_{0},\ e_{2}=v_{2}-v_{1},\ldots e_{n}=v_{n}-v_{n-1}}
form a basis of
R
n
{\displaystyle \mathbf {R} ^{n}}
. Considering the parallelotope constructed from
v
0
{\displaystyle v_{0}}
and
e
1
,
…
,
e
n
{\displaystyle e_{1},\ldots ,e_{n}}
, one sees that the previous formula is valid for every simplex.
Finally, the formula at the beginning of this section is obtained by observing that
det
(
v
1
−
v
0
,
v
2
−
v
0
,
…
,
v
n
−
v
0
)
=
det
(
v
1
−
v
0
,
v
2
−
v
1
,
…
,
v
n
−
v
n
−
1
)
.
{\displaystyle \det(v_{1}-v_{0},v_{2}-v_{0},\ldots ,v_{n}-v_{0})=\det(v_{1}-v_{0},v_{2}-v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}-v_{n-1}).}
From this formula, it follows immediately that the volume under a standard n-simplex (i.e. between the origin and the simplex in Rn+1) is
1
(
n
+
1
)
!
{\displaystyle {1 \over (n+1)!}}
The volume of a regular n-simplex with unit side length is
n
+
1
n
!
2
n
{\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {n+1}}{n!{\sqrt {2^{n}}}}}}
as can be seen by multiplying the previous formula by xn+1, to get the volume under the n-simplex as a function of its vertex distance x from the origin, differentiating with respect to x, at
x
=
1
/
2
{\displaystyle x=1/{\sqrt {2}}}
(where the n-simplex side length is 1), and normalizing by the length
d
x
/
n
+
1
{\displaystyle dx/{\sqrt {n+1}}}
of the increment,
(
d
x
/
(
n
+
1
)
,
…
,
d
x
/
(
n
+
1
)
)
{\displaystyle (dx/(n+1),\ldots ,dx/(n+1))}
, along the normal vector.
Dihedral angles of the regular n-simplex
Any two (n − 1)-dimensional faces of a regular n-dimensional simplex are themselves regular (n − 1)-dimensional simplices, and they have the same dihedral angle of cos−1(1/n).
This can be seen by noting that the center of the standard simplex is
(
1
n
+
1
,
…
,
1
n
+
1
)
{\textstyle \left({\frac {1}{n+1}},\dots ,{\frac {1}{n+1}}\right)}
, and the centers of its faces are coordinate permutations of
(
0
,
1
n
,
…
,
1
n
)
{\textstyle \left(0,{\frac {1}{n}},\dots ,{\frac {1}{n}}\right)}
. Then, by symmetry, the vector pointing from
(
1
n
+
1
,
…
,
1
n
+
1
)
{\textstyle \left({\frac {1}{n+1}},\dots ,{\frac {1}{n+1}}\right)}
to
(
0
,
1
n
,
…
,
1
n
)
{\textstyle \left(0,{\frac {1}{n}},\dots ,{\frac {1}{n}}\right)}
is perpendicular to the faces. So the vectors normal to the faces are permutations of
(
−
n
,
1
,
…
,
1
)
{\displaystyle (-n,1,\dots ,1)}
, from which the dihedral angles are calculated.
Simplices with an "orthogonal corner"
An "orthogonal corner" means here that there is a vertex at which all adjacent edges are pairwise orthogonal. It immediately follows that all adjacent faces are pairwise orthogonal. Such simplices are generalizations of right triangles and for them there exists an n-dimensional version of the Pythagorean theorem:
The sum of the squared (n − 1)-dimensional volumes of the facets adjacent to the orthogonal corner equals the squared (n − 1)-dimensional volume of the facet opposite of the orthogonal corner.
∑
k
=
1
n
|
A
k
|
2
=
|
A
0
|
2
{\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{n}|A_{k}|^{2}=|A_{0}|^{2}}
where
A
1
…
A
n
{\displaystyle A_{1}\ldots A_{n}}
are facets being pairwise orthogonal to each other but not orthogonal to
A
0
{\displaystyle A_{0}}
, which is the facet opposite the orthogonal corner.
For a 2-simplex, the theorem is the Pythagorean theorem for triangles with a right angle and for a 3-simplex it is de Gua's theorem for a tetrahedron with an orthogonal corner.
Relation to the (n + 1)-hypercube
The Hasse diagram of the face lattice of an n-simplex is isomorphic to the graph of the (n + 1)-hypercube's edges, with the hypercube's vertices mapping to each of the n-simplex's elements, including the entire simplex and the null polytope as the extreme points of the lattice (mapped to two opposite vertices on the hypercube). This fact may be used to efficiently enumerate the simplex's face lattice, since more general face lattice enumeration algorithms are more computationally expensive.
The n-simplex is also the vertex figure of the (n + 1)-hypercube. It is also the facet of the (n + 1)-orthoplex.
Topology
Topologically, an n-simplex is equivalent to an n-ball. Every n-simplex is an n-dimensional manifold with corners.
Probability
Main article: Categorical distribution
In probability theory, the points of the standard n-simplex in (n + 1)-space form the space of possible probability distributions on a finite set consisting of n + 1 possible outcomes. The correspondence is as follows: For each distribution described as an ordered (n + 1)-tuple of probabilities whose sum is (necessarily) 1, we associate the point of the simplex whose barycentric coordinates are precisely those probabilities. That is, the kth vertex of the simplex is assigned to have the kth probability of the (n + 1)-tuple as its barycentric coefficient. This correspondence is an affine homeomorphism.
Aitchison geometry
Main article: Aitchison geometry
Aitchinson geometry is a natural way to construct an inner product space from the standard simplex
Δ
D
−
1
{\displaystyle \Delta ^{D-1}}
. It defines the following operations on simplices and real numbers:
Perturbation (addition)
x
⊕
y
=
[
x
1
y
1
∑
i
=
1
D
x
i
y
i
,
x
2
y
2
∑
i
=
1
D
x
i
y
i
,
…
,
x
D
y
D
∑
i
=
1
D
x
i
y
i
]
∀
x
,
y
∈
Δ
D
−
1
{\displaystyle x\oplus y=\left\qquad \forall x,y\in \Delta ^{D-1}}
Powering (scalar multiplication)
α
⊙
x
=
[
x
1
α
∑
i
=
1
D
x
i
α
,
x
2
α
∑
i
=
1
D
x
i
α
,
…
,
x
D
α
∑
i
=
1
D
x
i
α
]
∀
x
∈
Δ
D
−
1
,
α
∈
R
{\displaystyle \alpha \odot x=\left\qquad \forall x\in \Delta ^{D-1},\;\alpha \in \mathbb {R} }
Inner product
⟨
x
,
y
⟩
=
1
2
D
∑
i
=
1
D
∑
j
=
1
D
log
x
i
x
j
log
y
i
y
j
∀
x
,
y
∈
Δ
D
−
1
{\displaystyle \langle x,y\rangle ={\frac {1}{2D}}\sum _{i=1}^{D}\sum _{j=1}^{D}\log {\frac {x_{i}}{x_{j}}}\log {\frac {y_{i}}{y_{j}}}\qquad \forall x,y\in \Delta ^{D-1}}
Compounds
Since all simplices are self-dual, they can form a series of compounds;
Two triangles form a hexagram {6/2}.
Two tetrahedra form a compound of two tetrahedra or stella octangula.
Two 5-cells form a compound of two 5-cells in four dimensions.
Algebraic topology
In algebraic topology, simplices are used as building blocks to construct an interesting class of topological spaces called simplicial complexes. These spaces are built from simplices glued together in a combinatorial fashion. Simplicial complexes are used to define a certain kind of homology called simplicial homology.
A finite set of k-simplexes embedded in an open subset of Rn is called an affine k-chain. The simplexes in a chain need not be unique; they may occur with multiplicity. Rather than using standard set notation to denote an affine chain, it is instead the standard practice to use plus signs to separate each member in the set. If some of the simplexes have the opposite orientation, these are prefixed by a minus sign. If some of the simplexes occur in the set more than once, these are prefixed with an integer count. Thus, an affine chain takes the symbolic form of a sum with integer coefficients.
Note that each facet of an n-simplex is an affine (n − 1)-simplex, and thus the boundary of an n-simplex is an affine (n − 1)-chain. Thus, if we denote one positively oriented affine simplex as
σ
=
[
v
0
,
v
1
,
v
2
,
…
,
v
n
]
{\displaystyle \sigma =}
with the
v
j
{\displaystyle v_{j}}
denoting the vertices, then the boundary
∂
σ
{\displaystyle \partial \sigma }
of σ is the chain
∂
σ
=
∑
j
=
0
n
(
−
1
)
j
[
v
0
,
…
,
v
j
−
1
,
v
j
+
1
,
…
,
v
n
]
.
{\displaystyle \partial \sigma =\sum _{j=0}^{n}(-1)^{j}.}
It follows from this expression, and the linearity of the boundary operator, that the boundary of the boundary of a simplex is zero:
∂
2
σ
=
∂
(
∑
j
=
0
n
(
−
1
)
j
[
v
0
,
…
,
v
j
−
1
,
v
j
+
1
,
…
,
v
n
]
)
=
0.
{\displaystyle \partial ^{2}\sigma =\partial \left(\sum _{j=0}^{n}(-1)^{j}\right)=0.}
Likewise, the boundary of the boundary of a chain is zero:
∂
2
ρ
=
0
{\displaystyle \partial ^{2}\rho =0}
.
More generally, a simplex (and a chain) can be embedded into a manifold by means of smooth, differentiable map
f
:
R
n
→
M
{\displaystyle f:\mathbf {R} ^{n}\to M}
. In this case, both the summation convention for denoting the set, and the boundary operation commute with the embedding. That is,
f
(
∑
i
a
i
σ
i
)
=
∑
i
a
i
f
(
σ
i
)
{\displaystyle f\left(\sum \nolimits _{i}a_{i}\sigma _{i}\right)=\sum \nolimits _{i}a_{i}f(\sigma _{i})}
where the
a
i
{\displaystyle a_{i}}
are the integers denoting orientation and multiplicity. For the boundary operator
∂
{\displaystyle \partial }
, one has:
∂
f
(
ρ
)
=
f
(
∂
ρ
)
{\displaystyle \partial f(\rho )=f(\partial \rho )}
where ρ is a chain. The boundary operation commutes with the mapping because, in the end, the chain is defined as a set and little more, and the set operation always commutes with the map operation (by definition of a map).
A continuous map
f
:
σ
→
X
{\displaystyle f:\sigma \to X}
to a topological space X is frequently referred to as a singular n-simplex. (A map is generally called "singular" if it fails to have some desirable property such as continuity and, in this case, the term is meant to reflect to the fact that the continuous map need not be an embedding.)
Algebraic geometry
Since classical algebraic geometry allows one to talk about polynomial equations but not inequalities, the algebraic standard n-simplex is commonly defined as the subset of affine (n + 1)-dimensional space, where all coordinates sum up to 1 (thus leaving out the inequality part). The algebraic description of this set is
Δ
n
:=
{
x
∈
A
n
+
1
|
∑
i
=
1
n
+
1
x
i
=
1
}
,
{\displaystyle \Delta ^{n}:=\left\{x\in \mathbb {A} ^{n+1}~{\Bigg |}~\sum _{i=1}^{n+1}x_{i}=1\right\},}
which equals the scheme-theoretic description
Δ
n
(
R
)
=
Spec
(
R
[
Δ
n
]
)
{\displaystyle \Delta _{n}(R)=\operatorname {Spec} (R)}
with
R
[
Δ
n
]
:=
R
[
x
1
,
…
,
x
n
+
1
]
/
(
1
−
∑
x
i
)
{\displaystyle R:=R\left/\left(1-\sum x_{i}\right)\right.}
the ring of regular functions on the algebraic n-simplex (for any ring
R
{\displaystyle R}
).
By using the same definitions as for the classical n-simplex, the n-simplices for different dimensions n assemble into one simplicial object, while the rings
R
[
Δ
n
]
{\displaystyle R}
assemble into one cosimplicial object
R
[
Δ
∙
]
{\displaystyle R}
(in the category of schemes resp. rings, since the face and degeneracy maps are all polynomial).
The algebraic n-simplices are used in higher K-theory and in the definition of higher Chow groups.
Applications
In statistics, simplices are sample spaces of compositional data and are also used in plotting quantities that sum to 1, such as proportions of subpopulations, as in a ternary plot.
In probability theory, a simplex space is often used to represent the space of probability distributions. The Dirichlet distribution, for instance, is defined on a simplex.
In industrial statistics, simplices arise in problem formulation and in algorithmic solution. In the design of bread, the producer must combine yeast, flour, water, sugar, etc. In such mixtures, only the relative proportions of ingredients matters: For an optimal bread mixture, if the flour is doubled then the yeast should be doubled. Such mixture problem are often formulated with normalized constraints, so that the nonnegative components sum to one, in which case the feasible region forms a simplex. The quality of the bread mixtures can be estimated using response surface methodology, and then a local maximum can be computed using a nonlinear programming method, such as sequential quadratic programming.
In operations research, linear programming problems can be solved by the simplex algorithm of George Dantzig.
In game theory, strategies can be represented as points within a simplex. This representation simplifies the analysis of mixed strategies.
In geometric design and computer graphics, many methods first perform simplicial triangulations of the domain and then fit interpolating polynomials to each simplex.
In chemistry, the hydrides of most elements in the p-block can resemble a simplex if one is to connect each atom. Neon does not react with hydrogen and as such is a point, fluorine bonds with one hydrogen atom and forms a line segment, oxygen bonds with two hydrogen atoms in a bent fashion resembling a triangle, nitrogen reacts to form a tetrahedron, and carbon forms a structure resembling a Schlegel diagram of the 5-cell. This trend continues for the heavier analogues of each element, as well as if the hydrogen atom is replaced by a halogen atom.
In some approaches to quantum gravity, such as Regge calculus and causal dynamical triangulations, simplices are used as building blocks of discretizations of spacetime; that is, to build simplicial manifolds.
See also
3-sphere
Aitchison geometry
Causal dynamical triangulation
Complete graph
Delaunay triangulation
Distance geometry
Geometric primitive
Hill tetrahedron
Hypersimplex
List of regular polytopes
Metcalfe's law
Other regular n-polytopes
Cross-polytope
Hypercube
Tesseract
Polytope
Schläfli orthoscheme
Simplex algorithm – an optimization method with inequality constraints
Simplicial complex
Simplicial homology
Simplicial set
Spectrahedron
Ternary plot
Notes
^ Elte, E.L. (2006) . "IV. five dimensional semiregular polytope". The Semiregular Polytopes of the Hyperspaces. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4181-7968-7.
^ Boyd & Vandenberghe 2004
^ Miller, Jeff, "Simplex", Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics, retrieved 2018-01-08
^ Coxeter 1973, pp. 120–124, §7.2.
^ Coxeter 1973, p. 120.
^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A135278 (Pascal's triangle with its left-hand edge removed)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
^ Kozlov, Dimitry, Combinatorial Algebraic Topology, 2008, Springer-Verlag (Series: Algorithms and Computation in Mathematics)
^ Yunmei Chen; Xiaojing Ye (2011). "Projection Onto A Simplex". arXiv:1101.6081 .
^ MacUlan, N.; De Paula, G. G. (1989). "A linear-time median-finding algorithm for projecting a vector on the simplex of n". Operations Research Letters. 8 (4): 219. doi:10.1016/0167-6377(89)90064-3.
^ A derivation of a very similar formula can be found in Stein, P. (1966). "A Note on the Volume of a Simplex". American Mathematical Monthly. 73 (3): 299–301. doi:10.2307/2315353. JSTOR 2315353.
^ Colins, Karen D. "Cayley-Menger Determinant". MathWorld.
^ Every n-path corresponding to a permutation
σ
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \sigma }
is the image of the n-path
v
0
,
v
0
+
e
1
,
v
0
+
e
1
+
e
2
,
…
v
0
+
e
1
+
⋯
+
e
n
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle v_{0},\ v_{0}+e_{1},\ v_{0}+e_{1}+e_{2},\ldots v_{0}+e_{1}+\cdots +e_{n}}
by the affine isometry that sends
v
0
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle v_{0}}
to
v
0
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle v_{0}}
, and whose linear part matches
e
i
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle e_{i}}
to
e
σ
(
i
)
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle e_{\sigma (i)}}
for all i. hence every two n-paths are isometric, and so is their convex hulls; this explains the congruence of the simplexes. To show the other assertions, it suffices to remark that the interior of the simplex determined by the n-path
v
0
,
v
0
+
e
σ
(
1
)
,
v
0
+
e
σ
(
1
)
+
e
σ
(
2
)
…
v
0
+
e
σ
(
1
)
+
⋯
+
e
σ
(
n
)
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle v_{0},\ v_{0}+e_{\sigma (1)},\ v_{0}+e_{\sigma (1)}+e_{\sigma (2)}\ldots v_{0}+e_{\sigma (1)}+\cdots +e_{\sigma (n)}}
is the set of points
v
0
+
(
x
1
+
⋯
+
x
n
)
e
σ
(
1
)
+
⋯
+
(
x
n
−
1
+
x
n
)
e
σ
(
n
−
1
)
+
x
n
e
σ
(
n
)
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle v_{0}+(x_{1}+\cdots +x_{n})e_{\sigma (1)}+\cdots +(x_{n-1}+x_{n})e_{\sigma (n-1)}+x_{n}e_{\sigma (n)}}
, with
0
<
x
i
<
1
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 0<x_{i}<1}
and
x
1
+
⋯
+
x
n
<
1.
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle x_{1}+\cdots +x_{n}<1.}
Hence the components of these points with respect to each corresponding permuted basis are strictly ordered in the decreasing order. That explains why the simplexes are non-overlapping. The fact that the union of the simplexes is the whole unit n-hypercube follows as well, replacing the strict inequalities above by "
≤
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \leq }
". The same arguments are also valid for a general parallelotope, except the isometry between the simplexes.
^ Parks, Harold R.; Wills, Dean C. (October 2002). "An Elementary Calculation of the Dihedral Angle of the Regular n-Simplex". American Mathematical Monthly. 109 (8): 756–8. doi:10.2307/3072403. JSTOR 3072403.
^ Wills, Harold R.; Parks, Dean C. (June 2009). Connections between combinatorics of permutations and algorithms and geometry (PhD). Oregon State University. hdl:1957/11929.
^ Donchian, P. S.; Coxeter, H. S. M. (July 1935). "1142. An n-dimensional extension of Pythagoras' Theorem". The Mathematical Gazette. 19 (234): 206. doi:10.2307/3605876. JSTOR 3605876. S2CID 125391795.
^ Lee, John M. (2006). Introduction to Topological Manifolds. Springer. pp. 292–3. ISBN 978-0-387-22727-6.
^
Cornell, John (2002). Experiments with Mixtures: Designs, Models, and the Analysis of Mixture Data (third ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-07916-2.
^ Vondran, Gary L. (April 1998). "Radial and Pruned Tetrahedral Interpolation Techniques" (PDF). HP Technical Report. HPL-98-95: 1–32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
References
Rudin, Walter (1976). Principles of Mathematical Analysis (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-054235-X. (See chapter 10 for a simple review of topological properties.)
Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2003). "§2.5.3". Computer Networks (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-066102-3.
Devroye, Luc (1986). Non-Uniform Random Variate Generation. Springer. ISBN 0-387-96305-7. Archived from the original on 2009-05-05.
Coxeter, H.S.M. (1973). Regular Polytopes (3rd ed.). Dover. ISBN 0-486-61480-8.
pp. 120–121, §7.2. see illustration 7-2A
p. 296, Table I (iii): Regular Polytopes, three regular polytopes in n dimensions (n ≥ 5)
Weisstein, Eric W. "Simplex". MathWorld.
Boyd, Stephen; Vandenberghe, Lieven (2004). Convex Optimization. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-39400-1. As PDF
vteDimensionDimensional spaces
Vector space
Euclidean space
Affine space
Projective space
Free module
Manifold
Algebraic variety
Spacetime
Other dimensions
Krull
Lebesgue covering
Inductive
Hausdorff
Minkowski
Fractal
Degrees of freedom
Polytopes and shapes
Hyperplane
Hypersurface
Hypercube
Hyperrectangle
Demihypercube
Hypersphere
Cross-polytope
Simplex
Hyperpyramid
Dimensions by number
Zero
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
n-dimensions
See also
Hyperspace
Codimension
Category
vteFundamental convex regular and uniform polytopes in dimensions 2–10
Family
An
Bn
I2(p) / Dn
E6 / E7 / E8 / F4 / G2
Hn
Regular polygon
Triangle
Square
p-gon
Hexagon
Pentagon
Uniform polyhedron
Tetrahedron
Octahedron • Cube
Demicube
Dodecahedron • Icosahedron
Uniform polychoron
Pentachoron
16-cell • Tesseract
Demitesseract
24-cell
120-cell • 600-cell
Uniform 5-polytope
5-simplex
5-orthoplex • 5-cube
5-demicube
Uniform 6-polytope
6-simplex
6-orthoplex • 6-cube
6-demicube
122 • 221
Uniform 7-polytope
7-simplex
7-orthoplex • 7-cube
7-demicube
132 • 231 • 321
Uniform 8-polytope
8-simplex
8-orthoplex • 8-cube
8-demicube
142 • 241 • 421
Uniform 9-polytope
9-simplex
9-orthoplex • 9-cube
9-demicube
Uniform 10-polytope
10-simplex
10-orthoplex • 10-cube
10-demicube
Uniform n-polytope
n-simplex
n-orthoplex • n-cube
n-demicube
1k2 • 2k1 • k21
n-pentagonal polytope
Topics: Polytope families • Regular polytope • List of regular polytopes and compounds | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simplex (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simplexes.jpg"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle"},{"link_name":"tetrahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron"},{"link_name":"dimensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensions"},{"link_name":"polytope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytope"},{"link_name":"point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"line segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_segment"},{"link_name":"triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle"},{"link_name":"tetrahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron"},{"link_name":"5-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-cell"},{"link_name":"polytope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytope"},{"link_name":"convex hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_hull"},{"link_name":"vertices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"affinely independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinely_independent"},{"link_name":"linearly independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearly_independent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"regular polytope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polytope"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyd-2"},{"link_name":"unit vectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_vectors"},{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"combinatorics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics"},{"link_name":"simplicial complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_complex"},{"link_name":"abstract simplicial complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_simplicial_complex"},{"link_name":"finite set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_set"}],"text":"For other uses, see Simplex (disambiguation).Multi-dimensional generalization of triangleThe four simplexes that can be fully represented in 3D space.In geometry, a simplex (plural: simplexes or simplices) is a generalization of the notion of a triangle or tetrahedron to arbitrary dimensions. The simplex is so-named because it represents the simplest possible polytope in any given dimension. For example,a 0-dimensional simplex is a point,\na 1-dimensional simplex is a line segment,\na 2-dimensional simplex is a triangle,\na 3-dimensional simplex is a tetrahedron, and\na 4-dimensional simplex is a 5-cell.Specifically, a k-simplex is a k-dimensional polytope that is the convex hull of its k + 1 vertices. More formally, suppose the k + 1 points \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n u\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle u_{0},\\dots ,u_{k}}\n \n are affinely independent, which means that the k vectors \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n u\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n u\n \n k\n \n \n −\n \n u\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle u_{1}-u_{0},\\dots ,u_{k}-u_{0}}\n \n are linearly independent. Then, the simplex determined by them is the set of pointsC\n =\n \n {\n \n \n θ\n \n 0\n \n \n \n u\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n θ\n \n k\n \n \n \n u\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n k\n \n \n \n θ\n \n i\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n and \n \n \n \n θ\n \n i\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n \n \n for \n \n \n i\n =\n 0\n ,\n …\n ,\n k\n \n }\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C=\\left\\{\\theta _{0}u_{0}+\\dots +\\theta _{k}u_{k}~{\\Bigg |}~\\sum _{i=0}^{k}\\theta _{i}=1{\\mbox{ and }}\\theta _{i}\\geq 0{\\mbox{ for }}i=0,\\dots ,k\\right\\}.}A regular simplex[1] is a simplex that is also a regular polytope. A regular k-simplex may be constructed from a regular (k − 1)-simplex by connecting a new vertex to all original vertices by the common edge length.The standard simplex or probability simplex[2] is the (k − 1)-dimensional simplex whose vertices are the k standard unit vectors in \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {R} ^{k}}\n \n, or in other words{\n \n x\n ∈\n \n \n R\n \n \n k\n \n \n :\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n x\n \n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n =\n 1\n ,\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n \n for \n \n i\n =\n 0\n ,\n …\n ,\n k\n −\n 1\n \n }\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{x\\in \\mathbf {R} ^{k}:x_{0}+\\dots +x_{k-1}=1,x_{i}\\geq 0{\\text{ for }}i=0,\\dots ,k-1\\right\\}.}In topology and combinatorics, it is common to \"glue together\" simplices to form a simplicial complex. The associated combinatorial structure is called an abstract simplicial complex, in which context the word \"simplex\" simply means any finite set of vertices.","title":"Simplex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Kingdon Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford"},{"link_name":"Henri Poincaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"algebraic topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_topology"},{"link_name":"Pieter Hendrik Schoute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Hendrik_Schoute"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"regular polytope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polytope"},{"link_name":"Donald Coxeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Coxeter"},{"link_name":"cross-polytope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-polytope"},{"link_name":"hypercubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercube"},{"link_name":"tessellation of n-dimensional space by infinitely many hypercubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercubic_honeycomb"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973120%E2%80%93124%C2%A77.2-4"}],"text":"The concept of a simplex was known to William Kingdon Clifford, who wrote about these shapes in 1886 but called them \"prime confines\". \nHenri Poincaré, writing about algebraic topology in 1900, called them \"generalized tetrahedra\".\nIn 1902 Pieter Hendrik Schoute described the concept first with the Latin superlative simplicissimum (\"simplest\") and then with the same Latin adjective in the normal form simplex (\"simple\").[3]The regular simplex family is the first of three regular polytope families, labeled by Donald Coxeter as αn, the other two being the cross-polytope family, labeled as βn, and the hypercubes, labeled as γn. A fourth family, the tessellation of n-dimensional space by infinitely many hypercubes, he labeled as δn.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"convex hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_hull"},{"link_name":"nonempty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_set"},{"link_name":"subset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subset"},{"link_name":"binomial coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_coefficient"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973120-5"},{"link_name":"Pascal's triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_triangle"},{"link_name":"simplicial complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_complex#Definitions"},{"link_name":"f-vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-vector"},{"link_name":"polynomial products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial#Multiplication"},{"link_name":"7-simplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-simplex"},{"link_name":"triangle number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_number"},{"link_name":"tetrahedron number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron_number"},{"link_name":"polytope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytope"},{"link_name":"isosceles triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosceles_triangle"},{"link_name":"equilateral triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilateral_triangle"},{"link_name":"regular tetrahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_tetrahedron"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"simplicial homology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_homology"}],"text":"The convex hull of any nonempty subset of the n + 1 points that define an n-simplex is called a face of the simplex. Faces are simplices themselves. In particular, the convex hull of a subset of size m + 1 (of the n + 1 defining points) is an m-simplex, called an m-face of the n-simplex. The 0-faces (i.e., the defining points themselves as sets of size 1) are called the vertices (singular: vertex), the 1-faces are called the edges, the (n − 1)-faces are called the facets, and the sole n-face is the whole n-simplex itself. In general, the number of m-faces is equal to the binomial coefficient \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tbinom {n+1}{m+1}}}\n \n.[5] Consequently, the number of m-faces of an n-simplex may be found in column (m + 1) of row (n + 1) of Pascal's triangle. A simplex A is a coface of a simplex B if B is a face of A. Face and facet can have different meanings when describing types of simplices in a simplicial complex.The extended f-vector for an n-simplex can be computed by (1,1)n+1, like the coefficients of polynomial products. For example, a 7-simplex is (1,1)8 = (1,2,1)4 = (1,4,6,4,1)2 = (1,8,28,56,70,56,28,8,1).The number of 1-faces (edges) of the n-simplex is the n-th triangle number, the number of 2-faces of the n-simplex is the (n − 1)th tetrahedron number, the number of 3-faces of the n-simplex is the (n − 2)th 5-cell number, and so on.An n-simplex is the polytope with the fewest vertices that requires n dimensions. Consider a line segment AB as a shape in a 1-dimensional space (the 1-dimensional space is the line in which the segment lies). One can place a new point C somewhere off the line. The new shape, triangle ABC, requires two dimensions; it cannot fit in the original 1-dimensional space. The triangle is the 2-simplex, a simple shape that requires two dimensions. Consider a triangle ABC, a shape in a 2-dimensional space (the plane in which the triangle resides). One can place a new point D somewhere off the plane. The new shape, tetrahedron ABCD, requires three dimensions; it cannot fit in the original 2-dimensional space. The tetrahedron is the 3-simplex, a simple shape that requires three dimensions. Consider tetrahedron ABCD, a shape in a 3-dimensional space (the 3-space in which the tetrahedron lies). One can place a new point E somewhere outside the 3-space. The new shape ABCDE, called a 5-cell, requires four dimensions and is called the 4-simplex; it cannot fit in the original 3-dimensional space. (It also cannot be visualized easily.) This idea can be generalized, that is, adding a single new point outside the currently occupied space, which requires going to the next higher dimension to hold the new shape. This idea can also be worked backward: the line segment we started with is a simple shape that requires a 1-dimensional space to hold it; the line segment is the 1-simplex. The line segment itself was formed by starting with a single point in 0-dimensional space (this initial point is the 0-simplex) and adding a second point, which required the increase to 1-dimensional space.More formally, an (n + 1)-simplex can be constructed as a join (∨ operator) of an n-simplex and a point, ( ). An (m + n + 1)-simplex can be constructed as a join of an m-simplex and an n-simplex. The two simplices are oriented to be completely normal from each other, with translation in a direction orthogonal to both of them. A 1-simplex is the join of two points: ( ) ∨ ( ) = 2 ⋅ ( ). A general 2-simplex (scalene triangle) is the join of three points: ( ) ∨ ( ) ∨ ( ). An isosceles triangle is the join of a 1-simplex and a point: { } ∨ ( ). An equilateral triangle is 3 ⋅ ( ) or {3}. A general 3-simplex is the join of 4 points: ( ) ∨ ( ) ∨ ( ) ∨ ( ). A 3-simplex with mirror symmetry can be expressed as the join of an edge and two points: { } ∨ ( ) ∨ ( ). A 3-simplex with triangular symmetry can be expressed as the join of an equilateral triangle and 1 point: 3.( )∨( ) or {3}∨( ). A regular tetrahedron is 4 ⋅ ( ) or {3,3} and so on.In some conventions,[7] the empty set is defined to be a (−1)-simplex. The definition of the simplex above still makes sense if n = −1. This convention is more common in applications to algebraic topology (such as simplicial homology) than to the study of polytopes.","title":"Elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petrie polygons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrie_polygon"},{"link_name":"circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle"}],"text":"These Petrie polygons (skew orthogonal projections) show all the vertices of the regular simplex on a circle, and all vertex pairs connected by edges.","title":"Symmetric graphs of regular simplices"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2D-simplex.svg"},{"link_name":"affine hyperplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_hyperplane"},{"link_name":"0/1-polytope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0/1-polytope"},{"link_name":"facet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facet_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"orthoplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoplex"},{"link_name":"barycentric coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycentric_coordinates_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"affine transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_transformation"},{"link_name":"orientation preserving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation_(vector_space)"},{"link_name":"polytope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytope"},{"link_name":"generalized barycentric coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_barycentric_coordinates"},{"link_name":"softmax function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softmax_function"},{"link_name":"standard logistic function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_logistic_function"}],"text":"The standard 2-simplex in R3The standard n-simplex (or unit n-simplex) is the subset of Rn+1 given byΔ\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n {\n \n (\n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n )\n ∈\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n t\n \n i\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n and \n \n \n t\n \n i\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n \n for \n \n i\n =\n 0\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n \n }\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta ^{n}=\\left\\{(t_{0},\\dots ,t_{n})\\in \\mathbf {R} ^{n+1}~{\\Bigg |}~\\sum _{i=0}^{n}t_{i}=1{\\text{ and }}t_{i}\\geq 0{\\text{ for }}i=0,\\ldots ,n\\right\\}}\n \n.The simplex Δn lies in the affine hyperplane obtained by removing the restriction ti ≥ 0 in the above definition.The n + 1 vertices of the standard n-simplex are the points ei ∈ Rn+1, wheree0 = (1, 0, 0, ..., 0),\ne1 = (0, 1, 0, ..., 0),\n⋮\nen = (0, 0, 0, ..., 1).A standard simplex is an example of a 0/1-polytope, with all coordinates as 0 or 1. It can also be seen one facet of a regular (n + 1)-orthoplex.There is a canonical map from the standard n-simplex to an arbitrary n-simplex with vertices (v0, ..., vn) given by(\n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n )\n ↦\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n t\n \n i\n \n \n \n v\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (t_{0},\\ldots ,t_{n})\\mapsto \\sum _{i=0}^{n}t_{i}v_{i}}The coefficients ti are called the barycentric coordinates of a point in the n-simplex. Such a general simplex is often called an affine n-simplex, to emphasize that the canonical map is an affine transformation. It is also sometimes called an oriented affine n-simplex to emphasize that the canonical map may be orientation preserving or reversing.More generally, there is a canonical map from the standard \n \n \n \n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (n-1)}\n \n-simplex (with n vertices) onto any polytope with n vertices, given by the same equation (modifying indexing):(\n \n t\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n )\n ↦\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n t\n \n i\n \n \n \n v\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (t_{1},\\ldots ,t_{n})\\mapsto \\sum _{i=1}^{n}t_{i}v_{i}}These are known as generalized barycentric coordinates, and express every polytope as the image of a simplex: \n \n \n \n \n Δ\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n ↠\n P\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta ^{n-1}\\twoheadrightarrow P.}A commonly used function from Rn to the interior of the standard \n \n \n \n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (n-1)}\n \n-simplex is the softmax function, or normalized exponential function; this generalizes the standard logistic function.","title":"Standard simplex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"equilateral triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilateral_triangle"},{"link_name":"regular tetrahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_tetrahedron"},{"link_name":"5-cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-cell"}],"sub_title":"Examples","text":"Δ0 is the point 1 in R1.\nΔ1 is the line segment joining (1, 0) and (0, 1) in R2.\nΔ2 is the equilateral triangle with vertices (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1) in R3.\nΔ3 is the regular tetrahedron with vertices (1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 0, 1) in R4.\nΔ4 is the regular 5-cell with vertices (1, 0, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 0, 0, 1) in R5.","title":"Standard simplex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indefinite sum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indefinite_sum"},{"link_name":"interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_(topology)"},{"link_name":"fundamental domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_domain"},{"link_name":"action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_action"},{"link_name":"symmetric group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_group"}],"sub_title":"Increasing coordinates","text":"An alternative coordinate system is given by taking the indefinite sum:s\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n s\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n =\n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n t\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n t\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n t\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n s\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n +\n \n t\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n =\n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n t\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n t\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n s\n \n n\n \n \n +\n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n t\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}s_{0}&=0\\\\s_{1}&=s_{0}+t_{0}=t_{0}\\\\s_{2}&=s_{1}+t_{1}=t_{0}+t_{1}\\\\s_{3}&=s_{2}+t_{2}=t_{0}+t_{1}+t_{2}\\\\&\\;\\;\\vdots \\\\s_{n}&=s_{n-1}+t_{n-1}=t_{0}+t_{1}+\\cdots +t_{n-1}\\\\s_{n+1}&=s_{n}+t_{n}=t_{0}+t_{1}+\\cdots +t_{n}=1\\end{aligned}}}This yields the alternative presentation by order, namely as nondecreasing n-tuples between 0 and 1:Δ\n \n ∗\n \n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n {\n \n (\n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n s\n \n n\n \n \n )\n ∈\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n ∣\n 0\n =\n \n s\n \n 0\n \n \n ≤\n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n ≤\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n ≤\n ⋯\n ≤\n \n s\n \n n\n \n \n ≤\n \n s\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n }\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta _{*}^{n}=\\left\\{(s_{1},\\ldots ,s_{n})\\in \\mathbf {R} ^{n}\\mid 0=s_{0}\\leq s_{1}\\leq s_{2}\\leq \\dots \\leq s_{n}\\leq s_{n+1}=1\\right\\}.}Geometrically, this is an n-dimensional subset of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {R} ^{n}}\n \n (maximal dimension, codimension 0) rather than of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {R} ^{n+1}}\n \n (codimension 1). The facets, which on the standard simplex correspond to one coordinate vanishing, \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n i\n \n \n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t_{i}=0,}\n \n here correspond to successive coordinates being equal, \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n s\n \n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{i}=s_{i+1},}\n \n while the interior corresponds to the inequalities becoming strict (increasing sequences).A key distinction between these presentations is the behavior under permuting coordinates – the standard simplex is stabilized by permuting coordinates, while permuting elements of the \"ordered simplex\" do not leave it invariant, as permuting an ordered sequence generally makes it unordered. Indeed, the ordered simplex is a (closed) fundamental domain for the action of the symmetric group on the n-cube, meaning that the orbit of the ordered simplex under the n! elements of the symmetric group divides the n-cube into \n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n!}\n \n mostly disjoint simplices (disjoint except for boundaries), showing that this simplex has volume 1/n!. Alternatively, the volume can be computed by an iterated integral, whose successive integrands are 1, x, x2/2, x3/3!, ..., xn/n!.A further property of this presentation is that it uses the order but not addition, and thus can be defined in any dimension over any ordered set, and for example can be used to define an infinite-dimensional simplex without issues of convergence of sums.","title":"Standard simplex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"probability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"},{"link_name":"projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_projection"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"median-finding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_algorithm"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Projection onto the standard simplex","text":"Especially in numerical applications of probability theory a projection onto the standard simplex is of interest. Given \n \n \n \n (\n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (p_{i})_{i}}\n \n with possibly negative entries, the closest point \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n t\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(t_{i}\\right)_{i}}\n \n on the simplex has coordinatest\n \n i\n \n \n =\n max\n {\n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n +\n Δ\n \n ,\n 0\n }\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t_{i}=\\max\\{p_{i}+\\Delta \\,,0\\},}where \n \n \n \n Δ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta }\n \n is chosen such that \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n max\n {\n \n p\n \n i\n \n \n +\n Δ\n \n ,\n 0\n }\n =\n 1.\n \n \n {\\textstyle \\sum _{i}\\max\\{p_{i}+\\Delta \\,,0\\}=1.}Δ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta }\n \n can be easily calculated from sorting pi.[8]\nThe sorting approach takes \n \n \n \n O\n (\n n\n log\n \n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle O(n\\log n)}\n \n complexity, which can be improved to O(n) complexity via median-finding algorithms.[9] Projecting onto the simplex is computationally similar to projecting onto the \n \n \n \n \n ℓ\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell _{1}}\n \n ball.","title":"Standard simplex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplex method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_method"}],"sub_title":"Corner of cube","text":"Finally, a simple variant is to replace \"summing to 1\" with \"summing to at most 1\"; this raises the dimension by 1, so to simplify notation, the indexing changes:Δ\n \n c\n \n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n {\n \n (\n \n t\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n )\n ∈\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n t\n \n i\n \n \n ≤\n 1\n \n and \n \n \n t\n \n i\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n \n for all \n \n i\n \n }\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta _{c}^{n}=\\left\\{(t_{1},\\ldots ,t_{n})\\in \\mathbf {R} ^{n}~{\\Bigg |}~\\sum _{i=1}^{n}t_{i}\\leq 1{\\text{ and }}t_{i}\\geq 0{\\text{ for all }}i\\right\\}.}This yields an n-simplex as a corner of the n-cube, and is a standard orthogonal simplex. This is the simplex used in the simplex method, which is based at the origin, and locally models a vertex on a polytope with n facets.","title":"Standard simplex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basis vectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"real number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"quadratic equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_equation"},{"link_name":"cyclic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_group"},{"link_name":"orthogonal matrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_matrix"},{"link_name":"identity matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_matrix"},{"link_name":"matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"dividing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisor"},{"link_name":"odd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"even","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(mathematics)"}],"text":"One way to write down a regular n-simplex in Rn is to choose two points to be the first two vertices, choose a third point to make an equilateral triangle, choose a fourth point to make a regular tetrahedron, and so on. Each step requires satisfying equations that ensure that each newly chosen vertex, together with the previously chosen vertices, forms a regular simplex. There are several sets of equations that can be written down and used for this purpose. These include the equality of all the distances between vertices; the equality of all the distances from vertices to the center of the simplex; the fact that the angle subtended through the new vertex by any two previously chosen vertices is \n \n \n \n π\n \n /\n \n 3\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi /3}\n \n; and the fact that the angle subtended through the center of the simplex by any two vertices is \n \n \n \n arccos\n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n /\n \n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\arccos(-1/n)}\n \n.It is also possible to directly write down a particular regular n-simplex in Rn which can then be translated, rotated, and scaled as desired. One way to do this is as follows. Denote the basis vectors of Rn by e1 through en. Begin with the standard (n − 1)-simplex which is the convex hull of the basis vectors. By adding an additional vertex, these become a face of a regular n-simplex. The additional vertex must lie on the line perpendicular to the barycenter of the standard simplex, so it has the form (α/n, ..., α/n) for some real number α. Since the squared distance between two basis vectors is 2, in order for the additional vertex to form a regular n-simplex, the squared distance between it and any of the basis vectors must also be 2. This yields a quadratic equation for α. Solving this equation shows that there are two choices for the additional vertex:1\n n\n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n ±\n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n ⋅\n (\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n 1\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{n}}\\left(1\\pm {\\sqrt {n+1}}\\right)\\cdot (1,\\dots ,1).}Either of these, together with the standard basis vectors, yields a regular n-simplex.The above regular n-simplex is not centered on the origin. It can be translated to the origin by subtracting the mean of its vertices. By rescaling, it can be given unit side length. This results in the simplex whose vertices are:1\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n i\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n \n n\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n 1\n ±\n \n \n 1\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ⋅\n (\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n 1\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {2}}}\\mathbf {e} _{i}-{\\frac {1}{n{\\sqrt {2}}}}{\\bigg (}1\\pm {\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {n+1}}}{\\bigg )}\\cdot (1,\\dots ,1),}for \n \n \n \n 1\n ≤\n i\n ≤\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1\\leq i\\leq n}\n \n, and±\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n ⋅\n (\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n 1\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pm {\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {2(n+1)}}}\\cdot (1,\\dots ,1).}Note that there are two sets of vertices described here. One set uses \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n {\\displaystyle +}\n \n in each calculation. The other set uses \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -}\n \n in each calculation.This simplex is inscribed in a hypersphere of radius \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n /\n \n (\n 2\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {n/(2(n+1))}}}\n \n.A different rescaling produces a simplex that is inscribed in a unit hypersphere. When this is done, its vertices are1\n +\n \n n\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n e\n \n \n i\n \n \n −\n \n n\n \n −\n 3\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n ±\n 1\n )\n ⋅\n (\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n 1\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {1+n^{-1}}}\\cdot \\mathbf {e} _{i}-n^{-3/2}({\\sqrt {n+1}}\\pm 1)\\cdot (1,\\dots ,1),}where \n \n \n \n 1\n ≤\n i\n ≤\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1\\leq i\\leq n}\n \n, and±\n \n n\n \n −\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n ⋅\n (\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n 1\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pm n^{-1/2}\\cdot (1,\\dots ,1).}The side length of this simplex is \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n \n /\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle {\\sqrt {2(n+1)/n}}}\n \n.A highly symmetric way to construct a regular n-simplex is to use a representation of the cyclic group Zn+1 by orthogonal matrices. This is an n × n orthogonal matrix Q such that Qn+1 = I is the identity matrix, but no lower power of Q is. Applying powers of this matrix to an appropriate vector v will produce the vertices of a regular n-simplex. To carry this out, first observe that for any orthogonal matrix Q, there is a choice of basis in which Q is a block diagonal matrixQ\n =\n diag\n \n (\n \n Q\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n Q\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n Q\n \n k\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q=\\operatorname {diag} (Q_{1},Q_{2},\\dots ,Q_{k}),}where each Qi is orthogonal and either 2 × 2 or 1 × 1. In order for Q to have order n + 1, all of these matrices must have order dividing n + 1. Therefore each Qi is either a 1 × 1 matrix whose only entry is 1 or, if n is odd, −1; or it is a 2 × 2 matrix of the form(\n \n \n \n cos\n \n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n ω\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n sin\n \n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n ω\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n ω\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n cos\n \n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n ω\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{pmatrix}\\cos {\\frac {2\\pi \\omega _{i}}{n+1}}&-\\sin {\\frac {2\\pi \\omega _{i}}{n+1}}\\\\\\sin {\\frac {2\\pi \\omega _{i}}{n+1}}&\\cos {\\frac {2\\pi \\omega _{i}}{n+1}}\\end{pmatrix}},}where each ωi is an integer between zero and n inclusive. A sufficient condition for the orbit of a point to be a regular simplex is that the matrices Qi form a basis for the non-trivial irreducible real representations of Zn+1, and the vector being rotated is not stabilized by any of them.In practical terms, for n even this means that every matrix Qi is 2 × 2, there is an equality of sets{\n \n ω\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n n\n +\n 1\n −\n \n ω\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n ω\n \n n\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n n\n +\n 1\n −\n \n ω\n \n n\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n }\n =\n {\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n }\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{\\omega _{1},n+1-\\omega _{1},\\dots ,\\omega _{n/2},n+1-\\omega _{n/2}\\}=\\{1,\\dots ,n\\},}and, for every Qi, the entries of v upon which Qi acts are not both zero. For example, when n = 4, one possible matrix is(\n \n \n \n cos\n \n (\n 2\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n −\n sin\n \n (\n 2\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n (\n 2\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n cos\n \n (\n 2\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n cos\n \n (\n 4\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n −\n sin\n \n (\n 4\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n sin\n \n (\n 4\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n cos\n \n (\n 4\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{pmatrix}\\cos(2\\pi /5)&-\\sin(2\\pi /5)&0&0\\\\\\sin(2\\pi /5)&\\cos(2\\pi /5)&0&0\\\\0&0&\\cos(4\\pi /5)&-\\sin(4\\pi /5)\\\\0&0&\\sin(4\\pi /5)&\\cos(4\\pi /5)\\end{pmatrix}}.}Applying this to the vector (1, 0, 1, 0) results in the simplex whose vertices are(\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n cos\n \n (\n 2\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n (\n 2\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n \n cos\n \n (\n 4\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n (\n 4\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n cos\n \n (\n 4\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n (\n 4\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n \n cos\n \n (\n 8\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n (\n 8\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n cos\n \n (\n 6\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n (\n 6\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n \n cos\n \n (\n 2\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n (\n 2\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n cos\n \n (\n 8\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n (\n 8\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n \n cos\n \n (\n 6\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n \n sin\n \n (\n 6\n π\n \n /\n \n 5\n )\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{pmatrix}1\\\\0\\\\1\\\\0\\end{pmatrix}},{\\begin{pmatrix}\\cos(2\\pi /5)\\\\\\sin(2\\pi /5)\\\\\\cos(4\\pi /5)\\\\\\sin(4\\pi /5)\\end{pmatrix}},{\\begin{pmatrix}\\cos(4\\pi /5)\\\\\\sin(4\\pi /5)\\\\\\cos(8\\pi /5)\\\\\\sin(8\\pi /5)\\end{pmatrix}},{\\begin{pmatrix}\\cos(6\\pi /5)\\\\\\sin(6\\pi /5)\\\\\\cos(2\\pi /5)\\\\\\sin(2\\pi /5)\\end{pmatrix}},{\\begin{pmatrix}\\cos(8\\pi /5)\\\\\\sin(8\\pi /5)\\\\\\cos(6\\pi /5)\\\\\\sin(6\\pi /5)\\end{pmatrix}},}each of which has distance √5 from the others.\nWhen n is odd, the condition means that exactly one of the diagonal blocks is 1 × 1, equal to −1, and acts upon a non-zero entry of v; while the remaining diagonal blocks, say Q1, ..., Q(n − 1) / 2, are 2 × 2, there is an equality of sets{\n \n \n ω\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n −\n \n ω\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n ω\n \n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n −\n \n ω\n \n n\n −\n 1\n )\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n }\n \n =\n \n {\n \n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n \n /\n \n 2\n ,\n (\n n\n +\n 3\n )\n \n /\n \n 2\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n \n }\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{\\omega _{1},-\\omega _{1},\\dots ,\\omega _{(n-1)/2},-\\omega _{n-1)/2}\\right\\}=\\left\\{1,\\dots ,(n-1)/2,(n+3)/2,\\dots ,n\\right\\},}and each diagonal block acts upon a pair of entries of v which are not both zero. So, for example, when n = 3, the matrix can be(\n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{pmatrix}0&-1&0\\\\1&0&0\\\\0&0&-1\\\\\\end{pmatrix}}.}For the vector (1, 0, 1/√2), the resulting simplex has vertices(\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n √\n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n /\n \n √\n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n √\n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n /\n \n √\n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{pmatrix}1\\\\0\\\\1/\\surd 2\\end{pmatrix}},{\\begin{pmatrix}0\\\\1\\\\-1/\\surd 2\\end{pmatrix}},{\\begin{pmatrix}-1\\\\0\\\\1/\\surd 2\\end{pmatrix}},{\\begin{pmatrix}0\\\\-1\\\\-1/\\surd 2\\end{pmatrix}},}each of which has distance 2 from the others.","title":"Cartesian coordinates for a regular n-dimensional simplex in Rn"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geometric properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume"},{"link_name":"determinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant"},{"link_name":"vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gram determinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_determinant"},{"link_name":"Cayley–Menger determinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%E2%80%93Menger_determinant"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"parallelotope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelepiped#Parallelotope"},{"link_name":"permutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"linear isomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_isomorphism"}],"sub_title":"Volume","text":"The volume of an n-simplex in n-dimensional space with vertices (v0, ..., vn) isV\n o\n l\n u\n m\n e\n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n det\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Volume} ={\\frac {1}{n!}}\\left|\\det {\\begin{pmatrix}v_{1}-v_{0}&&v_{2}-v_{0}&&\\cdots &&v_{n}-v_{0}\\end{pmatrix}}\\right|}where each column of the n × n determinant is a vector that points from vertex v0 to another vertex vk.[10] This formula is particularly useful when \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{0}}\n \n is the origin.The expressionV\n o\n l\n u\n m\n e\n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n det\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n T\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n T\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n T\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Volume} ={\\frac {1}{n!}}\\det \\left[{\\begin{pmatrix}v_{1}^{\\text{T}}-v_{0}^{\\text{T}}\\\\v_{2}^{\\text{T}}-v_{0}^{\\text{T}}\\\\\\vdots \\\\v_{n}^{\\text{T}}-v_{0}^{\\text{T}}\\end{pmatrix}}{\\begin{pmatrix}v_{1}-v_{0}&v_{2}-v_{0}&\\cdots &v_{n}-v_{0}\\end{pmatrix}}\\right]^{1/2}}employs a Gram determinant and works even when the n-simplex's vertices are in a Euclidean space with more than n dimensions, e.g., a triangle in \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {R} ^{3}}\n \n.A more symmetric way to compute the volume of an n-simplex in \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {R} ^{n}}\n \n isV\n o\n l\n u\n m\n e\n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n det\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n |\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Volume} ={1 \\over n!}\\left|\\det {\\begin{pmatrix}v_{0}&v_{1}&\\cdots &v_{n}\\\\1&1&\\cdots &1\\end{pmatrix}}\\right|.}Another common way of computing the volume of the simplex is via the Cayley–Menger determinant, which works even when the n-simplex's vertices are in a Euclidean space with more than n dimensions.[11]Without the 1/n! it is the formula for the volume of an n-parallelotope. \nThis can be understood as follows: Assume that P is an n-parallelotope constructed on a basis \n \n \n \n (\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n e\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (v_{0},e_{1},\\ldots ,e_{n})}\n \n of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {R} ^{n}}\n \n.\nGiven a permutation \n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma }\n \n of \n \n \n \n {\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{1,2,\\ldots ,n\\}}\n \n, call a list of vertices \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{0},\\ v_{1},\\ldots ,v_{n}}\n \n a n-path ifv\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n e\n \n σ\n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n e\n \n σ\n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n v\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n +\n \n e\n \n σ\n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{1}=v_{0}+e_{\\sigma (1)},\\ v_{2}=v_{1}+e_{\\sigma (2)},\\ldots ,v_{n}=v_{n-1}+e_{\\sigma (n)}}(so there are n! n-paths and \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{n}}\n \n does not depend on the permutation). The following assertions hold:If P is the unit n-hypercube, then the union of the n-simplexes formed by the convex hull of each n-path is P, and these simplexes are congruent and pairwise non-overlapping.[12] In particular, the volume of such a simplex isVol\n \n (\n P\n )\n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\operatorname {Vol} (P)}{n!}}={\\frac {1}{n!}}.}If P is a general parallelotope, the same assertions hold except that it is no longer true, in dimension > 2, that the simplexes need to be pairwise congruent; yet their volumes remain equal, because the n-parallelotope is the image of the unit n-hypercube by the linear isomorphism that sends the canonical basis of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {R} ^{n}}\n \n to \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n e\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e_{1},\\ldots ,e_{n}}\n \n. As previously, this implies that the volume of a simplex coming from a n-path is:Vol\n \n (\n P\n )\n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n det\n (\n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n e\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\operatorname {Vol} (P)}{n!}}={\\frac {\\det(e_{1},\\ldots ,e_{n})}{n!}}.}Conversely, given an n-simplex \n \n \n \n (\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (v_{0},\\ v_{1},\\ v_{2},\\ldots v_{n})}\n \n of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {R} ^{n}}\n \n, it can be supposed that the vectors \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n \n e\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n \n e\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e_{1}=v_{1}-v_{0},\\ e_{2}=v_{2}-v_{1},\\ldots e_{n}=v_{n}-v_{n-1}}\n \n form a basis of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {R} ^{n}}\n \n. Considering the parallelotope constructed from \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{0}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n e\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e_{1},\\ldots ,e_{n}}\n \n, one sees that the previous formula is valid for every simplex.Finally, the formula at the beginning of this section is obtained by observing thatdet\n (\n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n =\n det\n (\n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n −\n \n v\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\det(v_{1}-v_{0},v_{2}-v_{0},\\ldots ,v_{n}-v_{0})=\\det(v_{1}-v_{0},v_{2}-v_{1},\\ldots ,v_{n}-v_{n-1}).}From this formula, it follows immediately that the volume under a standard n-simplex (i.e. between the origin and the simplex in Rn+1) is1\n \n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {1 \\over (n+1)!}}The volume of a regular n-simplex with unit side length isn\n +\n 1\n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\sqrt {n+1}}{n!{\\sqrt {2^{n}}}}}}as can be seen by multiplying the previous formula by xn+1, to get the volume under the n-simplex as a function of its vertex distance x from the origin, differentiating with respect to x, at \n \n \n \n x\n =\n 1\n \n /\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=1/{\\sqrt {2}}}\n \n (where the n-simplex side length is 1), and normalizing by the length \n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n /\n \n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle dx/{\\sqrt {n+1}}}\n \n of the increment, \n \n \n \n (\n d\n x\n \n /\n \n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n ,\n …\n ,\n d\n x\n \n /\n \n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (dx/(n+1),\\ldots ,dx/(n+1))}\n \n, along the normal vector.","title":"Geometric properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dihedral angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_angle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Dihedral angles of the regular n-simplex","text":"Any two (n − 1)-dimensional faces of a regular n-dimensional simplex are themselves regular (n − 1)-dimensional simplices, and they have the same dihedral angle of cos−1(1/n).[13][14]This can be seen by noting that the center of the standard simplex is \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n \n 1\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\left({\\frac {1}{n+1}},\\dots ,{\\frac {1}{n+1}}\\right)}\n \n, and the centers of its faces are coordinate permutations of \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 0\n ,\n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\left(0,{\\frac {1}{n}},\\dots ,{\\frac {1}{n}}\\right)}\n \n. Then, by symmetry, the vector pointing from \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n \n 1\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\left({\\frac {1}{n+1}},\\dots ,{\\frac {1}{n+1}}\\right)}\n \n to \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 0\n ,\n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\left(0,{\\frac {1}{n}},\\dots ,{\\frac {1}{n}}\\right)}\n \n is perpendicular to the faces. So the vectors normal to the faces are permutations of \n \n \n \n (\n −\n n\n ,\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (-n,1,\\dots ,1)}\n \n, from which the dihedral angles are calculated.","title":"Geometric properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"faces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem"},{"link_name":"de Gua's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Gua%27s_theorem"}],"sub_title":"Simplices with an \"orthogonal corner\"","text":"An \"orthogonal corner\" means here that there is a vertex at which all adjacent edges are pairwise orthogonal. It immediately follows that all adjacent faces are pairwise orthogonal. Such simplices are generalizations of right triangles and for them there exists an n-dimensional version of the Pythagorean theorem:The sum of the squared (n − 1)-dimensional volumes of the facets adjacent to the orthogonal corner equals the squared (n − 1)-dimensional volume of the facet opposite of the orthogonal corner.∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n A\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n |\n \n \n A\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{k=1}^{n}|A_{k}|^{2}=|A_{0}|^{2}}where \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 1\n \n \n …\n \n A\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{1}\\ldots A_{n}}\n \n are facets being pairwise orthogonal to each other but not orthogonal to \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{0}}\n \n, which is the facet opposite the orthogonal corner.[15]For a 2-simplex, the theorem is the Pythagorean theorem for triangles with a right angle and for a 3-simplex it is de Gua's theorem for a tetrahedron with an orthogonal corner.","title":"Geometric properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hasse diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasse_diagram"},{"link_name":"hypercube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercube"},{"link_name":"vertex figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_figure"},{"link_name":"facet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facet_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"orthoplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoplex"}],"sub_title":"Relation to the (n + 1)-hypercube","text":"The Hasse diagram of the face lattice of an n-simplex is isomorphic to the graph of the (n + 1)-hypercube's edges, with the hypercube's vertices mapping to each of the n-simplex's elements, including the entire simplex and the null polytope as the extreme points of the lattice (mapped to two opposite vertices on the hypercube). This fact may be used to efficiently enumerate the simplex's face lattice, since more general face lattice enumeration algorithms are more computationally expensive.The n-simplex is also the vertex figure of the (n + 1)-hypercube. It is also the facet of the (n + 1)-orthoplex.","title":"Geometric properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Topologically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"equivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologically_equivalent"},{"link_name":"n-ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"manifold with corners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold_with_corners"}],"sub_title":"Topology","text":"Topologically, an n-simplex is equivalent to an n-ball. Every n-simplex is an n-dimensional manifold with corners.","title":"Geometric properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barycentric coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycentric_coordinates"}],"sub_title":"Probability","text":"In probability theory, the points of the standard n-simplex in (n + 1)-space form the space of possible probability distributions on a finite set consisting of n + 1 possible outcomes. The correspondence is as follows: For each distribution described as an ordered (n + 1)-tuple of probabilities whose sum is (necessarily) 1, we associate the point of the simplex whose barycentric coordinates are precisely those probabilities. That is, the kth vertex of the simplex is assigned to have the kth probability of the (n + 1)-tuple as its barycentric coefficient. This correspondence is an affine homeomorphism.","title":"Geometric properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inner product space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_product_space"}],"sub_title":"Aitchison geometry","text":"Aitchinson geometry is a natural way to construct an inner product space from the standard simplex \n \n \n \n \n Δ\n \n D\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta ^{D-1}}\n \n. It defines the following operations on simplices and real numbers:Perturbation (addition)x\n ⊕\n y\n =\n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n D\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n y\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n D\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n y\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n D\n \n \n \n y\n \n D\n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n D\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n y\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n ∀\n x\n ,\n y\n ∈\n \n Δ\n \n D\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\oplus y=\\left[{\\frac {x_{1}y_{1}}{\\sum _{i=1}^{D}x_{i}y_{i}}},{\\frac {x_{2}y_{2}}{\\sum _{i=1}^{D}x_{i}y_{i}}},\\dots ,{\\frac {x_{D}y_{D}}{\\sum _{i=1}^{D}x_{i}y_{i}}}\\right]\\qquad \\forall x,y\\in \\Delta ^{D-1}}Powering (scalar multiplication)α\n ⊙\n x\n =\n \n [\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n α\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n D\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n α\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n α\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n D\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n α\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n \n \n x\n \n D\n \n \n α\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n D\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n α\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n ∀\n x\n ∈\n \n Δ\n \n D\n −\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n α\n ∈\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha \\odot x=\\left[{\\frac {x_{1}^{\\alpha }}{\\sum _{i=1}^{D}x_{i}^{\\alpha }}},{\\frac {x_{2}^{\\alpha }}{\\sum _{i=1}^{D}x_{i}^{\\alpha }}},\\ldots ,{\\frac {x_{D}^{\\alpha }}{\\sum _{i=1}^{D}x_{i}^{\\alpha }}}\\right]\\qquad \\forall x\\in \\Delta ^{D-1},\\;\\alpha \\in \\mathbb {R} }Inner product⟨\n x\n ,\n y\n ⟩\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n D\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n D\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n D\n \n \n log\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n log\n \n \n \n \n y\n \n i\n \n \n \n y\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n ∀\n x\n ,\n y\n ∈\n \n Δ\n \n D\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle x,y\\rangle ={\\frac {1}{2D}}\\sum _{i=1}^{D}\\sum _{j=1}^{D}\\log {\\frac {x_{i}}{x_{j}}}\\log {\\frac {y_{i}}{y_{j}}}\\qquad \\forall x,y\\in \\Delta ^{D-1}}","title":"Geometric properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hexagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagram"},{"link_name":"compound of two tetrahedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_of_two_tetrahedra"},{"link_name":"stella octangula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellated_octahedron"},{"link_name":"compound of two 5-cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_of_two_5-cells"}],"sub_title":"Compounds","text":"Since all simplices are self-dual, they can form a series of compounds;Two triangles form a hexagram {6/2}.\nTwo tetrahedra form a compound of two tetrahedra or stella octangula.\nTwo 5-cells form a compound of two 5-cells in four dimensions.","title":"Geometric properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"algebraic topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_topology"},{"link_name":"topological spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_space"},{"link_name":"simplicial complexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_complex"},{"link_name":"combinatorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics"},{"link_name":"homology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"simplicial homology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_homology"},{"link_name":"open subset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_subset"},{"link_name":"multiplicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicity_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientability"},{"link_name":"boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_(topology)"},{"link_name":"manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold"},{"link_name":"embedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedding"},{"link_name":"map operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"continuous map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_function_(topology)"},{"link_name":"topological space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_space"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In algebraic topology, simplices are used as building blocks to construct an interesting class of topological spaces called simplicial complexes. These spaces are built from simplices glued together in a combinatorial fashion. Simplicial complexes are used to define a certain kind of homology called simplicial homology.A finite set of k-simplexes embedded in an open subset of Rn is called an affine k-chain. The simplexes in a chain need not be unique; they may occur with multiplicity. Rather than using standard set notation to denote an affine chain, it is instead the standard practice to use plus signs to separate each member in the set. If some of the simplexes have the opposite orientation, these are prefixed by a minus sign. If some of the simplexes occur in the set more than once, these are prefixed with an integer count. Thus, an affine chain takes the symbolic form of a sum with integer coefficients.Note that each facet of an n-simplex is an affine (n − 1)-simplex, and thus the boundary of an n-simplex is an affine (n − 1)-chain. Thus, if we denote one positively oriented affine simplex asσ\n =\n [\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma =[v_{0},v_{1},v_{2},\\ldots ,v_{n}]}with the \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{j}}\n \n denoting the vertices, then the boundary \n \n \n \n ∂\n σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial \\sigma }\n \n of σ is the chain∂\n σ\n =\n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n j\n \n \n [\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n v\n \n j\n −\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n v\n \n j\n +\n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n ]\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial \\sigma =\\sum _{j=0}^{n}(-1)^{j}[v_{0},\\ldots ,v_{j-1},v_{j+1},\\ldots ,v_{n}].}It follows from this expression, and the linearity of the boundary operator, that the boundary of the boundary of a simplex is zero:∂\n \n 2\n \n \n σ\n =\n ∂\n \n (\n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n j\n \n \n [\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n v\n \n j\n −\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n v\n \n j\n +\n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n ]\n \n )\n \n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial ^{2}\\sigma =\\partial \\left(\\sum _{j=0}^{n}(-1)^{j}[v_{0},\\ldots ,v_{j-1},v_{j+1},\\ldots ,v_{n}]\\right)=0.}Likewise, the boundary of the boundary of a chain is zero: \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n ρ\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial ^{2}\\rho =0}\n \n.More generally, a simplex (and a chain) can be embedded into a manifold by means of smooth, differentiable map \n \n \n \n f\n :\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n →\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:\\mathbf {R} ^{n}\\to M}\n \n. In this case, both the summation convention for denoting the set, and the boundary operation commute with the embedding. That is,f\n \n (\n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n \n σ\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n f\n (\n \n σ\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\left(\\sum \\nolimits _{i}a_{i}\\sigma _{i}\\right)=\\sum \\nolimits _{i}a_{i}f(\\sigma _{i})}where the \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{i}}\n \n are the integers denoting orientation and multiplicity. For the boundary operator \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial }\n \n, one has:∂\n f\n (\n ρ\n )\n =\n f\n (\n ∂\n ρ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial f(\\rho )=f(\\partial \\rho )}where ρ is a chain. The boundary operation commutes with the mapping because, in the end, the chain is defined as a set and little more, and the set operation always commutes with the map operation (by definition of a map).A continuous map \n \n \n \n f\n :\n σ\n →\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:\\sigma \\to X}\n \n to a topological space X is frequently referred to as a singular n-simplex. (A map is generally called \"singular\" if it fails to have some desirable property such as continuity and, in this case, the term is meant to reflect to the fact that the continuous map need not be an embedding.)[16]","title":"Algebraic topology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"algebraic geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_geometry"},{"link_name":"simplicial object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_object"},{"link_name":"category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"K-theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-theory"},{"link_name":"Chow groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chow_group"}],"text":"Since classical algebraic geometry allows one to talk about polynomial equations but not inequalities, the algebraic standard n-simplex is commonly defined as the subset of affine (n + 1)-dimensional space, where all coordinates sum up to 1 (thus leaving out the inequality part). The algebraic description of this set isΔ\n \n n\n \n \n :=\n \n {\n \n x\n ∈\n \n \n A\n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n }\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta ^{n}:=\\left\\{x\\in \\mathbb {A} ^{n+1}~{\\Bigg |}~\\sum _{i=1}^{n+1}x_{i}=1\\right\\},}schemeΔ\n \n n\n \n \n (\n R\n )\n =\n Spec\n \n (\n R\n [\n \n Δ\n \n n\n \n \n ]\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta _{n}(R)=\\operatorname {Spec} (R[\\Delta ^{n}])}R\n [\n \n Δ\n \n n\n \n \n ]\n :=\n R\n [\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n ]\n \n /\n \n (\n \n 1\n −\n ∑\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R[\\Delta ^{n}]:=R[x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n+1}]\\left/\\left(1-\\sum x_{i}\\right)\\right.}nringR\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}By using the same definitions as for the classical n-simplex, the n-simplices for different dimensions n assemble into one simplicial object, while the rings \n \n \n \n R\n [\n \n Δ\n \n n\n \n \n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R[\\Delta ^{n}]}\n \n assemble into one cosimplicial object \n \n \n \n R\n [\n \n Δ\n \n ∙\n \n \n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R[\\Delta ^{\\bullet }]}\n \n (in the category of schemes resp. rings, since the face and degeneracy maps are all polynomial).The algebraic n-simplices are used in higher K-theory and in the definition of higher Chow groups.","title":"Algebraic geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"compositional data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositional_data"},{"link_name":"ternary plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_plot"},{"link_name":"probability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"},{"link_name":"Dirichlet distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_distribution"},{"link_name":"industrial statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_statistics#industrial"},{"link_name":"mixtures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixture"},{"link_name":"response surface methodology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_surface_methodology"},{"link_name":"nonlinear programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_programming"},{"link_name":"sequential quadratic programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_quadratic_programming"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"operations research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research"},{"link_name":"linear programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_programming"},{"link_name":"simplex algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_algorithm"},{"link_name":"George Dantzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dantzig"},{"link_name":"game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"geometric design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_design"},{"link_name":"computer graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"triangulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation_(topology)"},{"link_name":"fit interpolating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation"},{"link_name":"polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_and_rational_function_modeling"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"p-block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-block"},{"link_name":"Neon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon"},{"link_name":"a point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monatomic_gas"},{"link_name":"fluorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"bent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_molecular_geometry"},{"link_name":"nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"tetrahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonal_pyramidal_molecular_geometry"},{"link_name":"carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"a structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry"},{"link_name":"Schlegel diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlegel_diagram"},{"link_name":"halogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen"},{"link_name":"quantum gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity"},{"link_name":"Regge calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regge_calculus"},{"link_name":"causal dynamical triangulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_dynamical_triangulation"},{"link_name":"simplicial manifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_manifold"}],"text":"In statistics, simplices are sample spaces of compositional data and are also used in plotting quantities that sum to 1, such as proportions of subpopulations, as in a ternary plot.\nIn probability theory, a simplex space is often used to represent the space of probability distributions. The Dirichlet distribution, for instance, is defined on a simplex.\nIn industrial statistics, simplices arise in problem formulation and in algorithmic solution. In the design of bread, the producer must combine yeast, flour, water, sugar, etc. In such mixtures, only the relative proportions of ingredients matters: For an optimal bread mixture, if the flour is doubled then the yeast should be doubled. Such mixture problem are often formulated with normalized constraints, so that the nonnegative components sum to one, in which case the feasible region forms a simplex. The quality of the bread mixtures can be estimated using response surface methodology, and then a local maximum can be computed using a nonlinear programming method, such as sequential quadratic programming.[17]\nIn operations research, linear programming problems can be solved by the simplex algorithm of George Dantzig.\nIn game theory, strategies can be represented as points within a simplex. This representation simplifies the analysis of mixed strategies.\nIn geometric design and computer graphics, many methods first perform simplicial triangulations of the domain and then fit interpolating polynomials to each simplex.[18]\nIn chemistry, the hydrides of most elements in the p-block can resemble a simplex if one is to connect each atom. Neon does not react with hydrogen and as such is a point, fluorine bonds with one hydrogen atom and forms a line segment, oxygen bonds with two hydrogen atoms in a bent fashion resembling a triangle, nitrogen reacts to form a tetrahedron, and carbon forms a structure resembling a Schlegel diagram of the 5-cell. This trend continues for the heavier analogues of each element, as well as if the hydrogen atom is replaced by a halogen atom.\nIn some approaches to quantum gravity, such as Regge calculus and causal dynamical triangulations, simplices are used as building blocks of discretizations of spacetime; that is, to build simplicial manifolds.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Elte, E.L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Lodewijk_Elte"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4181-7968-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4181-7968-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Boyd_2-0"},{"link_name":"Boyd & Vandenberghe 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoydVandenberghe2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Simplex\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jeff560.tripod.com/s.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973120%E2%80%93124%C2%A77.2_4-0"},{"link_name":"Coxeter 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoxeter1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxeter1973120_5-0"},{"link_name":"Coxeter 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoxeter1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Sloane, N. J. A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane"},{"link_name":"\"Sequence A135278 (Pascal's triangle with its left-hand edge removed)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//oeis.org/A135278"},{"link_name":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1101.6081","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1101.6081"},{"link_name":"math.OC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/archive/math.OC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0167-6377(89)90064-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-6377%2889%2990064-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2315353","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2315353"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2315353","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2315353"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Cayley-Menger Determinant\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathworld.wolfram.com/"},{"link_name":"MathWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Parks, Harold R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_R._Parks"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3072403","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3072403"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3072403","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3072403"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Connections between combinatorics of permutations and algorithms and geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/handle/1957/11929"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1957/11929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/1957%2F11929"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3605876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3605876"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3605876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3605876"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"125391795","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125391795"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Introduction to Topological Manifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=AdIRBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-387-22727-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-22727-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-471-07916-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-07916-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Radial and Pruned Tetrahedral Interpolation Techniques\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110607102757/http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/98/HPL-98-95.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/98/HPL-98-95.pdf"}],"text":"^ Elte, E.L. (2006) [1912]. \"IV. five dimensional semiregular polytope\". The Semiregular Polytopes of the Hyperspaces. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4181-7968-7.\n\n^ Boyd & Vandenberghe 2004\n\n^ Miller, Jeff, \"Simplex\", Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics, retrieved 2018-01-08\n\n^ Coxeter 1973, pp. 120–124, §7.2.\n\n^ Coxeter 1973, p. 120.\n\n^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A135278 (Pascal's triangle with its left-hand edge removed)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.\n\n^ Kozlov, Dimitry, Combinatorial Algebraic Topology, 2008, Springer-Verlag (Series: Algorithms and Computation in Mathematics)\n\n^ Yunmei Chen; Xiaojing Ye (2011). \"Projection Onto A Simplex\". arXiv:1101.6081 [math.OC].\n\n^ MacUlan, N.; De Paula, G. G. (1989). \"A linear-time median-finding algorithm for projecting a vector on the simplex of n\". Operations Research Letters. 8 (4): 219. doi:10.1016/0167-6377(89)90064-3.\n\n^ A derivation of a very similar formula can be found in Stein, P. (1966). \"A Note on the Volume of a Simplex\". American Mathematical Monthly. 73 (3): 299–301. doi:10.2307/2315353. JSTOR 2315353.\n\n^ Colins, Karen D. \"Cayley-Menger Determinant\". MathWorld.\n\n^ Every n-path corresponding to a permutation \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\scriptstyle \\sigma }\n \n is the image of the n-path \n \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n e\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n e\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\scriptstyle v_{0},\\ v_{0}+e_{1},\\ v_{0}+e_{1}+e_{2},\\ldots v_{0}+e_{1}+\\cdots +e_{n}}\n \n by the affine isometry that sends \n \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\scriptstyle v_{0}}\n \n to \n \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\scriptstyle v_{0}}\n \n, and whose linear part matches \n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\scriptstyle e_{i}}\n \n to \n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n σ\n (\n i\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\scriptstyle e_{\\sigma (i)}}\n \n for all i. hence every two n-paths are isometric, and so is their convex hulls; this explains the congruence of the simplexes. To show the other assertions, it suffices to remark that the interior of the simplex determined by the n-path \n \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n e\n \n σ\n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n e\n \n σ\n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n +\n \n e\n \n σ\n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n …\n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n e\n \n σ\n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n e\n \n σ\n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\scriptstyle v_{0},\\ v_{0}+e_{\\sigma (1)},\\ v_{0}+e_{\\sigma (1)}+e_{\\sigma (2)}\\ldots v_{0}+e_{\\sigma (1)}+\\cdots +e_{\\sigma (n)}}\n \n is the set of points \n \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n e\n \n σ\n (\n 1\n )\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n (\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n +\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n e\n \n σ\n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n +\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n e\n \n σ\n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\scriptstyle v_{0}+(x_{1}+\\cdots +x_{n})e_{\\sigma (1)}+\\cdots +(x_{n-1}+x_{n})e_{\\sigma (n-1)}+x_{n}e_{\\sigma (n)}}\n \n, with \n \n \n \n \n 0\n <\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n <\n 1\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\scriptstyle 0<x_{i}<1}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n <\n 1.\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\scriptstyle x_{1}+\\cdots +x_{n}<1.}\n \n Hence the components of these points with respect to each corresponding permuted basis are strictly ordered in the decreasing order. That explains why the simplexes are non-overlapping. The fact that the union of the simplexes is the whole unit n-hypercube follows as well, replacing the strict inequalities above by \"\n \n \n \n \n ≤\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\scriptstyle \\leq }\n \n\". The same arguments are also valid for a general parallelotope, except the isometry between the simplexes.\n\n^ Parks, Harold R.; Wills, Dean C. (October 2002). \"An Elementary Calculation of the Dihedral Angle of the Regular n-Simplex\". American Mathematical Monthly. 109 (8): 756–8. doi:10.2307/3072403. JSTOR 3072403.\n\n^ Wills, Harold R.; Parks, Dean C. (June 2009). Connections between combinatorics of permutations and algorithms and geometry (PhD). Oregon State University. hdl:1957/11929.\n\n^ Donchian, P. S.; Coxeter, H. S. M. (July 1935). \"1142. An n-dimensional extension of Pythagoras' Theorem\". The Mathematical Gazette. 19 (234): 206. doi:10.2307/3605876. JSTOR 3605876. S2CID 125391795.\n\n^ Lee, John M. (2006). Introduction to Topological Manifolds. Springer. pp. 292–3. ISBN 978-0-387-22727-6.\n\n^ \nCornell, John (2002). Experiments with Mixtures: Designs, Models, and the Analysis of Mixture Data (third ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-07916-2.\n\n^ Vondran, Gary L. (April 1998). \"Radial and Pruned Tetrahedral Interpolation Techniques\" (PDF). HP Technical Report. HPL-98-95: 1–32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2009-11-11.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"The four simplexes that can be fully represented in 3D space.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Simplexes.jpg/271px-Simplexes.jpg"},{"image_text":"The numbers of faces in the above table are the same as in Pascal's triangle, without the left diagonal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pascal%27s_triangle_5.svg/300px-Pascal%27s_triangle_5.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The total number of faces is always a power of two minus one. This figure (a projection of the tesseract) shows the centroids of the 15 faces of the tetrahedron.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tesseract_tetrahedron_shadow_matrices.svg/300px-Tesseract_tetrahedron_shadow_matrices.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The standard 2-simplex in R3","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2D-simplex.svg/150px-2D-simplex.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"3-sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-sphere"},{"title":"Aitchison geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitchison_geometry"},{"title":"Causal dynamical triangulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_dynamical_triangulation"},{"title":"Complete graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_graph"},{"title":"Delaunay triangulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaunay_triangulation"},{"title":"Distance geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_geometry"},{"title":"Geometric primitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_primitive"},{"title":"Hill tetrahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_tetrahedron"},{"title":"Hypersimplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersimplex"},{"title":"List of regular polytopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regular_polytopes"},{"title":"Metcalfe's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metcalfe%27s_law"},{"title":"polytopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytope"},{"title":"Cross-polytope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-polytope"},{"title":"Hypercube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercube"},{"title":"Tesseract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesseract"},{"title":"Polytope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytope"},{"title":"Schläfli orthoscheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%A4fli_orthoscheme"},{"title":"Simplex algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_algorithm"},{"title":"Simplicial complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_complex"},{"title":"Simplicial homology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_homology"},{"title":"Simplicial set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_set"},{"title":"Spectrahedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrahedron"},{"title":"Ternary plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_plot"}] | [{"reference":"Elte, E.L. (2006) [1912]. \"IV. five dimensional semiregular polytope\". The Semiregular Polytopes of the Hyperspaces. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4181-7968-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Lodewijk_Elte","url_text":"Elte, E.L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4181-7968-7","url_text":"978-1-4181-7968-7"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Jeff, \"Simplex\", Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics, retrieved 2018-01-08","urls":[{"url":"http://jeff560.tripod.com/s.html","url_text":"\"Simplex\""}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A135278 (Pascal's triangle with its left-hand edge removed)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A135278","url_text":"\"Sequence A135278 (Pascal's triangle with its left-hand edge removed)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Yunmei Chen; Xiaojing Ye (2011). \"Projection Onto A Simplex\". arXiv:1101.6081 [math.OC].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1101.6081","url_text":"1101.6081"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/math.OC","url_text":"math.OC"}]},{"reference":"MacUlan, N.; De Paula, G. G. (1989). \"A linear-time median-finding algorithm for projecting a vector on the simplex of n\". Operations Research Letters. 8 (4): 219. doi:10.1016/0167-6377(89)90064-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-6377%2889%2990064-3","url_text":"10.1016/0167-6377(89)90064-3"}]},{"reference":"Stein, P. (1966). \"A Note on the Volume of a Simplex\". American Mathematical Monthly. 73 (3): 299–301. doi:10.2307/2315353. JSTOR 2315353.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2315353","url_text":"10.2307/2315353"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2315353","url_text":"2315353"}]},{"reference":"Colins, Karen D. \"Cayley-Menger Determinant\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/","url_text":"\"Cayley-Menger Determinant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]},{"reference":"Parks, Harold R.; Wills, Dean C. (October 2002). \"An Elementary Calculation of the Dihedral Angle of the Regular n-Simplex\". American Mathematical Monthly. 109 (8): 756–8. doi:10.2307/3072403. JSTOR 3072403.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_R._Parks","url_text":"Parks, Harold R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3072403","url_text":"10.2307/3072403"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3072403","url_text":"3072403"}]},{"reference":"Wills, Harold R.; Parks, Dean C. (June 2009). Connections between combinatorics of permutations and algorithms and geometry (PhD). Oregon State University. hdl:1957/11929.","urls":[{"url":"http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/handle/1957/11929","url_text":"Connections between combinatorics of permutations and algorithms and geometry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1957%2F11929","url_text":"1957/11929"}]},{"reference":"Donchian, P. S.; Coxeter, H. S. M. (July 1935). \"1142. An n-dimensional extension of Pythagoras' Theorem\". The Mathematical Gazette. 19 (234): 206. doi:10.2307/3605876. JSTOR 3605876. S2CID 125391795.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3605876","url_text":"10.2307/3605876"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3605876","url_text":"3605876"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125391795","url_text":"125391795"}]},{"reference":"Lee, John M. (2006). Introduction to Topological Manifolds. Springer. pp. 292–3. ISBN 978-0-387-22727-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AdIRBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR1","url_text":"Introduction to Topological Manifolds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-22727-6","url_text":"978-0-387-22727-6"}]},{"reference":"Cornell, John (2002). Experiments with Mixtures: Designs, Models, and the Analysis of Mixture Data (third ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-07916-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-07916-2","url_text":"0-471-07916-2"}]},{"reference":"Vondran, Gary L. (April 1998). \"Radial and Pruned Tetrahedral Interpolation Techniques\" (PDF). HP Technical Report. HPL-98-95: 1–32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2009-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607102757/http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/98/HPL-98-95.pdf","url_text":"\"Radial and Pruned Tetrahedral Interpolation Techniques\""},{"url":"http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/98/HPL-98-95.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rudin, Walter (1976). Principles of Mathematical Analysis (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-054235-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudin","url_text":"Rudin, Walter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-054235-X","url_text":"0-07-054235-X"}]},{"reference":"Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2003). \"§2.5.3\". Computer Networks (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-066102-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum","url_text":"Tanenbaum, Andrew S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-066102-3","url_text":"0-13-066102-3"}]},{"reference":"Devroye, Luc (1986). Non-Uniform Random Variate Generation. Springer. ISBN 0-387-96305-7. Archived from the original on 2009-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090505034911/http://cg.scs.carleton.ca/~luc/rnbookindex.html","url_text":"Non-Uniform Random Variate Generation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-96305-7","url_text":"0-387-96305-7"},{"url":"http://cg.scs.carleton.ca/~luc/rnbookindex.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Coxeter, H.S.M. (1973). Regular Polytopes (3rd ed.). Dover. ISBN 0-486-61480-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Scott_MacDonald_Coxeter","url_text":"Coxeter, H.S.M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Polytopes_(book)","url_text":"Regular Polytopes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-61480-8","url_text":"0-486-61480-8"}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Simplex\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Simplex.html","url_text":"\"Simplex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]},{"reference":"Boyd, Stephen; Vandenberghe, Lieven (2004). Convex Optimization. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-39400-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_P._Boyd","url_text":"Boyd, Stephen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lieven_Vandenberghe&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Vandenberghe, Lieven"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IUZdAAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Convex Optimization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-39400-1","url_text":"978-1-107-39400-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://jeff560.tripod.com/s.html","external_links_name":"\"Simplex\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A135278","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A135278 (Pascal's triangle with its left-hand edge removed)\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1101.6081","external_links_name":"1101.6081"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/math.OC","external_links_name":"math.OC"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-6377%2889%2990064-3","external_links_name":"10.1016/0167-6377(89)90064-3"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2315353","external_links_name":"10.2307/2315353"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2315353","external_links_name":"2315353"},{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/","external_links_name":"\"Cayley-Menger Determinant\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3072403","external_links_name":"10.2307/3072403"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3072403","external_links_name":"3072403"},{"Link":"http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/handle/1957/11929","external_links_name":"Connections between combinatorics of permutations and algorithms and geometry"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1957%2F11929","external_links_name":"1957/11929"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3605876","external_links_name":"10.2307/3605876"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3605876","external_links_name":"3605876"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125391795","external_links_name":"125391795"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AdIRBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR1","external_links_name":"Introduction to Topological Manifolds"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607102757/http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/98/HPL-98-95.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Radial and Pruned Tetrahedral Interpolation Techniques\""},{"Link":"http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/98/HPL-98-95.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090505034911/http://cg.scs.carleton.ca/~luc/rnbookindex.html","external_links_name":"Non-Uniform Random Variate Generation"},{"Link":"http://cg.scs.carleton.ca/~luc/rnbookindex.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Simplex.html","external_links_name":"\"Simplex\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IUZdAAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Convex Optimization"},{"Link":"https://web.stanford.edu/~boyd/cvxbook/bv_cvxbook.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDS_Church_News | Church News | ["1 Content","1.1 Features","1.2 Tone and coverage","2 History","2.1 Distribution","2.2 Features and format","2.3 Internet","2.4 Editors","3 Church Almanac","4 Notes","5 Sources","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Newspaper in Salt Lake City, Utah
Church NewsTypeWeekly newspaperFormatTabloidOwner(s)Deseret News Publishing Company (Deseret Management Corporation)EditorSarah Jane WeaverFoundedApril 4, 1931Headquarters50 N. 300 WestSalt Lake City, UT 84101United StatesOCLC number11655569 Websitewww.deseretnews.com/faith/lds-church-news
The Church News (or LDS Church News) is a weekly tabloid-sized supplement to the Deseret News and the MormonTimes, a Salt Lake City, Utah newspaper owned by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). It is the only publication by the LDS Church that is entirely devoted to news coverage of the LDS Church.
Content
The Church News is the official newspaper of the LDS Church, publishing the church's "Authorized News." This is not to be confused with the "Mormon Times" branded coverage within the religion section of the Deseret News, which contains unofficial social and cultural LDS news coverage, though both are now distributed together to Church News subscribers. As with the Ensign, the LDS Church encourages its members to subscribe to the Church News, which gives its content an air of official endorsement.
The Church News does not carry advertisements in its pages, although it did in its first three issues and during 1959–60. Despite higher prices than in other Deseret News sections, Church News ad space didn't make enough money, and it was felt that it detracted from the religious paper's dignity. Instead, the section is financially supported by the rest of the Deseret News operations, and high volume subscriptions.
Features
A mainstay of the Church News is its continuing features that make up most of the paper. These include "This Week in Church History," "Message of Inspiration," "Living By the Scriptures," "A Thought From the Scriptures," and "Viewpoints." It also regularly carries announcements, such as upcoming events in "Calendar of Events," 70th wedding anniversaries in "Milestones of Togetherness," birthdays over 100 in "Centenarians," and deaths of prominent church members in "Obituaries." Announcements are posted of all new stake, mission, and temple presidents when they occur.
The Church News publishes semiannual issues on the LDS Church's general conferences, but only prints brief reports of the sermons and announcements, unlike the Ensign and Conference Report, other church publications which circulate later and print full transcripts.
Tone and coverage
The Church News' purpose has been stated to "build testimonies and uplift its readers." In doing this it focuses on inspirational and motivational stories in a graphics-heavy format. The paper isn't intended to cover controversial issues, but emphasizes success stories and reinforces the church message. Though it experimented with some "hard news" in the early 1970s, the paper has always stayed with its successful, uplifting formula and remained reverential toward church leaders. Some have nicknamed the paper "Mormon Pravda," because of its dedication to promoting faith, which others see as producing soft "human interest" stories.
Since the paper and the church are both based in Salt Lake City, much Church News coverage over the years has been Utah-centric, earning it the nickname "This Week in Utah" by some Australian readers. Its global focus has expanded as the paper attempts to showcase the church's international activities.
History
Since the Deseret News was founded in 1850, it reported news of the LDS Church in its regular issues. Minutes of ward meetings were covered and sermons were often carried on the front page. In the 1890s, efforts to emphasize secular news pushed church coverage to dedicated sections on inside pages. As early as the mid-1850s and 1860s consideration was given to creating a separate church newspaper. In 1931, a new Saturday tabloid called the Church Section was released, which primarily reported leaders' sermons, church events, and notices about new bishoprics and stake presidencies. It was retitled as the Weekly Church Edition in 1942, and Church News in 1943, though the name remained in flux for the next few years. It was also in 1943 that circulation as an independent publication from the Deseret News began. In 1945, when Liahona The Elders' Journal (an LDS publication based in Independence, Missouri aimed at members and missionaries in the eastern and central United States) ended publication, it recommended that its subscribers began taking the Church News.
Starting in 1981, the Church News was retitled LDS Church News: News of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, but today it is usually referred to as Church News or LDS Church News.
Distribution
In 1943, the paper became available through a special Saturday-only Deseret News subscription, which allowed the paper to eventually surpass the regular Deseret News circulation by 12,000. In 1948, the Church News was distributed as a separate publication by mail, to areas Deseret News circulation didn't cover, a practice that still continues. This allowed Church News circulation to increase to almost 250,000 in 1981, compared to the Deseret News at about 70,000. The paper was also distributed in an LDS serviceman's edition from 1944 to 1948 and by telegram from 1952 to 1953 For much of its history the Church News was available throughout the United States without a subscription to the Deseret News, except for residents of Utah who were required to subscribe to the Deseret News to receive the Church News. In 2014 the subscription model changed, allowing Utahns to subscribe to the less expensive weekly Deseret News National Edition and receive the Church News as an insert.
Features and format
Starting in 1948, large photos were used for each issue's cover. Gradually, more graphics and colors were used and regular features were added, such as editorials, "Gems of Thought," "The Missionary's Diary," "I Want to Know," and short historical or scriptural vignettes.
The editorials became one of the most noticeable features of the Church News. Longtime Deseret News editor and LDS Church apostle Mark E. Petersen wrote for the Church News since its 1931 beginning, and in 1943 started his own weekly editorial. In 1948, these moved to the back page, where they remained until Petersen died in 1984 and they were replaced by staff-written "Viewpoints." Because of his church authority and the paper's religious intent, it was unclear whether these editorials constituted official church positions. Petersen wrote on a variety of topics, including secular and controversial subjects like politics. In the 1970s, his editorials came out against the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), which ended up establishing the LDS Church's position and changing modest LDS support for the amendment into firm opposition.
When former chief photographer of the Deseret News J M. Heslop became Editor of the Church News in 1969, he changed its format from dense text and statistics into a strongly visual showcase of his photography with short faith-promoting stories. During Heslop's editorship, the Church News used mail distribution to greatly expand circulation to over 200,000, vastly surpassing the 70,000 readers of its parent, the Deseret News.
In the early 1970s, the Church News began carrying historical sketches written by members of the LDS Church Historical Department. Around 1977, following high-profile criticisms of Historical Department work, the paper replaced these with staff-written "Vignettes of Faith" and avoided reviews of new major historical publications.
Internet
In 1995, the Church News went online, with subscription-only access, with archives available back to 1988. In 2008 the website was redesigned and free access was then granted to non-subscribers.
In 2014, the Church News website, LDSChurchNews.com, was moved to DeseretNews.com, to integrate with the technology improvements being made on the Deseret News website. At the time, an archives site was created at ldschurchnewsarchive.com.
Editors
No.
Name
Start
End
Notes
James R. Kennard (acting)
1931
1931
Kennard was the Deseret News Saturday feature editor before the Church News had a full-time editor.
1
Henry A. Smith
1931
1968
Smith was the Deseret News' church editor before being appointed over the Church News in September. He served in this position for over 30 years, then was called to be the press secretary to the First Presidency.
John R. Talmage, Conrad B. Harrison (acting)
1939
1940
Talmage and Harrison were editors while Smith temporarily served as wire editor for the Deseret News.
Edwin O. Haroldsen, S. Perry Lee, Merwin G. Fairbanks (acting)
1956
1959
These men filled in for Smith while he was president of the Central Atlantic States Mission.
2
Jack E. Jarrard
1968
1969
Jarrard served for about a year before becoming a field correspondent.
3
J Malan Heslop
1969
1976
Heslop had been Deseret News chief photographer and was charged with improving Church News visual design.
4
Dell Van Orden
1976
1999
Van Orden had been Church News assistant editor, and carried on Heslop's efforts when Heslop became Deseret News managing editor.
5
Gerry Avant
1999
2017
Avant, associate editor since 1988, became the Church News' first female editor when Van Orden retired.
6
Sarah Jane Weaver
2017
current
Weaver, associate editor since 1995, became the Church News' editor when Avant retired.
Church Almanac
Continuing in the tradition of Mormon almanacs from the mid-nineteenth century, the Deseret News published the Deseret News Church Almanac (or just Church Almanac), composed of LDS Church facts and statistics edited and prepared by the staff of the Church News. The almanac started in 1974 as an annual publication, then became biennial in 1984, then annual again from 2002 to 2013.
With access to records and the LDS Church Historical Department, the almanac presented some material that was not available in other publications. It contained history and membership statistics of geographical areas for the year ending before the previous year (e.g., the 2009 almanac included data up to the year-end 2007). It also had brief biographies of all who had been leaders of the larger church and a summary of church news from the previous year. Each annual edition included features on a specific historical subject or period, often related to a church current event, such as the rebuilding of the Nauvoo Temple, the Salt Lake City Olympics, Joseph Smith's bicentennial birthday, the Mountain Meadows massacre sesquicentennial, or Gordon B. Hinckley's death.
In 2009, the almanac consolidated and modified most sections to improve design and dramatically reduce size. The new format included many more visuals, as well as expanded biographies of First Presidency members. State, province, and country history was supplemented with additional church area information. This local information returned in later editions.
The Deseret News has not published the almanac since the 2013 edition. With no further editions planned, the almanac has ostensibly been discontinued, though the Deseret News has not formally commented on the matter.
Notes
^ Roberts 1983, pp. 4–5
^ "Contact Us". LDSChurchNews.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2010.
^ a b Lloyd, R. Scott (April 1, 2006). "Telling the story: Church News celebrates 75 years of publication". Church News. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ (Roberts 1983, p. 7)
^ The Church News web site states it is the "Authorized News Web site of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints," as found at "LDS Church News". Deseret News Publishing Company. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
^ "Ask the editor: Why 'Mormon' Times?". Deseret News. Salt Lake City. January 24, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ Schneider, David (January 11, 2009). "Mormon Times edition offered to Church News subscribers". Mormon Times. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ (Roberts 1983, p. 42)
^ (Roberts 1983, p. 44)
^ a b c Lloyd, R. Scott (April 6, 1991). "Church News has filled 'unique role' for 60 years". Church News. Deseret News. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ (Roberts 1983, p. 43)
^ "Features". Church News. Deseret News. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ Armstrong, Richard M. (Fall 1997). "Researching Mormonism: General Conference as Artifactual Gold Mine". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 30 (3): 165. doi:10.2307/45226361. JSTOR 45226361. S2CID 254337523. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ (Roberts 1983, p. 63)
^ (Swenson 1977, p. 53)
^ a b Hollstein, Milton (Spring 1977). "The Church as Media Proprietor". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 10 (3): 22. doi:10.2307/45224589. JSTOR 45224589. S2CID 254390816. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ a b c d (Swenson 1977, p. 54)
^ Nadig, Peter C. (Spring–Summer 2001). "Vielen Dank". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 34 (1, 2): 34. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ Smith, Paul H. (September 1992). "Good-News News" (PDF). Sunstone. 16 (3): 5. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ Newton, Marjorie (Fall 1991). "Almost Like Us: The American Socialization of Australian Converts". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 24 (3): 15. doi:10.2307/45227776. JSTOR 45227776. S2CID 254391779. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ (Roberts 1983, p. 34)
^ a b (Roberts 1983, p. 37)
^ a b Van Leer, Twila; Wadley, Carma (1999). Woodward, Don C. (ed.). Through Our Eyes: 150 Years of History as Seen Through the Eyes of the Writers and Editors of the Deseret News. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. p. 200. ISBN 1-57345-660-8.
^ (Roberts 1983, p. 3)
^ Brigham Young University (BYU) library catalog for Church News and LDS Church News
^ (Roberts 1983, p. 36)
^ (Roberts 1983, p. 38)
^ BYU library catalog for Church Section
^ McCord, Keith (January 29, 2014). "Deseret News National Edition now available in Utah". KSL TV. Salt Lake City. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
^ Avent, Gerry (February 4, 2014). "Subscribe to Get Church News, Deseret News National Edition". churchofjesuschrist.org. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
^ a b c (Roberts 1983, p. 60)
^ "This week in Church history". Church News. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. January 3, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ (Roberts 1983, p. 58)
^ Prince, Gregory A. (Summer 2004). "The Red Peril, the Candy Maker, and the Apostle: David O. McKay's Confrontation with Communism". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 37 (2): 83. doi:10.2307/45227582. JSTOR 45227582. S2CID 254391712. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ Quinn, D. Michael (Fall 1994). "The LDS Church's Campaign Against the Equal Rights Amendment". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 20 (2): 106–7. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
^ Kris, Deborah Farmer (Spring 2008). "A Must-Read on Gender Politics: Martha Sonntag Bradley, Pedestals, Podiums: Utah Women, Religious Authority, and Equal Rights". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 41 (1): 137. doi:10.5406/dialjmormthou.41.1.0135. S2CID 149823898. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ a b Hart, John L. (October 23, 1999). "Glimpses of prophets through the window of the Church News". Church News. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ Holyoak, Trevor (December 27, 1995). "LDS Church News". BESTWEB. Ege University. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ Schindler, Marc A. (June 1998). "Book Notes" (PDF). Sunstone. 21 (2): 68. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ LDSChurchNews.com has moved to DeseretNews.com, Burke Olsen, Deseret News Reporter in article on DeseretNews.com April 2, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
^ a b (Roberts 1983, p. 47)
^ a b (Roberts 1983, p. 53)
^ (Roberts 1983, p. 50)
^ a b (Roberts 1983, p. 54)
^ (Roberts 1983, p. 55)
^ Lloyd, R. Scott (April 27, 2017). "Career of retiring LDS Church News editor started at a stop light". Church News. Deseret News. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ a b Van Orden, Dell (1992). "Almanacs". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Vol. 1. Macmillan Publishers. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
^ a b Peggy Fletcher Stack (March 24, 2014). "New almanac offers look at the world of Mormon membership". Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
^ "Privy to details: The 2009 Church Almanac features expanded color photos and information". Church News. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News. November 29, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
^ a b "2008 Deseret News Church Almanac". DeseretBook.com. Deseret Book. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
^ a b c "2009 Deseret News Church Almanac". DeseretBook.com. Deseret Book. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
^ "LDS Church Almanac 2004". DeseretBook.com. Deseret Book. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
^ "2003 Church Almanac Released". Church in the News. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. March 3, 2003. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
^ Rachel Brutsch (April 18, 2012). "LDS Church Almanac reflects growth, momentum". Mormon Times. Deseret News. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
Sources
Heslop, "J" Malan (1992). "Church News". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Vol. 1. Macmillan Publishers. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
Swenson, Paul (Spring 1977). "Nostrums in the Newsroom: Raised Sights and Raised Expectations at the Deseret News". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 10 (3): 46–57. doi:10.2307/45224591. JSTOR 45224591. S2CID 254386573. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Roberts, Paul T. (August 1983). "A History of the Development and Objectives of the LDS Church News Section of the Deseret News". . Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, Department of Communications. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Further reading
Weaver, Sarah Jane (April 1, 2006), "75 years of Church News", Church News
External links
Official website
vteEnglish-language periodicals of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SaintsOfficial(published by the LDS Churchor its institutional predecessors)
The Evening and the Morning Star (1832–34)
Messenger and Advocate (1834–37)
Elders' Journal (1837)
Times and Seasons (1839–46)
Millennial Star (1840–1970)
The Prophet (1844–45)
Young Woman's Journal (1887–1929)
Improvement Era (1897–1970)
Juvenile Instructor (1901–30)
The Children's Friend (1902–70)
Relief Society Magazine (1915–70)
The Instructor (1930–70)
Ensign (1971–2020)
New Era (1971–2020)
The Friend (1971–)
Tambuli (1977–95)
Liahona (1995–2020)
For the Strength of Youth (magazine) (2021–)
Semi-official(published by an entity owned orcontrolled by the LDS Church orinformally adopted by a church auxiliary)
The Wasp (1842–43)
Nauvoo Neighbor (1843–45)
Deseret News (1850–)
The Seer (1853–54)
Journal of Discourses (1854–86)
Juvenile Instructor (1866–1900)
Woman's Exponent (1872–1914)
The Contributor (1879–96)
Church News (1931–)
The Universe (1956–)
BYU Studies (1959–)
Mormon Studies Review (1989–)
Journal of Book of Mormon Studies (1992–)
LDS Living (1999-)
Mormon Times (2008–)
Unaffiliated(published by an entityunconnected to the LDS Churchand independent of church support)
Gospel Reflector (1841)
Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought (1966–)
Journal of Mormon History (1974–)
Exponent II (1974–)
Sunstone (1975–)
Beehive Standard Weekly (1975–)
International Journal of Mormon Studies (2009–)
Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture (2012–)
Portal: LDS Church | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tabloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)"},{"link_name":"supplement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplement_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"Deseret News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News"},{"link_name":"MormonTimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MormonTimes"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telling-3"}],"text":"The Church News (or LDS Church News) is a weekly tabloid-sized supplement to the Deseret News and the MormonTimes, a Salt Lake City, Utah newspaper owned by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). 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needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-role-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Church News is the official newspaper of the LDS Church,[4] publishing the church's \"Authorized News.\"[5] This is not to be confused with the \"Mormon Times\" branded coverage within the religion section of the Deseret News, which contains unofficial social and cultural LDS news coverage,[6] though both are now distributed together to Church News subscribers.[7] As with the Ensign, the LDS Church encourages its members to subscribe to the Church News, which gives its content an air of official endorsement.[citation needed]The Church News does not carry advertisements in its pages, although it did in its first three issues and during 1959–60.[8] Despite higher prices than in other Deseret News sections, Church News ad space didn't make enough money, and it was felt that it detracted from the religious paper's dignity.[9] Instead, the section is financially supported by the rest of the Deseret News operations,[10] and high volume subscriptions.[11]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-role-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"stake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stake_president"},{"link_name":"mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_president"},{"link_name":"temple presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_president"},{"link_name":"general conferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Conference_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Features","text":"A mainstay of the Church News is its continuing features that make up most of the paper.[10] These include \"This Week in Church History,\" \"Message of Inspiration,\" \"Living By the Scriptures,\" \"A Thought From the Scriptures,\" and \"Viewpoints.\"[12] It also regularly carries announcements, such as upcoming events in \"Calendar of Events,\" 70th wedding anniversaries in \"Milestones of Togetherness,\" birthdays over 100 in \"Centenarians,\" and deaths of prominent church members in \"Obituaries.\" Announcements are posted of all new stake, mission, and temple presidents when they occur.The Church News publishes semiannual issues on the LDS Church's general conferences, but only prints brief reports of the sermons and announcements,[13] unlike the Ensign and Conference Report, other church publications which circulate later and print full transcripts.[14]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proprietor-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swenson54-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proprietor-16"},{"link_name":"Pravda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravda"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"human interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interest"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roberts37-22"}],"sub_title":"Tone and coverage","text":"The Church News' purpose has been stated to \"build testimonies and uplift its readers.\" In doing this it focuses on inspirational and motivational stories in a graphics-heavy format.[15] The paper isn't intended to cover controversial issues, but emphasizes success stories and reinforces the church message.[16] Though it experimented with some \"hard news\" in the early 1970s,[17] the paper has always stayed with its successful, uplifting formula and remained reverential toward church leaders.[16] Some have nicknamed the paper \"Mormon Pravda,\"[18] because of its dedication to promoting faith, which others see as producing soft \"human interest\" stories.[19]Since the paper and the church are both based in Salt Lake City, much Church News coverage over the years has been Utah-centric, earning it the nickname \"This Week in Utah\" by some Australian readers.[20] Its global focus has expanded as the paper attempts to showcase the church's international activities.[21][22]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Through-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Through-23"},{"link_name":"bishoprics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"stake presidencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stake_presidencies"},{"link_name":"Liahona The Elders' Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liahona_The_Elders%27_Journal"},{"link_name":"Independence, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Since the Deseret News was founded in 1850, it reported news of the LDS Church in its regular issues. Minutes of ward meetings were covered and sermons were often carried on the front page. In the 1890s, efforts to emphasize secular news pushed church coverage to dedicated sections on inside pages.[23] As early as the mid-1850s[24] and 1860s[23] consideration was given to creating a separate church newspaper. In 1931, a new Saturday tabloid called the Church Section was released, which primarily reported leaders' sermons, church events, and notices about new bishoprics and stake presidencies. It was retitled as the Weekly Church Edition in 1942, and Church News in 1943, though the name remained in flux for the next few years. It was also in 1943 that circulation as an independent publication from the Deseret News began. In 1945, when Liahona The Elders' Journal (an LDS publication based in Independence, Missouri aimed at members and missionaries in the eastern and central United States) ended publication, it recommended that its subscribers began taking the Church News.Starting in 1981, the Church News was retitled LDS Church News: News of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,[25] but today it is usually referred to as Church News or LDS Church News.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roberts37-22"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"serviceman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier"},{"link_name":"telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Distribution","text":"In 1943, the paper became available through a special Saturday-only Deseret News subscription, which allowed the paper to eventually surpass the regular Deseret News circulation by 12,000.[26] In 1948, the Church News was distributed as a separate publication by mail, to areas Deseret News circulation didn't cover,[22] a practice that still continues. This allowed Church News circulation to increase to almost 250,000 in 1981, compared to the Deseret News at about 70,000.[27] The paper was also distributed in an LDS serviceman's edition from 1944 to 1948 and by telegram from 1952 to 1953[28] For much of its history the Church News was available throughout the United States without a subscription to the Deseret News, except for residents of Utah who were required to subscribe to the Deseret News to receive the Church News. In 2014 the subscription model changed, allowing Utahns to subscribe to the less expensive weekly Deseret News National Edition and receive the Church News as an insert.[29][30]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roberts60-31"},{"link_name":"editorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorials"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-role-10"},{"link_name":"LDS Church apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"Mark E. Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_E._Petersen"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roberts60-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roberts60-31"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Equal Rights Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"J M. Heslop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_M._Heslop"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glimpses-37"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swenson54-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swenson54-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swenson54-17"}],"sub_title":"Features and format","text":"Starting in 1948, large photos were used for each issue's cover.[31] Gradually, more graphics and colors were used and regular features were added, such as editorials, \"Gems of Thought,\" \"The Missionary's Diary,\" \"I Want to Know,\" and short historical or scriptural vignettes.[10]The editorials became one of the most noticeable features of the Church News. Longtime Deseret News editor and LDS Church apostle Mark E. Petersen wrote for the Church News since its 1931 beginning,[32] and in 1943 started his own weekly editorial.[33] In 1948, these moved to the back page,[31] where they remained until Petersen died in 1984 and they were replaced by staff-written \"Viewpoints.\" Because of his church authority and the paper's religious intent, it was unclear whether these editorials constituted official church positions.[31] Petersen wrote on a variety of topics, including secular and controversial subjects like politics.[34] In the 1970s, his editorials came out against the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA),[35] which ended up establishing the LDS Church's position and changing modest LDS support for the amendment into firm opposition.[36]When former chief photographer of the Deseret News J M. Heslop became Editor of the Church News in 1969,[37] he changed its format from dense text and statistics into a strongly visual showcase of his photography with short faith-promoting stories.[17] During Heslop's editorship, the Church News used mail distribution to greatly expand circulation to over 200,000, vastly surpassing the 70,000 readers of its parent, the Deseret News.[17]In the early 1970s, the Church News began carrying historical sketches written by members of the LDS Church Historical Department. Around 1977, following high-profile criticisms of Historical Department work, the paper replaced these with staff-written \"Vignettes of Faith\" and avoided reviews of new major historical publications.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Internet","text":"In 1995, the Church News went online,[38] with subscription-only access,[39] with archives available back to 1988. In 2008 the website was redesigned and free access was then granted to non-subscribers.In 2014, the Church News website, LDSChurchNews.com, was moved to DeseretNews.com, to integrate with the technology improvements being made on the Deseret News website. At the time, an archives site was created at ldschurchnewsarchive.com.[40]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Editors","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"almanacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanacs"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EOMalmanac-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014almanac-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EOMalmanac-47"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_membership_history"},{"link_name":"membership statistics of geographical areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_membership_statistics"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBalmanac08-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBalmanac09-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"rebuilding of the Nauvoo Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauvoo_Illinois_Temple"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Joseph Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith"},{"link_name":"Mountain Meadows massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Meadows_massacre"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBalmanac08-50"},{"link_name":"Gordon B. Hinckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBalmanac09-51"},{"link_name":"First Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"church area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBalmanac09-51"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014almanac-48"}],"text":"Continuing in the tradition of Mormon almanacs from the mid-nineteenth century, the Deseret News published the Deseret News Church Almanac (or just Church Almanac), composed of LDS Church facts and statistics edited and prepared by the staff of the Church News. The almanac started in 1974 as an annual publication, then became biennial in 1984, then annual again from 2002 to 2013.[47][48]With access to records and the LDS Church Historical Department,[47] the almanac presented some material that was not available in other publications.[49] It contained history and membership statistics of geographical areas for the year ending before the previous year[50] (e.g., the 2009 almanac included data up to the year-end 2007).[51] It also had brief biographies of all who had been leaders of the larger church and a summary of church news from the previous year.[52] Each annual edition included features on a specific historical subject or period, often related to a church current event, such as the rebuilding of the Nauvoo Temple, the Salt Lake City Olympics,[53] Joseph Smith's bicentennial birthday, the Mountain Meadows massacre sesquicentennial,[50] or Gordon B. Hinckley's death.[51]In 2009, the almanac consolidated and modified most sections to improve design and dramatically reduce size. The new format included many more visuals, as well as expanded biographies of First Presidency members. State, province, and country history was supplemented with additional church area information.[51] This local information returned in later editions.[54]The Deseret News has not published the almanac since the 2013 edition. With no further editions planned, the almanac has ostensibly been discontinued, though the Deseret News has not formally commented on the matter.[48]","title":"Church Almanac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Contact Us\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081205120542/http://www.ldschurchnews.com/contact/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ldschurchnews.com/contact"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-telling_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-telling_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Telling the story: Church News celebrates 75 years of publication\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100619133646/http://www.ldschurchnews.com/articles/48717/Telling-the-story.html"},{"link_name":"Deseret News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ldschurchnews.com/articles/48717/Telling-the-story.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"LDS Church News\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090205025704/http://www.ldschurchnews.com/home/"},{"link_name":"Deseret News Publishing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News_Publishing_Company"},{"link_name":"the 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1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1983"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-role_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-role_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-role_10-2"},{"link_name":"\"Church News has filled 'unique role' for 60 years\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thechurchnews.com/archive/1991-04-06/church-news-has-filled-unique-role-for-60-years-3569"},{"link_name":"Deseret News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Features\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081218211613/http://www.ldschurchnews.com/features/"},{"link_name":"Deseret News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ldschurchnews.com/features"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Researching Mormonism: General Conference as Artifactual Gold Mine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110613224140/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fdialogue%2C12535"},{"link_name":"Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/45226361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F45226361"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"45226361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/45226361"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"254337523","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254337523"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,12535"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Swenson 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSwenson1977"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-proprietor_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-proprietor_16-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Church as Media Proprietor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110613224151/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fdialogue%2C599"},{"link_name":"Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/45224589","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F45224589"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"45224589","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/45224589"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"254390816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254390816"},{"link_name":"the 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original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,27361"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Good-News News\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sunstonemagazine.com/pdf/089-02-08.pdf"},{"link_name":"Sunstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunstone_Magazine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Almost Like Us: The American Socialization of Australian Converts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110613224209/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fdialogue%2C13812"},{"link_name":"Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon 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original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lds.org/ldsorg/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=7cecc8fe9c88d010VgnVCM1000004d82620aRCRD&locale=0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"\"LDS Church Almanac reflects growth, momentum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.deseretnews.com/article/765569403/LDS-Church-Almanac-reflects-growth-momentum.html?pg=all"}],"text":"^ Roberts 1983, pp. 4–5\n\n^ \"Contact Us\". LDSChurchNews.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2010.\n\n^ a b Lloyd, R. Scott (April 1, 2006). \"Telling the story: Church News celebrates 75 years of publication\". Church News. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\n\n^ (Roberts 1983, p. 7)\n\n^ The Church News web site states it is the \"Authorized News Web site of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,\" as found at \"LDS Church News\". Deseret News Publishing Company. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved January 29, 2009.\n\n^ \"Ask the editor: Why 'Mormon' Times?\". Deseret News. Salt Lake City. January 24, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\n\n^ Schneider, David (January 11, 2009). \"Mormon Times edition offered to Church News subscribers\". Mormon Times. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\n\n^ (Roberts 1983, p. 42)\n\n^ (Roberts 1983, p. 44)\n\n^ a b c Lloyd, R. Scott (April 6, 1991). \"Church News has filled 'unique role' for 60 years\". Church News. Deseret News. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\n\n^ (Roberts 1983, p. 43)\n\n^ \"Features\". Church News. Deseret News. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\n\n^ Armstrong, Richard M. (Fall 1997). \"Researching Mormonism: General Conference as Artifactual Gold Mine\". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 30 (3): 165. doi:10.2307/45226361. JSTOR 45226361. S2CID 254337523. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\n\n^ (Roberts 1983, p. 63)\n\n^ (Swenson 1977, p. 53)\n\n^ a b Hollstein, Milton (Spring 1977). \"The Church as Media Proprietor\". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 10 (3): 22. doi:10.2307/45224589. JSTOR 45224589. S2CID 254390816. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\n\n^ a b c d (Swenson 1977, p. 54)\n\n^ Nadig, Peter C. (Spring–Summer 2001). \"Vielen Dank\". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 34 (1, 2): 34. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\n\n^ Smith, Paul H. (September 1992). \"Good-News News\" (PDF). Sunstone. 16 (3): 5. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\n\n^ Newton, Marjorie (Fall 1991). \"Almost Like Us: The American Socialization of Australian Converts\". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 24 (3): 15. doi:10.2307/45227776. JSTOR 45227776. S2CID 254391779. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\n\n^ (Roberts 1983, p. 34)\n\n^ a b (Roberts 1983, p. 37)\n\n^ a b Van Leer, Twila; Wadley, Carma (1999). Woodward, Don C. (ed.). Through Our Eyes: 150 Years of History as Seen Through the Eyes of the Writers and Editors of the Deseret News. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. p. 200. ISBN 1-57345-660-8.\n\n^ (Roberts 1983, p. 3)\n\n^ Brigham Young University (BYU) library catalog for Church News and LDS Church News\n\n^ (Roberts 1983, p. 36)\n\n^ (Roberts 1983, p. 38)\n\n^ BYU library catalog for Church Section\n\n^ McCord, Keith (January 29, 2014). \"Deseret News National Edition now available in Utah\". KSL TV. Salt Lake City. Retrieved April 10, 2016.\n\n^ Avent, Gerry (February 4, 2014). \"Subscribe to Get Church News, Deseret News National Edition\". churchofjesuschrist.org. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved April 10, 2016.\n\n^ a b c (Roberts 1983, p. 60)\n\n^ \"This week in Church history\". Church News. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. January 3, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\n\n^ (Roberts 1983, p. 58)\n\n^ Prince, Gregory A. (Summer 2004). \"The Red Peril, the Candy Maker, and the Apostle: David O. McKay's Confrontation with Communism\". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 37 (2): 83. doi:10.2307/45227582. JSTOR 45227582. S2CID 254391712. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\n\n^ Quinn, D. Michael (Fall 1994). \"The LDS Church's Campaign Against the Equal Rights Amendment\". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 20 (2): 106–7. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2009.\n\n^ Kris, Deborah Farmer (Spring 2008). \"A Must-Read on Gender Politics: Martha Sonntag Bradley, Pedestals, Podiums: Utah Women, Religious Authority, and Equal Rights\". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 41 (1): 137. doi:10.5406/dialjmormthou.41.1.0135. S2CID 149823898. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\n\n^ a b Hart, John L. (October 23, 1999). \"Glimpses of prophets through the window of the Church News\". Church News. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\n\n^ Holyoak, Trevor (December 27, 1995). \"LDS Church News\". BESTWEB. Ege University. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\n\n^ Schindler, Marc A. (June 1998). \"Book Notes\" (PDF). Sunstone. 21 (2): 68. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\n\n^ LDSChurchNews.com has moved to DeseretNews.com, Burke Olsen, Deseret News Reporter in article on DeseretNews.com April 2, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2014.\n\n^ a b (Roberts 1983, p. 47)\n\n^ a b (Roberts 1983, p. 53)\n\n^ (Roberts 1983, p. 50)\n\n^ a b (Roberts 1983, p. 54)\n\n^ (Roberts 1983, p. 55)\n\n^ Lloyd, R. Scott (April 27, 2017). \"Career of retiring LDS Church News editor started at a stop light\". Church News. Deseret News. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\n\n^ a b Van Orden, Dell (1992). \"Almanacs\". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Vol. 1. Macmillan Publishers. Retrieved January 26, 2009.\n\n^ a b Peggy Fletcher Stack (March 24, 2014). \"New almanac offers look at the world of Mormon membership\". Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved March 8, 2016.\n\n^ \"Privy to details: The 2009 Church Almanac features expanded color photos and information\". Church News. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News. November 29, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2009.\n\n^ a b \"2008 Deseret News Church Almanac\". DeseretBook.com. Deseret Book. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2009.\n\n^ a b c \"2009 Deseret News Church Almanac\". DeseretBook.com. Deseret Book. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2009.\n\n^ \"LDS Church Almanac 2004\". DeseretBook.com. Deseret Book. Retrieved January 22, 2009.\n\n^ \"2003 Church Almanac Released\". Church in the News. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. March 3, 2003. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2009.\n\n^ Rachel Brutsch (April 18, 2012). \"LDS Church Almanac reflects growth, momentum\". Mormon Times. Deseret News. Retrieved March 8, 2016.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heslop, \"J\" Malan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Malan_Heslop"},{"link_name":"\"Church News\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eom.byu.edu/index.php/Church_News"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Mormonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism"},{"link_name":"Macmillan Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"\"Nostrums in the Newsroom: Raised Sights and Raised Expectations at the Deseret News\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110613224327/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fdialogue%2C630"},{"link_name":"Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/45224591","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F45224591"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"45224591","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/45224591"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"254386573","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254386573"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,630"},{"link_name":"\"A History of the Development and Objectives of the LDS Church News Section of the Deseret News\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110612070238/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u/?%2FMTNZ%2C31729"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/MTNZ,31729"},{"link_name":"PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"}],"text":"Heslop, \"J\" Malan (1992). \"Church News\". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Vol. 1. Macmillan Publishers. Retrieved January 29, 2009.\nSwenson, Paul (Spring 1977). \"Nostrums in the Newsroom: Raised Sights and Raised Expectations at the Deseret News\". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 10 (3): 46–57. doi:10.2307/45224591. JSTOR 45224591. S2CID 254386573. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2009.\nRoberts, Paul T. (August 1983). \"A History of the Development and Objectives of the LDS Church News Section of the Deseret News\". [Master's Thesis]. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, Department of Communications. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"75 years of Church News\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thechurchnews.com/archive/2006-04-01/75-years-of-church-news-28547"}],"text":"Weaver, Sarah Jane (April 1, 2006), \"75 years of Church News\", Church News","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Contact Us\". LDSChurchNews.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081205120542/http://www.ldschurchnews.com/contact/","url_text":"\"Contact Us\""},{"url":"http://www.ldschurchnews.com/contact","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, R. Scott (April 1, 2006). \"Telling the story: Church News celebrates 75 years of publication\". Church News. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_(14th_century_%E2%80%93_1795) | Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795) | ["1 History","2 Seats","3 Voivodes","4 Administrative division","5 Cities and towns of Kraków Voivodeship (1662)","5.1 Cities and towns of Proszowice County","5.2 Cities and towns of Szczyrzyc County","5.3 Cities and towns of Silesian County","5.4 Cities and towns of Książ County","5.5 Cities and towns of Nowy Sącz County","5.6 Cities and towns of Lelów County","5.7 Cities and towns of Biecz County","6 References"] | Coordinates: 50°03′41″N 19°56′18″E / 50.061389°N 19.938333°E / 50.061389; 19.938333
Kraków VoivodeshipPalatinatus Cracoviensis Województwo KrakowskieVoivodeship of Poland1300–1795
Coat of arms
Kraków Voivodeship in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1635.CapitalKrakówArea • 160610,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi)Population • 1606 320,000
History • Established January 5 1300• First partition August 5, 1772• Third partition October 24 1795
Political subdivisionscounties: 7 (as for 1662)
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Seniorate Province
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
New Galicia
New Silesia
The Kraków Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo Krakowskie, Latin: Palatinatus Cracoviensis) was a voivodeship (province) in the Kingdom of Poland from the 14th century to the partition of Poland in 1795 (see History of Poland during the Piast dynasty, Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569), and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). Located in the southwestern corner of the country, it was part of the Lesser Poland region (together with two other voivodeships of Poland: Sandomierz Voivodeship, and Lublin Voivodeship) and the Lesser Poland Province.
History
Kraków Voivodeship emerged from the Duchy of Kraków, which was created as Seniorate Province in the Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty (1138). According to Zygmunt Gloger, it was one of the richest provinces of the Kingdom of Poland, with salt mines in Bochnia and Wieliczka, silver and lead mines in Olkusz, and very fertile soil around Proszowice. Its boundaries changed little for centuries. In 1457, the Duchy of Oświęcim was incorporated into the voivodeship, in 1564 – the Duchy of Zator (the Silesian County was created out of the two), and in 1790, the Duchy of Siewierz. Among cities and towns of contemporary Poland, which were part of Kraków Voivodeship, are Będzin, Biała, Bochnia, Brzesko, Częstochowa, Dąbrowa Górnicza, Jasło, Jaworzno, Jędrzejów, Krzepice, Kłobuck, Miechów, Nowy Sącz, Nowy Targ, Oświęcim, Sosnowiec, Szczekociny, Zakopane, Zator, Zawiercie, and Żywiec. In the first partition of Poland, in 1772 Habsburg monarchy annexed southern half of the voivodeship (south of the Vistula). In 1795, the third and final partition of Poland, Austria annexed the remaining part of the province, with the exception of its northwestern corner (around Częstochowa), which was seized by the Kingdom of Prussia, as New Silesia.
Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland gives a detailed description of Kraków Voivodeship:
Kraków Voivodeship covered Subcarpathian Lechia on the right bank of the Vistula, as well as land on the left bank of the river, between Kraków and Sieradz, where the Warta and the Pilica have their sources. Little is known about early history of southern areas of this province, and our knowledge is based on legends. We know that there was a prince named Krakus or Krak, after whom the city of Kraków was named (...) Local tribes, which remained pagan, were separated from the world by the Carpathians, so there are no documents about their origins (...) During the reign of Duke Mieszko I, the Bohemia state reached as far as Kraków, which was annexed by Bolesław Chrobry in 999 (...)
In 1138, following the Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty, the Duchy of Kraków was granted to Wladyslaw, the eldest son of Krzywousty. Boundaries of the duchy were most likely the same as boundaries of Kraków Voivodeship. In 1397, three counties were created: Kraków, Proszowice and Zarnowiec. In the 16th century, there were seven counties in the voivodeship: Proszowice, Szczyrzyc, Lelów, Książ Wielki, Silesian, Biecz and Nowy Sącz (...)
Boundaries of Kraków Voivodeship were as follows: in the north it partly went along the Liswarta river, crossing the Pilica between Koniecpol and Lelów. The towns of Secemin, Sobków, Pińczów, Opatowiec, Szczurowa, Wojnicz, Tuchów, Brzostek, Kołaczyce and Jedlicze belonged to Sandomierz Voivodeship, while Lelów, Jędrzejów, Działoszyce, Skalbmierz, Koszyce, Szczepanów, Zakliczyn, Jodłowa, Jasło, Dukla and Jaśliska were part of Kraków Voivodeship. Southern border was marked by the mountains, beyond which lies Spis (...) In the west, Kraków Voivodeship included three Silesian duchies, namely Duchy of Oświęcim (since 1457), Duchy of Zator (since 1494) and Duchy of Siewierz (since 1443) (...)
In the 16th century, Kraków Voivodeship had the area of 3,451 square miles, with 466 Roman-Catholic parishes, 71 towns and cities, and 2,206 villages (...) It had seven senators: the Bishop of Kraków, the Castellan of Kraków, the Voivode of Kraków, the Castellan of Wojnicz, and Castellans of Nowy Sącz, Biecz and Oświęcim. Starostas resided in such locations, as Kraków, Sacz, Biecz, Spisz, Badzyn, Czchow, Czorsztyn, Dębowiec, Dobczyce, Grybów, Jadowniki, Jodłowa, Jasło, Krzeczow, Lanckorona, Lelów, Libiąż, Mszana Dolna, Nowy Targ, Olsztyn, Ojców, Rabsztyn, Wolbrom, and others. Local sejmik took place at Proszowice, where eight deputies were elected to the Sejm and Lesser Poland Tribunal in Lublin (...)
The Duchies of Oświęcim and Zator had their own sejmik at Zator, electing two deputies. These two Duchies had 160 villages, and six towns (Oświęcim, Zator, Żywiec, Kęty, Wadowice and Berwald). The Duchy of Siewierz, which belonged to Bishops of Kraków, had two towns (Siewierz and Sławków) (...) Kraków Voivodeship was regarded as the richest part of the Kingdom of Poland. It was the favourite province of King Kazimierz Wielki, and during the reign of the Jagiellon dynasty, a great number of palaces and castles was built here. Kraków Voivodeship had plenty of old churches, chapels, tombs, and other historical buildings (...) Among popular places there were Cistercial Abbey at Mogila near Kraków, Benedictine Abbey at Tyniec, Jasna Góra Monastery at Częstochowa, Franciscan church and abbey at Stary Sącz. Among major castles were Tenczyn Castle, Lipowiec Castle, Siewierz Castle, Smolen Castle, Bobolice Castle, Czorsztyn Castle, Olsztyn Castle, Ojców Castle, Pieskowa Skała Castle, Wojnicz Castle, Stará Ľubovňa Castle and others.
Seats
Kraków, capital of the voivodeship, in the 15th century
Voivodeship Governor (Wojewoda) seat:
Kraków
Sejmiks (or territorial) seat:
Proszowice
Regional council (sejmik generalny) seat:
Nowe Miasto Korczyn
Voivodes
Skarbmir 1106–1117
Klemens 1123–1168
Mikołaj Gryfita ?-1202
Marek z Brzeźnicy 1176-c. 1226
Teodor Gryfita ?-1237
Włodzimierz 1191–1241
Klemens z Ruszczy ?-1256
Klemens Latoszyński 1213–1265
Sulisław z Branic 1232–1283
Piotr Bogoria 1240–1290
Mikołaj Łagiewnicki 1245–1290
Wierzbięta z Ruszczy 1246–1324
Tomisław Mokrski 1276–1326
Mikołaj Bogoria 1291–1346
Andrzej 1309–1354
Mścigniew Czelej 1298–1357
Imram 1312–1357
Andrzej Tęczyński 1318–1368
Dobiesław Kurozwęcki 1306–1397
Spytko II of Melsztyn 1351–1399
Jan z Tarnowa przed 1349–1409
Piotr Kmita 1348–1409
Jan Tarnowski 1367 -1433
Piotr Szafraniec ?-1437
Jan Czyżowski 1373–1459
Jan z Tęczyna między (1408–1410) – 1470
Jan Pilecki 1410–1476
Dziersław Rytwiański 1414–1478
Jan Rytwiański 1422–1479
Jan Amor Młodszy Tarnowski 1425–1500
Spytek III Jarosławski 1436–1519
Piotr Kmita z Wiśnicza 1442–1505
Jan Feliks Tarnowski 1471–1507
Mikołaj Kamieniecki 1460–1515
Krzysztof Szydłowiecki 1467–1532
Andrzej Tęczyński ?-1536
Otto Chodecki 1467–1534
Jan Amor Tarnowski 1488–1561
Piotr Kmita Sobieński 1477–1553
Mikołaj Herburt Odnowski 1505–1555
Stanisław Tęczyński 1521–1561
Spytek Jordan 1519–1580
Stanisław Myszkowski
Stanisław Barzi 1529–1571
Jan Firlej 1515–1574
Piotr Zborowski
Andrzej Tęczyński ?-1588
Mikołaj Firlej 1532–1601
Mikołaj Zebrzydowski 1553–1620
Jan Magnus Tęczyński 1579–1637
Stanisław Lubomirski 1583–1649
Władysław Dominik * Zasławski-Ostrogski 1618–1656
Władysław Myszkowski 1600–1658
Stanisław Rewera Potocki 1579–1667
Michał Zebrzydowski 1617–1667
Jan Wielopolski (starszy) 1605–1668
Aleksander Michał Lubomirski 1598–1677
Jan Leszczyński 1598–1693
Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki 1631–1682
Andrzej Potocki ?-1691
Feliks Kazimierz Potocki 1633–1702
Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski 1633–1706
Marcin Kątski 1635–1710
Franciszek Lanckoroński ok. 1645–1715
Janusz Antoni Wiśniowiecki 1678–1741
Jerzy Dominik Lubomirski 1665–1727
Franciszek Wielopolski 1658–1732
Teodor Lubomirski 1683–1745
Jan Klemens Branicki 1689–1771
Wacław Rzewuski 1706–1779
Antoni Lubomirski 1715–1782
Stanisław Kostka Dembiński 1708–1781
Piotr Małachowski 1730–1797
Administrative division
In 1397, the Voivodeship was officially divided into three counties (powiats):
Proszowice County (Powiat Proszowicki), Proszowice
Żarnowiec County (Powiat Żarnowiecki), Żarnowiec
Kraków County (Powiat Krakowski), Kraków
Administrative division at the end of the 16th century
In the 16th century, the number of counties rose to seven:
Proszowice County (Powiat Proszowicki), Proszowice
Lelów County (Powiat Lelowski), Lelów
Szczyrzyc County (Powiat Szczyrzycki), Szczyrzyc
Książ County (Powiat Ksiąski), Książ Wielki
Nowy Sącz County (Powiat Sądecki), Nowy Sącz
Biecz County (Powiat Biecki), Biecz
Silesian County (Powiat Śląski)
Duchy of Zator (Księstwo Zatorskie), Zator
Duchy of Oświęcim (Księstwo Oświęcimskie), Oświęcim
Also, the Duchy of Siewierz, (Księstwo Siewierskie), with capital in Siewierz, was ruled by the Bishops of Kraków, but officially, it was not part of the Voivodeship until 1792, when it was annexed into Poland.
Neighbouring Voivodeships:
Sieradz Voivodeship
Sandomierz Voivodeship
Ruthenian Voivodeship
Silesia (not part of Poland at that time).
Cities and towns of Kraków Voivodeship (1662)
Cities and towns of Proszowice County
Kraków,
Kazimierz,
Podzamcze (now a district of Kraków),
Kleparz,
Skalbmierz,
Będzin,
Chrzanów,
Sławków,
Olkusz,
Działoszyce,
Proszowice,
Słomniki,
Koszyce,
Nowa Góra,
Nowe Brzesko
Cities and towns of Szczyrzyc County
Myślenice,
Tymbark,
Bochnia,
Uście Solne,
Nowy Wiśnicz,
Jordanów,
Wieliczka,
Dobczyce,
Skawina,
Lanckorona.
Cities and towns of Silesian County
Wadowice,
Żywiec,
Kęty,
Oświęcim,
Zator.
Cities and towns of Książ County
Miechów,
Jędrzejów (in 1682 known as Andrzejów),
Wodzisław,
Żarnowiec,
Książ Wielki,
Wolbrom,
Skała.
Cities and towns of Nowy Sącz County
Wojnicz,
Czchów,
Nowy Sącz (Nowy Sandecz),
Stary Sącz (Stary Sandecz),
Piwniczna,
Nowy Targ,
Lipnica Murowana,
Zakliczyn,
Tylicz,
Muszyna,
Krościenko nad Dunajcem,
Grybów.
Cities and towns of Lelów County
Kromołów (now a district of Zawiercie),
Mrzygłód (now a district of Myszków),
Włodowice,
Żarki,
Częstochowa,
Kłobuck,
Krzepice,
Mstów,
Przyrów,
Lelów,
Pilica,
Szczekociny,
Kossów.
Cities and towns of Biecz County
Bobowa,
Dukla,
Gorlice,
Nowy Żmigród,
Ciężkowice,
Jasło,
Dębowiec,
Osiek Jasielski,
Jaśliska,
Biecz.
References
Zygmunt Gloger, Historical Geography of Ancient Poland, Kraków Voivodeship (in Polish)
Adolf Pawiński, "Polska XVI wieku pod względem geograficzno-statystycznym" Tom III, Małopolska. Warszawa 1886
vteAdministrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian CommonwealthProvince of Greater Poland
Brześć Kujawski
Chełmno
Gniezno
Inowrocław
Kalisz
Łęczyca
Malbork
Masovian
Płock
Pomeranian
Poznań
Rawa
Sieradz
Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
Province of Lesser Poland
Bełz
Bracław
Chernihów
Kiev
Kraków
Lublin
Podlaskie
Podolian
Ruthenian
Sandomierz
Volhynia
Duchy of Siewierz
Duchy of Siveria (1619–1635)
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Brest Litovsk
Minsk
Mstsislaw
Nowogródek
Połock
Smolensk
Trakai
Vilnius
Vitebsk
Duchy of Samogitia
Polish Livonia
Duchy of Livonia (1561–1621): Dorpat, Parnawa, Wenden
Inflanty (1621–1772)
Fiefs
Lauenburg and Bütow Land
Duchy of Prussia
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
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Located in the southwestern corner of the country, it was part of the Lesser Poland region (together with two other voivodeships of Poland: Sandomierz Voivodeship, and Lublin Voivodeship) and the Lesser Poland Province.","title":"Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seniorate Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniorate_Province"},{"link_name":"Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_of_Boles%C5%82aw_III_Krzywousty"},{"link_name":"Zygmunt Gloger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Gloger"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)"},{"link_name":"Bochnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochnia"},{"link_name":"Wieliczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieliczka"},{"link_name":"Olkusz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkusz"},{"link_name":"Proszowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proszowice"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Oświęcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Zator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Zator"},{"link_name":"Silesian County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_County"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Siewierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Siewierz"},{"link_name":"Będzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%99dzin"},{"link_name":"Biała","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a"},{"link_name":"Bochnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochnia"},{"link_name":"Brzesko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzesko"},{"link_name":"Częstochowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa"},{"link_name":"Dąbrowa Górnicza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%85browa_G%C3%B3rnicza"},{"link_name":"Jasło","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jas%C5%82o"},{"link_name":"Jaworzno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaworzno"},{"link_name":"Jędrzejów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99drzej%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Krzepice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzepice"},{"link_name":"Kłobuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%82obuck"},{"link_name":"Miechów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miech%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Nowy Sącz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz"},{"link_name":"Nowy Targ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_Targ"},{"link_name":"Oświęcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim"},{"link_name":"Sosnowiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosnowiec"},{"link_name":"Szczekociny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczekociny"},{"link_name":"Zakopane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakopane"},{"link_name":"Zator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zator,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Zawiercie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawiercie"},{"link_name":"Żywiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBywiec"},{"link_name":"first partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"New Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Zygmunt Gloger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Gloger"},{"link_name":"Lechia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechia"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"Sieradz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieradz"},{"link_name":"Warta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warta_(river)"},{"link_name":"Pilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilica_(river)"},{"link_name":"Krakus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakus"},{"link_name":"Carpathians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathians"},{"link_name":"Mieszko I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Bolesław Chrobry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Chrobry"},{"link_name":"Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_of_Boles%C5%82aw_III_Krzywousty"},{"link_name":"Liswarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liswarta"},{"link_name":"Koniecpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koniecpol"},{"link_name":"Secemin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secemin"},{"link_name":"Sobków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobk%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Pińczów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%84cz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Opatowiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opatowiec"},{"link_name":"Szczurowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczurowa"},{"link_name":"Wojnicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojnicz"},{"link_name":"Tuchów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuch%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Brzostek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzostek"},{"link_name":"Kołaczyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%82aczyce"},{"link_name":"Jedlicze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedlicze"},{"link_name":"Sandomierz Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandomierz_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Lelów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lel%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Jędrzejów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99drzej%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Działoszyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzia%C5%82oszyce"},{"link_name":"Skalbmierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalbmierz"},{"link_name":"Koszyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszyce,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Szczepanów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczepan%C3%B3w,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Zakliczyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakliczyn"},{"link_name":"Jodłowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jod%C5%82owa"},{"link_name":"Jasło","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jas%C5%82o"},{"link_name":"Dukla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukla"},{"link_name":"Jaśliska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C5%9Bliska"},{"link_name":"Spis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spi%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Silesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Oświęcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Zator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Zator"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Siewierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Siewierz"},{"link_name":"Starostas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starosta"},{"link_name":"Czorsztyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czorsztyn"},{"link_name":"Dębowiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%99bowiec,_Podkarpackie_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Dobczyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobczyce"},{"link_name":"Grybów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryb%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Jadowniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadowniki"},{"link_name":"Lanckorona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanckorona"},{"link_name":"Libiąż","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libi%C4%85%C5%BC"},{"link_name":"Mszana Dolna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mszana_Dolna"},{"link_name":"Nowy Targ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_Targ"},{"link_name":"Olsztyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olsztyn,_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Ojców","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojc%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Rabsztyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabsztyn,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Wolbrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolbrom"},{"link_name":"sejmik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejmik"},{"link_name":"Sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin"},{"link_name":"Żywiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBywiec"},{"link_name":"Kęty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%99ty"},{"link_name":"Wadowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadowice"},{"link_name":"Sławków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82awk%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Wielki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Wielki"},{"link_name":"Jagiellon dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellon_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Tyniec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyniec"},{"link_name":"Jasna Góra Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Częstochowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa"},{"link_name":"Stary Sącz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stary_S%C4%85cz"},{"link_name":"Tenczyn Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenczyn_Castle"},{"link_name":"Bobolice Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobolice_Castle"},{"link_name":"Czorsztyn Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czorsztyn_Castle"},{"link_name":"Stará Ľubovňa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%A1_%C4%BDubov%C5%88a"}],"text":"Kraków Voivodeship emerged from the Duchy of Kraków, which was created as Seniorate Province in the Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty (1138). According to Zygmunt Gloger, it was one of the richest provinces of the Kingdom of Poland, with salt mines in Bochnia and Wieliczka, silver and lead mines in Olkusz, and very fertile soil around Proszowice. Its boundaries changed little for centuries. In 1457, the Duchy of Oświęcim was incorporated into the voivodeship, in 1564 – the Duchy of Zator (the Silesian County was created out of the two), and in 1790, the Duchy of Siewierz. Among cities and towns of contemporary Poland, which were part of Kraków Voivodeship, are Będzin, Biała, Bochnia, Brzesko, Częstochowa, Dąbrowa Górnicza, Jasło, Jaworzno, Jędrzejów, Krzepice, Kłobuck, Miechów, Nowy Sącz, Nowy Targ, Oświęcim, Sosnowiec, Szczekociny, Zakopane, Zator, Zawiercie, and Żywiec. In the first partition of Poland, in 1772 Habsburg monarchy annexed southern half of the voivodeship (south of the Vistula). In 1795, the third and final partition of Poland, Austria annexed the remaining part of the province, with the exception of its northwestern corner (around Częstochowa), which was seized by the Kingdom of Prussia, as New Silesia.Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland gives a detailed description of Kraków Voivodeship:Kraków Voivodeship covered Subcarpathian Lechia on the right bank of the Vistula, as well as land on the left bank of the river, between Kraków and Sieradz, where the Warta and the Pilica have their sources. Little is known about early history of southern areas of this province, and our knowledge is based on legends. We know that there was a prince named Krakus or Krak, after whom the city of Kraków was named (...) Local tribes, which remained pagan, were separated from the world by the Carpathians, so there are no documents about their origins (...) During the reign of Duke Mieszko I, the Bohemia state reached as far as Kraków, which was annexed by Bolesław Chrobry in 999 (...)\nIn 1138, following the Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty, the Duchy of Kraków was granted to Wladyslaw, the eldest son of Krzywousty. Boundaries of the duchy were most likely the same as boundaries of Kraków Voivodeship. In 1397, three counties were created: Kraków, Proszowice and Zarnowiec. In the 16th century, there were seven counties in the voivodeship: Proszowice, Szczyrzyc, Lelów, Książ Wielki, Silesian, Biecz and Nowy Sącz (...)\nBoundaries of Kraków Voivodeship were as follows: in the north it partly went along the Liswarta river, crossing the Pilica between Koniecpol and Lelów. The towns of Secemin, Sobków, Pińczów, Opatowiec, Szczurowa, Wojnicz, Tuchów, Brzostek, Kołaczyce and Jedlicze belonged to Sandomierz Voivodeship, while Lelów, Jędrzejów, Działoszyce, Skalbmierz, Koszyce, Szczepanów, Zakliczyn, Jodłowa, Jasło, Dukla and Jaśliska were part of Kraków Voivodeship. Southern border was marked by the mountains, beyond which lies Spis (...) In the west, Kraków Voivodeship included three Silesian duchies, namely Duchy of Oświęcim (since 1457), Duchy of Zator (since 1494) and Duchy of Siewierz (since 1443) (...)\nIn the 16th century, Kraków Voivodeship had the area of 3,451 square miles, with 466 Roman-Catholic parishes, 71 towns and cities, and 2,206 villages (...) It had seven senators: the Bishop of Kraków, the Castellan of Kraków, the Voivode of Kraków, the Castellan of Wojnicz, and Castellans of Nowy Sącz, Biecz and Oświęcim. Starostas resided in such locations, as Kraków, Sacz, Biecz, Spisz, Badzyn, Czchow, Czorsztyn, Dębowiec, Dobczyce, Grybów, Jadowniki, Jodłowa, Jasło, Krzeczow, Lanckorona, Lelów, Libiąż, Mszana Dolna, Nowy Targ, Olsztyn, Ojców, Rabsztyn, Wolbrom, and others. Local sejmik took place at Proszowice, where eight deputies were elected to the Sejm and Lesser Poland Tribunal in Lublin (...)\n\nThe Duchies of Oświęcim and Zator had their own sejmik at Zator, electing two deputies. These two Duchies had 160 villages, and six towns (Oświęcim, Zator, Żywiec, Kęty, Wadowice and Berwald). The Duchy of Siewierz, which belonged to Bishops of Kraków, had two towns (Siewierz and Sławków) (...) Kraków Voivodeship was regarded as the richest part of the Kingdom of Poland. It was the favourite province of King Kazimierz Wielki, and during the reign of the Jagiellon dynasty, a great number of palaces and castles was built here. Kraków Voivodeship had plenty of old churches, chapels, tombs, and other historical buildings (...) Among popular places there were Cistercial Abbey at Mogila near Kraków, Benedictine Abbey at Tyniec, Jasna Góra Monastery at Częstochowa, Franciscan church and abbey at Stary Sącz. Among major castles were Tenczyn Castle, Lipowiec Castle, Siewierz Castle, Smolen Castle, Bobolice Castle, Czorsztyn Castle, Olsztyn Castle, Ojców Castle, Pieskowa Skała Castle, Wojnicz Castle, Stará Ľubovňa Castle and others.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Wojewoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojewoda"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Sejmiks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejmik"},{"link_name":"Proszowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proszowice"},{"link_name":"sejmik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejmik"},{"link_name":"Nowe Miasto Korczyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowe_Miasto_Korczyn"}],"text":"Kraków, capital of the voivodeship, in the 15th centuryVoivodeship Governor (Wojewoda) seat:KrakówSejmiks (or territorial) seat:ProszowiceRegional council (sejmik generalny) seat:Nowe Miasto Korczyn","title":"Seats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skarbmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarbmir"},{"link_name":"Klemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klemens_(voivode_of_Krak%C3%B3w)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj Gryfita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miko%C5%82aj_Gryfita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marek z Brzeźnicy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marek_z_Brze%C5%BAnicy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Teodor Gryfita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teodor_Gryfita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Włodzimierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82odzimierz_(voivode_of_Krak%C3%B3w)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Klemens z Ruszczy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klemens_z_Ruszczy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Klemens Latoszyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klemens_Latoszy%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sulisław z Branic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulis%C5%82aw_z_Branic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piotr Bogoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Bogoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj Łagiewnicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miko%C5%82aj_%C5%81agiewnicki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wierzbięta z Ruszczy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wierzbi%C4%99ta_z_Ruszczy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tomisław Mokrski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomis%C5%82aw_Mokrski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj Bogoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miko%C5%82aj_Bogoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrzej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej"},{"link_name":"Mścigniew Czelej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C5%9Bcigniew_Czelej&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Imram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imram_(voivode_of_Krak%C3%B3w)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Tęczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_T%C4%99czy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Dobiesław Kurozwęcki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dobies%C5%82aw_Kurozw%C4%99cki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spytko II of Melsztyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spytko_II_of_Melsztyn"},{"link_name":"Jan z Tarnowa przed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_z_Tarnowa_przed&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piotr Kmita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Kmita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jan Tarnowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tarnowski"},{"link_name":"Piotr Szafraniec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Szafraniec&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jan Czyżowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Czy%C5%BCowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jan z Tęczyna między","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_z_T%C4%99czyna_mi%C4%99dzy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jan Pilecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Pilecki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dziersław Rytwiański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dziers%C5%82aw_Rytwia%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jan Rytwiański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Rytwia%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jan Amor Młodszy Tarnowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Amor_M%C5%82odszy_Tarnowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spytek III Jarosławski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spytek_III_Jaros%C5%82awski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piotr Kmita z Wiśnicza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Kmita_z_Wi%C5%9Bnicza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jan Feliks Tarnowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Feliks_Tarnowski"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj Kamieniecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Kamieniecki"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Szydłowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Szyd%C5%82owiecki"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Tęczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_T%C4%99czy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Otto Chodecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Chodecki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jan Amor Tarnowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Amor_Tarnowski"},{"link_name":"Piotr Kmita Sobieński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Kmita_Sobie%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj Herburt Odnowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miko%C5%82aj_Herburt_Odnowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Tęczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_T%C4%99czy%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spytek Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spytek_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Myszkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Myszkowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Barzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Barzi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jan Firlej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Firlej"},{"link_name":"Piotr Zborowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Zborowski"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Tęczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_T%C4%99czy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj Firlej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miko%C5%82aj_Firlej_(died_1601)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj Zebrzydowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Zebrzydowski"},{"link_name":"Jan Magnus Tęczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Magnus_T%C4%99czy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Lubomirski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lubomirski_(1583%E2%80%931649)"},{"link_name":"Władysław Dominik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Dominik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zasławski-Ostrogski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zas%C5%82awski-Ostrogski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Władysław Myszkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Myszkowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Rewera Potocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Rewera_Potocki"},{"link_name":"Michał Zebrzydowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micha%C5%82_Zebrzydowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jan Wielopolski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Wielopolski"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Michał Lubomirski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Micha%C5%82_Lubomirski_(d._1677)"},{"link_name":"Jan Leszczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Leszczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymitr_Jerzy_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Potocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Potocki"},{"link_name":"Feliks Kazimierz Potocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feliks_Kazimierz_Potocki"},{"link_name":"Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronim_Augustyn_Lubomirski"},{"link_name":"Marcin Kątski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcin_K%C4%85tski"},{"link_name":"Franciszek Lanckoroński ok.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Lanckoro%C5%84ski_ok.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Janusz Antoni Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janusz_Antoni_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Dominik Lubomirski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Dominik_Lubomirski"},{"link_name":"Franciszek Wielopolski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Wielopolski"},{"link_name":"Teodor Lubomirski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodor_Lubomirski"},{"link_name":"Jan Klemens Branicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Klemens_Branicki"},{"link_name":"Wacław Rzewuski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Rzewuski"},{"link_name":"Antoni Lubomirski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Lubomirski"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Kostka Dembiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Kostka_Dembi%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piotr Małachowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Ma%C5%82achowski"}],"text":"Skarbmir 1106–1117\nKlemens 1123–1168 [1]\nMikołaj Gryfita ?-1202\nMarek z Brzeźnicy 1176-c. 1226\nTeodor Gryfita ?-1237\nWłodzimierz 1191–1241\nKlemens z Ruszczy ?-1256\nKlemens Latoszyński 1213–1265\nSulisław z Branic 1232–1283\nPiotr Bogoria 1240–1290\nMikołaj Łagiewnicki 1245–1290\nWierzbięta z Ruszczy 1246–1324\nTomisław Mokrski 1276–1326\nMikołaj Bogoria 1291–1346\nAndrzej 1309–1354\nMścigniew Czelej 1298–1357\nImram 1312–1357\nAndrzej Tęczyński 1318–1368\nDobiesław Kurozwęcki 1306–1397\nSpytko II of Melsztyn 1351–1399\nJan z Tarnowa przed 1349–1409\nPiotr Kmita 1348–1409\nJan Tarnowski 1367 -1433\nPiotr Szafraniec ?-1437\nJan Czyżowski 1373–1459\nJan z Tęczyna między (1408–1410) – 1470\nJan Pilecki 1410–1476\nDziersław Rytwiański 1414–1478\nJan Rytwiański 1422–1479\nJan Amor Młodszy Tarnowski 1425–1500\nSpytek III Jarosławski 1436–1519\nPiotr Kmita z Wiśnicza 1442–1505\nJan Feliks Tarnowski 1471–1507\nMikołaj Kamieniecki 1460–1515\nKrzysztof Szydłowiecki 1467–1532\nAndrzej Tęczyński ?-1536\nOtto Chodecki 1467–1534\nJan Amor Tarnowski 1488–1561\nPiotr Kmita Sobieński 1477–1553\nMikołaj Herburt Odnowski 1505–1555\nStanisław Tęczyński 1521–1561\nSpytek Jordan 1519–1580\nStanisław Myszkowski\nStanisław Barzi 1529–1571\nJan Firlej 1515–1574\nPiotr Zborowski\nAndrzej Tęczyński ?-1588\nMikołaj Firlej 1532–1601\nMikołaj Zebrzydowski 1553–1620\nJan Magnus Tęczyński 1579–1637\nStanisław Lubomirski 1583–1649\nWładysław Dominik * Zasławski-Ostrogski 1618–1656\nWładysław Myszkowski 1600–1658\nStanisław Rewera Potocki 1579–1667\nMichał Zebrzydowski 1617–1667\nJan Wielopolski (starszy) 1605–1668\nAleksander Michał Lubomirski 1598–1677\nJan Leszczyński 1598–1693\nDymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki 1631–1682\nAndrzej Potocki ?-1691\nFeliks Kazimierz Potocki 1633–1702\nHieronim Augustyn Lubomirski 1633–1706\nMarcin Kątski 1635–1710\nFranciszek Lanckoroński ok. 1645–1715\nJanusz Antoni Wiśniowiecki 1678–1741\nJerzy Dominik Lubomirski 1665–1727\nFranciszek Wielopolski 1658–1732\nTeodor Lubomirski 1683–1745\nJan Klemens Branicki 1689–1771\nWacław Rzewuski 1706–1779\nAntoni Lubomirski 1715–1782\nStanisław Kostka Dembiński 1708–1781\nPiotr Małachowski 1730–1797","title":"Voivodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"powiats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powiat"},{"link_name":"Proszowice County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proszowice_County"},{"link_name":"Proszowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proszowice"},{"link_name":"Żarnowiec County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%BBarnowiec_County&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Żarnowiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBarnowiec,_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Kraków County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_County"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wojew%C3%B3dztwo_krakowskie_powiaty_1600.png"},{"link_name":"Proszowice County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proszowice_County"},{"link_name":"Proszowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proszowice"},{"link_name":"Lelów County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lel%C3%B3w_County"},{"link_name":"Lelów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lel%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Szczyrzyc County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczyrzyc_County"},{"link_name":"Szczyrzyc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczyrzyc"},{"link_name":"Książ County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC_County"},{"link_name":"Książ Wielki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC_Wielki"},{"link_name":"Nowy Sącz County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz_County"},{"link_name":"Nowy Sącz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz"},{"link_name":"Biecz County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biecz_County"},{"link_name":"Biecz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biecz"},{"link_name":"Silesian County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_County"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Zator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Zator"},{"link_name":"Zator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zator,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Oświęcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim"},{"link_name":"Oświęcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Siewierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Siewierz"},{"link_name":"Siewierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siewierz"},{"link_name":"Sieradz Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieradz_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Sandomierz Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandomierz_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Ruthenian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"}],"text":"In 1397, the Voivodeship was officially divided into three counties (powiats):Proszowice County (Powiat Proszowicki), Proszowice\nŻarnowiec County (Powiat Żarnowiecki), Żarnowiec\nKraków County (Powiat Krakowski), KrakówAdministrative division at the end of the 16th centuryIn the 16th century, the number of counties rose to seven:Proszowice County (Powiat Proszowicki), Proszowice\nLelów County (Powiat Lelowski), Lelów\nSzczyrzyc County (Powiat Szczyrzycki), Szczyrzyc\nKsiąż County (Powiat Ksiąski), Książ Wielki\nNowy Sącz County (Powiat Sądecki), Nowy Sącz\nBiecz County (Powiat Biecki), Biecz\nSilesian County (Powiat Śląski)\nDuchy of Zator (Księstwo Zatorskie), Zator\nDuchy of Oświęcim (Księstwo Oświęcimskie), OświęcimAlso, the Duchy of Siewierz, (Księstwo Siewierskie), with capital in Siewierz, was ruled by the Bishops of Kraków, but officially, it was not part of the Voivodeship until 1792, when it was annexed into Poland.Neighbouring Voivodeships:Sieradz Voivodeship\nSandomierz Voivodeship\nRuthenian Voivodeship\nSilesia (not part of Poland at that time).","title":"Administrative division"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cities and towns of Kraków Voivodeship (1662)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazimierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz"},{"link_name":"Kleparz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleparz"},{"link_name":"Skalbmierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalbmierz"},{"link_name":"Będzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%99dzin"},{"link_name":"Chrzanów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrzan%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Sławków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82awk%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Olkusz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkusz"},{"link_name":"Działoszyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzia%C5%82oszyce"},{"link_name":"Proszowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proszowice"},{"link_name":"Słomniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82omniki"},{"link_name":"Koszyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszyce,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Nowa Góra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowa_G%C3%B3ra,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Nowe Brzesko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowe_Brzesko"}],"sub_title":"Cities and towns of Proszowice County","text":"Kraków,\nKazimierz,\nPodzamcze (now a district of Kraków),\nKleparz,\nSkalbmierz,\nBędzin,\nChrzanów,\nSławków,\nOlkusz,\nDziałoszyce,\nProszowice,\nSłomniki,\nKoszyce,\nNowa Góra,\nNowe Brzesko","title":"Cities and towns of Kraków Voivodeship (1662)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Myślenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C5%9Blenice"},{"link_name":"Tymbark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymbark"},{"link_name":"Bochnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochnia"},{"link_name":"Uście Solne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%9Bcie_Solne"},{"link_name":"Nowy Wiśnicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_Wi%C5%9Bnicz"},{"link_name":"Jordanów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Wieliczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieliczka"},{"link_name":"Dobczyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobczyce"},{"link_name":"Skawina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skawina"},{"link_name":"Lanckorona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanckorona"}],"sub_title":"Cities and towns of Szczyrzyc County","text":"Myślenice,\nTymbark,\nBochnia,\nUście Solne,\nNowy Wiśnicz,\nJordanów,\nWieliczka,\nDobczyce,\nSkawina,\nLanckorona.","title":"Cities and towns of Kraków Voivodeship (1662)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wadowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadowice"},{"link_name":"Żywiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBywiec"},{"link_name":"Kęty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%99ty"},{"link_name":"Oświęcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim"},{"link_name":"Zator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zator,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"}],"sub_title":"Cities and towns of Silesian County","text":"Wadowice,\nŻywiec,\nKęty,\nOświęcim,\nZator.","title":"Cities and towns of Kraków Voivodeship (1662)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miechów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miech%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Jędrzejów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99drzej%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Wodzisław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodzis%C5%82aw,_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Żarnowiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBarnowiec,_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Książ Wielki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC_Wielki"},{"link_name":"Wolbrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolbrom"},{"link_name":"Skała","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska%C5%82a"}],"sub_title":"Cities and towns of Książ County","text":"Miechów,\nJędrzejów (in 1682 known as Andrzejów),\nWodzisław,\nŻarnowiec,\nKsiąż Wielki,\nWolbrom,\nSkała.","title":"Cities and towns of Kraków Voivodeship (1662)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wojnicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojnicz"},{"link_name":"Czchów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czch%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Nowy Sącz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz"},{"link_name":"Stary Sącz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stary_S%C4%85cz"},{"link_name":"Piwniczna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwniczna"},{"link_name":"Nowy Targ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_Targ"},{"link_name":"Lipnica Murowana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipnica_Murowana"},{"link_name":"Zakliczyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakliczyn"},{"link_name":"Tylicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylicz"},{"link_name":"Muszyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muszyna"},{"link_name":"Krościenko nad Dunajcem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kro%C5%9Bcienko_nad_Dunajcem"},{"link_name":"Grybów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryb%C3%B3w"}],"sub_title":"Cities and towns of Nowy Sącz County","text":"Wojnicz,\nCzchów,\nNowy Sącz (Nowy Sandecz),\nStary Sącz (Stary Sandecz),\nPiwniczna,\nNowy Targ,\nLipnica Murowana,\nZakliczyn,\nTylicz,\nMuszyna,\nKrościenko nad Dunajcem,\nGrybów.","title":"Cities and towns of Kraków Voivodeship (1662)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zawiercie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawiercie"},{"link_name":"Myszków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myszk%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Włodowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82odowice,_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Żarki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBarki"},{"link_name":"Częstochowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa"},{"link_name":"Kłobuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%82obuck"},{"link_name":"Krzepice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzepice"},{"link_name":"Mstów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mst%C3%B3w,_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Przyrów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przyr%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Lelów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lel%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Pilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilica,_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Szczekociny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczekociny"},{"link_name":"Kossów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koss%C3%B3w"}],"sub_title":"Cities and towns of Lelów County","text":"Kromołów (now a district of Zawiercie),\nMrzygłód (now a district of Myszków),\nWłodowice,\nŻarki,\nCzęstochowa,\nKłobuck,\nKrzepice,\nMstów,\nPrzyrów,\nLelów,\nPilica,\nSzczekociny,\nKossów.","title":"Cities and towns of Kraków Voivodeship (1662)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bobowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobowa"},{"link_name":"Dukla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukla"},{"link_name":"Gorlice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorlice"},{"link_name":"Nowy Żmigród","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_%C5%BBmigr%C3%B3d"},{"link_name":"Ciężkowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C4%99%C5%BCkowice"},{"link_name":"Jasło","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jas%C5%82o"},{"link_name":"Dębowiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%99bowiec,_Podkarpackie_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Osiek Jasielski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiek_Jasielski"},{"link_name":"Jaśliska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C5%9Bliska"},{"link_name":"Biecz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biecz"}],"sub_title":"Cities and towns of Biecz County","text":"Bobowa,\nDukla,\nGorlice,\nNowy Żmigród,\nCiężkowice,\nJasło,\nDębowiec,\nOsiek Jasielski,\nJaśliska,\nBiecz.","title":"Cities and towns of Kraków Voivodeship (1662)"}] | [{"image_text":"Kraków, capital of the voivodeship, in the 15th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png"},{"image_text":"Administrative division at the end of the 16th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Wojew%C3%B3dztwo_krakowskie_powiaty_1600.png/300px-Wojew%C3%B3dztwo_krakowskie_powiaty_1600.png"}] | null | [] | 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Warszawa 1886"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_(14th_century_%E2%80%93_1795)¶ms=50.061389_N_19.938333_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°03′41″N 19°56′18″E / 50.061389°N 19.938333°E / 50.061389; 19.938333"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_7302 | IBM 7302 | ["1 Binary models","2 Decimal models","3 External links"] | Computer storage unit
The IBM 7302 Core Storage unit was designed in 1957–1958 for the IBM 7030 (Stretch). The IBM 7030 could use from one to sixteen IBM 7302s (typically six); either individually or in interleaved groups of two or four. The IBM 7090 also used one IBM 7302. The IBM 7094 used one IBM 7302A. The IBM 7094 II used one IBM 7302, but it was a new model unique to the IBM 7094 II. The IBM 7080 also used one decimal model IBM 7302 with a different core stack than used in the binary models.
The core memory in the IBM 7302 was heated/cooled to stabilize its operating characteristics. Early units immersed the core stack in heated/cooled oil. Later units, called the IBM 7302A, blew heated/cooled air through the core stack. The use of smaller cores in the IBM 7302A allowed the cycle time to be reduced to 2.0μs for the IBM 7094. The use of even smaller cores in the IBM 7302 Model 3 allowed the cycle time to be reduced to 1.4μs for the IBM 7094 II.
Binary models
16,384 – 72-bit words w/ 2.18μs cycle time (IBM 7302A 2.0μs cycle time)
The IBM 7030 used this as 16,384 – 64-bit words and an 8-bit ECC. Interleaving of units could reduce effective cycle time to 1.09μs (two unit groups) or 0.545μs (four unit groups).
The IBM 7090 used this as 32,768 – 36-bit words.
The IBM 7094 used this as 32,768 – 36-bit words. Instructions were fetched in 72-bit word pairs, reducing effective instruction fetch time to 1.0μs.
8,192 – 72-bit words w/ 2.18μs cycle time
The IBM 7030 used this as 8,192 – 64-bit words and an 8-bit ECC. Interleaving of units could reduce effective cycle time to 1.09μs (two unit groups) or 0.545μs (four unit groups).
32,768 – 36-bit words w/ 1.4μs cycle time and Even/Odd word overlapped access.
The IBM 7094 II used this as 32,768 – 36-bit words. Because the Even 36-bit word and Odd 36-bit word were independent in this model their accesses could overlap, which could reduce effective cycle time to 0.7μs.
Decimal models
160,000 – 7-bit characters w/ 2.18μs cycle time
The IBM 7080 used this as 160,000 – 7-bit characters; CBA8421.
80,000 – 7-bit characters w/ 2.18μs cycle time
The IBM 7080 used this as 80,000 – 7-bit characters; CBA8421.
External links
IBM 7302 Oil Core Memory
IBM 7302A Air Core Memory
This computer-storage-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This supercomputer-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This mainframe computer-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IBM 7030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_7030"},{"link_name":"IBM 7090","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_7090"},{"link_name":"IBM 7094","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_7094"},{"link_name":"IBM 7094 II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_7094_Model_II"},{"link_name":"IBM 7080","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_7080"},{"link_name":"core memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_memory"}],"text":"The IBM 7302 Core Storage unit was designed in 1957–1958 for the IBM 7030 (Stretch). The IBM 7030 could use from one to sixteen IBM 7302s (typically six); either individually or in interleaved groups of two or four. The IBM 7090 also used one IBM 7302. The IBM 7094 used one IBM 7302A. The IBM 7094 II used one IBM 7302, but it was a new model unique to the IBM 7094 II. The IBM 7080 also used one decimal model IBM 7302 with a different core stack than used in the binary models.The core memory in the IBM 7302 was heated/cooled to stabilize its operating characteristics. Early units immersed the core stack in heated/cooled oil. Later units, called the IBM 7302A, blew heated/cooled air through the core stack. The use of smaller cores in the IBM 7302A allowed the cycle time to be reduced to 2.0μs for the IBM 7094. The use of even smaller cores in the IBM 7302 Model 3 allowed the cycle time to be reduced to 1.4μs for the IBM 7094 II.","title":"IBM 7302"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"16,384 – 72-bit words w/ 2.18μs cycle time (IBM 7302A 2.0μs cycle time)\nThe IBM 7030 used this as 16,384 – 64-bit words and an 8-bit ECC. Interleaving of units could reduce effective cycle time to 1.09μs (two unit groups) or 0.545μs (four unit groups).\nThe IBM 7090 used this as 32,768 – 36-bit words.\nThe IBM 7094 used this as 32,768 – 36-bit words. Instructions were fetched in 72-bit word pairs, reducing effective instruction fetch time to 1.0μs.\n8,192 – 72-bit words w/ 2.18μs cycle time\nThe IBM 7030 used this as 8,192 – 64-bit words and an 8-bit ECC. Interleaving of units could reduce effective cycle time to 1.09μs (two unit groups) or 0.545μs (four unit groups).\n32,768 – 36-bit words w/ 1.4μs cycle time and Even/Odd word overlapped access.\nThe IBM 7094 II used this as 32,768 – 36-bit words. Because the Even 36-bit word and Odd 36-bit word were independent in this model their accesses could overlap, which could reduce effective cycle time to 0.7μs.","title":"Binary models"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"160,000 – 7-bit characters w/ 2.18μs cycle time\nThe IBM 7080 used this as 160,000 – 7-bit characters; CBA8421.\n80,000 – 7-bit characters w/ 2.18μs cycle time\nThe IBM 7080 used this as 80,000 – 7-bit characters; CBA8421.","title":"Decimal models"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.piercefuller.com/library/img00085.html?id=img00085","external_links_name":"IBM 7302 Oil Core Memory"},{"Link":"http://www.piercefuller.com/library/img00090.html?id=img00090","external_links_name":"IBM 7302A Air Core Memory"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM_7302&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM_7302&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM_7302&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Cities_Oilers | Channel Cities Oilers | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Minor league baseball teamChannel Cities Oilers1954–1955 Ventura, California Minor league affiliationsPrevious classesClass-CPrevious leaguesCalifornia LeagueTeam dataPrevious parksBabe Ruth Field
The Channel Cities Oilers were a minor league baseball team in the California League that played in 1954 and 1955. They were based in Ventura, California, and also in the neighboring resort town of Santa Barbara, California. They played their home games at Laguna Park and Babe Ruth Field in Seaside Park. Their team name reflected the off-shore oil well drilling industry in the Santa Barbara Channel that began in the 1950s and was curtailed by a catastrophic oil spill in 1969.
Notable major league players include Chuck Essegian, Al Gionfriddo, Dario Lodigiani (who managed the Ventura team in 1954) and Dave Melton. They moved to become the Reno Silver Sox midway through the 1955 season.
References
^ 1955 Season
^ 1954 Roster
External links
Baseball Reference
This article about a baseball team in California is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minor league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"California League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_League"},{"link_name":"Ventura, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"},{"link_name":"Laguna Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Park"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth_Field"},{"link_name":"Seaside Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaside_Park_(Ventura)"},{"link_name":"off-shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_drilling"},{"link_name":"oil well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_Channel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"major league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"Chuck Essegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Essegian"},{"link_name":"Al Gionfriddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gionfriddo"},{"link_name":"Dario Lodigiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Lodigiani"},{"link_name":"Dave Melton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Melton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Reno Silver Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_Silver_Sox"}],"text":"The Channel Cities Oilers were a minor league baseball team in the California League that played in 1954 and 1955. They were based in Ventura, California, and also in the neighboring resort town of Santa Barbara, California. They played their home games at Laguna Park and Babe Ruth Field in Seaside Park. Their team name reflected the off-shore oil well drilling industry in the Santa Barbara Channel that began in the 1950s and was curtailed by a catastrophic oil spill in 1969.[1]Notable major league players include Chuck Essegian, Al Gionfriddo, Dario Lodigiani (who managed the Ventura team in 1954) and Dave Melton.[2] They moved to become the Reno Silver Sox midway through the 1955 season.","title":"Channel Cities Oilers"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/team.cgi?id=7e7951fe","external_links_name":"1955 Season"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/team.cgi?id=c4b8d447","external_links_name":"1954 Roster"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/team.cgi?city=Ventura&state=CA&country=US&empty=0","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Channel_Cities_Oilers&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettiah_Raj | Bettiah Raj | ["1 History","1.1 Pre-British rule","1.2 East India Company","1.3 British era","2 Bettiah Raj and music","3 See also","4 References"] | Zamindari estate in Bihar, India
The Ghanta Ghar of the Bettiah Raj Mahal
The Bettiah Raj was the second-largest zamindari in the Bettiah region of Bihar, India. It generated annual land revenue rentals of more than 2 million rupees.
History
Pre-British rule
An early ruler was Gangeswar Deo, a Bhumihar-Brahmin of the Jaitharia clan, popularly known as Jaitharia Bhumihar Gangeswar Deo. The descendants of which are among the present day Kashyap gotra. A branch of this clan also set up residence at a place called Jaithar Saran near Champaran, and later moved east and established a state at Bettiah in Bihar. They were known as the Bhumihar. Bettiah Raj was the oldest in the region and had also been a branch of Raj Riyasat Sirkar of Champaran since the 17th century (the time of Shah Jahan) when the raja of Bettiah was Ugrasen Singh. Both the Madhuban Raj and Sheohar estates had broken off from Bettiah Raj. Even still, it remained the largest zamindari in Bihar. The Rajas of Bettiah had turbulent relations with Khandavalas of Mithila, who often assisted the Nawab of Bengal in subduing the hostile chieftaincy of Bettiah.
East India Company
In 1765, when the East India Company acquired the Diwani, Bettiah Raj held the largest territory under its jurisdiction. It consisted of a portion of the territory of Champaran. Bettiah Raj also came into being as a result of mallikana chaudharai and quanungoi, the connection with the revenue administration building on local dominance, and their ability to control and protect hundreds of villages. Internal disputes and family quarrels divided the Raj as time moved forward. Madhuban Raj was created as a consequence of such.
During the Bettiah Raj of Bihar, the ethnoreligious community of Bettiah Christians, largely descended from upper-caste and middle-caste Hindu and Muslim converts to Christianity, was established in India by missionaries belonging to the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, a Roman Catholic religious order. It is one of the northern Indian subcontinent's oldest Christian communities. The mission was founded after Raja Dhurup Singh requested Joseph Mary Bernini to heal his ill wife of a severe illness and was said to be successful in doing so. The Bettiah Christian Mission flourished under the blessing of Pope Benedict XIV and the patronage of the royal court of the Rajas, growing in number.
British era
The last zamindar was Harendra Kishore Singh, who was born in 1854 and succeeded his father, Rajendra Kishore Singh in 1883. In 1884, he received the title of Raja Bahadur as a personal distinction and a Khilat and a sanad from the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, Sir Augustus Rivers Thompson. He was created a Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire on 1 March 1889. He was appointed a member of the Legislative Council of Bengal in January 1891. He was also a member of The Asiatic Society. He was the last ruler of Bettiah Raj.
Raja Sir Harendra Kishore Singh Bahadur died heirless on 26 March 1893 leaving behind two widows, Maharani Sheo Ratna Kunwar and Maharani Janki Kunwar. Maharani Sheo Ratna Kunwar who succeeded to the estate of Raja Harendra Kishore Singh on his death as his senior widow died on 24 March 1896 and on her death Maharani Janki Kunwar became entitled to the possession of the estate. Since it was found that Maharani Janki Kunwar was not able to administer the estate, its management was taken over by the Court of Wards, Bihar in 1897. Maharani Janki Kunwar who was a limited holder of the estate died on 27 November 1954.
The Bettiah Raj forests were managed for timber production. Bihar state government took over management of the Bettiah Raj forests in 1953 and 1954 under the Bihar Private Protected Forests Act (1947). Valmiki National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary include a portion of the former Bettiah Raj estate.
Bettiah Raj and music
The Bettiah Gharana is one of the three (the others being Darbhanga Gharana, and Dumraon Gharana) oldest styles of Dhrupad vocal song from the state of Bihar.
See also
Zamindars of Bihar
References
^ Yang, Anand A. (1999). Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar. University of California Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-520-21100-1.
^ Refer Page 5 (22 July 1980). "Supreme Court of India Judgement 1980 PETITIONER: SHYAM SUNDER PRASAD SINGH & ORS. Vs. RESPONDENT: STATE OF BIHAR & ORS" (PDF). SUPREME COURT OF INDIA. Retrieved 4 December 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ a b c Lethbridge, Roper (1893). The golden book of India, a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire. Robarts - University of Toronto. London Macmillan. p. 67.
^ a b c Ram, Bindeshwar (1998). Land and society in India: agrarian relations in colonial North Bihar. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-0643-5.
^ Bar, Swarup (23 February 2021). The Spirit Shaped Church: A Spirit Ecclesiology in India. Fortress Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-5064-6690-3. the Bettiah Christians, converted from upper and middle castes
^ "Bihar Christians have fostered faith harmony 250 years". Union of Catholic Asian News. 6 November 1995. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Catholics in the Bettiah region of Muzaffarpur diocese trace the origin of their faith community to Italian Capuchins, who set up a Christian community in 1745 with converts from upper- and middle-caste Hindus.
^ Kalapura, Jose (2015). "Philanthropic Organizations and Community Development: The Case of the Bettiah Christians in India". Asian Journal of Social Science. 43 (4): 403. doi:10.1163/15685314-04304005. A majority of the Bettiah Christians originally belonged to the high castes, a considerable number belonged to the occupational or middle castes
^ Robinson, Rowena; Kujur, Joseph Marianus (6 August 2010). Margins of Faith: Dalit and Tribal Christianity in India. SAGE Publications. p. 77. ISBN 978-81-321-0467-4. Bettiah Christians, converted largely from upper and middle castes at Bettiah town in West Champaran district, but spread all over north India
^ "Bihar Christians have fostered faith harmony 250 years". Union of Catholic Asian News. 6 November 1995. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Cherubim John, a writer and historian, said the Bettiah community began after Italian Capuchin Father Joseph Mary Bernini cured the local queen of an "incurable" illness. The king donated 16 hectares of land later known as the "Christian Quarters" to the Capuchins. The king allowed Father Bernini, who was on his way to Tibet, to preach, and helped build a church next to his palace.
^ John, Jose Kalapura (2000). "King, Fort, Zamindaris and Missionaries: The Founding of Bihar's Oldest Christian Community, 1745". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 61: 1011–1028. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44148177.
^ Asiatic Society of Bengal (1865). Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. American Museum of Natural History Library. Calcutta : .
^ Archives, Royal. "Bettiah (Zamindari)". Royal Archives. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
^ "बेतिया राज की अंतिम महारानी जानकी कुंवर की पुण्यतिथि पर दी गई भावभीनी श्रद्धांजलि।". NAARAYANI NEWS. 27 November 2020. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
^ "Valmiki Sanctuary", Bihar Environment and Forest Department. Accessed 27 September 2014
^ "Many Bihari artists ignored by SPIC MACAY". The Times of India. 13 October 2001. Retrieved 16 March 2009. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghanta_Ghar_of_Bettiah_Raj_Palace.jpg"},{"link_name":"zamindari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar"},{"link_name":"Bettiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettiah"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Ghanta Ghar of the Bettiah Raj MahalThe Bettiah Raj was the second-largest zamindari in the Bettiah region of Bihar, India. It generated annual land revenue rentals of more than 2 million rupees.[1]","title":"Bettiah Raj"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaitharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaitharia_(Bhumihar)"},{"link_name":"Kashyap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashyap"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Saran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saran_district"},{"link_name":"Champaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champaran"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Bettiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettiah"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Bhumihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumihar_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Champaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champaran"},{"link_name":"Shah Jahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ram_1998-4"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Pre-British rule","text":"An early ruler was Gangeswar Deo, a Bhumihar-Brahmin of the Jaitharia clan, popularly known as Jaitharia Bhumihar Gangeswar Deo. The descendants of which are among the present day Kashyap gotra.[2] A branch of this clan also set up residence at a place called Jaithar Saran near Champaran,[3] and later moved east and established a state at Bettiah in Bihar. They were known as the Bhumihar. Bettiah Raj was the oldest in the region and had also been a branch of Raj Riyasat Sirkar of Champaran since the 17th century (the time of Shah Jahan) when the raja of Bettiah was Ugrasen Singh. Both the Madhuban Raj and Sheohar estates had broken off from Bettiah Raj.[3][4] Even still, it remained the largest zamindari in Bihar. The Rajas of Bettiah had turbulent relations with Khandavalas of Mithila, who often assisted the Nawab of Bengal in subduing the hostile chieftaincy of Bettiah.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Diwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwani"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ram_1998-4"},{"link_name":"Champaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champaran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ram_1998-4"},{"link_name":"Bettiah Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettiah_Christians"},{"link_name":"Order of Friars Minor Capuchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bar2021-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kalapura2015-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RobinsonKujur2010-8"},{"link_name":"Joseph Mary Bernini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mary_Bernini"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCA1995-9"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"East India Company","text":"In 1765, when the East India Company acquired the Diwani, Bettiah Raj held the largest territory under its jurisdiction.[4] It consisted of a portion of the territory of Champaran. Bettiah Raj also came into being as a result of mallikana chaudharai and quanungoi, the connection with the revenue administration building on local dominance, and their ability to control and protect hundreds of villages. Internal disputes and family quarrels divided the Raj as time moved forward. Madhuban Raj was created as a consequence of such.[4]During the Bettiah Raj of Bihar, the ethnoreligious community of Bettiah Christians, largely descended from upper-caste and middle-caste Hindu and Muslim converts to Christianity, was established in India by missionaries belonging to the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, a Roman Catholic religious order.[5][6][7][8] It is one of the northern Indian subcontinent's oldest Christian communities. The mission was founded after Raja Dhurup Singh requested Joseph Mary Bernini to heal his ill wife of a severe illness and was said to be successful in doing so.[9] The Bettiah Christian Mission flourished under the blessing of Pope Benedict XIV and the patronage of the royal court of the Rajas, growing in number.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harendra Kishore Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harendra_Kishore_Singh"},{"link_name":"Governor of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Augustus Rivers Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Rivers_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"The Asiatic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Court of Wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Wards_(India)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Valmiki National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmiki_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"British era","text":"The last zamindar was Harendra Kishore Singh, who was born in 1854 and succeeded his father, Rajendra Kishore Singh in 1883. In 1884, he received the title of Raja Bahadur as a personal distinction and a Khilat and a sanad from the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, Sir Augustus Rivers Thompson. He was created a Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire on 1 March 1889.[3] He was appointed a member of the Legislative Council of Bengal in January 1891. He was also a member of The Asiatic Society.[11] He was the last ruler of Bettiah Raj.Raja Sir Harendra Kishore Singh Bahadur died heirless on 26 March 1893 leaving behind two widows, Maharani Sheo Ratna Kunwar and Maharani Janki Kunwar. Maharani Sheo Ratna Kunwar who succeeded to the estate of Raja Harendra Kishore Singh on his death as his senior widow died on 24 March 1896 and on her death Maharani Janki Kunwar became entitled to the possession of the estate. Since it was found that Maharani Janki\tKunwar was not able to administer the estate, its management was taken over by the Court of Wards, Bihar in 1897. Maharani Janki Kunwar who was a limited holder of the estate died on 27 November 1954.[12][13]The Bettiah Raj forests were managed for timber production. Bihar state government took over management of the Bettiah Raj forests in 1953 and 1954 under the Bihar Private Protected Forests Act (1947). Valmiki National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary include a portion of the former Bettiah Raj estate.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-15"}],"text":"The Bettiah Gharana is one of the three (the others being Darbhanga Gharana, and Dumraon Gharana) oldest styles of Dhrupad vocal song from the state of Bihar.[15]","title":"Bettiah Raj and music"}] | [{"image_text":"The Ghanta Ghar of the Bettiah Raj Mahal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ghanta_Ghar_of_Bettiah_Raj_Palace.jpg/220px-Ghanta_Ghar_of_Bettiah_Raj_Palace.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Zamindars of Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindars_of_Bihar"}] | [{"reference":"Yang, Anand A. (1999). Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar. University of California Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-520-21100-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21100-1","url_text":"978-0-520-21100-1"}]},{"reference":"Refer Page 5 (22 July 1980). \"Supreme Court of India Judgement 1980 PETITIONER: SHYAM SUNDER PRASAD SINGH & ORS. Vs. RESPONDENT: STATE OF BIHAR & ORS\" (PDF). SUPREME COURT OF INDIA. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://main.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/4501.pdf","url_text":"\"Supreme Court of India Judgement 1980 PETITIONER: SHYAM SUNDER PRASAD SINGH & ORS. Vs. RESPONDENT: STATE OF BIHAR & ORS\""}]},{"reference":"Lethbridge, Roper (1893). The golden book of India, a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire. Robarts - University of Toronto. London Macmillan. p. 67.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft","url_text":"The golden book of India, a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire"}]},{"reference":"Ram, Bindeshwar (1998). Land and society in India: agrarian relations in colonial North Bihar. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-0643-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient_Blackswan","url_text":"Orient Blackswan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0643-5","url_text":"978-81-250-0643-5"}]},{"reference":"Bar, Swarup (23 February 2021). The Spirit Shaped Church: A Spirit Ecclesiology in India. Fortress Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-5064-6690-3. the Bettiah Christians, converted from upper and middle castes","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-6690-3","url_text":"978-1-5064-6690-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Bihar Christians have fostered faith harmony 250 years\". Union of Catholic Asian News. 6 November 1995. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Catholics in the Bettiah region of Muzaffarpur diocese trace the origin of their faith community to Italian Capuchins, who set up a Christian community in 1745 with converts from upper- and middle-caste Hindus.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1995/11/07/bihar-christians-have-fostered-faith-harmony-250-years&post_id=48221#","url_text":"\"Bihar Christians have fostered faith harmony 250 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Catholic_Asian_News","url_text":"Union of Catholic Asian News"}]},{"reference":"Kalapura, Jose (2015). \"Philanthropic Organizations and Community Development: The Case of the Bettiah Christians in India\". Asian Journal of Social Science. 43 (4): 403. doi:10.1163/15685314-04304005. A majority of the Bettiah Christians originally belonged to the high castes, a considerable number belonged to the occupational or middle castes","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685314-04304005","url_text":"10.1163/15685314-04304005"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Rowena; Kujur, Joseph Marianus (6 August 2010). Margins of Faith: Dalit and Tribal Christianity in India. SAGE Publications. p. 77. ISBN 978-81-321-0467-4. Bettiah Christians, converted largely from upper and middle castes at Bettiah town in West Champaran district, but spread all over north India","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0467-4","url_text":"978-81-321-0467-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Bihar Christians have fostered faith harmony 250 years\". Union of Catholic Asian News. 6 November 1995. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Cherubim John, a writer and historian, said the Bettiah community began after Italian Capuchin Father Joseph Mary Bernini cured the local queen of an \"incurable\" illness. The king donated 16 hectares of land later known as the \"Christian Quarters\" to the Capuchins. The king allowed Father Bernini, who was on his way to Tibet, to preach, and helped build a church next to his palace.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1995/11/07/bihar-christians-have-fostered-faith-harmony-250-years&post_id=48221#","url_text":"\"Bihar Christians have fostered faith harmony 250 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Catholic_Asian_News","url_text":"Union of Catholic Asian News"}]},{"reference":"John, Jose Kalapura (2000). \"King, Fort, Zamindaris and Missionaries: The Founding of Bihar's Oldest Christian Community, 1745\". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 61: 1011–1028. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44148177.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148177","url_text":"\"King, Fort, Zamindaris and Missionaries: The Founding of Bihar's Oldest Christian Community, 1745\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937","url_text":"2249-1937"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148177","url_text":"44148177"}]},{"reference":"Asiatic Society of Bengal (1865). Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. American Museum of Natural History Library. Calcutta : [The Society].","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofasi94asia/page/n23/mode/1up","url_text":"Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal"}]},{"reference":"Archives, Royal. \"Bettiah (Zamindari)\". Royal Archives. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://oroyalarchives.com/bettiah/","url_text":"\"Bettiah (Zamindari)\""}]},{"reference":"\"बेतिया राज की अंतिम महारानी जानकी कुंवर की पुण्यतिथि पर दी गई भावभीनी श्रद्धांजलि।\". NAARAYANI NEWS. 27 November 2020. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://naarayani.wordpress.com/2020/11/27/%e0%a4%ac%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%9c-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%ae-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be/","url_text":"\"बेतिया राज की अंतिम महारानी जानकी कुंवर की पुण्यतिथि पर दी गई भावभीनी श्रद्धांजलि।\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231204191002/https://naarayani.wordpress.com/2020/11/27/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Many Bihari artists ignored by SPIC MACAY\". The Times of India. 13 October 2001. Retrieved 16 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Many-Bihari-artists-ignored-by-SPIC-MACAY/articleshow/1239694564.cms","url_text":"\"Many Bihari artists ignored by SPIC MACAY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://main.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/4501.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court of India Judgement 1980 PETITIONER: SHYAM SUNDER PRASAD SINGH & ORS. Vs. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Ghile_Mear | Mo Ghile Mear | ["1 History","2 Recordings","3 References"] | Irish song
"Mo Ghile Mear" (translated "My Gallant Darling", "My Spirited Lad" and variants)
is an Irish song. The modern form of the song was composed in the early 1970s by Dónal Ó Liatháin (1934–2008), using a traditional air collected in Cúil Aodha, County Cork, and lyrics selected from Irish-language poems by Seán "Clárach" Mac Domhnaill (1691–1754).
History
The lyrics are partially based on Bímse Buan ar Buairt Gach Ló ("My Heart is Sore with Sorrow Deep", c. 1746), a lament of the failure of the Jacobite rising of 1745.
The original poem is in the voice of the personification of Ireland, Éire, lamenting the exile of Bonnie Prince Charlie.
Mo ghile mear is a term applied to the Pretender in numerous Jacobite songs of the period. O'Daly (1866) reports that many of the Irish Jacobite songs were set to the tune The White Cockade. This is in origin a love song of the 17th century, the "White Cockade" (cnotadh bán) being an ornament of ribbons worn by young women, but the term was re-interpreted to mean a military cockade in the Jacobite context.
Another part of the lyrics is based in an earlier Jacobite poem by Mac Domhnaill, Seal do bhíos im mhaighdin shéimh. This was published in Edward Walsh's Irish Popular Songs (Dublin, 1847) under the title of "Air Bharr na gCnoc 'san Ime gCéin — Over the Hills and Far Away". Walsh notes that this poem was "said to be the first Jacobite effort" by Mac Domhnaill, written during the Jacobite rising of 1715, so that here the exiled hero is the "Old Pretender", James Francis Edward Stuart.
The composition of the modern song is associated with composer Seán Ó Riada, who established an Irish-language choir in Cúil Aodha, County Cork, in the 1960s.
The tune to which it is now set was collected by Ó Riada from an elderly resident of Cúil Aodha called Domhnall Ó Buachalla.
Ó Riada died prematurely in 1971, and the song was composed about a year after his death, in c. 1972, with Ó Riada himself now becoming the departed hero lamented in the text.
The point of departure for the song was the tape recording of Domhnall Ó Buachalla singing the tune.
Ó Riada's son Peadar suggested to Dónal Ó Liatháin that he should make a song from this melody.
Ó Liatháin decided to select verses from Mac Domhnaill's poem and set them to the tune.
He chose those that were the most "universal", so that the modern song is no longer an explicit reference to the Jacobite rising but in its origin a lament for the death of Seán Ó Riada.
Recordings
Mary Black – Collected, 1984
James Last – James Last in Ireland, 1986 (vocals by Séamus Mac Mathúna)
Relativity – Relativity, 1985
Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin – A Stór Is A Stóirín, 1994
The Chieftains & Sting – The Long Black Veil, 1995
Orla Fallon – My Land, 2011
Battlefield Band – Beg and Borrow, 2015 (Scots Gaelic translation)
Úna Palliser – used in a Specsavers advert
References
^ "Hail to the Chieftains". Billboard. 24 December 1994. p. 14. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
^ Angela Bourke (2002). The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing, Volume 4. NYU Press. p. 285. ISBN 9780814799062.
^ William David Coulter (1994). "Traditional Irish folk music, the Ó Domhnaill family, and contemporary song accompaniments". University of California: 79. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ John O'Daly (1866). Reliques of Irish Jacobite Poetry, with metrical translations by the late Edward Walsh, Second edition. p. 31.
^ Ua Duinnín, Pádraig (1902). Amhráin Sheághain Chláraigh Mhic Dhomhnaill. Baile Átha Cliath: Connradh na Gaeilge. p. 12.
^
"We were gathered in the Ó Riada house and Peadar had this tape and he put it on and on it was a man, if my memory serves me correctly, whose name was Domhnall Ó Buachalla. ... You could recognise from the tape that his was an old voice. told us that this was a tape that his father had collected from the man in question and he played us a song from it, and I think that the verse that affected me most was:
Gile mear sa seal faoi chumha
Gus Éire go léir faoi chlocaí dhubha
Suan ná séan ní bhfuaireas féin
Ó luadh i gcéin mo ghile mear.
..I didn’t recognise the air at all myself, it was a very muffled recording. But Maidhci and Jeremiah did recognise it Peadar gave it to me saying that we could make a song from this melody."
"Ó Riada's Vision – Seán Ó Riada, the Cúil Aodha choir and 'Mo Ghile Mear'". The Journal of Music. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
^ "Ó Riada's Vision – Seán Ó Riada, the Cúil Aodha choir and 'Mo Ghile Mear'". The Journal of Music. Retrieved 17 June 2014. had no plan whatsoever except that I ... would take the most beautiful verses ... the verses that were ... sort of universal as you might say. There really wasn't any difficulty because it was kind of clear that this was the thing you would do... The words and lines were very nice in the verses that we chose, but ... Seán Clarach really was a superb craftsman as regards metre and so forth and you couldn't really find a bad verse where the metre would not be spot on
^ "Mo Ghile Mear (Seán Clárach MacDomhnaill)". mary-black.net. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^ James Last & Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann – Mo Ghile Mear (My Darling Gallant). YouTube.com. Polydor. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
^ "James Last – In Ireland". discogs.com. Discogs. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
^ "A Stor's A Stoirin – Padraigin Ni Uallachain". hotpress.com. Hot Press. 14 December 1994. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012.
^ "Album Reviews – The Chieftains". Rolling Stone. 6 October 2008. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008.
^ "The goods, the ads and the music". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. 30 January 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_folk_music"},{"link_name":"Cúil Aodha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAil_Aodha"},{"link_name":"Irish-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Seán \"Clárach\" Mac Domhnaill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%22Cl%C3%A1rach%22_Mac_Domhnaill"}],"text":"\"Mo Ghile Mear\" (translated \"My Gallant Darling\", \"My Spirited Lad\" and variants)\nis an Irish song. The modern form of the song was composed in the early 1970s by Dónal Ó Liatháin (1934–2008), using a traditional air collected in Cúil Aodha, County Cork, and lyrics selected from Irish-language poems by Seán \"Clárach\" Mac Domhnaill (1691–1754).","title":"Mo Ghile Mear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacobite rising of 1745","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Éire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89riu"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Prince Charlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Prince_Charlie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jacobite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism"},{"link_name":"cockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockade"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Edward Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Walsh_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Jacobite rising of 1715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715"},{"link_name":"James Francis Edward Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Seán Ó Riada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Riada"},{"link_name":"Cúil Aodha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAil_Aodha"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journal-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The lyrics are partially based on Bímse Buan ar Buairt Gach Ló (\"My Heart is Sore with Sorrow Deep\", c. 1746), a lament of the failure of the Jacobite rising of 1745.[1][2]\nThe original poem is in the voice of the personification of Ireland, Éire, lamenting the exile of Bonnie Prince Charlie.[3]\nMo ghile mear is a term applied to the Pretender in numerous Jacobite songs of the period. O'Daly (1866) reports that many of the Irish Jacobite songs were set to the tune The White Cockade. This is in origin a love song of the 17th century, the \"White Cockade\" (cnotadh bán) being an ornament of ribbons worn by young women, but the term was re-interpreted to mean a military cockade in the Jacobite context.[4]Another part of the lyrics is based in an earlier Jacobite poem by Mac Domhnaill, Seal do bhíos im mhaighdin shéimh.[5] This was published in Edward Walsh's Irish Popular Songs (Dublin, 1847) under the title of \"Air Bharr na gCnoc 'san Ime gCéin — Over the Hills and Far Away\". Walsh notes that this poem was \"said to be the first Jacobite effort\" by Mac Domhnaill, written during the Jacobite rising of 1715, so that here the exiled hero is the \"Old Pretender\", James Francis Edward Stuart.The composition of the modern song is associated with composer Seán Ó Riada, who established an Irish-language choir in Cúil Aodha, County Cork, in the 1960s.\nThe tune to which it is now set was collected by Ó Riada from an elderly resident of Cúil Aodha called Domhnall Ó Buachalla.\nÓ Riada died prematurely in 1971, and the song was composed about a year after his death, in c. 1972, with Ó Riada himself now becoming the departed hero lamented in the text.\nThe point of departure for the song was the tape recording of Domhnall Ó Buachalla singing the tune.\nÓ Riada's son Peadar suggested to Dónal Ó Liatháin that he should make a song from this melody.[6]Ó Liatháin decided to select verses from Mac Domhnaill's poem and set them to the tune.\nHe chose those that were the most \"universal\", so that the modern song is no longer an explicit reference to the Jacobite rising but in its origin a lament for the death of Seán Ó Riada.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Black"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"James Last","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Last"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity_(band)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1draig%C3%ADn_N%C3%AD_Uallach%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"A Stór Is A Stóirín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_St%C3%B3r_Is_A_St%C3%B3ir%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Chieftains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chieftains"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"The Long Black Veil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_Black_Veil_(album)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Orla Fallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orla_Fallon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Battlefield Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield_Band"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Úna Palliser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ana_Palliser"},{"link_name":"Specsavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specsavers"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Mary Black – Collected, 1984[8]\nJames Last – James Last in Ireland, 1986 (vocals by Séamus Mac Mathúna)[9][10]\nRelativity – Relativity, 1985[citation needed]\nPádraigín Ní Uallacháin – A Stór Is A Stóirín, 1994[11]\nThe Chieftains & Sting – The Long Black Veil, 1995[12]\nOrla Fallon – My Land, 2011[citation needed]\nBattlefield Band – Beg and Borrow, 2015 (Scots Gaelic translation)[citation needed]\nÚna Palliser – used in a Specsavers advert[13]","title":"Recordings"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Hail to the Chieftains\". Billboard. 24 December 1994. p. 14. Retrieved 17 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA14","url_text":"\"Hail to the Chieftains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Angela Bourke (2002). The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing, Volume 4. NYU Press. p. 285. ISBN 9780814799062.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V01-76iQ48gC&pg=PA285","url_text":"The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing, Volume 4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814799062","url_text":"9780814799062"}]},{"reference":"William David Coulter (1994). \"Traditional Irish folk music, the Ó Domhnaill family, and contemporary song accompaniments\". University of California: 79.","urls":[]},{"reference":"John O'Daly (1866). Reliques of Irish Jacobite Poetry, with metrical translations by the late Edward Walsh, Second edition. p. 31.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qTgN2qFU-vAC&pg=PA31","url_text":"Reliques of Irish Jacobite Poetry, with metrical translations by the late Edward Walsh, Second edition"}]},{"reference":"Ua Duinnín, Pádraig (1902). Amhráin Sheághain Chláraigh Mhic Dhomhnaill. Baile Átha Cliath: Connradh na Gaeilge. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/amrinsheaghi00macduoft/page/12/mode/2up","url_text":"Amhráin Sheághain Chláraigh Mhic Dhomhnaill"}]},{"reference":"\"Ó Riada's Vision – Seán Ó Riada, the Cúil Aodha choir and 'Mo Ghile Mear'\". The Journal of Music. Retrieved 17 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://journalofmusic.com/focus/o-riadas-vision","url_text":"\"Ó Riada's Vision – Seán Ó Riada, the Cúil Aodha choir and 'Mo Ghile Mear'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ó Riada's Vision – Seán Ó Riada, the Cúil Aodha choir and 'Mo Ghile Mear'\". The Journal of Music. Retrieved 17 June 2014. had no plan whatsoever except that I ... would take the most beautiful verses ... the verses that were ... sort of universal as you might say. There really wasn't any difficulty because it was kind of clear that this was the thing you would do... The words and lines were very nice in the verses that we chose, but ... Seán Clarach really was a superb craftsman as regards metre and so forth and you couldn't really find a bad verse where the metre would not be spot on","urls":[{"url":"http://journalofmusic.com/focus/o-riadas-vision","url_text":"\"Ó Riada's Vision – Seán Ó Riada, the Cúil Aodha choir and 'Mo Ghile Mear'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mo Ghile Mear (Seán Clárach MacDomhnaill)\". mary-black.net. Retrieved 1 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mary-black.net/song.php?id=304","url_text":"\"Mo Ghile Mear (Seán Clárach MacDomhnaill)\""}]},{"reference":"James Last & Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann – Mo Ghile Mear (My Darling Gallant). YouTube.com. Polydor. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3linqLoRY0","url_text":"James Last & Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann – Mo Ghile Mear (My Darling Gallant)"}]},{"reference":"\"James Last – In Ireland\". discogs.com. Discogs. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/James-Last-In-Ireland/release/7367534","url_text":"\"James Last – In Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Stor's A Stoirin – Padraigin Ni Uallachain\". hotpress.com. Hot Press. 14 December 1994. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120907163022/http://www.hotpress.com/music/reviews/albums/A-Stor--8217-s-A-Stoirin---Padraigin-Ni-Uallachain/502483.html","url_text":"\"A Stor's A Stoirin – Padraigin Ni Uallachain\""},{"url":"http://www.hotpress.com/music/reviews/albums/A-Stor--8217-s-A-Stoirin---Padraigin-Ni-Uallachain/502483.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Album Reviews – The Chieftains\". Rolling Stone. 6 October 2008. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081006074853/https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thechieftains/albums/album/138414/review/5943889/the_long_black_veil","url_text":"\"Album Reviews – The Chieftains\""},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thechieftains/albums/album/138414/review/5943889/the_long_black_veil","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The goods, the ads and the music\". irishtimes.com. Irish Times. 30 January 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/2.681/the-goods-the-ads-and-the-music-1.1274645","url_text":"\"The goods, the ads and the music\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA14","external_links_name":"\"Hail to the Chieftains\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V01-76iQ48gC&pg=PA285","external_links_name":"The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing, Volume 4"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qTgN2qFU-vAC&pg=PA31","external_links_name":"Reliques of Irish Jacobite Poetry, with metrical translations by the late Edward Walsh, Second edition"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/amrinsheaghi00macduoft/page/12/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Amhráin Sheághain Chláraigh Mhic Dhomhnaill"},{"Link":"http://journalofmusic.com/focus/o-riadas-vision","external_links_name":"\"Ó Riada's Vision – Seán Ó Riada, the Cúil Aodha choir and 'Mo Ghile Mear'\""},{"Link":"http://journalofmusic.com/focus/o-riadas-vision","external_links_name":"\"Ó Riada's Vision – Seán Ó Riada, the Cúil Aodha choir and 'Mo Ghile Mear'\""},{"Link":"https://www.mary-black.net/song.php?id=304","external_links_name":"\"Mo Ghile Mear (Seán Clárach MacDomhnaill)\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3linqLoRY0","external_links_name":"James Last & Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann – Mo Ghile Mear (My Darling Gallant)"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/James-Last-In-Ireland/release/7367534","external_links_name":"\"James Last – In Ireland\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120907163022/http://www.hotpress.com/music/reviews/albums/A-Stor--8217-s-A-Stoirin---Padraigin-Ni-Uallachain/502483.html","external_links_name":"\"A Stor's A Stoirin – Padraigin Ni Uallachain\""},{"Link":"http://www.hotpress.com/music/reviews/albums/A-Stor--8217-s-A-Stoirin---Padraigin-Ni-Uallachain/502483.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081006074853/https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thechieftains/albums/album/138414/review/5943889/the_long_black_veil","external_links_name":"\"Album Reviews – The Chieftains\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thechieftains/albums/album/138414/review/5943889/the_long_black_veil","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/2.681/the-goods-the-ads-and-the-music-1.1274645","external_links_name":"\"The goods, the ads and the music\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/18b07db1-006c-4994-9bef-beaa320140b4","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite_of_Rhodes | Aphrodite of Rhodes | ["1 History","2 Description","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Statue of Aphrodite in Rhodes, Greece
Aphrodite of RhodesGreek: Αφροδίτη της ΡόδουAphrodite of Rhodes behind glass.Year2nd-1st century BCCatalogueNo 4685MediumMarbleMovementHellenisticSubjectAphrodite crouchingDimensions61 cm (24 in)ConditionSingle piece, intactLocationArchaeological Museum of Rhodes, Rhodes
Aphrodite of Rhodes (Greek: Αφροδίτη της Ρόδου) also known as the Crouching Venus of Rhodes is a marble sculpture of the Greek goddess Aphrodite housed in the Archaeological Museum of Rhodes in Rhodes, Greece. It depicts Aphrodite in the crouching Venus pose, where the goddess crouches her right knee close to the ground and turns her head to the right. It is considered to be one of the most important hallmarks of Rhodes today.
History
Aphrodite of Rhodes was an accidental find, unearthed in 1923 in the garden of the Governor's villa in Rhodes, when the island was still under Italian control following Italy's annexation of the Dodecanese islands from the Ottoman Empire in 1912.
Description
Crouching Venuses were used from the Hellenistic period onwards to adorn houses by the wealthy. This type of statues ultimately derives from a lost Greek original of the third century BC which was attributed to a sculptor named Doedalsas of Bithynia (a region in northwest Anatolia). Typically, a Crouching Venus will show the goddess kneeling after bathing, looking at her right after being alarmed, usually trying to conceal her nakedness with her hands. The Aphrodite of Rhodes shows a unique variation where the goddess, rather than trying to hide her form in modesty, lifts her hair in her fingers to dry it, and looks out at the viewer openly displaying her breasts.
It is a small and elegant sculpture, representative sample of the light rhythm, which flourished in the late Hellenistic times and is conventionally dubbed "Hellenistic Rococo". Aphrodite of Rhodes is preserved intact with a very well polished surface, which gives the impression of porcelain. In accordance with the style of the time, not a lot of anatomical details are shown.
Built around the second or first century BC, the marble statue is 49 cm in height (or about 1/2 life-size), with an additional 12 cm-tall base (or 61 cm in total). The base, although ancient, probably did not belong originally to this sculpture, and the crystalline-white marble was probably sourced from the island of Paros. The statue is almost intact, with the exception of some chips in the hair's locks in the rear, and some abrasions on the toes, especially those of the left foot. This finely created figure was carved from a single piece of marble.
See also
Greece portalAncient Greece portal
Poseidon of Melos
Venus de Milo
Aphrodite of Syracuse
References
^ a b Merker 1970, p. 111.
^ a b c d Brouwers, Josho (30 May 2019). "Crouching Venus". www.ancientworldmagazine.com. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
^ a b c d e "Αγαλματίδιο Αφροδίτης απολουομένης" . odysseus.culture.gr (in Greek). Retrieved December 3, 2023.
^ a b Merker 1970, p. 112.
Bibliography
Merker, G. S. (1970). Studies in the Hellenistic Sculpture of the island of Rhodes (PDF). Rome: Bryn Mawr College Ph.D.
Further reading
Maiuri, A. (1923–24). Afrodite al Bagno-statuetta del Museo Archeologico di Rodi (in Italian). BdA.
Jacopi, G. (1928). Il museo archeologico di Rodi (in Italian). Rome: ClRh I. pp. 22–25.
Lullies, R. (1954). Die kauernde Aphrodite (in German). Rome. pp. 84–85.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External links
Media related to Aphrodite of Rhodes at Wikimedia Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Aphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Museum of Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"crouching Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouching_Venus"}],"text":"Aphrodite of Rhodes (Greek: Αφροδίτη της Ρόδου) also known as the Crouching Venus of Rhodes is a marble sculpture of the Greek goddess Aphrodite housed in the Archaeological Museum of Rhodes in Rhodes, Greece. It depicts Aphrodite in the crouching Venus pose, where the goddess crouches her right knee close to the ground and turns her head to the right. It is considered to be one of the most important hallmarks of Rhodes today.","title":"Aphrodite of Rhodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dodecanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecanese"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerker1970111-1"}],"text":"Aphrodite of Rhodes was an accidental find, unearthed in 1923 in the garden of the Governor's villa in Rhodes, when the island was still under Italian control following Italy's annexation of the Dodecanese islands from the Ottoman Empire in 1912.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mag-2"},{"link_name":"Bithynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithynia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mag-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ody-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mag-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mag-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ody-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ody-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ody-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ody-3"},{"link_name":"Paros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paros"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerker1970111-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerker1970112-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerker1970112-4"}],"text":"Crouching Venuses were used from the Hellenistic period onwards to adorn houses by the wealthy.[2] This type of statues ultimately derives from a lost Greek original of the third century BC which was attributed to a sculptor named Doedalsas of Bithynia (a region in northwest Anatolia).[2][3] Typically, a Crouching Venus will show the goddess kneeling after bathing, looking at her right after being alarmed, usually trying to conceal her nakedness with her hands.[2] The Aphrodite of Rhodes shows a unique variation where the goddess, rather than trying to hide her form in modesty, lifts her hair in her fingers to dry it, and looks out at the viewer openly displaying her breasts.[2][3]It is a small and elegant sculpture, representative sample of the light rhythm, which flourished in the late Hellenistic times and is conventionally dubbed \"Hellenistic Rococo\".[3] Aphrodite of Rhodes is preserved intact with a very well polished surface, which gives the impression of porcelain. In accordance with the style of the time, not a lot of anatomical details are shown.[3]Built around the second or first century BC, the marble statue is 49 cm in height (or about 1/2 life-size), with an additional 12 cm-tall base (or 61 cm in total).[3] The base, although ancient, probably did not belong originally to this sculpture, and the crystalline-white marble was probably sourced from the island of Paros.[1] The statue is almost intact, with the exception of some chips in the hair's locks in the rear, and some abrasions on the toes, especially those of the left foot.[4] This finely created figure was carved from a single piece of marble.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Studies in the Hellenistic Sculpture of the island of Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//core.ac.uk/download/pdf/214024438.pdf"}],"text":"Merker, G. S. (1970). Studies in the Hellenistic Sculpture of the island of Rhodes (PDF). Rome: Bryn Mawr College Ph.D.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"}],"text":"Maiuri, A. (1923–24). Afrodite al Bagno-statuetta del Museo Archeologico di Rodi (in Italian). BdA.\nJacopi, G. (1928). Il museo archeologico di Rodi (in Italian). Rome: ClRh I. pp. 22–25.\nLullies, R. (1954). Die kauernde Aphrodite (in German). Rome. pp. 84–85.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Greece portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Greece"},{"title":"Ancient Greece portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece"},{"title":"Poseidon of Melos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon_of_Melos"},{"title":"Venus de Milo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_de_Milo"},{"title":"Aphrodite of Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite_of_Syracuse"}] | [{"reference":"Brouwers, Josho (30 May 2019). \"Crouching Venus\". www.ancientworldmagazine.com. Retrieved December 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancientworldmagazine.com/articles/crouching-aphrodite/","url_text":"\"Crouching Venus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Αγαλματίδιο Αφροδίτης απολουομένης\" [Statuette of after-bath Aphrodite]. odysseus.culture.gr (in Greek). Retrieved December 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/4/gh430.jsp?obj_id=4843","url_text":"\"Αγαλματίδιο Αφροδίτης απολουομένης\""}]},{"reference":"Merker, G. S. (1970). Studies in the Hellenistic Sculpture of the island of Rhodes (PDF). Rome: Bryn Mawr College Ph.D.","urls":[{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/214024438.pdf","url_text":"Studies in the Hellenistic Sculpture of the island of Rhodes"}]},{"reference":"Maiuri, A. (1923–24). Afrodite al Bagno-statuetta del Museo Archeologico di Rodi (in Italian). BdA.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jacopi, G. (1928). Il museo archeologico di Rodi (in Italian). Rome: ClRh I. pp. 22–25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lullies, R. (1954). Die kauernde Aphrodite (in German). Rome. pp. 84–85.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ancientworldmagazine.com/articles/crouching-aphrodite/","external_links_name":"\"Crouching Venus\""},{"Link":"http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/4/gh430.jsp?obj_id=4843","external_links_name":"\"Αγαλματίδιο Αφροδίτης απολουομένης\""},{"Link":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/214024438.pdf","external_links_name":"Studies in the Hellenistic Sculpture of the island of Rhodes"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBAF-FM-5 | CBAF-FM-5 | ["1 Programming","2 History","3 Transmitters","4 References","5 External links"] | Ici Radio-Canada Première station in Halifax, Nova Scotia
CBAF-FM-5Halifax, Nova ScotiaBroadcast areaNova ScotiaPort au Port PeninsulaSt. John's Metropolitan AreaFrequency92.3 MHz (FM)BrandingIci Radio-Canada PremièreProgrammingFormatNews/TalkOwnershipOwnerCanadian Broadcasting CorporationHistoryFirst air dateJune 26, 1979 (as a CBAF repeater)1987 (as a separate station)Call sign meaningCanadian Broadcasting Corporation Atlantic FrenchTechnical informationClassCERP91,000 watts (horizontal polarization)HAAT230.5 meters (756 ft)LinksWebsiteIci Radio-Canada Première
CBAF-FM-5 is a French-language public radio station located in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It is part of the Ici Radio-Canada Première Network.
Owned and operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, it broadcasts at 92.3 MHz with an effective radiated power of 91,000 watts, using horizontal polarization. It is a Class C station using a non-directional antenna. The broadcast tower is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park. The studios and offices are located on Chebucto Road in Halifax. The station also serves as the Première outlet for the Island of Newfoundland, by way of two repeaters.
Programming
The station has an ad-free news/talk format and is part of the Ici Radio-Canada Première network, which operates across Canada. Like all Première stations, but unlike most FM stations, it broadcasts in mono.
The station produces a morning drive time show (Le Réveil, Monday to Friday from 6 to 9 a.m.) and a Saturday morning fill-in show (Ça se passe ICI from 11 a.m. to 12 p.m.). An afternoon drive time program, L'heure de pointe Acadie comes from CBAF-FM Moncton, which also airs on CBAF-FM-15 in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.
History
The station signed on in 1979 as a rebroadcaster of CBAF 1300 in Moncton. In 1987, it became a separate station, despite retaining a rebroadcaster-like call sign.
CBAF-FM-5 was originally identified as CBAF-19-FM. The call sign change took effect on September 1, 1989.
At that time, the old 1300 signal of CBAF was shut down.
Transmitters
Rebroadcasters of CBAF-FM-5
City of license
Identifier
Frequency
Power
Class
RECNet
CRTC Decision
Chéticamp
CBAF-FM-13
103.9 FM
82 watts
A
Query
Digby
CBAF-FM-7
104.7 FM
980 watts
A
Query
Margaree
CBAF-FM-12
92.3 FM
82 watts
A
Query
85-732
Middleton
CBAF-FM-6
107.5 FM
19,000 watts
B
Query
Mulgrave
CBAF-FM-11
107.5 FM
93,400 watts
C
Query
New Glasgow
CBAF-FM-10
88.7 FM
1,200 watts
A
Query
Sydney
CBAF-FM-14
95.9 FM
61,700 watts
C
Query
Weymouth
CBAF-FM-8
100.9 FM
500 watts
A
Query
88-205
Yarmouth
CBAF-FM-9
107.3 FM
1,180 watts
A
Query
Port au Port, Newfoundland and Labrador
CBAF-FM-16
94.3 FM
1,034 watts
B
Query
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
CBAF-FM-17
105.9 FM
45,900 watts
C
Query
References
^ Retrieved 09-05-2017
^ Decision CRTC 87-220
^ Decision CRTC 89-561
^ Decision CRTC 90-206
External links
Ici Radio-Canada Première
CBAF-FM-5 at The History of Canadian Broadcasting by the Canadian Communications Foundation
CBAF-FM-5 in the REC Canadian station database
CBAF-FM in the REC Canadian station database (full list)
vteRadio stations in Halifax, Nova ScotiaStations
CKDU-FM 88.1
CKVE-FM 88.7
CHNS-FM 89.9
CBHA-FM 90.5
CBAX-FM 91.5
CBAF-FM-5 92.3
CFLT-FM 92.9
CJLU-FM 93.9
CIRP-FM 94.7
CJNI-FM 95.7
CKUL-FM 96.5
CIOE-FM 97.5
CKRH-FM 98.5
CHHU-FM 99.1
CHSB-FM 99.3
CIOO-FM 100.1
CJCH-FM 101.3
CHFX-FM 101.9
CBH-FM 102.7
CKHZ-FM 103.5
CFRQ-FM 104.3
CKHY-FM 105.1
CFEP-FM 105.9
Defunct
CKO-FM-9 103.5
CKBG-FM 107.3
CIRH-FM 107.7
CHCN-FM 106.9
Nova Scotia radio markets
Cape Breton
Eastern
Halifax
Western and Northern
See also
List of radio stations in Nova Scotia
vteRadio stations in Eastern Nova ScotiaAntigonish County
CKJM-FM-1 92.5
CFXU-FM 93.3
CJFX-FM 98.9
Guysborough County
CBH-FM-1 103.1
CBHB-FM 106.7
CBAF-FM-11 107.5
Halifax County
CHHR-FM 94.7
CBAZ-FM 97.3
Pictou County
CBAF-FM-10 88.7
CBHN-FM 89.5
CKEC-FM 94.1
CKEZ-FM 97.9
Nova Scotia radio markets
Cape Breton
Eastern
Halifax
Western and Northern
See also
List of radio stations in Nova Scotia
vteRadio stations in Western and Northern Nova ScotiaAnnapolis County
CKAD 1350
CBH-FM-1 93.3
CBHM-FM 106.5
CBAF-FM-6 107.5
Colchester County
CBHC-FM 89.1
CKTY-FM 99.5
CKTO-FM 100.9
CINU-FM 106.3
Cumberland County
CICR-FM 99.1
CITA-FM-1 99.1
CKDH-FM 101.7
CFTA-FM 107.9
Digby County
CKDY 1420/99.7
CJLS-FM-1 93.5
CBAF-FM-8 100.9
CKDY-1 103.3
CIFA-FM 104.1
CBAF-FM-7 104.7
CBHA-FM-1 107.1
Hants County
CFAB 1450
CIPU-FM 97.1
Kings County
CJLU-FM-1 88.3
CIJK-FM 89.3
CKWM-FM 94.9
CKEN-FM 97.7
Lunenburg County
CHLU-FM 93.7
CKBW-FM 98.1
CJHK-FM 100.7
VOAR-13-FM 107.1
Queens County
CKBW-FM-1 94.5
CBHL-FM 97.1
CJQC-FM 99.3
Shelburne County
CKBW-FM-2 93.1
CJLS-FM-2 96.3
CBAP-FM 100.3
Yarmouth County
CBHY-FM 92.1
CJLS-FM-3 94.7
CJLS-FM 95.5
CBAX-FM-3 106.1
CBAF-FM-9 107.3
Nova Scotia radio markets
Cape Breton
Eastern
Halifax
Western and Northern
See also
List of radio stations in Nova Scotia
vteRadio stations on Cape Breton Island, Nova ScotiaSydney/CBRM
CBI 1140
CJCB 1270
CKOA-FM 89.7
CICB-FM 90.7
CBIS-FM 92.1
CICU-FM 94.1
CKPE-FM 94.9
CBAF-FM-14 95.9
CKJM-FM-2 97.5
CHER-FM 98.3
CHRK-FM 101.9
CKCH-FM 103.5
CBI-FM 105.1
CJBU-FM 107.3
Port Hawkesbury/Mulgrave
CIGO-FM 101.5
CBH-FM-2 103.1
CBHB-FM 106.7
CBAF-FM-11 107.5
Inverness County
CBAF-FM-12 92.3
CBHF-FM 93.9
CBHI-FM 94.3
CJFX-FM-1 102.5
CBAF-FM-13 103.9
CKJM-FM 106.1
CBIC-FM 107.1
Richmond County
CIYR-FM 93.7
CITU-FM 104.1
Victoria County
CBIB-FM 90.1
Defunct
CJIJ-FM 99.9
Nova Scotia radio markets
Cape Breton
Eastern
Halifax
Western and Northern
See also
List of radio stations in Nova Scotia
vteRadio stations in the St. John's/Mount Pearl areaBy AM frequency
VOCM 590
CBN 640
VOWR 800
CJYQ 930
By FM frequency
CBN-1-FM 88.5
CICQ-FM 92.3
CHMR-FM 93.5
CHOZ-FM 94.7
VOAR-FM 96.7
VOCM-FM 97.5
CKIX-FM 99.1
CKSJ-FM 101.1
CBAX-FM-2 101.9
CBAF-FM-17 105.9
CBN-FM 106.9
Newfoundland and Labrador radio markets
Central Newfoundland
Labrador
St. John's
Southern Newfoundland
See also
List of radio stations in Newfoundland and Labrador
vteRadio stations in Central and Western NewfoundlandBaie Verte
CKIM 1240
CBN-FM-6 95.5
CBTB-FM 97.1
Corner Brook
CFCB 570
CBY 990
CBN-FM-2 91.1
CKOZ-FM 92.3
CKVB-FM 100.1
CKXX-FM 103.9
VOAR-9-FM 105.7
Deer Lake
CBN-FM-3 90.5
CBDT-FM 96.3
CFDL-FM 97.9
VOAR-5-FM 102.1
Gander
CKGA 650
CBG 1400
VOAR-4-FM 89.7
CKXD-FM 98.7
Grand Falls-Windsor
CKCM 620
CBN-FM-1 90.7
CBT-FM 93.3
CHEV-FM 94.5
CKMY-FM 95.9
VOAR-8-FM 98.3
CKXG-FM 102.3
Lewisporte
VOAR-3-FM 91.7
CKXG-FM-1 101.3
Springdale
CKCM-1-FM 89.3
VOAR-7-FM 103.3
St. Anthony
CFNN-FM 97.9
CBNA-FM 100.3
Stephenville
CFSX 870
CBNC-FM 88.7
CBN-FM-4 95.1
CKXX-FM-1 95.9
CIOS-FM 98.5
Other communities
CBNF-FM 89.1 (Bonne Bay)
CBGC-FM 92.5 (Carmanville)
CBNG-FM 101.5 (Glovertown)
CBTJ-FM 101.5 (Hampden)
CKIP-FM 96.1 (La Grand'Terre)
CBTL-FM 90.1 (Millertown)
CBYM-FM 98.7 (Mount St. Margaret)
CHBB-FM 95.9 (Norris Point)
CBAF-FM-16 94.3 (Port au Port)
CBYP-FM 89.5 (Portland Creek)
CBNJ-FM 90.5 (Port Saunders)
CHRH-FM 98.1 (Rocky Harbour)
CBTR-FM 92.9 (Roddickton)
Newfoundland and Labrador radio markets
Central Newfoundland
Labrador
St. John's
Southern Newfoundland
See also
List of radio stations in Newfoundland and Labrador
Côte-Nord Radio
vteSociété Radio-Canada radio stationsIci Première
CBAF-FM-15 Charlottetown
CBFG-FM Chisasibi
CHFA-FM Edmonton
CBAF-FM-5 Halifax
CBGA-FM Matane
CBAF-FM Moncton
CBF-FM Montreal
CBOF-FM Ottawa
CBV-FM Quebec City
CBKF-FM Regina
CJBR-FM Rimouski
CHLM-FM Rouyn-Noranda
CBJ-FM Saguenay
CBSI-FM Sept-Îles
CBF-FM-10 Sherbrooke
CBON-FM Sudbury
CJBC Toronto
CBF-FM-8 Trois-Rivières
CBUF-FM Vancouver
CBEF Windsor
CKSB-10-FM Winnipeg
Ici Musique
CBCX-FM Calgary
CBAX-FM Halifax
CBAL-FM Moncton
CBFX-FM Montreal
CBOX-FM Ottawa
CBVX-FM Quebec City
CBRX-FM Rimouski
CBJX-FM Saguenay
CBBX-FM Sudbury
CJBC-FM Toronto
CBUX-FM Vancouver
CKSB-FM Winnipeg
Former private affiliates
CFRG Gravelbourg
CFLM La Tuque
CFNS Saskatoon
CFBR Sudbury
CKLD Thetford Mines
CFCL Timmins
CFDA Victoriaville
CKVM Ville-Marie
See also
Bande à part
Sports extra
CBC Radio 3
CBC radio stations
Weatheradio Canada
Radio Canada International
CBC North | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_radio"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Ici Radio-Canada Première","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_Premi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"effective radiated power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_radiated_power"},{"link_name":"horizontal polarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_polarization"},{"link_name":"Class C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_American_broadcast_station_classes"},{"link_name":"non-directional antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnidirectional_antenna"},{"link_name":"Clayton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Park,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Island of Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)"}],"text":"CBAF-FM-5 is a French-language public radio station located in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It is part of the Ici Radio-Canada Première Network.Owned and operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, it broadcasts at 92.3 MHz with an effective radiated power of 91,000 watts, using horizontal polarization. It is a Class C station using a non-directional antenna. The broadcast tower is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park. The studios and offices are located on Chebucto Road in Halifax. The station also serves as the Première outlet for the Island of Newfoundland, by way of two repeaters.","title":"CBAF-FM-5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-news_radio"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio"},{"link_name":"format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_format"},{"link_name":"Ici Radio-Canada Première","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_Premi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"mono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaural"},{"link_name":"drive time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_time"},{"link_name":"CBAF-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBAF-FM"},{"link_name":"Moncton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncton"},{"link_name":"CBAF-FM-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBAF-FM-15"},{"link_name":"Charlottetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottetown"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The station has an ad-free news/talk format and is part of the Ici Radio-Canada Première network, which operates across Canada. Like all Première stations, but unlike most FM stations, it broadcasts in mono.The station produces a morning drive time show (Le Réveil, Monday to Friday from 6 to 9 a.m.) and a Saturday morning fill-in show (Ça se passe ICI from 11 a.m. to 12 p.m.). An afternoon drive time program, L'heure de pointe Acadie comes from CBAF-FM Moncton, which also airs on CBAF-FM-15 in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.[1]","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signed on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign-on"},{"link_name":"rebroadcaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebroadcaster"},{"link_name":"CBAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBAF-FM"},{"link_name":"Moncton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncton"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The station signed on in 1979 as a rebroadcaster of CBAF 1300 in Moncton. In 1987, it became a separate station, despite retaining a rebroadcaster-like call sign.[2]CBAF-FM-5 was originally identified as CBAF-19-FM. The call sign change took effect on September 1, 1989.[3]\nAt that time, the old 1300 signal of CBAF was shut down.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transmitters"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://ici.radio-canada.ca/premiere","external_links_name":"Ici Radio-Canada Première"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=CBAF-FM-13&ccode=2&latd=&lond=&city=&state=&country=CA&zip=&party=&party_type=LICEN&fac_type=ALL","external_links_name":"Query"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=CBAF-FM-7&ccode=2&latd=&lond=&city=&state=&country=CA&zip=&party=&party_type=LICEN&fac_type=ALL","external_links_name":"Query"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=CBAF-FM-12&ccode=2&latd=&lond=&city=&state=&country=CA&zip=&party=&party_type=LICEN&fac_type=ALL","external_links_name":"Query"},{"Link":"http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/1985/DB85-732.HTM","external_links_name":"85-732"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=CBAF-FM-6&ccode=2&latd=&lond=&city=&state=&country=CA&zip=&party=&party_type=LICEN&fac_type=ALL","external_links_name":"Query"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=CBAF-FM-11&ccode=2&latd=&lond=&city=&state=&country=CA&zip=&party=&party_type=LICEN&fac_type=ALL","external_links_name":"Query"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=CBAF-FM-10&ccode=2&latd=&lond=&city=&state=&country=CA&zip=&party=&party_type=LICEN&fac_type=ALL","external_links_name":"Query"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=CBAF-FM-14&ccode=2&latd=&lond=&city=&state=&country=CA&zip=&party=&party_type=LICEN&fac_type=ALL","external_links_name":"Query"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=CBAF-FM-8&ccode=2&latd=&lond=&city=&state=&country=CA&zip=&party=&party_type=LICEN&fac_type=ALL","external_links_name":"Query"},{"Link":"http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/1988/DB88-205.HTM","external_links_name":"88-205"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=CBAF-FM-9&ccode=2&latd=&lond=&city=&state=&country=CA&zip=&party=&party_type=LICEN&fac_type=ALL","external_links_name":"Query"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=CBAF-FM-16&ccode=2&latd=&lond=&city=&state=&country=CA&zip=&party=&party_type=LICEN&fac_type=ALL","external_links_name":"Query"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=CBAF-FM-17&ccode=2&latd=&lond=&city=&state=&country=CA&zip=&party=&party_type=LICEN&fac_type=ALL","external_links_name":"Query"},{"Link":"http://ici.radio-canada.ca/premiere/emissions/le-reveil-nouvelle-ecosse-et-t-n","external_links_name":"Retrieved 09-05-2017"},{"Link":"http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/1987/DB87-220.HTM","external_links_name":"Decision CRTC 87-220"},{"Link":"http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/1989/DB89-561.HTM","external_links_name":"Decision CRTC 89-561"},{"Link":"http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/1990/DB90-206.HTM","external_links_name":"Decision CRTC 90-206"},{"Link":"http://ici.radio-canada.ca/premiere","external_links_name":"Ici Radio-Canada Première"},{"Link":"https://broadcasting-history.ca/radio/radio-stations/nova-scotia/CBAF-FM-5","external_links_name":"CBAF-FM-5"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=CBAF-FM-5&ccode=2&latd=&lond=&city=&state=&country=US&zip=&party=&party_type=LICEN&fac_type=ALL","external_links_name":"CBAF-FM-5"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=CBAF-FM&ccode=2&latd=&lond=&city=&state=&country=US&zip=&party=&party_type=LICEN&fac_type=ALL","external_links_name":"CBAF-FM"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Posener | Alan Posener | ["1 Biography","1.1 Journalism","2 References","3 External links"] | British-German journalist
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Alan Posener" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Posener in 2016
Alan Posener (born 8 October 1949 in Hampstead, London) is a British-German journalist. He is the son of the architectural historian Julius Posener.
Biography
Posener is the son of a liberal German-Jewish family, while his mother is of Scottish-English ancestry. Posener's sister is the photographer Jill Posener. He grew up in England, Malaysia and Germany. He studied German studies and English at the Free University of Berlin and the Ruhr University of Bochum. During this period he served as Executive of the Communist Students Association and the Maoist Communist Party.
On graduation, Posener worked as a teacher at the Kant-Gymnasium (Berlin) and at the Martin Buber Comprehensive School in Berlin-Spandau. He left the teaching profession, as he says, because of "boredom".
Journalism
In 1987 he wrote the Rowohlt monograph on John Lennon. This was followed by monographs on John F. Kennedy, Elvis Presley, William Shakespeare, Franklin Roosevelt, and finally Mary, the mother of Jesus. Posener also wrote a biography of the relationship of John F. and Jackie Kennedy.
From 1999 to 2004, he was a writer at and then editor of Die Welt. From 2004 to 2008, he was chief of commentary for Welt am Sonntag. He now works as a correspondent for politics and society. When, in 2005, the Berlin authorities proposed renaming Kochstraße as Rudi Dutschke Strasse, he opposed the proposition. Posener stated that:
as Rudi Dutschke thought nothing of, "capitalism and consumerism, liberalism and parliamentarism," it was no coincidence that his fellow Horst Mahler (then a member of the same far-left organisation as Posener) ended up in the NPD
In May 2007, Posener used his blog at Welt Online to attack the editor of the tabloid "Bild," Kai Diekmann, accusing him of "hypocrisy" because the newspaper "serves the lowest instincts." The comment was removed a few hours later after colleagues at the Axel Springer publishing house , which is the publisher of both titles, had noticed it. Rival newspapers later printed their own critical commentaries on the tensions evident at Axel Springer Verlag.
In 2009 he published his book "Pope Benedict's crusade", in which he criticized Benedict XVI's "crusade" against the Enlightenment. An expanded and retitled version, now also available as a paperback, appeared in 2011 under the punchier title "Der gefährliche Papst" ("The Dangerous Pope"). Building on his criticism, he now also stirred controversy by spelling out a more general thesis: "Religion ist schlecht für den Menschen" ("Religion is bad for humanity").
Since 2009, Posener has conducted a weekly debate with Alexander Görlach on religious and ethical questions in The European.
References
^ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
^ "Weblog: Alan Poseners Blattkritik: Eine Feministin rechnet mit dem Feminismus ab - WELT". DIE WELT (in German). 2011-11-19. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
^ Christian Kortmann (17 May 2010). ""Einer muss es ja machen"". Alan Posener, Kommentarchef der Welt am Sonntag, rechnet in seinem Blog polemisch mit der Doppelmoral des Bild-Chefredakteurs Kai Diekmann ab - angeblich ohne personelle Konsequenzen. Sein Text wurde zwar sofort gelöscht, aber im Netz unter anderem von BILDblog.de dokumentiert. Süddeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
^ Alexander Görlach; Alan Posener (16 January 2010). "Anschauung des Religionsbegriffs". Von welchem Gott spricht eine menschengemachte Religion? Alan Posener und Alexander Görlach streiten über die gemeinsame Anschauung des Religionsbegriffs und ob Religion schlecht für den Menschen ist. Weimer Media Group GmbH (The European), München. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
External links
Profile at The Guardian newspaper
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Italy
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United States
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SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016-12-05-Alan_Posener-hart_aber_fair-9358.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"Julius Posener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Posener"}],"text":"Posener in 2016Alan Posener (born 8 October 1949 in Hampstead, London[1]) is a British-German journalist. He is the son of the architectural historian Julius Posener.","title":"Alan Posener"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jill Posener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Posener"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"German studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_studies"},{"link_name":"Free University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Ruhr University of Bochum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_University_Bochum"},{"link_name":"Maoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoist"},{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"}],"text":"Posener is the son of a liberal German-Jewish family, while his mother is of Scottish-English ancestry. Posener's sister is the photographer Jill Posener.[2] He grew up in England, Malaysia and Germany. He studied German studies and English at the Free University of Berlin and the Ruhr University of Bochum. During this period he served as Executive of the Communist Students Association and the Maoist Communist Party.On graduation, Posener worked as a teacher at the Kant-Gymnasium (Berlin) and at the Martin Buber Comprehensive School in Berlin-Spandau. He left the teaching profession, as he says, because of \"boredom\".","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"John F. 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This was followed by monographs on John F. Kennedy, Elvis Presley, William Shakespeare, Franklin Roosevelt, and finally Mary, the mother of Jesus. Posener also wrote a biography of the relationship of John F. and Jackie Kennedy.From 1999 to 2004, he was a writer at and then editor of Die Welt. From 2004 to 2008, he was chief of commentary for Welt am Sonntag. He now works as a correspondent for politics and society. When, in 2005, the Berlin authorities proposed renaming Kochstraße as Rudi Dutschke Strasse, he opposed the proposition. Posener stated that:as Rudi Dutschke thought nothing of, \"capitalism and consumerism, liberalism and parliamentarism,\" it was no coincidence that his fellow Horst Mahler (then a member of the same far-left organisation as Posener) ended up in the NPDIn May 2007, Posener used his blog at Welt Online to attack the editor of the tabloid \"Bild,\" Kai Diekmann, accusing him of \"hypocrisy\" because the newspaper \"serves the lowest instincts.\" The comment was removed a few hours later after colleagues at the Axel Springer publishing house , which is the publisher of both titles, had noticed it. Rival newspapers later printed their own critical commentaries on the tensions evident at Axel Springer Verlag.[3]In 2009 he published his book \"Pope Benedict's crusade\", in which he criticized Benedict XVI's \"crusade\" against the Enlightenment. An expanded and retitled version, now also available as a paperback, appeared in 2011 under the punchier title \"Der gefährliche Papst\" (\"The Dangerous Pope\"). Building on his criticism, he now also stirred controversy by spelling out a more general thesis: \"Religion ist schlecht für den Menschen\" (\"Religion is bad for humanity\").[4]Since 2009, Posener has conducted a weekly debate with Alexander Görlach on religious and ethical questions in The European.","title":"Biography"}] | [{"image_text":"Posener in 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/2016-12-05-Alan_Posener-hart_aber_fair-9358.jpg/220px-2016-12-05-Alan_Posener-hart_aber_fair-9358.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Index entry\". FreeBMD. ONS. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben-Zvi | Yitzhak Ben-Zvi | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Poale Zion and Bar Giora","1.3 During World War I","1.4 Mandatory period","1.5 Political career","1.6 Presidency","2 Research","2.1 Study of the Samaritans","3 Awards and recognition","4 Published works","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Israeli historian and President during 1952-1963
Yitzhak Ben-Zviיצחק בן־צביBen-Zvi in 19522nd President of IsraelIn office16 December 1952 – 23 April 1963Prime MinisterDavid Ben-Gurion Moshe SharettPreceded byChaim WeizmannSucceeded byZalman ShazarMember of the KnessetIn office12 February 1949 – 8 August 1952
Personal detailsBornIzaak Shimshelevich(1884-11-24)24 November 1884Poltava, Russian Empire (now Ukraine)Died23 April 1963(1963-04-23) (aged 78)Jerusalem, IsraelNationalityIsraeliPolitical partyMapaiSpouseRachel YanaitChildren2Alma materIstanbul University Faculty of LawProfessionAuthor, Politician, Historian, EthnologistAwardsBialik Prize for Jewish thoughtHerzl Prize of the Zionist OrganizationSignature
Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (Hebrew: יִצְחָק בֶּן־צְבִי Yitshak Ben-Tsvi; 24 November 1884 – 23 April 1963; born Izaak Shimshelevich) was a historian, ethnologist, Labor Zionist leader and the longest-serving President of Israel. He was first elected on 8 December 1952, assumed office on 16 December 1952, and continued to serve in the position until his death.
As a scholar, Ben-Zvi conducted extensive research on Jewish communities in the Land of Israel, including those that existed before the foundation of the modern State of Israel. He preserved oral histories, gathered firsthand accounts and documentary evidence, and published a number of books and articles on the subject. He shed light on their traditions, language, folklore, and religious practices through his work, which frequently focused on the Mizrahi and Sephardic Jewish as well as the Samaritan communities. The Ben-Zvi Institute he founded and directed continues to be an important institution for research on Jewish communities in the Middle East.
Biography
Early life
Born in Poltava in the Russian Empire (today in Ukraine), Yitzhak Ben-Zvi was the eldest son of Zvi Shimshi (originally Shimshelevich), a writer and communal worker, and Karina (Atara), daughter of the rabbi Israel Leib Kupilevich. From his mother's side, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi was descended from Rabbi Meir Halevi Epstein. On his father's side, he traced his lineage back to Lithuanian Rabbi Jehiel ben Solomon Heilprin, Rabbi Eliyahu Chaim Meisel of Łódź, the mekubal Rabbi Moshe Ashkenazi (known as Moshe Iwer), and ultimately to the renowned commentator Rashi. His brothers were Moshe (who died aged 12 in March 1906), and the writer Aharon Reuveni. His sisters were the poet Shulamit Klogai and Dina, who married Benjamin Mazar.
As a member of the B'ne Moshe and Hovevei Zion movements in Ukraine, Zvi Shimshelevich was one of the organizers of the first Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland, in the fall of 1897, together with Theodor Herzl. At that Congress the World Zionist Organization was founded, and the intention to re-establish a Jewish state was announced. Shimshi was the only organizer of the first Zionist Congress to live to see the birth of the modern State of Israel in 1948. On 10 December 1952, Zvi Shimshi was honored by the first Knesset with the title "Father of the State of Israel".
Ben Zvi had a formal Jewish education at a Poltava heder and then the local Gymnasium.
He completed his first year at Kiev University studying natural sciences before dropping out to dedicate himself to the newly formed Russian Poale Zion which he co-founded with Ber Borochov.
Yitzhak Ben-Zvi's parents were banished to Siberia following the discovery of a cache of weapons he had concealed in their home.
In 1918, Ben-Zvi married Rachel Yanait a fellow Poale Zion activist. They had two sons: Amram and Eli. Eli died in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, defending his kibbutz, Beit Keshet.
Poale Zion and Bar Giora
Ben Zvi with Rachel Yanait 1913
Following Borochov's arrest, March 1906, and subsequent exile in the United States, Ben Zvi became leader of the Russian Poale Zion. He moved their headquarters from Poltava to Vilna and established a publishing house, the Hammer, which produced the party's paper, The Proletarian Idea. In April 1907, having been arrested twice and being under surveillance by the Tzarist secret police, Ben-Zvi made Aliyah. He traveled on forged papers. It was his second visit to Palestine. On his arrival in Jaffa he changed his name to Ben Zvi - Son of Zvi. He found the local Poale Zion divided and in disarray. Slightly older and more experienced than his comrades he took command and, the following month, organised a gathering of around 80 members. He and a Rostovian - a strict Marxist group from Rostov - were elected as the new Central Committee. Two of the party's founding principles were reversed : Yiddish, not Hebrew was to be the language used and the Jewish and the Arab proletariat should unite. It was agreed to publish a party journal in Yiddish - Der Anfang. The conference also voted that Ben Zvi and Israel Shochat should attend the 8th World Zionist Congress in The Hague. Once there they were generally ignored. They ran out of money on their return journey and had to work as porters in Trieste. Back in Jaffa they held another gathering, 28 September 1907, to report on the Hague conference. On the first evening of the conference a group of nine men met in Ben Zvi's room where, swearing themselves to secrecy with Shochat as their leader, they agreed to set up an underground military organisation - Bar-Giora, named after Simon Bar Giora. Its slogan was: "Judea fell in blood and fire; Judea shall rise again in blood and fire." David Ben-Gurion was not invited to join and it had been his policies which were overturned in April. Despite this Ben Zvi tried unsuccessfully to invite Ben Gurion onto the Central Committee.
The following year Ben Zvi was one of the founding members of Hashomer.
In Jaffa Ben Zvi found work as a teacher. In 1909, he organized the Gymnasia Rehavia high school in the Bukhari quarter of Jerusalem together with Rachel Yanait.
In spring of 1910 Poale Zion (Palestine) decided to launch a Socialist Hebrew language periodical in Jerusalem. It was called Ha'ahdut and Ben Zvi persuaded Ben Gurion to join as proof reader and translator. The Haredi community in Jerusalem refused to rent them rooms.
At the Poale Zion conference held in April 1911, Ben Zvi announced his plan to move to Constantinople to study Ottoman law. By the following year many of the second Aliyah activists had gathered in the Ottoman capital, with Shochat, Ben Gurion, Moshe Shertok, David Remez, Golda Lishansky, Manya Wilbushewitch and Joseph Trumpeldor all there. As Poale Zion's leading theoretician in 1912 he published a two part essay arguing that in certain circumstances Jewish national interests must take precedence over class solidarity and that Arab labourers should be excluded from Moshavot and the Jewish sector.
During World War I
Editorial staff of Ha-Achdut, 1910. Right to left; seated – Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, David Ben-Gurion, Yosef Haim Brenner; standing – A. Reuveni, Ya'akov Zerubavel
Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (standing, second from right) at a meeting with Arab leaders at the King David Hotel, Jerusalem, 1933. Also pictured are Chaim Weizmann (sitting, second from left), Haim Arlosoroff (sitting, center), and Moshe Shertok (Sharett) (standing, right).
Yitzhak Ben Zvi at Tel Hai, 1934
In 1915, despite calling on Jews to become Ottoman citizens and attempting to assemble a militia in Jerusalem to fight on the Ottoman side in the First World War, both Ben Zvi and Ben Gurion were expelled to Egypt. From there they travelled to New York where they arrived wearing their tarboushes. In America they set about recruiting members of Paole Zion to fight on the Ottoman side. When this failed he and Ben Gurion embarked on educating Paole Zion followers on the settlement projects in Palestine. This resulted in the publication of Eretz Israel - Past and Present (1918) which ran to several editions, selling 25,000 copies. Initially Ben Zvi was to be co-editor but Ben Gurion ended up dominating all aspects and despite writing about a third Ben Zvi got little recognition.
Ben-Zvi served in the Jewish Legion (1st Judean battalion 'KADIMAH') together with Ben-Gurion. He helped found the Ahdut HaAvoda party in 1919, and became increasingly active in the Haganah.
On returning to Palestine he married Golda Lishansky who had remained in the country throughout the war.
Mandatory period
In 1919 he was one of the founders of Ahdut Ha'Avoda which he helped reshape as a non-Marxist, Social Democratic party, which joined the bourgeois World Zionist Organization rather than the Communist International. With his knowledge of the Arabic language Ben Zvi was in charge of policy towards the Arabs.
In 1921 he published an essay titled The Arab Movement focusing on Palestinian Arab Nationalism in which he attempted to "resolve the apparent contradiction between the long-term goal of Zionism—the creation in Palestine of a Jewish majority and state—and the fact that at present the overwhelming majority of Palestine's population was Arab". In the essay, Ben-Zvi argued that Arabs in Palestine did not constitute a unified national entity and that Palestinian Arab nationalism was essentially inauthentic, indirectly denying their right to self-determination. He further stated that there was no true Arab liberation movement among the Arab population in Palestine. Ben-Zvi asserted that the elite, Effendi, class in Palestine were exploiting Palestinian peasants (Fellahin), and as such, the Effendis had no popular support among the indigenous inhabitants. Zionism, Ben-Zvi concluded, was good for the Palestinian peasants since they are "interested in the expansion of employment and industry in the country and the improvement of the workers' lot, which of necessity results from Jewish settlement and immigration." He was head of the Poale Zion's Arab labor department, despite this he opposed a 1922 railway strike by Arab and Jewish workers in Haifa, and in 1923 he blocked a strike threatened by Arab workers in Jaffa and Lydda. Between 1925 and 1928 he produced an Arabic language Zionist weekly newspaper called al-'Umma (Workers Unity).
In 1926 Ahdut HaAvoda decided to cease all efforts at unionising Arab workers and that Arabs should be barred from joining the newly formed Histadrut.
In 1931 he became chair of Va'ad Leumi.
According to Avraham Tehomi, Ben-Zvi ordered the 1924 murder of Jacob Israël de Haan.
De Haan had come to Palestine as an ardent Zionist, but he had become increasingly critical of the Zionist organizations, preferring a negotiated solution to the armed struggle between the Jews and Arabs. This is how Tehomi acknowledged his own part in the murder over sixty years later, in an Israeli television interview in 1985: "I have done what the Haganah decided had to be done. And nothing was done without the order of Yitzhak Ben-Zvi. I have no regrets because he wanted to destroy our whole idea of Zionism."
Political career
Ben Zvi was elected to the Jerusalem City Council and by 1931 served as president of the Jewish National Council, the shadow government of the Jewish community in Mandatory Palestine. When Israel gained its independence, Ben-Zvi was among the signers of its Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948. He served in the First and Second Knessets for the Mapai party. In 1951, Ben-Zvi was appointed one of the acting members of the Government Naming Committee, whose duty was to decide on appropriate names for newly constructed settlements.
Presidency
After the death of Chaim Weizmann, David Ben-Gurion proposed Yitzhak Ben-Zvi as the candidate for the presidency of the state at the party convention held on November 26, 1952. In a secret ballot, Ben-Zvi won over Yosef Sprinzak by a margin of 14 votes. On December 8, 1952, Ben-Zvi was elected to the position, subsequently re-elected in 1957 and again in 1962, supported by 62 coalition members of the Knesset, with 42 opposition members abstaining. He was the only president to be elected for three terms, and during his second and third candidacies, he was the sole nominee without any opposition.
Yitzhak and Rachel Ben-Zvi declined to move from their residence on Ibn Gabirol Street in Jerusalem to a luxurious and representative mansion. Therefore, the Israeli government acquired the Ben-Yehuda family's property on 17 Alharizi Street for the President's Residence. At their home, they performed the traditional duties of the president. Each month, on the eve of the new month, representatives from diverse Jewish communities were welcomed. Throughout Ben-Zvi's tenure, delegates from Jewish communities spanning North Africa, Iran, Bukhara, Hungary, Babylonia, Romania, Kurdistan, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Italy, India, Greece, Bulgaria, United Kingdom, Ireland, and Latin America visited in this capacity. As part of Rachel's official activities, the Rachel Ben-Zvi Foundation for Israeli Children was established.
Ben-Zvi believed that the president should set an example for the public, and that his home should reflect the austerity of the times. For over 26 years, he and his family lived in a wooden hut in the Rehavia neighborhood of Jerusalem. The State of Israel took interest in the adjacent house, built and owned by Nissim and Esther Valero, and purchased it after Nissim's death to provide additional space for the President's residence. Two larger wooden structures in the yard were used for official receptions. During Ben-Zvi's presidency, his residence was opened to the public twice a year, during the festivals of Sukkot and Independence Day.
As part of the clemency powers vested in the president, Ben-Zvi was presented, among other things, with requests for clemency for defendants in trials of public interest, including Adolf Eichmann and the killers of Rezső Kasztner. Under the clemency powers, Ben-Zvi released all the accused in the Kafr Qasim massacre.
In 1958, President Ben-Zvi visited the Kingdoms of the Netherlands and Belgium at the invitation of their monarchs. In 1959, he made an official visit to Burma, then Israel's only friend in Asia. In August 1962, Ben-Zvi embarked on a state tour of Africa, during which he visited the Central African Republic and the Republic of the Congo, signing cooperation agreements with them.
Ben-Zvi used to participate in a weekly Gemara lesson and refused to attend the opening celebrations of a Reform synagogue in Jerusalem.
Ben-Zvi died at the start of his third term on April 23, 1963.Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (standing, second from right) and a three-star general (standing, right) meets with Marvin Garfinkel, a member of the United Jewish Appeal Young Leadership Mission to Israel, in his wooden cabin, June 13, 1961
Research
Yitzhak Ben-Zvi engaged in the study of various fields within Jewish studies, including the history of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel and the history of Jewish communities in the Arab world, and their customs. He authored over 150 scientific publications in these fields, including approximately twenty books and numerous articles on publicistic matters and research.
His initial writings on the research fields he later extensively explored were penned during his journey to the Land of Israel in 1904, during which he visited biblical sites and was impressed by encounters with the Samaritan community, prompting further investigations.
Ben-Zvi's scholarly contributions also extended to areas such as archaeology, epigraphy, and topography, where he delved into the traditions of fellahin and Bedouins. Following the establishment of Israel, he turned his attention to significant discoveries like the Dead Sea Scrolls, contributing to the study of Jewish history and culture. Additionally, he was involved preserving biblical manuscripts from Jewish communities in the Arab world, notably the Aleppo Codex, which became a focal point of his research and publications.
During his time in Vilnius, Ben-Zvi's first article, "די יידישע אומוואנדערונגען" was published, examining the history of Jewish diaspora and exploring the influence of the "isolated element" and the "comprehensive element" on Jewish integration into general society and migration patterns. In 1911, he published an essay in "Ha-Shiloaḥ" on the Maccabean revolt. Subsequently, his research interests focused on the Land of Israel, local history, and the study of sub-divisions and sects within the Jewish people. His writings on non-Jewish settlements in the Land of Israel were compiled in the books "Our Neighbors in the Land" and "The Population of the Land of Israel." His studies on the Samaritan community were collected in "Book of the Samaritans."
Ben-Zvi's area of interest encompassed the history of the Jews in the Land of Israel from the destruction of the Second Temple to the Zionist revival. His book, "Eretz Israel and Its Settlement During Ottoman Rule," provided a political, social, economic, and spiritual overview of the Jewish population in the Land of Israel over 400 years (1517–1917), gathering and analyzing Arabic and Turkish documents. Following his publication in 1922, titled "The Jewish Settlement in the Village of Peki'in," he began researching agricultural settlements preceding modern settlement in the Land. His studies on Shefar'am, Kafr Yasif, Hasbaya, and others were compiled in the volumes of "She'ar Yeshuv." Additionally, Ben-Zvi explored the demographic origins of the rural Arab population, suggesting potential Jewish ancestry among a significant portion of them. Ben-Zvi also advocated for the repatriation of Jews who had been driven out of Peki'in, and initiated the establishment of Peki'in HaHadasha.
In 1948, Ben-Zvi headed the Institute for the Study of Oriental Jewish Communities in the Middle East, later named the Ben-Zvi Institute (Yad Ben-Zvi) in his honor. The Ben-Zvi Institute occupies Nissim Valero's house. His main field of research was the Jewish communities and sects of Asia and Africa, including the Samaritans and Karaites.
Study of the Samaritans
Ben-Zvi had a unique relationship with the Samaritan community. His first encounters with the Samaritan community were in 1908, when he first met the elder Abraham son of Marhiv Zeadaka Hazafrir, from whom he rented a room in Jaffa, aiming to learn Arabic. He developed a fascination for the Samaritans, establishing friendships, visiting, and exchanging letters with High Priests, leaders and scholars such as Yaakov son of Aharon, Abu Shafi, and Yefet Zadaka. After learning Arabic and Samaritan Hebrew, he decided to undertake a thorough study of the Samaritans, including their religion, literature, and settlements. As a historian and ethnologist, he published a book about the Samaritans in 1935 titled "Book of the Samaritans" (an updated edition followed in 1976). As a leader of the Jewish Agency, the National Council, and finally as president, Ben Zvi was viewed by the Samaritans as an appropriate address to their grievances. Ben Gurion learned about the Samaritans from Ben-Zvi, and he also backed the cause of the Samaritans residing in Israel.
Awards and recognition
In 1953, Ben-Zvi was awarded the Bialik Prize for Jewish thought.
Ben-Zvi's photo appears on 100 NIS bills. Many streets and boulevards in Israel are named for him. In 2008, Ben-Zvi's wooden hut was moved to Kibbutz Beit Keshet, which his son helped to found, and the interior was restored with its original furnishings. The Valero house in Rehavia neighbourhood was designated an historic building protected by law under municipal plan 2007 for the preservation of historic sites.
Published works
Sefer HaShomronim (1935)
She'ar Yeshuv (1927)
Yehudey Khaybar veGoralam (1940)
Derakhai Siparti, (Jerusalem, 1971)
Israel and the study of the homeland , 1927-1927
The Book of the Samaritans , 1935-1935
Poalei Zion in the second ascent , 1951-77
The Land of Israel and its settlement during the Ottoman rule , 1955-1955
Memories and records: from youth to 1920 , 5666-1966
Studies and sources , 5566-1960
The Hebrew regiments: fees , 5777 1967
The vision and its fulfillment: chapters of memoirs and notes on the problems of the Histadrut , 1968-5578
Reshmi Derech , (edited by Rachel Yanait Ben-Zvi), 1972
Studies in Keter Aram Tzuba , 1960-57
Book of Tolid Hagana , 1955-1955
Travels: on the paths of the country and its neighbors - from itineraries and diaries , 1960-57
The Jerusalem "temples" and the Torah in the Karaite synagogues in Kushta and Egypt , Kiryat Safar, Lev (2017), pages 366-374
Sefer Safed: Studies and sources on the community of Safed from the 16th century to the 19th century , 5772 1962* Sefer Hashomer: Words of Friends , 5772 1962
Gallery
With Ben Gurion in Istanbul, October 1912
Private Yitzhak Ben-Zvi as a volunteer in the Jewish Legion, 1918
Rabbi Moshe Gabai petitioning President Zvi to help the Jewish community in Zacho, Iraq, 1951
100 Israeli new shekel bill
See also
List of Bialik Prize recipients
References
^ a b c Mor, Menachem; Reiterer, Friedrich V.; Winkler, Waltraud, eds. (23 April 2010), "Samaritans – Past and Present: Current Studies", Samaritans – Past and Present, De Gruyter, pp. 8–9, 208–210, 239–245, doi:10.1515/9783110212839, ISBN 978-3-11-021283-9, retrieved 15 May 2023
^ "Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi Institute". The Jerusalem Foundation. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
^ "Itzhak Ben-Zvi | president of Israel | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
^ "Yad Ben-Zvi Collection". www.nli.org.il. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
^ חגי צורף (עורך), יצחק בן-צבי הנשיא השני - מבחר תעודות מפרקי חייו, (1963-1884), עמ׳ 4
^ a b Dan Mazar (1994) Jerusalem Christian Review
^ Ben Zvi, Rahel Yanait (1963) Coming Home. Massadah - P.E.C. Press Ltd. pp.69,138
^ a b Teveth, Shabtai (1987) Ben-Gurion. The Burning Ground. 1886-1948. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-35409-9. pp. 51-55
^ Segev, Tom (2018 - 2019 translation Haim Watzman) A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion. Apollo. ISBN 9-781789-544633. pp. 101,102
^ Bar-Zohar, Michael (1978) Ben-Gurion. Translated by Peretz Kidron. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. ISBN 0-297-77401-8. Originally published in Israel 1977. pp. 26,72
^ Segev (2019) p.102
^ Meir, Golda (1975. 1976 edition) My Life. Steimatzky. p.97 Sharret, Remez
^ St. John, Robert (1959) Ben-Gurion. Jarrolds Publishers London. p.31 Trumpeldor
^ Teveth (1987). p.82 Lishansky
^ Segev (2019). p.115 Wilbushewitch
^ Lockman, Zachary (1996) Comrades and Enemies. Arab and Jewish Workers in Palestine, 1906-1948. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20419-0. p.51
^ Segev (2019). pp.116-7
^ Bar Zohar. p 33
^ Segev (2019). p.139
^ Teveth (1987). p.135
^ Lockman (1996). p.61
^ Lockman (1996). p.59
^ Lockman (1996). pp.59,60
^ Ben-Zvi quoted in Lockman (1996). pp.60,61
^ Lockman (1996) pp. 123,125
^ Lockman (1996) pp. 91,97
^ Lockman (1996) p.103
^ Lockman (1996) p.184
^ a b Shlomo Nakdimon ; Shaul Mayzlish (1985). דה האן : הרצח הפוליטי הראשון בארץ ישראל Deh Han : ha-retsah ha-politi ha-rishon be-Erets Yisraʼel / De Haan: The first political assassination in Israel (in Hebrew) (1st ed.). Tel Aviv: Modan Press. OCLC 21528172.
^ "State of Israel Records", Collection of Publications, no. 152 (PDF) (in Hebrew), Jerusalem: Government of Israel, 1951, p. 845
^ a b c d "מפולטאבה עד כהונת נשיא מדינת ישראל". דבר (in Hebrew). 24 April 1963. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
^ Eilat Gordin Levitan. "Shimshelevitz Family". Eilatgordinlevitan.com. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
^ "אשת מנקס שבתה ליד בית הנשיא — דבר 28 אוקטובר 1962 — הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים". www.nli.org.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
^ "בקשת החנינה של _אייכמז הועברה אל נשיא המדינה _£ם תדחה הבקשה - ייתלה הצורר תור שבוע ימים — דבר 31 מאי 1962 — הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים". www.nli.org.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
^ "נשיא המדינה הגיע לבאנג'י.-לפני צאתו מבראזאוויל חתם ברית-ידידות עם קונגו; דבר 5 אוגוסט 1962: הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים". www.nli.org.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
^ "הכנםת העלתה את זכר הנשה* — דבר 2 מאי 1963 — הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים". www.nli.org.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
^ a b זאב בן-חיים, "תרומתו של יצחק בן-צבי לחקר השומרונים", '''ספר זיכרון ליצחק בן-צבי''', מכון בן-צבי באוניברסיטה העברית, תשכ"ד
^ דוד שמואל לווינגר, ספר הזיכרון ליצחק בן-צבי, 19650903, עמ' 53
^ אלעד בן-דרור, 'שומר החומות האחרון הראשון של הכפר העיברי הראשון': יצחק בן־צבי ויהודי פקיעין, קתדרה 147, ניסן תשע"ג, עמ' 115–148
^ Ben Zvi Institute, 12 Abarbanel St., Jerusalem
^ "List of Bialik Prize recipients 1933–2004" (PDF). Tel Aviv Municipality. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2007.
^ Joseph B. Glass; Ruth Kark (2007). Sephardi entrepreneurs in Jerusalem: the Valero family 1800–1948. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 978-965-229-396-1. OCLC 191048781.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yitzhak Ben-Zvi.
Yitzhak Ben-Zvi Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
English Online-catalog of the library of the Ben Zvi Institute
https://ybz.org.il/ (ben-zvi institute, in hebrew only)
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Labor Zionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Zionism"},{"link_name":"President of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"first elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Israeli_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Jewish communities in the Land of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"State of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"preserved oral histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_history_preservation"},{"link_name":"language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_languages"},{"link_name":"folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_folklore"},{"link_name":"religious practices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhag"},{"link_name":"Mizrahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish"},{"link_name":"Sephardic Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish"},{"link_name":"Samaritan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samaritans2010-1"},{"link_name":"Ben-Zvi Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Ben_Zvi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (Hebrew: יִצְחָק בֶּן־צְבִי Yitshak Ben-Tsvi; 24 November 1884 – 23 April 1963; born Izaak Shimshelevich) was a historian, ethnologist, Labor Zionist leader and the longest-serving President of Israel. He was first elected on 8 December 1952, assumed office on 16 December 1952, and continued to serve in the position until his death.As a scholar, Ben-Zvi conducted extensive research on Jewish communities in the Land of Israel, including those that existed before the foundation of the modern State of Israel. He preserved oral histories, gathered firsthand accounts and documentary evidence, and published a number of books and articles on the subject. He shed light on their traditions, language, folklore, and religious practices through his work, which frequently focused on the Mizrahi and Sephardic Jewish as well as the Samaritan[1] communities. The Ben-Zvi Institute he founded and directed continues to be an important institution for research on Jewish communities in the Middle East.[2][3][4]","title":"Yitzhak Ben-Zvi"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poltava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Zvi Shimshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zvi_Shimshelevich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jehiel ben Solomon Heilprin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehiel_ben_Solomon_Heilprin"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"mekubal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekubal"},{"link_name":"Rashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dan_Mazar_1994-6"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Mazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dan_Mazar_1994-6"},{"link_name":"Hovevei Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovevei_Zion"},{"link_name":"Zionist Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionist_Congress"},{"link_name":"Theodor Herzl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl"},{"link_name":"World Zionist Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization"},{"link_name":"Knesset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Poltava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava"},{"link_name":"heder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heder"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)"},{"link_name":"Kiev University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_University"},{"link_name":"natural sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_sciences"},{"link_name":"Poale Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poale_Zion"},{"link_name":"Ber Borochov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber_Borochov"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rachel Yanait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Yanait"},{"link_name":"Poale Zion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poale_Zion"},{"link_name":"1948 Arab–Israeli War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War"},{"link_name":"kibbutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbutz"},{"link_name":"Beit Keshet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Keshet"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Born in Poltava in the Russian Empire (today in Ukraine), Yitzhak Ben-Zvi was the eldest son of Zvi Shimshi (originally Shimshelevich), a writer and communal worker, and Karina (Atara), daughter of the rabbi Israel Leib Kupilevich. From his mother's side, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi was descended from Rabbi Meir Halevi Epstein. On his father's side, he traced his lineage back to Lithuanian Rabbi Jehiel ben Solomon Heilprin, Rabbi Eliyahu Chaim Meisel of Łódź, the mekubal Rabbi Moshe Ashkenazi (known as Moshe Iwer), and ultimately to the renowned commentator Rashi. His brothers were Moshe (who died aged 12 in March 1906[5]), and the writer Aharon Reuveni.[6] His sisters were the poet Shulamit Klogai and Dina, who married Benjamin Mazar.[6]As a member of the B'ne Moshe and Hovevei Zion movements in Ukraine, Zvi Shimshelevich was one of the organizers of the first Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland, in the fall of 1897, together with Theodor Herzl. At that Congress the World Zionist Organization was founded, and the intention to re-establish a Jewish state was announced. Shimshi was the only organizer of the first Zionist Congress to live to see the birth of the modern State of Israel in 1948. On 10 December 1952, Zvi Shimshi was honored by the first Knesset with the title \"Father of the State of Israel\".[citation needed]Ben Zvi had a formal Jewish education at a Poltava heder and then the local Gymnasium. \nHe completed his first year at Kiev University studying natural sciences before dropping out to dedicate himself to the newly formed Russian Poale Zion which he co-founded with Ber Borochov.Yitzhak Ben-Zvi's parents were banished to Siberia following the discovery of a cache of weapons he had concealed in their home.[7]In 1918, Ben-Zvi married Rachel Yanait a fellow Poale Zion activist. They had two sons: Amram and Eli. Eli died in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, defending his kibbutz, Beit Keshet.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA-JNF039451.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Vilna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna"},{"link_name":"Tzarist secret police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okhrana"},{"link_name":"Aliyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist"},{"link_name":"Rostov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Central Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"proletariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat"},{"link_name":"Israel Shochat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Shochat"},{"link_name":"World Zionist Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Zionist_Congress"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_movement"},{"link_name":"Bar-Giora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-Giora"},{"link_name":"Simon Bar Giora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bar_Giora"},{"link_name":"Judea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"David Ben-Gurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Hashomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashomer"},{"link_name":"Gymnasia Rehavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasia_Rehavia"},{"link_name":"Bukhari quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukharim_quarter"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Rachel Yanait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Yanait_Ben-Zvi"},{"link_name":"Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Haredi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Yishuv"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul#Ottoman_Empire_and_Turkish_Republic_eras"},{"link_name":"Moshe Shertok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Sharret"},{"link_name":"David Remez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Remez"},{"link_name":"Golda Lishansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Yanait_Ben-Zvi"},{"link_name":"Manya Wilbushewitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manya_Shochat"},{"link_name":"Joseph Trumpeldor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Trumpeldor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Moshavot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshav"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Poale Zion and Bar Giora","text":"Ben Zvi with Rachel Yanait 1913Following Borochov's arrest, March 1906, and subsequent exile in the United States, Ben Zvi became leader of the Russian Poale Zion. He moved their headquarters from Poltava to Vilna and established a publishing house, the Hammer, which produced the party's paper, The Proletarian Idea. In April 1907, having been arrested twice and being under surveillance by the Tzarist secret police, Ben-Zvi made Aliyah. He traveled on forged papers. It was his second visit to Palestine. On his arrival in Jaffa he changed his name to Ben Zvi - Son of Zvi. He found the local Poale Zion divided and in disarray. Slightly older and more experienced than his comrades he took command and, the following month, organised a gathering of around 80 members. He and a Rostovian - a strict Marxist group from Rostov - were elected as the new Central Committee. Two of the party's founding principles were reversed : Yiddish, not Hebrew was to be the language used and the Jewish and the Arab proletariat should unite. It was agreed to publish a party journal in Yiddish - Der Anfang. The conference also voted that Ben Zvi and Israel Shochat should attend the 8th World Zionist Congress in The Hague. Once there they were generally ignored. They ran out of money on their return journey and had to work as porters in Trieste. Back in Jaffa they held another gathering, 28 September 1907, to report on the Hague conference. On the first evening of the conference a group of nine men met in Ben Zvi's room where, swearing themselves to secrecy with Shochat as their leader, they agreed to set up an underground military organisation - Bar-Giora, named after Simon Bar Giora. Its slogan was: \"Judea fell in blood and fire; Judea shall rise again in blood and fire.\"[8] David Ben-Gurion was not invited to join and it had been his policies which were overturned in April. Despite this Ben Zvi tried unsuccessfully to invite Ben Gurion onto the Central Committee.[8]\nThe following year Ben Zvi was one of the founding members of Hashomer.In Jaffa Ben Zvi found work as a teacher. In 1909, he organized the Gymnasia Rehavia high school in the Bukhari quarter of Jerusalem together with Rachel Yanait.In spring of 1910 Poale Zion (Palestine) decided to launch a Socialist Hebrew language periodical in Jerusalem. It was called Ha'ahdut and Ben Zvi persuaded Ben Gurion to join as proof reader and translator.[9][10] The Haredi community in Jerusalem refused to rent them rooms.[11]\nAt the Poale Zion conference held in April 1911, Ben Zvi announced his plan to move to Constantinople to study Ottoman law. By the following year many of the second Aliyah activists had gathered in the Ottoman capital, with Shochat, Ben Gurion, Moshe Shertok, David Remez, Golda Lishansky, Manya Wilbushewitch and Joseph Trumpeldor all there.[12][13][14][15] As Poale Zion's leading theoretician in 1912 he published a two part essay arguing that in certain circumstances Jewish national interests must take precedence over class solidarity and that Arab labourers should be excluded from Moshavot and the Jewish sector.[16]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ben-Zvi,_Yaacov_Zrubavel,_Ben-Gurion,_Brenner,_Aharon_Reuveni.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Ben-Gurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion"},{"link_name":"Yosef Haim Brenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef_Haim_Brenner"},{"link_name":"Ya'akov Zerubavel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%27akov_Zerubavel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chaim_Arlosoroff.jpg"},{"link_name":"King David Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Chaim Weizmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann"},{"link_name":"Haim Arlosoroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haim_Arlosoroff"},{"link_name":"Moshe Shertok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Shertok"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BenZviKroldedication934.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tel Hai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Hai"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"tarboushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarboush"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Jewish Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Legion"},{"link_name":"Ahdut HaAvoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahdut_HaAvoda"},{"link_name":"Haganah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haganah"},{"link_name":"Golda Lishansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Yanait_Ben-Zvi"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"During World War I","text":"Editorial staff of Ha-Achdut, 1910. Right to left; seated – Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, David Ben-Gurion, Yosef Haim Brenner; standing – A. Reuveni, Ya'akov ZerubavelYitzhak Ben-Zvi (standing, second from right) at a meeting with Arab leaders at the King David Hotel, Jerusalem, 1933. Also pictured are Chaim Weizmann (sitting, second from left), Haim Arlosoroff (sitting, center), and Moshe Shertok (Sharett) (standing, right).Yitzhak Ben Zvi at Tel Hai, 1934In 1915, despite calling on Jews to become Ottoman citizens and attempting to assemble a militia in Jerusalem to fight on the Ottoman side in the First World War, both Ben Zvi and Ben Gurion were expelled to Egypt.[17] From there they travelled to New York where they arrived wearing their tarboushes.[18] In America they set about recruiting members of Paole Zion to fight on the Ottoman side. When this failed he and Ben Gurion embarked on educating Paole Zion followers on the settlement projects in Palestine. This resulted in the publication of Eretz Israel - Past and Present (1918) which ran to several editions, selling 25,000 copies. Initially Ben Zvi was to be co-editor but Ben Gurion ended up dominating all aspects and despite writing about a third Ben Zvi got little recognition.[19]Ben-Zvi served in the Jewish Legion (1st Judean battalion 'KADIMAH') together with Ben-Gurion. He helped found the Ahdut HaAvoda party in 1919, and became increasingly active in the Haganah.On returning to Palestine he married Golda Lishansky who had remained in the country throughout the war.[20]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahdut Ha'Avoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahdut_Ha%27Avoda"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic"},{"link_name":"World Zionist Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization"},{"link_name":"Communist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_International"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Effendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effendi"},{"link_name":"Fellahin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellah"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Ahdut HaAvoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahdut_HaAvoda"},{"link_name":"Histadrut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histadrut"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Va'ad Leumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%27ad_Leumi"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Avraham Tehomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraham_Tehomi"},{"link_name":"Jacob Israël de Haan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Isra%C3%ABl_de_Haan"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nakdimon-29"},{"link_name":"Zionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nakdimon-29"}],"sub_title":"Mandatory period","text":"In 1919 he was one of the founders of Ahdut Ha'Avoda which he helped reshape as a non-Marxist, Social Democratic party, which joined the bourgeois World Zionist Organization rather than the Communist International.[21] With his knowledge of the Arabic language Ben Zvi was in charge of policy towards the Arabs.In 1921 he published an essay titled The Arab Movement focusing on Palestinian Arab Nationalism in which he attempted to \"resolve the apparent contradiction between the long-term goal of Zionism—the creation in Palestine of a Jewish majority and state—and the fact that at present the overwhelming majority of Palestine's population was Arab\".[22] In the essay, Ben-Zvi argued that Arabs in Palestine did not constitute a unified national entity and that Palestinian Arab nationalism was essentially inauthentic, indirectly denying their right to self-determination. He further stated that there was no true Arab liberation movement among the Arab population in Palestine. Ben-Zvi asserted that the elite, Effendi, class in Palestine were exploiting Palestinian peasants (Fellahin), and as such, the Effendis had no popular support among the indigenous inhabitants.[23] Zionism, Ben-Zvi concluded, was good for the Palestinian peasants since they are \"interested in the expansion of employment and industry in the country and the improvement of the workers' lot, which of necessity results from Jewish settlement and immigration.\"[24] He was head of the Poale Zion's Arab labor department, despite this he opposed a 1922 railway strike by Arab and Jewish workers in Haifa, and in 1923 he blocked a strike threatened by Arab workers in Jaffa and Lydda.[25] Between 1925 and 1928 he produced an Arabic language Zionist weekly newspaper called al-'Umma (Workers Unity).[26]\nIn 1926 Ahdut HaAvoda decided to cease all efforts at unionising Arab workers and that Arabs should be barred from joining the newly formed Histadrut.[27]In 1931 he became chair of Va'ad Leumi.[28]According to Avraham Tehomi, Ben-Zvi ordered the 1924 murder of Jacob Israël de Haan.[29]\nDe Haan had come to Palestine as an ardent Zionist, but he had become increasingly critical of the Zionist organizations, preferring a negotiated solution to the armed struggle between the Jews and Arabs. This is how Tehomi acknowledged his own part in the murder over sixty years later, in an Israeli television interview in 1985: \"I have done what the Haganah decided had to be done. And nothing was done without the order of Yitzhak Ben-Zvi. I have no regrets because he [de Haan] wanted to destroy our whole idea of Zionism.\"[29]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish National Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_National_Council"},{"link_name":"Mapai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapai"},{"link_name":"Government Naming Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Naming_Committee"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Political career","text":"Ben Zvi was elected to the Jerusalem City Council and by 1931 served as president of the Jewish National Council, the shadow government of the Jewish community in Mandatory Palestine. When Israel gained its independence, Ben-Zvi was among the signers of its Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948. He served in the First and Second Knessets for the Mapai party. In 1951, Ben-Zvi was appointed one of the acting members of the Government Naming Committee, whose duty was to decide on appropriate names for newly constructed settlements.[30]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaim Weizmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann"},{"link_name":"Yosef Sprinzak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef_Sprinzak"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Jews"},{"link_name":"Bukhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukharan_Jews"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Babylonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Jews"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Jews"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Jews"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Jews"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-31"},{"link_name":"Rehavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehavia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Sukkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkot"},{"link_name":"Independence Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Adolf Eichmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann"},{"link_name":"Rezső Kasztner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezs%C5%91_Kasztner"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Kafr Qasim massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Qasim_massacre"},{"link_name":"Kingdoms of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Gemara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemara"},{"link_name":"Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ben-Zvi_meets_Americans.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Presidency","text":"After the death of Chaim Weizmann, David Ben-Gurion proposed Yitzhak Ben-Zvi as the candidate for the presidency of the state at the party convention held on November 26, 1952. In a secret ballot, Ben-Zvi won over Yosef Sprinzak by a margin of 14 votes. On December 8, 1952, Ben-Zvi was elected to the position, subsequently re-elected in 1957 and again in 1962, supported by 62 coalition members of the Knesset, with 42 opposition members abstaining. He was the only president to be elected for three terms, and during his second and third candidacies, he was the sole nominee without any opposition.Yitzhak and Rachel Ben-Zvi declined to move from their residence on Ibn Gabirol Street in Jerusalem to a luxurious and representative mansion. Therefore, the Israeli government acquired the Ben-Yehuda family's property on 17 Alharizi Street for the President's Residence. At their home, they performed the traditional duties of the president. Each month, on the eve of the new month, representatives from diverse Jewish communities were welcomed. Throughout Ben-Zvi's tenure, delegates from Jewish communities spanning North Africa, Iran, Bukhara, Hungary, Babylonia, Romania, Kurdistan, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Italy, India, Greece, Bulgaria, United Kingdom, Ireland, and Latin America visited in this capacity. As part of Rachel's official activities, the Rachel Ben-Zvi Foundation for Israeli Children was established.[31]Ben-Zvi believed that the president should set an example for the public, and that his home should reflect the austerity of the times. For over 26 years, he and his family lived in a wooden hut in the Rehavia neighborhood of Jerusalem. The State of Israel took interest in the adjacent house, built and owned by Nissim and Esther Valero, and purchased it after Nissim's death to provide additional space for the President's residence.[32] Two larger wooden structures in the yard were used for official receptions. During Ben-Zvi's presidency, his residence was opened to the public twice a year, during the festivals of Sukkot and Independence Day.As part of the clemency powers vested in the president, Ben-Zvi was presented, among other things, with requests for clemency for defendants in trials of public interest, including Adolf Eichmann and the killers of Rezső Kasztner.[33][34] Under the clemency powers, Ben-Zvi released all the accused in the Kafr Qasim massacre.In 1958, President Ben-Zvi visited the Kingdoms of the Netherlands and Belgium at the invitation of their monarchs. In 1959, he made an official visit to Burma, then Israel's only friend in Asia. In August 1962, Ben-Zvi embarked on a state tour of Africa, during which he visited the Central African Republic and the Republic of the Congo, signing cooperation agreements with them.[35]Ben-Zvi used to participate in a weekly Gemara lesson and refused to attend the opening celebrations of a Reform synagogue in Jerusalem.[36]Ben-Zvi died at the start of his third term on April 23, 1963.Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (standing, second from right) and a three-star general (standing, right) meets with Marvin Garfinkel, a member of the United Jewish Appeal Young Leadership Mission to Israel, in his wooden cabin, June 13, 1961","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"history of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Jewish communities in the Arab world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-31"},{"link_name":"Samaritan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans"},{"link_name":"fellahin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellah"},{"link_name":"Bedouins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin"},{"link_name":"Aleppo Codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_Codex"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-37"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Jewish diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora"},{"link_name":"Ha-Shiloaḥ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha-Shiloa%E1%B8%A5"},{"link_name":"Maccabean revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-31"},{"link_name":"destruction of the Second Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Second_Temple"},{"link_name":"Peki'in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peki%27in"},{"link_name":"Shefar'am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shefar%27am"},{"link_name":"Kafr Yasif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Yasif"},{"link_name":"Hasbaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbaya"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-31"},{"link_name":"Peki'in HaHadasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peki%27in_HaHadasha"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Samaritans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans"},{"link_name":"Karaites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_(Jewish_sect)"}],"text":"Yitzhak Ben-Zvi engaged in the study of various fields within Jewish studies, including the history of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel and the history of Jewish communities in the Arab world, and their customs.[37] He authored over 150 scientific publications in these fields,[38] including approximately twenty books and numerous articles on publicistic matters and research.[31]His initial writings on the research fields he later extensively explored were penned during his journey to the Land of Israel in 1904, during which he visited biblical sites and was impressed by encounters with the Samaritan community, prompting further investigations.Ben-Zvi's scholarly contributions also extended to areas such as archaeology, epigraphy, and topography, where he delved into the traditions of fellahin and Bedouins. Following the establishment of Israel, he turned his attention to significant discoveries like the Dead Sea Scrolls, contributing to the study of Jewish history and culture. Additionally, he was involved preserving biblical manuscripts from Jewish communities in the Arab world, notably the Aleppo Codex, which became a focal point of his research and publications.[37]During his time in Vilnius, Ben-Zvi's first article, \"די יידישע אומוואנדערונגען\" was published, examining the history of Jewish diaspora and exploring the influence of the \"isolated element\" and the \"comprehensive element\" on Jewish integration into general society and migration patterns. In 1911, he published an essay in \"Ha-Shiloaḥ\" on the Maccabean revolt. Subsequently, his research interests focused on the Land of Israel, local history, and the study of sub-divisions and sects within the Jewish people. His writings on non-Jewish settlements in the Land of Israel were compiled in the books \"Our Neighbors in the Land\" and \"The Population of the Land of Israel.\" His studies on the Samaritan community were collected in \"Book of the Samaritans.\"[31]Ben-Zvi's area of interest encompassed the history of the Jews in the Land of Israel from the destruction of the Second Temple to the Zionist revival. His book, \"Eretz Israel and Its Settlement During Ottoman Rule,\" provided a political, social, economic, and spiritual overview of the Jewish population in the Land of Israel over 400 years (1517–1917), gathering and analyzing Arabic and Turkish documents. Following his publication in 1922, titled \"The Jewish Settlement in the Village of Peki'in,\" he began researching agricultural settlements preceding modern settlement in the Land. His studies on Shefar'am, Kafr Yasif, Hasbaya, and others were compiled in the volumes of \"She'ar Yeshuv.\"[31] Additionally, Ben-Zvi explored the demographic origins of the rural Arab population, suggesting potential Jewish ancestry among a significant portion of them. Ben-Zvi also advocated for the repatriation of Jews who had been driven out of Peki'in, and initiated the establishment of Peki'in HaHadasha.[39]In 1948, Ben-Zvi headed the Institute for the Study of Oriental Jewish Communities in the Middle East, later named the Ben-Zvi Institute (Yad Ben-Zvi) in his honor. The Ben-Zvi Institute occupies Nissim Valero's house.[40] His main field of research was the Jewish communities and sects of Asia and Africa, including the Samaritans and Karaites.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritan_High_Priest"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Samaritan Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritanism"},{"link_name":"ethnologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samaritans2010-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samaritans2010-1"}],"sub_title":"Study of the Samaritans","text":"Ben-Zvi had a unique relationship with the Samaritan community. His first encounters with the Samaritan community were in 1908, when he first met the elder Abraham son of Marhiv Zeadaka Hazafrir, from whom he rented a room in Jaffa, aiming to learn Arabic. He developed a fascination for the Samaritans, establishing friendships, visiting, and exchanging letters with High Priests, leaders and scholars such as Yaakov son of Aharon, Abu Shafi, and Yefet Zadaka. After learning Arabic and Samaritan Hebrew, he decided to undertake a thorough study of the Samaritans, including their religion, literature, and settlements. As a historian and ethnologist, he published a book about the Samaritans in 1935 titled \"Book of the Samaritans\" (an updated edition followed in 1976).[1] As a leader of the Jewish Agency, the National Council, and finally as president, Ben Zvi was viewed by the Samaritans as an appropriate address to their grievances. Ben Gurion learned about the Samaritans from Ben-Zvi, and he also backed the cause of the Samaritans residing in Israel.[1]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bialik Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bialik_Prize"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bialik-41"},{"link_name":"NIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_new_sheqel"},{"link_name":"Valero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haim_Aharon_Valero"},{"link_name":"Rehavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehavia"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SephardiEtrepreneurs-42"}],"text":"In 1953, Ben-Zvi was awarded the Bialik Prize for Jewish thought.[41]Ben-Zvi's photo appears on 100 NIS bills. Many streets and boulevards in Israel are named for him. In 2008, Ben-Zvi's wooden hut was moved to Kibbutz Beit Keshet, which his son helped to found, and the interior was restored with its original furnishings. The Valero house in Rehavia neighbourhood was designated an historic building protected by law under municipal plan 2007 for the preservation of historic sites.[42]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sefer HaShomronim [Book of the Samaritans] (1935)\nShe'ar Yeshuv (1927)\nYehudey Khaybar veGoralam [The Jews of Kheibar and their fate] (1940)\n Derakhai Siparti, (Jerusalem, 1971)\nIsrael and the study of the homeland , 1927-1927\nThe Book of the Samaritans , 1935-1935\nPoalei Zion in the second ascent , 1951-77\nThe Land of Israel and its settlement during the Ottoman rule , 1955-1955\nMemories and records: from youth to 1920 , 5666-1966\nStudies and sources , 5566-1960\nThe Hebrew regiments: fees , 5777 1967\nThe vision and its fulfillment: chapters of memoirs and notes on the problems of the Histadrut , 1968-5578\nReshmi Derech , (edited by Rachel Yanait Ben-Zvi), 1972\nStudies in Keter Aram Tzuba , 1960-57\nBook of Tolid Hagana , 1955-1955\nTravels: on the paths of the country and its neighbors - from itineraries and diaries , 1960-57\nThe Jerusalem \"temples\" and the Torah in the Karaite synagogues in Kushta and Egypt , Kiryat Safar, Lev (2017), pages 366-374\nSefer Safed: Studies and sources on the community of Safed from the 16th century to the 19th century , 5772 1962* Sefer Hashomer: Words of Friends , 5772 1962","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Ben-Gurion_and_Yitzhak_Ben_Zvi_as_law_students_in_Turkey_D683-118.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F-JNF039459.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Jewish Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Legion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RABBI_MOSHE_GABAIL.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:100_NIS_Bill_Obverse_%26_Reverse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Israeli new shekel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yitzhak_Ben-Zvi_receiving_the_delegation_from_Chad._D783-069.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_President_Yitzhak_Ben_Zvi_with_PM_David_Ben_Gurion.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:88843_jerusalem_yad_yitzhak_ben_zvi_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_PRESIDENT_YITZHAK_BEN_ZVI_AND_HIS_WIFE_RAHEL_DURING_A_CHRISTMAS_RECEPTION_AT_BEIT_HANASSI_IN_JERUSALEM.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ben_Zvi_-_Christian_leader_Israel_1958.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_President_Ben_Zvi_and_Salah_Hassan_Hanifes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baka_El_Garbiya_-_Ben_Zvi.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yitzhak_Ben-Zvi_with_Ogden_Reid_and_Mikhail_Bodrov.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yitzhak_Ben_Zvi_-_Rahel_Yanait_1962.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1910_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%91_%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%91%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%97%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA.jpg"}],"text":"With Ben Gurion in Istanbul, October 1912\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrivate Yitzhak Ben-Zvi as a volunteer in the Jewish Legion, 1918\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRabbi Moshe Gabai petitioning President Zvi to help the Jewish community in Zacho, Iraq, 1951\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t100 Israeli new shekel bill","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Ben Zvi with Rachel Yanait 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA-JNF039451.jpeg/300px-%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA-JNF039451.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Editorial staff of Ha-Achdut, 1910. Right to left; seated – Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, David Ben-Gurion, Yosef Haim Brenner; standing – A. Reuveni, Ya'akov Zerubavel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ben-Zvi%2C_Yaacov_Zrubavel%2C_Ben-Gurion%2C_Brenner%2C_Aharon_Reuveni.jpg/220px-Ben-Zvi%2C_Yaacov_Zrubavel%2C_Ben-Gurion%2C_Brenner%2C_Aharon_Reuveni.jpg"},{"image_text":"Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (standing, second from right) at a meeting with Arab leaders at the King David Hotel, Jerusalem, 1933. Also pictured are Chaim Weizmann (sitting, second from left), Haim Arlosoroff (sitting, center), and Moshe Shertok (Sharett) (standing, right).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Chaim_Arlosoroff.jpg/220px-Chaim_Arlosoroff.jpg"},{"image_text":"Yitzhak Ben Zvi at Tel Hai, 1934","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/BenZviKroldedication934.jpg/220px-BenZviKroldedication934.jpg"},{"image_text":"Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (standing, second from right) and a three-star general (standing, right) meets with Marvin Garfinkel, a member of the United Jewish Appeal Young Leadership Mission to Israel, in his wooden cabin, June 13, 1961","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/Ben-Zvi_meets_Americans.jpg/220px-Ben-Zvi_meets_Americans.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Bialik Prize recipients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bialik_Prize"}] | [{"reference":"Mor, Menachem; Reiterer, Friedrich V.; Winkler, Waltraud, eds. (23 April 2010), \"Samaritans – Past and Present: Current Studies\", Samaritans – Past and Present, De Gruyter, pp. 8–9, 208–210, 239–245, doi:10.1515/9783110212839, ISBN 978-3-11-021283-9, retrieved 15 May 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110212839/html","url_text":"\"Samaritans – Past and Present: Current Studies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110212839","url_text":"10.1515/9783110212839"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021283-9","url_text":"978-3-11-021283-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi Institute\". The Jerusalem Foundation. Retrieved 22 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://jerusalemfoundation.org/old-project/yad-yitzhak-ben-zvi-institute/","url_text":"\"Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi Institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"Itzhak Ben-Zvi | president of Israel | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 22 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Itzhak-Ben-Zvi","url_text":"\"Itzhak Ben-Zvi | president of Israel | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yad Ben-Zvi Collection\". www.nli.org.il. Retrieved 22 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nli.org.il/en/at-your-service/who-we-are/collections/yad-ben-zvi","url_text":"\"Yad Ben-Zvi Collection\""}]},{"reference":"Shlomo Nakdimon [in Hebrew]; Shaul Mayzlish (1985). דה האן : הרצח הפוליטי הראשון בארץ ישראל Deh Han : ha-retsah ha-politi ha-rishon be-Erets Yisraʼel / De Haan: The first political assassination in Israel (in Hebrew) (1st ed.). Tel Aviv: Modan Press. OCLC 21528172.","urls":[{"url":"https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F","url_text":"Shlomo Nakdimon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv","url_text":"Tel Aviv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21528172","url_text":"21528172"}]},{"reference":"\"State of Israel Records\", Collection of Publications, no. 152 (PDF) (in Hebrew), Jerusalem: Government of Israel, 1951, p. 845","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nevo.co.il/Law_word/law10/yalkut-0152.pdf","url_text":"Collection of Publications, no. 152"}]},{"reference":"\"מפולטאבה עד כהונת נשיא מדינת ישראל\". דבר (in Hebrew). 24 April 1963. Retrieved 12 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1963/04/24/01/article/15","url_text":"\"מפולטאבה עד כהונת נשיא מדינת ישראל\""}]},{"reference":"Eilat Gordin Levitan. \"Shimshelevitz Family\". Eilatgordinlevitan.com. Retrieved 17 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eilatgordinlevitan.com/kurenets/k_pages/shimshelevitz.html","url_text":"\"Shimshelevitz Family\""}]},{"reference":"\"אשת מנקס שבתה ליד בית הנשיא — דבר 28 אוקטובר 1962 — הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים\". www.nli.org.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 12 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1962/10/28/01/article/130","url_text":"\"אשת מנקס שבתה ליד בית הנשיא — דבר 28 אוקטובר 1962 — הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים\""}]},{"reference":"\"בקשת החנינה של _אייכמז הועברה אל נשיא המדינה _£ם תדחה הבקשה - ייתלה הצורר תור שבוע ימים — דבר 31 מאי 1962 — הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים\". www.nli.org.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 12 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1962/05/31/01/article/2","url_text":"\"בקשת החנינה של _אייכמז הועברה אל נשיא המדינה _£ם תדחה הבקשה - ייתלה הצורר תור שבוע ימים — דבר 31 מאי 1962 — הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים\""}]},{"reference":"\"נשיא המדינה הגיע לבאנג'י.-לפני צאתו מבראזאוויל חתם ברית-ידידות עם קונגו; דבר 5 אוגוסט 1962: הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים\". www.nli.org.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 12 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1962/08/05/01/article/8","url_text":"\"נשיא המדינה הגיע לבאנג'י.-לפני צאתו מבראזאוויל חתם ברית-ידידות עם קונגו; דבר 5 אוגוסט 1962: הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים\""}]},{"reference":"\"הכנםת העלתה את זכר הנשה* — דבר 2 מאי 1963 — הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים\". www.nli.org.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 12 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1963/05/02/01/article/13","url_text":"\"הכנםת העלתה את זכר הנשה* — דבר 2 מאי 1963 — הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of Bialik Prize recipients 1933–2004\" (PDF). Tel Aviv Municipality. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071217143811/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/_MultimediaServer/Documents/12516738.pdf","url_text":"\"List of Bialik Prize recipients 1933–2004\""},{"url":"http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/_MultimediaServer/Documents/12516738.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Joseph B. Glass; Ruth Kark (2007). Sephardi entrepreneurs in Jerusalem: the Valero family 1800–1948. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 978-965-229-396-1. OCLC 191048781.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-229-396-1","url_text":"978-965-229-396-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/191048781","url_text":"191048781"}]},{"reference":"English Online-catalog of the library of the Ben Zvi Institute","urls":[{"url":"http://aleph518.huji.ac.il/F/K4P6X5I8RB5TX3L7V5Y38IMPJYNDCNC2J7A1MEHNPDC6VPHBAP-12479?func=find-b-0&con_lng=eng","url_text":"English Online-catalog of the library of the Ben Zvi Institute"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110212839/html","external_links_name":"\"Samaritans – Past and Present: Current Studies\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110212839","external_links_name":"10.1515/9783110212839"},{"Link":"https://jerusalemfoundation.org/old-project/yad-yitzhak-ben-zvi-institute/","external_links_name":"\"Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi Institute\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Itzhak-Ben-Zvi","external_links_name":"\"Itzhak Ben-Zvi | president of Israel | Britannica\""},{"Link":"https://www.nli.org.il/en/at-your-service/who-we-are/collections/yad-ben-zvi","external_links_name":"\"Yad Ben-Zvi Collection\""},{"Link":"https://www.archives.gov.il/archives/Archive/0b0717068001c167/File/0b071706889398de","external_links_name":"יצחק בן-צבי הנשיא השני - מבחר תעודות מפרקי חייו, (1963-1884)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21528172","external_links_name":"21528172"},{"Link":"https://www.nevo.co.il/Law_word/law10/yalkut-0152.pdf","external_links_name":"Collection of Publications, no. 152"},{"Link":"https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1963/04/24/01/article/15","external_links_name":"\"מפולטאבה עד כהונת נשיא מדינת ישראל\""},{"Link":"http://www.eilatgordinlevitan.com/kurenets/k_pages/shimshelevitz.html","external_links_name":"\"Shimshelevitz Family\""},{"Link":"https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1962/10/28/01/article/130","external_links_name":"\"אשת מנקס שבתה ליד בית הנשיא — דבר 28 אוקטובר 1962 — הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים\""},{"Link":"https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1962/05/31/01/article/2","external_links_name":"\"בקשת החנינה של _אייכמז הועברה אל נשיא המדינה _£ם תדחה הבקשה - ייתלה הצורר תור שבוע ימים — דבר 31 מאי 1962 — הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים\""},{"Link":"https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/dav/1962/08/05/01/article/8","external_links_name":"\"נשיא המדינה הגיע לבאנג'י.-לפני צאתו מבראזאוויל חתם ברית-ידידות עם קונגו; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borovsk | Borovsk | ["1 History","2 Administrative and municipal status","3 Culture","4 Sights","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Sources","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 55°12′N 36°30′E / 55.200°N 36.500°E / 55.200; 36.500Town in Kaluga Oblast, RussiaBorovsk
БоровскTownView of Borovsk
FlagCoat of armsLocation of Borovsk
BorovskLocation of BorovskShow map of RussiaBorovskBorovsk (Kaluga Oblast)Show map of Kaluga OblastCoordinates: 55°12′N 36°30′E / 55.200°N 36.500°E / 55.200; 36.500CountryRussiaFederal subjectKaluga OblastAdministrative districtBorovsky DistrictFounded1356Government • HeadMikhail Klimov (acting)Elevation166 m (545 ft)Population (2010 Census) • Total12,283Administrative status • Capital ofBorovsky DistrictMunicipal status • Municipal districtBorovsky Municipal District • Urban settlementBorovsk Urban Settlement • Capital ofBorovsky Municipal District, Borovsk Urban SettlementTime zoneUTC+3 (MSK )Postal code(s)249010Dialing code(s)+7 48438OKTMO ID29606101001Websitewww.borovsk.org
Borovsk (Russian: Бо́ровск) is a town and the administrative center of Borovsky District of Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the Protva River just south from the oblast's border with Moscow Oblast. Population: 12,598 (2021 Census); 12,283 (2010 Russian census); 11,917 (2002 Census); 13,405 (1989 Soviet census). 12,000 (1969).
History
It is known to have existed since 1356 as a part of the Principality of Ryazan. In the 14th century, it was owned by Vladimir the Bold, but passed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow when his granddaughter Maria of Borovsk married Vasily II.
Borovsk Monastery of St. Paphnutius
In 1444, the St. Paphnutius Monastery was founded near Borovsk. Its strong walls, towers, and a massive cathedral survive from the reign of Boris Godunov. Two famous Old Believers—archpriest Avvakum Petrovich and boyarynya Feodosiya Morozova—were incarcerated at this monastery in the second half of the 17th century. The town was liberated by the Red Army on January 4, 1942.
The Monastery today
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Borovsk serves as the administrative center of Borovsky District, to which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division, the town of Borovsk is incorporated within Borovsky Municipal District as Borovsk Urban Settlement.
Culture
Among the monuments of Borovsk are the oldest wooden church in the region (the 17th century) and a museum of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, who lived and worked there as a teacher in 1880–1891. Borovsk has recently been known for painted façades of its down-town buildings, resulting from a work of one local painter.
Sights
Pafnutyevo-Borovsky monastery, an ensemble of architectural monuments of the 16th-17th centuries.
Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin
Apartment Museum Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Gallery of wall paintings created by self-taught artist Vladimir Ovchinnikov
Monument to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Chapel-monument to the alleged place of detention and the death of Boyar Morozova
References
Notes
^ a b c d e Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 29 206», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 29 206, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
^ a b Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 52. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
^ a b c d e Law #7-OZ
^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian).
^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
^ Kamalakaran, A. (July 29, 2016). "4 Orthodox monasteries to visit near Moscow". Russia Beyond the Headlines. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
Sources
Законодательное Собрание Калужской области. Закон №7-ОЗ от 28 декабря 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории административно-территориальных единиц "Бабынинский район", "Боровский район", "Дзержинский район", "Жиздринский район", "Жуковский район", "Износковский район", "Козельский район", "Малоярославецкий район", "Мосальский район", "Ферзиковский район", "Хвастовичский район", "город Калуга", "город Обнинск", и наделении их статусом городского поселения, сельского поселения, городского округа, муниципального района», в ред. Закона №620-ОЗ от 29 сентября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Калужской области "Об установлении границ муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории административно-территориальных единиц "Бабынинский район", "Боровский район", "Дзержинский район", "Жиздринский район", "Жуковский район", "Износковский район", "Козельский район", "Малоярославецкий район", "Мосальский район", "Ферзиковский район", "Хвастовичский район", "город Калуга", "город Обнинск", и наделении их статусом городского поселения, сельского поселения, городского округа, муниципального района"». Вступил в силу после официального опубликования, за исключением положений о муниципальном образовании "Город Калуга", для которых установлены иные сроки вступления в силу. Опубликован: "Весть", №402–404, 29 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Kaluga Oblast. Law #7-OZ of December 28, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations Located on the Territory of the Administrative-Territorial Units of "Babyninsky District", "Borovsky District", "Dzerzhinsky District", "Zhizdrinsky District", "Zhukovsky District", "Iznoskovsky District", "Kozelsky District", "Maloyaroslavetsky District", "Mosalsky District", "Ferzikovsky District", "Khvastovichsky District", "City of Kaluga", "City of Obninsk", and on Granting Them the Status of an Urban Settlement, Rural Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District, as amended by the Law #620-OZ of September 29, 2014 On Amending the Law of Kaluga Oblast "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations Located on the Territory of the Administrative-Territorial Units of "Babyninsky District", "Borovsky District", "Dzerzhinsky District", "Zhizdrinsky District", "Zhukovsky District", "Iznoskovsky District", "Kozelsky District", "Maloyaroslavetsky District", "Mosalsky District", "Ferzikovsky District", "Khvastovichsky District", "City of Kaluga", "City of Obninsk", and on Granting Them the Status of an Urban Settlement, Rural Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District". Effective as of after the official publication, with the exception of the clauses regarding the municipal formation of the "City of Kaluga", for which different dates of taking effect are specified.).
External links
Media related to Borovsk at Wikimedia Commons
Official website (in Russian)
Borovsk Business Directory (in Russian)
Photos from Borovsk
History of Borovsk
vteAdministrative divisions of Kaluga OblastAdministrative center: Kaluga • Rural localitiesDistricts
Babyninsky
Baryatinsky
Borovsky
Duminichsky
Dzerzhinsky
Ferzikovsky
Iznoskovsky
Khvastovichsky
Kirovsky
Kozelsky
Kuybyshevsky
Lyudinovsky
Maloyaroslavetsky
Medynsky
Meshchovsky
Mosalsky
Peremyshlsky
Spas-Demensky
Sukhinichsky
Tarussky
Ulyanovsky
Yukhnovsky
Zhizdrinsky
Zhukovsky
Cities and towns
Balabanovo
Belousovo
Borovsk
Kaluga
Kirov
Kondrovo
Kozelsk
Kremyonki
Lyudinovo
Maloyaroslavets
Medyn
Meshchovsk
Mosalsk
Obninsk
Sosensky
Spas-Demensk
Sukhinichi
Tarusa
Yermolino
Yukhnov
Zhizdra
Zhukov
Urban-type settlements
Duminichi
Polotnyany Zavod
Pyatovsky
Seredeysky
Tovarkovo
Vorotynsk
vteHistorical towns and monasteries of the former Principality of Moscow
Borovsk
Dmitrov
Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery
Kirzhach
Klin
Kolomna
Mozhaysk
New Jerusalem Monastery
Radonezh
Ruza
Serpukhov
Staritsa
Trinity
Vereya
Volokolamsk
Zaraysk
Zvenigorod
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"administrative center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_center"},{"link_name":"Borovsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borovsky_District"},{"link_name":"Kaluga Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Protva River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protva_River"},{"link_name":"oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast"},{"link_name":"Moscow Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Oblast"},{"link_name":"2021 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Russian_census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021Census-7"},{"link_name":"2010 Russian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Russian_census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Census-3"},{"link_name":"2002 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Russian_census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopCensus-8"},{"link_name":"1989 Soviet census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Soviet_census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1989-9"}],"text":"Town in Kaluga Oblast, RussiaBorovsk (Russian: Бо́ровск) is a town and the administrative center of Borovsky District of Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the Protva River just south from the oblast's border with Moscow Oblast. Population: 12,598 (2021 Census);[7] 12,283 (2010 Russian census);[3] 11,917 (2002 Census);[8] 13,405 (1989 Soviet census).[9] 12,000 (1969).","title":"Borovsk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gr-2"},{"link_name":"Principality of Ryazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Ryazan"},{"link_name":"Vladimir the Bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_the_Bold"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Vasily II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_II_of_Moscow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borovsk1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boris Godunov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Godunov"},{"link_name":"Old Believers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Believers"},{"link_name":"Avvakum Petrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avvakum"},{"link_name":"boyarynya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyar"},{"link_name":"Feodosiya Morozova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosiya_Morozova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borovsk_Convent_Panorama.jpeg"}],"text":"It is known to have existed since 1356[2] as a part of the Principality of Ryazan. In the 14th century, it was owned by Vladimir the Bold, but passed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow when his granddaughter Maria of Borovsk married Vasily II.Borovsk Monastery of St. PaphnutiusIn 1444, the St. Paphnutius Monastery was founded near Borovsk. Its strong walls, towers, and a massive cathedral survive from the reign of Boris Godunov. Two famous Old Believers—archpriest Avvakum Petrovich and boyarynya Feodosiya Morozova—were incarcerated at this monastery in the second half of the 17th century. The town was liberated by the Red Army on January 4, 1942.The Monastery today","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"framework of administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions"},{"link_name":"administrative center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_center"},{"link_name":"Borovsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borovsky_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OKATO-1"},{"link_name":"municipal division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref274-4"}],"text":"Within the framework of administrative divisions, Borovsk serves as the administrative center of Borovsky District, to which it is directly subordinated.[1] As a municipal division, the town of Borovsk is incorporated within Borovsky Municipal District as Borovsk Urban Settlement.[4]","title":"Administrative and municipal status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Konstantin Tsiolkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky"},{"link_name":"one local painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Ovchinnikov_(graffiti_artist)"}],"text":"Among the monuments of Borovsk are the oldest wooden church in the region (the 17th century) and a museum of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, who lived and worked there as a teacher in 1880–1891. Borovsk has recently been known for painted façades of its down-town buildings, resulting from a work of one local painter.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_(%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5)"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Tsiolkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Ovchinnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Ovchinnikov_(graffiti_artist)"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Tsiolkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky"},{"link_name":"Boyar Morozova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0"}],"text":"Pafnutyevo-Borovsky monastery, an ensemble of architectural monuments of the 16th-17th centuries.[10]\nChurch of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin\nApartment Museum Konstantin Tsiolkovsky\nGallery of wall paintings created by self-taught artist Vladimir Ovchinnikov\nMonument to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky\nChapel-monument to the alleged place of detention and the death of Boyar Morozova","title":"Sights"}] | [{"image_text":"Borovsk Monastery of St. Paphnutius","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Borovsk1.jpg/220px-Borovsk1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Monastery today","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Borovsk_Convent_Panorama.jpeg/220px-Borovsk_Convent_Panorama.jpeg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Энциклопедия Города России. 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Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]},{"reference":"Kamalakaran, A. (July 29, 2016). \"4 Orthodox monasteries to visit near Moscow\". Russia Beyond the Headlines. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumgelloch_railway_station | Drumgelloch railway station | ["1 History","2 Services","2.1 2010/2011 (from 12 December 2010)","3 References","3.1 Notes","3.2 Sources","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 55°52′01″N 3°57′00″W / 55.867°N 3.9501°W / 55.867; -3.9501Railway station in North Lanarkshire, Scotland
DrumgellochScottish Gaelic: Druim GailleachDrumgelloch railway station looking towards AirdrieGeneral informationLocationAirdrie, North LanarkshireScotland, United KingdomCoordinates55°52′01″N 3°57′00″W / 55.867°N 3.9501°W / 55.867; -3.9501Grid referenceNS781655Managed byScotRailPlatforms2Other informationStation codeDRUHistoryOriginal companyBathgate and Coatbridge RailwayPre-groupingNorth British RailwayPost-groupingLNERKey dates11 August 1862Opened as Clarkston8 June 1953Renamed Clarkston (Lanarks)9 January 1956Closed6 March 2011Reopened as DrumgellochPassengers2018/19 0.419 million2019/20 0.408 million2020/21 35,7942021/22 0.163 million2022/23 0.224 million
NotesPassenger statistics from the Office of Rail and Road
Drumgelloch railway station is a railway station serving the east of Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is located 600 yards (550 m) east of the 1989 station on the former Bathgate and Coatbridge Railway, on the site of the former Clarkston railway station. The station previously closed in 1956.
History
The first station on the site was opened on 11 August 1862 by the Bathgate and Coatbridge Railway, and was named Clarkston. It was renamed Clarkston (Lanarks) on 8 June 1953 by British Railways, who closed it on 9 January 1956.
In 2005, the Scottish Executive announced that the closed section of line between the 1989 Drumgelloch station and Bathgate would be rebuilt as a double-tracked electrified railway termed the Airdrie–Bathgate rail link. This resulted in the closure of the 1989 Drumgelloch station to be replaced by the new station 550m to the east on the site of the former Clarkston station. When the 1989 station opened, although in the Clarkston area, it took the name Drumgelloch to avoid confusion with the Clarkston station on the East Kilbride Line.
It connects the Edinburgh–Bathgate line at Bathgate to the North Clyde Line at Airdrie and opens up a fourth rail link between Glasgow and Edinburgh.
The 2010 station is provided with a 336-space car park including 18 spaces for less able travellers and a dedicated area for cyclists.
The station did not open for passenger traffic when the line opened on 12 December 2010 and passengers wishing to start or complete their journey at Drumgelloch initially had to transfer to a replacement bus service at Airdrie. The station finally reopened on 6 March 2011.
Services
2010/2011 (from 12 December 2010)
Following the opening of the line between Airdrie and Bathgate, the basic off-peak daytime service is:
2tph - Helensburgh Central to/from Edinburgh Waverley
2tph - Milngavie to/from Edinburgh Waverley
The evening service is:
2tph - Helensburgh Central to/from Edinburgh Waverley
The Sunday service is:
2tph - Helensburgh Central to/from Edinburgh Waverley
This is subject to sufficient Class 380 being introduced into service to allow the cascade of the Class 334 from the Ayrshire Coast Line to operate the new service.
Preceding station
National Rail
Following station
Caldercruix
ScotRailNorth Clyde Line
Airdrie
Historical railways
PlainsLine open; Station closed
Bathgate and Coatbridge RailwayNorth British Railway
AirdrieLine and Station open
References
Notes
^ Brailsford 2017, Gaelic/English Station Index.
^ a b c d e f Butt 1995, p. 62
^ a b "All Stations on Airdrie-Bathgate link now open". 7 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
^ a b "Relocated Drumgelloch Station" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
^ Chris, Milner (1 December 2010). "The new line A to B". The Railway Magazine. 157 (1, 317 (January 2011)). Mortons Media Ltd: 25–28.
^ a b "Airdrie to Bathgate - New Drumgelloch Station" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
^ "STATION UPDATE: ARMADALE, CALDERCRUIX & DRUMGELLOCH". Network Rail: Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link Project website. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
^ "National Rail Timetable 226; December 2010" (PDF). Retrieved 17 November 2010.
^ Table 226 National Rail timetable, May 2016
Sources
Brailsford, Martyn, ed. (December 2017) . Railway Track Diagrams 1: Scotland & Isle of Man (6th ed.). Frome: Trackmaps. ISBN 978-0-9549866-9-8.
Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.
Jowett, Alan (March 1989). Jowett's Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland: From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-086-0. OCLC 22311137.
External links
RAILSCOT on Bathgate and Coatbridge Railway
Clarkston station on navigable OS map
(A↔B) Airdrie - Bathgate Rail Link Project
vteRailway stations served by ScotRailStations listed in italics are request stops.A
Aberdeen
Aberdour
Achanalt
Achnasheen
Achnashellach
Addiewell
Airbles
Airdrie
Alexandra Parade
Alexandria
Alloa
Alness
Altnabreac
Anderston
Annan
Anniesland
Arbroath
Ardgay
Ardlui
Ardrossan Harbour
Ardrossan South Beach
Ardrossan Town
Argyle Street
Arisaig
Armadale (West Lothian)
Arrochar & Tarbet
Ashfield
Attadale
Auchinleck
Aviemore
Ayr
B
Baillieston
Balloch
Balmossie
Banavie
Barassie
Bargeddie
Barnhill
Barrhead
Barrhill
Barry Links
Bathgate
Bearsden
Beasdale
Beauly
Bellgrove
Bellshill
Bishopbriggs
Bishopton
Blackridge
Blair Atholl
Blairhill
Blantyre
Bogston
Bowling
Branchton
Breich
Bridge of Allan
Bridge of Orchy
Bridgeton
Brora
Broughty Ferry
Brunstane
Burnside
Burntisland
Busby
C
Caldercruix
Cambuslang
Camelon
Cameron Bridge
Cardenden
Cardonald
Cardross
Carfin
Carlisle
Carluke
Carmyle
Carnoustie
Carntyne
Carrbridge
Carstairs
Cartsdyke
Cathcart
Charing Cross (Glasgow)
Chatelherault
Clarkston
Cleland
Clydebank
Coatbridge Central
Coatbridge Sunnyside
Coatdyke
Connel Ferry
Conon Bridge
Corkerhill
Corpach
Corrour
Cowdenbeath
Craigendoran
Crianlarich
Croftfoot
Crookston
Crosshill
Crossmyloof
Croy
Culrain
Cumbernauld
Cupar
Curriehill
D
Dalgety Bay
Dalmally
Dalmarnock
Dalmeny
Dalmuir
Dalreoch
Dalry
Dalwhinnie
Dingwall
Drem
Drumchapel
Drumfrochar
Drumgelloch
Drumry
Duirinish
Duke Street
Dumbarton Central
Dumbarton East
Dumbreck
Dumfries
Dunbar
Dunblane
Duncraig
Dundee
Dunfermline City
Dunfermline Queen Margaret
Dunkeld & Birnam
Dunlop
Dunrobin Castle
Dyce
E
East Kilbride
East Linton
Easterhouse
Edinburgh Gateway
Edinburgh Park
Edinburgh Waverley
Elgin
Eskbank
Exhibition Centre
F
Fairlie
Falkirk Grahamston
Falkirk High
Falls of Cruachan
Fauldhouse
Fearn
Forres
Forsinard
Fort Matilda
Fort William
G
Galashiels
Garelochhead
Garrowhill
Garscadden
Gartcosh
Garve
Georgemas Junction
Giffnock
Gilshochill
Girvan
Glasgow Central
Glasgow Queen Street
Gleneagles
Glenfinnan
Glengarnock
Glenrothes with Thornton
Golf Street
Golspie
Gorebridge
Gourock
Greenfaulds
Greenock Central
Greenock West
Gretna Green
H
Hairmyres
Hamilton Central
Hamilton West
Hartwood
Hawkhead
Haymarket
Helensburgh Central
Helensburgh Upper
Helmsdale
High Street (Glasgow)
Hillfoot
Hillington East
Hillington West
Holytown
Howwood
Huntly
Hyndland
I
Insch
Invergordon
Invergowrie
Inverkeithing
Inverkip
Inverness
Inverness Airport
Invershin
Inverurie
Irvine
J
Johnstone
Jordanhill
K
Keith
Kelvindale
Kennishead
Kildonan
Kilmarnock
Kilmaurs
Kilpatrick
Kilwinning
Kinbrace
Kinghorn
King's Park
Kingsknowe
Kingussie
Kintore
Kirkcaldy
Kirkconnel
Kirkhill
Kirknewton
Kirkwood
Kyle of Lochalsh
L
Ladybank
Lairg
Lanark
Langbank
Langside
Larbert
Largs
Larkhall
Laurencekirk
Lenzie
Leuchars
Leven
Linlithgow
Livingston North
Livingston South
Loch Awe
Loch Eil Outward Bound
Lochailort
Locheilside
Lochgelly
Lochluichart
Lochwinnoch
Longniddry
M
Mallaig
Markinch
Maryhill
Maxwell Park
Maybole
Merryton
Milliken Park
Milngavie
Monifieth
Montrose
Morar
Mosspark
Motherwell
Mount Florida
Mount Vernon
Muir of Ord
Muirend
Musselburgh
N
Nairn
Neilston
New Cumnock
Newcraighall
Newton (Lanark)
Newtongrange
Newtonmore
Newton-on-Ayr
Nitshill
North Berwick
North Queensferry
O
Oban
P
Paisley Canal
Paisley Gilmour Street
Paisley St James
Partick
Patterton
Perth
Pitlochry
Plockton
Pollokshaws East
Pollokshaws West
Pollokshields East
Pollokshields West
Polmont
Port Glasgow
Portlethen
Possilpark & Parkhouse
Prestonpans
Prestwick International Airport
Prestwick Town
Priesthill & Darnley
Q
Queens Park (Glasgow)
R
Rannoch
Renton
Robroyston
Rogart
Rosyth
Roy Bridge
Rutherglen
S
Saltcoats
Sanquhar
Scotscalder
Scotstounhill
Shawfair
Shawlands
Shettleston
Shieldmuir
Shotts
Singer
Slateford
South Gyle
Spean Bridge
Springburn
Springfield
Stepps
Stevenston
Stewarton
Stirling
Stonehaven
Stow
Stranraer
Strathcarron
Stromeferry
Summerston
T
Tain
Taynuilt
Thornliebank
Thorntonhall
Thurso
Troon
Tulloch
Tweedbank
Tyndrum Lower
U
Uddingston
Uphall
Upper Tyndrum
W
Wallyford
Wemyss Bay
West Calder
West Kilbride
Wester Hailes
Westerton
Whifflet
Whinhill
Whitecraigs
Wick
Williamwood
Wishaw
Woodhall
Y
Yoker
Rail transport in the United Kingdom | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Airdrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrie,_North_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"North Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-relocated-4"},{"link_name":"1989 station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumgelloch_railway_station_(1989)"},{"link_name":"Bathgate and Coatbridge Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathgate_and_Coatbridge_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butt62-2"}],"text":"Railway station in North Lanarkshire, ScotlandDrumgelloch railway station is a railway station serving the east of Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is located 600 yards (550 m) east[4] of the 1989 station on the former Bathgate and Coatbridge Railway, on the site of the former Clarkston railway station. 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This resulted in the closure of the 1989 Drumgelloch station to be replaced by the new station 550m to the east on the site of the former Clarkston station. When the 1989 station opened, although in the Clarkston area, it took the name Drumgelloch to avoid confusion with the Clarkston station on the East Kilbride Line.[5]It connects the Edinburgh–Bathgate line at Bathgate to the North Clyde Line at Airdrie and opens up a fourth rail link between Glasgow and Edinburgh.The 2010 station is provided with a 336-space car park including 18 spaces for less able travellers and a dedicated area for cyclists.[4][6]The station did not open for passenger traffic when the line opened on 12 December 2010 and passengers wishing to start or complete their journey at Drumgelloch initially had to transfer to a replacement bus service at Airdrie.[7] The station finally reopened on 6 March 2011.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Table226-Dec10-8"},{"link_name":"Helensburgh Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helensburgh_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Waverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Milngavie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milngavie_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Waverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Helensburgh Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helensburgh_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Waverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Helensburgh Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helensburgh_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Waverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Class 380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_380"},{"link_name":"Class 334","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_334"},{"link_name":"Ayrshire Coast Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshire_Coast_Line"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RailwayMagJan2011-6"}],"sub_title":"2010/2011 (from 12 December 2010)","text":"Following the opening of the line between Airdrie and Bathgate,[8] the basic off-peak daytime service is:2tph - Helensburgh Central to/from Edinburgh Waverley\n2tph - Milngavie to/from Edinburgh WaverleyThe evening service is:[9]2tph - Helensburgh Central to/from Edinburgh WaverleyThe Sunday service is:2tph - Helensburgh Central to/from Edinburgh WaverleyThis is subject to sufficient Class 380 being introduced into service to allow the cascade of the Class 334 from the Ayrshire Coast Line to operate the new service.[6]","title":"Services"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"All Stations on Airdrie-Bathgate link now open\". 7 March 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol_Calling | Interpol Calling | ["1 Series outline","2 Main cast","3 Episode list","4 DVD release","5 References","6 External links"] | British television series
Interpol CallingGenrePolice proceduralDeveloped byLeonard FinchamStarringCharles KorvinEdwin RichfieldTheme music composerClifton ParkerCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series1No. of episodes39 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producerEarl St. JohnProducersAnthony PerryConnery ChappellF. Sherwin GreenRunning time25 minsProduction companiesRank OrganisationJack Wrather OrganisationOriginal releaseNetworkITVRelease14 September 1959 (1959-09-14) –20 June 1960 (1960-06-20)
Interpol Calling is a British television crime drama series produced by Rank Organisation and Jack Wrather Productions for ITC Entertainment. The programme, which ran for one series of 39 half-hour monochrome episodes, followed the adventures of Interpol policemen Duval and Mornay as they fought against international drug-running, homicide, robbery and forgery.
Series outline
Opening titles voiceover:
"Crime knows no frontiers. To combat the growing menace of the international criminal, the police forces of the world have opened up their own national boundaries. At their headquarters in Paris, scientifically equipped to match the speed of the jet age, sixty-three nations have linked together to form the International Criminal Police Organisation, INTERPOL!"
Main cast
Edwin Richfield and Charles Korvin
Charles Korvin as Inspector Paul Duval
Edwin Richfield as Inspector Jean Mornay
Recurring characters;
Roland Bartrop as Grimond, French police
George Pastell as Pagano, Italian police
Guest stars included Mai Zetterling, Patrick Troughton, David Kossoff, Warren Mitchell, Nanette Newman, and Donald Pleasence.
Episode list
Broadcast date is for ATV Midlands ITV regions varied date and order. Production number from PDF summary of episodes on the Network DVD.
Episode #
Prod #
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original broadcast date
11"The Angola Brights"Pennington RichardsLarry Forrester14 September 1959 (1959-09-14)
When eight men are killed in an Angolan diamond mine to cover the theft of uncut diamonds the trail leads to South Africa, a non-Interpol country requiring local help to catch the killer. Stars Rupert Davies, Philip Ray, and Alfred Burke
211"The Thirteen Innocents"Pennington RichardsDavid Chantler21 September 1959 (1959-09-21)
A trading company in Istanbul is a cover for opium smuggling to Vienna but when Duval finds the couriers are racing Pigeons, how can he track them? Stars Patrick Troughton, Peter Illing, and Guy Deghy
33"The Money Game"Pennington RichardsLewis Davidson28 September 1959 (1959-09-28)
A journalist is tricked into reporting the false death of a financier throwing the world stock markets into turmoil. When the journalist is murdered Duval follows the money to find the killer. Stars Ferdy Mayne, Walter Rilla, Walter Gotell and Delphi Lawrence
47"The Sleeping Giant"Pennington RichardsLarry Forrester5 October 1959 (1959-10-05)
A huge unexploded world war two bomb lies at the base of a Scottish dam and the bomb disposal team need information on how to defuse the bomb. Duval has to locate a Nazi war criminal who helped to build the bomb and the trail leads to a whaling fleet in the south Atlantic. Stars. John Crawford, Esmond Knight and Martin Wyldeck
512"The Two-Headed Monster"Pennington RichardsDavid Chantler12 October 1959 (1959-10-12)
A ruthless racketeer is deported, on completion of a prison term, from New York to his home near Naples and continues his protection racket against the local wine growers. Bringing in other notorious gangsters from Spain, France, and Germany brings him to the attention of Interpol. Stars. Marla Landi, Alan Tilvern and George Pastell.
610"The Long Weekend"Charles FrendDavid Chantler19 October 1959 (1959-10-19)
Duval's weekend is spoiled when a murdered seaman is washed up off the English coast when he was reported missing overboard in the Mediterranean Sea near Marseilles 2000 miles away seven days previously. Duval and Mornay solve the crime without leaving Interpol headquarters in Paris. Stars. David Kossoff, John Le Mesurier, André Maranne and Francis de Wolff
72"You Can't Die Twice"Pennington RichardsBarbara Hammer Based on a story by Leonard Fincham26 October 1959 (1959-10-26)
A seaman accidentally killed in New York has the identity of a man shot dead in Hamburg. Duval investigates concentration camp refugees and a brutal people smuggling operation. Duval employs an undercover policeman to infiltrate the gang from refugee camp to New York. Stars Leonard Sachs, Robert Arden, Cec Linder and Gerard Heinz.
814"Diamond S.O.S."Charles FrendTony O'Grady and Leonard Fincham2 November 1959 (1959-11-02)
A girl posing as well known celebrities to steal from jewellers all over Europe fools Duval twice, to the amusement of Mornay, when he thinks he is about to arrest her. Duval's only clue is the couture dresses she has left behind. Stars Mai Zetterling, Lisa Daniely, Peter Vaughan and Robert Rietti.
95"Private View"Pennington RichardsRobert Stewart9 November 1959 (1959-11-09)
Six old master's paintings are stolen from a secure private collection in London and the main suspect is a Swedish art dealer. Duval is called to London and his investigation leads to a refugee and his artist daughter, a Camera obscura, a commission to supply paintings for a ship but the main suspect has already left for New York with six paintings. Stars Moira Redmond, Michael Goodliffe, Leslie French and Ernest Clark
1015"Dead on Arrival"Max VarnelMax Marquis and Phillip Chambers16 November 1959 (1959-11-16)
A NATO courier is found dead on the Istanbul-Paris express. Duval puts his life on the line when he retraces the exact movements of the courier and discovers the courier had met a Paris vice madam whose boyfriend is a notorious Istanbul killer needing to get to Paris to kill a witness in a vice trial. Stars Jane Hylton, Robert Brown, and Lee Montague.
116"Air Switch"Pennington RichardsGil Winfield and Leonard Fincham23 November 1959 (1959-11-23)
Tetracycline is being switched for water in transit from the American manufactures and the World Health Organisation depot in Sweden and almost immediately sold on to third world countries. Duval enlists the police of the countries the shipment passes through to discover where the switch takes place. Stars John Van Eyssen, Trevor Reid and Lloyd Lamble.
128"The Chinese Mask"Pennington RichardsLewis Davidson7 December 1959 (1959-12-07)
When an airliner is hijacked and landed on a disused wartime airstrip in Burma and its cargo of platinum stolen, the trail leads to Hong Kong and a mysterious Chinese man with many identities who seems to have been killed fleeing the police. Stars Jan Holden, and Howard Marion-Crawford.
139"Slave Ship"Pennington RichardsGil Winfield, Geoffrey Orme, and Edwin Richfield14 December 1959 (1959-12-14)
When a sinking dhow is brought into Mombasa, Kenya, by the Royal Navy, with 16 locals, 14 dead from the plague and 2 shot dead, Duval investigates the slave trade of pilgrims from Mombasa to Mecca, who end up in the slave markets of Oman. Stars Howard Lang, Meredith Edwards, Cyril Shaps, Oscar Quitak and David Davies.
1416"The Man's a Clown"Charles FrendRobert Stewart21 December 1959 (1959-12-21)
Counterfeit dollars are turning up all over Europe and Duval's plan to go to Rome and act as a buyer to flush out the forger goes wrong, but a clue leads to convent school and a clown in a travelling circus. Stars Warren Mitchell, Lisa Daniely, Jean Anderson, and John Crawford.
1513"Last Man Lucky"Pennington RichardsNeville Dasey28 December 1959 (1959-12-28)
A gang member is killed by his colleagues in Paris and dumped in the Seine has among his papers a list with initials and dates of four murders throughout Europe. Duval suspects a Murder Incorporated gang and there is a fifth initial and date of a murder yet to be committed. Stars Annabel Maule, Sandra Dorne, and Donald Stewart.
164"No Flowers for Onno"Pennington RichardsRobert Stewart4 January 1960 (1960-01-04)
An English writer is murdered in Amsterdam and his notes, regarding the S.S. wartime execution of a Dutch resistance hero and a British army major delivering 300,000 guilders to the resistance, are stolen. Duval follows the end of war records of money being exchanged for new currency to a thriving business with offices in Holland and Germany run by the S.S. officer who carried out the execution. Stars Kevin Stoney, Leigh Madison, Victor Beaumont, Edward Jewesbury and Bruno Barnabe.
1719"Mr George"Charles FrendDavid Chantler11 January 1960 (1960-01-11)
'Mr George' is a clever firebug blackmailing a London insurance company by burning down a Hamburg warehouse. Duval urges the insurance company to pay up knowing George would have difficulty changing hot money even in non-Interpol countries forcing him to use the black market in Tangiers where he can lay a trap. Stars Guy Rolfe, Susan Travers, Brian Nash, Martin Benson, and Richard Leech.
1817"The Thousand Mile Alibi"George PollockJohn KruseBased on story by Leonard Fincham18 January 1960 (1960-01-18)
When a woman is murdered in Paris and the suspect is being chased across Europe. Duval believes the husband has the greatest motive but he is taking part in the Mille Miglia, a one thousand mile endurance race in Italy, with his brother witnessed by thousands of spectators. Stars Paul Eddington, William Lucas, George Pastell, and Margaret Diamond.
1923"Act of Piracy"Pennington RichardsEdwin RichfieldBased on a story by John Kruse25 January 1960 (1960-01-25)
A phoney U.S. patrol boat intercepts a Danish cargo ship in the Caribbean and steal a million dollars of platinum killing the crew. Duval's investigations via Mexico City leads to Andros in the Bahamas and an ex wartime patrol boat and its owner but he has never left the island and the patrol boat was wrecked three months before. Stars Richard Gale, Alex Mango, Steve Plytas, and Reed De Rouen.
2022"Game for Three Hands"Pennington RichardsRobert Stewart1 February 1960 (1960-02-01)
At an Interpol conference in Montreal Duval spots a man he suspects is a wife strangler that escaped from him twenty years ago when he was a young detective in Paris. The murderer had a tattoo on his right forearm but the suspect has a false metal right arm in place of his own arm lost when he was a lumberjack. Stars Peter Dyneley, Alan Gifford, Russell Waters and Paula Byrne.
2124"The Collector"Pennington RichardsWilton Schiller and David Chantler8 February 1960 (1960-02-08)
Small time businessmen, shopkeepers, and pedlars all Sicilians throughout the world have been holding money for an American gangster and when he dies they feel safe to start spending the money. They reckon without 'The Collector', an associate of the gangster who has killed in New York, Rome, and Paris when they cannot pay what they owe. Stars Paul Stassino, Leonard Sachs, Richard Leech, Christina Gregg, and Patrick Newell (uncredited).
2221"The Heiress"Pennington RichardsLeonard Fincham and David Chntler15 February 1960 (1960-02-15)
The father of an heiress asks Duval to intervene when his daughter falls under the charms of man known to Interpol for living by his wits and off wealthy women, but no crime has been committed. Duval discovers the man's first wife died in a car accident and his second was nearly killed in another car accident. Stars Maurice Kaufmann, Christopher Rhodes, Julia Lockwood, Donald Morley and Betty McDowall. Note: Footage from the film Hell Drivers (1957) of a Hawletts lorry going over a quarry cliff are used in this episode.
2325"Payment in Advance"Pennington RichardsLarry Forrester22 February 1960 (1960-02-22)
Schroder, a Nazi, has to be released from prison after ten years when the man he had supposed to have murdered turns up in hospital badly injured after escaping from East Germany where he had been a prisoner. Schroder who hates the man feels he can kill him because he has already paid the price. Stars Raymond Huntley, Walter Gotell, and Wendy Williams.
2426"Finger of Guilt"Robert LynnRobert Stewart Based on a story by Tom Hutchinson and Ernie Player7 March 1960 (1960-03-07)
Fingerprints found on a safe at a robbery in Amsterdam belong to Irish safecracker Sash Moran but he is in a London prison awaiting release. Moran knows how his fingerprints got there and heads to Amsterdam under Duvals nose to pull off the biggest robbery ever from a diamond house. Stars Bill Nagy, John Salew, June Merlin, and Howard Lang (uncredited).
2518"The Girl with Grey Hair"Charles FrendLeonard Fincham, Michael Hankinson, and Robert Stewart14 March 1960 (1960-03-14)
After reports of his suicide in Italy, the price of paintings by artist Hugo Ballard begin to soar. So why at an auction in Paris would his widow Anita slash one of her husband's paintings, 'The Girl with Grey Hair', with a knife claiming it to be fake. Duval goes to Italy to search for the girl in the painting at a village near the place the artist died. Stars Ronald Leigh-Hunt, Mary Laura Wood, Elizabeth Wilson and George Pastell.
2628"Trial at Cranby's Creek"Pennington RichardsLarry Forrester21 March 1960 (1960-03-21)
Duval goes to the Western Australian outback to a small town to collect a prisoner wanted for murder in Belgium only to find he is on trial in a 'kangaroo court' for shooting the local police trooper in the back. Stars Thomas Duggan, and Felicity Young.
2731"Ascent to Murder"Robert LynnLarry Forrester28 March 1960 (1960-03-28)
Duval is in a Northern Kashmir mountain hotel at the request of the US Treasury to interview Clyde, a financier whose companies have gone bust in America and Europe. Duval is nearly killed by a booby trap meant for Clyde and has a hotel of suspects. Stars Ursula Howells, Howard Marion-Crawford, Anthony Dawson, John Cairney, Julian Sherrier and Gordon Tanner.
2837"Slow Boat to Amsterdam"Bill LewthwaiteLindsay Galloway4 April 1960 (1960-04-04)
Duval's car breaks down in a small canalside village in Northern France and when a piece of platinum is found on the body fished out of the canal Inspector Duval links a diamond robbery in the South of France and the canals of France Belgium and Holland. Stars William Franklyn, Francis de Wolff, Bernard Cribbins and Harold Kasket.
2929"White Blackmail"Robert LynnRobert Stewart11 April 1960 (1960-04-11)
A possible organised blackmail racket in a Swiss ski resort is uncovered when two wealthy businessmen commit suicide. Posing as wealthy banker Duval arrives in Switzerland and is befriended by a British girl giving him his first lead until she is murdered. Stars Nanette Newman, Douglas Wilmer, Mary Morris, and Francis Matthews.
3036"A Foreign Body"Norman HarrisonRobert Stewart18 April 1960 (1960-04-18)
When the London police find the body of a French girl in the boot of an impounded American car Interpol is called in. Although everything points to car owner, American, Ben Stack as the murderer Duval is not convinced and he discovers the girl was a nightclub hostess and the owner was deported from America on vice charges. Stars Stratford Johns, John Crawford, Robert Brown, André Maranne and John Chandos.
3138"In the Swim"Robert LynnRobert Stewart and Connery Chappell25 April 1960 (1960-04-25)
Lars Lukas, a Finnish cross channel swimmer is shot dead when he comes ashore in England and his last words lead Duval to the swimmer's trainer who regularly travels between France and England following his swimmers by boat. Duval discovers drugs but how and to who are they being transferred. John Horsley, Dorinda Stevens, and Jack Lambert.
3239"The Three Keys"Robert LynnRobert Stewart and Connery ChappellStory by Paul Erickson2 May 1960 (1960-05-02)
A forger thinks he has the perfect plan when he substitutes his forgeries for payroll cash in safes in Barcelona and Zurich but Duval links the safes to a London company and an employee who has left with ill health. Stars Lionel Murton, Cyril Shaps, and Basil Dignam.
3327"Eight Days Inclusive"Pennington RichardsRobert Stewart9 May 1960 (1960-05-09)
A Paris jewel robbery is linked to four others throughout Europe and then another in Geneva when one of the robbers is shot and wounded and a dropped glove gives Duval a clue to an eight-day coach tour. Stars Glyn Owen and Rona Anderson.
3433"Dressed to Kill"Robert LynnDavid Chantler and Robert Stewart16 May 1960 (1960-05-16)
By tricking a seamstress of a Paris fashion house an American photographer plots to steal designer Bernarde's new collection. Bernarde asks his friend Duval to assist him in protecting his designs and Duval installs a private investigator as a model. Stars Hazel Court, Frederick Jaeger, and David Knight
3535"Cargo of Death"Pennington RichardsMichael Connor and Leonard Fincham23 May 1960 (1960-05-23)
Thieves steal a consignment of live cholera vaccine from Chandra Laboratories of Karachi. It is enough to infect 50,000 people and start an epidemic. Duval flies to Delhi, when deaths occur in Bengal, and to the distributors of an American cholera vaccine to account for their stocks. Stars Marne Maitland, Laurence Payne, Surya Kuwari, and John Gatrell.
3632"Desert Hijack"Jeremy SummersRobert Stewart and Harold Orton30 May 1960 (1960-05-30)
Duval investigates raids on Foreign Legion arms trucks in North Africa and sold to the local rebels. The main Interpol suspect was killed a few weeks earlier in Marseilles but Duval is not convinced he is dead. Stars John Salew, Henry Oscar, Patrick Jordan, Colette Wilde, and Geoffrey Palmer (uncredited).
3730"Pipeline"David MacDonaldLarry Forrester6 June 1960 (1960-06-06)
Duval arrives in the middle of a South American state's civil war to pick up an American oil technician wanted for murder. Duval has to travel to a remote pumping station only to find his man alone struggling to stop the pumps exploding and polluting a river. Stars John Bentley, Richard Leech, Elizabeth Wilson, and Dervis Ward.
3834"The Absent Assassin"Robert LynnLarry Forrester13 June 1960 (1960-06-13)
Four international judges from the Nuremberg war trials receive death threats and when the first is killed by a radio controlled bomb in New York Duval heads to Spandau prison and discovers a Nazi war criminal with expertise in boobytraps has recently been released. Stars Donald Pleasence, John Longden, Russell Waters and Frederick Piper.
3920"Checkmate"Bill LewthwaiteSam Neuman20 June 1960 (1960-06-20)
Using his girlfriend as a distraction David Baker robs and kills two security guards in Tel Aviv and they flee to Madrid because Spain has no extradition treaty with Israel and are untouchable. Duval makes it impossible for Baker to exchange the stolen money and devises a plan to force him out of Spain. Stars Barbara Shelley, Gaylord Cavallero, and Arnold Bell.
.
DVD release
Network released the series on DVD in December 2010. Episodes 25 and 30 have the end credits reversed.
References
^ Adams, Val (1 January 1959). "ROLE IN TV SATIRE FOR KEENAN WYNN / Actor Cast in Perelman's 'Malice in Wonderland'— Pact Deadline Extended". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
^ Before 1968 ATV transmitted weekdays in the Midlands and weekends in London. See History of ITV
External links
Interpol Calling at IMDb
TV.com | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rank Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Jack Wrather Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Wrather"},{"link_name":"ITC Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITC_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Interpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol"}],"text":"Interpol Calling is a British television crime drama series produced by Rank Organisation and Jack Wrather Productions for ITC Entertainment.[1] The programme, which ran for one series of 39 half-hour monochrome episodes, followed the adventures of Interpol policemen Duval and Mornay as they fought against international drug-running, homicide, robbery and forgery.","title":"Interpol Calling"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Opening titles voiceover:\"Crime knows no frontiers. To combat the growing menace of the international criminal, the police forces of the world have opened up their own national boundaries. At their headquarters in Paris, scientifically equipped to match the speed of the jet age, sixty-three nations have linked together to form the International Criminal Police Organisation, INTERPOL!\"","title":"Series outline"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interpol_Calling_cast.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Korvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Korvin"},{"link_name":"Edwin Richfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Richfield"},{"link_name":"George Pastell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pastell"},{"link_name":"Mai Zetterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai_Zetterling"},{"link_name":"Patrick Troughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Troughton"},{"link_name":"David Kossoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kossoff"},{"link_name":"Warren Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Nanette Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanette_Newman"},{"link_name":"Donald Pleasence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Pleasence"}],"text":"Edwin Richfield and Charles KorvinCharles Korvin as Inspector Paul Duval\nEdwin Richfield as Inspector Jean MornayRecurring characters;Roland Bartrop as Grimond, French police\nGeorge Pastell as Pagano, Italian police\nGuest stars included Mai Zetterling, Patrick Troughton, David Kossoff, Warren Mitchell, Nanette Newman, and Donald Pleasence.","title":"Main cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"}],"text":"Broadcast date is for ATV Midlands[2] ITV regions varied date and order. Production number from PDF summary of episodes on the Network DVD..","title":"Episode list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"}],"text":"Network released the series on DVD in December 2010. Episodes 25 and 30 have the end credits reversed.","title":"DVD release"}] | [{"image_text":"Edwin Richfield and Charles Korvin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Interpol_Calling_cast.jpg/250px-Interpol_Calling_cast.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Adams, Val (1 January 1959). \"ROLE IN TV SATIRE FOR KEENAN WYNN / Actor Cast in Perelman's 'Malice in Wonderland'— Pact Deadline Extended\". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/01/01/83432626.html?pageNumber=55","url_text":"\"ROLE IN TV SATIRE FOR KEENAN WYNN / Actor Cast in Perelman's 'Malice in Wonderland'— Pact Deadline Extended\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/01/01/83432626.html?pageNumber=55","external_links_name":"\"ROLE IN TV SATIRE FOR KEENAN WYNN / Actor Cast in Perelman's 'Malice in Wonderland'— Pact Deadline Extended\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0052475/","external_links_name":"Interpol Calling"},{"Link":"http://www.tv.com/interpol-calling/show/24777/episode_guide.html","external_links_name":"TV.com"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_science | Rangeland management | ["1 History","2 Modern application","2.1 Global","2.2 United States of America","2.3 Australia","3 Education and employment","4 See also","5 References"] | Range Management graduate research assistant recording line point intercept data on southern New Mexican rangeland.
Rangeland management (also range management, range science, or arid-land management) is a natural science that centers around the study of rangelands and the "conservation and sustainable management for the benefit of current societies and future generations". Range management is defined by Holechek et al. as the "manipulation of rangeland components to obtain optimum combination of goods and services for society on a sustained basis". The United Nations (UN) has declared 2026 the International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralists, with the Food and Agriculture Organization leading the initiative.
History
The earliest form of Rangeland Management is not formally deemed part of the natural science studied today, although its roots can be traced to nomadic grazing practices of the neolithic agricultural revolution when humans domesticated plants and animals under pressures from population growth and environmental change. Humans might even have altered the environment in times preceding the Neolithic through hunting of large-game, whereby large losses of grazing herbivores could have resulted in altered ecological states; meaning humans have been inadvertently managing land throughout prehistory.
Rangeland management was developed in the United States in response to rangeland deterioration and in some cases, denudation, due to overgrazing and other misuse of arid lands as demonstrated by the 20th century "Dust Bowl" and described in Hardin's 1968 "Tragedy of the Commons". Historically, the discipline focused on the manipulation of grazing and the proper use of rangeland vegetation for livestock.
Modern application
Burns District, Oregon, rangeland water infrastructure development: May, 1954.
Global
Range management's focus has been expanded to include the host of ecosystem services that rangelands provide to humans world-wide. Key management components seek to optimize such goods and services through the protection and enhancement of soils, riparian zones, watersheds, and vegetation complexes, sustainably improving outputs of consumable range products such as red meat, wildlife, water, wood, fiber, leather, energy resource extraction, and outdoor recreation, as well as maintaining a focus on the manipulation of grazing activities of large herbivores to maintain or improve animal and plant production. With increasing levels of rangeland degradation, for example as evident through woody plant encroachment, active rehabilitation efforts become part of rangeland management.
Pastoralism has become a contemporary anthropological and ecological study as it faces many threats including fragmentation of land, conversion of rangeland into urban development, lack of grazing movement, impending threats on global diversity, damage to species with large terrain, decreases in shared public goods, decreased biological movements, threats of a "tragedy of enclosures", limitation of key resources, reduced biomass and invasive plant species growth. Interest in contemporary pastoralist cultures like the Maasai has continued to increase, especially because the traditional syncreticly-adaptive ability of pastoralists could promise lessons in collaborative and adaptive management for contemporary pastoralist societies threatened by globalization as well as for contemporary non-pastoralist societies that are managing livestock on rangelands.
Maasai man herding cattle
United States of America
The United States Society for Range Management is "the professional society dedicated to supporting persons who work with rangelands and have a commitment to their sustainable use". The primary Rangeland Management publications include the Journal of Range Management, Rangelands, and Rangeland Ecology & Management.
As climate change continues to disrupt a host of rangeland functions, the Society for Range Management has declared that it "is committed to promoting adaptation to and mitigation of climate change through the sponsorship of workshops, symposia, research and educational publications, and appropriate policy recommendations. The Society will strive to maximize opportunities and minimize challenges posed by climate change to promote productive rangeland ecosystems that ensure food security, human livelihoods, and continued delivery of diverse ecosystem services"." Emerging evidence suggests that rangelands are extremely vulnerable to the threats of climate change, as more severe heatwaves, droughts, evaporation, and catastrophic flood events will consequentially alter ecological states, and negatively affect forage production, both of which will negatively impact ecosystem functioning and the sustainable production of ecosystem services. In an open letter to the White House in 2017, the president of the SRM offered President Trump the society's support in seeking management strategies to mitigate climate-induced phenomenon like drought and forest fires, a subject which was brought to the national debate stage and which has received significant push-back by Trump and his administration. Likewise in 2021 the SRM and several other institutions sent an open letter to President Biden urging for more research and development funding to be provisioned toward agricultural and food systems research, especially as climate change threatened national security of agricultural resources.
Australia
The Australian Rangeland Society is the peak group of rangeland professionals in Australia. It is an independent and non-aligned association of people interested in the management and sustainable use of rangelands. Rangeland Management publications from the Society include The Rangeland Journal and the Range Management Newsletter.
Grazing cattle, Oxley Creek Common, Rocklea, Queensland, Australia
Education and employment
Bouteloua gracilis illustration on the cover of a rangeland monitoring guide book developed by the Bureau of Land Management
In the United States, the study of range science is commonly offered at land-grant universities including New Mexico State University, Colorado State University, Oregon State University, North Dakota State University, South Dakota State University, Texas A&M University, Texas Tech University, the University of Arizona, the University of Idaho, the University of Wyoming, Utah State University, and Montana State University. The Range Science curriculum is strongly tied to animal science, as well as plant ecology, soil science, wildlife management, climatology and anthropology. Courses in a typical Range Science curriculum may include ethology, range animal nutrition, plant physiology, plant ecology, plant identification, plant communities, microbiology, soil sciences, fire control, agricultural economics, wildlife ecology, ranch management, Socioeconomics, cartography, hydrology, Ecophysiology, and environmental policy. These courses are essential to entering a range science profession.
Students with degrees in range science are eligible for a host of technician-type careers working for the federal government under the Bureau of Land Management, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the Agricultural Research Service, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the NRCS, or the US Forest Service as range conservationists, inventory technicians, range monitoring/animal science agents, field botanists, natural-resource technicians, vegetation/habitat monitors, GIS programming assistants, general range technicians, and as ecological assessors, as well as working in the private sector as range managers, ranch managers, producers, commercial consultants, mining and agricultural real estate agents, or as Range/ Ranch Consultants. Individuals who complete degrees at the M.S. or P.h.D. level, can seek academic careers as professors, extension specialists, research assistants, and adjunct staff, in addition to a number of professional research positions for government agencies such as the US Department of Agriculture and other state run departments.
See also
Conservation grazing
Land management
Natural Resources Conservation Service
Range condition scoring
Wildlife management
Upland pasture
References
^ Society for range Management. Society for Range Management, 2016. Web. 22 Apr. 2016.
^ Holechek, Jerry L., Rex D. Pieper, and Carlton H. Herbel. Range Management: Principles and Practices (6th Edition). 6th ed. N.p.: Pearson, 2011. 5. Print.
^ "UN names 2026 as the International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralists". www.fao.org. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
^ Vasey, Daniel A. (1992). An Ecological History of Agriculture 10,000 B.C.-A.D. 10,000. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. p. 23.
^ Stephen Wroe , Judith Field , Richard Fullagar , Lars S. Jermin. "Megafaunal extinction in the late Quaternary and the global overkill hypothesis." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. Vol. 28, Iss. 1, (2004).
^ Mazoyer, Marcel, and Laurence Roudart. A History of World Agriculture: From the Neolithic Age to the Current Crisis. New York: Monthly review Press, 2006. Print.
^ Morris, Melvin S. "History of Range Management Education." Rangelands 3.3 (1981): 119-20. Print.
^ Talbot, M W., and F P. Cronemiller. "Some of the Beginnings of Range Management." Journal of Range Management 14.2 (1961): 95-102. Print
^ Nathan F. Sayre, William deBuys, Brandon T. Bestelmeyer, and Kris M. Havstad. "'The Range Problem' After a Century of Rangeland Science: New Research Themes for Altered Landscapes." Rangeland Ecol Manage 545-552: 65 (2012)
^ Parker, Kenneth W., W R. Chapline, Lloyd W. Swift, George W. Craddock, and Donald R. Cornelius. "Arthur W. Sampson- Pioneer Range Scientist." Journal of Range Management 20.6 (1967): 245-351. Print.
^ J. E. Herrick, J.R. Brown, B.T. Bestelmeyer, S.S. Andrews, G. Baldi, J. Davies, M. Duniway, K.M. Havstad, J.W. Karl, D.L. Karlen, D.P.C. Peters, J.N. Quinton, C. Riginos, P.L. Shaver, D. Stainaker, S. Twomlow. "Revolutionary Land Use Change in the 21st Century: Is (Rangeland) Science Relevant? Rangeland Ecol Manage 590-598: 65 (2012).
^ Archer, S.R., Davies, K.W., Fulbright, T.E., Mcdaniel, K.C., Wilcox, B.P., Predick, K.I. 2011. Brush management as a rangeland conservation strategy: A critical evaluation. In: Briske,D.D., editor. Conservation benefits of rangeland practices: Assessment, recommendations, and knowledge gaps. Washington, DC:USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. p. 105-170.
^ Reid, Robin S.; Fernández-Giménes, María E.; Galvin, Kathleen A. "Dynamics and Resilience of Rangelands and Pastoral Peoples Around the Globe." Annu. Rev. Environ. Resource. 39:217-249 (2014).
^ Reid, Robin S.; Fernández-Giménes, María E.; Galvin, Kathleen A. "Dynamics and Resilience of Rangelands and Pastoral Peoples Around the Globe." Annu. Rev. Environ. Resource. 39:217-249 (2014).
^ Briske, D.D.; Sayre, Nathan F.; Huntsoinger; Fernandez-Gimenez, M.; Budd, B.; Derner, J.D. "Origin, Persistence, and Resolution of the Rotational Grazing Debate: Integrating Human Dimensions Into Rangeland research." Rangeland Ecol Manage. 64(4): 325-334 (2011).
^ "Society for Range Management". www.rangelands.org. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
^ "Publications". www.rangelands.org. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
^ Polley, H. Wayne; Briske, David D.; Morgan, Jack A.; Wolter, Klaus; Bailey, Derek W.; Brown, Joel R. (September 1, 2013). "Climate Change and North American Rangelands: Trends, Projections, and Implications". Rangeland Ecology & Management. 66 (5): 493–511. doi:10.2111/REM-D-12-00068.1. hdl:10150/642737. ISSN 1550-7424. S2CID 55826305.
^ "SRM Climate Change Position Statement" (PDF).
^ Briske, D. D.; Fuhlendorf, S. D.; Smeins, F. E. (2003). "Vegetation Dynamics on Rangelands: A Critique of the Current Paradigms". Journal of Applied Ecology. 40 (4): 601–614. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00837.x. ISSN 0021-8901. JSTOR 3505834.
^ Havstad, K. M.; Brown, J. R.; Estell, R.; Elias, E.; Rango, A.; Steele, C. (June 1, 2018). "Vulnerabilities of Southwestern U.S. Rangeland-based animal agriculture to climate change". Climatic Change. 148 (3): 371–386. Bibcode:2018ClCh..148..371H. doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1834-7. ISSN 1573-1480.
^ Augustine, David J.; Blumenthal, Dana M.; Springer, Tim L.; LeCain, Daniel R.; Gunter, Stacey A.; Derner, Justin D. (2018). "Elevated CO2 induces substantial and persistent declines in forage quality irrespective of warming in mixedgrass prairie". Ecological Applications. 28 (3): 721–735. doi:10.1002/eap.1680. ISSN 1939-5582. PMID 29297964.
^ Izaurralde, R. C.; Thomson, A. M.; Morgan, J. A.; Fay, P. A.; Polley, H. W.; Hatfield, J. L. (2011). "Climate Impacts on Agriculture: Implications for Forage and Rangeland Production". Agronomy Journal. 103 (2): 371–381. doi:10.2134/agronj2010.0304. ISSN 1435-0645. S2CID 52257348.
^ "SRM 2017 Priorities Letter to President Trump" (PDF).
^ Aton, Adam (September 30, 2020). "'Try to be serious.' Climate policy gets rare notice in chaotic presidential debate". E&E News. Retrieved October 1, 2020 – via Science.
^ "Ag-Research-Letter-to-Congressional-Leadership" (PDF). Society for Range Management. June 8, 2021.
^ "About Us". Australian Rangeland Society. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "The Rangeland Journal". Australian Rangeland Society. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ "Range Management Newsletter". Australian Rangeland Society. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
^ Rangeland monitoring: actual use studies. Denver, CO: U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Denver Service Center. 1984.
^ Society for Range Management. Society for Range Management Universities and Colleges, 2016. Web. 22 Apr. 2016.
^ Society for Range Management. Society for Range Management Jobs and Employment, 2016. Web. 22 Apr. 2016.
Authority control databases International
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Other
NARA | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Range_management_graduate_research_student_collecting_line_point_intercept_data_.jpg"},{"link_name":"graduate research assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_assistant"},{"link_name":"New Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"rangeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangeland"},{"link_name":"natural science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science"},{"link_name":"rangelands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangeland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"goods and services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_services"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Range Management graduate research assistant recording line point intercept data on southern New Mexican rangeland.Rangeland management (also range management, range science, or arid-land management) is a natural science that centers around the study of rangelands and the \"conservation and sustainable management [of Arid-Lands] for the benefit of current societies and future generations\".[1] Range management is defined by Holechek et al. as the \"manipulation of rangeland components to obtain optimum combination of goods and services for society on a sustained basis\".[2] The United Nations (UN) has declared 2026 the International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralists, with the Food and Agriculture Organization leading the initiative.[3]","title":"Rangeland management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nomadic grazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad"},{"link_name":"neolithic agricultural revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_agricultural_revolution"},{"link_name":"domesticated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"large-game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-game_hunting"},{"link_name":"grazing herbivores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"denudation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denudation"},{"link_name":"overgrazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overgrazing"},{"link_name":"Dust Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Hardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Hardin"},{"link_name":"Tragedy of the Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_Commons"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"grazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing"},{"link_name":"livestock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The earliest form of Rangeland Management is not formally deemed part of the natural science studied today, although its roots can be traced to nomadic grazing practices of the neolithic agricultural revolution when humans domesticated plants and animals under pressures from population growth and environmental change.[4] Humans might even have altered the environment in times preceding the Neolithic through hunting of large-game, whereby large losses of grazing herbivores could have resulted in altered ecological states; meaning humans have been inadvertently managing land throughout prehistory.[5][6]Rangeland management was developed in the United States in response to rangeland deterioration and in some cases, denudation, due to overgrazing and other misuse of arid lands as demonstrated by the 20th century \"Dust Bowl\" and described in Hardin's 1968 \"Tragedy of the Commons\".[7][8][9] Historically, the discipline focused on the manipulation of grazing and the proper use of rangeland vegetation for livestock.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rangeland_Water_Development_May_1954_(9824825465).jpg"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"rangeland water infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watering_trough"}],"text":"Burns District, Oregon, rangeland water infrastructure development: May, 1954.","title":"Modern application"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ecosystem services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_services"},{"link_name":"soils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soils"},{"link_name":"riparian zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian_zones"},{"link_name":"watersheds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"sustainably","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainably"},{"link_name":"red meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_meat"},{"link_name":"wildlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife"},{"link_name":"fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather"},{"link_name":"outdoor recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_recreation"},{"link_name":"manipulation of grazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing_management"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"woody plant encroachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_plant_encroachment"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pastoralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralism"},{"link_name":"biological movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_migration"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Maasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasai_people"},{"link_name":"adaptive management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_management"},{"link_name":"globalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Global","text":"Range management's focus has been expanded to include the host of ecosystem services that rangelands provide to humans world-wide. Key management components seek to optimize such goods and services through the protection and enhancement of soils, riparian zones, watersheds, and vegetation complexes, sustainably improving outputs of consumable range products such as red meat, wildlife, water, wood, fiber, leather, energy resource extraction, and outdoor recreation, as well as maintaining a focus on the manipulation of grazing activities of large herbivores to maintain or improve animal and plant production.[11] With increasing levels of rangeland degradation, for example as evident through woody plant encroachment, active rehabilitation efforts become part of rangeland management.[12]Pastoralism has become a contemporary anthropological and ecological study as it faces many threats including fragmentation of land, conversion of rangeland into urban development, lack of grazing movement, impending threats on global diversity, damage to species with large terrain, decreases in shared public goods, decreased biological movements, threats of a \"tragedy of enclosures\", limitation of key resources, reduced biomass and invasive plant species growth.[13] Interest in contemporary pastoralist cultures like the Maasai has continued to increase, especially because the traditional syncreticly-adaptive ability of pastoralists could promise lessons in collaborative and adaptive management for contemporary pastoralist societies threatened by globalization as well as for contemporary non-pastoralist societies that are managing livestock on rangelands.[14][15]Maasai man herding cattle","title":"Modern application"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"heatwaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_wave"},{"link_name":"droughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought"},{"link_name":"evaporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"forage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forage"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"ecosystem functioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_function"},{"link_name":"ecosystem services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_service"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"President Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"forest fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"push-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_denial"},{"link_name":"Trump and his administration.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"United States of America","text":"The United States Society for Range Management is \"the professional society dedicated to supporting persons who work with rangelands and have a commitment to their sustainable use\".[16] The primary Rangeland Management publications include the Journal of Range Management, Rangelands, and Rangeland Ecology & Management.[17]As climate change continues to disrupt a host of rangeland functions,[18] the Society for Range Management has declared that it \"is committed to promoting adaptation to and mitigation of climate change through the sponsorship of workshops, symposia, research and educational publications, and appropriate policy recommendations. The Society will strive to maximize opportunities and minimize challenges posed by climate change to promote productive rangeland ecosystems that ensure food security, human livelihoods, and continued delivery of diverse ecosystem services\".\"[19] Emerging evidence suggests that rangelands are extremely vulnerable to the threats of climate change,[20] as more severe heatwaves, droughts, evaporation, and catastrophic flood events will consequentially alter ecological states,[21] and negatively affect forage production,[22][23] both of which will negatively impact ecosystem functioning and the sustainable production of ecosystem services. In an open letter to the White House in 2017, the president of the SRM offered President Trump the society's support in seeking management strategies to mitigate climate-induced phenomenon like drought and forest fires,[24] a subject which was brought to the national debate stage and which has received significant push-back by Trump and his administration.[25] Likewise in 2021 the SRM and several other institutions sent an open letter to President Biden urging for more research and development funding to be provisioned toward agricultural and food systems research, especially as climate change threatened national security of agricultural resources.[26]","title":"Modern application"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Rangeland Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//austrangesoc.com.au"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grazing_cattle,_Oxley_Creek_Common,_Rocklea,_Queensland_02.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"The Australian Rangeland Society is the peak group of rangeland professionals in Australia. It is an independent and non-aligned association of people interested in the management and sustainable use of rangelands.[27] Rangeland Management publications from the Society include The Rangeland Journal [28] and the Range Management Newsletter.[29]Grazing cattle, Oxley Creek Common, Rocklea, Queensland, Australia","title":"Modern application"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rangeland_monitoring_-_actual_use_studies_(IA_rangelandmonitor00unit).pdf"},{"link_name":"Bouteloua gracilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouteloua_gracilis"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Land Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"land-grant universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-grant_university"},{"link_name":"New Mexico State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University"},{"link_name":"Colorado State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_University"},{"link_name":"Oregon State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_University"},{"link_name":"North Dakota State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_State_University"},{"link_name":"South Dakota State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_State_University"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University"},{"link_name":"Texas Tech University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech_University"},{"link_name":"University of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"University of Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Idaho"},{"link_name":"University of Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Utah State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_University"},{"link_name":"Montana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_State_University"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"animal science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_science"},{"link_name":"plant ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_ecology"},{"link_name":"soil science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_science"},{"link_name":"wildlife management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_management"},{"link_name":"climatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology"},{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"ethology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethology"},{"link_name":"animal nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_nutrition"},{"link_name":"plant physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_physiology"},{"link_name":"plant ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_ecology"},{"link_name":"plant identification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_identification"},{"link_name":"plant communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_communities"},{"link_name":"microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology"},{"link_name":"soil sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_sciences"},{"link_name":"fire control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_control"},{"link_name":"agricultural economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_economics"},{"link_name":"wildlife ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_management"},{"link_name":"ranch management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_management"},{"link_name":"Socioeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomics"},{"link_name":"cartography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography"},{"link_name":"hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology"},{"link_name":"Ecophysiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecophysiology"},{"link_name":"environmental policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Land Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management"},{"link_name":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service"},{"link_name":"Agricultural Research Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service"},{"link_name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"NRCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service"},{"link_name":"US Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"GIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system"},{"link_name":"ecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_technology"},{"link_name":"ranch managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancher"},{"link_name":"M.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"P.h.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"professors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"extension specialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_extension"},{"link_name":"adjunct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjunct_professor"},{"link_name":"US Department of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Bouteloua gracilis illustration on the cover of a rangeland monitoring guide book developed by the Bureau of Land Management[30]In the United States, the study of range science is commonly offered at land-grant universities including New Mexico State University, Colorado State University, Oregon State University, North Dakota State University, South Dakota State University, Texas A&M University, Texas Tech University, the University of Arizona, the University of Idaho, the University of Wyoming, Utah State University, and Montana State University.[31] The Range Science curriculum is strongly tied to animal science, as well as plant ecology, soil science, wildlife management, climatology and anthropology. Courses in a typical Range Science curriculum may include ethology, range animal nutrition, plant physiology, plant ecology, plant identification, plant communities, microbiology, soil sciences, fire control, agricultural economics, wildlife ecology, ranch management, Socioeconomics, cartography, hydrology, Ecophysiology, and environmental policy. These courses are essential to entering a range science profession.Students with degrees in range science are eligible for a host of technician-type careers working for the federal government under the Bureau of Land Management, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the Agricultural Research Service, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the NRCS, or the US Forest Service as range conservationists, inventory technicians, range monitoring/animal science agents, field botanists, natural-resource technicians, vegetation/habitat monitors, GIS programming assistants, general range technicians, and as ecological assessors, as well as working in the private sector as range managers, ranch managers, producers, commercial consultants, mining and agricultural real estate agents, or as Range/ Ranch Consultants. Individuals who complete degrees at the M.S. or P.h.D. level, can seek academic careers as professors, extension specialists, research assistants, and adjunct staff, in addition to a number of professional research positions for government agencies such as the US Department of Agriculture and other state run departments.[32]","title":"Education and employment"}] | [{"image_text":"Range Management graduate research assistant recording line point intercept data on southern New Mexican rangeland.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Range_management_graduate_research_student_collecting_line_point_intercept_data_.jpg/172px-Range_management_graduate_research_student_collecting_line_point_intercept_data_.jpg"},{"image_text":"Burns District, Oregon, rangeland water infrastructure development: May, 1954.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rangeland_Water_Development_May_1954_%289824825465%29.jpg/220px-Rangeland_Water_Development_May_1954_%289824825465%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maasai man herding cattle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg/593px-Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grazing cattle, Oxley Creek Common, Rocklea, Queensland, Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Grazing_cattle%2C_Oxley_Creek_Common%2C_Rocklea%2C_Queensland_02.jpg/220px-Grazing_cattle%2C_Oxley_Creek_Common%2C_Rocklea%2C_Queensland_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bouteloua gracilis illustration on the cover of a rangeland monitoring guide book developed by the Bureau of Land Management[30]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Rangeland_monitoring_-_actual_use_studies_%28IA_rangelandmonitor00unit%29.pdf/page1-220px-Rangeland_monitoring_-_actual_use_studies_%28IA_rangelandmonitor00unit%29.pdf.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Conservation grazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_grazing"},{"title":"Land management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_management"},{"title":"Natural Resources Conservation Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service"},{"title":"Range condition scoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_condition_scoring"},{"title":"Wildlife management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_management"},{"title":"Upland pasture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland_pasture"}] | [{"reference":"\"UN names 2026 as the International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralists\". www.fao.org. Retrieved May 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/en/c/1477215/","url_text":"\"UN names 2026 as the International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralists\""}]},{"reference":"Vasey, Daniel A. (1992). An Ecological History of Agriculture 10,000 B.C.-A.D. 10,000. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. p. 23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Society for Range Management\". www.rangelands.org. Retrieved June 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rangelands.org/","url_text":"\"Society for Range Management\""}]},{"reference":"\"Publications\". www.rangelands.org. Retrieved June 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rangelands.org/publications.shtml","url_text":"\"Publications\""}]},{"reference":"Polley, H. Wayne; Briske, David D.; Morgan, Jack A.; Wolter, Klaus; Bailey, Derek W.; Brown, Joel R. (September 1, 2013). \"Climate Change and North American Rangelands: Trends, Projections, and Implications\". Rangeland Ecology & Management. 66 (5): 493–511. doi:10.2111/REM-D-12-00068.1. hdl:10150/642737. ISSN 1550-7424. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_Pico | Pío Pico | ["1 Early years","1.1 Ancestry","1.2 Birth and childhood","1.3 Mexican independence","2 Early political career","2.1 Diputado","2.2 1831 revolt","3 First governorship","3.1 Aftermath","4 Interim career","4.1 Secularization and marriage","4.2 Mission San Luis Rey","5 Second governorship","5.1 Exile and return","6 Business life","7 Later life","8 Personal life","9 Legacy","10 Notes","11 References","11.1 Bibliography","12 Further reading","13 External links"] | Last governor of Alta California
Pío PicoPío Pico, c. 189010th Governor of CaliforniaIn office22 February 1845 – 10 August 1846Preceded byManuel MicheltorenaSucceeded byJosé María Flores (Self-appointed Governor of California)John Drake Sloat (As the U.S. Military Governor of California)Governor of Alta CaliforniaIn office27 January 1832 – February 18, 1832DisputedPreceded byManuel VictoriaSucceeded byAgustín V. Zamorano (North)José María de Echeandía (South)Los Angeles Common CouncilIn office1853–1853
Personal detailsBornPío de Jesús Pico IV(1801-05-05)May 5, 1801Mission San Gabriel ArcángelSan Gabriel, Alta California, New SpainDiedSeptember 11, 1894(1894-09-11) (aged 93)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Political partyCalifornia Republican PartySpouseMaría Ignacia AlvaradoChildrenDisputed (see Personal life for more details)RelativesAndrés Pico (brother)Pico familyProfessionEntrepreneur, politician
Don Pío de Jesús Pico IV (May 5, 1801 – September 11, 1894) was a Californio politician, ranchero, and entrepreneur, famous for serving as the last governor of Alta California under Mexican rule from 1845 to 1846. He briefly held the governorship during a disputed period in 1832. A member of the prominent Pico family of California, he was one of the wealthiest men in California at the time and a hugely influential figure in Californian society, continuing as a citizen of the nascent U.S. state of California.
His legacy can be seen in the numerous places named after him, such as the city of Pico Rivera, Pico Boulevard in Los Angeles, Pio Pico State Historic Park, and numerous schools that bear his name.
Early years
Ancestry
Further information: Pico family of California
Pío Pico was of African, Native American, Spanish, and Italian ancestry. His earliest known ancestor is the Count Mazzi, who lived during the early 1600s in the town of Pico in Central Italy. Pico's great grandfather, the Spanish-born Pío de Jesús Pico III, likely came to Mexico during the first or second decade of the 18th century.
Pico's paternal grandmother, María Jacinta Vastida, was listed in the 1790 census as mulata, meaning mixed-race with African ancestry. His paternal grandfather, Santiago de la Cruz Pico, was described as a mestizo (Native American-Spanish) in the same census. Santiago was one of the soldiers who accompanied Juan Bautista de Anza on the expedition that left Tubac, Arizona for California in 1775 to explore the region and colonize it. Santiago and María Jacinta were from the provinces of what are now Sinaloa and Sonora.
Birth and childhood
Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, where Pico was born
Pío de Jesús Pico IV was born at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel on May 5, 1801, to José María Pico and his wife María Eustaquia Gutiérrez, with the aid of midwife Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné. He was the fourth of his parents' ten children, and their second son. Among his siblings was his younger brother General Andrés Pico, born in 1810.
In 1805, the family moved to San Diego. José María Pico worked as a guard for mission communities, and would move to different missions as his work required. Pío Pico spent much of his childhood outside the tiny settlement of Mission San Diego. There, he received a modest education. He often read from the Bible at Mass, and felt the immense presence of the church, as it dominated the economy, although he was not profoundly religious. At the Presidio of San Diego, José Antonio Carrillo, who later married Pico's sister Estéfana, taught Pico how to read. This would be important to his career, as California law required literacy among elected officials. Carrillo would have a great influence on Pico's youth and political rise.
He took an interest in his father's work, and in 1815, he was temporarily placed in charge of the mission guards by local officials while his father was away. His father and other guards defended the missions from rebellions by Native Californians, who resented being forced to convert to Christianity as part of attempts to "civilize" them.
The Spanish government gave plots of land for housing and agriculture to some of the settlers in the area, and used them as incentives to recruit soldiers. José María Pico was never given any plots. José María eventually began to support the Mexican War of Independence from Spain. In 1811, he and sixty other soldiers were arrested by Spanish authorities on charges of conspiracy and imprisoned. He was eventually released, and the family moved back to San Gabriel. However, José María died in September 1819 in the same mission in which his son had been born. After this, Pío Pico was left in charge of his large family, and would have to continue without owning any land, which would remain a necessary component for entering California politics.
Mexican independence
Further information: Mexican War of Independence
Portrait of Pico held by the California State Library, c. 1847
Following his father's death, Pico moved back to San Diego around the year 1820. He became a merchant, selling liquor, groceries, and dry goods. He would open a general store where he also sold furniture and mules. His occupation also allowed him to travel the state and meet notable Californios. Pico's sisters married into prominent California families, which would be important to Pico's political rise. He kept close connections with these families. These marriages also gave the Pico family their first sense of financial security. Concepción Pico married Domingo Carrillo in 1810, María Casimira Pico married José Joaquín Ortega in 1821, and Estéfana married José Antonio Carrillo in 1823. In 1824, Pío and Andrés Pico built their mother a home by Presidio Hill in San Diego.
After Mexico's successful independence in 1821, the First Mexican Empire was created. However, Mexico's emperor, Agustín de Iturbide, clashed with liberal revolutionary generals such as Guadalupe Victoria, Vicente Guerrero, and Antonio López de Santa Anna, who resisted Iturbide's conservative policies. In 1823, Iturbide was forced to abdicate amid revolts, and soon after, the First Mexican Republic was created. Two rival factions developed: Liberals and Centralists. Centralists believed that Mexico's states should be controlled by an elitist government, as well as the continued heavy influence of the Catholic Church. Liberals wanted Mexico to become a federal republic, where the federal government shared power with the states, and supported secular education. California leaned more towards liberalism, as their political culture had developed largely separately from the federal government seated in Mexico City.
Pico was eventually appointed as the secretary to a captain named Pablo de la Portillà. In 1827, Portillà charged merchant Luis Brigas with misappropriation of funds, and brought the matter to a military tribunal. Brigas defended himself by stating that, "the civilians were the sacred core of the nation and that the military were nothing more than servants". The response affected Pico so much that he broke the line of command and sided with Brigas, which resulted in Pico temporarily being placed in jail. The incident was the beginning of Pico's support for liberalism and the first major political event of his life. Pico also became a supporter of California's liberal governor, José María de Echeandía, who became California's governor in 1825. Echeandía was a supporter of secularization, which would involve releasing natives from Church control and redistributing excess land to them.
Early political career
Diputado
Left to right: Juan Bautista Alvarado, Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, and Juan Bandini, members of California's diputación and allies of Pico
With the help of his family connections, Pico was able to enter politics. By 1826, he had been elected to San Diego's town council and in 1828 he was elected to California's legislative body, known as a diputación. In 1829, Echeandía gave Pico Rancho Jamul, which was the first major piece of land he owned. After receiving the ranch, Pico began stocking it with cattle and hiring workers to cultivate a cattle empire and become part of the landowning elite. By 1831, California's diputación consisted of Pico, Ortega, Juan Bautista Alvarado, Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, Antonio María Osio, Santiago Argüello, Juan Bandini, and Tomás Yorba, all of whom were interrelated, which allowed them to take complete control of territorial politics.
After the presidency of Guadalupe Victoria, the liberal Vicente Guerrero became president, but after he was given emergency powers to repel a Spanish invasion, conservatives accused him of despotism. Led by Vice President Anastasio Bustamante, the conservatives launched a rebellion in late 1829. Upon becoming president, Bustamante designated the conservative centralist Lucas Alamán to head his cabinet, who sought to remove liberal opposition from federal and state governments. Alamán removed Echeandía as governor, and sent Manuel Victoria to replace him in 1830. Prior to Victoria's arrival, Echeandía issued decrees authorizing secularization, which he knew Victoria would oppose. Pico and other liberals in California supported Echeandía's decrees.
By 1831, Pico was the primer vocal of the diputación, being its most senior member. Victoria began ignoring the diputación's demands, such as one instance when Pico demanded Victoria meet with him, which Victoria considered a person attack, and stated that he would decide when the diputación would meet. In a government circular on September 31 that year, Victoria stated his intention to end Echeandía's secularization policies, and accused the diputados (diputación members) of being illegally elected. He then suspended it entirely. He then began replacing the civilian government with a military one, and banished prominent critics who spoke out against these policies, such as José Antonio Carrillo and Abel Stearns. This alienated several key Californio families. In late September, Pico wrote a contestación (a response) to Victoria's circular, stating that the diputación had the right to rebel against the governor, and argued against the expulsions and the nullification of local elections and diputados. He portrayed himself as a patriot defending Mexican law, and in bandos (pronouncements that posted on public buildings), he instilled the image of himself as a fighter for the liberty of common citizens. His prominent position gave his manifesto public weight.
Pico received word from Carrillo that Victoria planned to kill him and Bandini. Victoria also dismissed Bandini from his political position around that time. Pico responded by building an opposition including many of the most influential Southern Californians, such as Carrillo, Bandini, and Stearns. They met at Pico's Rancho Jamul to gather information on Victoria's forces and plan an armed revolt. At the same time, Victoria informed the federal government of his suspension of the diputación and his plans for military rule. With the diputación no longer recognized federally, the group chose to send Pico to Los Angeles to recruit influential men in the city to their cause. He found many of them imprisoned, but was still able to speak with them, and although he didn't get all the support he hoped for, he did find a significant amount.
1831 revolt
Further information: Battle of Cahuenga Pass
After less than two months of planning, on November 29, 1831, Pico, Carrillo, and Bandini issued the Plan de San Diego, which placed them in open rebellion against Victoria. It accused Victoria of violating the law by issuing banishments without trial and of "promoting illegal arrests" in Los Angeles. It announced the suspension of Victoria as governor and military commandant and called for a legally elected interim official to run the government and military. On November 30, a group of 15 armed men, including Pico, Carrillo, Bandini, and Stearns marched into San Diego and surprised its garrison. Pico placed his friend Argüello under arrest, as well as Ygnacio del Valle. Pico took them to the home of Portillà, who had been arrested by Bandini, and the rebels attempted to convince the captured officers to join their rebellion. They refused, but promised to take no action against Pico's group for the remainder of the rebellion. The group released the officers, who allowed the rebels to take artillery pieces from the barracks, and soldiers from the garrison began joining them. They then went to Los Angeles, where they stormed the prison, released all prisoners, and then arrested the alcalde Vicente Sánchez.
Pico's 1831 rebellion ended with a battle located at Cahuenga Pass, which is pictured above in 1888.
The rebellion was gaining public support, and its success convinced Portillà and Argüello to join on the condition that Echeandía lead it. Although he had little involvement prior, Echeandía agreed. This gave further legitimacy to the rebels, and more officers and soldiers joined them. In early December, Echeandía led his force of about 50 men into Los Angeles. The two groups met in Cahuenga Pass, with Victoria's force of about 30 against Pico and Echeandía's 150. The following battle was short. Pico's side gained the upper hand, with Victoria being critically wounded while retreating. The following day he formally surrendered. On December 9, he met with Echeandía to make plans abdicate and leave to another part of Mexico. The rebels celebrated their victory without fear of retaliation from the federal government, as they lacked the resources to send a force to the state and keep resupplying them.
First governorship
Vallejo signed the Plan de San Diego soon after, which united the North and South of California under it. On January 10, 1832, the restored diputación met in Los Angeles. This time, it consisted of Pico, Vallejo, Alvarado, Ortega, Osio, Argüello, and Yorba. With Victoria gone, they were free to continue secularization and governance of the state. They set aside any political differences they had to select a new head of government. An 1822 law stated that the primer vocal would assume the governorship, which was still Pico. The church resisted giving the group religious objects needed for the swearing-in, so Alvarado broke in to get them. Afterwards, Vallejo inaugurated Pico as the governor on January 27. Pico's governance had the support of San Diego.
On February 1, Echeandía wrote to Pico about his concerns that Pico's election was illegitimate. Pico didn't reply, and then in a letter to Los Angeles alcalde Manuel Dominguez, Echeandía admitted the legality of Pico's selection as governor. However, he also clarified his opposition to Pico's governance based on the illegality of the rebellion. Dominguez then refused to accept Pico as governor. Echeandía believed that since Victoria passed the office to him before he left, that he, not Pico, gave him the governorship. On February 16, Echeandía issued an ultimatum to Pico: If he didn't step down, Echeandía would hold him and the diputación responsible for the rebellion to the nation, which ignored Echeandía's own role in it. The group placated Echeandía's desire, with Pico's first term ending on February 18.
Aftermath
Shortly after Pico's resignation, Agustín V. Zamorano, Victoria's secretary, began a revolt in Northern Alta California. He and his allies rejected the authority of Echeandía and the diputación. By March 22, the diputación and Echeandía had reached an accord with Echeandía, and Pico issued a circular to the ayuntamientos requesting they maintain peace and avoid joining Zamorano's revolt. Pico did not challenge Echeandía or Zamorano for the governorship and sought to end public disruption. By early May, a truce placed Zamorano and Echeandía in military control of the north and south, respectively. Meanwhile, the federal government sent brigadier general José Figueroa to assume the governorship, but he would not arrive until the following year, and until then the massive territory would not have a single leader. Figueroa arrived on January 14, 1833, reuniting the state.
Interim career
Secularization and marriage
President Valentín Gómez Farías (pictured) ordered the full secularization of California's missions
As governor, Figueroa opposed full secularization, arguing that it would hurt California's economy and that natives required more "civilizing". He issued a law giving partial emancipation to those who had practiced Christianity for twelve years, but placed recalcitrant natives back under mission authority. By 1833, the Liberals, led by Antonio López de Santa Anna and Valentín Gómez Farías, removed the conservative government. Gómez Farías implemented many liberal reforms, including secularization in the Californias. This conflicted with Figueroa's gradual plan, but in 1834 he complied. He created the Reglamento provisional para la secularización de las Misiones (Spanish: Provisional regulation for the secularization of the missions), which secularized ten missions and created plans to secularize the rest. It created a comisionado (Spanish: administrator) to emancipate and redistribute property to the natives, and to take mission inventory and pay debts with the governor's approval. After redistribution, this would leave excess land that Figueroa believed could improve the economy. However, there was a lack of regulations on the comisionado and on native labor requirements.
Pico married María Ignacia Alvarado on February 24, 1834 at La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles. She was the daughter of sergeant Francisco Javier Alvarado. His son, Francisco Javier II, was alcalde of Los Angeles and had married Pico's sister María Tomasa Pico in 1829. The reception was held across the street at the home of his brother-in-law José Antonio Carrillo. The reception lasted eight days. Pico's best man was then-governor Figueroa. By this point, the two had formed a strong friendship. That year, Pico ran to become alcalde of San Diego, but on December 21, he lost to Juan María Osuna.
In 1837, Pico was the godfather at the baptism of John "Juan" Forster, an English-born immigrant who converted to Catholicism and became a Mexican citizen to own land. The two men would later refers to this connection when asking each other for political favors. Forster would soon after marry Pico's sister Isidora Ygnacia Pico, making Forster his son-in-law as well.
Mission San Luis Rey
Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, which Pico became comisionado of in 1835. He sought to profit off of it, and became known for his cruel and authoritative treatment of the natives there.
In 1835, Pico became the comisionado of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, which may have been influenced by his friendship with Figueroa. As comisionado, Pico faced resistance from natives at San Luis Rey, as they had been skeptical of emancipation and continued to face mistreatment following secularization. Laws had given natives the ability to establish pueblos and elect their own alcaldes, who would interact with the Mexican government on behalf of their people. Two pueblos and alcaldes were established by the Luiseños (natives at San Luis Rey). To overcome this, Pico worked with the local encargado de justicia (Spanish: officer of justice). The encargado could arrest people at the mission for crimes, but the act creating this position was vague on what constituted a crime, and the encargado could arrest a native for simply refusing to work. Punishments involved imprisonment in chains for up to eight days and possibly an equal amount of time doing forced labor. According to Pico, he once had a Luiseño alcalde chained and lashed fifty times for attacking a Mexican mayordomo. In 1836, Pico also became the encargado de justicia, which gave him further control over the Luiseños.
The Luiseños soon came to despise Pico. According to the Luiseño Julio César, Pico was their most abusive administrator. Pico mandated that all Luiseños remove their hats when he walked by, and allowed his cattle to graze on native pueblos. He also sought to profit off of the mission, and by 1835, his inventory valued the mission at $194,436, which was far ahead of the others. A Luiseño coalition elected the educated Pablo Apis to represent them, and in June they petitioned the alcalde of San Diego to remove Pico. Pico learned of this and requested military assistance from the San Diego Presidio. Comandante Nicolás Gutiérrez gave Apis permission to travel to San Diego, but Pico had Apis arrested. Apis was placed in jail, but a thousand Luiseños protested outside his quarters, demanding his release. Fearing for his life, Pico unconditionally released Apis. However, Pico had requested the aid of troops from San Juan Capistrano, and after they arrived, he again arrested Apis. He forced Apis to join the military company in Monterey to eliminate him as a threat, and had the military arrest more natives. A month later, Luiseño protests continued, with them unsuccessfully petitioning governor Mariano Chico to remove Pico.
Pico made some concessions to the Luiseños. When Luiseños at the pueblo of Las Flores complained about their officials, Pico personally traveled there and replaced them. In November 1836, Pico prevented Portillà from acquiring native property rights in Agua Caliente, although he took some of them for himself.
By 1836, a conservative government had regained control of the federal government, and it enacted the Siete Leyes (Spanish: Seven Laws), which diminished the power of the states and created the Centralist Republic of Mexico. That year, Northern California politician Juan Bautista Alvarado led a revolt against Governor Gutiérrez and declared California independent from Mexico. He elevated the diputación to a junta. However, Pico, Carlos Antonio Carrillo, and other Southern California politicians feared that Alvarado would favor the north. Pico and his allies challenged Alvarado's government, supporting Carrillo instead. In 1837 the conflict erupted into a revolt, which Pico joined. By March 1838, Alvarado's army had defeated the southern rebels. Carrillo surrendered, and Pico and several others were briefly imprisoned. Eventually, the federal government recognized Alvarado as governor, which ended the conflict on all sides.
While Pico was imprisoned, natives had attacked burned down Rancho Jamul. Pico's mother and sisters escaped due to a warning from a native servant, but multiple staff members and their relatives were killed or disappeared. The natives had also begun leaving Mission San Luis Rey in large numbers. After Pico's release, he sought to regain control of and rebuild his empire with the aid of his family. His brother José Antonio was placed in charge of the military in San Luis Rey, in 1839, which allowed him to defend his brother against native uprisings. Meanwhile, Andrés Pico left the military to take charge of Rancho Jamul.
Back at San Luis Rey, the Luiseños continued refusing to work, and he needed more funding. In June 1839, he moved his mother and sister Jacinta into the mission, and sent a letter to his brother José Antonio, asking him to use his influence with Alvarado and Vallejo to sell their family home in San Diego. He also requested ownership of the lands of Temecula, which Alvarado gave him temporary custody of. There, he gave provisions to the natives while announcing his custody of the land, but they threatened him with an armed revolt. He was soon replaced with his son-in-law José Antonio Estudillo.
Pico also threatened to resign from the mission unless mission inspector general William Hartnell helped him round up fugitive Luiseños. Hartnell interviewed them, and learned of their complaints against Pico, including that his wasteful spending left them without necessities such as clothing. Hartnell then recommended that Alvarado discharge Pico, which he did. Pico fought against his dismissal, but to no avail, then paid off his debt to the mission of $170.00, and left in 1840.
In late 1840, Pico made another attempt to gain Temecula, but instead Alvarado gave him Rancho Santa Margarita, on the condition that he relinquish his claims to Temecula.
Second governorship
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In 1844, he was chosen as a leader of the California Assembly. In 1845, he was again appointed governor, succeeding the unpopular Manuel Micheltorena.
Pico, c. 1858
This occurred because, in late 1844, the Mexican province of California staged a revolt against the mother country. Micheltorena had been sent to California from Mexico, along with an army that had been recruited out of Mexico's worst jails. He had no money to feed his army, which then spread out to people's homes and farms "like a plague of locusts, stripping the countryside bare." This enraged the Californians and led to widespread hatred of Micheltorena. Women were not considered safe from the depredations of Micheltorena's army.
Juan Bautista Alvarado, the governor who had been forcibly replaced by Micheltorena, organized a rebellion against Micheltorena. Upon learning of the impending revolt, Micheltorena appointed John Sutter to lead troops in opposition. Sutter came to John Marsh, who had one of the largest ranchos in California, hoping he would join. Marsh wanted no part of it, but Sutter forced him to join his army against his will.
The two forces met in Cahuenga Pass, near Los Angeles, and fought the Battle of Providencia (also known as the Second Battle of Cahuenga Pass), which consisted primarily of an artillery duel. On the long march to the battle Marsh had taken every opportunity to dissuade the other soldiers from Micheltorena’s cause. Ignoring Sutter, Marsh seized an opportunity in the battle to signal the other side for a parley. Many of the soldiers on each side were immigrants from the United States. Marsh convinced them that they had no reason to be fighting each other. At Marsh's urging, these soldiers on both sides united, abandoned Micheltorena's cause, and even captured Sutter. Micheltorena was defeated, and California-born Pio Pico was returned to the governorship.
Pico made Los Angeles the province's capital, although he left the treasury in the former capital, Monterey. In the year leading up to the Mexican–American War, Pico advocated that California achieve independence from Mexico and become a British protectorate.
Exile and return
When U.S. troops occupied Los Angeles and San Diego in 1846 during the Mexican–American War, Pico fled to Baja California, Mexico, to argue before the Mexican Congress for sending troops to defend Alta California. Pico did not return to Los Angeles until after the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and he reluctantly accepted the transfer of sovereignty.
Automatically granted United States citizenship, he was elected to the Los Angeles Common Council in 1853, but he did not assume office.
Pico helped establish the California Republican Party, allying with the larger Republican Party due to his anti-slavery stances.
Business life
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Pío Pico at the age of 67 in 1868.
John Bidwell, an early California settler, mentioned Pico among the people he knew:
Los Angeles I first saw in March 1845. It then had probably 250 people, of whom I recall Don Abel Stearns, John Temple, Captain Alexander Bell, William Wolfskill, Lemuel Carpenter, David W. Alexander; also of Mexicans, Pio Pico (governor), Don Juan Bandini, and others.
By the 1850s Pico was one of the richest men in Alta California. In 1850 he purchased the 8,894-acre (3,599 ha) Rancho Paso de Bartolo, which included half of present-day Whittier. Two years later, he built a home on the ranch and lived there until 1892. It is preserved today as Pio Pico State Historic Park. Pico also owned the former Mission San Fernando Rey de España, Rancho Santa Margarita y Las Flores (now part of Camp Pendleton), and several other ranchos for a total of over 500,000 acres (200,000 ha).
In 1868, he constructed the three-story, 33-room hotel, Pico House (Casa de Pico) on the old plaza of Los Angeles, opposite today's Olvera Street. At the time of its opening in 1869, it was the most lavish hotel in Southern California. Even before 1900, however, both the hotel and the surrounding neighborhood had begun to decline, as the business center moved farther south. After decades as a shabby flophouse, the hotel was deeded to the State of California in 1953. It is now a part of El Pueblo de Los Angeles State Historic Monument. It is used on occasion for exhibits and special events.
Later life
Pío de Jesús Pico in later life
Following the American annexation of California, Pico dedicated himself to his businesses.
He survived the American conquest of California, becoming one of the wealthiest California cattlemen, controlling more than a quarter million acres. He defended his position and fortune in over 100 legal cases, including 20 that were argued before the California Supreme Court.
Pico House, located on the Plaza de Los Ángeles.
However, gambling, losses to loan sharks, bad business practices, being a victim of fraud, and the flood of 1883 ruined him financially. For example, in 1893, Pico made an arrangement with Bernard Cohn in which Cohn paid Pico more than $60,000 in exchange for a deed to Pico's property in Los Angeles and elsewhere in the county. Pico sued Cohn, but lost on appeal. The decision, Pico v. Cohn (1891) 91 Cal. 129, 133-134, is classically cited by California appellate courts in cases having to do with the setting aside of a judgment in case of fraud.
Pico was forced to liquidate his real estate holdings and his final years were spent in near poverty. In 1893, a committee of local boosters and history enthusiasts asked him to appear at the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition as "the last of the California "dons". Pico refused, considering it an affront to his dignity. He died in 1894 at the home of his daughter, Joaquina Pico Moreno, in Los Angeles. He was buried in the old Calvary Cemetery on North Broadway in Downtown Los Angeles, but his remains, as well as those of his wife, were relocated in 1921 to a modest tomb in El Campo Santo Cemetery, now in the Homestead Museum in the City of Industry.
Personal life
Pico's wife María Ignacia Alvarado died on February 21, 1854, in Santa Barbara. Pico never acknowledged any children with her or anyone else, but multiple people claimed to have been his direct descendants. The mixed martial artist Aaron Pico is reportedly Pío Pico's great-great-great-great grandson.
Pico, a Spanish speaker, never learned English, which would become an important factor in his lawsuit against Juan Forster.
Pico held three different nationalities during his lifetime. He was born a Spaniard in New Spain, became a Mexican citizen as a young man, and finally a United States citizen. He was known for his extravagant lifestyle, with fine clothes, expensive furnishings, and heavy gambling.
In 2010, scientists published an article about Pio Pico asserting that he showed signs of acromegaly, a disease not characterized until later in the nineteenth century.
Legacy
Pío Pico State Historic Park
Numerous landmarks, areas, and streets bear Pico's name, especially in Southern California and particularly Los Angeles County. Pico Boulevard, a major east–west thoroughfare in Los Angeles, is named for him. The L.A. neighborhoods of Pico Union, Pico-Roberston, Pico Park, Pico/Rimpau, and Pico/Aliso Gardens bare his name. The city of Pico Rivera is also named after him. Pico station and Pico/Aliso station are stops on the Los Angeles Metro Rail. The 300-megawatt Pio Pico Energy Center has natural gas-fired combustion turbine generators in Otay Mesa, San Diego, starting in 2016.
Pío Pico State Historic Park is the historic site of Governor Pico's Rancho Paso de Bartolo, made up of his adobe mansion and ranching estate. The site, located in Whittier, California, was opened to the public in 1927 and is operated by California State Parks.
Pico House, located on the Los Angeles Plaza, is a historic site in Downtown Los Angeles, now part of the El Pueblo de Los Ángeles Historical Monument.
Notes
^ Sloat's term as the state's U.S.-appointed military governor began on July 7, 1846, while Pico was still the state's Mexico-appointed governor. In October of 1846, Flores self-stylized himself as the governor and continued to fight U.S. forces into 1847. Flores is sometimes excluded from lists of California governors from that period, although other sources list him and Pico's brother Andrés Pico as governors as well. However, even sources that do list them still refer to Pío Pico as the last governor of Alta California.
^ Pío Pico III's date of immigration to colonial Mexico came from a 1986 pamphlet for the Pio Pico State Historic Park by Howard Holter. However, Holter's source for this is unknown.
^ Pico's grandmother's name is usually spelled Vastida, but has occasionally been spelled Bastida
^ In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Gómez and the second or maternal family name is Farías.
References
^ "1836 Ley sobre la division del territorio mexicano en Departamentos" (in Spanish). Government of Mexico, archived at Memoria Política de México. December 30, 1836.
^ a b c Bandini, Helen Elliott (1908). History of California. American Book Company. p. 292. ISBN 978-1-4219-2750-3.
^ Hall 2023, p. 433.
^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2012). The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. 1, A-L. ABC-CLIO. p. 237. ISBN 9781851098545.
^ a b c d Hart 1987, p. 195
^ Hart 1987, p. 386
^ a b c d Salomon 2011, p. 15
^ a b c "About the Park". California State Parks. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
^ a b c d e f g "Pío Pico State Historic Park" (PDF). California State Parks. 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
^ Salomon 2011, p. 184.
^ a b c d e f g h Estrada, William (October 27, 2016). "The Life and Times of Pío Pico, Last Governor of Mexican California". KCET. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ a b de Valdes y Cocom, Mario. "The blurred racial lines of famous families: Pico". PBS. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
^ "Soldiers of the 1775 Anza Expedition" Archived May 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, 1912, California Spanish Genealogy. Retrieved on 2008-08-05
^ Salomon 2011, p. 12.
^ a b c d e f Login IS, Login J (January 2010). "Governor Pio Pico, the monster of California ... no more: lessons in neuroendocrinology". Pituitary. 13 (1): 80–6. doi:10.1007/s11102-008-0127-1. PMC 2807602. PMID 18597174. Open Access; https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11102-008-0127-1
^ "California's Last Mexican Governor: Timeline of Pío Pico's Life" (PDF). Whittier Historical Scoiety. February 27, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
^ a b c Gray 2022, p. 33
^ Netzley, Luke (June 16, 2022). "The lost history of Latino influence in Pasadena". Pasadena Weekly. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
^ Salomon 2011, pp. 13–14.
^ a b Salomon 2011, p. 14
^ a b c d Salomon 2011, p. 30
^ Salomon 2011, pp. 17–18.
^ Salomon 2011, p. 17.
^ Salomon 2011, p. 20.
^ a b Salomon 2011, pp. 20–21
^ Salomon 2011, p. 21.
^ "Circa 1820: Don Pío Pico settles in San Diego in the 1820s, before becoming the governor of California". The San Diego Union-Tribune. February 2, 2021. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^ Salomon 2011, pp. 29–30.
^ Salomon 2011, p. 24-27.
^ a b Salomon 2011, p. 27
^ Salomon 2011, pp. 27–28.
^ a b Salomon 2011, p. 31
^ Bernal, Victoria (November 4, 2016). "Vast Swaths of Southern California Once Belonged to Pío Pico". PBS SoCal. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
^ "OTAY RANCH RESORT VILLAGE, ARCHAEOLOGICAL/HISTORICAL STUDY" (PDF). County of San Diego. November 22, 2010. p. 3.0–8. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
^ Salomon 2011, pp. 31–33.
^ a b Salomon 2011, p. 34
^ Salomon 2011, p. 35
^ Salomon 2011, pp. 35–36.
^ Salomon 2011, pp. 37–38.
^ Salomon 2011, p. 38.
^ Salomon 2011, pp. 38–39.
^ a b Salomon 2011, p. 40
^ a b Masters, Nathan (December 14, 2011). "Battlefield L.A.: Where & Why War Came to Southern California". PBS SoCal. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
^ Salomon 2011, pp. 40–41.
^ Smythe 1908, p. 121.
^ Salomon 2011, pp. 41–42.
^ Salomon 2011, pp. 42–43.
^ Salomon 2011, p. 48.
^ Salomon 2011, pp. 49–51.
^ a b c Fischer, Greg (May 20, 2015). "The Power of Pico (the Person, not the Street)". Los Angeles Downtown News. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
^ a b c Salomon 2011, p. 51
^ Smythe 1908, p. 124.
^ Gray 2022, p. 41.
^ Salomon 2011, p. 52.
^ Salomon 2011, pp. 54–55.
^ Salomon 2011, p. 57.
^ Salomon 2011, pp. 58–60.
^ Salomon 2011, p. 60.
^ Salomon 2011, p. 61.
^ Salomon 2011, pp. 62–63.
^ a b Salomon 2011, pp. 64–66
^ a b Salomon 2011, p. 66
^ Salomon 2011, p. 68.
^ a b c Lyman and Marsh 1931, pp. 250–52.
^ a b c Stone, Irving. Men to Match My Mountains, pp 68-72, Berkley Books, New York, New York, 1982. ISBN 0-425-10544-X.
^ a b c Winkley, John W. Dr. John Marsh, Wilderness Scout, pp 66-69, The Parthenon Press, Nashville, Tennessee, 1962.
^ a b c Stone, Irving. From Mud-Flat Cove to Gold to Statehood, pp 66-68, Word Dancer Press, Clovis, California, 1999. ISBN 1-884995-17-9.
^ Salomon, Carlos Manuel. Pio Pico: The Last Governor of Mexican California, pp. 73, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8061-4090-2.
^ Salomon, Carlos Manuel. Pio Pico: The Last Governor of Mexican California, pp 77-6, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8061-4090-2.
^ Hart 1987, p. 80.
^ Lyman, George D. John Marsh, Pioneer: The Life Story of a Trail-Blazer on Six Frontiers, pp. 258-62, The Chautauqua Press, Chautauqua, New York, 1931.
^ Groom, Winston. Kearny's March, p 46, Alfred A. Knopf, 2011.
^ McPhate, Mike (September 14, 2018). "The extraordinary life of Pio Pico, a son of California under 3 nations". California Sun. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
^ John Bidwell: "First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849-1900", Library of Congress Historical Collections, "American Memory": John Bidwell (Pioneer of '41): Life in California Before the Gold Discovery, from the collection "California As I Saw It."
^ "The Law: Another Judgement Against Pio Pico Rendered". Los Angeles Times. February 8, 1890. p. 2. ProQuest 163502681.
^ For example, see Justia U.S. Law, "Kachig v. Boothe". Retrieved October 4, 2017.
^ Estrada, William David (2008). Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and contested space. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 106. ISBN 9780292794627.
^ Meares, Hadley (September 27, 2013). "Family Plots: El Campo Santo Cemetery at the Workman-Temple Homestead". Departures Column. KCET. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
^ Gray 2022, p. 61.
^ "Funeral set for Pio Pico descendant". Los Angeles Daily News. February 19, 2007. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
^ Molina, Sandra T. (March 21, 2012). "Great-granddaughter of Pio Pico dies at 96". Whittier Daily News. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
^ "Family shares history of the closest living Pio Pico descendants". San Gabriel Valley Tribune. May 1, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
^ Martin, Brian (June 12, 2019). "Aaron Pico learning How to Fight and Be Like a Ferrari". The Orange County Register. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
^ Gray 2022, p. 23.
^ Gally, Sid (July 19, 2015). "Pasadena History: Pio Pico, the last governor of Mexican California". Pasadena Star-News. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
^ Meares, Hadley (June 20, 2018). "Who Was That? The People Behind Famous L.A. Place Names". Los Angeles Magazine. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
^ "Electricity Data Browser". www.eia.gov.
^ "Pio Pico Energy Center". www.energy.ca.gov. California Energy Commission.
Bibliography
Gray, Paul Bryan (2022) . Forster Vs. Pico: The Battle for the Rancho Santa Margarita. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-9097-6.
Hall, Frederic (2023) . The History of San José. Anatiposi Verlag. ISBN 978-3-38212-086-3.
Hart, James D. (1987) . A Companion to California: Newly Revised and Expanded with Illustrations. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05543-8.
Salomon, Carlos Manuel (2011). Pío Pico: The Last Governor of Mexican California. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-4237-1.
Smythe, William E. (1908). History of San Diego, 1542-1908: An Account of the Rise and Progress of the Pioneer Settlement on the Pacific Coast of the United States Volume I: Old Town. History Company.
Further reading
Holter, Howard R. (2019). The Last Of The Californios: The Pico Family, 1775-1894. Dr. howard r holter. ISBN 978-0-5786-0335-3.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pío Pico.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Pío Pico.
Biography from the San Diego Historical Society excerpted from Smythe's History of San Diego (1907)
"What made Pio Pico so, well, ugly?" - Los Angeles Times
"Pio Pico" - Whittier Museum
"The Life and Times of Pío Pico, Last Governor of Mexican California" - KCET
Pío Pico at Find a Grave
Pío Pico papers, 1845-1846 at The Bancroft Library
Salomon, Carlos Manuel (May 20, 2015). "Early Afro-Mexican Settlers in California". California Historical Society., C-SPAN Video Library
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A member of the prominent Pico family of California, he was one of the wealthiest men in California at the time and a hugely influential figure in Californian society, continuing as a citizen of the nascent U.S. state of California.His legacy can be seen in the numerous places named after him, such as the city of Pico Rivera, Pico Boulevard in Los Angeles, Pio Pico State Historic Park, and numerous schools that bear his name.","title":"Pío Pico"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pico family of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_family_of_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Salomon15-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:AboutPark-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:StatePark-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:AboutPark-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:StatePark-10"},{"link_name":"Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"Pico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico,_Lazio"},{"link_name":"Central Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Italy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:StatePark-10"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniards"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Salomon15-8"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"1790 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Pobladores"},{"link_name":"mulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto"},{"link_name":"mixed-race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_people"},{"link_name":"African ancestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Mexicans"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Salomon15-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blurred-15"},{"link_name":"mestizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"Juan Bautista de Anza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza"},{"link_name":"Tubac, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubac,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201112-17"},{"link_name":"Sinaloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaloa"},{"link_name":"Sonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"}],"sub_title":"Ancestry","text":"Further information: Pico family of CaliforniaPío Pico was of African, Native American, Spanish,[7][8][9] and Italian ancestry.[8][9] His earliest known ancestor is the Count Mazzi, who lived during the early 1600s in the town of Pico in Central Italy.[9] Pico's great grandfather, the Spanish-born Pío de Jesús Pico III, likely came to Mexico during the first or second decade of the 18th century.[7][b]Pico's paternal grandmother, María Jacinta Vastida,[c] was listed in the 1790 census as mulata, meaning mixed-race with African ancestry.[7][11][12] His paternal grandfather, Santiago de la Cruz Pico, was described as a mestizo (Native American-Spanish) in the same census.[11] Santiago was one of the soldiers who accompanied Juan Bautista de Anza on the expedition that left Tubac, Arizona for California in 1775 to explore the region and colonize it.[13][14] Santiago and María Jacinta were from the provinces of what are now Sinaloa and Sonora.[11]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mission_San_Gabriel_4-15-05_6611.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mission San Gabriel Arcángel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Gabriel_Arc%C3%A1ngel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:AboutPark-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-login-18"},{"link_name":"Mission San Gabriel Arcángel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Gabriel_Arc%C3%A1ngel"},{"link_name":"José María Pico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pico"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gray33-20"},{"link_name":"Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulalia_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guill%C3%A9n_Marin%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:StatePark-10"},{"link_name":"Andrés Pico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pico"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gray33-20"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:StatePark-10"},{"link_name":"Mission San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Diego_de_Alcal%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201113%E2%80%9314-22"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Salomon14-23"},{"link_name":"Presidio of San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Carrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Carrillo"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal30-24"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Salomon14-23"},{"link_name":"Native Californians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California"},{"link_name":"forced to convert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_conversion"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"civilize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_genocide"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201117%E2%80%9318-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201117-26"},{"link_name":"Mexican War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201120-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal2021-28"},{"link_name":"San Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gabriel,_California"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal2021-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201121-29"}],"sub_title":"Birth and childhood","text":"Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, where Pico was bornPío de Jesús Pico IV[8][15] was born at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel on May 5, 1801, to José María Pico and his wife María Eustaquia Gutiérrez,[16][17] with the aid of midwife Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné.[18] He was the fourth of his parents' ten children, and their second son.[9] Among his siblings was his younger brother General Andrés Pico, born in 1810.[11][17]In 1805, the family moved to San Diego.[9] José María Pico worked as a guard for mission communities, and would move to different missions as his work required. Pío Pico spent much of his childhood outside the tiny settlement of Mission San Diego.[19] There, he received a modest education. He often read from the Bible at Mass, and felt the immense presence of the church, as it dominated the economy, although he was not profoundly religious.[20] At the Presidio of San Diego, José Antonio Carrillo, who later married Pico's sister Estéfana, taught Pico how to read. This would be important to his career, as California law required literacy among elected officials. Carrillo would have a great influence on Pico's youth and political rise.[21]He took an interest in his father's work, and in 1815, he was temporarily placed in charge of the mission guards by local officials while his father was away.[20] His father and other guards defended the missions from rebellions by Native Californians, who resented being forced to convert to Christianity as part of attempts to \"civilize\" them.[22]The Spanish government gave plots of land for housing and agriculture to some of the settlers in the area, and used them as incentives to recruit soldiers. José María Pico was never given any plots.[23] José María eventually began to support the Mexican War of Independence from Spain. In 1811, he and sixty other soldiers were arrested by Spanish authorities on charges of conspiracy and imprisoned.[24] He was eventually released,[25] and the family moved back to San Gabriel.[11] However, José María died in September 1819 in the same mission in which his son had been born.[25] After this, Pío Pico was left in charge of his large family, and would have to continue without owning any land, which would remain a necessary component for entering California politics.[26]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexican War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Pio_Pico_(Californian_State_Library).jpg"},{"link_name":"California State Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Library"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-login-18"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:StatePark-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201129%E2%80%9330-31"},{"link_name":"Domingo Carrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covarrubias_Adobe#History"},{"link_name":"José Joaquín Ortega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Santa_Ysabel_(Ortega)#History"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal30-24"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gray33-20"},{"link_name":"successful independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_of_Iguala"},{"link_name":"First Mexican Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire"},{"link_name":"Agustín de Iturbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Vicente Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Antonio López de Santa Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna"},{"link_name":"forced to abdicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire#Iturbide's_abdication"},{"link_name":"First Mexican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Centralists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralisation"},{"link_name":"heavy influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"federal republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic"},{"link_name":"secular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_education"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201124-27-32"},{"link_name":"Pablo de la Portillà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_de_la_Portill%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal27-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal27-33"},{"link_name":"José María de Echeandía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Echeand%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"secularization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularization_(church_property)"},{"link_name":"redistributing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201127%E2%80%9328-34"}],"sub_title":"Mexican independence","text":"Further information: Mexican War of IndependencePortrait of Pico held by the California State Library, c. 1847[15]Following his father's death, Pico moved back to San Diego around the year 1820.[11][27] He became a merchant, selling liquor, groceries, and dry goods.[9] He would open a general store where he also sold furniture and mules. His occupation also allowed him to travel the state and meet notable Californios.[11] Pico's sisters married into prominent California families, which would be important to Pico's political rise. He kept close connections with these families.[28] These marriages also gave the Pico family their first sense of financial security. Concepción Pico married Domingo Carrillo in 1810, María Casimira Pico married José Joaquín Ortega in 1821, and Estéfana married José Antonio Carrillo in 1823.[21] In 1824, Pío and Andrés Pico built their mother a home by Presidio Hill in San Diego.[17]After Mexico's successful independence in 1821, the First Mexican Empire was created. However, Mexico's emperor, Agustín de Iturbide, clashed with liberal revolutionary generals such as Guadalupe Victoria, Vicente Guerrero, and Antonio López de Santa Anna, who resisted Iturbide's conservative policies. In 1823, Iturbide was forced to abdicate amid revolts, and soon after, the First Mexican Republic was created. Two rival factions developed: Liberals and Centralists. Centralists believed that Mexico's states should be controlled by an elitist government, as well as the continued heavy influence of the Catholic Church. Liberals wanted Mexico to become a federal republic, where the federal government shared power with the states, and supported secular education. California leaned more towards liberalism, as their political culture had developed largely separately from the federal government seated in Mexico City.[29]Pico was eventually appointed as the secretary to a captain named Pablo de la Portillà.[30] In 1827, Portillà charged merchant Luis Brigas with misappropriation of funds, and brought the matter to a military tribunal. Brigas defended himself by stating that, \"the civilians were the sacred core of the nation and that the military were nothing more than servants\". The response affected Pico so much that he broke the line of command and sided with Brigas, which resulted in Pico temporarily being placed in jail. The incident was the beginning of Pico's support for liberalism and the first major political event of his life.[30] Pico also became a supporter of California's liberal governor, José María de Echeandía, who became California's governor in 1825. Echeandía was a supporter of secularization, which would involve releasing natives from Church control and redistributing excess land to them.[31]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JuanBautistaAlvarado.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mariano_de_Guadalupe_Vallejo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juan_Bandini_portrait4x3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Juan Bautista Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Guadalupe_Vallejo"},{"link_name":"Juan Bandini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bandini"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal30-24"},{"link_name":"Rancho Jamul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Jamul"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal31-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal31-35"},{"link_name":"Juan Bautista Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Guadalupe_Vallejo"},{"link_name":"Antonio María Osio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Punta_de_los_Reyes_Sobrante#Antonio_Maria_Osio"},{"link_name":"Santiago Argüello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Arg%C3%BCello"},{"link_name":"Juan Bandini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bandini"},{"link_name":"Tomás Yorba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_La_Sierra#History"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal30-24"},{"link_name":"Anastasio Bustamante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante"},{"link_name":"Lucas Alamán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Manuel Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201131%E2%80%9333-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal34-39"},{"link_name":"government circular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_circular"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal34-39"},{"link_name":"Abel Stearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Stearns"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201135%E2%80%9336-41"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201137%E2%80%9338-42"}],"sub_title":"Diputado","text":"Left to right: Juan Bautista Alvarado, Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, and Juan Bandini, members of California's diputación and allies of PicoWith the help of his family connections, Pico was able to enter politics. By 1826, he had been elected to San Diego's town council and in 1828 he was elected to California's legislative body, known as a diputación.[21] In 1829, Echeandía gave Pico Rancho Jamul, which was the first major piece of land he owned.[32][33][34] After receiving the ranch, Pico began stocking it with cattle and hiring workers to cultivate a cattle empire and become part of the landowning elite.[32] By 1831, California's diputación consisted of Pico, Ortega, Juan Bautista Alvarado, Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, Antonio María Osio, Santiago Argüello, Juan Bandini, and Tomás Yorba, all of whom were interrelated, which allowed them to take complete control of territorial politics.[21]After the presidency of Guadalupe Victoria, the liberal Vicente Guerrero became president, but after he was given emergency powers to repel a Spanish invasion, conservatives accused him of despotism. Led by Vice President Anastasio Bustamante, the conservatives launched a rebellion in late 1829. Upon becoming president, Bustamante designated the conservative centralist Lucas Alamán to head his cabinet, who sought to remove liberal opposition from federal and state governments. Alamán removed Echeandía as governor, and sent Manuel Victoria to replace him in 1830.[35] Prior to Victoria's arrival, Echeandía issued decrees authorizing secularization, which he knew Victoria would oppose. Pico and other liberals in California supported Echeandía's decrees.[36]By 1831, Pico was the primer vocal of the diputación, being its most senior member. Victoria began ignoring the diputación's demands, such as one instance when Pico demanded Victoria meet with him, which Victoria considered a person attack, and stated that he would decide when the diputación would meet. In a government circular on September 31 that year, Victoria stated his intention to end Echeandía's secularization policies, and accused the diputados (diputación members) of being illegally elected. He then suspended it entirely.[36] He then began replacing the civilian government with a military one, and banished prominent critics who spoke out against these policies, such as José Antonio Carrillo and Abel Stearns. This alienated several key Californio families.[37] In late September, Pico wrote a contestación (a response) to Victoria's circular, stating that the diputación had the right to rebel against the governor, and argued against the expulsions and the nullification of local elections and diputados. He portrayed himself as a patriot defending Mexican law, and in bandos (pronouncements that posted on public buildings), he instilled the image of himself as a fighter for the liberty of common citizens. His prominent position gave his manifesto public weight.[38]Pico received word from Carrillo that Victoria planned to kill him and Bandini. Victoria also dismissed Bandini from his political position around that time. Pico responded by building an opposition including many of the most influential Southern Californians, such as Carrillo, Bandini, and Stearns. They met at Pico's Rancho Jamul to gather information on Victoria's forces and plan an armed revolt. At the same time, Victoria informed the federal government of his suspension of the diputación and his plans for military rule. With the diputación no longer recognized federally, the group chose to send Pico to Los Angeles to recruit influential men in the city to their cause. He found many of them imprisoned, but was still able to speak with them, and although he didn't get all the support he hoped for, he did find a significant amount.[39]","title":"Early political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Cahuenga Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cahuenga_Pass"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201138-43"},{"link_name":"Ygnacio del Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ygnacio_del_Valle"},{"link_name":"alcalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcalde"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201138%E2%80%9339-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crop_of_Huntington_Ernest_Marquez_Collection_Cahuenga_Pass_1888.jpg"},{"link_name":"battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cahuenga_Pass"},{"link_name":"Cahuenga Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahuenga_Pass"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal40-45"},{"link_name":"Cahuenga Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahuenga_Pass"},{"link_name":"following battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cahuenga_Pass"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Battlefield-46"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Battlefield-46"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal40-45"}],"sub_title":"1831 revolt","text":"Further information: Battle of Cahuenga PassAfter less than two months of planning, on November 29, 1831, Pico, Carrillo, and Bandini issued the Plan de San Diego, which placed them in open rebellion against Victoria. It accused Victoria of violating the law by issuing banishments without trial and of \"promoting illegal arrests\" in Los Angeles. It announced the suspension of Victoria as governor and military commandant and called for a legally elected interim official to run the government and military.[40] On November 30, a group of 15 armed men, including Pico, Carrillo, Bandini, and Stearns marched into San Diego and surprised its garrison. Pico placed his friend Argüello under arrest, as well as Ygnacio del Valle. Pico took them to the home of Portillà, who had been arrested by Bandini, and the rebels attempted to convince the captured officers to join their rebellion. They refused, but promised to take no action against Pico's group for the remainder of the rebellion. The group released the officers, who allowed the rebels to take artillery pieces from the barracks, and soldiers from the garrison began joining them. They then went to Los Angeles, where they stormed the prison, released all prisoners, and then arrested the alcalde Vicente Sánchez.[41]Pico's 1831 rebellion ended with a battle located at Cahuenga Pass, which is pictured above in 1888.The rebellion was gaining public support, and its success convinced Portillà and Argüello to join on the condition that Echeandía lead it. Although he had little involvement prior, Echeandía agreed. This gave further legitimacy to the rebels, and more officers and soldiers joined them. In early December, Echeandía led his force of about 50 men into Los Angeles.[42] The two groups met in Cahuenga Pass, with Victoria's force of about 30 against Pico and Echeandía's 150. The following battle was short.[43] Pico's side gained the upper hand, with Victoria being critically wounded while retreating.[43] The following day he formally surrendered. On December 9, he met with Echeandía to make plans abdicate and leave to another part of Mexico. The rebels celebrated their victory without fear of retaliation from the federal government, as they lacked the resources to send a force to the state and keep resupplying them.[42]","title":"Early political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201140%E2%80%9341-47"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart195-5"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmythe1908121-48"},{"link_name":"Manuel Dominguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Dominguez"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201141%E2%80%9342-49"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart195-5"}],"text":"Vallejo signed the Plan de San Diego soon after, which united the North and South of California under it. On January 10, 1832, the restored diputación met in Los Angeles. This time, it consisted of Pico, Vallejo, Alvarado, Ortega, Osio, Argüello, and Yorba. With Victoria gone, they were free to continue secularization and governance of the state. They set aside any political differences they had to select a new head of government. An 1822 law stated that the primer vocal would assume the governorship, which was still Pico. The church resisted giving the group religious objects needed for the swearing-in, so Alvarado broke in to get them. Afterwards, Vallejo inaugurated Pico as the governor[44] on January 27.[5] Pico's governance had the support of San Diego.[45]On February 1, Echeandía wrote to Pico about his concerns that Pico's election was illegitimate. Pico didn't reply, and then in a letter to Los Angeles alcalde Manuel Dominguez, Echeandía admitted the legality of Pico's selection as governor. However, he also clarified his opposition to Pico's governance based on the illegality of the rebellion. Dominguez then refused to accept Pico as governor. Echeandía believed that since Victoria passed the office to him before he left, that he, not Pico, gave him the governorship. On February 16, Echeandía issued an ultimatum to Pico: If he didn't step down, Echeandía would hold him and the diputación responsible for the rebellion to the nation, which ignored Echeandía's own role in it. The group placated Echeandía's desire,[46] with Pico's first term ending on February 18.[5]","title":"First governorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agustín V. Zamorano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_V._Zamorano"},{"link_name":"ayuntamientos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayuntamiento"},{"link_name":"José Figueroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueroa"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201142%E2%80%9343-50"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath","text":"Shortly after Pico's resignation, Agustín V. Zamorano, Victoria's secretary, began a revolt in Northern Alta California. He and his allies rejected the authority of Echeandía and the diputación. By March 22, the diputación and Echeandía had reached an accord with Echeandía, and Pico issued a circular to the ayuntamientos requesting they maintain peace and avoid joining Zamorano's revolt. Pico did not challenge Echeandía or Zamorano for the governorship and sought to end public disruption. By early May, a truce placed Zamorano and Echeandía in military control of the north and south, respectively. Meanwhile, the federal government sent brigadier general José Figueroa to assume the governorship, but he would not arrive until the following year, and until then the massive territory would not have a single leader. Figueroa arrived on January 14, 1833, reuniting the state.[47]","title":"First governorship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Interim career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas,_portrait.JPG"},{"link_name":"Valentín Gómez Farías","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201148-51"},{"link_name":"Valentín Gómez Farías","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201149%E2%80%9351-53"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-login-18"},{"link_name":"La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_la_Reina_de_los_%C3%81ngeles"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-street-54"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal51-55"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-street-54"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal51-55"},{"link_name":"Juan María Osuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Osuna"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmythe1908124-56"},{"link_name":"John \"Juan\" Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Forster"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray202241-57"}],"sub_title":"Secularization and marriage","text":"President Valentín Gómez Farías (pictured) ordered the full secularization of California's missionsAs governor, Figueroa opposed full secularization, arguing that it would hurt California's economy and that natives required more \"civilizing\". He issued a law giving partial emancipation to those who had practiced Christianity for twelve years, but placed recalcitrant natives back under mission authority.[48] By 1833, the Liberals, led by Antonio López de Santa Anna and Valentín Gómez Farías[d], removed the conservative government. Gómez Farías implemented many liberal reforms, including secularization in the Californias. This conflicted with Figueroa's gradual plan, but in 1834 he complied. He created the Reglamento provisional para la secularización de las Misiones (Spanish: Provisional regulation for the secularization of the missions), which secularized ten missions and created plans to secularize the rest. It created a comisionado (Spanish: administrator) to emancipate and redistribute property to the natives, and to take mission inventory and pay debts with the governor's approval. After redistribution, this would leave excess land that Figueroa believed could improve the economy. However, there was a lack of regulations on the comisionado and on native labor requirements.[49]Pico married María Ignacia Alvarado on February 24, 1834[15] at La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles.[50] She was the daughter of sergeant Francisco Javier Alvarado. His son, Francisco Javier II, was alcalde of Los Angeles and had married Pico's sister María Tomasa Pico in 1829.[51] The reception was held across the street at the home of his brother-in-law José Antonio Carrillo.[50] The reception lasted eight days. Pico's best man was then-governor Figueroa. By this point, the two had formed a strong friendship.[51] That year, Pico ran to become alcalde of San Diego, but on December 21, he lost to Juan María Osuna.[52]In 1837, Pico was the godfather at the baptism of John \"Juan\" Forster, an English-born immigrant who converted to Catholicism and became a Mexican citizen to own land. The two men would later refers to this connection when asking each other for political favors. Forster would soon after marry Pico's sister Isidora Ygnacia Pico, making Forster his son-in-law as well.[53]","title":"Interim career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20140412-0093_Mission_San_Luis_Rey_de_Francia.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mission San Luis Rey de Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Luis_Rey_de_Francia"},{"link_name":"Mission San Luis Rey de Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Luis_Rey_de_Francia"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal51-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201152-58"},{"link_name":"pueblos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"mayordomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majordomo"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201154%E2%80%9355-59"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201157-60"},{"link_name":"Nicolás Gutiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez"},{"link_name":"San Juan Capistrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Capistrano,_California"},{"link_name":"Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California"},{"link_name":"Mariano Chico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Chico"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201158%E2%80%9360-61"},{"link_name":"Las Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Flores,_California"},{"link_name":"Agua Caliente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201160-62"},{"link_name":"Siete Leyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siete_Leyes"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Centralist Republic of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"junta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_(governing_body)"},{"link_name":"Carlos Antonio Carrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Antonio_Carrillo"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201161-63"},{"link_name":"José Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_family_of_California#Notable_members"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201162%E2%80%9363-64"},{"link_name":"Temecula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temecula,_California"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Estudillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Estudillo"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal6466-65"},{"link_name":"William Hartnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edward_Petty_Hartnell"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal6466-65"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal66-66"},{"link_name":"Rancho Santa Margarita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Santa_Margarita_y_Las_Flores"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon201168-67"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sal66-66"}],"sub_title":"Mission San Luis Rey","text":"Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, which Pico became comisionado of in 1835. He sought to profit off of it, and became known for his cruel and authoritative treatment of the natives there.In 1835, Pico became the comisionado of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, which may have been influenced by his friendship with Figueroa.[51] As comisionado, Pico faced resistance from natives at San Luis Rey, as they had been skeptical of emancipation and continued to face mistreatment following secularization.[54] Laws had given natives the ability to establish pueblos and elect their own alcaldes, who would interact with the Mexican government on behalf of their people. Two pueblos and alcaldes were established by the Luiseños (natives at San Luis Rey). To overcome this, Pico worked with the local encargado de justicia (Spanish: officer of justice). The encargado could arrest people at the mission for crimes, but the act creating this position was vague on what constituted a crime, and the encargado could arrest a native for simply refusing to work. Punishments involved imprisonment in chains for up to eight days and possibly an equal amount of time doing forced labor. According to Pico, he once had a Luiseño alcalde chained and lashed fifty times for attacking a Mexican mayordomo. In 1836, Pico also became the encargado de justicia, which gave him further control over the Luiseños.[55]The Luiseños soon came to despise Pico. According to the Luiseño Julio César, Pico was their most abusive administrator. Pico mandated that all Luiseños remove their hats when he walked by, and allowed his cattle to graze on native pueblos. He also sought to profit off of the mission, and by 1835, his inventory valued the mission at $194,436, which was far ahead of the others.[56] A Luiseño coalition elected the educated Pablo Apis to represent them, and in June they petitioned the alcalde of San Diego to remove Pico. Pico learned of this and requested military assistance from the San Diego Presidio. Comandante Nicolás Gutiérrez gave Apis permission to travel to San Diego, but Pico had Apis arrested. Apis was placed in jail, but a thousand Luiseños protested outside his quarters, demanding his release. Fearing for his life, Pico unconditionally released Apis. However, Pico had requested the aid of troops from San Juan Capistrano, and after they arrived, he again arrested Apis. He forced Apis to join the military company in Monterey to eliminate him as a threat, and had the military arrest more natives. A month later, Luiseño protests continued, with them unsuccessfully petitioning governor Mariano Chico to remove Pico.[57]Pico made some concessions to the Luiseños. When Luiseños at the pueblo of Las Flores complained about their officials, Pico personally traveled there and replaced them. In November 1836, Pico prevented Portillà from acquiring native property rights in Agua Caliente, although he took some of them for himself.[58]By 1836, a conservative government had regained control of the federal government, and it enacted the Siete Leyes (Spanish: Seven Laws), which diminished the power of the states and created the Centralist Republic of Mexico. That year, Northern California politician Juan Bautista Alvarado led a revolt against Governor Gutiérrez and declared California independent from Mexico. He elevated the diputación to a junta. However, Pico, Carlos Antonio Carrillo, and other Southern California politicians feared that Alvarado would favor the north. Pico and his allies challenged Alvarado's government, supporting Carrillo instead. In 1837 the conflict erupted into a revolt, which Pico joined. By March 1838, Alvarado's army had defeated the southern rebels. Carrillo surrendered, and Pico and several others were briefly imprisoned. Eventually, the federal government recognized Alvarado as governor, which ended the conflict on all sides.[59]While Pico was imprisoned, natives had attacked burned down Rancho Jamul. Pico's mother and sisters escaped due to a warning from a native servant, but multiple staff members and their relatives were killed or disappeared. The natives had also begun leaving Mission San Luis Rey in large numbers. After Pico's release, he sought to regain control of and rebuild his empire with the aid of his family. His brother José Antonio was placed in charge of the military in San Luis Rey, in 1839, which allowed him to defend his brother against native uprisings. Meanwhile, Andrés Pico left the military to take charge of Rancho Jamul.[60]Back at San Luis Rey, the Luiseños continued refusing to work, and he needed more funding. In June 1839, he moved his mother and sister Jacinta into the mission, and sent a letter to his brother José Antonio, asking him to use his influence with Alvarado and Vallejo to sell their family home in San Diego. He also requested ownership of the lands of Temecula, which Alvarado gave him temporary custody of. There, he gave provisions to the natives while announcing his custody of the land, but they threatened him with an armed revolt. He was soon replaced with his son-in-law José Antonio Estudillo.[61]Pico also threatened to resign from the mission unless mission inspector general William Hartnell helped him round up fugitive Luiseños. Hartnell interviewed them, and learned of their complaints against Pico, including that his wasteful spending left them without necessities such as clothing. Hartnell then recommended that Alvarado discharge Pico, which he did. Pico fought against his dismissal, but to no avail, then paid off his debt to the mission of $170.00, and left in 1840.[61]In late 1840, Pico made another attempt to gain Temecula,[62] but instead Alvarado gave him Rancho Santa Margarita,[63] on the condition that he relinquish his claims to Temecula.[62]","title":"Interim career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Manuel Micheltorena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Micheltorena"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P%C3%ADo_de_Jesus_Pico_1858.jpg"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lyman_and_Marsh_1931,_pp._250%E2%80%9352-68"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone,_Irving_pp_68-72-69"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winkley,_John_W._pp_66-69-70"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone,_Irving_pp_66-68-71"},{"link_name":"Juan Bautista Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"John Sutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sutter"},{"link_name":"John Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marsh_(pioneer)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lyman_and_Marsh_1931,_pp._250%E2%80%9352-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone,_Irving_pp_68-72-69"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winkley,_John_W._pp_66-69-70"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone,_Irving_pp_66-68-71"},{"link_name":"Battle of Providencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Providencia"},{"link_name":"Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marsh_(pioneer)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lyman_and_Marsh_1931,_pp._250%E2%80%9352-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone,_Irving_pp_68-72-69"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winkley,_John_W._pp_66-69-70"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone,_Irving_pp_66-68-71"},{"link_name":"Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart198780-74"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"British protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_protectorate"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"In 1844, he was chosen as a leader of the California Assembly.[citation needed] In 1845, he was again appointed governor, succeeding the unpopular Manuel Micheltorena.Pico, c. 1858This occurred because, in late 1844, the Mexican province of California staged a revolt against the mother country. Micheltorena had been sent to California from Mexico, along with an army that had been recruited out of Mexico's worst jails. He had no money to feed his army, which then spread out to people's homes and farms \"like a plague of locusts, stripping the countryside bare.\" This enraged the Californians and led to widespread hatred of Micheltorena. Women were not considered safe from the depredations of Micheltorena's army.[64][65][66][67]Juan Bautista Alvarado, the governor who had been forcibly replaced by Micheltorena, organized a rebellion against Micheltorena. Upon learning of the impending revolt, Micheltorena appointed John Sutter to lead troops in opposition. Sutter came to John Marsh, who had one of the largest ranchos in California, hoping he would join. Marsh wanted no part of it, but Sutter forced him to join his army against his will.[64][68][65][66][67]The two forces met in Cahuenga Pass, near Los Angeles, and fought the Battle of Providencia (also known as the Second Battle of Cahuenga Pass), which consisted primarily of an artillery duel. On the long march to the battle Marsh had taken every opportunity to dissuade the other soldiers from Micheltorena’s cause. Ignoring Sutter, Marsh seized an opportunity in the battle to signal the other side for a parley. Many of the soldiers on each side were immigrants from the United States. Marsh convinced them that they had no reason to be fighting each other. At Marsh's urging, these soldiers on both sides united, abandoned Micheltorena's cause, and even captured Sutter. Micheltorena was defeated, and California-born Pio Pico was returned to the governorship.[64][69][65][66][67]Pico made Los Angeles the province's capital, although he left the treasury in the former capital, Monterey.[70] In the year leading up to the Mexican–American War, Pico advocated that California achieve independence from Mexico and become a British protectorate.[71][72]","title":"Second governorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Common Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Common_Council"},{"link_name":"California Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Exile and return","text":"When U.S. troops occupied Los Angeles and San Diego in 1846 during the Mexican–American War, Pico fled to Baja California, Mexico, to argue before the Mexican Congress for sending troops to defend Alta California. Pico did not return to Los Angeles until after the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and he reluctantly accepted the transfer of sovereignty.Automatically granted United States citizenship, he was elected to the Los Angeles Common Council in 1853, but he did not assume office.Pico helped establish the California Republican Party, allying with the larger Republican Party due to his anti-slavery stances.[73]","title":"Second governorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_P%C3%ADo_Pico_(1868).jpg"},{"link_name":"John Bidwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bidwell"},{"link_name":"Abel Stearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Stearns"},{"link_name":"William Wolfskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wolfskill"},{"link_name":"Lemuel Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuel_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"David W. Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_W._Alexander"},{"link_name":"Juan Bandini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bandini"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Alta California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California"},{"link_name":"acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre"},{"link_name":"ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"Rancho Paso de Bartolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Paso_de_Bartolo"},{"link_name":"Whittier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittier,_California"},{"link_name":"Pio Pico State Historic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_Pico_State_Historic_Park"},{"link_name":"Mission San Fernando Rey de España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Fernando_Rey_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Rancho Santa Margarita y Las Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Santa_Margarita_y_Las_Flores"},{"link_name":"Camp Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Pendleton"},{"link_name":"Pico House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_House"},{"link_name":"Olvera Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olvera_Street"},{"link_name":"El Pueblo de Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pueblo_de_Los_Angeles"}],"text":"Pío Pico at the age of 67 in 1868.John Bidwell, an early California settler, mentioned Pico among the people he knew:Los Angeles I first saw in March 1845. It then had probably 250 people, of whom I recall Don Abel Stearns, John Temple, Captain Alexander Bell, William Wolfskill, Lemuel Carpenter, David W. Alexander; also of Mexicans, Pio Pico (governor), Don Juan Bandini, and others.[74]By the 1850s Pico was one of the richest men in Alta California. In 1850 he purchased the 8,894-acre (3,599 ha) Rancho Paso de Bartolo, which included half of present-day Whittier. Two years later, he built a home on the ranch and lived there until 1892. It is preserved today as Pio Pico State Historic Park. Pico also owned the former Mission San Fernando Rey de España, Rancho Santa Margarita y Las Flores (now part of Camp Pendleton), and several other ranchos for a total of over 500,000 acres (200,000 ha).In 1868, he constructed the three-story, 33-room hotel, Pico House (Casa de Pico) on the old plaza of Los Angeles, opposite today's Olvera Street. At the time of its opening in 1869, it was the most lavish hotel in Southern California. Even before 1900, however, both the hotel and the surrounding neighborhood had begun to decline, as the business center moved farther south. After decades as a shabby flophouse, the hotel was deeded to the State of California in 1953. It is now a part of El Pueblo de Los Angeles State Historic Monument. It is used on occasion for exhibits and special events.","title":"Business life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P%C3%ADo_Pico_cph.31737.jpg"},{"link_name":"conquest of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picohouse2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pico House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_House"},{"link_name":"Plaza de Los Ángeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_de_Los_%C3%81ngeles"},{"link_name":"gambling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling"},{"link_name":"loan sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_sharks"},{"link_name":"Bernard Cohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cohn_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"appellate courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_courts"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"World's Columbian Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition"},{"link_name":"\"dons\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_(honorific)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Estrada-81"},{"link_name":"Calvary Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary_Cemetery,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"North Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Downtown Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"El Campo Santo Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Campo_Santo_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Homestead Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Museum"},{"link_name":"City of Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Industry,_California"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCET-82"}],"text":"Pío de Jesús Pico in later lifeFollowing the American annexation of California, Pico dedicated himself to his businesses.He survived the American conquest of California, becoming one of the wealthiest California cattlemen, controlling more than a quarter million acres. He defended his position and fortune in over 100 legal cases, including 20 that were argued before the California Supreme Court.Pico House, located on the Plaza de Los Ángeles.However, gambling, losses to loan sharks, bad business practices, being a victim of fraud, and the flood of 1883 ruined him financially. For example, in 1893, Pico made an arrangement with Bernard Cohn in which Cohn paid Pico more than $60,000 in exchange for a deed to Pico's property in Los Angeles and elsewhere in the county. Pico sued Cohn, but lost on appeal.[75] The decision, Pico v. Cohn (1891) 91 Cal. 129, 133-134, is classically cited by California appellate courts in cases having to do with the setting aside of a judgment in case of fraud.[76]Pico was forced to liquidate his real estate holdings and his final years were spent in near poverty. In 1893, a committee of local boosters and history enthusiasts asked him to appear at the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition as \"the last of the California \"dons\".[77] Pico refused, considering it an affront to his dignity. He died in 1894 at the home of his daughter, Joaquina Pico Moreno, in Los Angeles. He was buried in the old Calvary Cemetery on North Broadway in Downtown Los Angeles, but his remains, as well as those of his wife, were relocated in 1921 to a modest tomb in El Campo Santo Cemetery, now in the Homestead Museum in the City of Industry.[78]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray202261-83"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-login-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-login-18"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Aaron Pico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Pico"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Juan Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Forster"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray202223-88"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"acromegaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromegaly"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-login-18"}],"text":"Pico's wife María Ignacia Alvarado died on February 21, 1854, in Santa Barbara.[79] Pico never acknowledged any children with her or anyone else,[15] but multiple people claimed to have been his direct descendants.[15][80][81][82] The mixed martial artist Aaron Pico is reportedly Pío Pico's great-great-great-great grandson.[83]Pico, a Spanish speaker, never learned English, which would become an important factor in his lawsuit against Juan Forster.[84]Pico held three different nationalities during his lifetime. He was born a Spaniard in New Spain, became a Mexican citizen as a young man, and finally a United States citizen. He was known for his extravagant lifestyle, with fine clothes, expensive furnishings, and heavy gambling.In 2010, scientists published an article about Pio Pico asserting that he showed signs of acromegaly, a disease not characterized until later in the nineteenth century.[15]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pio_Pico_State_Historic_Park_2007_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pío Pico State Historic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Pico_State_Historic_Park"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Pico Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blurred-15"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-street-54"},{"link_name":"Pico Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_Union"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Pico-Roberston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico-Robertson,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Pico Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_Park,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Pico/Rimpau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico/Rimpau"},{"link_name":"Pico/Aliso Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico/Aliso_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Pico Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Pico station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_station"},{"link_name":"Pico/Aliso station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico/Aliso_station"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Metro Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail"},{"link_name":"Otay Mesa, San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otay_Mesa,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Pío Pico State Historic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Pico_State_Historic_Park"},{"link_name":"Rancho Paso de Bartolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Paso_de_Bartolo"},{"link_name":"Whittier, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittier,_California"},{"link_name":"California State Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Parks"},{"link_name":"Pico House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_House"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Downtown Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"El Pueblo de Los Ángeles Historical Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pueblo_de_Los_%C3%81ngeles_Historical_Monument"}],"text":"Pío Pico State Historic ParkNumerous landmarks, areas, and streets bear Pico's name, especially in Southern California and particularly Los Angeles County.[85] Pico Boulevard, a major east–west thoroughfare in Los Angeles, is named for him.[12][50] The L.A. neighborhoods of Pico Union,[86] Pico-Roberston, Pico Park, Pico/Rimpau, and Pico/Aliso Gardens bare his name. The city of Pico Rivera is also named after him. Pico station and Pico/Aliso station are stops on the Los Angeles Metro Rail. The 300-megawatt Pio Pico Energy Center has natural gas-fired combustion turbine generators in Otay Mesa, San Diego, starting in 2016.[87][88]Pío Pico State Historic Park is the historic site of Governor Pico's Rancho Paso de Bartolo, made up of his adobe mansion and ranching estate. The site, located in Whittier, California, was opened to the public in 1927 and is operated by California State Parks.Pico House, located on the Los Angeles Plaza, is a historic site in Downtown Los Angeles, now part of the El Pueblo de Los Ángeles Historical Monument.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GovsList-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2023433-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GovsList-2"},{"link_name":"Andrés Pico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pico"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart195-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Pio Pico State Historic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_Pico_State_Historic_Park"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon2011184-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Salomon15-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:StatePark-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"}],"text":"^ Sloat's term as the state's U.S.-appointed military governor began on July 7, 1846, while Pico was still the state's Mexico-appointed governor.[2] In October of 1846, Flores self-stylized himself as the governor and continued to fight U.S. forces into 1847.[3][4] Flores is sometimes excluded from lists of California governors from that period,[2] although other sources list him and Pico's brother Andrés Pico as governors as well.[5] However, even sources that do list them still refer to Pío Pico as the last governor of Alta California.[6]\n\n^ Pío Pico III's date of immigration to colonial Mexico came from a 1986 pamphlet for the Pio Pico State Historic Park by Howard Holter. However, Holter's source for this is unknown.[10]\n\n^ Pico's grandmother's name is usually spelled Vastida,[7][9] but has occasionally been spelled Bastida[11]\n\n^ In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Gómez and the second or maternal family name is Farías.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Last Of The Californios: The Pico Family, 1775-1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=G4B9zQEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-5786-0335-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5786-0335-3"}],"text":"Holter, Howard R. (2019). The Last Of The Californios: The Pico Family, 1775-1894. Dr. howard r holter. ISBN 978-0-5786-0335-3.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, where Pico was born","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mission_San_Gabriel_4-15-05_6611.JPG/220px-Mission_San_Gabriel_4-15-05_6611.JPG"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Pico held by the California State Library, c. 1847[15]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Portrait_of_Pio_Pico_%28Californian_State_Library%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Pio_Pico_%28Californian_State_Library%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pico's 1831 rebellion ended with a battle located at Cahuenga Pass, which is pictured above in 1888.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Crop_of_Huntington_Ernest_Marquez_Collection_Cahuenga_Pass_1888.jpg/220px-Crop_of_Huntington_Ernest_Marquez_Collection_Cahuenga_Pass_1888.jpg"},{"image_text":"President Valentín Gómez Farías (pictured) ordered the full secularization of California's missions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG/220px-Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, which Pico became comisionado of in 1835. He sought to profit off of it, and became known for his cruel and authoritative treatment of the natives there.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/20140412-0093_Mission_San_Luis_Rey_de_Francia.JPG/220px-20140412-0093_Mission_San_Luis_Rey_de_Francia.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pico, c. 1858","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/P%C3%ADo_de_Jesus_Pico_1858.jpg/220px-P%C3%ADo_de_Jesus_Pico_1858.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pío Pico at the age of 67 in 1868.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Portrait_of_P%C3%ADo_Pico_%281868%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_P%C3%ADo_Pico_%281868%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pío de Jesús Pico in later life","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/P%C3%ADo_Pico_cph.31737.jpg/150px-P%C3%ADo_Pico_cph.31737.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pico House, located on the Plaza de Los Ángeles.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Picohouse2007.jpg/220px-Picohouse2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pío Pico State Historic Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pio_Pico_State_Historic_Park_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Pio_Pico_State_Historic_Park_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"1836 Ley sobre la division del territorio mexicano en Departamentos\" (in Spanish). Government of Mexico, archived at Memoria Política de México. December 30, 1836.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1836LDT.html","url_text":"\"1836 Ley sobre la division del territorio mexicano en Departamentos\""}]},{"reference":"Bandini, Helen Elliott (1908). History of California. American Book Company. p. 292. ISBN 978-1-4219-2750-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LugXAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"History of California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Book_Company_(1890)","url_text":"American Book Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4219-2750-3","url_text":"978-1-4219-2750-3"}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Spencer C. (2012). The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. 1, A-L. ABC-CLIO. p. 237. ISBN 9781851098545.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OuTNEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. 1, A-L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851098545","url_text":"9781851098545"}]},{"reference":"\"About the Park\". California State Parks. Retrieved February 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1285","url_text":"\"About the Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Parks","url_text":"California State Parks"}]},{"reference":"\"Pío Pico State Historic Park\" (PDF). California State Parks. 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/621/files/PioPicoSHPWEB2014.pdf","url_text":"\"Pío Pico State Historic Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Parks","url_text":"California State Parks"}]},{"reference":"Estrada, William (October 27, 2016). \"The Life and Times of Pío Pico, Last Governor of Mexican California\". KCET. Retrieved June 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/the-life-and-times-of-pio-pico-last-governor-of-mexican-california","url_text":"\"The Life and Times of Pío Pico, Last Governor of Mexican California\""}]},{"reference":"de Valdes y Cocom, Mario. \"The blurred racial lines of famous families: Pico\". PBS. Retrieved February 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/pico.html","url_text":"\"The blurred racial lines of famous families: Pico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS","url_text":"PBS"}]},{"reference":"Login IS, Login J (January 2010). \"Governor Pio Pico, the monster of California ... no more: lessons in neuroendocrinology\". Pituitary. 13 (1): 80–6. doi:10.1007/s11102-008-0127-1. PMC 2807602. PMID 18597174.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2807602","url_text":"\"Governor Pio Pico, the monster of California ... no more: lessons in neuroendocrinology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11102-008-0127-1","url_text":"10.1007/s11102-008-0127-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2807602","url_text":"2807602"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18597174","url_text":"18597174"}]},{"reference":"\"California's Last Mexican Governor: Timeline of Pío Pico's Life\" (PDF). Whittier Historical Scoiety. February 27, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://whittiermuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/PioPicoBrochure_ENGLISH_Feb2018.pdf","url_text":"\"California's Last Mexican Governor: Timeline of Pío Pico's Life\""}]},{"reference":"Netzley, Luke (June 16, 2022). \"The lost history of Latino influence in Pasadena\". Pasadena Weekly. Retrieved February 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pasadenaweekly.com/feature_stories/the-lost-history-of-latino-influence-in-pasadena/article_d8a74bb2-ed78-11ec-a107-e7eb809165b2.html","url_text":"\"The lost history of Latino influence in Pasadena\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circa 1820: Don Pío Pico settles in San Diego in the 1820s, before becoming the governor of California\". The San Diego Union-Tribune. February 2, 2021. Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/lifestyle/people/story/2021-02-02/black-history-and-heritage-0202","url_text":"\"Circa 1820: Don Pío Pico settles in San Diego in the 1820s, before becoming the governor of California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune","url_text":"The San Diego Union-Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Bernal, Victoria (November 4, 2016). \"Vast Swaths of Southern California Once Belonged to Pío Pico\". PBS SoCal. Retrieved February 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbssocal.org/shows/lost-la/vast-swaths-of-southern-california-once-belonged-to-pio-pico","url_text":"\"Vast Swaths of Southern California Once Belonged to Pío Pico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOCE-TV","url_text":"PBS SoCal"}]},{"reference":"\"OTAY RANCH RESORT VILLAGE, ARCHAEOLOGICAL/HISTORICAL STUDY\" (PDF). County of San Diego. November 22, 2010. p. 3.0–8. Retrieved February 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/dam/sdc/pds/ceqa/OtayRanchVillage13Resort/PDS2004-3810-04-002-DEIR-AppendixC04-Arch-HistStudy-Part-1-9.pdf","url_text":"\"OTAY RANCH RESORT VILLAGE, ARCHAEOLOGICAL/HISTORICAL STUDY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California","url_text":"County of San Diego"}]},{"reference":"Masters, Nathan (December 14, 2011). \"Battlefield L.A.: Where & Why War Came to Southern California\". PBS SoCal. Retrieved April 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbssocal.org/shows/lost-la/battlefield-l-a-where-why-war-came-to-southern-california","url_text":"\"Battlefield L.A.: Where & Why War Came to Southern California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOCE-TV","url_text":"PBS SoCal"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Greg (May 20, 2015). \"The Power of Pico (the Person, not the Street)\". Los Angeles Downtown News. Retrieved February 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ladowntownnews.com/news/the-power-of-pico-the-person-not-the-street/article_60d6849c-fb48-11e4-aafc-03875be48b0f.html","url_text":"\"The Power of Pico (the Person, not the Street)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Downtown_News","url_text":"Los Angeles Downtown News"}]},{"reference":"McPhate, Mike (September 14, 2018). \"The extraordinary life of Pio Pico, a son of California under 3 nations\". California Sun. Retrieved February 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.californiasun.co/the-extraordinary-life-of-pio-pico-a-son-of-california-under-nations/","url_text":"\"The extraordinary life of Pio Pico, a son of California under 3 nations\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Law: Another Judgement Against Pio Pico Rendered\". Los Angeles Times. February 8, 1890. p. 2. ProQuest 163502681.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/163502681","url_text":"163502681"}]},{"reference":"Estrada, William David (2008). Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and contested space. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 106. ISBN 9780292794627.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/losangelesplazas0000estr","url_text":"Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and contested space"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/losangelesplazas0000estr/page/106","url_text":"106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292794627","url_text":"9780292794627"}]},{"reference":"Meares, Hadley (September 27, 2013). \"Family Plots: El Campo Santo Cemetery at the Workman-Temple Homestead\". Departures Column. KCET. Retrieved July 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcet.org/departures-columns/family-plots-el-campo-santo-cemetery-at-the-workman-temple-homestead","url_text":"\"Family Plots: El Campo Santo Cemetery at the Workman-Temple Homestead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCET","url_text":"KCET"}]},{"reference":"\"Funeral set for Pio Pico descendant\". Los Angeles Daily News. February 19, 2007. Retrieved February 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailynews.com/2007/02/19/funeral-set-for-pio-pico-descendant/","url_text":"\"Funeral set for Pio Pico descendant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News","url_text":"Los Angeles Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Molina, Sandra T. (March 21, 2012). \"Great-granddaughter of Pio Pico dies at 96\". Whittier Daily News. Retrieved February 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whittierdailynews.com/2012/03/21/great-granddaughter-of-pio-pico-dies-at-96/","url_text":"\"Great-granddaughter of Pio Pico dies at 96\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittier_Daily_News","url_text":"Whittier Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"Family shares history of the closest living Pio Pico descendants\". San Gabriel Valley Tribune. May 1, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sgvtribune.com/2012/05/01/family-shares-history-of-the-closest-living-pio-pico-descendents-2/","url_text":"\"Family shares history of the closest living Pio Pico descendants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gabriel_Valley_Tribune","url_text":"San Gabriel Valley Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Brian (June 12, 2019). \"Aaron Pico learning How to Fight and Be Like a Ferrari\". The Orange County Register. Retrieved April 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ocregister.com/2019/06/12/aaron-pico-learning-how-to-fight-and-be-like-a-ferrari/","url_text":"\"Aaron Pico learning How to Fight and Be Like a Ferrari\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Orange_County_Register","url_text":"The Orange County Register"}]},{"reference":"Gally, Sid (July 19, 2015). \"Pasadena History: Pio Pico, the last governor of Mexican California\". Pasadena Star-News. Retrieved March 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pasadenastarnews.com/2015/07/19/pasadena-history-pio-pico-the-last-governor-of-mexican-california/amp/","url_text":"\"Pasadena History: Pio Pico, the last governor of Mexican California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena_Star-News","url_text":"Pasadena Star-News"}]},{"reference":"Meares, Hadley (June 20, 2018). \"Who Was That? The People Behind Famous L.A. Place Names\". Los Angeles Magazine. 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ISBN 978-0-8061-9097-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9R74zgEACAAJ","url_text":"Forster Vs. Pico: The Battle for the Rancho Santa Margarita"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-9097-6","url_text":"978-0-8061-9097-6"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Frederic (2023) [1871]. The History of San José. Anatiposi Verlag. ISBN 978-3-38212-086-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YruvEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The History of San José"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-38212-086-3","url_text":"978-3-38212-086-3"}]},{"reference":"Hart, James D. (1987) [1978]. A Companion to California: Newly Revised and Expanded with Illustrations. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05543-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nQpvbaeJQCYC","url_text":"A Companion to California: Newly Revised and Expanded with Illustrations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05543-8","url_text":"978-0-520-05543-8"}]},{"reference":"Salomon, Carlos Manuel (2011). Pío Pico: The Last Governor of Mexican California. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-4237-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iJUIjkl2oXUC","url_text":"Pío Pico: The Last Governor of Mexican California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press","url_text":"University of Oklahoma Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4237-1","url_text":"978-0-8061-4237-1"}]},{"reference":"Smythe, William E. (1908). History of San Diego, 1542-1908: An Account of the Rise and Progress of the Pioneer Settlement on the Pacific Coast of the United States Volume I: Old Town. History Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dzJEAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"History of San Diego, 1542-1908: An Account of the Rise and Progress of the Pioneer Settlement on the Pacific Coast of the United States Volume I: Old Town"}]},{"reference":"Holter, Howard R. (2019). The Last Of The Californios: The Pico Family, 1775-1894. Dr. howard r holter. ISBN 978-0-5786-0335-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G4B9zQEACAAJ","url_text":"The Last Of The Californios: The Pico Family, 1775-1894"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5786-0335-3","url_text":"978-0-5786-0335-3"}]},{"reference":"Salomon, Carlos Manuel (May 20, 2015). \"Early Afro-Mexican Settlers in California\". California Historical Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?326031-1/discussion-early-afromexican-settlers-california","url_text":"\"Early Afro-Mexican Settlers in California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Historical_Society","url_text":"California Historical Society"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C3%ADo_Pico&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22P%C3%ADo+Pico%22","external_links_name":"\"Pío Pico\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22P%C3%ADo+Pico%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22P%C3%ADo+Pico%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22P%C3%ADo+Pico%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22P%C3%ADo+Pico%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22P%C3%ADo+Pico%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1836LDT.html","external_links_name":"\"1836 Ley sobre la division del territorio mexicano en Departamentos\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LugXAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"History of California"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OuTNEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monochrome_Set | The Monochrome Set | ["1 History","1.1 Original band: 1978–1985","1.2 Reformed: 1990–1998","1.3 2008 reunion","1.4 2010 to present day","2 Band members","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"] | English post-punk/new wave band
The Monochrome SetThe Monochrome Set at Club W71, Germany 2016Background informationOriginLondon, EnglandGenresPost-punknew waveYears active1978–19851990–19982008–presentLabelsRough TradeDinDiscCherry RedBlanco y NegroWarner Bros.TapeteMembers
Bid
Athen Ayren
Andy Warren
Stephen Gilchrist
Past members
Lester Square
Charlie X
Simon Croft
J.D. Haney
Jeremy Harrington
Philip Morris
Lexington Crane
Orson Presence
Carrie Booth
Nicholas Weslowski
James 'Foz' Foster
Tony Potts
Sian Chaffer
Jennifer Denitto
Steve Brummell
John Paul Moran
Mike Urban
Helena Johansson
Websitethemonochromeset.co.uk
The Monochrome Set are an English post-punk/new wave band, originally formed in London in January 1978. The most recent line-up consists of Bid, Andy Warren, Athen Ayren and Stephen Gilchrist.
History
Original band: 1978–1985
The Monochrome Set was formed in London in 1978 from the remnants of a college group called The B-Sides, whose members had included Stuart Goddard, later known as Adam Ant. Their first live gig was on 15 Feb 1978, at Westfield College in London. The original line-up consisted of Indian-born lead singer and principal songwriter Bid (real name Ganesh Seshadri), Canadian guitarist Lester Square (real name Thomas W.B. Hardy), drummer John D. Haney (formerly of The Art Attacks) and bass guitarist Charlie X. The band had two more bassists, Jeremy Harrington and Simon Croft, before Andy Warren of the Ants, a childhood friend of Bid, joined in late 1979. Morrissey and Johnny Marr of The Smiths were influenced by the band.
Experimental filmmaker Tony Potts began collaborating with the band in 1979, designing lighting and stage sets with film projections for their live appearances. The band's early persona was defined by the shadowy, uncertain stage images created by the films to such an extent he is often described as being the band's "fifth member".
They released several singles for the Rough Trade label before recording their debut studio album, Strange Boutique, produced by Bob Sargeant for Virgin Records' imprint DinDisc in 1980. It peaked at No. 62 in the UK Albums Chart in 1980. Their follow-up effort, Love Zombies, was produced by Alvin Clark and the band later that same year. Haney left the band in 1981, and was replaced by Lexington Crane.
In 1982, the band switched labels to Cherry Red to release their third album, Eligible Bachelors, produced by Tim Hart. Square and Crane left soon afterwards, and were replaced by keyboardist Carrie Booth and drummer Nicholas Weslowski. This line-up recorded a 1982 single, "Cast a Long Shadow", for Cherry Red, before Booth was in turn replaced by new lead guitarist James 'Foz' Foster (later of David Devant & His Spirit Wife).
In 1983, Cherry Red released Volume, Contrast, Brilliance..., a retrospective of the band's early Rough Trade singles, BBC and Capital Radio sessions, and other unreleased early sessions.
In 1985, with the same line-up as on Cast a Long Shadow, The Monochrome Set recorded The Lost Weekend for Warner Bros. Records. The Lost Weekend failed commercially, and after a few singles, the band officially broke up, though they served as Jessica Griffin's backing band on the first album by the Would-Be-Goods, The Camera Loves Me in 1988.
Nicholas aka Nick Wesolowski, drummer with the band in the 1980s, was also a photographer for él Records, a subsidiary of Cherry Red Records.He later worked in Risk Management.
Reformed: 1990–1998
In early 1990, Bid, Square and Warren reformed the band, with the addition of keyboardist Orson Presence and drummer Mike Urban (then known as Mike Slocombe), who was replaced by Trevor Ready. The new band toured extensively, especially in Japan where they had become very popular. The band released five albums for Vinyl Japan/Cherry Red during the 1990s, before going on hiatus in 1998.
Bid recorded a number of albums with his band, Scarlet's Well. The song, "He's Frank", appeared on the TV series Heroes. The recording used was a cover version of the original, recorded by the Brighton Port Authority (aka. Fatboy Slim) featuring Iggy Pop.
2008 reunion
The band reunited on 8 October 2008 for a one-off performance at Cherry Red's 30th anniversary party at Dingwalls, London. It also marked the 30th anniversary of The Monochrome Set. Bid, Warren and Square were joined by Jennifer Denitto (drums) and Sian Chaffer (keyboards) of Scarlet's Well, and performed 13 songs.
2010 to present day
Bandleader, singer and guitar player Bid
In 2010, Bid, Square and Warren reformed the band, with the addition of drummer Jennifer Denitto from Scarlet's Well and keyboard player John Paul Moran. Following Bid's recovery from an aneurysm in late 2010, they played dates the following year in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Greece, Japan and The Netherlands. The band continued to tour in the UK, Europe and Japan throughout 2012, playing material from their 10th studio album Platinum Coils (their first album since 1995's Trinity Road) as well as selections from their extensive back catalogue. In 2011 the band were joined by Helena Johansson from Scarlet's Well on violin and mandolin, replacing John Paul Moran, and Steve Brummell (formerly of the band Luxembourg) replaced Jennifer Denitto on drums. The band completed a short tour of the east coast of the US in spring of 2013 and released their 11th studio album, Super Plastic City in the autumn of the same year. Helena Johansson left the band in the summer of 2013.
In 2014, they signed to the German record label Tapete and their 12th studio album, Spaces Everywhere was released in 2015. Guitarist Lester Square left the band in late 2014, after completing recording of the album, and former member John Paul Moran rejoined. Their thirteenth studio album, Cosmonaut, was released on the Tapete label in September 2016. Mike Urban, who had previously been in the band in 1990 and played on the Dante's Casino album, joined the band in September 2016, replacing Steve Brummell on drums. In 2018, the fortieth year since the band formed, their 14th studio album, Maisieworld and a box set, The Monochrome Set 1979–1985: Complete Recordings, were released. In 2019 they toured the United States again, playing for the first time on the west coast as well as the east and released their 15th studio album, Fabula Mendax in September that year. In mid 2021, John Paul Moran left the band, to be replaced by Athen Ayren, and the announcement of a new album, their 16th, to be released in Spring 2022. The new album, Allhallowtide, was released on 11 March 2022. Mike Urban left the band in September 2022 to be replaced by Stephen Gilchrist. In July 2023, Tapete Records released a compilation album, "The Monochrome Set, Radio Sessions Marc Riley BBC6 Music, 2011-2022"
Band members
Timeline
Discography
Main article: The Monochrome Set discography
Strange Boutique (1980)
Love Zombies (1980)
Eligible Bachelors (1982)
The Lost Weekend (1985)
Dante's Casino (1990)
Jack (1991)
Charade (1993)
Misère (1994)
Trinity Road (1995)
Platinum Coils (2012)
Super Plastic City (2013)
Spaces Everywhere (2015)
Cosmonaut (2016)
Maisieworld (2018)
Fabula Mendax (2019)
Allhallowtide (2022)
References
^ a b Ankeny, Jason. "The Monochrome Set – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
^ a b c d e f g Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. p. 864. ISBN 1-85227-745-9.
^ Robb, John (9 January 2009). "Blog: The Monochrome Set – Remembering the Band That History Forgot". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Punk Brighton SJ New Reviews 9". Punkbrighton.co.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
^ Robb, John (9 January 2009). "The Monochrome Set: Remembering the band that history forgot". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
^ "BID (THE MONOCHROME SET)". Themouthmagazine.com. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London, England: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 375. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ Merkhajeb, Vincent. "Bid Lives! The Monochrome Set Live!". Yuzu-melodies.fr. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
^ a b "Tapete Records: The Monochrome Set". Tapeterecords.de. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
^ "Allhallowtide - The Monochrome Set | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
^ https://louderthanwar.com/the-monochrome-set-radio-sessions-marc-riley-bbc-6-music-2011-2022/
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Monochrome Set.
Official website
The Monochrome Set at AllMusic
The Monochrome Set at Trouser Press' website
The Monochrome Set discography at Discogs
The Monochrome Set photos at New Wave Photos website
vteThe Monochrome Set
Bid
Andy Warren
John Paul Moran
Mike Urban
J.D. Haney
Lester Square
Charlie X
Jeremy Harrington
Philip Morris
Lexington Crane
Orson Presence
Carrie Booth
Nicholas Weslowski
James 'Foz' Foster
Tony Potts
Jennifer Denitto
Studio albums
Strange Boutique
Love Zombies
Eligible Bachelors
The Lost Weekend
Dante's Casino
Jack
Charade
Misère
Trinity Road
Platinum Coils
Super Plastic City
Spaces Everywhere
Cosmonaut
Maisieworld
Fabula Mendax
Compilation albums
Volume, Contrast, Brilliance... (Sessions & Singles Vol. 1)
Westminster Affair (bande originale du film)
Colour Transmission
What a Whopper!
Tomorrow Will Be Too Long – The Best of The Monochrome Set
Black & White Minstrels 1975–1979
Compendium - A History 1979–1995
Chaps
The Best of The Monochrome Set
The Independent Singles Collection
Early Recordings: 1975–1977 "White Noise"
Volume, Contrast, Brilliance (Unreleased & Rare, Vol. 2)
The Monochrome Set - 1979-1985: Complete Recordings
Authority control databases International
ISNI
2
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"post-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk"},{"link_name":"new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-2"},{"link_name":"Andy Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warren_(British_musician)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gilchrist"}],"text":"The Monochrome Set are an English post-punk/new wave band, originally formed in London in January 1978.[2] The most recent line-up consists of Bid, Andy Warren, Athen Ayren and Stephen Gilchrist.","title":"The Monochrome Set"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam Ant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Westfield College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_College"},{"link_name":"Lester Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Square"},{"link_name":"The Art Attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Attacks"},{"link_name":"Andy Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warren_(British_musician)"},{"link_name":"the Ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_the_Ants"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Morrissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrissey"},{"link_name":"Johnny Marr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Marr"},{"link_name":"The Smiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smiths"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Experimental filmmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_film"},{"link_name":"live appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_concert"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rough Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Trade_Records"},{"link_name":"Strange Boutique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Boutique_(album)"},{"link_name":"Bob Sargeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Sargeant"},{"link_name":"Virgin Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-2"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-7"},{"link_name":"Love Zombies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Zombies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-2"},{"link_name":"Cherry Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Red_Records"},{"link_name":"Eligible Bachelors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eligible_Bachelors"},{"link_name":"Tim Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-2"},{"link_name":"James 'Foz' Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foz_Foster"},{"link_name":"David Devant & His Spirit Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Devant_%26_His_Spirit_Wife"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-2"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-2"},{"link_name":"Would-Be-Goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Would-Be-Goods"},{"link_name":"él Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l_Records"},{"link_name":"Cherry Red Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Red_Records"},{"link_name":"Risk Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_Management"}],"sub_title":"Original band: 1978–1985","text":"The Monochrome Set was formed in London in 1978 from the remnants of a college group called The B-Sides, whose members had included Stuart Goddard, later known as Adam Ant.[3] Their first live gig was on 15 Feb 1978, at Westfield College in London. The original line-up consisted of Indian-born lead singer and principal songwriter Bid (real name Ganesh Seshadri), Canadian guitarist Lester Square (real name Thomas W.B. Hardy), drummer John D. Haney (formerly of The Art Attacks) and bass guitarist Charlie X. The band had two more bassists, Jeremy Harrington and Simon Croft, before Andy Warren of the Ants, a childhood friend of Bid, joined in late 1979.[4] Morrissey and Johnny Marr of The Smiths were influenced by the band.[5]Experimental filmmaker Tony Potts began collaborating with the band in 1979, designing lighting and stage sets with film projections for their live appearances. The band's early persona was defined by the shadowy, uncertain stage images created by the films to such an extent he is often described as being the band's \"fifth member\".[6]They released several singles for the Rough Trade label before recording their debut studio album, Strange Boutique, produced by Bob Sargeant for Virgin Records' imprint DinDisc in 1980.[2] It peaked at No. 62 in the UK Albums Chart in 1980.[7] Their follow-up effort, Love Zombies, was produced by Alvin Clark and the band later that same year.[2] Haney left the band in 1981, and was replaced by Lexington Crane.In 1982, the band switched labels to Cherry Red to release their third album, Eligible Bachelors, produced by Tim Hart. Square and Crane left soon afterwards, and were replaced by keyboardist Carrie Booth and drummer Nicholas Weslowski.[2] This line-up recorded a 1982 single, \"Cast a Long Shadow\", for Cherry Red, before Booth was in turn replaced by new lead guitarist James 'Foz' Foster (later of David Devant & His Spirit Wife).[2]In 1983, Cherry Red released Volume, Contrast, Brilliance..., a retrospective of the band's early Rough Trade singles, BBC and Capital Radio sessions, and other unreleased early sessions.In 1985, with the same line-up as on Cast a Long Shadow, The Monochrome Set recorded The Lost Weekend for Warner Bros. Records. The Lost Weekend failed commercially, and after a few singles, the band officially broke up,[2] though they served as Jessica Griffin's backing band on the first album by the Would-Be-Goods, The Camera Loves Me in 1988.Nicholas aka Nick Wesolowski, drummer with the band in the 1980s, was also a photographer for él Records, a subsidiary of Cherry Red Records.He later worked in Risk Management.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-2"},{"link_name":"Scarlet's Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet%27s_Well"},{"link_name":"cover version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Fatboy Slim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatboy_Slim"},{"link_name":"Iggy Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Pop"}],"sub_title":"Reformed: 1990–1998","text":"In early 1990, Bid, Square and Warren reformed the band, with the addition of keyboardist Orson Presence and drummer Mike Urban (then known as Mike Slocombe), who was replaced by Trevor Ready. The new band toured extensively, especially in Japan where they had become very popular.[2] The band released five albums for Vinyl Japan/Cherry Red during the 1990s, before going on hiatus in 1998.Bid recorded a number of albums with his band, Scarlet's Well. The song, \"He's Frank\", appeared on the TV series Heroes. The recording used was a cover version of the original, recorded by the Brighton Port Authority (aka. Fatboy Slim) featuring Iggy Pop.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dingwalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingwalls"}],"sub_title":"2008 reunion","text":"The band reunited on 8 October 2008 for a one-off performance at Cherry Red's 30th anniversary party at Dingwalls, London. It also marked the 30th anniversary of The Monochrome Set. Bid, Warren and Square were joined by Jennifer Denitto (drums) and Sian Chaffer (keyboards) of Scarlet's Well, and performed 13 songs.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Monochrome_Set_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scarlet's Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet%27s_Well"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapete_Records:_The_Monochrome_Set-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapete_Records:_The_Monochrome_Set-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Stephen Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gilchrist"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"2010 to present day","text":"Bandleader, singer and guitar player BidIn 2010, Bid, Square and Warren reformed the band, with the addition of drummer Jennifer Denitto from Scarlet's Well and keyboard player John Paul Moran. Following Bid's recovery from an aneurysm in late 2010,[8] they played dates the following year in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Greece, Japan and The Netherlands. The band continued to tour in the UK, Europe and Japan throughout 2012, playing material from their 10th studio album Platinum Coils (their first album since 1995's Trinity Road) as well as selections from their extensive back catalogue. In 2011 the band were joined by Helena Johansson from Scarlet's Well on violin and mandolin, replacing John Paul Moran, and Steve Brummell (formerly of the band Luxembourg) replaced Jennifer Denitto on drums. The band completed a short tour of the east coast of the US in spring of 2013 and released their 11th studio album, Super Plastic City in the autumn of the same year. Helena Johansson left the band in the summer of 2013.In 2014, they signed to the German record label Tapete[9] and their 12th studio album, Spaces Everywhere was released in 2015. Guitarist Lester Square left the band in late 2014, after completing recording of the album, and former member John Paul Moran rejoined. Their thirteenth studio album, Cosmonaut, was released on the Tapete label in September 2016.[9] Mike Urban, who had previously been in the band in 1990 and played on the Dante's Casino album, joined the band in September 2016, replacing Steve Brummell on drums. In 2018, the fortieth year since the band formed, their 14th studio album, Maisieworld and a box set, The Monochrome Set 1979–1985: Complete Recordings, were released. In 2019 they toured the United States again, playing for the first time on the west coast as well as the east and released their 15th studio album, Fabula Mendax in September that year. In mid 2021, John Paul Moran left the band, to be replaced by Athen Ayren, and the announcement of a new album, their 16th, to be released in Spring 2022. The new album, Allhallowtide, was released on 11 March 2022.[10] Mike Urban left the band in September 2022 to be replaced by Stephen Gilchrist. In July 2023, Tapete Records released a compilation album, \"The Monochrome Set, Radio Sessions Marc Riley BBC6 Music, 2011-2022\" [11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Timeline","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strange Boutique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Boutique_(album)"},{"link_name":"Love Zombies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Zombies"},{"link_name":"Eligible Bachelors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eligible_Bachelors"},{"link_name":"Spaces Everywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaces_Everywhere"}],"text":"Strange Boutique (1980)\nLove Zombies (1980)\nEligible Bachelors (1982)\nThe Lost Weekend (1985)\nDante's Casino (1990)\nJack (1991)\nCharade (1993)\nMisère (1994)\nTrinity Road (1995)\nPlatinum Coils (2012)\nSuper Plastic City (2013)\nSpaces Everywhere (2015)\nCosmonaut (2016)\nMaisieworld (2018)\nFabula Mendax (2019)\nAllhallowtide (2022)","title":"Discography"}] | [{"image_text":"Bandleader, singer and guitar player Bid","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Monochrome_Set_02.jpg/170px-The_Monochrome_Set_02.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Ankeny, Jason. \"The Monochrome Set – Artist Biography\". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-monochrome-set-mn0000475980/biography","url_text":"\"The Monochrome Set – Artist Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. p. 864. ISBN 1-85227-745-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85227-745-9","url_text":"1-85227-745-9"}]},{"reference":"Robb, John (9 January 2009). \"Blog: The Monochrome Set – Remembering the Band That History Forgot\". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2009/jan/09/the-monochrome-set-remembered","url_text":"\"Blog: The Monochrome Set – Remembering the Band That History Forgot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Punk Brighton SJ New Reviews 9\". Punkbrighton.co.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.punkbrighton.co.uk/sjnr09.html","url_text":"\"Punk Brighton SJ New Reviews 9\""}]},{"reference":"Robb, John (9 January 2009). \"The Monochrome Set: Remembering the band that history forgot\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2009/jan/09/the-monochrome-set-remembered","url_text":"\"The Monochrome Set: Remembering the band that history forgot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"BID (THE MONOCHROME SET)\". Themouthmagazine.com. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://themouthmagazine.com/2013/06/20/stgh-bid/","url_text":"\"BID (THE MONOCHROME SET)\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London, England: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 375. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"Merkhajeb, Vincent. \"Bid Lives! The Monochrome Set Live!\". Yuzu-melodies.fr. Retrieved 19 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yuzu-melodies.fr/Bid-Lives-The-Monochrome-Set-Live_a1529.html","url_text":"\"Bid Lives! The Monochrome Set Live!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tapete Records: The Monochrome Set\". Tapeterecords.de. Retrieved 19 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tapeterecords.de/artists/the-monochrome-set/","url_text":"\"Tapete Records: The Monochrome Set\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allhallowtide - The Monochrome Set | Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved 13 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/allhallowtide-mw0003650712","url_text":"\"Allhallowtide - The Monochrome Set | Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://themonochromeset.co.uk/","external_links_name":"themonochromeset.co.uk"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-monochrome-set-mn0000475980/biography","external_links_name":"\"The Monochrome Set – Artist Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2009/jan/09/the-monochrome-set-remembered","external_links_name":"\"Blog: The Monochrome Set – Remembering the Band That History Forgot\""},{"Link":"http://www.punkbrighton.co.uk/sjnr09.html","external_links_name":"\"Punk Brighton SJ New Reviews 9\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2009/jan/09/the-monochrome-set-remembered","external_links_name":"\"The Monochrome Set: Remembering the band that history forgot\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://themouthmagazine.com/2013/06/20/stgh-bid/","external_links_name":"\"BID (THE MONOCHROME SET)\""},{"Link":"http://www.yuzu-melodies.fr/Bid-Lives-The-Monochrome-Set-Live_a1529.html","external_links_name":"\"Bid Lives! The Monochrome Set Live!\""},{"Link":"http://www.tapeterecords.de/artists/the-monochrome-set/","external_links_name":"\"Tapete Records: The Monochrome Set\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/allhallowtide-mw0003650712","external_links_name":"\"Allhallowtide - The Monochrome Set | Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"Link":"https://louderthanwar.com/the-monochrome-set-radio-sessions-marc-riley-bbc-6-music-2011-2022/","external_links_name":"https://louderthanwar.com/the-monochrome-set-radio-sessions-marc-riley-bbc-6-music-2011-2022/"},{"Link":"http://themonochromeset.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-monochrome-set-mn0000475980","external_links_name":"The Monochrome Set"},{"Link":"http://trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=monochrome_set","external_links_name":"The Monochrome Set"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/Monochrome+Set%2C+The","external_links_name":"The Monochrome Set"},{"Link":"http://www.newwavephotos.com/gallery.php?name=MonochromeSet&num=B","external_links_name":"The Monochrome Set"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000107203634","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000105979738","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/124483623","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2004038747","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9a6880e7-5795-4ed3-8c58-7fef968aaa61","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-tech | Bit-Tech | ["1 History","2 Modding content","3 Games reviews","4 Staff","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Online computer hardware magazine
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bit-techType of siteOnline magazineOwnerThe Media Team LtdCreated byVinny DhirURLbit-tech.netCommercialYesRegistrationNoCurrent statusOnline
bit-tech is an online magazine for computer hardware enthusiasts, gamers and case modders, based in the UK. It was founded in 2000, became a fully professional online publication in 2005, and announced its acquisition by Dennis Publishing in October 2008. Dennis Publishing then partnered the site with existing monthly publication Custom PC magazine, making Bit-Tech the online version of the magazine. At this point the two editorial teams were totally integrated. However, due to a restructure in January 2012 the website and magazine had separate editors again, although several of the writers still contributed material to both publications. It is owned by The Media Team.
The website caters specifically for the computer hardware enthusiast market, providing reviews and articles on higher end hardware and games. Bit-Tech is also prominent in the custom case modding scene, providing a focus point for professional and amateur case modders. Much of the site's content and writing style revolve around this particular reader-base, and its regular readers have been responsible for some of the most well known case mods, such as Orac3 and the Half-Life 2 mod Black Mesa.
History
Originally bit-tech.net was designed to be a small site where people who were interested in case modding could see new ideas from the team and discuss them in the forums, due to the relatively small presence of modding at the time.
It has since diversified and, along with the trend-setting case mods, bit-tech now also features detailed reviews of computer hardware and video games, industry news and editorials. There is now increased coverage of console games, though PC games are still the major focus.
Wil Harris was editor-in-chief of Bit-Tech for almost six years and in February 2007, he announced that he was stepping down the end of March 2007 to move onto a fresh challenge. At the time, Wil's successor was not announced and it was not until April 2007 that Tim Smalley announced that he would be taking over as Editor with immediate effect. After Tim had successfully led the site to acquisition by Dennis Publishing in October 2008, he integrated it into the new owner's technology portfolio and then stood down as editor in April 2010 after launching a new consumer technology website at Dennis, Expert Reviews, at the start of the year. Alex Watson took over as bit-tech's Editor with immediate effect and was replaced by former deputy editor of Custom PC James Gorbold in December 2010. In January 2012, Dennis publishing restructured the editorial team and Simon Brew took on the role of managing editor of the site. In February 2013, Simon Brew stepped down and Dennis publishing appointed Edward Chester as Editor.
In April 2014 bit-tech was acquired by David Ross, who operates HEXUS and BOXFX as brands.
Modding content
bit-tech first became widely known for its community of PC case modders who would re-shape and decorate PC hardware into a variety of more creative forms. Although the site has since expanded to include hardware and games reviews, it still runs regular modding coverage including the very popular Mod of the Month and Mod of the Year competitions and regular project articles. In 2012, bit-tech launched the Case Mod Index – an ever-growing database of computer mods, sorted by case manufacturers such as Cooler Master or SilverStone. You're able to see all computer mods based on a specific case, as well as browse dozens of completed projects.
bit-tech has been host to some of the most popular and striking mods on the Internet, including the BlackMesa Mod (currently on show at Valve), Cygnus X1, Anemone Mod, Macro Black and Lian-Li GOO Mod.
Games reviews
bit-tech uses an arguably more in-depth review model than many other review sites and has a strong focus on PC titles, though console and handheld reviews are increasingly common. Video game reviews do not just provide a commentary of gameplay but also include graphical analysis and a breakdown of how the game will look on different hardware. This review model means that video game reviews are typically much longer than reviews from other sites, though console reviews are a more traditional length.
bit-tech employs a percentage scoring system with 'Approved' and 'Premium' awards. Unlike many review sites, bit-tech uses the full range of this scale and scores poor games harshly, with 50% used to represent average games. While the writing style of the site often leans towards New Games Journalism, this has mostly been downplayed since the site was bought by Dennis Publishing and the current writing style is similar to that of partnered magazine, Custom PC Magazine as the site and magazine are written by the same editorial team.
Recently the site has moved to embrace the indie games community and has run several features exploring and supporting this side of the PC industry. Several prominent independent developers, including Introversion Software and writers from Free Radical Design have written columns for the site which explore a number of issues in and around the games industry.
In 2011 bit-tech's games section was rebranded as bit-gamer and now sits alongside the main site as a separate games website.
Staff
Editor – Matthew Lambert
Contributor – Alex Banks (modding content lead)
Contributor – Rick Lane (games editor, Bit-gamer)
Contributor – Gareth Halfacree (news editor)
Contributor – Antony Leather (hardware)
Doge - Mason Lyons (Good boy)
See also
Hexus
References
^ Harris, Wil. bit-tech takes a giant leap, bit-tech.net, 3 June 2005
^ Emeran, Riyad TrustedReviews and bit-tech Get It Together, TrustedReviews, 1 June 2005
^ Tim Smalley , bit-tech.net, 20 October 2008
^ Harris, Wil. Changing times at bit-tech, bit-tech.net, 9 February 2007
^ Bit-tech supremo steps down, shocka, The Inquirer, 8 February 2007
^ Smalley, Tim. Bit-tech: The Next Generation, bit-tech.net, 6 April 2007
^ And It's Goodbye From Me Archived 6 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Tim Smalley, bit-tech.net 8 April 2010
^ "Bit-tech Case Mod Index | bit-tech.net".
^ BlackMesa Mod
^ "Cygnus X1 by Attila Lukacs | bit-tech.net".
^ "Anemone Mod". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2008.
^ Macro Black
^ GOO
External links
bit-tech.net | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_magazine"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dennis Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Custom PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom_PC"},{"link_name":"reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reviews"},{"link_name":"articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"custom case modding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_modding"}],"text":"bit-tech is an online magazine for computer hardware enthusiasts, gamers and case modders, based in the UK. It was founded in 2000, became a fully professional online publication in 2005,[1][2] and announced its acquisition by Dennis Publishing in October 2008.[3] Dennis Publishing then partnered the site with existing monthly publication Custom PC magazine, making Bit-Tech the online version of the magazine. At this point the two editorial teams were totally integrated. However, due to a restructure in January 2012 the website and magazine had separate editors again, although several of the writers still contributed material to both publications. It is owned by The Media Team.The website caters specifically for the computer hardware enthusiast market, providing reviews and articles on higher end hardware and games. Bit-Tech is also prominent in the custom case modding scene, providing a focus point for professional and amateur case modders. Much of the site's content and writing style revolve around this particular reader-base, and its regular readers have been responsible for some of the most well known case mods, such as Orac3 and the Half-Life 2 mod Black Mesa.","title":"Bit-Tech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"case modding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_modding"},{"link_name":"computer hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware"},{"link_name":"video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Wil Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil_Harris"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Expert Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.expertreviews.co.uk"}],"text":"Originally bit-tech.net was designed to be a small site where people who were interested in case modding could see new ideas from the team and discuss them in the forums, due to the relatively small presence of modding at the time.It has since diversified and, along with the trend-setting case mods, bit-tech now also features detailed reviews of computer hardware and video games, industry news and editorials. There is now increased coverage of console games, though PC games are still the major focus.Wil Harris was editor-in-chief of Bit-Tech for almost six years and in February 2007, he announced that he was stepping down[4][5] the end of March 2007 to move onto a fresh challenge. At the time, Wil's successor was not announced and it was not until April 2007[6] that Tim Smalley announced that he would be taking over as Editor with immediate effect. After Tim had successfully led the site to acquisition by Dennis Publishing in October 2008, he integrated it into the new owner's technology portfolio and then stood down as editor in April 2010[7] after launching a new consumer technology website at Dennis, Expert Reviews, at the start of the year. Alex Watson took over as bit-tech's Editor with immediate effect and was replaced by former deputy editor of Custom PC James Gorbold in December 2010. In January 2012, Dennis publishing restructured the editorial team and Simon Brew took on the role of managing editor of the site. In February 2013, Simon Brew stepped down and Dennis publishing appointed Edward Chester as Editor.In April 2014 bit-tech was acquired by David Ross, who operates HEXUS and BOXFX as brands.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"bit-tech first became widely known for its community of PC case modders who would re-shape and decorate PC hardware into a variety of more creative forms. Although the site has since expanded to include hardware and games reviews, it still runs regular modding coverage including the very popular Mod of the Month and Mod of the Year competitions and regular project articles. In 2012, bit-tech launched the Case Mod Index[8] – an ever-growing database of computer mods, sorted by case manufacturers such as Cooler Master or SilverStone. You're able to see all computer mods based on a specific case, as well as browse dozens of completed projects.bit-tech has been host to some of the most popular and striking mods on the Internet, including the BlackMesa Mod[9] (currently on show at Valve), Cygnus X1,[10] Anemone Mod,[11] Macro Black[12] and Lian-Li GOO Mod.[13]","title":"Modding content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Games Journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Games_Journalism"},{"link_name":"Custom PC Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom_PC_Magazine"},{"link_name":"indie games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_games"},{"link_name":"Introversion Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introversion_Software"},{"link_name":"Free Radical Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Radical_Design"},{"link_name":"bit-gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bit-gamer&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"bit-tech uses an arguably more in-depth review model than many other review sites and has a strong focus on PC titles, though console and handheld reviews are increasingly common. Video game reviews do not just provide a commentary of gameplay but also include graphical analysis and a breakdown of how the game will look on different hardware. This review model means that video game reviews are typically much longer than reviews from other sites, though console reviews are a more traditional length.bit-tech employs a percentage scoring system with 'Approved' and 'Premium' awards. Unlike many review sites, bit-tech uses the full range of this scale and scores poor games harshly, with 50% used to represent average games. While the writing style of the site often leans towards New Games Journalism, this has mostly been downplayed since the site was bought by Dennis Publishing and the current writing style is similar to that of partnered magazine, Custom PC Magazine as the site and magazine are written by the same editorial team.Recently the site has moved to embrace the indie games community and has run several features exploring and supporting this side of the PC industry. Several prominent independent developers, including Introversion Software and writers from Free Radical Design have written columns for the site which explore a number of issues in and around the games industry.In 2011 bit-tech's games section was rebranded as bit-gamer and now sits alongside the main site as a separate games website.","title":"Games reviews"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Editor – Matthew Lambert\nContributor – Alex Banks (modding content lead)\nContributor – Rick Lane (games editor, Bit-gamer)\nContributor – Gareth Halfacree (news editor)\nContributor – Antony Leather (hardware)\nDoge - Mason Lyons (Good boy)","title":"Staff"}] | [] | [{"title":"Hexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexus"}] | [{"reference":"\"Bit-tech Case Mod Index | bit-tech.net\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bit-tech.net/modding/2012/01/24/bit-tech-case-mod-index/1","url_text":"\"Bit-tech Case Mod Index | bit-tech.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cygnus X1 by Attila Lukacs | bit-tech.net\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bit-tech.net/modding/case-mod/2009/12/14/cygnus-x1-by-attila-lukacs-oldnewby/1","url_text":"\"Cygnus X1 by Attila Lukacs | bit-tech.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anemone Mod\". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folland_Gnat_Mk.1 | Folland Gnat | ["1 Development","1.1 Origins","1.2 Trainer","1.3 Further development","2 Design","3 Operational history","3.1 Finland","3.2 India","3.3 United Kingdom","3.4 Yugoslavia","4 Variants","5 Operators","6 Accidents and incidents","7 Surviving aircraft","8 Specifications (Gnat F.1)","9 Notable appearances in media","10 See also","11 References","11.1 Notes","11.2 Citations","11.3 Bibliography","12 External links"] | Gnat
A Folland Gnat over RIAT, 2018
Role
Fighter, light tactical bomber and trainerType of aircraft
Manufacturer
Folland Aircraft
Designer
W. E. W. Petter
First flight
18 July 1955
Introduction
1959 (RAF)
Retired
1979 (RAF)
Status
Retired
Primary users
Royal Air ForceIndian Air Force Finnish Air Force
Number built
449 (including HAL Ajeet)
Developed from
Folland Midge
Variants
HAL Ajeet
The Folland Gnat is a British compact swept-wing subsonic fighter aircraft that was developed and produced by Folland Aircraft. Envisioned as an affordable light fighter in contrast to the rising cost and size of typical combat aircraft, it was procured as a trainer aircraft for the Royal Air Force (RAF) as well as by export customers, who used the Gnat in both combat and training capacities.
Designed by W. E. W. Petter, the Gnat has its origins in the preceding private venture Folland Midge. The issuing of Operational Requirement OR.303 by the British Air Ministry served to motivate the type's development; the Gnat was later submitted to meet this requirement. Its design allowed for its construction and maintenance tasks to be carried out without specialised tools, making it suitable for use in countries that had not yet become highly industrialised. The Gnat has been viewed as a major motivating factor towards the issuing of the NATO NBMR-1 requirement, which sought to make available a common strike/attack light fighter with which to equip the air forces of the various NATO members.
Although never used as a fighter by the Royal Air Force (RAF), the Gnat T.1 jet trainer variant was adopted and operated for some time. In the United Kingdom, the Gnat became well known due to its prominent use as the display aircraft of the RAF's Red Arrows aerobatic team. The Gnat F.1 was exported to Finland, Yugoslavia and India. The Indian Air Force became the largest operator and eventually manufactured the aircraft under licence. Impressed by its performance during combat, India proceeded to develop the improved HAL Ajeet, a modified variant of the Gnat. In British service, the Gnat was replaced by the Hawker Siddeley Hawk.
Development
Origins
In October 1950, W. E. W. "Teddy" Petter, a British aircraft designer formerly of Westland Aircraft and English Electric, joined Folland Aircraft as its managing director and chief engineer. Almost immediately upon joining the firm, Petter conducted a study into the economics behind modern fighter manufacturing, and concluded that many combat aircraft entailed far too great a cost in terms of man-hours and material to be readily mass-produced during a major conflict. While the British Air Staff emphasised quality over quantity, the economics involved in the anticipated vast wartime production of many of the RAF's aircraft of the time, such as the Hawker Hunter and the Gloster Javelin interceptors, were viewed as questionable.
Petter examined the prospects for producing a more affordable but capable "light fighter", including a survey of available modern engines to power the type. Having identified suitable powerplant arrangements along with methods of making multiple key design aspects, such as the manufacturing of the fuselage and wings, more affordable, Folland promptly commenced work upon this lightweight fighter concept, financing the project using existing company funds. The light fighter project soon received the Fo-141 designation along with the name Gnat. Development of the Gnat and the specifics of its design were heavily influenced by the issuing of Operational Requirement OR.303, which sought a capable lightweight fighter aircraft. Work to develop the Gnat went ahead, irrespective of any external orders or financing; there was no funding provided to support the type's early development from any British government department, such as the Ministry of Supply.
First Gnat F.1 prototype
Gnat F.1 single-seat fighter variant at the 1957 Paris Air Salon
Petter believed that a compact and simplified fighter would offer the advantages of low purchase and operational costs, and that the Gnat should be capable of being manufactured both cheaply and easily. The emergence of new lightweight turbojet engines, several of which were well advanced in their own development process, also enabled the envisioned light fighter concept to be realised. The Gnat was initially intended to be powered by a Bristol BE-22 Saturn turbojet engine, capable of generating 3,800 lbf (16.9 kN 1,724 kgp) of thrust. However, development of the Saturn was cancelled; in its place, the more capable but not immediately available Bristol Orpheus turbojet engine was adopted instead.
In order that the project would not be delayed before reaching the prototype stage, Petter's unarmed proof-of-concept demonstrator for the Gnat was instead powered by the less powerful Armstrong Siddeley Viper 101 turbojet engine, capable of generating 1,640 lbf (7.3 kN / 744 kgp) of thrust. While using a different powerplant from later-built prototypes and production aircraft, the demonstrator still used a nearly-identical airframe along with similar onboard systems so that these could be proved in advance of the Gnat itself being built. This demonstrator was designated Fo-139 Midge. On 11 August 1954, the Midge performed its maiden flight, piloted by Folland's chief test pilot Edward Tennant. Despite the low-powered engine, the compact jet was able to break Mach 1 while in a dive and proved to be very agile during its flying trials. On 20 September 1955, the Midge was destroyed in a crash, which had possibly been due to human error by a pilot from a potential overseas purchaser.
The Midge, partly due to its nature as a private venture, had only a short lifespan, however had served as a proof-of-concept demonstrator for the subsequent aircraft. It had failed to interest the RAF as a combat aircraft at that time, but officers did issue encouragement of the development of a similar aircraft for training purposes. The larger Gnat, which was being developed in parallel with the Midge, was an improved version of the original fighter design; it was differentiated by larger air intakes to suit the Orpheus engine, a slightly larger wing, and provision for the installation of a 30 mm ADEN cannon in each intake lip. The first prototype Gnat was built as a private venture by Folland. Subsequently, six further aircraft were ordered by the British Ministry of Supply for evaluation purposes. On 18 July 1955, the Folland prototype, serial number G-39-2, first flew from RAF Boscombe Down, Wiltshire.
Although the evaluation by the British brought no orders for the lightweight fighter, orders were placed by Finland and Yugoslavia. India placed a large order for the type, which included a licence for production by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). Although the Gnat's development is considered a factor which motivated the Mutual Weapons Development Team to issue the NATO NBMR-1 requirement for a low level strike/attack light fighter, the Gnat itself was not evaluated in the competition, which was won by the Fiat G.91. However, the Gnat was evaluated in 1958 by the RAF as a replacement for the de Havilland Venom, as well as other light aircraft such as the BAC Jet Provost. The Hawker Hunter was selected as the eventual winner of the fly-off competition.
Trainer
Operational Gnat T.1 of No. 4 Flying Training School RAF in 1971
Although RAF interest in the possibilities for using the Gnat as a fighter had waned, Folland identified a potential use for the type as a trainer aircraft. Accordingly, the aircraft was modified to conform with the requirements of Specification T.185D, which had called for an advanced two-seat trainer aircraft that could transition pilots between the current de Havilland Vampire T 11 and operational fighters, such as the supersonic English Electric Lightning.
Folland proposed the two-seat Fo. 144 Gnat Trainer. The trainer model featured several changes, including the adoption of a new wing with additional fuel capacity, which in turn allowed for more internal space within the fuselage to be allocated for additional equipment. A more powerful variant of the Orpheus engine was also used, while the length of the forward fuselage area was increased, and the tail surfaces were enlarged. The inboard ailerons of the fighter variant were reconfigured to an arrangement of outboard ailerons and conventional flaps. On 7 January 1958, an initial contract for 14 pre-production Gnat trainers was issued.
On 31 August 1959, the prototype Gnat Trainer conducted its maiden flight from Chilbolton airfield, Hampshire. The Ministry did not at first place a production order as they were concerned about the size and ability of the company to take on a large order. Following the take over of Folland by Hawker Siddeley Aviation (becoming the Hamble division), further orders for 30, 20 and 41 trainers were placed between February 1960 and March 1962, receiving the designation Gnat T Mk. 1. The final Gnat T.1 for the RAF was delivered in May 1965.
Further development
Folland sought to develop more capable versions of the Gnat; one of the more substantial of these proposals was tentatively designated as the Gnat Mk.5. This model was to be capable of supersonic speeds and was intended to be made available in both single-seat and twin-seat configurations, enabling its use in the trainer and interceptor role. The Gnat 5 was to be powered by either a pair of Rolls-Royce RB153R engines or two Viper 20 engines; in the interceptor role, it would be also equipped with a Ferranti AI.23 Airpass radar and armed with a pair of de Havilland Firestreak air-to-air missiles. Featuring an estimated maximum speed around Mach 2 (2,500 km/h; 1,500 mph) and a time to 50,000 ft (15,000 m) of 3 minutes, Folland estimated that a prototype could be flown as early as the end of 1962 and that the Gnat 5 could be readied for operational service within four or five years.
In 1960, Maurice Brennan joined Folland as its chief engineer and director. Hawker Siddeley wanted to use his knowledge of variable-geometry wings in future designs. Under his direction, a variable geometry wing was applied to the basic Gnat 5 design to produce two different configurations – one tailless and one with a conventional tail – for a multipurpose fighter/strike/trainer, designated the Fo.147. The design used a unique mechanism to sweep the wings; this mechanism used a combination of tracks positioned on the fuselage sides, the centerline, and on the underside of the wings, and was actuated by hydraulically-driven ball screws positioned at the inner ends of the wings. The wings could be swept from 20 degrees to 70 degrees; at the 70-degree position, longitudinal control was maintained by wing tip-mounted elevons, and at the 20-degree position by a retractable canard arrangement. Auto-stabilisation was also to be used. By providing trimming with the canard, a large tailplane was not needed, as would have been on designs without a canard configuration.
The Fo.147 was to have been capable of speeds in excess of Mach 2, with the speed limit set by the temperature of the structure as a result of kinetic heating. It had a maximum all-up weight of 18,500 lb (8,400 kg), comparing well with the Gnat 5's more restrictive 11,100 lb (5,000 kg) maximum. According to aviation author Derek Wood, the Fo.147: "would have provided a first-class flying test-bed for variable geometry theories...even a VG conversion of the standard Gnat Mk 2 fighter would have been an invaluable research tool". However, neither the Fo.147 nor its successor, the Fo.148, would be developed to the prototype stage; the RAF showed little interest in the need for a variable-geometry trainer, although it intended to procure the General Dynamics F-111K strike aircraft.
Design
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2016)
The Folland Gnat was a purpose-built light fighter aircraft, suitable as both a trainer and a combat aircraft in ground-attack and day-fighter roles. The cockpit offered many features expected in standard fighter aircraft: full pressurisation, climate control, and an ejection seat.
Folland Gnat Mk.1 cockpit
According to Folland, the Gnat offered advantages over conventional fighter aircraft in terms of cost, man-hours, handling, serviceability, and portability. Its tricycle landing gear let it operate from austere grass airstrips, thanks to the aircraft's low weight.
The Gnat design used a conventional metal stressed-skin structure, with extensive flush-rivetting. To reduce workload and cost, intensive fabrication methods such as machining, forging, and casting were minimised. The airframe could be constructed using simple jigs without any specialised skills or tooling. The wing (for example) could be produced at a quarter of the cost, with less than one-fifth the labour, required for the wings of other contemporary fighter aircraft. Similarly, the layout and construction techniques used allow the airframe to be rapidly disassembled into its major subsections, without the use of cranes or ladders; the Gnat was vastly easier to service than most other aircraft.
Operational history
Finland
A preserved Gnat Mk.1 in the Aviation Museum of Central Finland
The Finnish Air Force received the first of its 13 Gnats (11 fighters and 2 photo-reconnaissance planes) on 30 July 1958. It was soon found to be a problematic aircraft in service and required a lot of ground maintenance. In early 1957 a licence agreement was reached to allow Valmet to build the Gnat at Tampere in Finland, although, in the end, none were built. On 31 July 1958, Finnish Air Force Major Lauri Pekuri, a fighter ace of the Second World War, became the first Finnish pilot to break the sound barrier while flying a Gnat at Lake Luonetjärvi.
Gnat F.1 proved initially problematic in the harsh Finnish conditions. Finland was the first operational user of Gnat F.1, and the plane still had many issues yet to be resolved. All Gnats were grounded for half a year on 26 August 1958 after the destruction of GN-102 due to a technical design error in its hydraulic system, and the aircraft soon became the subject of severe criticism. Three other aircraft were also destroyed in other accidents, with two pilots ejecting and one being killed. Once the initial problems were ironed out, the plane proved to be extremely manouevreable and had good performance in the air, but also to be very maintenance intensive. The availability of spare parts was always an issue, and its maintenance a challenge to the conscript mechanics. The Gnats were removed from active service in 1972 when the Häme Wing moved to Rovaniemi, and when the new Saab 35 Drakens were brought into use.
India
1967 India Post stamp
In September 1956 the Indian government signed a contract for the production of the aircraft and Orpheus engine in India. The first 13 aircraft for the Indian Air Force (IAF) were assembled at Hamble-le-Rice, they were followed by partly completed aircraft and then sub-assemblies as Hindustan Aircraft slowly took over first assembly, and then production of the aircraft. The first flight of an Indian Air Force Gnat was in the United Kingdom on 11 January 1958, it was delivered to India in the hold of a C-119, and accepted by the Air Force on 30 January 1958. The first Gnat squadron was the No. 23 (Cheetah), which converted from Vampire FB.52 on 18 March 1960 using six Folland-built Gnats. The first aircraft built from Indian-built parts first flew in May 1962. The last Indian-built Gnat F.1 was delivered on 31 January 1974.
IAF Folland Gnat ("Sabre slayer")
The Gnat was an extremely difficult aircraft to handle in the early stages of training. Unlike the RAF, the IAF did not buy a trainer version. Inductees were brought in from Hunter aircraft squadrons, having gained experience on powered controls. They then flew dual checks on the Hunter trainer. The pilot would do a brief full throttle run on the runway before flying solo. The Gnat had a tendency to pitch up sharply on raising the undercarriage; almost all new pilots would find it difficult to control the anticipated pitch up. With sufficient experience, pilots would exploit the nimble mini-sized aircraft to its limits.
The Gnat is credited by many independent and Indian sources as having shot down seven Pakistani North American F-86 Sabres in the 1965 war. During the initial phase of the 1965 war, an IAF Gnat, piloted by Squadron Leader Brij Pal Singh Sikand, landed at an abandoned Pakistani airstrip at Pasrur and was captured by the PAF. Two Lockheed F-104 Starfighters claimed to have forced the Gnat down. Sikand — who had a complete electrical failure on his Gnat while he got separated from the IAF flight to fight a Sabre — had to make an emergency landing at the PAF field at Pasrur. This Gnat is displayed as a war trophy in the Pakistan Air Force Museum, Karachi. After the ceasefire, one Pakistani Cessna O-1 was shot down on 16 December 1965 by a Gnat.
PAF Sabre being shot down in combat by an IAF Gnat in September 1965
The Gnats were used again by India in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The most notable action was the Battle of Boyra where the first dogfights over East Pakistan (Bangladesh) took place. The Indian Air Force (IAF) Gnats shot down two PAF Canadair Sabres and badly damaged one. Another notable dogfight involving a Gnat was over Srinagar airfield where a lone Indian pilot held out against six Sabres, shooting two Sabres in the process, before being shot down. Gnat pilot Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon was posthumously honoured with the Param Vir Chakra (India's highest gallantry award), becoming the only member of the IAF to be given the award.
By the end of 1971, the Gnat proved to be a frustrating opponent for the larger, heavier and older Sabre. The Gnat was referred to as a "Sabre Slayer" by the IAF since most of its combat "kills" during the two wars were against Sabres despite the Canadair Sabre Mk 6 being widely regarded as the best dogfighter of its era. Tactics called for Gnats taking on the Sabres in the vertical arena, where the Sabres were at a disadvantage. As the Gnat was lightweight and compact in shape, it was hard to see, especially at the low levels where most dogfights took place. Apart from air defence operations, in the Bangladesh Liberation War, Gnats flew anti-shipping operations, ground attack, bomber/transport escort and close air support operations.
The IAF was impressed by the Gnat's performance in the two wars but the aircraft had many technical problems including hydraulics, a temperamental pair of Aden 30 mm cannons which often failed in-flight, significant 'bent thrust' on take-off, leading to many aborted take-offs and an unreliable control system. To address these failings, the IAF issued a requirement for an improved "Gnat II" in 1972, at first specifying that the new version was to be optimised as an interceptor but then expanding the specification to include ground-attack. Over 175 of the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited-built licensed version, the Ajeet ("Unconquerable"), were produced in Bangalore. Several Gnats remain in use in private hands. Some IAF Gnats, one of which had participated in the 1971 war in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), were presented to the Bangladesh Air Force.
United Kingdom
The first production Gnat T.1s for the Royal Air Force were delivered in February 1962 to the Central Flying School at RAF Little Rissington. The major operator of the type was 4 Flying Training School at RAF Valley, the first aircraft being delivered in November 1962. In 1964 4 FTS formed the Yellowjacks aerobatic team with all-yellow painted Gnats. The team reformed in 1965 as part of the Central Flying School as the Red Arrows which operated the Gnat until 1979 as the RAF aerobatic demonstration team. On 14 May 1965 the last Royal Air Force Gnat T.1 to be built was delivered to the Red Arrows.
Privately owned Gnat T.1 displaying at the 2008 Kemble Air Day
Once pilots graduated from basic training on the BAC Jet Provost and gained their wings they were selected for one of three streams: fast jet, multi-engined, or helicopter. Those selected for fast jets were posted to RAF Valley for advanced training on the Gnat T.1, typically 70 hours of flying. Students would then move on to operational training using the Hawker Hunter, followed by a posting to an operational conversion unit for the type of aircraft to be flown.
Following the introduction of the Hawker Siddeley Hawk into the training role as a replacement the Gnats were withdrawn from service. The largest operator 4 FTS retired its last Gnat in November 1978. Most of the retired Gnats were delivered to No. 1 School of Technical Training at RAF Halton and other training establishments to be used as ground training airframes. When the RAF had no need for the Gnats as training airframes they were sold off. Many were bought by private operators and a number are still flying today.
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia ordered two Gnat F.1s for evaluation; the first aircraft flew on 7 June 1958 and both were delivered to Yugoslavia by rail. The aircraft were flown by the flight test centre but no further aircraft were ordered. One aircraft was destroyed in a crash in October 1958 while the other is preserved and on display in Serbia.
Variants
The third prototype of the Gnat T.1, XM693 at the SBAC show in 1961, showing the short nose of the early aircraft. It now guards the old Folland plant at Hamble, though painted as a Red Arrows aircraft
Folland Gnat at RAF Waterbeach, Cambridgeshire on Battle of Britain Day, 14 September 1963
Fo.140 Gnat
Private-venture prototype fighter, one built.
Fo.141 Gnat
Gnat F.1
Single seat lightweight fighter exported to Finland, India and Yugoslavia, 50 built by Folland at Hamble. This was also built in India under licence as the HAL Gnat.
Gnat FR.1
One aircraft for Finland was built with three nose-mounted 70mm Vinten cameras and designated FR.1, it was joined by a Ministry of Supply aircraft purchased by Folland and modified to the same standard. Both aircraft were delivered to Finland on 12 October 1960.
Fo.142 Gnat / Gnat F.2
This was to be an improved F.1 using a wing with a 6% thickness-to-chord ratio and powered by a Bristol Orpheus with simplified reheat (BOr.12SR), developing 8000 lbF (35.6 kN) thrust. A prototype wing was built but not mated to a fuselage or engine. It was anticipated that this would be capable of M 1.5 and have a "marked increase in rate of climb" Development was ended because Bristol declined to back development of the reheat.
Fo.143 Gnat / Gnat F.4
Proposed improved F.2 with air intercept radar and ability to carry guided weapons, not built.
Fo.144 Gnat Trainer / Gnat T.1
Two-seat advanced trainer aircraft for the Royal Air Force, 105 built by Hawker Siddeley.
Gnat F.5
Proposed development from January 1960, with larger wing (and flap) area. It was to be powered by two Rolls-Royce RB153 engines with reheat. The design also considered operation from aircraft carriers.
Fo.146
This was a two-seat design with variable geometry wings based on a combination of the Gnat Mk5 and the Gnat Trainer. It was to be powered by two Rolls-Royce RB153 engines with reheat and thrust-reversers. it was to be produced as either an advanced trainer with weapons capability or as a fighter. This, and later studies were led by Maurice Brennan.
HAL Ajeet
Indian development of the Gnat F.1
HAL Ajeet Trainer
Two-seat tandem trainer version for the Indian Air Force. This version was derived from the HAL Ajeet and differed considerably from the Gnat T.1 used by the RAF.
Operators
Folland Gnat Mk.1 (GN-101) in Aviation Museum of Central Finland.
Folland Gnat with markings of SFR Yugoslav Air Force markings in Belgrade Aviation Museum.
A former Red Arrows aircraft, XR537
Finland
Finnish Air Force
Häme Wing
HävLLv 11
HävLLv 21
India
Indian Air Force
No.2 Squadron
No.9 Squadron
No.15 Squadron
No.18 Squadron
No.21 Squadron
No.22 Squadron
No.23 Squadron
No.24 Squadron
United Kingdom
Royal Aircraft Establishment operated one former Royal Air Force Gnat T.1 from Bedford for trials work.
Royal Air Force
Central Flying School
Yellowjacks aerobatic team
4 Flying Training School, RAF Valley
Red Arrows aerobatic team
Yugoslavia
SFR Yugoslav Air Force two aircraft for evaluation.
Accidents and incidents
31 July 1956 the prototype G-39-2 crashed at Stockbridge and was destroyed after structural failure caused by tailplane flutter.7
26 August 1958 Finnish Air Force GN-102 was destroyed near Tampere due to a technical design error in its hydraulic system. The pilot ejected.
15 October 1958 a development F.1 XK767 fatally crashed at Stapleford, Wiltshire following presumed control failure.
13 April 1966 RAF Gnat T.1 XP507 of 4FTS flew into the sea on approach to RAF Valley.
23 August 1967 RAF Gnat T.1 XP512 abandoned overhead RAF Valley at 3,000 feet (910 m) following seizure of Hobson Unit in tailplane during previous roller landing. Instructor seriously injured; student pilot uninjured. Aircraft flew on for about five minutes in large circle before crashing on Rhosneigr beach amongst bathers but inflicted no injuries on the public.
26 March 1969 RAF Gnat T.1 XR573 of the Red Arrows crashed into tree during formation display practice.
20 January 1971 RAF Gnat T.1s XR545 and XR986 of the Red Arrows collided and both crashed during practice display flying at RAF Kemble.
3 September 1975 RAF Gnat T.1 XS103 of the CFS collided with an Italian Air Force Lockheed F-104 Starfighter near Leck in Germany; both aircraft landed safely but due to damage the Gnat was written off.
28 October 1975 RAF Gnat T.1 XR571 of the 4 FTS RAF had a hard landing and declared a write off at RAF Valley, Anglesey.
30 April 1976 two RAF Gnat T.1s XP536 and XR983 of 4FTS collided and both crashed over North Wales.
30 June 1976 RAF Gnat T.1 XM707 of the Red Arrows was abandoned near RAF Kemble following loss of control of tailplane.
8 October 1976 RAF Gnat T.1 'XR996' of 4FTS crashed on approach at RAF Shawbury. Both crew killed.
10 January 1991 Shreveport, LA N3XR crashed, attributed to fuel starvation. 2 fatalities. NTSB Id: FTW91FA028
29 July 2013 Gnat T.1 XS105 (N18GT) crashed near Georgetown, SC, USA. The aircraft was destroyed.
1 August 2015, Gnat T.1 XP504 (though labelled XS111) of a Gnat display team crashed at the 'CarFest North' motoring festival at Oulton Park in Cheshire, during a display at the event; no ground injuries. Pilot Kevin Whyman died in the incident.
Surviving aircraft
Main article: List of surviving Folland Gnats
Several Gnats survive including some airworthy examples (particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom) and others on public display.
Specifications (Gnat F.1)
Folland Gnat Mk.I 3-view drawings
Folland Gnat ejection seat
Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1958-59, The Great Book of Fighters General characteristics
Crew: 1
Length: 29 ft 9 in (9.07 m)
Wingspan: 22 ft 2 in (6.76 m)
Height: 8 ft 10 in (2.69 m)
Wing area: 136.6 sq ft (12.69 m2)
Airfoil: RAE 102 modified
Empty weight: 4,800 lb (2,177 kg)
Gross weight: 6,575 lb (2,982 kg) interceptor
8,765 lb (3,976 kg) tactical, with external tanks and armament
Max takeoff weight: 9,040 lb (4,100 kg)
Fuel capacity: 175 imp gal (210 US gal; 800 L) in seven fuselage tanks + 25 imp gal (30 US gal; 110 L) in two optional rear fuselage tanks + two optional 66 imp gal (79 US gal; 300 L) jettisonable under-wing slipper tanks; Maximum fuel 332 imp gal (399 US gal; 1,510 L)
Powerplant: 1 × Bristol Siddeley BOr.2 Orpheus 701-01 turbojet engine, 4,705 lbf (20.93 kN) thrust
Performance
Maximum speed: 604 kn (695 mph, 1,119 km/h) at 20,000 ft (6,100 m)
Maximum speed: Mach 0.98
Range: 434.5 nmi (500.0 mi, 804.7 km)
Endurance: 1 hour 10 minutes (normal)
2 hours 15 minutes (max fuel)
Service ceiling: 50,000 ft (15,000 m) +
Rate of climb: 20,000 ft/min (100 m/s)
Time to altitude: 45,000 ft (14,000 m) 5 minutes
Take-off distance to 50 ft (15 m): 2,190 ft (670 m) (interceptor)
Take-off distance to 50 ft (15 m): 3,780 ft (1,150 m) (tactical)
Landing distance from 50 ft (15 m): 2,200 ft (670 m)
Armament
Guns: 2x 30mm ADEN cannon with 115 rpg
Rockets: 12x 3 in (76 mm) rockets
Bombs: 2x 500 lb (227 kg) bombs
Avionics
VHF radio
Nav aids
Gyro gunsight
Ranging radar
Notable appearances in media
Four privately owned Gnat T.1s together with an Ajeet portrayed the fictional carrier-based "Oscar EW-5894 Phallus" tactical fighter bombers flown by US Navy pilots in the 1991 comedy Hot Shots!.
See also
Red Arrows
Related development
Folland Midge
HAL Ajeet
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Aerfer Ariete
Aerfer Sagittario 2
Bréguet 1001 Taon
Fiat G.91
Helwan HA-300
SNCASE Baroudeur
Related lists
List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force
References
The initial version of this article was based on a public domain article from Greg Goebel's Vectorsite.
Notes
^ It had been moved from the Folland factory at Hamble by road earlier in the day, after a 15-minute flight the Gnat landed at Chilbolton airfield, Hampshire.
^ The Folland test pilot, Teddy Tennant, bailed out and descended safely, becoming first person to use the Folland/Saab ejection seat in action.
Citations
^ a b Taylor 1969, p. 365.
^ Willis 2008, p. 40.
^ a b c d e f g Flight 20 August 1954, p. 228.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Flight 3 April 1953, p. 425.
^ a b Flight 3 April 1953, p. 426.
^ Flight 20 August 1954, p. 229.
^ "The Midge Accident". Flight. 7 October 1955. p. 575. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013.
^ a b c d e f g Frédriksen 2001, p. 133.
^ Willis 2008, p. 43.
^ "'Double First' For Folland Gnat", Times, London, ENG, UK, p. 8, 19 July 1955.
^ a b Wood 1975, p. 197.
^ "Fighter Competition with a Worthwhile Prize". New Scientist, 2(46), 3 October 1957, p. 10. ISSN 0262-4079.
^ "Bright Future for Light Fighters." New Scientist, 4(80), 29 May 1958, p. 56. ISSN 0262-4079.
^ Willis 2008, p. 53.
^ Burnet 1982, p. 62.
^ Burnet 1982, p. 63.
^ a b c d Wood 1975, p. 198.
^ Wood 1975, pp. 198–199.
^ a b c Wood 1975, p. 199.
^ Flight 3 April 1953, pp. 425–426.
^ "The Answer to Europe's Air Defence Problem." Flight, 3 September 1954. p. 129.
^ "From all Quarters: Finland to build Gnats". Flight: 2–3. 4 January 1957. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
^ "Stingers Of The North: A Visit to the Gnats of the Finnish Air Force". Flight, 26 July 1962.
^ Phadke, Romesh (2015). Air Power and National Security. Pentagon Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-8182748408.
^ a b Gupta (Retd), Wg Cdr A. K. "The Ajeet Trainer - Short lived and scantily used". bharat-rakshak.com.
^ a b Rakshak, Bharat. "Indian Air Force Combat Kills, Indo Pakistan War 1965." Archived 5 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine History. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ a b Spick 2002, p. 161.
^ Mohan, Jagan P V S; Chopra, Samir (January 2005). "Chapter 3". The India-Pakistan Air War of 1965. ISBN 81-7304-641-7. Archived from the original on 6 July 2013..
^ Tufail, Air Commodore M Kaiser, "Run… It's a 104", Defence Day, no. 5, Pakistan: Jang, p. 5, archived from the original on 19 March 2007.
^ "1965 India-Pakistan war: How IAF's heroes slayed PAF's superior Sabre fighter jets". 6 September 2019.
^ a b Pike, John. "Squadron 22 'Swifts'." Global Security. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ a b "Folland Gnat F1." Archived 2 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine RAF Museum. Retrieved: 4 November 2010.
^ Mirza. Wg Cdr Salim Baig, PAF. "Air Battles" Archived 5 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine Bharat Rakshak. December 1971. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "Official Citation of the PVC to NIrmal Jit Singh Sekhon." Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "Param Vir Chakra." Archived 5 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ Bingham 2002.
^ "Three countries, One people by DS Jafa", India Today (book review), 20 September 1999, archived from the original on 26 January 2000, retrieved 10 March 2009.
^ "Canadair CL-13 Sabre." RCAF. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ "There is no subsitutte for experience | Gnat50Years".
^ "Folland/HAL Gnat." Archived 9 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine Warbirds of India. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
^ "Orpheus a versatile and lightweight turbojet". Flight: 222. 13 February 1959.
^ "Britain's Aircraft Industry 1959". Flight (124). 4 September 1959. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
^ Bingham, Victor (2000). Folland Gnat Sabre Slayer and Red Arrow. J&KH Publishing. p. 105. ISBN 1-900511-78-9.
^ Bingham, Victor (2000). Folland Gnat Sabre Slayer and Red Arrow. J&KH Publishing. p. 106. ISBN 1-900511-78-9.
^ Bingham (2002), p. 106-108.
^ Bingham (2002), p. 114-118,143.
^ ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 56499
.
^ Pilot Kevin Whyman killed in CarFest crash in Cheshire BBC, 1 August 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
^ Bridgman 1958, pp. 81–82.
^ Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. The Great Book of Fighters. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-7603-1194-3.
^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
^ "Hot Shots! (1991)." IMPDb. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
Bibliography
Bingham, Victor (2002). Folland Gnat: Red Arrow and Sabre Slayer. Hailsham, East Sussex, UK: J&KH Publishing. ISBN 1-900511-78-9.
Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1958–59. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd., 1958.
Burnet, Charles. "Folland's (G)Natty Fighters." AIR Enthusiast Twenty-four, April–July 1984. Bromley, Kent, UK: Pilot Press, 1984.
Buttler, Tony (2017). British Secret Projects : Jet Fighters since 1950 (2nd ed.). Manchester: Crecy Publishing. ISBN 978-1-910-80905-1.
Chopra, Pushpindar. "Fly with a Sting." Air International, Volume 7, No. 2, August 1974.
"Folland Midge: The Viper Powered Precursor of the Gnat begins Flying Trials." Flight, 20 August 1954, Vol. 66, No. 2378. pp. 228–229.
Frédriksen, John C. International Warbirds: An Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914–2000. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2001. ISBN 1-57607-364-5.
Ross, Andrew L. The Political Economy of Defense: Issues and Perspectives. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991. ISBN 0-313-26462-7.
Spick, Mike. Illustrated Directory of Fighters. Osceola, WI: Zenith Press, 2002. ISBN 0-7603-1343-1.
Stenman, Kari (March–April 1999). "'Pocket Interceptor': Folland Gnats in Finnish Service". Air Enthusiast (80): 48–53. ISSN 0143-5450.
Taylor, John W.R. "Folland Gnat." Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present. New York: GP Putnam's Sons, 1969. ISBN 0-425-03633-2.
"Thoughts on the Gnat." Flight, 3 April 1953. pp. 425–426.
Willis, David. "The Folland Gnat (Database)." Aeroplane, September 2008.
Wood, Derek. Project Cancelled. Macdonald and Jane's Publishers, 1975. ISBN 0-356-08109-5.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Folland Gnat.
"Aspects of the Gnat"
Folland Gnat Trainer – description in Flight with cutaway
De Havilland Aviation Ltd operates the only airworthy former Red Arrows Gnat in Europe, XR537 (G-NATY).
Thunder and Lightnings
Cockpit restoration of XM692
The Wolfpack in action
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Javelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Javelin"},{"link_name":"interceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi53425-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi53425-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi53425-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi54228-3"},{"link_name":"Operational Requirement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Requirement"},{"link_name":"OR.303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Air_Ministry_specifications#Naval_requirement/Aircraft,_Naval_Staff_requirements"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi54228-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi53426-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folland_Gnat_G-39-2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folland_Fo.141_Gnat_F.1_XK739_Le_Bourget_29.05.57_edited-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi54228-3"},{"link_name":"turbojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor_p._365.-1"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Aeroplane_Company"},{"link_name":"Bristol Orpheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Orpheus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi54228-3"},{"link_name":"Armstrong Siddeley Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley_Viper"},{"link_name":"turbojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi54228-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi54228-3"},{"link_name":"Fo-139 Midge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folland_Midge"},{"link_name":"maiden flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_flight"},{"link_name":"Edward Tennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tennant_(pilot)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi54229-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fred_133-8"},{"link_name":"ADEN cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADEN_cannon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fred_133-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fred_133-8"},{"link_name":"serial number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_aircraft_test_serials"},{"link_name":"RAF Boscombe Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOD_Boscombe_Down"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"licence for production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensed_production"},{"link_name":"Hindustan Aeronautics Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limited"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wood_197-12"},{"link_name":"Mutual Weapons Development Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutual_Weapons_Development_Team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"NBMR-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBMR-1"},{"link_name":"light fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_fighter"},{"link_name":"Fiat G.91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_G.91"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Venom"},{"link_name":"BAC Jet Provost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_Jet_Provost"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hunter"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"In October 1950, W. E. W. \"Teddy\" Petter, a British aircraft designer formerly of Westland Aircraft and English Electric, joined Folland Aircraft as its managing director and chief engineer.[3][4] Almost immediately upon joining the firm, Petter conducted a study into the economics behind modern fighter manufacturing, and concluded that many combat aircraft entailed far too great a cost in terms of man-hours and material to be readily mass-produced during a major conflict.[4] While the British Air Staff emphasised quality over quantity, the economics involved in the anticipated vast wartime production of many of the RAF's aircraft of the time, such as the Hawker Hunter and the Gloster Javelin interceptors, were viewed as questionable.[4]Petter examined the prospects for producing a more affordable but capable \"light fighter\", including a survey of available modern engines to power the type.[4] Having identified suitable powerplant arrangements along with methods of making multiple key design aspects, such as the manufacturing of the fuselage and wings, more affordable, Folland promptly commenced work upon this lightweight fighter concept, financing the project using existing company funds.[4] The light fighter project soon received the Fo-141 designation along with the name Gnat.[3] Development of the Gnat and the specifics of its design were heavily influenced by the issuing of Operational Requirement OR.303, which sought a capable lightweight fighter aircraft. Work to develop the Gnat went ahead, irrespective of any external orders or financing; there was no funding provided to support the type's early development from any British government department, such as the Ministry of Supply.[3][5]First Gnat F.1 prototypeGnat F.1 single-seat fighter variant at the 1957 Paris Air SalonPetter believed that a compact and simplified fighter would offer the advantages of low purchase and operational costs, and that the Gnat should be capable of being manufactured both cheaply and easily.[3] The emergence of new lightweight turbojet engines, several of which were well advanced in their own development process, also enabled the envisioned light fighter concept to be realised.[1] The Gnat was initially intended to be powered by a Bristol BE-22 Saturn turbojet engine, capable of generating 3,800 lbf (16.9 kN 1,724 kgp) of thrust. However, development of the Saturn was cancelled; in its place, the more capable but not immediately available Bristol Orpheus turbojet engine was adopted instead.[3]In order that the project would not be delayed before reaching the prototype stage, Petter's unarmed proof-of-concept demonstrator for the Gnat was instead powered by the less powerful Armstrong Siddeley Viper 101 turbojet engine, capable of generating 1,640 lbf (7.3 kN / 744 kgp) of thrust.[3] While using a different powerplant from later-built prototypes and production aircraft, the demonstrator still used a nearly-identical airframe along with similar onboard systems so that these could be proved in advance of the Gnat itself being built.[3] This demonstrator was designated Fo-139 Midge. On 11 August 1954, the Midge performed its maiden flight, piloted by Folland's chief test pilot Edward Tennant.[6] Despite the low-powered engine, the compact jet was able to break Mach 1 while in a dive and proved to be very agile during its flying trials. On 20 September 1955, the Midge was destroyed in a crash, which had possibly been due to human error by a pilot from a potential overseas purchaser.[7]The Midge, partly due to its nature as a private venture, had only a short lifespan, however had served as a proof-of-concept demonstrator for the subsequent aircraft. It had failed to interest the RAF as a combat aircraft at that time, but officers did issue encouragement of the development of a similar aircraft for training purposes.[8] The larger Gnat, which was being developed in parallel with the Midge, was an improved version of the original fighter design; it was differentiated by larger air intakes to suit the Orpheus engine, a slightly larger wing, and provision for the installation of a 30 mm ADEN cannon in each intake lip.[8][9] The first prototype Gnat was built as a private venture by Folland. Subsequently, six further aircraft were ordered by the British Ministry of Supply for evaluation purposes.[8] On 18 July 1955, the Folland prototype, serial number G-39-2, first flew from RAF Boscombe Down, Wiltshire.[a][10]Although the evaluation by the British brought no orders for the lightweight fighter, orders were placed by Finland and Yugoslavia. India placed a large order for the type, which included a licence for production by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).[11] Although the Gnat's development is considered a factor which motivated the Mutual Weapons Development Team to issue the NATO NBMR-1 requirement for a low level strike/attack light fighter, the Gnat itself was not evaluated in the competition, which was won by the Fiat G.91.[12] However, the Gnat was evaluated in 1958 by the RAF as a replacement for the de Havilland Venom, as well as other light aircraft such as the BAC Jet Provost.[13] The Hawker Hunter was selected as the eventual winner of the fly-off competition.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HS_Gnat_T.1_XS102_58_4_FTS_CHIV_07.08.71_edited-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Vampire T 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire"},{"link_name":"supersonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic"},{"link_name":"English Electric Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Electric_Lightning"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fred_133-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Chilbolton airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Chilbolton"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burnet_p62-16"},{"link_name":"Hawker Siddeley Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Aviation"},{"link_name":"designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_military_aircraft_designation_systems"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burnet_p63-17"}],"sub_title":"Trainer","text":"Operational Gnat T.1 of No. 4 Flying Training School RAF in 1971Although RAF interest in the possibilities for using the Gnat as a fighter had waned, Folland identified a potential use for the type as a trainer aircraft. Accordingly, the aircraft was modified to conform with the requirements of Specification T.185D, which had called for an advanced two-seat trainer aircraft that could transition pilots between the current de Havilland Vampire T 11 and operational fighters, such as the supersonic English Electric Lightning.[8]Folland proposed the two-seat Fo. 144 Gnat Trainer. The trainer model featured several changes, including the adoption of a new wing with additional fuel capacity, which in turn allowed for more internal space within the fuselage to be allocated for additional equipment. A more powerful variant of the Orpheus engine was also used, while the length of the forward fuselage area was increased, and the tail surfaces were enlarged. The inboard ailerons of the fighter variant were reconfigured to an arrangement of outboard ailerons and conventional flaps. On 7 January 1958, an initial contract for 14 pre-production Gnat trainers was issued.[14]On 31 August 1959, the prototype Gnat Trainer conducted its maiden flight from Chilbolton airfield, Hampshire.[15] The Ministry did not at first place a production order as they were concerned about the size and ability of the company to take on a large order. Following the take over of Folland by Hawker Siddeley Aviation (becoming the Hamble division), further orders for 30, 20 and 41 trainers were placed between February 1960 and March 1962, receiving the designation Gnat T Mk. 1.[16] The final Gnat T.1 for the RAF was delivered in May 1965.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wood_198-18"},{"link_name":"interceptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce RB153R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce/MAN_Turbo_RB153"},{"link_name":"Ferranti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferranti"},{"link_name":"AI.23 Airpass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_interception_radar#AI#"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Firestreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Firestreak"},{"link_name":"air-to-air missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wood_198-18"},{"link_name":"Mach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wood_198-18"},{"link_name":"Maurice Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Brennan"},{"link_name":"variable-geometry wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wood_197-12"},{"link_name":"tailless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailless_aircraft"},{"link_name":"hydraulically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics"},{"link_name":"ball screws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_screw"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wood_198-18"},{"link_name":"longitudinal control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces#Longitudinal_axis"},{"link_name":"elevons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevon"},{"link_name":"canard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"stabilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"trimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_tab"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wood_198_199-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wood_199-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wood_199-20"},{"link_name":"General Dynamics F-111K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111K"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wood_199-20"}],"sub_title":"Further development","text":"Folland sought to develop more capable versions of the Gnat; one of the more substantial of these proposals was tentatively designated as the Gnat Mk.5.[17] This model was to be capable of supersonic speeds and was intended to be made available in both single-seat and twin-seat configurations, enabling its use in the trainer and interceptor role. The Gnat 5 was to be powered by either a pair of Rolls-Royce RB153R engines or two Viper 20 engines; in the interceptor role, it would be also equipped with a Ferranti AI.23 Airpass radar and armed with a pair of de Havilland Firestreak air-to-air missiles.[17] Featuring an estimated maximum speed around Mach 2 (2,500 km/h; 1,500 mph) and a time to 50,000 ft (15,000 m) of 3 minutes, Folland estimated that a prototype could be flown as early as the end of 1962 and that the Gnat 5 could be readied for operational service within four or five years.[17]In 1960, Maurice Brennan joined Folland as its chief engineer and director. Hawker Siddeley wanted to use his knowledge of variable-geometry wings in future designs.[11] Under his direction, a variable geometry wing was applied to the basic Gnat 5 design to produce two different configurations – one tailless and one with a conventional tail – for a multipurpose fighter/strike/trainer, designated the Fo.147. The design used a unique mechanism to sweep the wings; this mechanism used a combination of tracks positioned on the fuselage sides, the centerline, and on the underside of the wings, and was actuated by hydraulically-driven ball screws positioned at the inner ends of the wings.[17] The wings could be swept from 20 degrees to 70 degrees; at the 70-degree position, longitudinal control was maintained by wing tip-mounted elevons, and at the 20-degree position by a retractable canard arrangement. Auto-stabilisation was also to be used. By providing trimming with the canard, a large tailplane was not needed, as would have been on designs without a canard configuration.[18]The Fo.147 was to have been capable of speeds in excess of Mach 2, with the speed limit set by the temperature of the structure as a result of kinetic heating.[19] It had a maximum all-up weight of 18,500 lb (8,400 kg), comparing well with the Gnat 5's more restrictive 11,100 lb (5,000 kg) maximum. According to aviation author Derek Wood, the Fo.147: \"would have provided a first-class flying test-bed for variable geometry theories...even a VG conversion of the standard Gnat Mk 2 fighter would have been an invaluable research tool\".[19] However, neither the Fo.147 nor its successor, the Fo.148, would be developed to the prototype stage; the RAF showed little interest in the need for a variable-geometry trainer, although it intended to procure the General Dynamics F-111K strike aircraft.[19]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"ground-attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_attack"},{"link_name":"day-fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_fighter"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi53425-6-21"},{"link_name":"pressurisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_pressure"},{"link_name":"climate control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_control"},{"link_name":"ejection seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejection_seat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi53425-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folland_Gnat_Mk.1_(GN-107)_Karhulan_ilmailukerhon_lentomuseo_16.JPG"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"tricycle landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi53425-4"},{"link_name":"rivetting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi53425-4"},{"link_name":"machining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machining"},{"link_name":"forging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forging"},{"link_name":"casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting"},{"link_name":"jigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jig_(tool)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi53425-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi53425-4"},{"link_name":"cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)"},{"link_name":"ladders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi53426-5"}],"text":"The Folland Gnat was a purpose-built light fighter aircraft, suitable as both a trainer and a combat aircraft in ground-attack and day-fighter roles.[20] The cockpit offered many features expected in standard fighter aircraft: full pressurisation, climate control, and an ejection seat.[4]Folland Gnat Mk.1 cockpitAccording to Folland, the Gnat offered advantages over conventional fighter aircraft in terms of cost, man-hours, handling, serviceability, and portability.[21] Its tricycle landing gear let it operate from austere grass airstrips, thanks to the aircraft's low weight.[4]The Gnat design used a conventional metal stressed-skin structure, with extensive flush-rivetting.[4] To reduce workload and cost, intensive fabrication methods such as machining, forging, and casting were minimised. The airframe could be constructed using simple jigs without any specialised skills or tooling.[4] The wing (for example) could be produced at a quarter of the cost, with less than one-fifth the labour, required for the wings of other contemporary fighter aircraft.[4] Similarly, the layout and construction techniques used allow the airframe to be rapidly disassembled into its major subsections, without the use of cranes or ladders; the Gnat was vastly easier to service than most other aircraft.[5]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folland_Gnat_Mk.1_(GN-101)_Keski-Suomen_ilmailumuseo_6.JPG"},{"link_name":"Finnish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"licence agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence-built"},{"link_name":"Valmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmet"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Lauri Pekuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauri_Pekuri"},{"link_name":"fighter ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_ace"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"sound barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_barrier"},{"link_name":"Lake Luonetjärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Luonetj%C3%A4rvi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"ejecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejection_seat"},{"link_name":"Häme Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4me_Wing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rovaniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovaniemi_Airport"},{"link_name":"Saab 35 Drakens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_35_Draken"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fred_133-8"}],"sub_title":"Finland","text":"A preserved Gnat Mk.1 in the Aviation Museum of Central FinlandThe Finnish Air Force received the first of its 13 Gnats (11 fighters and 2 photo-reconnaissance planes) on 30 July 1958. It was soon found to be a problematic aircraft in service and required a lot of ground maintenance. In early 1957 a licence agreement was reached to allow Valmet to build the Gnat at Tampere in Finland,[22] although, in the end, none were built. On 31 July 1958, Finnish Air Force Major Lauri Pekuri, a fighter ace of the Second World War, became the first Finnish pilot to break the sound barrier while flying a Gnat at Lake Luonetjärvi.[23]Gnat F.1 proved initially problematic in the harsh Finnish conditions. Finland was the first operational user of Gnat F.1, and the plane still had many issues yet to be resolved. All Gnats were grounded for half a year on 26 August 1958 after the destruction of GN-102 due to a technical design error in its hydraulic system, and the aircraft soon became the subject of severe criticism. Three other aircraft were also destroyed in other accidents, with two pilots ejecting and one being killed. Once the initial problems were ironed out, the plane proved to be extremely manouevreable and had good performance in the air, but also to be very maintenance intensive. The availability of spare parts was always an issue, and its maintenance a challenge to the conscript mechanics. The Gnats were removed from active service in 1972 when the Häme Wing moved to Rovaniemi, and when the new Saab 35 Drakens were brought into use.[8]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp_of_India_-_1967_-_Colnect_145596_-_GNAT_jet_fighter_made_in_India.jpeg"},{"link_name":"India Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Post"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Hamble-le-Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamble-le-Rice"},{"link_name":"C-119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_C-119_Flying_Boxcar"},{"link_name":"No. 23 (Cheetah)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._23_Squadron_IAF"},{"link_name":"Vampire FB.52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E2016_Folland_Gnat_Indian_Air_Force_(8447287117).jpg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-26"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"North American F-86 Sabres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_F-86_Sabre"},{"link_name":"1965 war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rakshak-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Directory-28"},{"link_name":"Squadron Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_Leader"},{"link_name":"airstrip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstrip"},{"link_name":"Pasrur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasrur"},{"link_name":"Lockheed F-104 Starfighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Air Force Museum, Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAF_Museum,_Karachi"},{"link_name":"Cessna O-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_O-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rakshak-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PAF_Sabre_being_shot_down_in_combat_by_an_IAF_Gnat_in_September_1965.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indo-Pakistani War of 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Globalsecurity-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAF-33"},{"link_name":"Battle of Boyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boyra"},{"link_name":"dogfights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogfight"},{"link_name":"East Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Srinagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagar"},{"link_name":"airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfield"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baig-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citation-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pvc-36"},{"link_name":"Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmal_Jit_Singh_Sekhon"},{"link_name":"posthumously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_recognition"},{"link_name":"Param Vir Chakra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakra"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Directory-28"},{"link_name":"air defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_defence#Air_force"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Liberation War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War"},{"link_name":"ground attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_attack"},{"link_name":"close air support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Globalsecurity-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAF-33"},{"link_name":"hydraulics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Hindustan Aeronautics Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limited"},{"link_name":"Ajeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_Ajeet"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"East Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"India","text":"1967 India Post stampIn September 1956 the Indian government signed a contract for the production of the aircraft and Orpheus engine in India.[24] The first 13 aircraft for the Indian Air Force (IAF) were assembled at Hamble-le-Rice, they were followed by partly completed aircraft and then sub-assemblies as Hindustan Aircraft slowly took over first assembly, and then production of the aircraft. The first flight of an Indian Air Force Gnat was in the United Kingdom on 11 January 1958, it was delivered to India in the hold of a C-119, and accepted by the Air Force on 30 January 1958. The first Gnat squadron was the No. 23 (Cheetah), which converted from Vampire FB.52 on 18 March 1960 using six Folland-built Gnats. The first aircraft built from Indian-built parts first flew in May 1962. The last Indian-built Gnat F.1 was delivered on 31 January 1974.IAF Folland Gnat (\"Sabre slayer\")The Gnat was an extremely difficult aircraft to handle in the early stages of training. Unlike the RAF, the IAF did not buy a trainer version.[25] Inductees were brought in from Hunter aircraft squadrons, having gained experience on powered controls. They then flew dual checks on the Hunter trainer. The pilot would do a brief full throttle run on the runway before flying solo. The Gnat had a tendency to pitch up sharply on raising the undercarriage; almost all new pilots would find it difficult to control the anticipated pitch up. [25] With sufficient experience, pilots would exploit the nimble mini-sized aircraft to its limits.The Gnat is credited by many independent and Indian sources as having shot down seven Pakistani North American F-86 Sabres in the 1965 war.[26][27] During the initial phase of the 1965 war, an IAF Gnat, piloted by Squadron Leader Brij Pal Singh Sikand, landed at an abandoned Pakistani airstrip at Pasrur and was captured by the PAF. Two Lockheed F-104 Starfighters claimed to have forced the Gnat down.[28][29] Sikand — who had a complete electrical failure on his Gnat while he got separated from the IAF flight to fight a Sabre — had to make an emergency landing at the PAF field at Pasrur.[30] This Gnat is displayed as a war trophy in the Pakistan Air Force Museum, Karachi. After the ceasefire, one Pakistani Cessna O-1 was shot down on 16 December 1965 by a Gnat.[26]PAF Sabre being shot down in combat by an IAF Gnat in September 1965The Gnats were used again by India in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.[31][32] The most notable action was the Battle of Boyra where the first dogfights over East Pakistan (Bangladesh) took place. The Indian Air Force (IAF) Gnats shot down two PAF Canadair Sabres and badly damaged one. Another notable dogfight involving a Gnat was over Srinagar airfield where a lone Indian pilot held out against six Sabres, shooting two Sabres in the process, before being shot down.[33][34][35] Gnat pilot Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon was posthumously honoured with the Param Vir Chakra (India's highest gallantry award), becoming the only member of the IAF to be given the award.By the end of 1971, the Gnat proved to be a frustrating opponent for the larger, heavier and older Sabre. The Gnat was referred to as a \"Sabre Slayer\" by the IAF since most of its combat \"kills\" during the two wars were against Sabres despite the Canadair Sabre Mk 6 being widely regarded as the best dogfighter of its era.[36][37][38] Tactics called for Gnats taking on the Sabres in the vertical arena, where the Sabres were at a disadvantage. As the Gnat was lightweight and compact in shape, it was hard to see, especially at the low levels where most dogfights took place.[27] Apart from air defence operations, in the Bangladesh Liberation War, Gnats flew anti-shipping operations, ground attack, bomber/transport escort and close air support operations.[31][32]The IAF was impressed by the Gnat's performance in the two wars but the aircraft had many technical problems including hydraulics, a temperamental pair of Aden 30 mm cannons which often failed in-flight, significant 'bent thrust' on take-off, leading to many aborted take-offs [39] and an unreliable control system. To address these failings, the IAF issued a requirement for an improved \"Gnat II\" in 1972, at first specifying that the new version was to be optimised as an interceptor but then expanding the specification to include ground-attack. Over 175 of the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited-built licensed version, the Ajeet (\"Unconquerable\"), were produced in Bangalore. Several Gnats remain in use in private hands. Some IAF Gnats, one of which had participated in the 1971 war in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), were presented to the Bangladesh Air Force.[40]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Central Flying School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Flying_School"},{"link_name":"RAF Little Rissington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Little_Rissington"},{"link_name":"4 Flying Training School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._4_Flying_Training_School_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Valley"},{"link_name":"Yellowjacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowjacks"},{"link_name":"Red Arrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Arrows"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fred_133-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folland_gnat_xr991_sideview_arp.jpg"},{"link_name":"BAC Jet Provost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_Jet_Provost"},{"link_name":"RAF Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Valley"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Hawker Siddeley Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Hawk"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fred_133-8"},{"link_name":"No. 1 School of Technical Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1_School_of_Technical_Training_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Halton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Halton"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"The first production Gnat T.1s for the Royal Air Force were delivered in February 1962 to the Central Flying School at RAF Little Rissington. The major operator of the type was 4 Flying Training School at RAF Valley, the first aircraft being delivered in November 1962. In 1964 4 FTS formed the Yellowjacks aerobatic team with all-yellow painted Gnats. The team reformed in 1965 as part of the Central Flying School as the Red Arrows which operated the Gnat until 1979 as the RAF aerobatic demonstration team.[8] On 14 May 1965 the last Royal Air Force Gnat T.1 to be built was delivered to the Red Arrows.Privately owned Gnat T.1 displaying at the 2008 Kemble Air DayOnce pilots graduated from basic training on the BAC Jet Provost and gained their wings they were selected for one of three streams: fast jet, multi-engined, or helicopter. Those selected for fast jets were posted to RAF Valley for advanced training on the Gnat T.1, typically 70 hours of flying. Students would then move on to operational training using the Hawker Hunter, followed by a posting to an operational conversion unit for the type of aircraft to be flown.Following the introduction of the Hawker Siddeley Hawk into the training role as a replacement the Gnats were withdrawn from service.[8] The largest operator 4 FTS retired its last Gnat in November 1978. Most of the retired Gnats were delivered to No. 1 School of Technical Training at RAF Halton and other training establishments to be used as ground training airframes. When the RAF had no need for the Gnats as training airframes they were sold off. Many were bought by private operators and a number are still flying today.[citation needed]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Yugoslavia","text":"Yugoslavia ordered two Gnat F.1s for evaluation; the first aircraft flew on 7 June 1958 and both were delivered to Yugoslavia by rail. The aircraft were flown by the flight test centre but no further aircraft were ordered. One aircraft was destroyed in a crash in October 1958 while the other is preserved and on display in Serbia.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folland_Gnat_T.1.jpg"},{"link_name":"SBAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_British_Aerospace_Companies"},{"link_name":"Hamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamble-le-Rice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folland_Gnat.jpg"},{"link_name":"RAF Waterbeach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Waterbeach"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Battle of Britain Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain_Day"},{"link_name":"thickness-to-chord ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thickness-to-chord_ratio"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FlightSept59-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"RB153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce/MAN_Turbo_RB153"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBingham2002106-108-46"},{"link_name":"Maurice Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Brennan"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBingham2002114-118,143-47"},{"link_name":"HAL Ajeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_Ajeet"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force"}],"text":"The third prototype of the Gnat T.1, XM693 at the SBAC show in 1961, showing the short nose of the early aircraft. It now guards the old Folland plant at Hamble, though painted as a Red Arrows aircraftFolland Gnat at RAF Waterbeach, Cambridgeshire on Battle of Britain Day, 14 September 1963Fo.140 Gnat\nPrivate-venture prototype fighter, one built.\nFo.141 GnatGnat F.1\nSingle seat lightweight fighter exported to Finland, India and Yugoslavia, 50 built by Folland at Hamble. This was also built in India under licence as the HAL Gnat.Gnat FR.1\nOne aircraft for Finland was built with three nose-mounted 70mm Vinten cameras and designated FR.1, it was joined by a Ministry of Supply aircraft purchased by Folland and modified to the same standard. Both aircraft were delivered to Finland on 12 October 1960.\nFo.142 Gnat / Gnat F.2\nThis was to be an improved F.1 using a wing with a 6% thickness-to-chord ratio and powered by a Bristol Orpheus with simplified reheat (BOr.12SR), developing 8000 lbF (35.6 kN) thrust.[41] A prototype wing was built but not mated to a fuselage or engine. It was anticipated that this would be capable of M 1.5 and have a \"marked increase in rate of climb\"[42] Development was ended because Bristol declined to back development of the reheat.[43]\nFo.143 Gnat / Gnat F.4\nProposed improved F.2 with air intercept radar and ability to carry guided weapons, not built.[44]\nFo.144 Gnat Trainer / Gnat T.1\nTwo-seat advanced trainer aircraft for the Royal Air Force, 105 built by Hawker Siddeley.\nGnat F.5\nProposed development from January 1960, with larger wing (and flap) area. It was to be powered by two Rolls-Royce RB153 engines with reheat. The design also considered operation from aircraft carriers.[45]\nFo.146\nThis was a two-seat design with variable geometry wings based on a combination of the Gnat Mk5 and the Gnat Trainer. It was to be powered by two Rolls-Royce RB153 engines with reheat and thrust-reversers. it was to be produced as either an advanced trainer with weapons capability or as a fighter. This, and later studies were led by Maurice Brennan.[46]\nHAL Ajeet\nIndian development of the Gnat F.1\nHAL Ajeet Trainer\nTwo-seat tandem trainer version for the Indian Air Force. This version was derived from the HAL Ajeet and differed considerably from the Gnat T.1 used by the RAF.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folland_Gnat_Mk.1_(GN-101)_K-SIM_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folland_Gnat_YU.jpg"},{"link_name":"SFR Yugoslav Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFR_Yugoslav_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Belgrade Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Aviation_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GNAT-XR537.jpg"},{"link_name":"Red Arrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Arrows"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Finnish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Häme Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4me_Wing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HävLLv 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4vLLv_11"},{"link_name":"HävLLv 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4vLLv_21"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"No.2 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2_Squadron_IAF"},{"link_name":"No.9 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._9_Squadron_IAF"},{"link_name":"No.15 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._15_Squadron_IAF"},{"link_name":"No.18 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._18_Squadron_IAF"},{"link_name":"No.21 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._21_Squadron_IAF"},{"link_name":"No.22 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._22_Squadron_IAF"},{"link_name":"No.23 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._23_Squadron_IAF"},{"link_name":"No.24 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._24_Squadron_IAF"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Aircraft Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Yellowjacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowjacks"},{"link_name":"RAF Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Valley"},{"link_name":"Red Arrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Arrows"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"SFR Yugoslav Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFR_Yugoslav_Air_Force"}],"text":"Folland Gnat Mk.1 (GN-101) in Aviation Museum of Central Finland.Folland Gnat with markings of SFR Yugoslav Air Force markings in Belgrade Aviation Museum.A former Red Arrows aircraft, XR537FinlandFinnish Air Force\nHäme Wing\nHävLLv 11\nHävLLv 21IndiaIndian Air Force\nNo.2 Squadron\nNo.9 Squadron\nNo.15 Squadron\nNo.18 Squadron\nNo.21 Squadron\nNo.22 Squadron\nNo.23 Squadron\nNo.24 SquadronUnited KingdomRoyal Aircraft Establishment operated one former Royal Air Force Gnat T.1 from Bedford for trials work.\nRoyal Air Force\nCentral Flying School\nYellowjacks aerobatic team\n4 Flying Training School, RAF Valley\nRed Arrows aerobatic teamYugoslaviaSFR Yugoslav Air Force two aircraft for evaluation.","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stockbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockbridge,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"link_name":"Stapleford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapleford,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"RAF Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Valley"},{"link_name":"Rhosneigr beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhosneigr"},{"link_name":"Red Arrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Arrows"},{"link_name":"RAF Kemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Kemble"},{"link_name":"Italian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Lockheed F-104 Starfighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter"},{"link_name":"Leck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leck,_Nordfriesland"},{"link_name":"RAF Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Valley"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"RAF Kemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Kemble"},{"link_name":"RAF Shawbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Shawbury"},{"link_name":"Georgetown, SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_SC"},{"link_name":"CarFest North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CarFest"},{"link_name":"Oulton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulton_Park"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"31 July 1956 the prototype G-39-2 crashed at Stockbridge and was destroyed after structural failure caused by tailplane flutter.[b]7\n26 August 1958 Finnish Air Force GN-102 was destroyed near Tampere due to a technical design error in its hydraulic system. The pilot ejected.\n15 October 1958 a development F.1 XK767 fatally crashed at Stapleford, Wiltshire following presumed control failure.\n13 April 1966 RAF Gnat T.1 XP507 of 4FTS flew into the sea on approach to RAF Valley.\n23 August 1967 RAF Gnat T.1 XP512 abandoned overhead RAF Valley at 3,000 feet (910 m) following seizure of Hobson Unit in tailplane during previous roller landing. Instructor seriously injured; student pilot uninjured. Aircraft flew on for about five minutes in large circle before crashing on Rhosneigr beach amongst bathers but inflicted no injuries on the public.\n26 March 1969 RAF Gnat T.1 XR573 of the Red Arrows crashed into tree during formation display practice.\n20 January 1971 RAF Gnat T.1s XR545 and XR986 of the Red Arrows collided and both crashed during practice display flying at RAF Kemble.\n3 September 1975 RAF Gnat T.1 XS103 of the CFS collided with an Italian Air Force Lockheed F-104 Starfighter near Leck in Germany; both aircraft landed safely but due to damage the Gnat was written off.\n28 October 1975 RAF Gnat T.1 XR571 of the 4 FTS RAF had a hard landing and declared a write off at RAF Valley, Anglesey. [47]\n30 April 1976 two RAF Gnat T.1s XP536 and XR983 of 4FTS collided and both crashed over North Wales.\n30 June 1976 RAF Gnat T.1 XM707 of the Red Arrows was abandoned near RAF Kemble following loss of control of tailplane.\n8 October 1976 RAF Gnat T.1 'XR996' of 4FTS crashed on approach at RAF Shawbury. Both crew killed.\n10 January 1991 Shreveport, LA N3XR crashed, attributed to fuel starvation. 2 fatalities. NTSB Id: FTW91FA028\n29 July 2013 Gnat T.1 XS105 (N18GT) crashed near Georgetown, SC, USA. The aircraft was destroyed.\n1 August 2015, Gnat T.1 XP504 (though labelled XS111) of a Gnat display team crashed at the 'CarFest North' motoring festival at Oulton Park in Cheshire, during a display at the event; no ground injuries. Pilot Kevin Whyman died in the incident.[48]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Several Gnats survive including some airworthy examples (particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom) and others on public display.","title":"Surviving aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folland_Gnat_Mk_I.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folland_Gnat_ejector_seat.JPG"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA58-59-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selig-53"},{"link_name":"Bristol Siddeley BOr.2 Orpheus 701-01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Siddeley_BOr.2_Orpheus_701-01"},{"link_name":"turbojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet"},{"link_name":"ADEN cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADEN_cannon"}],"text":"Folland Gnat Mk.I 3-view drawingsFolland Gnat ejection seatData from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1958-59,[49] The Great Book of Fighters [50]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nLength: 29 ft 9 in (9.07 m)\nWingspan: 22 ft 2 in (6.76 m)\nHeight: 8 ft 10 in (2.69 m)\nWing area: 136.6 sq ft (12.69 m2)\nAirfoil: RAE 102 modified[51]\nEmpty weight: 4,800 lb (2,177 kg)\nGross weight: 6,575 lb (2,982 kg) interceptor8,765 lb (3,976 kg) tactical, with external tanks and armamentMax takeoff weight: 9,040 lb (4,100 kg)\nFuel capacity: 175 imp gal (210 US gal; 800 L) in seven fuselage tanks + 25 imp gal (30 US gal; 110 L) in two optional rear fuselage tanks + two optional 66 imp gal (79 US gal; 300 L) jettisonable under-wing slipper tanks; Maximum fuel 332 imp gal (399 US gal; 1,510 L)\nPowerplant: 1 × Bristol Siddeley BOr.2 Orpheus 701-01 turbojet engine, 4,705 lbf (20.93 kN) thrustPerformanceMaximum speed: 604 kn (695 mph, 1,119 km/h) at 20,000 ft (6,100 m)\nMaximum speed: Mach 0.98\nRange: 434.5 nmi (500.0 mi, 804.7 km)\nEndurance: 1 hour 10 minutes (normal)2 hours 15 minutes (max fuel)Service ceiling: 50,000 ft (15,000 m) +\nRate of climb: 20,000 ft/min (100 m/s)\nTime to altitude: 45,000 ft (14,000 m) 5 minutes\nTake-off distance to 50 ft (15 m): 2,190 ft (670 m) (interceptor)\nTake-off distance to 50 ft (15 m): 3,780 ft (1,150 m) (tactical)\nLanding distance from 50 ft (15 m): 2,200 ft (670 m)ArmamentGuns: 2x 30mm ADEN cannon with 115 rpg\nRockets: 12x 3 in (76 mm) rockets\nBombs: 2x 500 lb (227 kg) bombsAvionicsVHF radio\nNav aids\nGyro gunsight\nRanging radar","title":"Specifications (Gnat F.1)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hot Shots!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Shots!"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Four privately owned Gnat T.1s together with an Ajeet portrayed the fictional carrier-based \"Oscar EW-5894 Phallus\" tactical fighter bombers flown by US Navy pilots in the 1991 comedy Hot Shots!.[52]","title":"Notable appearances in media"}] | [{"image_text":"First Gnat F.1 prototype","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Folland_Gnat_G-39-2.jpg/220px-Folland_Gnat_G-39-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gnat F.1 single-seat fighter variant at the 1957 Paris Air Salon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Folland_Fo.141_Gnat_F.1_XK739_Le_Bourget_29.05.57_edited-2.jpg/220px-Folland_Fo.141_Gnat_F.1_XK739_Le_Bourget_29.05.57_edited-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Operational Gnat T.1 of No. 4 Flying Training School RAF in 1971","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/HS_Gnat_T.1_XS102_58_4_FTS_CHIV_07.08.71_edited-2.jpg/220px-HS_Gnat_T.1_XS102_58_4_FTS_CHIV_07.08.71_edited-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Folland Gnat Mk.1 cockpit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Folland_Gnat_Mk.1_%28GN-107%29_Karhulan_ilmailukerhon_lentomuseo_16.JPG/170px-Folland_Gnat_Mk.1_%28GN-107%29_Karhulan_ilmailukerhon_lentomuseo_16.JPG"},{"image_text":"A preserved Gnat Mk.1 in the Aviation Museum of Central Finland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Folland_Gnat_Mk.1_%28GN-101%29_Keski-Suomen_ilmailumuseo_6.JPG/220px-Folland_Gnat_Mk.1_%28GN-101%29_Keski-Suomen_ilmailumuseo_6.JPG"},{"image_text":"1967 India Post stamp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Stamp_of_India_-_1967_-_Colnect_145596_-_GNAT_jet_fighter_made_in_India.jpeg/220px-Stamp_of_India_-_1967_-_Colnect_145596_-_GNAT_jet_fighter_made_in_India.jpeg"},{"image_text":"IAF Folland Gnat (\"Sabre slayer\")","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/E2016_Folland_Gnat_Indian_Air_Force_%288447287117%29.jpg/220px-E2016_Folland_Gnat_Indian_Air_Force_%288447287117%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"PAF Sabre being shot down in combat by an IAF Gnat in September 1965","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PAF_Sabre_being_shot_down_in_combat_by_an_IAF_Gnat_in_September_1965.jpg/220px-PAF_Sabre_being_shot_down_in_combat_by_an_IAF_Gnat_in_September_1965.jpg"},{"image_text":"Privately owned Gnat T.1 displaying at the 2008 Kemble Air Day","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Folland_gnat_xr991_sideview_arp.jpg/220px-Folland_gnat_xr991_sideview_arp.jpg"},{"image_text":"The third prototype of the Gnat T.1, XM693 at the SBAC show in 1961, showing the short nose of the early aircraft. It now guards the old Folland plant at Hamble, though painted as a Red Arrows aircraft","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Folland_Gnat_T.1.jpg/220px-Folland_Gnat_T.1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Folland Gnat at RAF Waterbeach, Cambridgeshire on Battle of Britain Day, 14 September 1963","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Folland_Gnat.jpg/220px-Folland_Gnat.jpg"},{"image_text":"Folland Gnat Mk.1 (GN-101) in Aviation Museum of Central Finland.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Folland_Gnat_Mk.1_%28GN-101%29_K-SIM_01.jpg/220px-Folland_Gnat_Mk.1_%28GN-101%29_K-SIM_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Folland Gnat with markings of SFR Yugoslav Air Force markings in Belgrade Aviation Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Folland_Gnat_YU.jpg/220px-Folland_Gnat_YU.jpg"},{"image_text":"A former Red Arrows aircraft, XR537","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/GNAT-XR537.jpg/220px-GNAT-XR537.jpg"},{"image_text":"Folland Gnat Mk.I 3-view drawings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Folland_Gnat_Mk_I.svg/220px-Folland_Gnat_Mk_I.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Folland Gnat ejection seat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Folland_Gnat_ejector_seat.JPG/220px-Folland_Gnat_ejector_seat.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Red Arrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Arrows"},{"title":"Folland Midge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folland_Midge"},{"title":"HAL Ajeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_Ajeet"},{"title":"Aerfer Ariete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerfer_Ariete"},{"title":"Aerfer Sagittario 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerfer_Sagittario_2"},{"title":"Bréguet 1001 Taon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_1001_Taon"},{"title":"Fiat G.91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_G.91"},{"title":"Helwan HA-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helwan_HA-300"},{"title":"SNCASE Baroudeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCASE_Baroudeur"},{"title":"List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Air_Force"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Midge Accident\". Flight. 7 October 1955. p. 575. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130601034712/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%201464.htmlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130601034712/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%201464.html","url_text":"\"The Midge Accident\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight","url_text":"Flight"},{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%201464.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Double First' For Folland Gnat\", Times, London, ENG, UK, p. 8, 19 July 1955","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England","url_text":"ENG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom","url_text":"UK"}]},{"reference":"\"From all Quarters: Finland to build Gnats\". Flight: 2–3. 4 January 1957. Retrieved 6 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1957/1957%20-%200002.html","url_text":"\"From all Quarters: Finland to build Gnats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight"}]},{"reference":"Phadke, Romesh (2015). Air Power and National Security. Pentagon Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-8182748408.","urls":[{"url":"https://idsa.in/book/AirPowerandNationalSecurityIndianAirForce_rphadke","url_text":"Air Power and National Security"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8182748408","url_text":"978-8182748408"}]},{"reference":"Gupta (Retd), Wg Cdr A. K. \"The Ajeet Trainer - Short lived and scantily used\". bharat-rakshak.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/aircraft/past/1323-ajeet-trainer.html","url_text":"\"The Ajeet Trainer - Short lived and scantily used\""}]},{"reference":"Mohan, Jagan P V S; Chopra, Samir (January 2005). \"Chapter 3\". The India-Pakistan Air War of 1965. ISBN 81-7304-641-7. Archived from the original on 6 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130706030406/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter3.html","url_text":"\"Chapter 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_India-Pakistan_Air_War_of_1965","url_text":"The India-Pakistan Air War of 1965"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7304-641-7","url_text":"81-7304-641-7"},{"url":"http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tufail, Air Commodore M Kaiser, \"Run… It's a 104\", Defence Day, no. 5, Pakistan: Jang, p. 5, archived from the original on 19 March 2007","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070319114802/http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/defence_day_supp_05/p5.html","url_text":"\"Run… It's a 104\""},{"url":"http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/defence_day_supp_05/p5.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1965 India-Pakistan war: How IAF's heroes slayed PAF's superior Sabre fighter jets\". 6 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://theprint.in/defence/1965-india-pakistan-war-how-iafs-heroes-slayed-pafs-superior-sabre-fighter-jets/287642/#:~:text=The%20Sabre%20however%2C%20was%20a,handle%20it%20with%20considerable%20skill.","url_text":"\"1965 India-Pakistan war: How IAF's heroes slayed PAF's superior Sabre fighter jets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three countries, One people by DS Jafa\", India Today (book review), 20 September 1999, archived from the original on 26 January 2000, retrieved 10 March 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000126020218/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19990920/books.html#war","url_text":"\"Three countries, One people by DS Jafa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Today","url_text":"India Today"},{"url":"http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19990920/books.html#war","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"There is no subsitutte for experience | Gnat50Years\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/archives/gnat50/?p=265","url_text":"\"There is no subsitutte for experience | Gnat50Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orpheus a versatile and lightweight turbojet\". Flight: 222. 13 February 1959.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200446.html","url_text":"\"Orpheus a versatile and lightweight turbojet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Britain's Aircraft Industry 1959\". Flight (124). 4 September 1959. Retrieved 20 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%202097.html","url_text":"\"Britain's Aircraft Industry 1959\""}]},{"reference":"Bingham, Victor (2000). Folland Gnat Sabre Slayer and Red Arrow. J&KH Publishing. p. 105. ISBN 1-900511-78-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900511-78-9","url_text":"1-900511-78-9"}]},{"reference":"Bingham, Victor (2000). Folland Gnat Sabre Slayer and Red Arrow. J&KH Publishing. p. 106. ISBN 1-900511-78-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900511-78-9","url_text":"1-900511-78-9"}]},{"reference":"Lednicer, David. \"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","url_text":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""}]},{"reference":"Bingham, Victor (2002). Folland Gnat: Red Arrow and Sabre Slayer. Hailsham, East Sussex, UK: J&KH Publishing. ISBN 1-900511-78-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900511-78-9","url_text":"1-900511-78-9"}]},{"reference":"Buttler, Tony (2017). British Secret Projects : Jet Fighters since 1950 (2nd ed.). Manchester: Crecy Publishing. ISBN 978-1-910-80905-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910-80905-1","url_text":"978-1-910-80905-1"}]},{"reference":"Stenman, Kari (March–April 1999). \"'Pocket Interceptor': Folland Gnats in Finnish Service\". Air Enthusiast (80): 48–53. ISSN 0143-5450.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450","url_text":"0143-5450"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folland_Gnat&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://vc.airvectors.net/index.html","external_links_name":"Greg Goebel's Vectorsite"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130601034712/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%201464.htmlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130601034712/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%201464.html","external_links_name":"\"The Midge Accident\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%201464.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lu3rxDGEDa0C&pg=PA10","external_links_name":"\"Fighter Competition with a Worthwhile Prize\"."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L-u1IH1Drw4C&pg=PA56","external_links_name":"\"Bright Future for Light Fighters.\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%202520.html","external_links_name":"\"The Answer to Europe's Air Defence Problem.\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1957/1957%20-%200002.html","external_links_name":"\"From all Quarters: Finland to build Gnats\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20-%201279.html","external_links_name":"\"Stingers Of The North: A Visit to the Gnats of the Finnish Air Force\"."},{"Link":"https://idsa.in/book/AirPowerandNationalSecurityIndianAirForce_rphadke","external_links_name":"Air Power and National Security"},{"Link":"https://bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/aircraft/past/1323-ajeet-trainer.html","external_links_name":"\"The Ajeet Trainer - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-21A_Learjet | Learjet 35 | ["1 Development","2 Operational history","3 Variants","3.1 Learjet 35","3.2 Learjet 35A","3.3 Military variants","4 Success and popularity","5 Notable accidents and incidents","6 Operators","6.1 Civilian operators","6.2 Military operators","7 Specifications (Learjet 36A)","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | Executive business jet series
Learjet 35/36
An Air Alliance Learjet 35 landing
Role
Business jetType of aircraft
Manufacturer
Learjet
First flight
22 August 1973
Status
Operational
Produced
1973–1994
Number built
738
Developed from
Learjet 25
The Learjet Model 35 and Model 36 are a series of American multi-role business jets and military transport aircraft manufactured by Learjet between 1973 and 1993. When used by the United States Air Force, they carry the designation C-21A. Learjet was acquired by Bombardier Aviation in 1990 and is now a subsidiary, so the aircraft is also known as the Bombardier Learjet 35.
When first released in 1973, the Learjet 35 was among the fastest medium haul jets of its era. As of 2020, more Learjet 35s have been sold than any other Learjet aircraft, with many still in service after 50 years.
The aircraft are powered by two Garrett TFE731-2 turbofan engines. Its cabin can be arranged for six to eight passengers. The longer-range Model 36 has a shortened passenger area to provide more space in the aft fuselage for fuel tanks.
The engines are mounted in nacelles on the sides of the aft fuselage. The wings are equipped with single-slotted flaps. The wingtip fuel tanks distinguish the design from other aircraft having similar functions.
Development
The concept which became the LJ35 began as the Learjet 25BGF (with GF referring to "Garrett Fan"), a Learjet 25 with a then-new TFE731 turbofan engine mounted on the left side in place of the 25's General Electric CJ610 turbojet engine. This testbed aircraft first flew in May, 1971. As a result of the increased power and reduced noise of the new engine, Learjet further improved the design, and instead of being simply a variant of the 25, it became its own model, the 35.
By 2018, 1980s Learjet 35As start at $500,000.
Operational history
When released in 1973, Learjet's marketing claimed that the Learjet 35 was among the fastest business jets in its class. In 1976 American professional golfer Arnold Palmer used a Learjet 36 to establish a new round-the-world class record of 22,894 miles (36990 km) completed in 57 hours 25 minutes 42 seconds.
Because of its speed and long range, leaders of many nations bought the aircraft as their primary or secondary jet. Countries who did this include: Brazil, Chile, Finland, Switzerland and Saudi Arabia among others.
During the Cold War, the Finnish Air Force has used the Learjet 35/36 as a shorter range AWACS aircraft, for monitoring Soviet bombers and fighter jets coming over the Baltic Sea and over the Arctic. Learjet 35s made the bulk of Argentina's Escuadrón Fénix flights during the 1982 Falklands War mainly on diversion and reconnaissance flights.
Production on the 35/36 series ceased in 1994. There are still well over 500 Learjet 35s in service around the world, despite the model being almost 50 years old.
As of January 2018, the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board database lists 25 fatal accidents for the 35/35A, and two for the 36/36A.
Variants
The Learjet 35A.
Finnish Air Force Learjet 35AS.
A C-21A Learjet attached to the North Dakota Air National Guard's (NDANG) 119th Fighter Wing.
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force U-36A.
Learjet 35
The original Model 35 was powered by two TFE731-2-2A engines and was 13 inches longer than its predecessor, the Model 25. First flight of the prototype Model 35 was on 22 August 1973, and the aircraft was FAA certified in July, 1974. It could carry up to eight passengers. There were 64 base-model 35s built.
Learjet 35A
The Model 35A is an upgraded Model 35 with TFE731-2-2B engines and a range of 2,789 miles, with a fuel capacity of 931 US gallons (3,524 L) with refueling accomplished at ground level through each wingtip tank. It was introduced in 1976, replacing the 35. Over 600 35As were built, with a production line that ended with serial number 677, in 1993.
On February 12, 1996, a Learjet 35A, N10BD, owned by Cable Television Founder Bill Daniels and piloted by Mark E. Calkins, Charles Conrad, Jr., Paul Thayer, and D. Miller completed an around-the-world flight in a record 49 hrs, 21 min, and 8 sec. The record remains standing as of 2015. This aircraft is now on display in Terminal C of Denver International Airport.
Learjet 36
The Model 36 is essentially identical to the 35, except that it has a larger fuselage fuel tank, giving it 500 miles longer range, but reducing the passenger area's length by 18 inches (0.46 m). It was certified, along with the 35, in July, 1974.
Learjet 36A
Like the 35A, the Model 36A has upgraded engines and a higher maximum gross weight. It was introduced in 1976, replacing the 36.
Military variants
C-21A
The C-21A is a United States military designation for an "off the shelf" variant of the Learjet 35A for the United States Air Force, with room for eight passengers and 42 ft3 (1.26 m3) of cargo. In addition to its normal role, the aircraft is capable of transporting litters during medical evacuations. Delivery of the C-21A fleet began in April 1984 and was completed in October 1985.
There are 38 Air Force active duty aircraft, and 18 Air National Guard aircraft in the C-21A fleet. On 1 April 1997, all continental U.S.-based C-21As were realigned under Air Mobility Command, with the 375th Airlift Wing at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, as the lead command. C-21As stationed outside the continental United States are assigned to the theater commanders.
U-36A
A Japanese military designation (not a U.S. military designation). Utility transport, training version of the Learjet 36A. Equipped with a missile seeker simulator in addition to a radar, avionics, firing training assessment devices, an ejector pylon, a special communications system, a target towing system and a jammer system. Six were built for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force.
Success and popularity
When first released in 1973, the Learjet 35 was among the fastest medium haul jets of its era. As of 2020, more Learjet 35s have been sold than any other Learjet aircraft.
As a private jet the Learjet 35 was popular because of its good range (it can fly 2,056 miles nonstop), takeoff and landing performance (its Honeywell engines provide 3,500 pounds of thrust and can land on short runways at regional airports), fast cruise capabilities (it can cruise at speeds as high as 451 knots true airspeed (KTAS), or 424 KTAS with four passengers), good handling characteristics, a low fuel burn, and comfortable cabins. Together with the Learjet 25, the Learjet 35 was a favorite among celebrities.
The Learjet 35 is one of Bombardiers most successful light jets and remains one of the fastest in its category on the private jet charter market.
The Learjet 35 has been used to film aerial sequences for movies. A camera-equipped Learjet 35 was used to film some of the aerial sequences for the 1980 film The Final Countdown.
The Learjet 35 also appeared in the movies Between the Lines (Ep. 3.05, 1994), A Wing and a Prayer (1998 TV Movie), Free Fall (1999), Prison Break (season 4) (Ep. 4.18, 2008), The Bourne Legacy, Fast & Furious 6 (2013), and many others.
A 2018 survey by Corporate Jet Investor found 14.9% of Americans recognized the Learjet brand compared with 12.5% for Boeing.
Notable accidents and incidents
On 7 June 1982, during the Falklands War, a Learjet 35 of Argentina's Escuadrón Fénix was shot down by HMS Exeter. The aircraft had been participating in a reconnaissance mission when it was hit by a Sea Dart surface-to-air missile launched by the destroyer. All five crew were killed.
On 13 February 1983, a Learjet 35A carrying Sri Lankan business tycoon Upali Wijewardene disappeared over the Straits of Malacca (Malaysia). The wreckage has never been found, nor any trace of Wijewardene, his top executives, or crew.
On 17 September 1994, a Learjet 35A owned by Golden Eagle Aviation was accidentally shot down by the Republic of China Navy while being used as a target tug. All four crew on board were killed.
On 17 April 1995, a C-21 crashed into a wooded area near Alexander City, Alabama killing the two pilots and six passengers, including Clark G. Fiester, assistant secretary of the Air Force for acquisition, and Major General Glenn A Profitt II.
The 1996 New Hampshire Learjet 35A crash on Christmas Eve, 24 December, led to the longest missing aircraft search in that state's history, lasting almost three years, and eventually resulted in Congressional legislation mandating improved emergency locator transmitters (ELTs) be installed in U.S.-registered business jets.
On 29 August 1999, a U.S.-registered Learjet 35A owned by Corporate Jets, Inc., was shot down near Adwa, Ethiopia, while flying from Luxor, Egypt, to Nairobi, Kenya, with the loss of three persons.
On 25 October 1999, professional golfer Payne Stewart and five others were killed in the crash of a Learjet 35. The plane apparently suffered a loss of cabin pressure at some point early in the flight. All on board are thought to have died of hypoxia, lack of oxygen. The plane, apparently still on autopilot, continued flying until one engine flamed out, most likely from fuel starvation. It crashed near Aberdeen, South Dakota after an uncontrolled descent. The exact cause of the pressurization failure and the reason behind the crew's failure or inability to respond to it have not been definitively determined.
On 24 October 2004, A Learjet 35A, N30DK,, departed Brown Field's runway 08 at 00:23 after dropping a medical patient off, and was returning to Albuquerque. It climbed straight ahead and the SoCAL TRACON controller instructed the pilots to turn to a heading of 020 degrees, maintain VFR (visual flight rules), and expect their IFR clearance above 5,000 feet. The aircraft then entered a broken-to-overcast layer of clouds and crashed into the Otay Mountain at an altitude of 2300 feet, killing all 5 occupants.
On 9 March 2006, Argentine Air Force Learjet 35A serial T-21 struck terrain and broke up shortly after takeoff from El Alto International Airport in La Paz, Bolivia killing all 6 on board. The Learjet was sent to Bolivia to deliver humanitarian aid.
On 4 November 2007, a Learjet 35A crashed in São Paulo, Brazil, after a failed takeoff attempt. It destroyed a house in a residential area near the Campo de Marte Airport, killing the pilot, co-pilot and 6 family members who were in the house.
On 24 June 2014, a Learjet 35A of the Gesellschaft für Flugzieldarstellung (GFD) was involved in a mid-air collision with a Eurofighter Typhoon of the German Air Force and crashed at Olsberg, Germany.
On 9 November 2014, a private Learjet 36 crashed in Freeport, Grand Bahamas, Bahamas. The jet struck a shipping crane at the Grand Bahama Ship Yard, exploding on impact and crashing into the ground near a junkyard area. The plane was en route from the Lynden Pindling International Airport with nine people on board heading to Grand Bahama International Airport. All nine persons perished, including Myles Munroe, a Bahamian pastor.
On 15 May 2017, Learjet 35A aircraft N452DA was on a repositioning flight from Philadelphia to Teterboro Airport in New Jersey, near New York City. The two pilots were killed after the aircraft stalled and crashed into a warehouse while circling to land. The NTSB investigation cited pilot error in continuing an unstable approach.
On 27 December 2021, Learjet 35 aircraft N880Z was en route to Gillespie Field (KSEE) in El Cajon, California, near San Diego when it crashed onto a nearby street, killing all four occupants.
On July 1, 2022, a medical flight Learjet 35A, registration LV-BPA suffered an accident at the Río Grande Gob. Ramón Trejo Noel airport, in the Province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands, Argentina, killing all four occupants.
On, November 1, 2023, A Learjet35A operating as an air ambulance, overran runway 20 at Cuernavaca Airport in Morelos and went into step sided ravine, bursting into flames. The 2 pilots along with a passenger and a patient were killed.
Operators
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Civilian operators
The Learjet 35 is operated by private, corporate and air taxi operators.
Military operators
Argentina
Argentine Air Force - operates a single Learjet 35 as of December 2016.
Bolivia
Bolivian Air Force
Brazil
Brazilian Air Force - six in service as of December 2016.
Chile
Chilean Air Force - two in service as of December 2015.
Finland
Finnish Air Force - three in service as of December 2016.
Japan
Japan Maritime Self Defense Force - four Learjet 36 in service as of December 2016.
Mexico
Mexican Air Force
Namibia
Namibian Air Force
Peru
Peruvian Air Force - one Learjet 36 in service as of December 2016.
Saudi Arabia
Royal Saudi Air Force
Switzerland
Swiss Air Force
United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates Navy
United States
United States Air Force - 19 C-21A in service as of June 2019.
United States Navy - Two Learjet 35/36s as of December 2016.
Uruguay
Uruguayan Air Force - Operated one L-35A from 1981 to 1988.
Thailand
Royal Thai Air Force
Specifications (Learjet 36A)
Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1980–81General characteristics
Crew: two (pilot and copilot)
Length: 48 ft 8 in (14.83 m)
Wingspan: 39 ft 6 in (12.04 m) (over tip tanks)
Height: 12 ft 3 in (3.73 m)
Wing area: 253.3 sq ft (23.53 m2)
Aspect ratio: 5.74:1
Airfoil: NACA 64A-109 (mod)
Empty weight: 9,154 lb (4,152 kg)
Max takeoff weight: 18,000 lb (8,165 kg)
Fuel capacity: 1,110 US gal (920 imp gal; 4,200 L) usable fuel
Powerplant: 2 × Garrett TFE731-2-2B turbofans, 3,500 lbf (16 kN) thrust each
Performance
Maximum speed: 471 kn (542 mph, 872 km/h) at 25,000 ft (7,600 m)
Cruise speed: 418 kn (481 mph, 774 km/h) at 45,000 ft (14,000 m) (econ. cruise)
Stall speed: 96 kn (110 mph, 178 km/h) (wheels and flaps down)
Range: 2,857 nmi (3,288 mi, 5,291 km) (4 passengers)
Service ceiling: 45,000 ft (14,000 m)
Rate of climb: 4,525 ft/min (22.99 m/s) at sea level
Take-off run to 30 ft (9 m): 4,784 ft (1,458 m)
Landing run from 50 ft (15 m): 2,884 ft (879 m)
See also
Related lists
List of active United States military aircraft
References
^ a b c d aircharterservice.com. "Bombardier Learjet 35". Retrieved 2023-04-21.
^ The Learjet 35, 36 & 31 at Airliners.net
^ Mark Huber (December 2018). "For many models, market hitting the apex" (PDF). Aviation International News. pp. 20–21, 24.
^ a b c d e internationalaviationhq.com. "Learjet 35: Learjet's Most Successful Jet Yet". Retrieved 2023-04-21.
^ "Palmer Insures Proficiency in Cessna Citation X Jet - Arnold Palmer News". Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
^ a b c d Learjet 30 Series Information from Spectrajet
^ NTSB database query
^ "Video of N10BD in flight".
^ "General Aviation World Records, Sub-class C-1f, turbojet. Perform a Record Number Search for 3113 by clicking Records Tab, More Records Button, then entering Record Number 3113 in the search". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.
^ "Mounting N10BD in C Concourse of Denver Intl Airport".
^ C-21A Learjet at GlobalSecurity.org
^ a b c "Category:Learjet 35/3". The Internet Movie Plane Database. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
^ "Learjet 35A - Description". Jet Advisors. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
^ Jonathan Glancey (2015-08-13). "The Learjet: The private plane that changed travel". BBC Culture. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
^ How To Fly A Learjet Like Arnold Palmer, Frank Sinatra And James Brown: How To Fly A Learjet Like Arnold Palmer, Frank Sinatra And James Brown, accessdate: April 21, 2023
^ "Spyflight.co.uk Gates Learjet 35". Archived from the original on 2007-03-10. Retrieved 2018-01-06.
^ "Malaysia Diving Community". Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
^ "Upali Wijewardena: Memories of the unforgettable tycoon". 2010-02-17.
^ "Australia help: Upali Wijewardene - Help.com". Archived from the original on 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
^ "ASN Aircraft accident Learjet 35A B-98181 Taitung". ASN Aircraft accident Learjet 35A B-98181 Taitung. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
^ "Taiwan navy gunners kill crew by accident". Ocala Star-Banner. Sep 18, 1994. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
^ DefenseLink news release of C-21 accident
^ NTSB accident brief of Ethiopia shoot-down
^ Aircraft Accident Brief, N47BA
^ "ASN Aircraft accident Learjet 35A T-21 la Paz-El Alto Airport (LPB)".
^ Folha Online - Cotidiano - Queda de avião destrói duas casas e interdita outras duas em SP - 04/11/2007
^ "Dr Myles Munroe and His Wife Dead in Plane Crash".
^ "Departure From Controlled Flight - Trans-Pacific Air Charter, LLC - Learjet 35A, N452DA - Teterboro, New Jersey - May 15, 2017" (PDF). www.ntsb.gov. National Transportation Safety Board. March 12, 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
^ "Small jet plane crashes in neighborhood near El Cajon: authorities". FOX 5 San Diego. 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2021-12-28.
^ Medina, Fernando (2022-07-01). "Confirmado: Se estrelló un lear jet sanitario y murieron los 4 ocupantes". Resumen Policial (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-07-01.
^ "Runway excursion Accident Learjet 35A XA-IRE,". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
^ "Se desploma avioneta en Morelos y mueren cuatro personas". www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx (in Spanish). 2023-11-01. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
^ Hoyle Flight International 6–12 December 2016, p. 29.
^ Hoyle Flight International 6–12 December 2016, p. 31.
^ Hoyle Flight International 8–14 December 2015, p. 35.
^ Hoyle Flight International 6–12 December 2016, p. 35.
^ Hoyle Flight International 6–12 December 2016, p. 39.
^ Hoyle Flight International 6–12 December 2016, p. 44.
^ Combat Aircraft. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. September 2019. p. 11.
^ Hoyle Flight International 6–12 December 2016, p. 52.
^ Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1953 – 2004) (in Spanish). Montevideo, Uruguay. ISBN 978-9974-96-255-2.
^ Taylor 1980, pp. 342–343.
^ Taylor 1980, pp. 340, 342.
Griffiths, Andrew (Summer 2022). "Learjet–The End of an Era". Air-Britain Aviation World. pp. 130–135. ISSN 1742-996X.
Hoyle, Craig (8–14 December 2015). "World Air Forces". Flight International. Vol. 188, no. 5517. pp. 26–53.
Hoyle, Craig (6–12 December 2016). "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International. Vol. 190, no. 5566. pp. 22–53.
Taylor, John W. R. (1980). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1980–81. London: Jane's Publishing Company. ISBN 0 7106-0705-9.
External links
Media related to Learjet 35 at Wikimedia Commons
vteLearjet aircraftCompany designations
23
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31
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85
Military designations
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vteBombardier aircraftTurboprop aircraft
Dash 8
Learjet family
23
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25
28/29
31
35/36/C-21A
40
45
55
60
70/75
85
Challenger family
300/350
600/601/604/605/650
800/850
870
Global family
Global Express-XRS/5000/5500/6000/6500
Global 7500/8000
CRJ family
CRJ100/200/440
CRJ700/900/1000
CSeries
CS100/300
UAVs
CL-327
See also: Canadair
de Havilland Canada
Learjet
Short Brothers
Viking Air
vteUnited States military transport aircraft designations, Army/Air Force and Tri-Service systemsArmy/Air Force sequence(1925-1962)
C-1
C-2
C-3
C-4
C-5
C-6
C-7
C-8
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C-11
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C-131
C-14
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C-20
C-21
C-22
C-23
C-24
C-25
C-26
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C-28
C-29
C-30
C-31
C-32
C-33
C-34
C-35
C-36
C-37
C-38
C-39
C-40
C-41
C-41A
C-42
C-43
C-44
C-45
C-46
C-47
C-47F
C-47T
AC-47
C-48
C-49
C-50
C-51
C-52
C-53
C-54
C-55
C-56
C-57
C-58
C-59
C-60
C-61
C-62
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C-64
C-65
C-66
C-67
C-68
C-69
C-70
C-70B
C-71
C-72
C-73
C-74
C-75
C-76
C-77
C-77B–D
C-78
C-79
C-80
C-81
C-82
C-83
C-83A
C-83B
C-84
C-85
C-86
C-87
C-88
C-89
C-90
C-91
C-92
C-93
C-94
C-95
C-96
C-97
KC-97
C-98
C-99
C-100
C-101
C-102
C-103
C-104
C-105
C-106
C-107
C-108
C-109
C-110
C-111
C-112
C-113
C-114
C-115
C-116
C-117
C-117D
C-118
C-119
AC-119
C-120
C-121
C-121F
EC-121
C-122
C-123
C-123A
C-124
C-125
C-126
C-1272
C-127 (I)
C-127 (II)
C-128
C-129
C-130
C-130J
AC-130
DC-130
EC-130/H
HC-130
KC-130
LC-130
MC-130
WC-130
C-131
NC-131H
C-132
C-133
C-134
C-135
KC-135
C-136
C-1372
YC-137 (I)
YC-137 (II)
C-137
C-1381
C-1391
C-140
C-141
C-142
Tri-service sequence(1962-present)
C-1
C-2
C-3
C-4
C-5
C-6
C-72
C-7
RC-7
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C-102
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RC-12
C-131
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C-17
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C-35
C-363
C-37
C-37B
C-38
C-391
C-40
C-41
C-421
C-431
C-441
C-45
C-46
Revived original sequence(2005-present)
C-143
C-144
C-145
C-146
C-147
Non-sequential designations
C-767
C-767B
C-880
Related designations
CT-39
CT-43
CV-2
CV-7
1 Not assigned • 2 Assigned to multiple types • 3 Unconfirmed
vteRoyal Thai Armed Forces transport aircraft designationsB.L(Transport)
B.L.1
B.L.2
K
B.JL.2
B.L.3
B.L.4
B.L.5
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B.TL.7
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vteRoyal Thai Armed Forces observation aircraft designationsB.T(Observation)
B.T.1
B.T.2
B.T.3
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B.TF.11
B.TF.20
B.TKh.18
B.TL.2
B.TL.6
B.TL.7
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B.TL.12
vteBrazilian Air Force aircraft designationsAttack (A)
A-1
A-10
A-16
A-29
Cargo (C)
C-1
C-2
C-8
C-9
C-10
C-26
C-28
C-35 (I)
C-35 (II)
C-41
C-42
C-55
C-90
C-91
C-92
C-93
C-95
C-96
C-97
C-98
C-99
C-105
C-115
Electronic (E)
E-99
Fighter (F)
F-7
F-8
F-33
F-39
F-103
F-2000
Helicopter (H)
H-4
H-33
H-34
VH-34
H-50
H-55
Liaison (L)
L-3
L-6
L-7
L-8
L-19
A/E
L-20
L-42
Maritime (M)
M-16
Observation (O)
O-3
O-6
Patrol (P)
P-15
P-16
P-95
P-99
Reconnaissance (R)
R-35
R-95
R-99
Search & rescue (S)
S-16
Trainer (T)
T-7
T-8
T-17
T-21
T-22
T-23
B
T-24
T-25
T-26
T-27
T-29
Utility (U)
U-3
U-7
U-8
U-9
U-19
U-35
U-37
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U-55
U-93
Glider (Z)
Z-3
Z-13
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Z-23
Designations carried over from American designation systems are not included unless the designations were modified. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"business jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_jet"},{"link_name":"Learjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learjet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aircharterservice.com-1"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Bombardier Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Aviation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aircharterservice.com-1"},{"link_name":"medium haul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_length"},{"link_name":"Garrett TFE731-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_TFE731"},{"link_name":"turbofan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan"},{"link_name":"nacelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacelle"},{"link_name":"flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)"}],"text":"The Learjet Model 35 and Model 36 are a series of American multi-role business jets and military transport aircraft manufactured by Learjet between 1973 and 1993.[1] When used by the United States Air Force, they carry the designation C-21A. Learjet was acquired by Bombardier Aviation in 1990 and is now a subsidiary, so the aircraft is also known as the Bombardier Learjet 35.[1]When first released in 1973, the Learjet 35 was among the fastest medium haul jets of its era. As of 2020, more Learjet 35s have been sold than any other Learjet aircraft, with many still in service after 50 years.The aircraft are powered by two Garrett TFE731-2 turbofan engines. Its cabin can be arranged for six to eight passengers. The longer-range Model 36 has a shortened passenger area to provide more space in the aft fuselage for fuel tanks.The engines are mounted in nacelles on the sides of the aft fuselage. The wings are equipped with single-slotted flaps. The wingtip fuel tanks distinguish the design from other aircraft having similar functions.","title":"Learjet 35"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Learjet 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learjet_25"},{"link_name":"General Electric CJ610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_CJ610"},{"link_name":"turbojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alnet_35_36-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AINdec2018-3"}],"text":"The concept which became the LJ35 began as the Learjet 25BGF (with GF referring to \"Garrett Fan\"), a Learjet 25 with a then-new TFE731 turbofan engine mounted on the left side in place of the 25's General Electric CJ610 turbojet engine. This testbed aircraft first flew in May, 1971.[2] As a result of the increased power and reduced noise of the new engine, Learjet further improved the design, and instead of being simply a variant of the 25, it became its own model, the 35.By 2018, 1980s Learjet 35As start at $500,000.[3]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-internationalaviationhq-4"},{"link_name":"Arnold Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Palmer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palmer-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-internationalaviationhq-4"},{"link_name":"Finnish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"AWACS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-internationalaviationhq-4"},{"link_name":"Escuadrón Fénix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuadr%C3%B3n_F%C3%A9nix"},{"link_name":"Falklands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spectra-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-internationalaviationhq-4"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit"},{"link_name":"National Transportation Safety Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ntsb4-7"}],"text":"When released in 1973, Learjet's marketing claimed that the Learjet 35 was among the fastest business jets in its class.[4] In 1976 American professional golfer Arnold Palmer used a Learjet 36 to establish a new round-the-world class record of 22,894 miles (36990 km) completed in 57 hours 25 minutes 42 seconds.[5]Because of its speed and long range, leaders of many nations bought the aircraft as their primary or secondary jet. Countries who did this include: Brazil, Chile, Finland, Switzerland and Saudi Arabia among others.[4]During the Cold War, the Finnish Air Force has used the Learjet 35/36 as a shorter range AWACS aircraft, for monitoring Soviet bombers and fighter jets coming over the Baltic Sea and over the Arctic.[4] Learjet 35s made the bulk of Argentina's Escuadrón Fénix flights during the 1982 Falklands War mainly on diversion and reconnaissance flights.Production on the 35/36 series ceased in 1994.[6] There are still well over 500 Learjet 35s in service around the world, despite the model being almost 50 years old.[4]As of January 2018[update], the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board database[7] lists 25 fatal accidents for the 35/35A, and two for the 36/36A.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Learjet_35A_taxiing.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LJ-3_LJ35_FinAirForce_(6777135457).jpg"},{"link_name":"Finnish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NDANG_C-21A_Learjet.JPEG"},{"link_name":"North Dakota Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"119th Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/119th_Fighter_Wing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U-36a_03l.jpg"},{"link_name":"Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force"}],"text":"The Learjet 35A.Finnish Air Force Learjet 35AS.A C-21A Learjet attached to the North Dakota Air National Guard's (NDANG) 119th Fighter Wing.Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force U-36A.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prototype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"certified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_certificate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spectra-6"}],"sub_title":"Learjet 35","text":"The original Model 35 was powered by two TFE731-2-2A engines and was 13 inches longer than its predecessor, the Model 25. First flight of the prototype Model 35 was on 22 August 1973, and the aircraft was FAA certified in July, 1974. It could carry up to eight passengers. There were 64 base-model 35s built.[6]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spectra-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lear35Flight-8"},{"link_name":"Bill Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Daniels"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAIc1fturbo-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lear35Mounting-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spectra-6"}],"sub_title":"Learjet 35A","text":"The Model 35A is an upgraded Model 35 with TFE731-2-2B engines and a range of 2,789 miles, with a fuel capacity of 931 US gallons (3,524 L) with refueling accomplished at ground level through each wingtip tank. It was introduced in 1976, replacing the 35. Over 600 35As were built, with a production line that ended with serial number 677, in 1993.[6]On February 12, 1996, a Learjet 35A, N10BD,[8] owned by Cable Television Founder Bill Daniels and piloted by Mark E. Calkins, Charles Conrad, Jr., Paul Thayer, and D. Miller completed an around-the-world flight in a record 49 hrs, 21 min, and 8 sec. The record remains standing as of 2015[update].[9] This aircraft is now on display in Terminal C of Denver International Airport.[10]Learjet 36\nThe Model 36 is essentially identical to the 35, except that it has a larger fuselage fuel tank, giving it 500 miles longer range, but reducing the passenger area's length by 18 inches (0.46 m). It was certified, along with the 35, in July, 1974.Learjet 36A\nLike the 35A, the Model 36A has upgraded engines and a higher maximum gross weight. It was introduced in 1976, replacing the 36.[6]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"litters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter_(rescue_basket)"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Air Mobility Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command"},{"link_name":"375th Airlift Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/375th_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"Scott Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-global-11"},{"link_name":"Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force"}],"sub_title":"Military variants","text":"C-21A\nThe C-21A is a United States military designation for an \"off the shelf\" variant of the Learjet 35A for the United States Air Force, with room for eight passengers and 42 ft3 (1.26 m3) of cargo. In addition to its normal role, the aircraft is capable of transporting litters during medical evacuations. Delivery of the C-21A fleet began in April 1984 and was completed in October 1985.There are 38 Air Force active duty aircraft, and 18 Air National Guard aircraft in the C-21A fleet. On 1 April 1997, all continental U.S.-based C-21As were realigned under Air Mobility Command, with the 375th Airlift Wing at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, as the lead command. C-21As stationed outside the continental United States are assigned to the theater commanders.[11]U-36A\nA Japanese military designation (not a U.S. military designation). Utility transport, training version of the Learjet 36A. Equipped with a missile seeker simulator in addition to a radar, avionics, firing training assessment devices, an ejector pylon, a special communications system, a target towing system and a jammer system. Six were built for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medium haul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_length"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-internationalaviationhq-4"},{"link_name":"knots true airspeed (KTAS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_airspeed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-impdb.org-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aircharterservice.com-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jetadvisors-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.com-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-impdb.org-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aircharterservice.com-1"},{"link_name":"The Final Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Countdown_(film)"},{"link_name":"Between the Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_the_Lines_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"A Wing and a Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Wing_and_a_Prayer_(1998_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Free Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Fall_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Prison Break (season 4)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Break_(season_4)"},{"link_name":"The Bourne Legacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bourne_Legacy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fast & Furious 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_%26_Furious_6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-impdb.org-12"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes.com-15"}],"text":"When first released in 1973, the Learjet 35 was among the fastest medium haul jets of its era. As of 2020, more Learjet 35s have been sold than any other Learjet aircraft.[4]As a private jet the Learjet 35 was popular because of its good range (it can fly 2,056 miles nonstop), takeoff and landing performance (its Honeywell engines provide 3,500 pounds of thrust and can land on short runways at regional airports), fast cruise capabilities (it can cruise at speeds as high as 451 knots true airspeed (KTAS), or 424 KTAS with four passengers), good handling characteristics, a low fuel burn, and comfortable cabins.[12][1][13] Together with the Learjet 25, the Learjet 35 was a favorite among celebrities.[14][12]The Learjet 35 is one of Bombardiers most successful light jets and remains one of the fastest in its category on the private jet charter market.[1]The Learjet 35 has been used to film aerial sequences for movies. A camera-equipped Learjet 35 was used to film some of the aerial sequences for the 1980 film The Final Countdown.The Learjet 35 also appeared in the movies Between the Lines (Ep. 3.05, 1994), A Wing and a Prayer (1998 TV Movie), Free Fall (1999), Prison Break (season 4) (Ep. 4.18, 2008), The Bourne Legacy, Fast & Furious 6 (2013), and many others.[12]A 2018 survey by Corporate Jet Investor found 14.9% of Americans recognized the Learjet brand compared with 12.5% for Boeing.[15]","title":"Success and popularity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falklands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"Escuadrón Fénix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuadr%C3%B3n_F%C3%A9nix"},{"link_name":"HMS Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Exeter_(D89)"},{"link_name":"Sea Dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Dart"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Upali Wijewardene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upali_Wijewardene"},{"link_name":"Straits of Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Malacca"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Republic of China Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy"},{"link_name":"target tug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_tug"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Alexander City, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_City,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Clark G. Fiester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_G._Fiester"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Glenn A Profitt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glenn_A_Profitt_II&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"1996 New Hampshire Learjet 35A crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_New_Hampshire_Learjet_crash"},{"link_name":"emergency locator transmitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Position-Indicating_Radio_Beacon"},{"link_name":"Adwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adwa"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Luxor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ntsb5-23"},{"link_name":"Payne Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payne_Stewart#Death"},{"link_name":"crash of a Learjet 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_South_Dakota_Learjet_crash"},{"link_name":"cabin pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_pressure"},{"link_name":"hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ntsb1-24"},{"link_name":"N30DK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aviation-safety.net/asndb/322522"},{"link_name":"Argentine Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"El Alto International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Alto_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Campo de Marte Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_Marte_Airport"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folha_de_S.Paulo-26"},{"link_name":"Gesellschaft für Flugzieldarstellung (GFD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space"},{"link_name":"mid-air collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Olsberg_mid-air_collision"},{"link_name":"Eurofighter Typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon"},{"link_name":"German Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Olsberg, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olsberg,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Myles Munroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Munroe"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Teterboro Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teterboro_Airport"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Gillespie Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillespie_Field"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Río Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Grande,_Tierra_del_Fuego"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Cuernavaca Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuernavaca_Airport"},{"link_name":"Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelos"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"On 7 June 1982, during the Falklands War, a Learjet 35 of Argentina's Escuadrón Fénix was shot down by HMS Exeter. The aircraft had been participating in a reconnaissance mission when it was hit by a Sea Dart surface-to-air missile launched by the destroyer. All five crew were killed.[16]\nOn 13 February 1983, a Learjet 35A carrying Sri Lankan business tycoon Upali Wijewardene disappeared over the Straits of Malacca (Malaysia). The wreckage has never been found, nor any trace of Wijewardene, his top executives, or crew.[17][18][19]\nOn 17 September 1994, a Learjet 35A owned by Golden Eagle Aviation was accidentally shot down by the Republic of China Navy while being used as a target tug. All four crew on board were killed.[20][21]\nOn 17 April 1995, a C-21 crashed into a wooded area near Alexander City, Alabama killing the two pilots and six passengers, including Clark G. Fiester, assistant secretary of the Air Force for acquisition, and Major General Glenn A Profitt II.[22]\nThe 1996 New Hampshire Learjet 35A crash on Christmas Eve, 24 December, led to the longest missing aircraft search in that state's history, lasting almost three years, and eventually resulted in Congressional legislation mandating improved emergency locator transmitters (ELTs) be installed in U.S.-registered business jets.\nOn 29 August 1999, a U.S.-registered Learjet 35A owned by Corporate Jets, Inc., was shot down near Adwa, Ethiopia, while flying from Luxor, Egypt, to Nairobi, Kenya, with the loss of three persons.[23]\nOn 25 October 1999, professional golfer Payne Stewart and five others were killed in the crash of a Learjet 35. The plane apparently suffered a loss of cabin pressure at some point early in the flight. All on board are thought to have died of hypoxia, lack of oxygen. The plane, apparently still on autopilot, continued flying until one engine flamed out, most likely from fuel starvation. It crashed near Aberdeen, South Dakota after an uncontrolled descent. The exact cause of the pressurization failure and the reason behind the crew's failure or inability to respond to it have not been definitively determined.[24]\nOn 24 October 2004, A Learjet 35A, N30DK,, departed Brown Field's runway 08 at 00:23 after dropping a medical patient off, and was returning to Albuquerque. It climbed straight ahead and the SoCAL TRACON controller instructed the pilots to turn to a heading of 020 degrees, maintain VFR (visual flight rules), and expect their IFR clearance above 5,000 feet. The aircraft then entered a broken-to-overcast layer of clouds and crashed into the Otay Mountain at an altitude of 2300 feet, killing all 5 occupants.\nOn 9 March 2006, Argentine Air Force Learjet 35A serial T-21 struck terrain and broke up shortly after takeoff from El Alto International Airport in La Paz, Bolivia killing all 6 on board. The Learjet was sent to Bolivia to deliver humanitarian aid.[25]\nOn 4 November 2007, a Learjet 35A crashed in São Paulo, Brazil, after a failed takeoff attempt. It destroyed a house in a residential area near the Campo de Marte Airport, killing the pilot, co-pilot and 6 family members who were in the house.[26]\nOn 24 June 2014, a Learjet 35A of the Gesellschaft für Flugzieldarstellung (GFD) was involved in a mid-air collision with a Eurofighter Typhoon of the German Air Force and crashed at Olsberg, Germany.\nOn 9 November 2014, a private Learjet 36 crashed in Freeport, Grand Bahamas, Bahamas. The jet struck a shipping crane at the Grand Bahama Ship Yard, exploding on impact and crashing into the ground near a junkyard area. The plane was en route from the Lynden Pindling International Airport with nine people on board heading to Grand Bahama International Airport. All nine persons perished, including Myles Munroe, a Bahamian pastor.[27]\nOn 15 May 2017, Learjet 35A aircraft N452DA was on a repositioning flight from Philadelphia to Teterboro Airport in New Jersey, near New York City. The two pilots were killed after the aircraft stalled and crashed into a warehouse while circling to land. The NTSB investigation cited pilot error in continuing an unstable approach.[28]\nOn 27 December 2021, Learjet 35 aircraft N880Z was en route to Gillespie Field (KSEE) in El Cajon, California, near San Diego when it crashed onto a nearby street, killing all four occupants.[29]\nOn July 1, 2022, a medical flight Learjet 35A, registration LV-BPA suffered an accident at the Río Grande Gob. Ramón Trejo Noel airport, in the Province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands, Argentina, killing all four occupants.[30]\nOn, November 1, 2023, A Learjet35A operating as an air ambulance, overran runway 20 at Cuernavaca Airport in Morelos and went into step sided ravine, bursting into flames. The 2 pilots along with a passenger and a patient were killed.[31][32]","title":"Notable accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Civilian operators","text":"The Learjet 35 is operated by private, corporate and air taxi operators.","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentine Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Bolivian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Chilean Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Finnish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Japan Maritime Self Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self_Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexican Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Namibian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Peruvian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Royal Saudi Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Swiss Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Navy"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAISEPT19-11-39"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Uruguayan Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Royal Thai Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force"}],"sub_title":"Military operators","text":"ArgentinaArgentine Air Force - operates a single Learjet 35 as of December 2016[update].[33]BoliviaBolivian Air ForceBrazilBrazilian Air Force - six in service as of December 2016[update].[34]ChileChilean Air Force - two in service as of December 2015[update].[35]FinlandFinnish Air Force - three in service as of December 2016[update].[36]JapanJapan Maritime Self Defense Force - four Learjet 36 in service as of December 2016[update].[37]MexicoMexican Air ForceNamibiaNamibian Air ForcePeruPeruvian Air Force - one Learjet 36 in service as of December 2016[update].[38]Saudi ArabiaRoyal Saudi Air ForceSwitzerlandSwiss Air ForceUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates NavyUnited StatesUnited States Air Force - 19 C-21A in service as of June 2019[update].[39]\nUnited States Navy - Two Learjet 35/36s as of December 2016[update].[40]UruguayUruguayan Air Force - Operated one L-35A from 1981 to 1988.[41]ThailandRoyal Thai Air Force","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jawa80_p342-3-42"},{"link_name":"Aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jawa80_p340,2-43"},{"link_name":"Garrett TFE731-2-2B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell_TFE731"},{"link_name":"turbofans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan"}],"text":"Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1980–81[42]General characteristicsCrew: two (pilot and copilot)\nLength: 48 ft 8 in (14.83 m)\nWingspan: 39 ft 6 in (12.04 m) (over tip tanks)\nHeight: 12 ft 3 in (3.73 m)\nWing area: 253.3 sq ft (23.53 m2)\nAspect ratio: 5.74:1\nAirfoil: NACA 64A-109 (mod)[43]\nEmpty weight: 9,154 lb (4,152 kg)\nMax takeoff weight: 18,000 lb (8,165 kg)\nFuel capacity: 1,110 US gal (920 imp gal; 4,200 L) usable fuel\nPowerplant: 2 × Garrett TFE731-2-2B turbofans, 3,500 lbf (16 kN) thrust eachPerformanceMaximum speed: 471 kn (542 mph, 872 km/h) at 25,000 ft (7,600 m)\nCruise speed: 418 kn (481 mph, 774 km/h) at 45,000 ft (14,000 m) (econ. cruise)\nStall speed: 96 kn (110 mph, 178 km/h) (wheels and flaps down)\nRange: 2,857 nmi (3,288 mi, 5,291 km) (4 passengers)\nService ceiling: 45,000 ft (14,000 m)\nRate of climb: 4,525 ft/min (22.99 m/s) at sea level\nTake-off run to 30 ft (9 m): 4,784 ft (1,458 m)\nLanding run from 50 ft (15 m): 2,884 ft (879 m)","title":"Specifications (Learjet 36A)"}] | [{"image_text":"The Learjet 35A.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Learjet_35A_taxiing.jpg/220px-Learjet_35A_taxiing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Finnish Air Force Learjet 35AS.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/LJ-3_LJ35_FinAirForce_%286777135457%29.jpg/220px-LJ-3_LJ35_FinAirForce_%286777135457%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A C-21A Learjet attached to the North Dakota Air National Guard's (NDANG) 119th Fighter Wing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NDANG_C-21A_Learjet.JPEG/220px-NDANG_C-21A_Learjet.JPEG"},{"image_text":"Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force U-36A.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/U-36a_03l.jpg/220px-U-36a_03l.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of active United States military aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_military_aircraft"}] | [{"reference":"aircharterservice.com. \"Bombardier Learjet 35\". Retrieved 2023-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aircharterservice.com/aircraft-guide/private/bombardier-canada/bombardierlearjet35","url_text":"\"Bombardier Learjet 35\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Huber (December 2018). \"For many models, market hitting the apex\" (PDF). Aviation International News. pp. 20–21, 24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ainonline.com/sites/default/files/full-issues/ain_1218.pdf","url_text":"\"For many models, market hitting the apex\""}]},{"reference":"internationalaviationhq.com. \"Learjet 35: Learjet's Most Successful Jet Yet\". Retrieved 2023-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://internationalaviationhq.com/2020/10/07/gates-learjet-35-learjets/","url_text":"\"Learjet 35: Learjet's Most Successful Jet Yet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Palmer Insures Proficiency in Cessna Citation X Jet - Arnold Palmer News\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2012-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306112041/http://arnoldpalmer.com/experience/whatsnew/archive/2005/10/palmer_insures.aspx","url_text":"\"Palmer Insures Proficiency in Cessna Citation X Jet - Arnold Palmer News\""},{"url":"http://www.arnoldpalmer.com/EXPERIENCE/WHATSNEW/ARCHIVE/2005/10/palmer_insures.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Video of N10BD in flight\".","urls":[{"url":"http://optimaljet.com/OptimalJetHTML/N10BDFlight.htm","url_text":"\"Video of N10BD in flight\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Aviation World Records, Sub-class C-1f, turbojet. Perform a Record Number Search for 3113 by clicking Records Tab, More Records Button, then entering Record Number 3113 in the search\". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.","urls":[{"url":"http://fai.org/records","url_text":"\"General Aviation World Records, Sub-class C-1f, turbojet. Perform a Record Number Search for 3113 by clicking Records Tab, More Records Button, then entering Record Number 3113 in the search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mounting N10BD in C Concourse of Denver Intl Airport\".","urls":[{"url":"http://optimaljet.com/OptimalJetHTML/MountingLearjet.htm","url_text":"\"Mounting N10BD in C Concourse of Denver Intl Airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Category:Learjet 35/3\". The Internet Movie Plane Database. Retrieved 2023-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://impdb.org/index.php?title=Category:Learjet_35/36","url_text":"\"Category:Learjet 35/3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Learjet 35A - Description\". Jet Advisors. Retrieved 2023-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://jetadvisors.com/jet/learjet-35a/","url_text":"\"Learjet 35A - Description\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Glancey (2015-08-13). \"The Learjet: The private plane that changed travel\". BBC Culture. Retrieved 2023-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150813-the-ultimate-in-personal-luxury","url_text":"\"The Learjet: The private plane that changed travel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spyflight.co.uk Gates Learjet 35\". Archived from the original on 2007-03-10. Retrieved 2018-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310154148/http://www.spyflight.co.uk/learjet.htm","url_text":"\"Spyflight.co.uk Gates Learjet 35\""},{"url":"http://www.spyflight.co.uk/learjet.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Malaysia Diving Community\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. 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ASN Aircraft accident Learjet 35A B-98181 Taitung. Retrieved 21 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19940917-1","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Learjet 35A B-98181 Taitung\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taiwan navy gunners kill crew by accident\". Ocala Star-Banner. Sep 18, 1994. Retrieved 21 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19940918&id=nYJSAAAAIBAJ&pg=4509,4713821","url_text":"\"Taiwan navy gunners kill crew by accident\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Learjet 35A T-21 la Paz-El Alto Airport (LPB)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20060309-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Learjet 35A T-21 la Paz-El Alto Airport (LPB)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Myles Munroe and His Wife Dead in Plane Crash\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tribune242.com/news/2014/nov/09/least-two-dead-plane-crashes-crane-shipyard/","url_text":"\"Dr Myles Munroe and His Wife Dead in Plane Crash\""}]},{"reference":"\"Departure From Controlled Flight - Trans-Pacific Air Charter, LLC - Learjet 35A, N452DA - Teterboro, New Jersey - May 15, 2017\" (PDF). www.ntsb.gov. National Transportation Safety Board. March 12, 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR1902.pdf","url_text":"\"Departure From Controlled Flight - Trans-Pacific Air Charter, LLC - Learjet 35A, N452DA - Teterboro, New Jersey - May 15, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Small jet plane crashes in neighborhood near El Cajon: authorities\". FOX 5 San Diego. 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2021-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://fox5sandiego.com/news/local-news/plane-crashes-in-neighborhood-near-el-cajon/","url_text":"\"Small jet plane crashes in neighborhood near El Cajon: authorities\""}]},{"reference":"Medina, Fernando (2022-07-01). \"Confirmado: Se estrelló un lear jet sanitario y murieron los 4 ocupantes\". Resumen Policial (in Spanish). 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September 2019. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combat_Aircraft_Monthly_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Combat Aircraft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Lincolnshire","url_text":"Stamford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire","url_text":"Lincolnshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England","url_text":"England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Publishing","url_text":"Key Publishing Ltd"}]},{"reference":"Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1953 – 2004) [History of the Uruguayan Air Force (1953 – 2004)] (in Spanish). Montevideo, Uruguay. ISBN 978-9974-96-255-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9974-96-255-2","url_text":"978-9974-96-255-2"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, Andrew (Summer 2022). \"Learjet–The End of an Era\". Air-Britain Aviation World. pp. 130–135. ISSN 1742-996X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1742-996X","url_text":"1742-996X"}]},{"reference":"Hoyle, Craig (8–14 December 2015). \"World Air Forces\". Flight International. Vol. 188, no. 5517. pp. 26–53.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"}]},{"reference":"Hoyle, Craig (6–12 December 2016). \"World Air Forces Directory\". Flight International. Vol. 190, no. 5566. pp. 22–53.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, John W. R. (1980). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1980–81. London: Jane's Publishing Company. ISBN 0 7106-0705-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._R._Taylor","url_text":"Taylor, John W. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7106-0705-9","url_text":"0 7106-0705-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/asndb/322522","external_links_name":"N30DK"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learjet_35&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.aircharterservice.com/aircraft-guide/private/bombardier-canada/bombardierlearjet35","external_links_name":"\"Bombardier Learjet 35\""},{"Link":"http://www.airliners.net/info/stats.main?id=265","external_links_name":"The Learjet 35, 36 & 31"},{"Link":"https://www.ainonline.com/sites/default/files/full-issues/ain_1218.pdf","external_links_name":"\"For many models, market hitting the apex\""},{"Link":"https://internationalaviationhq.com/2020/10/07/gates-learjet-35-learjets/","external_links_name":"\"Learjet 35: Learjet's Most Successful Jet Yet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306112041/http://arnoldpalmer.com/experience/whatsnew/archive/2005/10/palmer_insures.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Palmer Insures Proficiency in Cessna Citation X Jet - Arnold Palmer News\""},{"Link":"http://www.arnoldpalmer.com/EXPERIENCE/WHATSNEW/ARCHIVE/2005/10/palmer_insures.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.homestead.com/spectrajet/learjet30info.html","external_links_name":"Learjet 30 Series Information from Spectrajet"},{"Link":"https://www.ntsb.gov/_layouts/ntsb.aviation/Results.aspx?queryId=310df1db-636a-49f5-8846-8b7736d24ba2","external_links_name":"NTSB database query"},{"Link":"http://optimaljet.com/OptimalJetHTML/N10BDFlight.htm","external_links_name":"\"Video of N10BD in flight\""},{"Link":"http://fai.org/records","external_links_name":"\"General Aviation World Records, Sub-class C-1f, turbojet. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni%27s_Promise | Janji Joni | ["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","2.1 Notable cameos","3 Production","4 Release","5 Reception","6 Awards and nominations","7 References","8 External links"] | 2005 Indonesian adventure romantic comedy film
Joni's PromiseTheatrical posterJanji JoniDirected byJoko AnwarWritten byJoko AnwarProduced byNia DinataStarringNicholas SaputraMariana RenataRachel MaryamSurya SaputraCinematographyIpung Rachmat SyaifulEdited byYoga KrispratamaMusic byAge AirlanggaProductioncompanyKalyana Shira FilmDistributed byKalyana Shira Film (Indonesia)Golden Village Pictures (Singapore)Focus Films (Worldwide)Release date
27 April 2005 (2005-04-27)
Running time83 [minutesCountryIndonesiaLanguagesIndonesianEnglishBudgetRp 3.5 billion
Janji Joni (English: Joni's Promise) is a 2005 Indonesian adventure romantic comedy film written and directed by Joko Anwar in his directorial debut. Starring Nicholas Saputra, Mariana Renata, Rachel Maryam, and Surya Saputra, the film was a commercial and critical success, earning Anwar his first Citra Award for Best Director nomination.
The film features multiple cameo appearances from well-known celebrities.
Synopsis
Joni works as a film/reel delivery man in Jakarta. One day, while waiting for the next pick-up, Joni meets a charming girl who is going to catch a film with her boyfriend Otto. The girl would only reveal her name to Joni if he successfully delivers the reels on time. However, things do not turn out well on that day as Joni faces obstacles such as the city's notorious traffic and various people that may disrupt his task.
Cast
Nicholas Saputra as Joni
Irshadi Bagas as young Joni
Mariana Renata as Angelique
Rachel Maryam as Voni
Surya Saputra as Otto
Sujiwo Tejo as Adam Subandi
Dwiky Riza as Toni
Gito Rollies as Pak Ucok
Fedi Nuril as Jeffrey
Notable cameos
Barry Prima as a taxi driver
Adetasha as the taxi driver's wife
Alvin Adam as a journalist
Jajang C. Noer as an audience of "Spoiler"
Indra Birowo and Noella Birowo as a couple
Ananda Mikola and Wulan Guritno as a couple
Indra Herlambang as a man in queue
Aming Sugandhi as a man in queue
Ersa Mayori as the pretty girl face mask
Lukman Sardi as Joni's father
Tora Sudiro and Winky Wiryawan as a gay couple
Ronal Surapradja as an assistant director
Shandy Tumiwa as an actor
Catherine Wilson as an actress
Tantowi Yahya as a gynecologist
Production
According to producer Nia Dinata, the shooting process for Janji Joni was very challenging due to unpredictable weather and also having to shoot secretly in certain areas due to the production team not having permits from local authorities. This was coupled with intimidation from local thugs who demanded payment in order for the crew to be able to shoot in certain locations. Overall, the shooting took place over 20 days.
Release
Janji Joni received theatrical release on April 28, 2005, in Indonesia followed by Malaysia on September 1, 2005, and Singapore on November 9, 2006. It was screened at several international film festivals, including Busan International Film Festival, Deauville Asian Film Festival, and Bangkok International Film Festival.
A book containing Anwar's screenplay and production was published by Metafor titled Janji Joni: Skenario dan Catatan.
Reception
Writing for Tempo, Leila Chudori praised the film, calling it "intelligent and calculated" while noting Anwar's "smart and sharp" directing style and singling out the performances of Nicholas Saputra and Surya Saputra.
In 2019, fourteen years since the film's release, Panos Katzothanasis reviewed the film for Asian Movie Pulse and called the film "unique" with "extremely intelligent, pointy, and ironic sense of humor" while noting that it "thrives in context, intelligent irony, and overall entertainment and is definitely among the best in Joko Anwar’s oeuvre." Katzothanasis singled out Nicholas Saputra and Sujiwo Tejo as stand-out performances in the film.
Tempo magazine named Janji Joni its pick for best film of the year.
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Recipients
Result
2005
25th Citra Awards
Best Picture
Janji Joni
Nominated
Best Director
Joko Anwar
Nominated
Best Actor
Nicholas Saputra
Nominated
Best Supporting Actor
Gito Rollies
Won
Surya Saputra
Nominated
Best Supporting Actress
Rachel Maryam
Nominated
Best Editing
Yoga Krispratama
Won
Best Original Score
Age Airlangga
Nominated
Best Cinematography
Ipung Rachmat Syaiful
Nominated
2005
MTV Indonesia Movie Awards
Best Movie
Janji Joni
Won
Best Director
Joko Anwar
Nominated
Best Crying Scene
Adetasha
Nominated
Most Favorite Movie
Janji Joni
Nominated
Most Favorite Actor
Nicholas Saputra
Won
Most Favorite Supporting Actor
Barry Prima
Nominated
Most Favorite Supporting Actress
Mariana Renata
Won
Rachel Maryam
Nominated
2005
Asia-Pacific Film Festival
Best Editing
Yoga Krispratama
Won
2006
Vesoul International Film Festival of Asian Cinema
Golden Wheel
Joko Anwar
Nominated
References
^ Nasution, Irfan. "Bosan #DiRumahAja? Ini Rekomendasi Film dari Kami untuk TemanBaik". beritabaik.id. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
^ a b c "Nia Dinata: Banyak Hambatan di Syuting 'JANJI JONI'". www.kapanlagi.com. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
^ "Janji Joni Rilis 28 April". detikhot (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-02-07.
^ a b Joni's Promise (2005) - IMDb, retrieved 2021-02-07
^ "Janji Joni". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
^ "Running with Joni | Leila S Chudori". www.leilaschudori.com. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
^ a b Kotzathanasis, Panos (2019-12-10). "Film Review: Janji Joni (2005) by Joko Anwar". Asian Movie Pulse. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
^ Wijaya, Lani Diana. "Joko Anwar Merasa Penghargaan Film Tempo Membesarkan Namanya". Tempo. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
External links
Official site
Janji Joni at IMDb
vteJoko Anwar
Acting credits
Short films
Accolades
Television
FilmsWritten and directed
Joni's Promise (2005)
Dead Time: Kala (2007)
The Forbidden Door (2009)
Ritual (2012)
A Copy of My Mind (2015)
Satan's Slaves (2017)
Gundala (2019)
Impetigore (2019)
Satan's Slaves 2: Communion (2022)
Grave Torture (2024)
Written
Arisan! (2003)
Jakarta Undercover (2007)
Quickie Express (2007)
Fiksi. (2007)
Stip & Pensil (2017)
Orang Kaya Baru (2019)
The Queen of Black Magic (2019)
Sri Asih (2022)
Television
Halfworlds (2015-2016)
Joko Anwar's Nightmares and Daydreams (2024)
vteNia DinataWritten and directed
Ca-bau-kan (2002)
Arisan! (2003)
Love for Share (2006)
Arisan! 2 (2011)
Three Sassy Sisters (2016)
Written
Sing to the Dawn (2008)
Produced
The Stringless Violin (2003)
Joni's Promise (2005)
Quickie Express (2007)
Long Road to Heaven (2007)
Pertaruhan (2008)
Mother's Land (2015) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film"},{"link_name":"adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film"},{"link_name":"romantic comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"Joko Anwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joko_Anwar"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Saputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Saputra"},{"link_name":"Mariana Renata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Renata"},{"link_name":"Rachel Maryam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Maryam"},{"link_name":"Surya Saputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya_Saputra"},{"link_name":"Citra Award for Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citra_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Janji Joni (English: Joni's Promise) is a 2005 Indonesian adventure romantic comedy film written and directed by Joko Anwar in his directorial debut. 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Retrieved 2021-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://hot.detik.com/movie/d-344490/janji-joni-rilis-28-april-","url_text":"\"Janji Joni Rilis 28 April\""}]},{"reference":"Joni's Promise (2005) - IMDb, retrieved 2021-02-07","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0441641/releaseinfo","url_text":"Joni's Promise (2005) - IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Janji Joni\". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 2021-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/21414916-janji-joni-skenario-dan-catatan","url_text":"\"Janji Joni\""}]},{"reference":"\"Running with Joni | Leila S Chudori\". www.leilaschudori.com. Retrieved 2021-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leilaschudori.com/running-with-joni/#more-853","url_text":"\"Running with Joni | Leila S Chudori\""}]},{"reference":"Kotzathanasis, Panos (2019-12-10). \"Film Review: Janji Joni (2005) by Joko Anwar\". Asian Movie Pulse. Retrieved 2021-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://asianmoviepulse.com/2019/12/film-review-janji-joni-2005-by-joko-anwar/","url_text":"\"Film Review: Janji Joni (2005) by Joko Anwar\""}]},{"reference":"Wijaya, Lani Diana. \"Joko Anwar Merasa Penghargaan Film Tempo Membesarkan Namanya\". Tempo. Retrieved 2021-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://seleb.tempo.co/read/1034533/joko-anwar-merasa-penghargaan-film-tempo-membesarkan-namanya","url_text":"\"Joko Anwar Merasa Penghargaan Film Tempo Membesarkan Namanya\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://beritabaik.id/read?editorialSlug=film&slug=1585705649109-bosan-dirumahaja-ini-rekomendasi-film-dari-kami-untuk-temanbaik","external_links_name":"\"Bosan #DiRumahAja? Ini Rekomendasi Film dari Kami untuk TemanBaik\""},{"Link":"https://www.kapanlagi.com/showbiz/selebriti/nia-dinata-banyak-hambatan-di-syuting-janji-joni-xfqvt73.html","external_links_name":"\"Nia Dinata: Banyak Hambatan di Syuting 'JANJI JONI'\""},{"Link":"https://hot.detik.com/movie/d-344490/janji-joni-rilis-28-april-","external_links_name":"\"Janji Joni Rilis 28 April\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0441641/releaseinfo","external_links_name":"Joni's Promise (2005) - IMDb"},{"Link":"https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/21414916-janji-joni-skenario-dan-catatan","external_links_name":"\"Janji Joni\""},{"Link":"http://www.leilaschudori.com/running-with-joni/#more-853","external_links_name":"\"Running with Joni | Leila S Chudori\""},{"Link":"https://asianmoviepulse.com/2019/12/film-review-janji-joni-2005-by-joko-anwar/","external_links_name":"\"Film Review: Janji Joni (2005) by Joko Anwar\""},{"Link":"https://seleb.tempo.co/read/1034533/joko-anwar-merasa-penghargaan-film-tempo-membesarkan-namanya","external_links_name":"\"Joko Anwar Merasa Penghargaan Film Tempo Membesarkan Namanya\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090207125509/http://janjijoni.com/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0441641/","external_links_name":"Janji Joni"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darknet_Market | Darknet market | ["1 History","1.1 1970s to 2011","1.2 Silk Road and early markets","1.3 Since Silk Road","2 Market features","2.1 Search and discussion","2.2 Customer interactions","2.3 Market types","3 Vendors","4 Products","4.1 Drugs","4.2 Personal information","4.3 Fraud and hacking services","4.4 Prohibitions and restrictions","5 Market operations","6 Fraudulent markets","7 Exit scams","8 Commentary","9 Size of listings","10 In fiction","11 See also","12 References"] | Virtual marketplace in the darknet
A darknet market is a commercial website on the dark web that operates via darknets such as Tor and I2P. They function primarily as black markets, selling or brokering transactions involving drugs, cyber-arms, weapons, counterfeit currency, stolen credit card details, forged documents, unlicensed pharmaceuticals, steroids, and other illicit goods as well as the sale of legal products. In December 2014, a study by Gareth Owen from the University of Portsmouth suggested the second most popular sites on Tor were darknet markets.
Following on from the model developed by Silk Road, contemporary markets are characterized by their use of darknet anonymized access (typically Tor), Bitcoin or Monero payment with escrow services, and eBay-like vendor feedback systems.
History
1970s to 2011
Though e-commerce on the dark web started around 2006, illicit goods were among the first items to be transacted using the internet, when in the early 1970s students at Stanford University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology used the ARPANET to coordinate the purchase of cannabis. By the end of the 1980s, newsgroups like alt.drugs would become online centres of drug discussion and information; however, any related deals were arranged entirely off-site directly between individuals. With the development and popularization of the World Wide Web and e-commerce in the 1990s, the tools to discuss or conduct illicit transactions became more widely available. One of the better-known web-based drug forums, The Hive, launched in 1997, serving as an information sharing forum for practical drug synthesis and legal discussion. The Hive was featured in a Dateline NBC special called The "X" Files in 2001, bringing the subject into public discourse. From 2003, the "Research Chemical Mailing List" (RCML) would discuss sourcing "Research Chemicals" from legal and grey sources as an alternative to forums such as alt.drugs.psychedelics. However Operation Web Tryp led to a series of website shut downs and arrests in this area.
Since the year 2000, some of the emerging cyber-arms industry operates online, including the Eastern European "Cyber-arms Bazaar", trafficking in the most powerful crimeware and hacking tools. In the 2000s, early cybercrime and carding forums such as ShadowCrew experimented with drug wholesaling on a limited scale.
The Farmer's Market was launched in 2006 and moved onto Tor in 2010. In 2012, it was closed and several operators and users were arrested as a result of Operation Adam Bomb, a two-year investigation led by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. It has been considered a "proto-Silk Road" but the use of payment services such as PayPal and Western Union allowed law enforcement to trace payments and it was subsequently shut down by the FBI in 2012.
Silk Road and early markets
The first marketplace to use both Tor and Bitcoin escrow was Silk Road, founded by Ross Ulbricht under pseudonym "Dread Pirate Roberts" in February 2011. In June 2011, Gawker published an article about the site, which led to "Internet buzz" and an increase in website traffic. This in turn led to political pressure from Senator Chuck Schumer on the US DEA and Department of Justice to shut it down, which they finally did in October 2013 after a lengthy investigation. Silk Road's use of all of Tor, Bitcoin escrow and feedback systems would set the standard for new darknet markets for the coming years. The shutdown was described by news site DeepDotWeb as "the best advertising the dark net markets could have hoped for" following the proliferation of competing sites this caused, and The Guardian predicted others would take over the market that Silk Road previously dominated.
The months and years after Silk Road's closure were marked by a greatly increased number of shorter-lived markets as well as semi-regular law enforcement take downs, hacks, scams and voluntary closures.
Atlantis, the first site to accept Litecoin as well as Bitcoin, closed in September 2013, just prior to the Silk Road raid, leaving users just one week to withdraw any coins. In October 2013, Project Black Flag closed and stole their users' bitcoins in the panic shortly after Silk Road's shut down. Black Market Reloaded's popularity increased dramatically after the closure of Silk Road and Sheep Marketplace; however, in late November 2013, the owner of Black Market Reloaded announced that the website would be taken offline due to the unmanageable influx of new customers this caused. Sheep Marketplace, which launched in March 2013, was one of the lesser known sites to gain popularity with Silk Road's closure. Not long after those events, in December 2013, it ceased operation after two Florida men stole $6 million worth of users' Bitcoins.
DOJ-OIG Audit (2020-12-18)
Since Silk Road
From late 2013 through to 2014, new markets started launching with regularity, such as the Silk Road 2.0, run by the former Silk Road site administrators, as well as the Agora marketplace. Such launches were not always a success; in February 2014 Utopia, the highly anticipated market based on Black Market Reloaded, opened only to shut down 8 days later following rapid actions by Dutch law enforcement. February 2014 also marked the short lifespans of Black Goblin Market and CannabisRoad, two sites which closed after being deanonymized without much effort.
November 2014 briefly shook the darknet market ecosystem, when Operation Onymous, executed by the United States' FBI and UK's National Crime Agency, led to the seizure of 27 hidden sites, including Silk Road 2.0, one of the largest markets at the time, as well 12 smaller markets and individual vendor sites. By September 2014, Agora was reported to be the largest market, avoiding Operation Onymous, and as of April 2015 has gone on to be the largest overall marketplace with more listings than the Silk Road at its height.
2015 would feature market diversification and further developments around escrow and decentralization.
In March 2015, the Evolution marketplace performed an "exit scam", stealing escrowed bitcoins worth $12 million, half of the ecosystem's listing market share at that time. The closure of Evolution led to a users redistributing to Black Bank and Agora. However Black Bank, which as of April 2015 captured 5% of the darknet market's listings, announced on May 18, 2015, its closure for "maintenance" before disappearing in a similar scam. Following these events commentators suggested that further market decentralization could be required, such as the service OpenBazaar, in order to protect buyers and vendors from this risk in the future as well as more widespread support from "multi-sig" cryptocurrency payments.
In April, TheRealDeal, the first open cyber-arms market for software exploits as well as drugs, launched to the interest of computer security experts. In May, varied DDOS attacks were performed against different markets including TheRealDeal. The market owners set up a phishing website to get the attacker's password, and subsequently revealed collaboration between the attacker and the administrator of Mr Nice Guy's market who was also planning to scam his users. This information was revealed to news site DeepDotWeb.
On July 31, the Italian police in conjunction with Europol shut down the Italian language Babylon darknet market seizing 11,254 Bitcoin wallet addresses and 1 million euros.
At the end of August, the leading marketplace Agora announced its imminent temporary closure after reporting suspicious activity on their server, suspecting some kind of deanonymization bug in Tor.
By October 2015, AlphaBay was recognized as the largest market. From then on, through to 2016 there was a period of extended stability for the markets, until in April when the large Nucleus marketplace collapsed for unknown reasons, taking escrowed coins with it.
On April 28, investigations into the Italian Darknet Community (IDC) forum-based marketplace led to a number of key arrests.
In May 2017, the Bloomsfield Market closed after investigations in Slovakia inadvertently led to the arrests of its operators. Later that month, the long-lived Outlaw market closed down citing a major bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet theft; however, speculation remained that it was an exit scam.
In July 2017, the markets experienced their largest disruptions since Operation Onymous, when Operation Bayonet culminated in coordinated multinational seizures of both the Hansa and leading AlphaBay markets, sparking worldwide law enforcement investigations. The seizures brought in lots of traffic to other markets making TradeRoute and Dream Market the most popular markets at the time.
In October 2017, TradeRoute exit-scammed shortly after being hacked and extorted.
In June 2018, the digital security organization Digital Shadows reported that, due to the climate of fear and mistrust after the closure of AlphaBay and Hansa, darknet market activity was switching away from centralized marketplace websites and towards alternatives such as direct chat on Telegram, or decentralized marketplaces like OpenBazaar.
In 2019 Dream Market was the most popular market by far, with over 120,000 current trade listings, followed at one time by Wall Street Market with under 10,000 listings. Dream Market was shut down in 2019, and Wall Street Market was seized by law enforcement in May 2019 as part of an Internal Law Enforcement Operation Dark Huntor. That same operation also shut down the Dark Markets: DeepSea, Berlusconi, White House and Dark Market.
The May 2019 seizure of news and links site DeepDotWeb for conspiring with the markets created a temporary disruption around market navigation.
In 2021, authorities have taken down the largest dark web marketplace DarkMarket, along with arresting the Australian man who was believed to be the operator of the website. The 20 servers that hosted the website were seized.
In August 2021, AlphaBay was relaunched after the return of one of the original security administrators DeSnake.
Market features
Search and discussion
One of the central discussion forums was Reddit's /r/DarkNetMarkets/, which has been the subject of legal investigation, as well as the Tor-based discussion forum, The Hub. On March 21, 2018, Reddit administrators shut down the popular subreddit /r/DarkNetMarkets citing new changes to their content policy that forbids the sale of "Drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, or any controlled substances". This led to the rise of Dread, the dedicated darknet discussion forum and the news site Darknetlive.
Many market places maintain their own dedicated discussion forums and subreddits. The majority of the marketplaces are in English, but some are opening up in Chinese, Russian, and Ukrainian.
The dedicated market search engine Grams allowed the searching of multiple markets directly without login or registration.
Dark web news and review sites such as the former DeepDotWeb, and All Things Vice provide exclusive interviews and commentary into the dynamic markets. Uptime and comparison services provide sources of information about active markets as well as suspected scams and law enforcement activity. Due to the decentralized nature of these markets, phishing and scam sites are often maliciously or accidentally referenced.
After discovering the location of a market, a user must register on the site, sometimes with a referral link, after which they can browse listings. A further PIN may be required to perform transactions, better protecting users against login credential compromise.
Customer interactions
Flowchart of The Silk Road's payment system, produced as evidence in the trial of its owner.
Transactions typically use Bitcoin for payment, sometimes combined with tumblers for added anonymity and PGP to secure communications between buyers and vendors from being stored on the site itself. Many sites use Bitcoin multisig transactions to improve security and reduce dependency on the site's escrow. The discontinued Helix Bitcoin tumbler offered direct anonymized marketplace payment integrations.
On making a purchase, the buyer must transfer cryptocurrency into the site's escrow, after which a vendor dispatches their goods then claims the payment from the site. On receipt or non-receipt of the item users may leave feedback against the vendor's account. Buyers may "finalize early" (FE), releasing funds from escrow to the vendor prior to receiving their goods in order to expedite a transaction, but leave themselves vulnerable to fraud if they choose to do so.
Following Operation Onymous, there was a substantial increase in PGP support from vendors, with PGP use on two marketplaces near 90%. This suggests that law enforcement responses to cryptomarkets result in continued security innovations, thereby making markets more resilient to undercover law enforcement efforts.
Market types
Items on a typical centralized darknet market are listed from a range of vendors in an eBay-like marketplace format. Virtually all such markets have advanced reputation, search and shipping features similar to Amazon.com.
By 2015 some of the most popular vendors had their own dedicated online shops separate from the large marketplaces. Individual sites had returned to operating on the clearnet, with mixed success.
Some criminal internet forums such as the defunct Tor Carding Forum and the Russian Anonymous Marketplace function as markets with trusted members providing escrow services, and users engaging in off-forum messaging. In May 2014 the "Deepify" service attempted to automate the process of setting up markets with a SAAS solution; however, this closed a short time later.
Following repeated problems associated with centralized infrastructure, a number of decentralized marketplace software alternatives were set up using blockchain or peer-to-peer technologies, including OpenBazaar and Bitmarkets,
Vendors
To list on a market, a vendor may have undergone an application process via referral, proof of reputation from another market or given a cash deposit to the market.
Many vendors list their wares on multiple markets, ensuring they retain their reputation even should a single market place close. Grams have launched "InfoDesk" to allow central content and identity management for vendors as well as PGP key distribution.
Meanwhile, individual law enforcement operations regularly investigate and arrest individual vendors and those purchasing significant quantities for personal use.
A February 2016 report suggested that a quarter of all DNM purchases were for resale.
Products
An analysis of the defunct Evolution marketplace shows the different types of products and vendors on a market
Drugs
Main article: Illegal drug trade
Whilst a great many products are sold, drugs dominate the numbers of listings, with the drugs including cannabis, MDMA, modafinil, LSD, cocaine, and designer drugs.
Personal information
Personally identifying information, financial information like credit card and bank account information, and medical data from medical data breaches is bought and sold, mostly in darknet markets but also in other black markets. People increase the value of the stolen data by aggregating it with publicly available data, and sell it again for a profit, increasing the damage that can be done to the people whose data was stolen.
Fraud and hacking services
Main article: Carding (fraud)
Cyber crime and hacking services for financial institutions and banks have also been offered over the dark web. Markets such as AlphaBay Market have hosted a significant share of the commercial fraud market, featuring carding, counterfeiting and many related services. Loyalty card information is also sold as it is easy to launder.
Prohibitions and restrictions
Many markets refuse to list weapons or poisons. Markets such as the original Silk Road would refuse to list anything where the "purpose is to harm or defraud, such as stolen credit cards, assassinations, and weapons of mass destruction".
Later markets such as Evolution ban "child pornography, services related to murder/assassination/terrorism, prostitution, Ponzi schemes, and lotteries", but allow the wholesaling of credit card data.
The market in firearms appears to attract extra attention from law enforcement, as does the selling of other weapons such as certain types of knives and blades.
Market operations
Nachash, former proprietor of Doxbin, wrote a guide in early 2015 entitled So, You Want To Be a Darknet Drug Lord ...
Background research tasks included learning from past drug lords, researching legal matters, studying law enforcement agency tactics and obtaining legal representation. With regards to the prospective market's hosting, he recommends identifying a hosting country with gaps in their mutual legal assistance treaty with one's country of residence, avoiding overpriced bulletproof hosting and choosing a web host with Tor support that accepts suitably hard-to-trace payment. Patterns recommended to avoid include hiring hitmen like Dread Pirate Roberts, and sharing handles for software questions on sites like Stack Exchange.
He advises on running a secured server operating system with a server-side transparent Tor proxy server, hardening web application configurations, Tor-based server administration, automated server configuration management rebuild and secure destruction with frequent server relocation rather than a darknet managed hosting service. To protect against guard node deanonymization he recommends obfuscating traffic by investing in Tor relays which the market site will exclusively use.
For a local machine configuration he recommends a computer purchased for cash running Linux, using a local Tor transparent proxy. For operations security he suggests avoiding storing conversation logs, varying writing styles, avoiding mobile phone-based tracking and leaking false personal details to further obfuscate one's identity. Use of OTR and PGP are recommended.
He recommends verifying market employees carefully, and to weed out law enforcement infiltration through barium meal tests.
Law enforcement and intelligence agencies have expanded investigations of dark web markets,
Fraudulent markets
A large number of services pretend to be a legitimate vendor shop, or marketplace of some kind in order to defraud people. These include the notoriously unreliable gun stores, or even fake assassination websites.
Exit scams
Graphical illustration of the life-cycle of vendors
Centralized market escrow allows a market to close down and "exit" with the buyer's and vendor's cryptocurrency at any time. This has happened on several occasions such as with BlackBank, Evolution, and Wall Street Market.
Individual vendors often reach a point of reputation maturity whereby they have sold sufficient product reliably to have gained a significant reputation and accumulated escrowed funds; many may choose to exit with the funds rather than compete at the higher-volume higher-priced matured product level.
Commentary
In December 2014, an exhibition by Carmen Weisskopf and Domagoj Smoljo entitled "The Darknet: From Memes to Onionland" explored Darknet culture. This featured a bot called the "Random Darknet Shopper" which spent $100 in BTC per week on products listed on Agora. Their aim was to explore the ethical and philosophical implications of these markets, which, despite high-profile internationally co-ordinated raids, persist and flourish.
James Martin's 2014 book Drugs on the Dark Net: How Cryptomarkets are Transforming the Global Trade in Illicit Drugs discusses some vendors who are even branding their opium or cocaine as "fair trade", "organic" or sourced from conflict-free zones. In June 2015 journalist Jamie Bartlett gave a TED talk about the state of the darknet market ecosystem as it stood at the time.
According to 2014 studies by Martin Aldridge & Décary-Hétu and a January 2015 report from the Global Drug Policy Observatory, many harm reduction trends have been spotted. These include the reduced risks associated with street dealing such as being offered hard drugs. The vendor feedback system provides accountability for risks of mixing and side effects and protection against scammers. Online forum communities provide information about safe drug use in an environment where users can anonymously ask questions. Some users report the online element having a moderating effect on their consumption due to the increased lead time ordering from the sites compared to street dealing.
Professor for addiction research Heino Stöver notes that the shops can be seen as a political statement, advancing drug legalization "from below". The results of these markets are higher quality and lower prices of psychoactive substances as well as a lower risk of violent incidents. A number of studies suggest that markets such as Silk Road may have helped users reduce the harm caused by illicit drug use, particularly compared with street-based drug marketplaces. Examples include the sale of high-quality products with low risk for contamination (including lacing and cutting), vendor-tested products, sharing of trip reports, and online discussion of harm reduction practices. Some health professionals such as "DoctorX" provide information, advice and drug-testing services on the darknet. The quality of products is attributed to the competition and transparency of darknet markets which involve user feedback and reputation features.
Europol reported in December 2014, "We have lately seen a large amount of physical crime move online, at least the 'marketing' and delivery part of the business ... get the illegal commodity delivered risk-free to a place of their choice by the mailman or a courier, or maybe by drone in the future, and can pay with virtual currency and in full anonymity, without the police being able to identify either the buyer or the seller."
In June 2015 the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) produced a report citing difficulties controlling virtual market places via darknet markets, social media and mobile apps. In August 2015 it was announced that Interpol now offers a dedicated Dark Web training program featuring technical information on Tor and cybersecurity and simulated darknet market takedowns.
In October 2015 the UK's National Crime Agency and GCHQ announced the formation of a "Joint Operations Cell" to focus on cybercrime. In November 2015 this team would be tasked with tackling child exploitation on the dark web as well as other cybercrime.
In February 2015, the EMCDDA produced another report citing the increased importance of customer service and reputation management in the marketplace, the reduced risk of violence and increased product purity. It estimated a quarter of all purchases were for resale and that the trend towards decentralization meant they are unlikely to be eliminated any time soon.
A June 2016 report from the Global Drug Survey described how the markets are increasing in popularity, despite ongoing law enforcement action and scams. Other findings include consumers making purchases via friends operating Tor browser and Bitcoin payments, rather than directly. Access to markets in 79% of respondents' cases led to users trying a new type of drug.
A 2017 study focused on a geographical analysis of trafficking on a darknet market. Researchers contended that previous studies have demonstrated variations in the types of substances available in different countries. These variations can be attributed to factors like geographic isolation, strict border controls, lenient laws on illegal items, high prices, tight internet control, and the general accessibility of illegal goods.
Size of listings
The size of the darknet markets economy can be problematic to estimate. A study based on a combination of listing scrapes and feedback to estimate sales volume by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University captured some of the best data. A reviewed 2013 analysis put the Silk Road grossing $300,000 a day, extrapolating to over $100 million over a year. Subsequent data from later markets has significant gaps as well as complexities associated with analysing multiple marketplaces.
18,174 – October 2013, Digital Citizens Alliance, 13,472 of which were on Silk Road in November 2013
41,207 – April 2014 Digital Citizens Alliance
33,985 – May 2014 The Guardian via Reddit
43,175 – July 2014 a report by the BBC
65,595 – August 2014 Digital Citizens Alliance
51,755 – December 2014 Digital Citizens Alliance
68,835 – March 2015 (before Evolution scam), Digital Citizens Alliance
68,322 – April 2015 (after Evolution scam)
10
20
30
40
50
October 2013
April 2014
August 2014
November 2014
March 2015
April 2015
Silk Road
Black Market Reloaded
Sheep
DeepBay
Agora
Pandora
Evolution
TOM
Middle Earth
Nucleus
Abraxas
Black Bank
Alpha Bay
Others
Digital Citizens Alliance
In fiction
In the episode "eps2.3_logic-b0mb.hc" (ep. 5 of season 2) of the drama–thriller television series, Mr. Robot, the protagonist, Elliot, is supposed to be repairing a Tor hidden site which turns out to be a darknet market called "Midland City" styled after the Silk Road for the sale of guns, sex trafficked women, rocket launchers, drugs and hitmen for hire.
In the 2016 movie Nerve starring Emma Roberts and Dave Franco, the dark web plays a major role.
In Grand Theft Auto Online, players who purchase warehouses and garages for illicit cargo and stolen cars can buy/steal and sell them through trade on the "SecuroServ" syndicate website. After the Biker DLC, players can now purchase buildings for illegal drugs and counterfeit products manufacture, and distribute them through a darknet website called "The Open Road" where law enforcement cannot be notified of the player's trade.
In the first arc of the anime series Lupin the 3rd Part V, Lupin III steals digital currency from the "Marco Polo" darknet market.
See also
Cyber-arms industry
Deep Web (film)
Drug liberalization
List of Tor hidden services
References
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vteTor onion services
List
Category
Search engines
Ahmia
Brave Search*
DuckDuckGo*
Cliqz*
Grams
MetaGer*
Searx*
News
BBC News*
Bellingcat*
Current Time TV*
Die Tageszeitung*
Deutsche Welle*
The Daily Stormer*
Darknetlive
DeepDotWeb
ProPublica*
Radio Free Asia*
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty*
The Guardian*
Independent Media Center*
The Intercept*
The New York Times*
ProPublica*
Voice of America*
File storage and peer-to-peerfile sharing
BTDigg*
Freedom Hosting
Free Haven Project
KickassTorrents
The Pirate Bay*
Email andinstant messaging
Bitmessage.ch
Briar
Keybase*
Proton Mail*
Riseup*
Tor Mail
TorChat
Social media and forums
8chan*
Dark0de
Dread
Facebook*
HackBB
The Hub
Reddit*
Twitter*
Kiwi Farms*
The Hidden Wiki
Financial
Blockchain.com*
Helix
Darknet markets
Agora
AlphaBay
Atlantis
Black Market Reloaded
Dream Market
Evolution
The Farmer's Market
Hansa
Hydra Market
Sheep Marketplace
Silk Road
TheRealDeal
Russian Anonymous Marketplace
Tor Carding Forum
Utopia
White House Market
Document archives
Archive.today*
Doxbin (darknet)
Internet Archive*
Sci-Hub*
Z-Library*
Nonprofit organizations
Amnesty International*
Electronic Frontier Foundation*
Freedom of the Press Foundation*
Front Line Defenders*
La Quadrature du Net*
Privacy International*
Telecomix
Operating systems
DivestOS*
Qubes OS*
Tails*
Whonix*
Government
Central Intelligence Agency*
Whistleblowing
Distributed Denial of Secrets*
Filtrala
GlobaLeaks
Ljost
NawaatLeaks
SecureDrop*
WikiLeaks*
WildLeaks
Pornography
Boystown
Childs Play
Lolita City
Playpen
Pornhub*
Welcome to Video
Other
1.1.1.1*
Brave*
DEF CON*
F-Droid*
Mailpile*
Mullvad*
Njalla*
OnionShare*
Terms of Service; Didn't Read*
Tor
.onion domain
Tor2web
*Maintains additional presence on the surface web
vteCryptocurrenciesTechnology
Blockchain
Cryptocurrency tumbler
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Category
Commons
List | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dark web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Web"},{"link_name":"darknets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darknet"},{"link_name":"Tor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)"},{"link_name":"I2P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I2P"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"black markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_markets"},{"link_name":"brokering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broker"},{"link_name":"drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade"},{"link_name":"cyber-arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber-arms_industry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon"},{"link_name":"counterfeit currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit_money"},{"link_name":"stolen credit card details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carding_(fraud)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"forged documents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_document_forgery"},{"link_name":"unlicensed pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"steroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolic_steroid"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"University of Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Tor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jb-8"},{"link_name":"Silk Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_(marketplace)"},{"link_name":"Tor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(network)"},{"link_name":"Bitcoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin"},{"link_name":"Monero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monero"},{"link_name":"escrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrow"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-febEMCDDA-9"}],"text":"Virtual marketplace in the darknetA darknet market is a commercial website on the dark web that operates via darknets such as Tor and I2P.[1][2] They function primarily as black markets, selling or brokering transactions involving drugs, cyber-arms,[3] weapons, counterfeit currency, stolen credit card details,[4] forged documents, unlicensed pharmaceuticals,[5] steroids,[6] and other illicit goods as well as the sale of legal products.[7] In December 2014, a study by Gareth Owen from the University of Portsmouth suggested the second most popular sites on Tor were darknet markets.[8]Following on from the model developed by Silk Road, contemporary markets are characterized by their use of darknet anonymized access (typically Tor), Bitcoin or Monero payment with escrow services, and eBay-like vendor feedback systems.[9]","title":"Darknet market"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"e-commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce"},{"link_name":"internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"ARPANET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET"},{"link_name":"cannabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"newsgroups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgroups"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"World Wide Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web"},{"link_name":"The Hive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hive_(website)"},{"link_name":"Dateline NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dateline_NBC"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Research Chemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer_drug"},{"link_name":"Operation Web Tryp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Web_Tryp"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"cyber-arms industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber-arms_industry"},{"link_name":"Eastern European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_European"},{"link_name":"Cyber-arms Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber-arms_industry#Online"},{"link_name":"crimeware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimeware"},{"link_name":"hacking tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacking_tools"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"cybercrime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybercrime"},{"link_name":"carding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carding_(fraud)"},{"link_name":"ShadowCrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShadowCrew"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Farmer's Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Farmer%27s_Market"},{"link_name":"Drug Enforcement Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schwartz-16"},{"link_name":"PayPal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal"},{"link_name":"Western Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Union"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Power2013-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"1970s to 2011","text":"Though e-commerce on the dark web started around 2006, illicit goods were among the first items to be transacted using the internet, when in the early 1970s students at Stanford University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology used the ARPANET to coordinate the purchase of cannabis.[10] By the end of the 1980s, newsgroups like alt.drugs would become online centres of drug discussion and information; however, any related deals were arranged entirely off-site directly between individuals.[11] With the development and popularization of the World Wide Web and e-commerce in the 1990s, the tools to discuss or conduct illicit transactions became more widely available. One of the better-known web-based drug forums, The Hive, launched in 1997, serving as an information sharing forum for practical drug synthesis and legal discussion. The Hive was featured in a Dateline NBC special called The \"X\" Files in 2001, bringing the subject into public discourse.[12] From 2003, the \"Research Chemical Mailing List\" (RCML) would discuss sourcing \"Research Chemicals\" from legal and grey sources as an alternative to forums such as alt.drugs.psychedelics. However Operation Web Tryp led to a series of website shut downs and arrests in this area.[13]Since the year 2000, some of the emerging cyber-arms industry operates online, including the Eastern European \"Cyber-arms Bazaar\", trafficking in the most powerful crimeware and hacking tools.[14] In the 2000s, early cybercrime and carding forums such as ShadowCrew experimented with drug wholesaling on a limited scale.[15]The Farmer's Market was launched in 2006 and moved onto Tor in 2010. In 2012, it was closed and several operators and users were arrested as a result of Operation Adam Bomb, a two-year investigation led by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration.[16] It has been considered a \"proto-Silk Road\" but the use of payment services such as PayPal and Western Union allowed law enforcement to trace payments and it was subsequently shut down by the FBI in 2012.[17][18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silk Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_(marketplace)"},{"link_name":"Ross Ulbricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Ulbricht"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbvc-19"},{"link_name":"Gawker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawker"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GawkerChen-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbvc-19"},{"link_name":"Chuck Schumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Schumer"},{"link_name":"DEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration"},{"link_name":"Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SecNarc-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complaint1-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"DeepDotWeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepDotWeb"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-double-26"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_(market)"},{"link_name":"Litecoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litecoin"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green1113-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-green1113-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Black Market Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Market_Reloaded"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes1-33"},{"link_name":"Sheep Marketplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep_Marketplace"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-luxury-34"},{"link_name":"Bitcoins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jeffries-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc_12-02-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-techienews-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Audit_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation%E2%80%99s_Strategy_and_Efforts_to_Disrupt_Illegal_Dark_Web_Activities.pdf"}],"sub_title":"Silk Road and early markets","text":"The first marketplace to use both Tor and Bitcoin escrow was Silk Road, founded by Ross Ulbricht under pseudonym \"Dread Pirate Roberts\" in February 2011.[19] In June 2011, Gawker published an article about the site,[20][21] which led to \"Internet buzz\"[22] and an increase in website traffic.[19] This in turn led to political pressure from Senator Chuck Schumer on the US DEA and Department of Justice to shut it down,[23] which they finally did in October 2013 after a lengthy investigation.[24] Silk Road's use of all of Tor, Bitcoin escrow and feedback systems would set the standard for new darknet markets for the coming years.[25] The shutdown was described by news site DeepDotWeb as \"the best advertising the dark net markets could have hoped for\" following the proliferation of competing sites this caused,[26] and The Guardian predicted others would take over the market that Silk Road previously dominated.[27][28]The months and years after Silk Road's closure were marked by a greatly increased number of shorter-lived markets as well as semi-regular law enforcement take downs, hacks, scams and voluntary closures.Atlantis, the first site to accept Litecoin as well as Bitcoin, closed in September 2013, just prior to the Silk Road raid, leaving users just one week to withdraw any coins.[29][30] In October 2013, Project Black Flag closed and stole their users' bitcoins in the panic shortly after Silk Road's shut down.[30][31] Black Market Reloaded's popularity increased dramatically after the closure of Silk Road and Sheep Marketplace;[32] however, in late November 2013, the owner of Black Market Reloaded announced that the website would be taken offline due to the unmanageable influx of new customers this caused.[33] Sheep Marketplace, which launched in March 2013, was one of the lesser known sites to gain popularity with Silk Road's closure.[34] Not long after those events, in December 2013, it ceased operation after two Florida men stole $6 million worth of users' Bitcoins.[35][36][37]DOJ-OIG Audit (2020-12-18)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silk Road 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_2.0"},{"link_name":"Agora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agora_(online_marketplace)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agoraupdate-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Utopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(marketplace)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Operation Onymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Onymous"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"National Crime Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Crime_Agency"},{"link_name":"Silk Road 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_2.0"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Agora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agora_(online_marketplace)"},{"link_name":"Operation Onymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Onymous"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darknet_market&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dca-46"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agoraupdate-38"},{"link_name":"Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_(marketplace)"},{"link_name":"exit scam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_scam"},{"link_name":"escrowed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrow"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evo-47"},{"link_name":"Agora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agora_(online_marketplace)"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darknet_market&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackbank-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"OpenBazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBazaar"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blog.openbazaar.org-51"},{"link_name":"TheRealDeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheRealDeal"},{"link_name":"cyber-arms market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber-arms_industry"},{"link_name":"software exploits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-realdeal-52"},{"link_name":"DDOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDOS"},{"link_name":"phishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing"},{"link_name":"password","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"DeepDotWeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepDotWeb"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Italian police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Europol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europol"},{"link_name":"Italian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babylon_(marketplace)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bitcoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Agora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agora_(online_marketplace)"},{"link_name":"Tor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(network)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"AlphaBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaBay"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"cryptocurrency wallet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency_wallet"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Operation Onymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Onymous"},{"link_name":"Operation Bayonet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bayonet_(darknet)"},{"link_name":"Hansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansa_(market)"},{"link_name":"AlphaBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaBay"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram_(software)"},{"link_name":"OpenBazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBazaar"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Dream Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Market"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Operation Dark Huntor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dark_Huntor"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"DeepDotWeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepDotWeb"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kan2019-72"},{"link_name":"DarkMarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DarkMarket"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIRED-74"}],"sub_title":"Since Silk Road","text":"From late 2013 through to 2014, new markets started launching with regularity, such as the Silk Road 2.0, run by the former Silk Road site administrators, as well as the Agora marketplace.[38][39] Such launches were not always a success; in February 2014 Utopia,[40] the highly anticipated market based on Black Market Reloaded,[41] opened only to shut down 8 days later following rapid actions by Dutch law enforcement.[42] February 2014 also marked the short lifespans of Black Goblin Market and CannabisRoad, two sites which closed after being deanonymized without much effort.[43]November 2014 briefly shook the darknet market ecosystem, when Operation Onymous, executed by the United States' FBI and UK's National Crime Agency, led to the seizure of 27 hidden sites, including Silk Road 2.0, one of the largest markets at the time,[44] as well 12 smaller markets and individual vendor sites.[45] By September 2014, Agora was reported to be the largest market, avoiding Operation Onymous, and as of April 2015[update] has gone on to be the largest overall marketplace[46] with more listings than the Silk Road at its height.[38]2015 would feature market diversification and further developments around escrow and decentralization.In March 2015, the Evolution marketplace performed an \"exit scam\", stealing escrowed bitcoins worth $12 million, half of the ecosystem's listing market share at that time.[47] The closure of Evolution led to a users redistributing to Black Bank and Agora. However Black Bank, which as of April 2015[update] captured 5% of the darknet market's listings, announced on May 18, 2015, its closure for \"maintenance\"[48] before disappearing in a similar scam.[49] Following these events commentators suggested that further market decentralization could be required, such as the service OpenBazaar, in order to protect buyers and vendors from this risk in the future as well as more widespread support from \"multi-sig\" cryptocurrency payments.[50][51]In April, TheRealDeal, the first open cyber-arms market for software exploits as well as drugs, launched to the interest of computer security experts.[52] In May, varied DDOS attacks were performed against different markets including TheRealDeal. The market owners set up a phishing website to get the attacker's password, and subsequently revealed collaboration between the attacker and the administrator of Mr Nice Guy's market who was also planning to scam his users.[53] This information was revealed to news site DeepDotWeb.[54][55]On July 31, the Italian police in conjunction with Europol shut down the Italian language Babylon darknet market seizing 11,254 Bitcoin wallet addresses and 1 million euros.[56][57]At the end of August, the leading marketplace Agora announced its imminent temporary closure after reporting suspicious activity on their server, suspecting some kind of deanonymization bug in Tor.[58]By October 2015, AlphaBay was recognized as the largest market.[59] From then on, through to 2016 there was a period of extended stability for the markets, until in April when the large Nucleus marketplace collapsed for unknown reasons, taking escrowed coins with it.[60]On April 28, investigations into the Italian Darknet Community (IDC) forum-based marketplace led to a number of key arrests.[61]In May 2017, the Bloomsfield Market closed after investigations in Slovakia inadvertently led to the arrests of its operators.[62] Later that month, the long-lived Outlaw market closed down citing a major bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet theft; however, speculation remained that it was an exit scam.[63]In July 2017, the markets experienced their largest disruptions since Operation Onymous, when Operation Bayonet culminated in coordinated multinational seizures of both the Hansa and leading AlphaBay markets, sparking worldwide law enforcement investigations.[64] The seizures brought in lots of traffic to other markets making TradeRoute and Dream Market the most popular markets at the time.In October 2017, TradeRoute exit-scammed shortly after being hacked and extorted.[65]In June 2018, the digital security organization Digital Shadows reported that, due to the climate of fear and mistrust after the closure of AlphaBay and Hansa, darknet market activity was switching away from centralized marketplace websites and towards alternatives such as direct chat on Telegram, or decentralized marketplaces like OpenBazaar.[66][67]In 2019 Dream Market was the most popular market by far, with over 120,000 current trade listings, followed at one time by Wall Street Market with under 10,000 listings.[citation needed] Dream Market was shut down in 2019, and Wall Street Market was seized by law enforcement in May 2019[68] as part of an Internal Law Enforcement Operation Dark Huntor.[69] That same operation also shut down the Dark Markets: DeepSea, Berlusconi,[70] White House and Dark Market.[71]The May 2019 seizure of news and links site DeepDotWeb for conspiring with the markets created a temporary disruption around market navigation.[72]In 2021, authorities have taken down the largest dark web marketplace DarkMarket, along with arresting the Australian man who was believed to be the operator of the website. The 20 servers that hosted the website were seized.[73]In August 2021, AlphaBay was relaunched after the return of one of the original security administrators DeSnake.[74]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Market features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"discussion forums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forum"},{"link_name":"Reddit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoo-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"The Hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hub_(forum)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reddit_Announcements-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarkNetMarkets_Shut_Down-80"},{"link_name":"Dread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dread_(forum)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kan2019-72"},{"link_name":"Darknetlive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darknetlive"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"search engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine"},{"link_name":"Grams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grams_(search)"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Dark web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_web"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kan2019-72"},{"link_name":"DeepDotWeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepDotWeb"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoo-77"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"All Things Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Things_Vice"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evo2-87"},{"link_name":"scams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_trick"},{"link_name":"law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement"},{"link_name":"phishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phishing-88"},{"link_name":"PIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identification_number"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dic-89"}],"sub_title":"Search and discussion","text":"One of the central[75] discussion forums was Reddit's /r/DarkNetMarkets/,[76][77][78] which has been the subject of legal investigation, as well as the Tor-based discussion forum, The Hub. On March 21, 2018, Reddit administrators shut down the popular subreddit /r/DarkNetMarkets citing new changes to their content policy that forbids the sale of \"Drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, or any controlled substances\".[79][80] This led to the rise of Dread, the dedicated darknet discussion forum[81][72] and the news site Darknetlive.[citation needed]Many market places maintain their own dedicated discussion forums and subreddits.[82] The majority of the marketplaces are in English, but some are opening up in Chinese, Russian, and Ukrainian.[83]The dedicated market search engine Grams allowed the searching of multiple markets directly without login or registration.[84]Dark web news and review sites such as the former[72] DeepDotWeb,[77][85] and All Things Vice provide exclusive interviews and commentary into the dynamic markets.[86] Uptime and comparison services[87] provide sources of information about active markets as well as suspected scams and law enforcement activity. Due to the decentralized nature of these markets, phishing and scam sites are often maliciously or accidentally referenced.[88]After discovering the location of a market, a user must register on the site, sometimes with a referral link, after which they can browse listings. A further PIN may be required to perform transactions, better protecting users against login credential compromise.[89]","title":"Market features"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silk_road_payment.jpg"},{"link_name":"Flowchart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowchart"},{"link_name":"The Silk Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_(marketplace)"},{"link_name":"Bitcoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"tumblers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency_tumbler"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"anonymity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymity"},{"link_name":"PGP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"escrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrow"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grams_Helix"},{"link_name":"Bitcoin tumbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency_tumbler"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"cryptocurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency"},{"link_name":"escrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrow"},{"link_name":"feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_system"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dic-89"},{"link_name":"Operation Onymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Onymous"},{"link_name":"PGP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pgp-93"}],"sub_title":"Customer interactions","text":"Flowchart of The Silk Road's payment system, produced as evidence in the trial of its owner.Transactions typically use Bitcoin[1] for payment, sometimes combined with tumblers[90] for added anonymity and PGP to secure communications between buyers and vendors from being stored on the site itself.[91] Many sites use Bitcoin multisig transactions to improve security and reduce dependency on the site's escrow.[citation needed] The discontinued Helix Bitcoin tumbler offered direct anonymized marketplace payment integrations.[92]On making a purchase, the buyer must transfer cryptocurrency into the site's escrow, after which a vendor dispatches their goods then claims the payment from the site. On receipt or non-receipt of the item users may leave feedback against the vendor's account. Buyers may \"finalize early\" (FE), releasing funds from escrow to the vendor prior to receiving their goods in order to expedite a transaction, but leave themselves vulnerable to fraud if they choose to do so.[89]Following Operation Onymous, there was a substantial increase in PGP support from vendors, with PGP use on two marketplaces near 90%. This suggests that law enforcement responses to cryptomarkets result in continued security innovations, thereby making markets more resilient to undercover law enforcement efforts.[93]","title":"Market features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deepdotweb.com-94"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jane-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"clearnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearnet_(networking)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"criminal internet forums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_forum"},{"link_name":"Tor Carding Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_Carding_Forum"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Russian Anonymous Marketplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Anonymous_Marketplace"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"SAAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"decentralized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_computing"},{"link_name":"blockchain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain_(database)"},{"link_name":"peer-to-peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer"},{"link_name":"OpenBazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBazaar"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blog.openbazaar.org-51"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"sub_title":"Market types","text":"Items on a typical centralized darknet market are listed from a range of vendors in an eBay-like marketplace format.[94] Virtually all such markets have advanced reputation, search and shipping features similar to Amazon.com.[95]By 2015 some of the most popular vendors had their own dedicated online shops separate from the large marketplaces.[96] Individual sites had returned to operating on the clearnet, with mixed success.[97]Some criminal internet forums such as the defunct Tor Carding Forum[98] and the Russian Anonymous Marketplace function as markets with trusted members providing escrow services, and users engaging in off-forum messaging.[99] In May 2014 the \"Deepify\" service attempted to automate the process of setting up markets with a SAAS solution;[100] however, this closed a short time later.[101]Following repeated problems associated with centralized infrastructure, a number of decentralized marketplace software alternatives were set up using blockchain or peer-to-peer technologies, including OpenBazaar[51] and Bitmarkets,[102]","title":"Market features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vendor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_dealer"},{"link_name":"application process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_check"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deepdotweb.com-94"},{"link_name":"Grams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grams_(search)"},{"link_name":"PGP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pgp-93"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-febEMCDDA-9"}],"text":"To list on a market, a vendor may have undergone an application process via referral, proof of reputation from another market or given a cash deposit to the market.[94]Many vendors list their wares on multiple markets, ensuring they retain their reputation even should a single market place close. Grams have launched \"InfoDesk\" to allow central content and identity management for vendors as well as PGP key distribution.[103][93]Meanwhile, individual law enforcement operations regularly investigate and arrest individual vendors[104] and those purchasing significant quantities for personal use.[105]A February 2016 report suggested that a quarter of all DNM purchases were for resale.[9]","title":"Vendors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evolution_vendor_category_relationships.png"},{"link_name":"Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_(marketplace)"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"}],"text":"An analysis of the defunct Evolution marketplace shows the different types of products and vendors on a market[106]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cannabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)"},{"link_name":"MDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA"},{"link_name":"modafinil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"LSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD"},{"link_name":"designer drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer_drugs"}],"sub_title":"Drugs","text":"Whilst a great many products are sold, drugs dominate the numbers of listings, with the drugs including cannabis, MDMA, modafinil,[107][108][109] LSD, cocaine, and designer drugs.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Personally identifying information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personally_identifying_information"},{"link_name":"medical data breaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_data_breach"},{"link_name":"black markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"sub_title":"Personal information","text":"Personally identifying information, financial information like credit card and bank account information, and medical data from medical data breaches is bought and sold, mostly in darknet markets but also in other black markets.[110] People increase the value of the stolen data by aggregating it with publicly available data, and sell it again for a profit, increasing the damage that can be done to the people whose data was stolen.[111]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"AlphaBay Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaBay_Market"},{"link_name":"fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud"},{"link_name":"carding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carding_(fraud)"},{"link_name":"counterfeiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Loyalty card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalty_card"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"}],"sub_title":"Fraud and hacking services","text":"Cyber crime and hacking services for financial institutions and banks have also been offered over the dark web.[112] Markets such as AlphaBay Market have hosted a significant share of the commercial fraud market, featuring carding, counterfeiting and many related services.[113] Loyalty card information is also sold as it is easy to launder.[114]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"poisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisons"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"stolen credit cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carding_(fraud)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-22"},{"link_name":"Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_(marketplace)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evo-47"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"sub_title":"Prohibitions and restrictions","text":"Many markets refuse to list weapons[115] or poisons.[116] Markets such as the original Silk Road would refuse to list anything where the \"purpose is to harm or defraud, such as stolen credit cards, assassinations, and weapons of mass destruction\".[22]Later markets such as Evolution ban \"child pornography, services related to murder/assassination/terrorism, prostitution, Ponzi schemes, and lotteries\", but allow the wholesaling of credit card data.[47]The market in firearms appears to attract extra attention from law enforcement,[117] as does the selling of other weapons such as certain types of knives and blades.[118]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doxbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxbin"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"drug lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_lord"},{"link_name":"mutual legal assistance treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_legal_assistance_treaty"},{"link_name":"bulletproof hosting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletproof_hosting"},{"link_name":"web host","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_host"},{"link_name":"Tor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(network)"},{"link_name":"hitmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitmen"},{"link_name":"Dread Pirate Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dread_Pirate_Roberts_(Silk_Road)"},{"link_name":"handles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Stack Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"server administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_administrator"},{"link_name":"configuration management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_management"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(networking)"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"operations security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_security"},{"link_name":"writing styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylometry"},{"link_name":"OTR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-the-Record_Messaging"},{"link_name":"PGP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy"},{"link_name":"barium meal tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_trap"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"}],"text":"Nachash, former proprietor of Doxbin, wrote a guide in early 2015 entitled So, You Want To Be a Darknet Drug Lord ...[119][120]Background research tasks included learning from past drug lords, researching legal matters, studying law enforcement agency tactics and obtaining legal representation. With regards to the prospective market's hosting, he recommends identifying a hosting country with gaps in their mutual legal assistance treaty with one's country of residence, avoiding overpriced bulletproof hosting and choosing a web host with Tor support that accepts suitably hard-to-trace payment. Patterns recommended to avoid include hiring hitmen like Dread Pirate Roberts, and sharing handles for software questions on sites like Stack Exchange.He advises on running a secured server operating system with a server-side transparent Tor proxy server,[121] hardening web application configurations, Tor-based server administration, automated server configuration management rebuild and secure destruction with frequent server relocation rather than a darknet managed hosting service.[122][123] To protect against guard node deanonymization he recommends obfuscating traffic by investing in Tor relays which the market site will exclusively use.For a local machine configuration he recommends a computer purchased for cash running Linux, using a local Tor transparent proxy. For operations security he suggests avoiding storing conversation logs, varying writing styles, avoiding mobile phone-based tracking and leaking false personal details to further obfuscate one's identity. Use of OTR and PGP are recommended.He recommends verifying market employees carefully, and to weed out law enforcement infiltration through barium meal tests.Law enforcement and intelligence agencies have expanded investigations of dark web markets,[124][125]","title":"Market operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"}],"text":"A large number of services pretend to be a legitimate vendor shop, or marketplace of some kind in order to defraud people. These include the notoriously unreliable gun stores,[citation needed] or even fake assassination websites.[126]","title":"Fraudulent markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darknet_market_exit_scam_model.png"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reputation-127"},{"link_name":"exit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_scam"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackbank-48"},{"link_name":"Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_(marketplace)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evo-47"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reputation-127"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice-129"}],"text":"Graphical illustration of the life-cycle of vendors[127]Centralized market escrow allows a market to close down and \"exit\" with the buyer's and vendor's cryptocurrency at any time. This has happened on several occasions such as with BlackBank,[48] Evolution,[47] and Wall Street Market.[128]Individual vendors often reach a point of reputation maturity whereby they have sold sufficient product reliably to have gained a significant reputation and accumulated escrowed funds; many may choose to exit with the funds rather than compete at the higher-volume higher-priced matured product level.[127][129]","title":"Exit scams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darknet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darknet"},{"link_name":"bot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_bot"},{"link_name":"BTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin"},{"link_name":"Agora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agora_(online_marketplace)"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"fair trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_trade"},{"link_name":"organic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_product"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palgrave.com-132"},{"link_name":"Jamie Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Bartlett_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"TED talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_(conference)"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crj.sagepub.com-134"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palgrave.com-132"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"harm reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harm_reduction#Drugs"},{"link_name":"hard drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_harmfulness"},{"link_name":"lead time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_time"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"drug legalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_legalization"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orf1-138"},{"link_name":"lacing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacing_(drugs)"},{"link_name":"cutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_agent"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orf1-138"},{"link_name":"Europol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europol"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jane-95"},{"link_name":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Monitoring_Centre_for_Drugs_and_Drug_Addiction"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Interpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol"},{"link_name":"cybersecurity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybersecurity"},{"link_name":"National Crime Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Crime_Agency"},{"link_name":"GCHQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCHQ"},{"link_name":"Joint Operations Cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Operations_Cell"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-febEMCDDA-9"},{"link_name":"Tor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)"},{"link_name":"Bitcoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"geographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"border controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_control"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"}],"text":"In December 2014, an exhibition by Carmen Weisskopf and Domagoj Smoljo entitled \"The Darknet: From Memes to Onionland\" explored Darknet culture. This featured a bot called the \"Random Darknet Shopper\" which spent $100 in BTC per week on products listed on Agora.[130] Their aim was to explore the ethical and philosophical implications of these markets, which, despite high-profile internationally co-ordinated raids, persist and flourish.[131]James Martin's 2014 book Drugs on the Dark Net: How Cryptomarkets are Transforming the Global Trade in Illicit Drugs discusses some vendors who are even branding their opium or cocaine as \"fair trade\", \"organic\" or sourced from conflict-free zones.[132] In June 2015 journalist Jamie Bartlett gave a TED talk about the state of the darknet market ecosystem as it stood at the time.[133]According to 2014 studies by Martin[134][132] Aldridge & Décary-Hétu[135] and a January 2015 report from the Global Drug Policy Observatory, many harm reduction trends have been spotted. These include the reduced risks associated with street dealing such as being offered hard drugs. The vendor feedback system provides accountability for risks of mixing and side effects and protection against scammers. Online forum communities provide information about safe drug use in an environment where users can anonymously ask questions. Some users report the online element having a moderating effect on their consumption due to the increased lead time ordering from the sites compared to street dealing.[136]Professor for addiction research Heino Stöver notes that the shops can be seen as a political statement, advancing drug legalization \"from below\".[137] The results of these markets are higher quality and lower prices of psychoactive substances as well as a lower risk of violent incidents.[138] A number of studies suggest that markets such as Silk Road may have helped users reduce the harm caused by illicit drug use, particularly compared with street-based drug marketplaces. Examples include the sale of high-quality products with low risk for contamination (including lacing and cutting), vendor-tested products, sharing of trip reports, and online discussion of harm reduction practices. Some health professionals such as \"DoctorX\" provide information, advice and drug-testing services on the darknet.[139] The quality of products is attributed to the competition and transparency of darknet markets[138] which involve user feedback and reputation features.Europol reported in December 2014, \"We have lately seen a large amount of physical crime move online, at least the 'marketing' and delivery part of the business ... [Buyers can] get the illegal commodity delivered risk-free to a place of their choice by the mailman or a courier, or maybe by drone in the future, and can pay with virtual currency and in full anonymity, without the police being able to identify either the buyer or the seller.\"[95]In June 2015 the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) produced a report citing difficulties controlling virtual market places via darknet markets, social media and mobile apps.[140] In August 2015 it was announced that Interpol now offers a dedicated Dark Web training program featuring technical information on Tor and cybersecurity and simulated darknet market takedowns.In October 2015 the UK's National Crime Agency and GCHQ announced the formation of a \"Joint Operations Cell\" to focus on cybercrime.[citation needed] In November 2015 this team would be tasked with tackling child exploitation on the dark web as well as other cybercrime.[141]In February 2015, the EMCDDA produced another report citing the increased importance of customer service and reputation management in the marketplace, the reduced risk of violence and increased product purity. It estimated a quarter of all purchases were for resale and that the trend towards decentralization meant they are unlikely to be eliminated any time soon.[9]A June 2016 report from the Global Drug Survey described how the markets are increasing in popularity, despite ongoing law enforcement action and scams. Other findings include consumers making purchases via friends operating Tor browser and Bitcoin payments, rather than directly. Access to markets in 79% of respondents' cases led to users trying a new type of drug.[142]A 2017 study focused on a geographical analysis of trafficking on a darknet market. Researchers contended that previous studies have demonstrated variations in the types of substances available in different countries. These variations can be attributed to factors like geographic isolation, strict border controls, lenient laws on illegal items, high prices, tight internet control, and the general accessibility of illegal goods.[143]","title":"Commentary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"grossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_income"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Digital Citizens Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Citizens_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-double-26"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Reddit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian2-146"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-double-26"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_(marketplace)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dca-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dca-46"},{"link_name":"Digital Citizens Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Citizens_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"}],"text":"The size of the darknet markets economy can be problematic to estimate. A study based on a combination of listing scrapes and feedback to estimate sales volume by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University captured some of the best data. A reviewed 2013 analysis put the Silk Road grossing $300,000 a day, extrapolating to over $100 million over a year. Subsequent data from later markets has significant gaps as well as complexities associated with analysing multiple marketplaces.[144]18,174 – October 2013, Digital Citizens Alliance,[26] 13,472 of which were on Silk Road in November 2013[1]\n41,207 – April 2014 Digital Citizens Alliance[145]\n33,985 – May 2014 The Guardian via Reddit[146]\n43,175 – July 2014 a report by the BBC[26]\n65,595 – August 2014 Digital Citizens Alliance[147]\n51,755 – December 2014 Digital Citizens Alliance[148]\n68,835 – March 2015 (before Evolution scam), Digital Citizens Alliance[46]\n68,322 – April 2015 (after Evolution scam)[46]10\n\n20\n\n30\n\n40\n\n50\n\n\n\nOctober 2013\n\nApril 2014\n\nAugust 2014\n\nNovember 2014\n\nMarch 2015\n\nApril 2015\n\n\n\n\n Silk Road\n Black Market Reloaded\n Sheep\n DeepBay\n Agora\n Pandora\n Evolution\n TOM\n Middle Earth\n Nucleus\n Abraxas\n Black Bank\n Alpha Bay\n OthersDigital Citizens Alliance[149]","title":"Size of listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eps2.3_logic-b0mb.hc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mr._Robot_episodes#ep15"},{"link_name":"Mr. Robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Robot"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_Online"},{"link_name":"Lupin the 3rd Part V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupin_the_3rd_Part_V:_Misadventures_in_France"},{"link_name":"Lupin III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupin_III_(character)"},{"link_name":"digital currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_currency"}],"text":"In the episode \"eps2.3_logic-b0mb.hc\" (ep. 5 of season 2) of the drama–thriller television series, Mr. Robot, the protagonist, Elliot, is supposed to be repairing a Tor hidden site which turns out to be a darknet market called \"Midland City\" styled after the Silk Road for the sale of guns, sex trafficked women, rocket launchers, drugs and hitmen for hire.[150][151]In the 2016 movie Nerve starring Emma Roberts and Dave Franco, the dark web plays a major role.In Grand Theft Auto Online, players who purchase warehouses and garages for illicit cargo and stolen cars can buy/steal and sell them through trade on the \"SecuroServ\" syndicate website. After the Biker DLC, players can now purchase buildings for illegal drugs and counterfeit products manufacture, and distribute them through a darknet website called \"The Open Road\" where law enforcement cannot be notified of the player's trade.In the first arc of the anime series Lupin the 3rd Part V, Lupin III steals digital currency from the \"Marco Polo\" darknet market.","title":"In fiction"}] | [{"image_text":"DOJ-OIG Audit (2020-12-18)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Audit_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation%E2%80%99s_Strategy_and_Efforts_to_Disrupt_Illegal_Dark_Web_Activities.pdf/page1-220px-Audit_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation%E2%80%99s_Strategy_and_Efforts_to_Disrupt_Illegal_Dark_Web_Activities.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flowchart of The Silk Road's payment system, produced as evidence in the trial of its owner.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Silk_road_payment.jpg/280px-Silk_road_payment.jpg"},{"image_text":"An analysis of the defunct Evolution marketplace shows the different types of products and vendors on a market[106]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Evolution_vendor_category_relationships.png/220px-Evolution_vendor_category_relationships.png"},{"image_text":"Graphical illustration of the life-cycle of vendors[127]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Darknet_market_exit_scam_model.png/220px-Darknet_market_exit_scam_model.png"}] | [{"title":"Cyber-arms industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber-arms_industry"},{"title":"Deep Web (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Web_(film)"},{"title":"Drug liberalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_liberalization"},{"title":"List of Tor hidden services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tor_hidden_services"}] | [{"reference":"Bennett, Cory (2015-04-04). \"Private 'darknet' markets under \"as_sign initially anonymous\"siege\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Salmon | Nathan Salmon | ["1 Life and career","2 Philosophical work","2.1 Direct reference theory","2.2 Existence","2.3 Semantics and pragmatics","2.4 Essentialism","2.5 Identity","3 Selected publications","3.1 Books","3.2 Articles","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | American philosopher
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Nathan U. SalmonBornJanuary 2, 1951Los Angeles, California, U.S.Era20th-/21st-century philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolAnalytic philosophyMain interestsPhilosophy of language, philosophy of logicNotable ideasMillianism (Mill's theory of meaning)
Nathan U. Salmon (/ˈsæmən/; né Nathan Salmon Ucuzoglu; born January 2, 1951) is an American philosopher in the analytic tradition, specializing in metaphysics, philosophy of language, and philosophy of logic.
Life and career
Salmon was born January 2, 1951, in Los Angeles to a working-class family of Sephardi Jews of Spanish-Turkish heritage. He is the grandson of archivist Emily Sene (née Emily Perez) and oud player Isaac Sene. Salmon attended Lincoln Elementary School in Torrance, California through eighth grade, where he was a classmate and friend of the child prodigy, James Newton Howard. Salmon graduated from North High School (Torrance) in 1969.
The first person in his family to go to college, Salmon graduated from El Camino College (1971) and from the University of California, Los Angeles (B.A. 1973, M.A. 1974, Ph.D. 1979). At UCLA he studied with Tyler Burge, Alonzo Church, Keith Donnellan, Donald Kalish, David Kaplan, Saul Kripke, and Yiannis Moschovakis. Salmon was assistant professor of philosophy at Princeton University from 1978 to 1982. In 1984, the Council of Graduate Schools awarded him the Gustave O. Arlt Award in the Humanities, for his book, Reference and Essence (1981), which was based on his UCLA doctoral dissertation. His second book, Frege's Puzzle (1986), was selected by Scott Soames for a literary website as one of the best five books on the philosophy of language.
Salmon is currently Distinguished Professor of philosophy at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and has been teaching there since 1984. He has also taught at Princeton University, UCLA, the University of California, Riverside, the University of Southern California, and was a regular visiting distinguished professor at the City University of New York Graduate Center from 2009 to 2012.
Philosophical work
Direct reference theory
Salmon is a proponent of the theory of direct reference. Salmon has provided accounts both of propositional attitudes and of Frege's puzzle about true identifications, i.e., truths of the form "a = b". Salmon maintains that co-designative proper names are inter-substitutable with preservation of semantic content. Thus, on his view the sentence "Samuel Clemens was witty" expresses exactly the same content as "Mark Twain was witty", whether or not the competent user of these sentences recognizes it. Therefore, a person who believes that Mark Twain was witty ipso facto believes that Samuel Clemens was witty, even if he or she also believes, inconsistently, that Clemens was not witty. Salmon argues that this is made palatable by recognizing that to believe a proposition is to be cognitively disposed in a particular manner toward that proposition when taking it by means of some proposition-guise or other, and that one may be so disposed relative to one proposition-guise while not being so disposed relative to another. Salmon applies this apparatus to solve a variety of famous philosophical puzzles, including Frege's puzzle, Kripke's puzzle about so-called de dicto belief, and W. V. O. Quine's puzzle about de re belief. For example, Quine describes a scenario in which Ralph believes that Ortcutt is no spy, yet Ralph also believes that the man in the brown hat is a spy, when unbeknownst to Ralph the man in the hat is none other than Ortcutt. Under these circumstances, is Ortcutt believed by Ralph to be a spy? The grounds for an affirmative or negative judgment seem equally balanced. On Salmon's account Ortcutt is believed by Ralph to be a spy, since Ralph is appropriately cognitively disposed toward the proposition about Ortcutt that he is a spy when taking that proposition by means of one proposition-guise, even though Ralph is not so disposed relative to an alternative, equally relevant proposition-guise.
Existence
Salmon provided direct-reference accounts of problems of nonexistence and of names from fiction. Salmon argues, directly contrary to Immanuel Kant, that existence is a property, one that particular individuals have and other individuals lack. According to Salmon, the English verb "exist" is (along with its literal translations into other languages), among other things, a term for this alleged property, and a sentence of the form "a exists" is true if and only if the subject term designates something with the property, and is false (and "a does not exist" is true) if and only if the subject term designates something with the complementary property of nonexistence. Thus Russell's example, "The present king of France exists", is neither true nor false, since France is not presently a monarchy, and therefore "the present king of France" does not designate; whereas "Napoleon exists" is simply false, since although Napoleon once existed, the moment he died he took on the property of nonexistence.
By contrast, Salmon maintains that "Sherlock Holmes exists" is literally true, whereas "Sherlock Holmes was a detective" is literally false. According to Salmon, Sherlock Holmes is a fictional character, a kind of abstract entity, created by author Arthur Conan Doyle, and the fiction is a story, or a collection of stories, which are about that very character but are literally false. Holmes really exists, but is only depicted as a detective in the fiction. In the fiction, Holmes is a detective; in reality, Holmes is merely a fictional detective.
Salmon extends this view to what he calls mythical objects, like the hypothetical planet, Vulcan. Vulcan really exists, but it is not a real planet. It is an abstract entity that is only depicted as a planet in the myth. Salmon's account of fiction and myth thus has direct application to the philosophy of religion. Salmon has also applied his account of mythical objects to Peter Geach's famous problem of uncovering the logical form of the particular sentence, "Hob thinks a witch has blighted Bob's mare, and Nob wonders whether she (the same witch) killed Cob's sow". Salmon's account shows how the problematic sentence can be true even though there are no witches, and even if Hob and Nob do not know about each other, and there is no one whom they think is a witch.
Salmon thinks, again contrary to Kant, that it is perfectly legitimate to invoke existence in a term's definition. Thus "God" might be legitimately defined as the conceivable individual that is divine and also exists. According to Salmon, the ontological argument for God's existence fallaciously assumes that "The F is F" is a truth of logic, or an analytic truth. What is true by logic is a significantly weaker variant: "If anything is uniquely F, then the F is F". The strongest conclusion that validly follows from the proposed definition is that if any conceivable individual actually is uniquely both divine and existent, then God actually exists. This same conclusion is also a trivial logical consequence of the atheist's contention that no conceivable individual actually is uniquely both divine and existent. According to Salmon's critique, the ontological argument thus shows nothing.
Semantics and pragmatics
Salmon argues that natural-language sentences that are representable as λ-converts of one another (in the sense of Church's lambda-calculus) are, although logically equivalent by λ-conversion, typically not strictly synonymous, i.e., they typically differ in semantic content—as for example "a is large and also a is seaworthy" and "a is a thing that is both large and seaworthy".
Salmon maintains a sharp division between semantics and pragmatics (speech acts). He argues that in uttering a sentence, a speaker typically asserts a good deal more than the words' semantic content, and that, consequently, it is a mistake to identify the semantic content of a sentence with what is said by its speaker. Salmon maintains that such an identification is an instance of a mistaken form of argument in the philosophy of language, "the pragmatic fallacy."
Essentialism
Salmon is also known in metaphysics for, among other things, his analysis of arguments for modal essentialism—the doctrine that some properties of things are properties that those things could not fail to have (except perhaps by not existing). In particular, Salmon is known for his development and defense of a reductio ad absurdum argument, using a sorites-like problem (slippery slope), against nearly universally accepted modal logic systems S4 and S5, which he argues commit "the fallacy of necessity iteration," sanctioning the invalid inference from the observation that a proposition p is a necessary truth to the conclusion that it is a necessary truth that p is a necessary truth. He defends his view by exposing a mistake in a standard argument favoring S5, while arguing that there are not only possible worlds—thought of as maximal scenarios that might have obtained—but in addition classically consistent impossible worlds: maximal scenarios that could not obtain.
Identity
Salmon also provided a controversial reductio ad absurdum "disproof" of indeterminate identity, i.e., the philosophically popular idea that for some pairs of things there is no fact of the matter concerning whether those things are one and the very same. Salmon argues that if there were such a pair of things, x and y, then this pair would have to be different from the reflexive pair of x with itself, since there is a fact concerning whether x and x are the same. It would then follow by set theory that x and y are not the same, and in that case there would be a fact of the matter after all concerning whether x and y are the same: they are not. Therefore, there cannot be a pair of things for which there is no fact concerning their identity. On the other hand, Salmon maintains that not all vagueness is due to language and some indeterminacy results from how things themselves are, i.e., that for some things and some attributes, independently of language, there is no fact of the matter concerning whether those things have those attributes. Critics of Salmon's alleged proof acknowledge that the highlighted difference between <x, y> and <x, x>—that there is a fact whether the elements of the latter, but not of the former, are the same thing—is genuine, but respond that it does not validly support the conclusion that those pairs are not the same.
Selected publications
Books
Content, Cognition, and Communication (2007). Oxford University Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-928272-2
Frege's Puzzle (Second Edition) (1986). Ridgeview, Atacadero, California. ISBN 0-924922-05-2
Metaphysics, Mathematics, and Meaning (2005). Oxford University Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-928471-7
Propositions and Attitudes (1988), (co-edited with Scott Soames). Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 0-19-875091-9
Reference and Essence (Second Edition) (1981). Prometheus Books, Amherst, New York. ISBN 1-59102-215-0
Articles
"Assertion and Incomplete Definite Descriptions" (1982) Philosophical Studies 42: 37–46.
"Being of Two Minds: Belief with Doubt" (1995) Noûs 29 (1): 1-20.
"Demonstrating and Necessity" (2002) Philosophical Review 111 (4): 497-537
"How Not to Become a Millian Heir" (1991) Philosophical Studies 165–177.
"How Not to Derive Essentialism From the Theory of Reference" (1979) Journal of Philosophy 76: 703–725.
"How to Become a Millian Heir" (1989) Noûs 23: 211–220.
"How to Measure the Standard Metre" (1988) Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 88: 193–217.
"Identity Facts" (2002) Philosophical Topics 30: 237–267.
"Impossible Worlds" (1984) in Analysis 44: 114–117.
"The Limits of Human Mathematics" (2001) Noûs 15: 93–117.
"The Logic of What Might Have Been" (1989) Philosophical Review 98: 3-34.
"Modal Paradox: Parts and Counterparts, Points and Counterpoints" (1986) Midwest Studies in Philosophy 11: 75–120.
"Naming, Necessity, and Beyond" (2003) Mind 112 (447): 475–492.
"Nonexistence" (1998) Noûs 32 (3): 277–319.
"On Content" (1992) Mind 101 (404): 733–751.
"On Designating" (2005) Mind 114 (456): 1069–1133.
"The Pragmatic Fallacy" (1991) Philosophical Studies 83–97.
"A Problem in the Frege-Church Theory of Sense and Denotation" (1993) Noûs 27(2): 158–166.
"Reflexivity" (1986) Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 27: 401–429.
"Relative and Absolute Apriority" (1993) Philosophical Studies 69(1): 83–100.
"Tense and Singular Propositions" (1989) in Themes From Kaplan. Oxford University Press, New York.
"A Theory of Bondage" (2006) The Philosophical Review 115 (4): 415–448.
"Trans-World Identification and Stipulation" (1996) Philosophical Studies 84(2-3): 203–223.
"Wholes, Parts, and Numbers" (1997) in Philosophical Perspectives, 11, Mind, Causation, and World, James Tomberlin (ed). Blackwell, Boston.
See also
Descriptivist theory of names
American philosophy
List of American philosophers
References
^ The view that the meaning of a simple proper name is the object for which it stands (Jeff Speaks: "Theories of Meaning").
^ Scott Soames, "Best Five Books on the Philosophy of Language," The Browser, October 15, 2010. The other selections are monographs by Noam Chomsky, Gottlob Frege, David Kaplan, and Saul Kripke.
^ In his books, Frege's Puzzle and Content, Cognition, and Communication.
^ "Propositional Attitude Reports"
^ See, e.g., Metaphysics, Mathematics, and Meaning, Oxford University Press, 2005.
^ Critique of Pure Reason Archived 2009-07-07 at the Wayback Machine book II c.3 sec. 5, A598 A598, B626.
^ "Propositional Attitude Reports".
^ "Natural Kinds"
External links
Nathan Salmon's web page at UCSB
PhilPapers
Authority control databases International
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He has also taught at Princeton University, UCLA, the University of California, Riverside, the University of Southern California, and was a regular visiting distinguished professor at the City University of New York Graduate Center from 2009 to 2012.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Philosophical work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"direct reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_reference"},{"link_name":"propositional attitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_attitude"},{"link_name":"Frege's puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frege%27s_Puzzle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"semantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"Samuel Clemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Clemens"},{"link_name":"W. V. O. Quine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._V._O._Quine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Direct reference theory","text":"Salmon is a proponent of the theory of direct reference. Salmon has provided accounts both of propositional attitudes and of Frege's puzzle about true identifications, i.e., truths of the form \"a = b\".[3] Salmon maintains that co-designative proper names are inter-substitutable with preservation of semantic content. Thus, on his view the sentence \"Samuel Clemens was witty\" expresses exactly the same content as \"Mark Twain was witty\", whether or not the competent user of these sentences recognizes it. Therefore, a person who believes that Mark Twain was witty ipso facto believes that Samuel Clemens was witty, even if he or she also believes, inconsistently, that Clemens was not witty. Salmon argues that this is made palatable by recognizing that to believe a proposition is to be cognitively disposed in a particular manner toward that proposition when taking it by means of some proposition-guise or other, and that one may be so disposed relative to one proposition-guise while not being so disposed relative to another. Salmon applies this apparatus to solve a variety of famous philosophical puzzles, including Frege's puzzle, Kripke's puzzle about so-called de dicto belief, and W. V. O. Quine's puzzle about de re belief. For example, Quine describes a scenario in which Ralph believes that Ortcutt is no spy, yet Ralph also believes that the man in the brown hat is a spy, when unbeknownst to Ralph the man in the hat is none other than Ortcutt. Under these circumstances, is Ortcutt believed by Ralph to be a spy? The grounds for an affirmative or negative judgment seem equally balanced. On Salmon's account Ortcutt is believed by Ralph to be a spy, since Ralph is appropriately cognitively disposed toward the proposition about Ortcutt that he is a spy when taking that proposition by means of one proposition-guise, even though Ralph is not so disposed relative to an alternative, equally relevant proposition-guise.[4]","title":"Philosophical work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nonexistence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonexistence"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Immanuel Kant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"existence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence"},{"link_name":"Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"abstract entity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_entity"},{"link_name":"Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)"},{"link_name":"Peter Geach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Geach"},{"link_name":"logical form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_form"},{"link_name":"Kant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant"},{"link_name":"existence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence"},{"link_name":"ontological argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_argument"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"analytic truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_truth"},{"link_name":"validly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic)"},{"link_name":"logical consequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_consequence"},{"link_name":"atheist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism"}],"sub_title":"Existence","text":"Salmon provided direct-reference accounts of problems of nonexistence and of names from fiction.[5] Salmon argues, directly contrary to Immanuel Kant,[6] that existence is a property, one that particular individuals have and other individuals lack. According to Salmon, the English verb \"exist\" is (along with its literal translations into other languages), among other things, a term for this alleged property, and a sentence of the form \"a exists\" is true if and only if the subject term designates something with the property, and is false (and \"a does not exist\" is true) if and only if the subject term designates something with the complementary property of nonexistence. Thus Russell's example, \"The present king of France exists\", is neither true nor false, since France is not presently a monarchy, and therefore \"the present king of France\" does not designate; whereas \"Napoleon exists\" is simply false, since although Napoleon once existed, the moment he died he took on the property of nonexistence.By contrast, Salmon maintains that \"Sherlock Holmes exists\" is literally true, whereas \"Sherlock Holmes was a detective\" is literally false. According to Salmon, Sherlock Holmes is a fictional character, a kind of abstract entity, created by author Arthur Conan Doyle, and the fiction is a story, or a collection of stories, which are about that very character but are literally false. Holmes really exists, but is only depicted as a detective in the fiction. In the fiction, Holmes is a detective; in reality, Holmes is merely a fictional detective.Salmon extends this view to what he calls mythical objects, like the hypothetical planet, Vulcan. Vulcan really exists, but it is not a real planet. It is an abstract entity that is only depicted as a planet in the myth. Salmon's account of fiction and myth thus has direct application to the philosophy of religion. Salmon has also applied his account of mythical objects to Peter Geach's famous problem of uncovering the logical form of the particular sentence, \"Hob thinks a witch has blighted Bob's mare, and Nob wonders whether she (the same witch) killed Cob's sow\". Salmon's account shows how the problematic sentence can be true even though there are no witches, and even if Hob and Nob do not know about each other, and there is no one whom they think is a witch.Salmon thinks, again contrary to Kant, that it is perfectly legitimate to invoke existence in a term's definition. Thus \"God\" might be legitimately defined as the conceivable individual that is divine and also exists. According to Salmon, the ontological argument for God's existence fallaciously assumes that \"The F is F\" is a truth of logic, or an analytic truth. What is true by logic is a significantly weaker variant: \"If anything is uniquely F, then the F is F\". The strongest conclusion that validly follows from the proposed definition is that if any conceivable individual actually is uniquely both divine and existent, then God actually exists. This same conclusion is also a trivial logical consequence of the atheist's contention that no conceivable individual actually is uniquely both divine and existent. According to Salmon's critique, the ontological argument thus shows nothing.","title":"Philosophical work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lambda-calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-calculus"},{"link_name":"logically equivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_equivalence"},{"link_name":"semantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics"},{"link_name":"pragmatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics"},{"link_name":"speech acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_acts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Semantics and pragmatics","text":"Salmon argues that natural-language sentences that are representable as λ-converts of one another (in the sense of Church's lambda-calculus) are, although logically equivalent by λ-conversion, typically not strictly synonymous, i.e., they typically differ in semantic content—as for example \"a is large and also a is seaworthy\" and \"a is a thing that is both large and seaworthy\".Salmon maintains a sharp division between semantics and pragmatics (speech acts). He argues that in uttering a sentence, a speaker typically asserts a good deal more than the words' semantic content, and that, consequently, it is a mistake to identify the semantic content of a sentence with what is said by its speaker. Salmon maintains that such an identification is an instance of a mistaken form of argument in the philosophy of language, \"the pragmatic fallacy.\"[7]","title":"Philosophical work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metaphysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics"},{"link_name":"essentialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentialism"},{"link_name":"reductio ad absurdum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum"},{"link_name":"sorites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_the_heap"},{"link_name":"slippery slope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slippery_slope"},{"link_name":"modal logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_logic"},{"link_name":"necessary truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_truth"},{"link_name":"possible worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possible_world"},{"link_name":"impossible worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossible_world"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Essentialism","text":"Salmon is also known in metaphysics for, among other things, his analysis of arguments for modal essentialism—the doctrine that some properties of things are properties that those things could not fail to have (except perhaps by not existing). In particular, Salmon is known for his development and defense of a reductio ad absurdum argument, using a sorites-like problem (slippery slope), against nearly universally accepted modal logic systems S4 and S5, which he argues commit \"the fallacy of necessity iteration,\" sanctioning the invalid inference from the observation that a proposition p is a necessary truth to the conclusion that it is a necessary truth that p is a necessary truth. He defends his view by exposing a mistake in a standard argument favoring S5, while arguing that there are not only possible worlds—thought of as maximal scenarios that might have obtained—but in addition classically consistent impossible worlds: maximal scenarios that could not obtain.[8]","title":"Philosophical work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reductio ad absurdum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum"},{"link_name":"identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"set theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory"}],"sub_title":"Identity","text":"Salmon also provided a controversial reductio ad absurdum \"disproof\" of indeterminate identity, i.e., the philosophically popular idea that for some pairs of things there is no fact of the matter concerning whether those things are one and the very same. Salmon argues that if there were such a pair of things, x and y, then this pair would have to be different from the reflexive pair of x with itself, since there is a fact concerning whether x and x are the same. It would then follow by set theory that x and y are not the same, and in that case there would be a fact of the matter after all concerning whether x and y are the same: they are not. Therefore, there cannot be a pair of things for which there is no fact concerning their identity. On the other hand, Salmon maintains that not all vagueness is due to language and some indeterminacy results from how things themselves are, i.e., that for some things and some attributes, independently of language, there is no fact of the matter concerning whether those things have those attributes. Critics of Salmon's alleged proof acknowledge that the highlighted difference between <x, y> and <x, x>—that there is a fact whether the elements of the latter, but not of the former, are the same thing—is genuine, but respond that it does not validly support the conclusion that those pairs are not the same.","title":"Philosophical work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition"},{"link_name":"Communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-928272-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-928272-2"},{"link_name":"Frege's Puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frege%27s_Puzzle"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-924922-05-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-924922-05-2"},{"link_name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics"},{"link_name":"Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Meaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_meaning"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-928471-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-928471-7"},{"link_name":"Propositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition"},{"link_name":"Attitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_attitude"},{"link_name":"Scott Soames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Soames"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-875091-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-875091-9"},{"link_name":"Reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference"},{"link_name":"Essence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59102-215-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59102-215-0"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Content, Cognition, and Communication (2007). Oxford University Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-928272-2\nFrege's Puzzle (Second Edition) (1986). Ridgeview, Atacadero, California. ISBN 0-924922-05-2\nMetaphysics, Mathematics, and Meaning (2005). Oxford University Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-928471-7\nPropositions and Attitudes (1988), (co-edited with Scott Soames). Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 0-19-875091-9\nReference and Essence (Second Edition) (1981). Prometheus Books, Amherst, New York. ISBN 1-59102-215-0","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Philosophy"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"\"Assertion and Incomplete Definite Descriptions\" (1982) Philosophical Studies 42: 37–46.\n\"Being of Two Minds: Belief with Doubt\" (1995) Noûs 29 (1): 1-20.\n\"Demonstrating and Necessity\" (2002) Philosophical Review 111 (4): 497-537\n\"How Not to Become a Millian Heir\" (1991) Philosophical Studies 165–177.\n\"How Not to Derive Essentialism From the Theory of Reference\" (1979) Journal of Philosophy 76: 703–725.\n\"How to Become a Millian Heir\" (1989) Noûs 23: 211–220.\n\"How to Measure the Standard Metre\" (1988) Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 88: 193–217.\n\"Identity Facts\" (2002) Philosophical Topics 30: 237–267.\n\"Impossible Worlds\" (1984) in Analysis 44: 114–117.\n\"The Limits of Human Mathematics\" (2001) Noûs 15: 93–117.\n\"The Logic of What Might Have Been\" (1989) Philosophical Review 98: 3-34.\n\"Modal Paradox: Parts and Counterparts, Points and Counterpoints\" (1986) Midwest Studies in Philosophy 11: 75–120.\n\"Naming, Necessity, and Beyond\" (2003) Mind 112 (447): 475–492.\n\"Nonexistence\" (1998) Noûs 32 (3): 277–319.\n\"On Content\" (1992) Mind 101 (404): 733–751.\n\"On Designating\" (2005) Mind 114 (456): 1069–1133.\n\"The Pragmatic Fallacy\" (1991) Philosophical Studies 83–97.\n\"A Problem in the Frege-Church Theory of Sense and Denotation\" (1993) Noûs 27(2): 158–166.\n\"Reflexivity\" (1986) Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 27: 401–429.\n\"Relative and Absolute Apriority\" (1993) Philosophical Studies 69(1): 83–100.\n\"Tense and Singular Propositions\" (1989) in Themes From Kaplan. Oxford University Press, New York.\n\"A Theory of Bondage\" (2006) The Philosophical Review 115 (4): 415–448.\n\"Trans-World Identification and Stipulation\" (1996) Philosophical Studies 84(2-3): 203–223.\n\"Wholes, Parts, and Numbers\" (1997) in Philosophical Perspectives, 11, Mind, Causation, and World, James Tomberlin (ed). Blackwell, Boston.","title":"Selected publications"}] | [] | [{"title":"Descriptivist theory of names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names"},{"title":"American philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_philosophy"},{"title":"List of American philosophers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_philosophers"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nathan+Salmon%22","external_links_name":"\"Nathan Salmon\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nathan+Salmon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nathan+Salmon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nathan+Salmon%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nathan+Salmon%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nathan+Salmon%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723045240/http://www.cgsnet.org/Default.aspx?tabid=104","external_links_name":"Council of Graduate Schools"},{"Link":"http://www.cgsnet.org/cgs-gustave-o-arlt-award-humanities","external_links_name":"Gustave O. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osoaviakhim-1 | Osoaviakhim-1 | ["1 Background","2 Design flaws","3 Crew","4 Cancelled flight","5 Fatal flight","6 Aftermath","6.1 Publicity and propaganda","6.2 Investigation","6.3 Safety improvements","6.4 Takeover by the military","7 See also","8 Notes and references","9 Sources"] | Coordinates: 53°52′N 44°22′E / 53.867°N 44.367°E / 53.867; 44.367Osoaviakhim-1Crash siteAccidentDateJanuary 30, 1934 (1934-01-30)SummaryCatastrophic loss of buoyancySiteInsarsky District of Mordovia(470 km east from Moscow) 53°52′N 44°22′E / 53.867°N 44.367°E / 53.867; 44.367AircraftAircraft typeExperimental high-altitude balloonAircraft nameOsoaviakhim-1OperatorOsoaviakhimCrew3Survivors0
Osoaviakhim-1 was a record-setting, hydrogen-filled Soviet high-altitude balloon designed to seat a crew of three and perform scientific studies of the Earth's stratosphere. On January 30, 1934, on its maiden flight, which lasted over 7 hours, the balloon reached an altitude of 22,000 metres (72,000 ft). During the descent the balloon lost its buoyancy and plunged into an uncontrolled fall, disintegrating in the lower atmosphere. The three crew members, probably incapacitated by high g-forces in a rapidly rotating gondola, failed to bail out and were killed by the high-speed ground impact.
According to public investigation reports, the crash was ultimately caused by a prolonged stay at record altitudes exceeding maximum design limits. The balloon, overheated by sunlight, lost too much lifting gas in the upper atmosphere. As it descended past the 12,000 metres (39,000 ft) mark, cooling down to ambient air temperature, a rapid loss of buoyancy caused a downward acceleration that triggered the structural failure of the suspension cables. The aircraft design was marked by numerous engineering flaws, notably insufficient ballast and faulty gondola suspension design, which all contributed to the loss of life.
Later Soviet manned high-altitude balloons improved on safety devices and did not venture above 16,000 metres (52,000 ft); the program was nevertheless marked with accidents and failures and was terminated after the Osoaviakhim-2 launch failure in June 1940.
Background
USSR-1 on a 1933 postage stamp. Here the balloon is shown in low altitude configuration; in the stratosphere the envelope expanded into a nearly perfect sphere.
Auguste Piccard's high-altitude flights of 1930–1932 aroused interest of Soviet Air Forces and Osoaviakhim, the Soviet paramilitary training organization, as well as individual pilots, designers and flight enthusiasts. Andrey Vasenko, an engineer from the Institute of Aerial Photography in Leningrad, and a future crewmember of Osoaviakhim-1, designed his version of Piccard's balloon in 1930, however, Osoaviakhim delayed funding until the end of 1932.
The second competing proposal, that of the national Meteorology Committee, emerged in January 1932 and was soon abandoned, also for the lack of finance. This allowed the third competitor, the Air Forces, a solid lead in time. USSR-1, the Air Forces stratospheric balloon, was designed by Georgy Prokofiev with assistance of Vladimir Chizhevsky, Konstantin Godunov and the Air Force Academy staff. Their balloon, built in Moscow by professional aircraft technicians, proved to be far safer than Vasenko's. It had two airtight hatches with fast-opening locks; ballast was carried externally and could be instantly released on demand. The gondola was reinforced with an internal and an external frame that prevented direct contact between the airtight compartment's skin and suspension cables. Osoaviakhim-1 lacked all these safety features.
Both the Osoaviakhim and the Air Forces program were primarily scientific, with expected practical applications in meteorology and future high-altitude airplanes. The Osoaviakhim program, in particular, was sponsored and consulted by Abram Ioffe of the Physical-Technical Institute; one of his postgraduate students, Ilya Usyskin, joined the crew of Osoaviakhim-1 and perished on its fatal flight.
Design flaws
The 24,940 cubic metre Osoaviakhim-1 was completed by Vasenko and Evgeniy Chertovsky in Leningrad in June 1933. With 2,460 kilograms gross weight at launch and 2,600 kilograms initial lifting force, it was expected to fully expand at 17,700 metres and reach static equilibrium at 19,500. Maximum altitude was initially set at 20,000 metres but the upgrades made during construction, according to Vasenko, enabled it to reach even higher.
In August the balloon was commissioned to fly despite known technical flaws. The commissioners emphasized that the crew, although equipped with personal parachutes, had little chance of bailing out in case of emergency: the sole airtight hatch was held in place with twelve wing nuts. Opening it, even on solid ground, required minutes. The crew did not wear pressure suits (which simply did not exist at that time) or individual breathing sets, relying on stored supplies of compressed oxygen and carbon dioxide absorber cartridges. Crew survival depended on the gondola's integrity; bailing out without breathing sets was feasible only at altitudes below 8,000 metres.
The gondola itself was welded from 0.8 millimetre sheet metal without any structural frame. In addition to the crew, instruments and life support systems, it carried a tonne of lead ballast inside the airtight sphere. The ballast release chute was sufficiently airtight but provided a very slow discharge rate: releasing a ton of ballast normally took a whole hour. In real flight this flaw alone would prevent the crew from slowing down the falling balloon despite having ballast on board.
Finally, the designers did not take care to unlink the delicate gondola structure from the tension of the suspending cables. Unlike Piccard's design with 32 cables, Osoaviakhim-1 had only nine (eight peripheral and one central cable). These cables were woven into a kind of basket holding the gondola. It could easily rotate inside the basket; any tension from the cables was immediately passed onto its thin shell.
Crew
Fedoseenko, Vasenko, Usyskin on 1934 postage stamps. A similar set in different colors was issued in 1944.
Osoaviakhim-1 had a crew of three men:
Aircraft commander Pavel Fedoseenko (born 1898), a graduate of the Air Force School in Leningrad and Zhukovsky Air Force Academy in Moscow, was a career military aviator who logged over a hundred flights (377 hours) on tethered observation balloons in World War I and the Russian Civil War and later tested numerous free-flying balloons and airships. In 1925 Fedoseenko and Alexander Friedmann set a national altitude record of 7,400 m (24,300 ft). In 1927 Fedoseenko set a national solo endurance record of 23 h 57 m. His influence in the Leningrad branch of Osoaviakhim helped establish a balloon-making workshop at Leningrad's Stalin Plant, although they failed to beat their air force competitors.
Flight engineer Andrey Vasenko (born 1899), a native of Tsarskoye Selo, also fought on the Bolshevik side in the Civil War; in 1927 he graduated from the fledgling department of aircraft of the Leningrad Institute of Railroad Engineers, while working full-time as a school teacher in his hometown. In 1929 Vasenko joined the staff of an observatory in Pavlovsk (later Aerological Institute) headed by Pavel Molchanov; two years later, after a string of successful meteoroligal studies, he was promoted to deputy director of the Institute. Apart from Osoaviakhim-1, Vasenko designed a series of captive balloons for photographic surveys of large construction sites.
Instrument operator Ilya Usyskin (born 1910), son of a Jewish blacksmith from Vitebsk, studied at Moscow Technical University and Abram Ioffe's Physical-Technical Institute in Leningrad. At the age of 20 he published his first peer-reviewed articles on biophysical experiments suggested by Ioffe, although he himself leaned towards nuclear physics. In 1932–1933 Usyskin designed portable, lightweight scientific instruments for stratospheric balloons, and was a natural choice for the Osoaviakhim-1 crew. At first Fedoseenko disliked Usyskin's personality but later changed his mind, assuring Ioffe of his full trust in Usyskin. According to the Mezheninov commission report, Usyskin considered his role in the January flight unnecessary, because it turned out that his portable cloud chambers were unsuitable for high-altitude experiments in winter and had to be replaced with less sophisticated instruments.
Cancelled flight
Launch preparations
Maiden flight of Osoaviakhim-1 and USSR-1 was planned on September 30, 1933 from the same Air Forces airfield in Kuntsevo (earlier, USSR-1 failed to lift off due to a "heavy load of moisture"). The military, as the hosts of the site, were the first to fly. USSR-1 with Prokofiev, Godunov and Ernst Birnbaum on board lifted off at 8:40 Moscow Time, reached an altitude of 18,800 metres (61,700 ft) at 14:45 and landed safely around 17:00. Their altitude record, although not recognized by FAI, was publicized worldwide. Flight of Osoaviakhim-1, scheduled to take off later than USSR-1, was cancelled due to unexpected strong winds.
Launches in later autumn and winter was deemed impractical and dangerous, and the balloons were disassembled for winter storage. Fedoseenko, expecting that delicate fabrics and gondola would not survive it, proposed a winter launch, and received a go-ahead for it. They missed the first launch window in the end of December; the next streak of good weather was expected in the end of January, coincident with the 17th Congress of the Communist Party, and thus attracting the focus of communist propaganda.
January 9, 1934 Defence Commissar Kliment Voroshilov requested Stalin's approval of the winter launch, specifically noting that it would be kept secret until the altitude record was set. On January 11 Politburo approved the launch; secrecy concerns were discarded and the flight was publicized in advance.
On January 23 the envelope was partially inflated and properly tested for leaks at a rubber factory in Khamovniki. Gondola and ballast release hardware were also rigorously tested and declared to be in order. On January 28 Osoaviakhim-1 and its crew arrived at the Air Forces field in Kuntsevo. The next day was filled with publicity interviews, meetings and committees extending beyond midnight.
Fatal flight
Osoaviakhim-1 crew boarding the fatal flight. Note the rope basket woven around the gondola.
Weighing on the morning of the launch day, January 30, demonstrated that the aircraft still possessed a reserve in buoyancy, and the crew decided to increase ballast weight by 180 kilograms, which would enable them to reach 20,500 metres altitude, higher than initial estimates. Prior to the launch of Osoaviakhim-1 meteorologists released radiosondes that reported satisfactory weather on the ascent path.
At 9:07 Moscow Time Osoaviakhim-1 lifted off and soon made radio contact with the airfield. By 9:56 the aircraft reached 15,000 metres according to on-board altimeter; at around 17,700 metres its envelope expanded into a nearly perfect sphere and eventually reached static equilibrium at 19,500 metres, exactly as intended by design. The crew experienced problems with carbon dioxide absorbers, but it appeared to be manageable. Fedoseenko dumped 310 kilograms of ballast and by 10:50 the balloon passed its design altitude of 20,500 metres. This moment was later marked as the point of no return: at 20,500 metres Osoaviakhim-1 carried just enough ballast to stabilize descent speed. Further ascent and inevitable loss of hydrogen made this ballast insufficient; the only escape route was through bailing out on personal parachutes, provided that the crew could open the awkward hatch. After nearly an hour at 20,600 metres Osoaviakhim-1 climbed again, reaching 22,000 metres at 12:33 and hovered at this record altitude for 12 minutes.
At 12:45 the crew opened the gas release valve for three minutes to initiate descent; the hot balloon did not respond as planned and travel to 18,000 metres took more than two hours. At this altitude vertical descent speed levelled at a safe and steady one metre per second. At around 14,000 metres vertical speed increased, reaching two meters per second at 13,400 meters. The lifting force of the remaining hydrogen had been reduced to 1300–1400 kilograms, while the balloon weighed an estimated 2,120 kilograms.
Between 16:05 and 16:10, when Osoaviakhim-1 descended to 12,000 metres, vertical acceleration went out of control; the balloon began disintegrating before it reached 8,000 metres. At about 2,000 meters the gondola separated from the balloon and impacted the ground between 16:21 and 16:23, near Potizh-Ostrov village in rural Insarsky District of Mordovia, 470 kilometres east from the launch site.
According to Yagoda's report to Stalin, OGPU officers confirmed the crash and reported its exact location at 23:40. The bodies in the gondola were badly maimed; Fedoseenko's skull had disintegrated, probably after impacting a tempered glass porthole. The balloon envelope fell 4 kilometres from the gondola and its fabric was quickly looted by local villagers.
Aftermath
Publicity and propaganda
23 hours after the impact, Avel Enukidze announced the accident from the rostrum of the Communist Party congress; immediately after his brief statement Pavel Postyshev proposed burying the crew in Kremlin Wall Necropolis. Soviet morning papers reported the news on February 1. Western press followed suit; Time magazine, although incorrectly reporting that "there was not enough left of the crushed gondola or the three broken bodies to supply the story of the tragedy", correctly guessed the roots of the catastrophe: "winter weather had contracted the balloon's gas to such a point that it fell like a dead weight".
The funeral of the crew (February 2) turned a disaster into a propaganda campaign; the three victims were posthumously awarded the Order of Lenin and their ashes buried with state honours in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. Stalin, Voroshilov and Molotov personally carried the urns of Fedoseenko, Usyskin and Vasenko. This was the last group funeral on Red Square until the 1971 Soyuz 11 disaster, which also claimed three lives.
Potizh-Ostrov, the village near the crash site, was renamed to Usyskino; across the country, streets and squares were named after individual crewmembers or collectively, like Proezd Stratonavtov in Tushino (now a district of Moscow). Postage stamps in memory of Fedoseenko, Vasenko and Usyskin were issued in 1934 (Scott C50, C51, C52), 1944 (Scott C77, C78, C79) and 1964 (Scott 2888).
Investigation
Osoaviakhim-1 flight profile according to Mezheninov's report
Investigators headed by Prokofiev arrived on site on horseback 24 hours after the crash and issued their first statement on February 1. They acknowledged that the crew died of high speed impact at 16:21 Moscow time; the flight logs, found intact, revealed that the crewmembers were unaware of imminent catastrophe until 16:10, when the balloon descended to 12,000 meters. This moment was marked as the beginning of an irrecoverable dive. Airspeed beyond design limits snapped the suspension cables and tore open the envelope; eventually the gondola completely separated from the falling balloon. There was no evidence of icing despite early reports in Pravda. Autopsy ruled out suffocation or poisoning of the crew; barograph tape indicated normal internal air pressure throughout the flight.
On February 5, a state commission chaired by General Staff deputy chief Mezheninov issued a detailed report that, regardless of later findings and clarifications, provided a stable version of the accident and its causes; the time of impact was changed to 16:23. Later, in 1935, these proceedings were explained at length in a book by one of the commissioners, meteorologist Pavel Molchanov. According to Mezheninov's report and Molchanov's book, during the four-hour-long stratospheric flight the hydrogen inside the balloon was overheated by solar radiation (54 °C above ambient) and expanded beyond the balloon's geometric capacity; excess gas leaked out through safety valves. More gas was lost when Fedoseenko initiated the descent. As the balloon cooled down on its descent, the remaining gas contracted with a catastrophic loss of buoyancy. To stabilize airspeed at safe level the crew would have had to dump 800 kilograms of ballast, but there simply was not that much ballast left. Suspension cables failures started at altitudes above 8,000 meters, where the crew was unable to open the hatch. The commission summarized the causes of the crash by writing:
1. The accident was caused by an increase in vertical descent speed that resulted from changes in lifting gas volume during the extended stay at maximum altitude and subsequent descent into warmer atmospheric medium which further reduced lift.
2. The system failed to withstand shock stress caused by rapid descent and transition into parachuting mode, and began disintegrating.
3. The crew failed to release ballast and dump instruments due to the design flaw that prevented rapid release of ballast.
4. The crew's failure to stabilize vertical speed led to their failure to bail out on parachutes due to erratic tumbling of the gondola.
5. Airtightness and life support systems were in order until the moment of catastrophic fall, as indicated by barometric recorder and Vasenko's log entries ending at 16:13.
6. During the last 9.5 minutes of the fall the crew tumbled inside the rotating gondola, but all crew members remained vertical until the end; their deaths were caused by the final impact.
Conclusion: The flight was substantially safe up to 19,500 meters; 20,500 meters was on the edge but presented no imminent danger; ascent to 22,000 meters led to an inevitable accident.
In March the investigators' reports were released to the general public, including the final verdict blaming the catastrophe on the crew's "recklessness in rise for record".
Safety improvements
The commissioners strongly recommended safety improvements, starting with easy access to emergency hatches. Balloons of the late 1930s were equipped with large parachutes capable of safely carrying the detached gondolas; another proposal, integrating airtight gondolas into detachable gliders, was tested and discarded. VR60 Komsomol (1939) had another safety feature: in case of abnormally rapid descent its balloon was designed to flatten into a gigantic parachute canopy.
The crash also provided motivation to develop pressure suits for high-altitude flight; the first operational suits were designed by Evgeniy Chertovsky, co-designer of Osoaviakhim-1.
Takeover by the military
Voroshilov summarized his understanding of the investigators' reports in a February 19 note to Stalin: "... despite lack of proper management during construction and pre-flight preparation, the flight itself was technically feasible up to 20,500 meter altitude. The accident was caused by the crew's, specifically Fedoseenko's, drive to beat the 'world superrecord' regardless of technical limits and flight conditions".
Mezheninov's report blamed the failure on inadequate, erratic, amateur project management by Osoaviakhim chiefs and recommended consolidation of all stratospheric projects within the Air Forces. Voroshilov concurred and requested the same from Stalin. Specifically, all independent design work was to be transferred to the Air Forces Institute, crew training to the Air Forces Academy. By the end of 1934 the takeover was complete, and Voroshilov assumed responsibility for any future balloon failures.
Contrary to Western authors stating that Osoaviakhim-1 crash led to grounding of manned Soviet stratospheric flight and a launch of an unmanned probe program that continued for several decades, a manned program led by Georgy Prokofiev continued but was plagued by failures and accidents:
September 5, 1934, the gigantic (300,000 cubic meters) USSR-2 burnt down at the launch site when a static spark ignited hydrogen. After this incident Voroshilov indeed banned all further stratospheric flights until the engineers sorted out safety procedures. Voroshilov made it clear that research results were more important than record stunts; the numerous successful flights of 1935–1940 were limited to 16,000 meters and never made history.
June 26, 1935, USSR-1 Bis reached 16,000 meters (52,000 ft) and nearly ended in disaster when its envelope ripped open, releasing gas. Two of the crew members bailed out at 3,500 and 2,500 meters, but the third managed to land the crippled balloon safely. USSR-1 Bis (essentially a reused USSR-1) was equipped with a large (34 meter diameter) rescue parachute, sufficient to carry the gondola at safe speeds. The pilot deliberately did not use it, fearing that releasing the parachute would damage externally mounted scientific instruments.
The supersized (157,000 cubic meters, 130 meter tall) USSR-3 was launched on September 18, 1937; at 700–800 meters altitude it began losing hydrogen and fell back near the launch site. Crew members, including Prokofiev, survived with injuries. After the many setbacks that followed, USSR-3 flew again March 16, 1939; it lifted off, again under Prokofiev's command, and again fell, this time from 1,200 meters. Prokofiev blamed the crash on an accidental release by a hydrogen valve and committed suicide one month later.
July 18, 1938, the failure of breathing equipment killed the four-man crew of VVA-1. The balloon floated from Zvenigorod to Donetsk where it crashed into a high-voltage power line, exploding on impact.
October 12, 1939 a static discharge at 9,000 meters ignited hydrogen in SP-2 Komsomol (VR60). The crew unlatched the gondola, which went into free fall, deployed the gondola parachute, and then bailed out on personal parachutes; all survived. This failure led to a switch from hydrogen to helium.
Osoaviakhim-2, the last Soviet manned stratostat, was launched June 22, 1940. Immediately after launch, the gondola separated from the balloon and fell about 11 meters onto the airfield; the crew survived with minor injuries. After this failure, Commissar of Defence Semyon Timoshenko shut down the military stratospheric program.
See also
Flight altitude record
Notes and references
^ a b Shayler, 2000, p. 20.
^ a b c d e Shayler, 2000, p. 21.
^ a b c d e f g h i Muromov.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Druzhinin
^ For a contemporary English explanation of descent physics and balloon weight budget, see Maxwell.
^ Balloon volume is specified for high-altitude, fully inflated condition, which for Osoaviakhim-1 took place at 17,700 metres. Volume at ground level was 6–8 time smaller; the gas inside expanded on ascent into stratosphere.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Istochnik, investigation commission report dated February 5, 1934.
^ a b c d e f Leskov
^ Polyboyarova-Kochina, p. 470.
^ Golovanov, chapter 24.
^ a b Moshchenikova.
^ David Usyskin, a Bolshevik, was exiled from Vitebsk to Yaroslavl – Leskov. Ilya was born in Bolshoye Selo, Yaroslavl Oblast and in 1934 his parents lived in Saransk – Medovoy.
^ a b c Medovoy.
^ "Balloon luck". Time magazine, October 2, 1933. October 2, 1933. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
^ Shayler, 2001, p. 12.
^ Soviet Union did not participate in FAI, thus Soviet records were not recognized by FAI.
^ "Highest". Time magazine, October 9, 1933. October 9, 1933. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
^ a b c Istochnik, memo by Voroshilov to Stalin dated January 9, 1934.
^ a b c d e Istochnik, investigation commission report dated February 1, 1934.
^ Istochnik, Genrikh Yagoda report dated January 31, 1934.
^ a b c "Record in Red". Time magazine, February 12, 1934. February 12, 1934. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
^ "3 Russians killed in balloon crash". The New York Times, February 1, 1934. February 1, 1934. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
^ Duranty, Walter (February 3, 1934). "3 Russian airmen buried in Kremlin". The New York Times, February 3, 1934. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
^ "Soviet stamps dedicated to balloonists, with Scott/Michel/CPA coding". Retrieved 2009-04-10.
^ "Soviet balloon crash laid to recklessness". The New York Times, March 17, 1934. March 17, 1934. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
^ a b Shayler, 2000, pp. 23–24.
^ Abramov, p. 5.
^ a b Istochnik, memo by Voroshilov to Stalin dated February 19, 1934.
^ Vaeth, p. 94.
^ This is an incomplete list, omitting successful missions.
^ Brontman, March 16, April 4, May 16, 1939.
Sources
Abramov, Isaac (2003). Russian spacesuits. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-732-2.
Brontman, Lazar (1939). "Diaries, 1939–1940 (in Russian)". Retrieved 2009-04-11.
Druzhinin, Yu. A. (2006). "Polyoty v stratosfery v SSSR v 1930-e g. (Полёты в стратосферу в СССР в 1930-е г.)" . Voprosy istorii estestvoznania i tehniki (in Russian) (4). Archived from the original on 2010-12-06.
Golovanov, Yaroslav (1994). Korolyov (Королёв) (in Russian). Moscow:Nauka. ISBN 5-02-000822-2.
Istochnik journal staff (1997). "Dokumenty o katastrophe stratostata Osoaviakhim-1 (Документы о катастрофе стратостата Осоавиахим-1)" . Istochnik (in Russian) (2).
Leskov, Sergey (2004). "Gibel vozdushnogo Titanika (Гибель воздушного Титаника)" (in Russian). Novye Izvestia. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
Maxwell, Alexander (January 1936). "Sky high, why not?". Popular Mechanics: 26–27, 136A.
Medovoy, Lev (2000). "Svet dalekoy zvezdy (Свет далёкой звезды)" (in Russian). Lechaim, January 2000 No. 93.
Moshchenikova, M. A. (1999). "A. B. Vasenko (А. Б. Васенко)" (in Russian). Museum of Pushkin. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
Muromov, Igor (2003). 100 velikih aviakatastrof (100 великих авиакатастроф) (in Russian). Veche. ISBN 978-5-9533-0029-2.
Poluboyarinova-Kochina, P. Ya. (January–February 1964). "Aleksandr Fridman" (PDF). Soviet Physics Uspekhi (English Edition): 467–472.
Shayler, David (2000). Disasters and accidents in manned spaceflight. Springer. pp. 20–22. ISBN 978-1-85233-225-9.
Shayler, David (2001). The rocket men: Vostok & Voskhod, the first Soviet manned spaceflights. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-391-1.
Vaeth, Joseph Gordon (2005). They sailed the skies: U.S. Navy balloons and the airship program. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-914-9.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Osoaviakhim-1 balloon.
vteAviation accidents and incidents in 1934 (1934)
Jan 30 Osoaviakhim-1 crashFeb 23 1934 United Airlines Utah crashMay 9 Air France Wibault 282T crashJul 27 Swissair Tuttlingen accidentSep 29 London, Scottish & Prov. Airways Courier crashOct 2 Hillman's Airways Dragon Rapide crashDec 19 KLM Douglas DC-2 crash
1933 ◄
► 1935
vteAviation accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union1930s
Osoaviakhim-1
SSSR-V6 Osoaviakhim
1940s
1948 Aeroflot Ilyushin Il-12 crash
1950s
1950 Sverdlovsk plane crash
LOT Polish Airlines Flight 232
1957 Kiev mid-air collision
Aeroflot Flight 04
1958 Aeroflot Tu-104 Kanash crash
Aeroflot Flight 315 (1959)
Aeroflot Flight 120
Aeroflot Flight 200
1960s
Aeroflot Flight 315 (1960)
U-2 incident
Aeroflot Flight 207
RB-47 shootdown incident
Aeroflot Flight 036
Austrian Airlines Flight 901
Aeroflot Flight 068
Aeroflot Flight 245
Aeroflot Flight 902
Aeroflot Flight 415
Aeroflot Flight 213 (1962)
Aeroflot Flight 191
Aeroflot Flight 03
Aeroflot Flight 25
Aeroflot Flight 012
Aeroflot Flight 366
Aeroflot Flight 663
Aeroflot Flight 721
Aeroflot Flight 101/X-20
Aeroflot Flight 542
Aeroflot Flight 513
Aeroflot Flight 99
Aeroflot Flight 065
Aeroflot Flight 2723
Aeroflot Flight 5003 (1967)
Aeroflot Flight 2230
Aeroflot Flight L-51
Aeroflot Flight 15
Seaboard World Airlines Flight 253A
1969 Yukhnov mid-air collision
Aeroflot Flight N-826
1970s
Aeroflot Flight U-45
Aeroflot Flight 1661
Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair
Aeroflot Flight 3630
Aeroflot Flight 244
22 January 1971 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash
31 January 1971 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash
Aeroflot Flight 1969
Aeroflot Flight 1912
Malév Flight 110
Aeroflot Flight 773
Aeroflot Flight N-63
Aeroflot Flight 2174
Aeroflot Flight 1491
Aeroflot Flight 558
Aeroflot Flight 1036
Aeroflot Flight 217
Japan Air Lines Flight 446
Aeroflot Flight 6263
Aeroflot Flight 141
Aeroflot Flight 630
Balkan Bulgarian Airlines Flight 307
Aeroflot Flight 6551
Aeroflot Flight 109
Aeroflot Flight A-13
Aeroflot Flight 3932
Aeroflot Flight 964
Aeroflot Flight 19
Aeroflot Flight 2022
Aeroflot Flight 2420
1974 Leningrad Aeroflot Il-18 crash
1974 Surgut mid-air collision
Aeroflot Flight 2003
Aeroflot Flight 3739 (1976)
Aeroflot Flight 909
Aeroflot Flight 1802
Aeroflot Flight A-53
Aeroflot Flight 418
1976 Anapa mid-air collision
Aeroflot Flight 2415
Aeroflot Flight N-36
Aeroflot Flight 3843
Aeroflot Flight 5003 (1977)
1977 Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-134 hijacking
Aeroflot Flight B-2
Aeroflot Flight 6709
Korean Air Lines Flight 902
1978 Yegoryevsk Tu-144 crash
Iranian Chinook shootdown
Aeroflot Flight 1080
Aeroflot Flight 1691
1979 Dniprodzerzhynsk mid-air collision
Aeroflot Flight 5484
1980s–Dec. 1991
Aeroflot Flight 4225
1981 Pushkin Tu-104 crash
Aeroflot Flight 498
1981 Armenia mid-air collision
1981 Zheleznogorsk mid-air collision
Aeroflot Flight 811
Aeroflot Flight 3603
Aeroflot Flight 8641
Aeroflot Flight 411
Aeroflot Flight 5463
Korean Air Lines Flight 007
Aeroflot Flight 601
Aeroflot Flight 3352
Aeroflot Flight 3519
Aeroflot Flight 7841
1985 Zolochiv mid-air collision
Aeroflot Flight 5143
Aeroflot Flight 101/435
Aeroflot Flight 2306
Aeroflot Flight 6502
Aeroflot Flight U-505
Aeroflot Flight N-528
Aeroflot Flight 699
Aeroflot Flight 3739 (1988)
1988 Soviet Air Force Il-76 crash
An-24 crash in Navoiy
Aeroflot Flight 8556
Preceded byThomas G. W. Settle and Chester L. Fordney
Human altitude record 1934-1935
Succeeded byExplorer II | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"record-setting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest_manned_balloon_flight"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"high-altitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_balloon"},{"link_name":"balloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"stratosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratosphere"},{"link_name":"maiden flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_flight"},{"link_name":"altitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude"},{"link_name":"metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S20-1"},{"link_name":"buoyancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy"},{"link_name":"g-forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-force"},{"link_name":"gondola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondola_(balloon)"},{"link_name":"bail out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S21-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MU-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"},{"link_name":"sunlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight"},{"link_name":"lifting gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting_gas"},{"link_name":"buoyancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ballast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S21-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S21-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"}],"text":"Osoaviakhim-1 was a record-setting, hydrogen-filled Soviet high-altitude balloon designed to seat a crew of three and perform scientific studies of the Earth's stratosphere. On January 30, 1934, on its maiden flight, which lasted over 7 hours, the balloon reached an altitude of 22,000 metres (72,000 ft).[1] During the descent the balloon lost its buoyancy and plunged into an uncontrolled fall, disintegrating in the lower atmosphere. The three crew members, probably incapacitated by high g-forces in a rapidly rotating gondola, failed to bail out and were killed by the high-speed ground impact.[2]According to public investigation reports, the crash was ultimately caused by a prolonged stay at record altitudes exceeding maximum design limits.[3][4] The balloon, overheated by sunlight, lost too much lifting gas in the upper atmosphere. As it descended past the 12,000 metres (39,000 ft) mark, cooling down to ambient air temperature, a rapid loss of buoyancy caused a downward acceleration that triggered the structural failure of the suspension cables.[5] The aircraft design was marked by numerous engineering flaws, notably insufficient ballast and faulty gondola suspension design,[2] which all contributed to the loss of life.[4]Later Soviet manned high-altitude balloons improved on safety devices and did not venture above 16,000 metres (52,000 ft);[2] the program was nevertheless marked with accidents and failures and was terminated after the Osoaviakhim-2 launch failure in June 1940.[4]","title":"Osoaviakhim-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USSR-1_aerostat_5k_stamp.jpg"},{"link_name":"USSR-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR-1"},{"link_name":"postage stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere"},{"link_name":"Auguste Piccard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Piccard"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Osoaviakhim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osoaviakhim"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MU-3"},{"link_name":"Meteorology Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometeorological_Centre_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"USSR-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR-1"},{"link_name":"Georgy Prokofiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Prokofiev"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Chizhevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Chizhevsky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Godunov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_Godunov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ballast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"},{"link_name":"Abram Ioffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram_Ioffe"},{"link_name":"Physical-Technical Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioffe_Institute"},{"link_name":"Ilya Usyskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilya_Usyskin&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"USSR-1 on a 1933 postage stamp. Here the balloon is shown in low altitude configuration; in the stratosphere the envelope expanded into a nearly perfect sphere.Auguste Piccard's high-altitude flights of 1930–1932 aroused interest of Soviet Air Forces and Osoaviakhim, the Soviet paramilitary training organization, as well as individual pilots, designers and flight enthusiasts. Andrey Vasenko, an engineer from the Institute of Aerial Photography in Leningrad, and a future crewmember of Osoaviakhim-1, designed his version of Piccard's balloon in 1930, however, Osoaviakhim delayed funding until the end of 1932.[3]The second competing proposal, that of the national Meteorology Committee, emerged in January 1932 and was soon abandoned, also for the lack of finance. This allowed the third competitor, the Air Forces, a solid lead in time. USSR-1, the Air Forces stratospheric balloon, was designed by Georgy Prokofiev with assistance of Vladimir Chizhevsky, Konstantin Godunov and the Air Force Academy staff. Their balloon, built in Moscow by professional aircraft technicians, proved to be far safer than Vasenko's. It had two airtight hatches with fast-opening locks; ballast was carried externally and could be instantly released on demand. The gondola was reinforced with an internal and an external frame that prevented direct contact between the airtight compartment's skin and suspension cables.[4] Osoaviakhim-1 lacked all these safety features.Both the Osoaviakhim and the Air Forces program were primarily scientific, with expected practical applications in meteorology and future high-altitude airplanes. The Osoaviakhim program, in particular, was sponsored and consulted by Abram Ioffe of the Physical-Technical Institute; one of his postgraduate students, Ilya Usyskin, joined the crew of Osoaviakhim-1 and perished on its fatal flight.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Evgeniy Chertovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgeniy_Chertovsky"},{"link_name":"equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MU-3"},{"link_name":"wing nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(hardware)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"},{"link_name":"pressure suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_suit"},{"link_name":"breathing sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide absorber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebreather#Rebreathers_using_an_absorbent_that_releases_oxygen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"},{"link_name":"tonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"}],"text":"The 24,940 cubic metre[6] Osoaviakhim-1 was completed by Vasenko and Evgeniy Chertovsky in Leningrad in June 1933. With 2,460 kilograms gross weight at launch and 2,600 kilograms initial lifting force, it was expected to fully expand at 17,700 metres and reach static equilibrium at 19,500. Maximum altitude was initially set at 20,000 metres but the upgrades made during construction, according to Vasenko, enabled it to reach even higher.[7]In August the balloon was commissioned to fly despite known technical flaws.[3] The commissioners emphasized that the crew, although equipped with personal parachutes, had little chance of bailing out in case of emergency: the sole airtight hatch was held in place with twelve wing nuts. Opening it, even on solid ground, required minutes.[4][7] The crew did not wear pressure suits (which simply did not exist at that time) or individual breathing sets, relying on stored supplies of compressed oxygen and carbon dioxide absorber cartridges. Crew survival depended on the gondola's integrity; bailing out without breathing sets was feasible only at altitudes below 8,000 metres.[7]The gondola itself was welded from 0.8 millimetre sheet metal without any structural frame. In addition to the crew, instruments and life support systems, it carried a tonne of lead ballast inside the airtight sphere. The ballast release chute was sufficiently airtight but provided a very slow discharge rate: releasing a ton of ballast normally took a whole hour. In real flight this flaw alone would prevent the crew from slowing down the falling balloon despite having ballast on board.[4][7]Finally, the designers did not take care to unlink the delicate gondola structure from the tension of the suspending cables. Unlike Piccard's design with 32 cables, Osoaviakhim-1 had only nine (eight peripheral and one central cable). These cables were woven into a kind of basket holding the gondola. It could easily rotate inside the basket; any tension from the cables was immediately passed onto its thin shell.[4][7]","title":"Design flaws"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1934_Osoaviakhim-1_memorial_stamps.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zhukovsky Air Force Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhukovsky_Air_Force_Academy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LE-8"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Alexander Friedmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LE-8"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tsarskoye Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkin_(town)"},{"link_name":"Leningrad Institute of Railroad Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leningrad_Institute_of_Railroad_Engineers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOSH-11"},{"link_name":"observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory"},{"link_name":"Pavlovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovsk,_Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Pavel Molchanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Molchanov"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOSH-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LE-8"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Moscow Technical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauman_Moscow_State_Technical_University"},{"link_name":"Abram Ioffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram_Ioffe"},{"link_name":"Physical-Technical Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioffe_Institute"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ME-13"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review"},{"link_name":"biophysical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysics"},{"link_name":"nuclear physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ME-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ME-13"},{"link_name":"cloud chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_chamber"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"}],"text":"Fedoseenko, Vasenko, Usyskin on 1934 postage stamps. A similar set in different colors was issued in 1944.Osoaviakhim-1 had a crew of three men:Aircraft commander Pavel Fedoseenko (born 1898), a graduate of the Air Force School in Leningrad and Zhukovsky Air Force Academy in Moscow, was a career military aviator who logged over a hundred flights (377 hours)[8] on tethered observation balloons in World War I and the Russian Civil War and later tested numerous free-flying balloons and airships. In 1925 Fedoseenko and Alexander Friedmann set a national altitude record of 7,400 m (24,300 ft).[9] In 1927 Fedoseenko set a national solo endurance record of 23 h 57 m.[8] His influence in the Leningrad branch of Osoaviakhim helped establish a balloon-making workshop at Leningrad's Stalin Plant, although they failed to beat their air force competitors.[10]Flight engineer Andrey Vasenko (born 1899), a native of Tsarskoye Selo, also fought on the Bolshevik side in the Civil War; in 1927 he graduated from the fledgling department of aircraft of the Leningrad Institute of Railroad Engineers, while working full-time as a school teacher in his hometown.[11] In 1929 Vasenko joined the staff of an observatory in Pavlovsk (later Aerological Institute) headed by Pavel Molchanov; two years later, after a string of successful meteoroligal studies, he was promoted to deputy director of the Institute.[11] Apart from Osoaviakhim-1, Vasenko designed a series of captive balloons for photographic surveys of large construction sites.[8]Instrument operator Ilya Usyskin (born 1910), son of a Jewish blacksmith from Vitebsk,[12] studied at Moscow Technical University and Abram Ioffe's Physical-Technical Institute in Leningrad.[13] At the age of 20 he published his first peer-reviewed articles on biophysical experiments suggested by Ioffe, although he himself leaned towards nuclear physics.[13] In 1932–1933 Usyskin designed portable, lightweight scientific instruments for stratospheric balloons, and was a natural choice for the Osoaviakhim-1 crew. At first Fedoseenko disliked Usyskin's personality but later changed his mind, assuring Ioffe of his full trust in Usyskin.[13] According to the Mezheninov commission report, Usyskin considered his role in the January flight unnecessary, because it turned out that his portable cloud chambers were unsuitable for high-altitude experiments in winter and had to be replaced with less sophisticated instruments.[7]","title":"Crew"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Osoaviahim-1_aerostat_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kuntsevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuntsevo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LE-8"},{"link_name":"Ernst Birnbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Birnbaum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moscow Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Time"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"FAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LE-8"},{"link_name":"launch window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_window"},{"link_name":"17th Congress of the Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(b)"},{"link_name":"propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MU-3"},{"link_name":"Defence Commissar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Kliment Voroshilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov"},{"link_name":"Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC0-18"},{"link_name":"Politburo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC0-18"},{"link_name":"Khamovniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamovniki_District"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC0-18"},{"link_name":"Kuntsevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuntsevo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"}],"text":"Launch preparationsMaiden flight of Osoaviakhim-1 and USSR-1 was planned on September 30, 1933 from the same Air Forces airfield in Kuntsevo (earlier, USSR-1 failed to lift off due to a \"heavy load of moisture\").[14] The military, as the hosts of the site,[8] were the first to fly. USSR-1 with Prokofiev, Godunov and Ernst Birnbaum on board lifted off at 8:40 Moscow Time, reached an altitude of 18,800 metres (61,700 ft)[15] at 14:45 and landed safely around 17:00. Their altitude record, although not recognized by FAI,[16] was publicized worldwide.[17] Flight of Osoaviakhim-1, scheduled to take off later than USSR-1, was cancelled due to unexpected strong winds.Launches in later autumn and winter was deemed impractical and dangerous, and the balloons were disassembled for winter storage. Fedoseenko, expecting that delicate fabrics and gondola would not survive it,[7][8] proposed a winter launch, and received a go-ahead for it. They missed the first launch window in the end of December; the next streak of good weather was expected in the end of January, coincident with the 17th Congress of the Communist Party, and thus attracting the focus of communist propaganda.[3]January 9, 1934 Defence Commissar Kliment Voroshilov requested Stalin's approval of the winter launch, specifically noting that it would be kept secret until the altitude record was set.[18] On January 11 Politburo approved the launch;[18] secrecy concerns were discarded and the flight was publicized in advance.On January 23 the envelope was partially inflated and properly tested for leaks at a rubber factory in Khamovniki. Gondola and ballast release hardware were also rigorously tested and declared to be in order.[18] On January 28 Osoaviakhim-1 and its crew arrived at the Air Forces field in Kuntsevo. The next day was filled with publicity interviews, meetings and committees extending beyond midnight.[7]","title":"Cancelled flight"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Osoaviahim-1_aerostat_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"},{"link_name":"radiosondes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiosonde"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"},{"link_name":"Moscow Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Time"},{"link_name":"altimeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altimeter"},{"link_name":"sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere"},{"link_name":"equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MU-3"},{"link_name":"point of no return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_no_return"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MU-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MU-3"},{"link_name":"force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"},{"link_name":"Insarsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insarsky_District"},{"link_name":"Mordovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordovia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MU-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC2-19"},{"link_name":"Yagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda"},{"link_name":"Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"OGPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC1-20"},{"link_name":"tempered glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempered_glass"},{"link_name":"porthole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthole"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC2-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC2-19"}],"text":"Osoaviakhim-1 crew boarding the fatal flight. Note the rope basket woven around the gondola.Weighing on the morning of the launch day, January 30, demonstrated that the aircraft still possessed a reserve in buoyancy, and the crew decided to increase ballast weight by 180 kilograms, which would enable them to reach 20,500 metres altitude, higher than initial estimates.[7] Prior to the launch of Osoaviakhim-1 meteorologists released radiosondes that reported satisfactory weather on the ascent path.[7]At 9:07 Moscow Time Osoaviakhim-1 lifted off and soon made radio contact with the airfield. By 9:56 the aircraft reached 15,000 metres according to on-board altimeter; at around 17,700 metres its envelope expanded into a nearly perfect sphere and eventually reached static equilibrium at 19,500 metres, exactly as intended by design. The crew experienced problems with carbon dioxide absorbers, but it appeared to be manageable.[3] Fedoseenko dumped 310 kilograms of ballast and by 10:50 the balloon passed its design altitude of 20,500 metres. This moment was later marked as the point of no return: at 20,500 metres Osoaviakhim-1 carried just enough ballast to stabilize descent speed. Further ascent and inevitable loss of hydrogen made this ballast insufficient; the only escape route was through bailing out on personal parachutes, provided that the crew could open the awkward hatch.[7] After nearly an hour at 20,600 metres Osoaviakhim-1 climbed again, reaching 22,000 metres at 12:33 and hovered at this record altitude for 12 minutes.[3][7]At 12:45 the crew opened the gas release valve for three minutes to initiate descent; the hot balloon did not respond as planned and travel to 18,000 metres took more than two hours. At this altitude vertical descent speed levelled at a safe and steady one metre per second. At around 14,000 metres vertical speed increased, reaching two meters per second at 13,400 meters.[3] The lifting force of the remaining hydrogen had been reduced to 1300–1400 kilograms, while the balloon weighed an estimated 2,120 kilograms.[7]Between 16:05 and 16:10, when Osoaviakhim-1 descended to 12,000 metres, vertical acceleration went out of control; the balloon began disintegrating before it reached 8,000 metres. At about 2,000 meters the gondola separated from the balloon and impacted the ground between 16:21 and 16:23, near Potizh-Ostrov village in rural Insarsky District of Mordovia, 470 kilometres east from the launch site.[3][19]According to Yagoda's report to Stalin, OGPU officers confirmed the crash and reported its exact location at 23:40.[20] The bodies in the gondola were badly maimed; Fedoseenko's skull had disintegrated, probably after impacting a tempered glass porthole.[19] The balloon envelope fell 4 kilometres from the gondola and its fabric was quickly looted by local villagers.[19]","title":"Fatal flight"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avel Enukidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avel_Enukidze"},{"link_name":"Pavel Postyshev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Postyshev"},{"link_name":"Kremlin Wall Necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LE-8"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TI-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Time magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_magazine"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TI-21"},{"link_name":"Order of Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Kremlin Wall Necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Molotov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TI-21"},{"link_name":"Red Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Square"},{"link_name":"Soyuz 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_11"},{"link_name":"Tushino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushino"},{"link_name":"Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_catalogue"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Publicity and propaganda","text":"23 hours after the impact, Avel Enukidze announced the accident from the rostrum of the Communist Party congress; immediately after his brief statement Pavel Postyshev proposed burying the crew in Kremlin Wall Necropolis.[8] Soviet morning papers reported the news on February 1.[21] Western press followed suit;[22] Time magazine, although incorrectly reporting that \"there was not enough left of the crushed gondola or the three broken bodies to supply the story of the tragedy\", correctly guessed the roots of the catastrophe: \"winter weather had contracted the balloon's gas to such a point that it fell like a dead weight\".[21]The funeral of the crew (February 2) turned a disaster into a propaganda campaign; the three victims were posthumously awarded the Order of Lenin and their ashes buried with state honours in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.[23] Stalin, Voroshilov and Molotov personally carried the urns of Fedoseenko, Usyskin and Vasenko.[21] This was the last group funeral on Red Square until the 1971 Soyuz 11 disaster, which also claimed three lives.Potizh-Ostrov, the village near the crash site, was renamed to Usyskino; across the country, streets and squares were named after individual crewmembers or collectively, like Proezd Stratonavtov in Tushino (now a district of Moscow). Postage stamps in memory of Fedoseenko, Vasenko and Usyskin were issued in 1934 (Scott C50, C51, C52), 1944 (Scott C77, C78, C79) and 1964 (Scott 2888).[24]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Osoaviakhim-1_flight_profile_(Mezheninov_report).gif"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC2-19"},{"link_name":"icing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_icing"},{"link_name":"Pravda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravda"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"},{"link_name":"Autopsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsy"},{"link_name":"suffocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffocation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MU-3"},{"link_name":"barograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barograph"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC2-19"},{"link_name":"General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Mezheninov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Mezheninov"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"},{"link_name":"Pavel Molchanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Molchanov"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Investigation","text":"Osoaviakhim-1 flight profile according to Mezheninov's report[7]Investigators headed by Prokofiev arrived on site on horseback 24 hours after the crash and issued their first statement on February 1.[19] They acknowledged that the crew died of high speed impact at 16:21 Moscow time; the flight logs, found intact, revealed that the crewmembers were unaware of imminent catastrophe until 16:10, when the balloon descended to 12,000 meters. This moment was marked as the beginning of an irrecoverable dive. Airspeed beyond design limits snapped the suspension cables and tore open the envelope; eventually the gondola completely separated from the falling balloon. There was no evidence of icing despite early reports in Pravda.[4] Autopsy ruled out suffocation or poisoning of the crew;[3] barograph tape indicated normal internal air pressure throughout the flight.[19]On February 5, a state commission chaired by General Staff deputy chief Mezheninov issued a detailed report that, regardless of later findings and clarifications, provided a stable version of the accident and its causes; the time of impact was changed to 16:23.[7] Later, in 1935, these proceedings were explained at length in a book by one of the commissioners, meteorologist Pavel Molchanov.[4] According to Mezheninov's report and Molchanov's book, during the four-hour-long stratospheric flight the hydrogen inside the balloon was overheated by solar radiation (54 °C above ambient)[7] and expanded beyond the balloon's geometric capacity; excess gas leaked out through safety valves. More gas was lost when Fedoseenko initiated the descent. As the balloon cooled down on its descent, the remaining gas contracted with a catastrophic loss of buoyancy. To stabilize airspeed at safe level the crew would have had to dump 800 kilograms of ballast, but there simply was not that much ballast left. Suspension cables failures started at altitudes above 8,000 meters, where the crew was unable to open the hatch.[7] The commission summarized the causes of the crash by writing:1. The accident was caused by an increase in vertical descent speed that resulted from changes in lifting gas volume during the extended stay at maximum altitude and subsequent descent into warmer atmospheric medium which further reduced lift.\n2. The system failed to withstand shock stress caused by rapid descent and transition into parachuting mode, and began disintegrating.\n3. The crew failed to release ballast and dump instruments due to the design flaw that prevented rapid release of ballast.\n4. The crew's failure to stabilize vertical speed led to their failure to bail out on parachutes due to erratic tumbling of the gondola.\n5. Airtightness and life support systems were in order until the moment of catastrophic fall, as indicated by barometric recorder and Vasenko's log entries ending at 16:13.\n6. During the last 9.5 minutes of the fall the crew tumbled inside the rotating gondola, but all crew members remained vertical until the end; their deaths were caused by the final impact.\nConclusion: The flight was substantially safe up to 19,500 meters; 20,500 meters was on the edge but presented no imminent danger; ascent to 22,000 meters led to an inevitable accident.[7]In March the investigators' reports were released to the general public, including the final verdict blaming the catastrophe on the crew's \"recklessness in rise for record\".[25]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gliders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S24-26"},{"link_name":"pressure suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_suit"},{"link_name":"Evgeniy Chertovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgeniy_Chertovsky"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A5-27"}],"sub_title":"Safety improvements","text":"The commissioners strongly recommended safety improvements, starting with easy access to emergency hatches. Balloons of the late 1930s were equipped with large parachutes capable of safely carrying the detached gondolas; another proposal, integrating airtight gondolas into detachable gliders, was tested and discarded.[4] VR60 Komsomol (1939) had another safety feature: in case of abnormally rapid descent its balloon was designed to flatten into a gigantic parachute canopy.[26]The crash also provided motivation to develop pressure suits for high-altitude flight; the first operational suits were designed by Evgeniy Chertovsky,[27] co-designer of Osoaviakhim-1.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Voroshilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC5-28"},{"link_name":"project management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC3-7"},{"link_name":"Air Forces Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gromov_Flight_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOC5-28"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S21-2"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Georgy Prokofiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Prokofiev"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"},{"link_name":"static spark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_electricity"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"},{"link_name":"USSR-1 Bis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR-1_Bis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S20-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S21-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"},{"link_name":"USSR-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USSR-3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-31"},{"link_name":"Zvenigorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvenigorod"},{"link_name":"Donetsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk"},{"link_name":"high-voltage power line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S24-26"},{"link_name":"helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"},{"link_name":"Semyon Timoshenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR-4"}],"sub_title":"Takeover by the military","text":"Voroshilov summarized his understanding of the investigators' reports in a February 19 note to Stalin: \"... despite lack of proper management during construction and pre-flight preparation, the flight itself was technically feasible up to 20,500 meter altitude. The accident was caused by the crew's, specifically Fedoseenko's, drive to beat the 'world superrecord' regardless of technical limits and flight conditions\".[28]Mezheninov's report blamed the failure on inadequate, erratic, amateur project management by Osoaviakhim chiefs and recommended consolidation of all stratospheric projects within the Air Forces.[7] Voroshilov concurred and requested the same from Stalin. Specifically, all independent design work was to be transferred to the Air Forces Institute, crew training to the Air Forces Academy.[28] By the end of 1934 the takeover was complete, and Voroshilov assumed responsibility for any future balloon failures.[4]Contrary to Western authors stating that Osoaviakhim-1 crash led to grounding of manned Soviet stratospheric flight and a launch of an unmanned probe program that continued for several decades,[2][29] a manned program led by Georgy Prokofiev continued but was plagued by failures and accidents:[30]September 5, 1934, the gigantic (300,000 cubic meters)[4] USSR-2 burnt down at the launch site when a static spark ignited hydrogen. After this incident Voroshilov indeed banned all further stratospheric flights until the engineers sorted out safety procedures. Voroshilov made it clear that research results were more important than record stunts; the numerous successful flights of 1935–1940 were limited to 16,000 meters and never made history.[4]\nJune 26, 1935, USSR-1 Bis reached 16,000 meters (52,000 ft)[1] and nearly ended in disaster when its envelope ripped open, releasing gas. Two of the crew members bailed out at 3,500 and 2,500 meters, but the third managed to land the crippled balloon safely.[2] USSR-1 Bis (essentially a reused USSR-1) was equipped with a large (34 meter diameter) rescue parachute, sufficient to carry the gondola at safe speeds. The pilot deliberately did not use it, fearing that releasing the parachute would damage externally mounted scientific instruments.[4]\nThe supersized (157,000 cubic meters, 130 meter tall) USSR-3 was launched on September 18, 1937; at 700–800 meters altitude it began losing hydrogen and fell back near the launch site. Crew members, including Prokofiev, survived with injuries.[4] After the many setbacks that followed, USSR-3 flew again March 16, 1939; it lifted off, again under Prokofiev's command, and again fell, this time from 1,200 meters. Prokofiev blamed the crash on an accidental release by a hydrogen valve and committed suicide one month later.[31]\nJuly 18, 1938, the failure of breathing equipment killed the four-man crew of VVA-1. The balloon floated from Zvenigorod to Donetsk where it crashed into a high-voltage power line, exploding on impact.[4]\nOctober 12, 1939 a static discharge at 9,000 meters ignited hydrogen in SP-2 Komsomol (VR60). The crew unlatched the gondola, which went into free fall, deployed the gondola parachute, and then bailed out on personal parachutes; all survived.[26] This failure led to a switch from hydrogen to helium.[4]\nOsoaviakhim-2, the last Soviet manned stratostat, was launched June 22, 1940. Immediately after launch, the gondola separated from the balloon and fell about 11 meters onto the airfield; the crew survived with minor injuries. After this failure, Commissar of Defence Semyon Timoshenko shut down the military stratospheric program.[4]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S20_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S20_1-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S21_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S21_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S21_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S21_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S21_2-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MU_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MU_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MU_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MU_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MU_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MU_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MU_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MU_3-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MU_3-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DR_4-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC3_7-18"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LE_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LE_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LE_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LE_8-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LE_8-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LE_8-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MOSH_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MOSH_11-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk"},{"link_name":"Yaroslavl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslavl"},{"link_name":"Bolshoye Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshoye_Selo"},{"link_name":"Yaroslavl Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslavl_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Saransk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saransk"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ME_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ME_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ME_13-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Balloon luck\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101122151810/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746156,00.html"},{"link_name":"Time magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_magazine"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746156,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Highest\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101122153335/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,882514,00.html"},{"link_name":"Time magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_magazine"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,882514,00.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC0_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC0_18-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC0_18-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC2_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC2_19-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC2_19-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC2_19-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC2_19-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC1_20-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TI_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TI_21-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TI_21-2"},{"link_name":"\"Record in Red\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101125053357/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746945,00.html"},{"link_name":"Time magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_magazine"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746945,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"3 Russians killed in balloon crash\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0710FF3E5D167A93C3A91789D85F408385F9&scp=5&sq=vasenko&st=cse"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"3 Russian airmen buried in Kremlin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1934/02/03/archives/3-russian-airmen-buried-in-kremlin-stalin-and-vast-throng-in-red.html?sq=vasenko&scp=3&st=cse"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Soviet stamps dedicated to balloonists, with Scott/Michel/CPA coding\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stamprussia.com/balloon.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"Soviet balloon crash laid to recklessness\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1934/03/17/archives/soviet-balloon-crash-laid-to-recklessness-in-rise-for-record-and-to.html?sq=vasenko&scp=2&st=cse"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S24_26-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S24_26-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A5_27-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC5_28-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DOC5_28-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BR_31-0"}],"text":"^ a b Shayler, 2000, p. 20.\n\n^ a b c d e Shayler, 2000, p. 21.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Muromov.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Druzhinin\n\n^ For a contemporary English explanation of descent physics and balloon weight budget, see Maxwell.\n\n^ Balloon volume is specified for high-altitude, fully inflated condition, which for Osoaviakhim-1 took place at 17,700 metres. Volume at ground level was 6–8 time smaller; the gas inside expanded on ascent into stratosphere.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Istochnik, investigation commission report dated February 5, 1934.\n\n^ a b c d e f Leskov\n\n^ Polyboyarova-Kochina, p. 470.\n\n^ Golovanov, chapter 24.\n\n^ a b Moshchenikova.\n\n^ David Usyskin, a Bolshevik, was exiled from Vitebsk to Yaroslavl – Leskov. Ilya was born in Bolshoye Selo, Yaroslavl Oblast and in 1934 his parents lived in Saransk – Medovoy.\n\n^ a b c Medovoy.\n\n^ \"Balloon luck\". Time magazine, October 2, 1933. October 2, 1933. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved 2009-04-11.\n\n^ Shayler, 2001, p. 12.\n\n^ Soviet Union did not participate in FAI, thus Soviet records were not recognized by FAI.\n\n^ \"Highest\". Time magazine, October 9, 1933. October 9, 1933. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved 2009-04-11.\n\n^ a b c Istochnik, memo by Voroshilov to Stalin dated January 9, 1934.\n\n^ a b c d e Istochnik, investigation commission report dated February 1, 1934.\n\n^ Istochnik, Genrikh Yagoda report dated January 31, 1934.\n\n^ a b c \"Record in Red\". Time magazine, February 12, 1934. February 12, 1934. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved 2009-07-04.\n\n^ \"3 Russians killed in balloon crash\". The New York Times, February 1, 1934. February 1, 1934. Retrieved 2009-04-10.\n\n^ Duranty, Walter (February 3, 1934). \"3 Russian airmen buried in Kremlin\". The New York Times, February 3, 1934. Retrieved 2009-04-10.\n\n^ \"Soviet stamps dedicated to balloonists, with Scott/Michel/CPA coding\". Retrieved 2009-04-10.\n\n^ \"Soviet balloon crash laid to recklessness\". The New York Times, March 17, 1934. March 17, 1934. Retrieved 2009-04-10.\n\n^ a b Shayler, 2000, pp. 23–24.\n\n^ Abramov, p. 5.\n\n^ a b Istochnik, memo by Voroshilov to Stalin dated February 19, 1934.\n\n^ Vaeth, p. 94.\n\n^ This is an incomplete list, omitting successful missions.\n\n^ Brontman, March 16, April 4, May 16, 1939.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian spacesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=f7pZosHqkbEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85233-732-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-732-2"},{"link_name":"\"Diaries, 1939–1940 (in Russian)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//zhurnal.lib.ru/r/ryndin_s_r/wwdnevnik14.shtml"},{"link_name":"\"Polyoty v stratosfery v SSSR v 1930-e g. (Полёты в стратосферу в СССР в 1930-е г.)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101206030841/http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/JOURNAL/VIET/STRATO/STRATO.HTM"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/JOURNAL/VIET/STRATO/STRATO.HTM"},{"link_name":"Golovanov, Yaroslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslav_Golovanov"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-02-000822-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-000822-2"},{"link_name":"\"Dokumenty o katastrophe stratostata Osoaviakhim-1 (Документы о катастрофе стратостата Осоавиахим-1)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/istochnik/1997/os1.html"},{"link_name":"\"Gibel vozdushnogo Titanika (Гибель воздушного Титаника)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.inauka.ru/fact/article38894.html#half"},{"link_name":"Novye Izvestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novye_Izvestia"},{"link_name":"\"Sky high, why not?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QdsDAAAAMBAJ&q=Vasenko+1934&pg=PA26"},{"link_name":"Popular Mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"\"Svet dalekoy zvezdy (Свет далёкой звезды)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lechaim.ru/ARHIV/93/medovoy.htm"},{"link_name":"\"A. B. Vasenko (А. Б. 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191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_191"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_03"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_25"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_012"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 366","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_366"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 663","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_663"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 721","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_721"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 101/X-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_101/X-20"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 542","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_542"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 513","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_513"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_99"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 065","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_065"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 2723","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_2723"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 5003 (1967)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_5003_(1967)"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 2230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_2230"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight L-51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_L-51"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_15"},{"link_name":"Seaboard World Airlines Flight 253A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaboard_World_Airlines_Flight_253A"},{"link_name":"1969 Yukhnov mid-air collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Yukhnov_mid-air_collision"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight N-826","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_N-826"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight U-45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_U-45"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 1661","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_1661"},{"link_name":"Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymshits%E2%80%93Kuznetsov_hijacking_affair"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 3630","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_3630"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_244"},{"link_name":"22 January 1971 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_January_1971_Surgut_Aeroflot_Antonov_An-12_crash"},{"link_name":"31 January 1971 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_January_1971_Surgut_Aeroflot_Antonov_An-12_crash"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_1969"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_1912"},{"link_name":"Malév Flight 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A9v_Flight_110"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 773","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_773"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight N-63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_N-63"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 2174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_2174"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 1491","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_1491"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 558","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_558"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 1036","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_1036"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_217"},{"link_name":"Japan Air Lines Flight 446","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Flight_446"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 6263","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_6263"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_141"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 630","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_630"},{"link_name":"Balkan Bulgarian Airlines Flight 307","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Bulgarian_Airlines_Flight_307"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 6551","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_6551"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_109"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight A-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_A-13"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 3932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_3932"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_964"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_19"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_2022"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 2420","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_2420"},{"link_name":"1974 Leningrad Aeroflot Il-18 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Leningrad_Aeroflot_Il-18_crash"},{"link_name":"1974 Surgut mid-air collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Surgut_mid-air_collision"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_2003"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 3739 (1976)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_3739_(1976)"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_909"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 1802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_1802"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight A-53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_A-53"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 418","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_418"},{"link_name":"1976 Anapa mid-air collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Anapa_mid-air_collision"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 2415","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_2415"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight N-36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_N-36"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 3843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_3843"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 5003 (1977)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_5003_(1977)"},{"link_name":"1977 Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-134 hijacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Aeroflot_Tupolev_Tu-134_hijacking"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight B-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_B-2"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 6709","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_6709"},{"link_name":"Korean Air Lines Flight 902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902"},{"link_name":"1978 Yegoryevsk Tu-144 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Yegoryevsk_Tu-144_crash"},{"link_name":"Iranian Chinook shootdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Iranian_Chinook_shootdown"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 1080","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_1080"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 1691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_1691"},{"link_name":"1979 Dniprodzerzhynsk mid-air collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Dniprodzerzhynsk_mid-air_collision"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 5484","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_5484"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 4225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_4225"},{"link_name":"1981 Pushkin Tu-104 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Pushkin_Tu-104_crash"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 498","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_498"},{"link_name":"1981 Armenia mid-air collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Armenia_mid-air_collision"},{"link_name":"1981 Zheleznogorsk mid-air collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Zheleznogorsk_mid-air_collision"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 811","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_811"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 3603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_3603"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 8641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_8641"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_411"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 5463","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_5463"},{"link_name":"Korean Air Lines Flight 007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_601"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 3352","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_3352"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 3519","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_3519"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 7841","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_7841"},{"link_name":"1985 Zolochiv mid-air collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Zolochiv_mid-air_collision"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 5143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_5143"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 101/435","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_101/435"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 2306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_2306"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 6502","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_6502"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight U-505","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_U-505"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight N-528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_N-528"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 699","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_699"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 3739 (1988)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_3739_(1988)"},{"link_name":"1988 Soviet Air Force Il-76 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Soviet_Air_Force_Il-76_crash"},{"link_name":"An-24 crash in Navoiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-24_crash_in_Navoiy"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot Flight 8556","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_8556"}],"text":"Abramov, Isaac (2003). Russian spacesuits. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-732-2.\nBrontman, Lazar (1939). \"Diaries, 1939–1940 (in Russian)\". Retrieved 2009-04-11.\nDruzhinin, Yu. A. (2006). \"Polyoty v stratosfery v SSSR v 1930-e g. (Полёты в стратосферу в СССР в 1930-е г.)\" [Flights to the stratosphere in the USSR in the 1930s]. Voprosy istorii estestvoznania i tehniki (in Russian) (4). Archived from the original on 2010-12-06.\nGolovanov, Yaroslav (1994). Korolyov (Королёв) (in Russian). Moscow:Nauka. ISBN 5-02-000822-2.\nIstochnik journal staff (1997). \"Dokumenty o katastrophe stratostata Osoaviakhim-1 (Документы о катастрофе стратостата Осоавиахим-1)\" [Documents about the catastrophe of the stratospheric balloon Osoaviakhim-1]. Istochnik (in Russian) (2).\nLeskov, Sergey (2004). \"Gibel vozdushnogo Titanika (Гибель воздушного Титаника)\" [The death of the air Titanic] (in Russian). Novye Izvestia. Retrieved 2009-04-08.\nMaxwell, Alexander (January 1936). \"Sky high, why not?\". Popular Mechanics: 26–27, 136A.\nMedovoy, Lev (2000). \"Svet dalekoy zvezdy (Свет далёкой звезды)\" [Light from a distant star] (in Russian). Lechaim, January 2000 No. 93.\nMoshchenikova, M. A. (1999). \"A. B. Vasenko (А. Б. Васенко)\" (in Russian). Museum of Pushkin. Retrieved 2009-04-08.\nMuromov, Igor (2003). 100 velikih aviakatastrof (100 великих авиакатастроф) [100 Great Plane Crashes] (in Russian). Veche. ISBN 978-5-9533-0029-2.\nPoluboyarinova-Kochina, P. Ya. (January–February 1964). \"Aleksandr Fridman\" (PDF). Soviet Physics Uspekhi (English Edition): 467–472.\nShayler, David (2000). Disasters and accidents in manned spaceflight. Springer. pp. 20–22. ISBN 978-1-85233-225-9.\nShayler, David (2001). The rocket men: Vostok & Voskhod, the first Soviet manned spaceflights. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-391-1.\nVaeth, Joseph Gordon (2005). They sailed the skies: U.S. Navy balloons and the airship program. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-914-9.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Osoaviakhim-1 balloon.vteAviation accidents and incidents in 1934 (1934) \nJan 30 Osoaviakhim-1 crashFeb 23 1934 United Airlines Utah crashMay 9 Air France Wibault 282T crashJul 27 Swissair Tuttlingen accidentSep 29 London, Scottish & Prov. Airways Courier crashOct 2 Hillman's Airways Dragon Rapide crashDec 19 KLM Douglas DC-2 crash\n \n \n 1933 ◄ \n ► 1935vteAviation accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union1930s\nOsoaviakhim-1\nSSSR-V6 Osoaviakhim\n1940s\n1948 Aeroflot Ilyushin Il-12 crash\n1950s\n1950 Sverdlovsk plane crash\nLOT Polish Airlines Flight 232\n1957 Kiev mid-air collision\nAeroflot Flight 04\n1958 Aeroflot Tu-104 Kanash crash\nAeroflot Flight 315 (1959)\nAeroflot Flight 120\nAeroflot Flight 200\n1960s\nAeroflot Flight 315 (1960)\nU-2 incident\nAeroflot Flight 207\nRB-47 shootdown incident\nAeroflot Flight 036\nAustrian Airlines Flight 901\nAeroflot Flight 068\nAeroflot Flight 245\nAeroflot Flight 902\nAeroflot Flight 415\nAeroflot Flight 213 (1962)\nAeroflot Flight 191\nAeroflot Flight 03\nAeroflot Flight 25\nAeroflot Flight 012\nAeroflot Flight 366\nAeroflot Flight 663\nAeroflot Flight 721\nAeroflot Flight 101/X-20\nAeroflot Flight 542\nAeroflot Flight 513\nAeroflot Flight 99\nAeroflot Flight 065\nAeroflot Flight 2723\nAeroflot Flight 5003 (1967)\nAeroflot Flight 2230\nAeroflot Flight L-51\nAeroflot Flight 15\nSeaboard World Airlines Flight 253A\n1969 Yukhnov mid-air collision\nAeroflot Flight N-826\n1970s\nAeroflot Flight U-45\nAeroflot Flight 1661\nDymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair\nAeroflot Flight 3630\nAeroflot Flight 244\n22 January 1971 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash\n31 January 1971 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash\nAeroflot Flight 1969\nAeroflot Flight 1912\nMalév Flight 110\nAeroflot Flight 773\nAeroflot Flight N-63\nAeroflot Flight 2174\nAeroflot Flight 1491\nAeroflot Flight 558\nAeroflot Flight 1036\nAeroflot Flight 217\nJapan Air Lines Flight 446\nAeroflot Flight 6263\nAeroflot Flight 141\nAeroflot Flight 630\nBalkan Bulgarian Airlines Flight 307\nAeroflot Flight 6551\nAeroflot Flight 109\nAeroflot Flight A-13\nAeroflot Flight 3932\nAeroflot Flight 964\nAeroflot Flight 19\nAeroflot Flight 2022\nAeroflot Flight 2420\n1974 Leningrad Aeroflot Il-18 crash\n1974 Surgut mid-air collision\nAeroflot Flight 2003\nAeroflot Flight 3739 (1976)\nAeroflot Flight 909\nAeroflot Flight 1802\nAeroflot Flight A-53\nAeroflot Flight 418\n1976 Anapa mid-air collision\nAeroflot Flight 2415\nAeroflot Flight N-36\nAeroflot Flight 3843\nAeroflot Flight 5003 (1977)\n1977 Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-134 hijacking\nAeroflot Flight B-2\nAeroflot Flight 6709\nKorean Air Lines Flight 902\n1978 Yegoryevsk Tu-144 crash\nIranian Chinook shootdown\nAeroflot Flight 1080\nAeroflot Flight 1691\n1979 Dniprodzerzhynsk mid-air collision\nAeroflot Flight 5484\n1980s–Dec. 1991\nAeroflot Flight 4225\n1981 Pushkin Tu-104 crash\nAeroflot Flight 498\n1981 Armenia mid-air collision\n1981 Zheleznogorsk mid-air collision\nAeroflot Flight 811\nAeroflot Flight 3603\nAeroflot Flight 8641\nAeroflot Flight 411\nAeroflot Flight 5463\nKorean Air Lines Flight 007\nAeroflot Flight 601\nAeroflot Flight 3352\nAeroflot Flight 3519\nAeroflot Flight 7841\n1985 Zolochiv mid-air collision\nAeroflot Flight 5143\nAeroflot Flight 101/435\nAeroflot Flight 2306\nAeroflot Flight 6502\nAeroflot Flight U-505\nAeroflot Flight N-528\nAeroflot Flight 699\nAeroflot Flight 3739 (1988)\n1988 Soviet Air Force Il-76 crash\nAn-24 crash in Navoiy\nAeroflot Flight 8556","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"USSR-1 on a 1933 postage stamp. Here the balloon is shown in low altitude configuration; in the stratosphere the envelope expanded into a nearly perfect sphere.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/USSR-1_aerostat_5k_stamp.jpg/150px-USSR-1_aerostat_5k_stamp.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fedoseenko, Vasenko, Usyskin on 1934 postage stamps. A similar set in different colors was issued in 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1934_Osoaviakhim-1_memorial_stamps.jpg/466px-1934_Osoaviakhim-1_memorial_stamps.jpg"},{"image_text":"Launch preparations","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Osoaviahim-1_aerostat_03.jpg/150px-Osoaviahim-1_aerostat_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Osoaviakhim-1 crew boarding the fatal flight. Note the rope basket woven around the gondola.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Osoaviahim-1_aerostat_02.jpg/150px-Osoaviahim-1_aerostat_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Osoaviakhim-1 flight profile according to Mezheninov's report[7]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Osoaviakhim-1_flight_profile_%28Mezheninov_report%29.gif/360px-Osoaviakhim-1_flight_profile_%28Mezheninov_report%29.gif"}] | [{"title":"Flight altitude record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_altitude_record"}] | [{"reference":"\"Balloon luck\". Time magazine, October 2, 1933. October 2, 1933. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved 2009-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101122151810/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746156,00.html","url_text":"\"Balloon luck\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_magazine","url_text":"Time magazine"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746156,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Highest\". Time magazine, October 9, 1933. October 9, 1933. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved 2009-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101122153335/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,882514,00.html","url_text":"\"Highest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_magazine","url_text":"Time magazine"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,882514,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Record in Red\". Time magazine, February 12, 1934. February 12, 1934. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved 2009-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101125053357/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746945,00.html","url_text":"\"Record in Red\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_magazine","url_text":"Time magazine"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746945,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"3 Russians killed in balloon crash\". The New York Times, February 1, 1934. February 1, 1934. Retrieved 2009-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0710FF3E5D167A93C3A91789D85F408385F9&scp=5&sq=vasenko&st=cse","url_text":"\"3 Russians killed in balloon crash\""}]},{"reference":"Duranty, Walter (February 3, 1934). \"3 Russian airmen buried in Kremlin\". The New York Times, February 3, 1934. Retrieved 2009-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1934/02/03/archives/3-russian-airmen-buried-in-kremlin-stalin-and-vast-throng-in-red.html?sq=vasenko&scp=3&st=cse","url_text":"\"3 Russian airmen buried in Kremlin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soviet stamps dedicated to balloonists, with Scott/Michel/CPA coding\". Retrieved 2009-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stamprussia.com/balloon.htm","url_text":"\"Soviet stamps dedicated to balloonists, with Scott/Michel/CPA coding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soviet balloon crash laid to recklessness\". The New York Times, March 17, 1934. March 17, 1934. Retrieved 2009-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1934/03/17/archives/soviet-balloon-crash-laid-to-recklessness-in-rise-for-record-and-to.html?sq=vasenko&scp=2&st=cse","url_text":"\"Soviet balloon crash laid to recklessness\""}]},{"reference":"Abramov, Isaac (2003). Russian spacesuits. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-732-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f7pZosHqkbEC","url_text":"Russian spacesuits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-732-2","url_text":"978-1-85233-732-2"}]},{"reference":"Brontman, Lazar (1939). \"Diaries, 1939–1940 (in Russian)\". Retrieved 2009-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://zhurnal.lib.ru/r/ryndin_s_r/wwdnevnik14.shtml","url_text":"\"Diaries, 1939–1940 (in Russian)\""}]},{"reference":"Druzhinin, Yu. A. (2006). \"Polyoty v stratosfery v SSSR v 1930-e g. (Полёты в стратосферу в СССР в 1930-е г.)\" [Flights to the stratosphere in the USSR in the 1930s]. Voprosy istorii estestvoznania i tehniki (in Russian) (4). Archived from the original on 2010-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101206030841/http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/JOURNAL/VIET/STRATO/STRATO.HTM","url_text":"\"Polyoty v stratosfery v SSSR v 1930-e g. (Полёты в стратосферу в СССР в 1930-е г.)\""},{"url":"http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/JOURNAL/VIET/STRATO/STRATO.HTM","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Golovanov, Yaroslav (1994). Korolyov (Королёв) (in Russian). Moscow:Nauka. ISBN 5-02-000822-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslav_Golovanov","url_text":"Golovanov, Yaroslav"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-000822-2","url_text":"5-02-000822-2"}]},{"reference":"Istochnik journal staff (1997). \"Dokumenty o katastrophe stratostata Osoaviakhim-1 (Документы о катастрофе стратостата Осоавиахим-1)\" [Documents about the catastrophe of the stratospheric balloon Osoaviakhim-1]. Istochnik (in Russian) (2).","urls":[{"url":"http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/istochnik/1997/os1.html","url_text":"\"Dokumenty o katastrophe stratostata Osoaviakhim-1 (Документы о катастрофе стратостата Осоавиахим-1)\""}]},{"reference":"Leskov, Sergey (2004). \"Gibel vozdushnogo Titanika (Гибель воздушного Титаника)\" [The death of the air Titanic] (in Russian). Novye Izvestia. Retrieved 2009-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inauka.ru/fact/article38894.html#half","url_text":"\"Gibel vozdushnogo Titanika (Гибель воздушного Титаника)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novye_Izvestia","url_text":"Novye Izvestia"}]},{"reference":"Maxwell, Alexander (January 1936). \"Sky high, why not?\". Popular Mechanics: 26–27, 136A.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QdsDAAAAMBAJ&q=Vasenko+1934&pg=PA26","url_text":"\"Sky high, why not?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mechanics","url_text":"Popular Mechanics"}]},{"reference":"Medovoy, Lev (2000). \"Svet dalekoy zvezdy (Свет далёкой звезды)\" [Light from a distant star] (in Russian). Lechaim, January 2000 No. 93.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lechaim.ru/ARHIV/93/medovoy.htm","url_text":"\"Svet dalekoy zvezdy (Свет далёкой звезды)\""}]},{"reference":"Moshchenikova, M. A. (1999). \"A. B. Vasenko (А. Б. Васенко)\" (in Russian). Museum of Pushkin. Retrieved 2009-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://kfinkelshteyn.narod.ru/Tzarskoye_Selo/Uch_zav/Nik_Gimn/NGU_Vasenko_Sudba.htm","url_text":"\"A. B. Vasenko (А. Б. Васенко)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkin_(town)","url_text":"Pushkin"}]},{"reference":"Muromov, Igor (2003). 100 velikih aviakatastrof (100 великих авиакатастроф) [100 Great Plane Crashes] (in Russian). Veche. ISBN 978-5-9533-0029-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stovelikikhaviak0000muro","url_text":"100 velikih aviakatastrof (100 великих авиакатастроф)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9533-0029-2","url_text":"978-5-9533-0029-2"}]},{"reference":"Poluboyarinova-Kochina, P. Ya. (January–February 1964). \"Aleksandr Fridman\" (PDF). Soviet Physics Uspekhi (English Edition): 467–472.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0038-5670/6/4/E01/PHU_6_4_E01.pdf?request-id=7429cf76-2dd8-4055-87c8-fa001c02acd1","url_text":"\"Aleksandr Fridman\""}]},{"reference":"Shayler, David (2000). Disasters and accidents in manned spaceflight. Springer. pp. 20–22. ISBN 978-1-85233-225-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ng9i5IMtlpsC&q=Vasenko&pg=PA20","url_text":"Disasters and accidents in manned spaceflight"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-225-9","url_text":"978-1-85233-225-9"}]},{"reference":"Shayler, David (2001). The rocket men: Vostok & Voskhod, the first Soviet manned spaceflights. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-391-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zndYLKa26wAC","url_text":"The rocket men: Vostok & Voskhod, the first Soviet manned spaceflights"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-391-1","url_text":"978-1-85233-391-1"}]},{"reference":"Vaeth, Joseph Gordon (2005). They sailed the skies: U.S. Navy balloons and the airship program. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-914-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/theysailedskies00jgor","url_text":"They sailed the skies: U.S. Navy balloons and the airship program"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-914-9","url_text":"978-1-59114-914-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Osoaviakhim-1¶ms=53_52_N_44_22_E_type:adm2nd_region:RU","external_links_name":"53°52′N 44°22′E / 53.867°N 44.367°E / 53.867; 44.367"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Osoaviakhim-1¶ms=53_52_N_44_22_E_type:adm2nd_region:RU","external_links_name":"53°52′N 44°22′E / 53.867°N 44.367°E / 53.867; 44.367"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101122151810/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746156,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Balloon luck\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746156,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101122153335/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,882514,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Highest\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,882514,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101125053357/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746945,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Record in Red\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746945,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0710FF3E5D167A93C3A91789D85F408385F9&scp=5&sq=vasenko&st=cse","external_links_name":"\"3 Russians killed in balloon crash\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1934/02/03/archives/3-russian-airmen-buried-in-kremlin-stalin-and-vast-throng-in-red.html?sq=vasenko&scp=3&st=cse","external_links_name":"\"3 Russian airmen buried in Kremlin\""},{"Link":"http://www.stamprussia.com/balloon.htm","external_links_name":"\"Soviet stamps dedicated to balloonists, with Scott/Michel/CPA coding\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1934/03/17/archives/soviet-balloon-crash-laid-to-recklessness-in-rise-for-record-and-to.html?sq=vasenko&scp=2&st=cse","external_links_name":"\"Soviet balloon crash laid to recklessness\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f7pZosHqkbEC","external_links_name":"Russian spacesuits"},{"Link":"http://zhurnal.lib.ru/r/ryndin_s_r/wwdnevnik14.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Diaries, 1939–1940 (in Russian)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101206030841/http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/JOURNAL/VIET/STRATO/STRATO.HTM","external_links_name":"\"Polyoty v stratosfery v SSSR v 1930-e g. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_It_Black_(2016_film) | Paint It Black (2016 film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Development","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"] | 2016 American filmPaint It BlackDirected byAmber TamblynWritten by
Amber Tamblyn
Ed Dougherty
Based onPaint It Blackby Janet FitchProduced by
Wren Arthur
Amy Hobby
Anne Hubbell
Amber Tamblyn
Starring
Janet McTeer
Alia Shawkat
Rhys Wakefield
Emily Rios
Alfred Molina
CinematographyBrian Rigney HubbardEdited byPaul FrankProductioncompanies
Olive Productions
Tangerine Entertainment
Distributed byImagination WorldwideRelease dates
June 3, 2016 (2016-06-03) (LAFF)
May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19) (United States)
Running time97 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Paint It Black is a 2016 American film directed by Amber Tamblyn and co-written with Ed Dougherty based on Janet Fitch's 2006 novel of the same name. The film premiered at the 2016 LA Film Festival. The story centers on how a young artist's suicide affects his mother and girlfriend, who blame each other for the tragedy.
Plot
After her boyfriend, Michael, ignores her for days, Josie receives a phone call from the police informing her that he committed suicide at a motel. At the funeral she is attacked by Michael's mother, Meredith, who blames Josie for his death. Michael's father, Cal, takes her out for drinks after the funeral to explain that Michael was heavily depressed and that he and Meredith had an unusually close relationship with Cal being regarded as the interloper.
Josie copes with Michael's death by going out and getting drunk every night. When that no longer works she visits Meredith's home and the two get drunk together. The following morning Meredith tracks Josie down and asks Josie to show her the place she lived with Michael. Josie reluctantly consents but refuses to let Meredith take any of Michael's possessions. The following night, returning home, she finds that Meredith has stolen nearly everything in the apartment. In retaliation Josie breaks into Meredith's home and steals back some of Michael's things.
Later she calls Meredith from a phone booth and accuses her of trying to kill her. She makes Meredith promise to return Michael's sketchbooks to her. Meredith goes to meet her with only a few of the notebooks and then asks her to move in with her temporarily, promising to give her the rest of Michael's things.
Josie agrees and goes to live with Meredith. She gets sick and Meredith nurses her back to health and dresses her in beautiful clothing and has her attend lavish dinner parties. Eventually Josie tires of this lifestyle and leaves, going to the motel where Michael committed suicide. While at the motel Josie tries to get the receptionist to talk to her about Michael, but she avoids the subject. Instead an employee secretly talks to Josie and admits she is the one who found Michael and slips Josie the key to his room.
The following morning Josie walks into the desert and rips up Michael's drawings and abandons them there. Returning to the motel she offers the sympathetic employee a ride away from the motel as the circumstances of her employment seem strange and confining. The employee declines and Josie leaves the motel, but as she is leaving she sees the employee running towards her in her rear view mirror and stops the car so she can get in.
Cast
Alia Shawkat as Josie Tyrell
Janet McTeer as Meredith
Alfred Molina as Cal Faraday
Emily Rios as Pen
Rhys Wakefield as Michael
Annabelle Attanasio as Amanda One
Nancy Kwan as Margaret
Erik Valdez as Officer Valducci
Ashley Blaine Featherson as Shirley Mae
Patrick Davis as Marbles
Chris Palko as Nick Nitro
Development
Tamblyn optioned the rights to the book in 2012 with the idea of producing the movie and starring as the lead character with Courtney Hunt directing. By 2014 Tamblyn had taken on writing and directing duties herself and had cast Alia Shawkat in the lead role. Filming was completed in December 2014.
Reception
Rotten Tomatoes has given it a 88% rating based on reviews from 25 critics.
Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "An intriguing audio-visual sense, deft editing and Shawkat's committed performance elevate this strangely watchable film." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone commented, "Actress Amber Tamblyn's first movie as a director dives headfirst into the hot-button subject of suicide and emerges with expressionistic power with savage grace." Katie Walsh of The Playlist wrote, "Paint it Black has some real gems among the jumble, especially Shawkat, who ably shoulders the task at hand, and gives a raw and sensitive performance of a woman dealing with the loss of a lover far too young."
References
^ McNary, Dave (April 26, 2016). "LA Film Festival Unveils 42 World Premieres". Variety. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
^ Fitch, Janet (April 27, 2016). "Paint It Black– THE MOVIE PREMIERE". Janet Fitch's Blog. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
^ Saperstein, Pat (December 19, 2014). "Amber Tamblyn Wraps Directing Debut With Punk Rock Tale 'Paint It Black'". Variety. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
^ "Paint It Black". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
^ Goldstein, Gary (May 18, 2017). "Review: Amber Tamblyn wants to 'Paint It Black' in stylish directorial debut". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
^ Travers, Peter (May 18, 2017). "'Paint It Black': Suicide Sparks Conflict in Savagely Moving Debut". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
^ Walsh, Katie (June 9, 2016). "Alia Shawkat Gives An Outstanding Performance In Amber Tamblyn's Directorial Debut 'Paint It Black' ". theplaylist.net. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
External links
Paint It Black at IMDb
Paint It Black at Rotten Tomatoes
Paint It Black at AllMovie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amber Tamblyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Tamblyn"},{"link_name":"Janet Fitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Fitch"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_It_Black_(novel)"},{"link_name":"2016 LA Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Paint It Black is a 2016 American film directed by Amber Tamblyn and co-written with Ed Dougherty based on Janet Fitch's 2006 novel of the same name. The film premiered at the 2016 LA Film Festival.[1] The story centers on how a young artist's suicide affects his mother and girlfriend, who blame each other for the tragedy.","title":"Paint It Black (2016 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"After her boyfriend, Michael, ignores her for days, Josie receives a phone call from the police informing her that he committed suicide at a motel. At the funeral she is attacked by Michael's mother, Meredith, who blames Josie for his death. Michael's father, Cal, takes her out for drinks after the funeral to explain that Michael was heavily depressed and that he and Meredith had an unusually close relationship with Cal being regarded as the interloper.Josie copes with Michael's death by going out and getting drunk every night. When that no longer works she visits Meredith's home and the two get drunk together. The following morning Meredith tracks Josie down and asks Josie to show her the place she lived with Michael. Josie reluctantly consents but refuses to let Meredith take any of Michael's possessions. The following night, returning home, she finds that Meredith has stolen nearly everything in the apartment. In retaliation Josie breaks into Meredith's home and steals back some of Michael's things.Later she calls Meredith from a phone booth and accuses her of trying to kill her. She makes Meredith promise to return Michael's sketchbooks to her. Meredith goes to meet her with only a few of the notebooks and then asks her to move in with her temporarily, promising to give her the rest of Michael's things.Josie agrees and goes to live with Meredith. She gets sick and Meredith nurses her back to health and dresses her in beautiful clothing and has her attend lavish dinner parties. Eventually Josie tires of this lifestyle and leaves, going to the motel where Michael committed suicide. While at the motel Josie tries to get the receptionist to talk to her about Michael, but she avoids the subject. Instead an employee secretly talks to Josie and admits she is the one who found Michael and slips Josie the key to his room.The following morning Josie walks into the desert and rips up Michael's drawings and abandons them there. Returning to the motel she offers the sympathetic employee a ride away from the motel as the circumstances of her employment seem strange and confining. The employee declines and Josie leaves the motel, but as she is leaving she sees the employee running towards her in her rear view mirror and stops the car so she can get in.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alia Shawkat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia_Shawkat"},{"link_name":"Janet McTeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_McTeer"},{"link_name":"Alfred Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Molina"},{"link_name":"Emily Rios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Rios"},{"link_name":"Rhys Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Wakefield"},{"link_name":"Annabelle Attanasio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabelle_Attanasio"},{"link_name":"Nancy Kwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Kwan"},{"link_name":"Erik Valdez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Valdez"},{"link_name":"Ashley Blaine Featherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Blaine_Featherson"},{"link_name":"Chris Palko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_(rapper)"}],"text":"Alia Shawkat as Josie Tyrell\nJanet McTeer as Meredith\nAlfred Molina as Cal Faraday\nEmily Rios as Pen\nRhys Wakefield as Michael\nAnnabelle Attanasio as Amanda One\nNancy Kwan as Margaret\nErik Valdez as Officer Valducci\nAshley Blaine Featherson as Shirley Mae\nPatrick Davis as Marbles\nChris Palko as Nick Nitro","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamblyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Tamblyn"},{"link_name":"Courtney Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tamblyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Tamblyn"},{"link_name":"Alia Shawkat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia_Shawkat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Tamblyn optioned the rights to the book in 2012 with the idea of producing the movie and starring as the lead character with Courtney Hunt directing.[2] By 2014 Tamblyn had taken on writing and directing duties herself and had cast Alia Shawkat in the lead role. Filming was completed in December 2014.[3]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Peter Travers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Travers"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Rotten Tomatoes has given it a 88% rating based on reviews from 25 critics.[4]Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times wrote, \"An intriguing audio-visual sense, deft editing and Shawkat's committed performance elevate this strangely watchable film.\"[5] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone commented, \"Actress Amber Tamblyn's first movie as a director dives headfirst into the hot-button subject of suicide and emerges with expressionistic power with savage grace.\"[6] Katie Walsh of The Playlist wrote, \"Paint it Black has some real gems among the jumble, especially Shawkat, who ably shoulders the task at hand, and gives a raw and sensitive performance of a woman dealing with the loss of a lover far too young.\"[7]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"McNary, Dave (April 26, 2016). \"LA Film Festival Unveils 42 World Premieres\". Variety. Retrieved April 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_McNary","url_text":"McNary, Dave"},{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/la-film-festival-world-premieres-1201760904/","url_text":"\"LA Film Festival Unveils 42 World Premieres\""}]},{"reference":"Fitch, Janet (April 27, 2016). \"Paint It Black– THE MOVIE PREMIERE\". Janet Fitch's Blog. Retrieved April 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Fitch","url_text":"Fitch, Janet"},{"url":"https://janetfitchwrites.wordpress.com/2016/04/27/paint-it-black-the-movie-premiere/","url_text":"\"Paint It Black– THE MOVIE PREMIERE\""}]},{"reference":"Saperstein, Pat (December 19, 2014). \"Amber Tamblyn Wraps Directing Debut With Punk Rock Tale 'Paint It Black'\". Variety. Retrieved April 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2014/film/news/amber-tamblyn-wraps-directing-debut-with-punk-rock-tale-paint-it-black-1201383038/","url_text":"\"Amber Tamblyn Wraps Directing Debut With Punk Rock Tale 'Paint It Black'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paint It Black\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/paint_it_black_2016","url_text":"\"Paint It Black\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Gary (May 18, 2017). \"Review: Amber Tamblyn wants to 'Paint It Black' in stylish directorial debut\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-paint-it-black-review-20170518-story.html","url_text":"\"Review: Amber Tamblyn wants to 'Paint It Black' in stylish directorial debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Travers, Peter (May 18, 2017). \"'Paint It Black': Suicide Sparks Conflict in Savagely Moving Debut\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Travers","url_text":"Travers, Peter"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/paint-it-black-review-suicide-sparks-conflict-in-savagely-moving-debut-122894/","url_text":"\"'Paint It Black': Suicide Sparks Conflict in Savagely Moving Debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Katie (June 9, 2016). \"Alia Shawkat Gives An Outstanding Performance In Amber Tamblyn's Directorial Debut 'Paint It Black' [LAFF Review]\". theplaylist.net. Retrieved April 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theplaylist.net/laff-review-alia-shawkat-gives-outstanding-performance-amber-tamblyns-directorial-debut-paint-black-20160609/","url_text":"\"Alia Shawkat Gives An Outstanding Performance In Amber Tamblyn's Directorial Debut 'Paint It Black' [LAFF Review]\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/la-film-festival-world-premieres-1201760904/","external_links_name":"\"LA Film Festival Unveils 42 World Premieres\""},{"Link":"https://janetfitchwrites.wordpress.com/2016/04/27/paint-it-black-the-movie-premiere/","external_links_name":"\"Paint It Black– THE MOVIE PREMIERE\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2014/film/news/amber-tamblyn-wraps-directing-debut-with-punk-rock-tale-paint-it-black-1201383038/","external_links_name":"\"Amber Tamblyn Wraps Directing Debut With Punk Rock Tale 'Paint It Black'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/paint_it_black_2016","external_links_name":"\"Paint It Black\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-paint-it-black-review-20170518-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Review: Amber Tamblyn wants to 'Paint It Black' in stylish directorial debut\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/paint-it-black-review-suicide-sparks-conflict-in-savagely-moving-debut-122894/","external_links_name":"\"'Paint It Black': Suicide Sparks Conflict in Savagely Moving Debut\""},{"Link":"https://theplaylist.net/laff-review-alia-shawkat-gives-outstanding-performance-amber-tamblyns-directorial-debut-paint-black-20160609/","external_links_name":"\"Alia Shawkat Gives An Outstanding Performance In Amber Tamblyn's Directorial Debut 'Paint It Black' [LAFF Review]\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1472460/","external_links_name":"Paint It Black"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/paint_it_black_2016","external_links_name":"Paint It Black"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v662989","external_links_name":"Paint It Black"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_riots_in_Philadelphia | List of riots in Philadelphia | ["1 References"] | List of notable incidents of civil unrest in Philadelphia
The following is a partial list of riots and protests involving violent disorder that have occurred in Philadelphia:
1704 Riot of Young Gentry in Philadelphia
1715 riot by supporters of Reverend Francis Phillips, who had been arrested for stating he had slept with three prominent local women
1726 riot against pillory and stocks
1738 riot against restrictions on fish weirs and racks on the Schuykill River
Philadelphia Election riot, a conflict in 1742 over the political balance between Quakers and Anglicans
1834 Philadelphia race riot, where a white mob attacked African Americans in Moyamensing
Pennsylvania Hall riot, an 1838 riot where a venue was attacked by anti-abolitionists
Lombard Street riot, an 1842 riot where black freemen were attacked by an Irish Catholic mob
Philadelphia nativist riots, in May and June 1844, against Irish Catholic immigrants
Race riots in Philadelphia during the 1919 Red Summer, a series of riots against Southern black migration to the city
1964 Philadelphia race riot, one of the first in the civil rights era, triggered by police brutality
George Floyd protests in Philadelphia in 2020
Walter Wallace riots, a police killing that led to riots in 2020
References
^ Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism. Oxford University Press. January 2, 1975. ISBN 978-0-19-802017-2.
^ Old City Philadelphia: Cradle of American Democracy. Arcadia. 2003. ISBN 9780738524450.
^ a b The Environment and the People in American Cities, 1600s-1900s: Disorder, Inequality, and Social Change. Duke University Press. November 23, 2009. ISBN 9780822392248.
vteCity of PhiladelphiaTopics
History
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Category
Portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Election riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Election_riot"},{"link_name":"1834 Philadelphia race riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834_Philadelphia_race_riot"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Hall riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hall_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"Lombard Street riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_Street_riot"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia nativist riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_nativist_riots"},{"link_name":"Race riots in Philadelphia during the 1919 Red Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_riots_in_Philadelphia_during_the_1919_Red_Summer"},{"link_name":"1964 Philadelphia race riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Philadelphia_race_riot"},{"link_name":"George Floyd protests in Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Walter Wallace riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Walter_Wallace"}],"text":"The following is a partial list of riots and protests involving violent disorder that have occurred in Philadelphia:1704 Riot of Young Gentry in Philadelphia[1]\n1715 riot by supporters of Reverend Francis Phillips, who had been arrested for stating he had slept with three prominent local women[2]\n1726 riot against pillory and stocks[3]\n1738 riot against restrictions on fish weirs and racks on the Schuykill River[3]\nPhiladelphia Election riot, a conflict in 1742 over the political balance between Quakers and Anglicans\n1834 Philadelphia race riot, where a white mob attacked African Americans in Moyamensing\nPennsylvania Hall riot, an 1838 riot where a venue was attacked by anti-abolitionists\nLombard Street riot, an 1842 riot where black freemen were attacked by an Irish Catholic mob\nPhiladelphia nativist riots, in May and June 1844, against Irish Catholic immigrants\nRace riots in Philadelphia during the 1919 Red Summer, a series of riots against Southern black migration to the city\n1964 Philadelphia race riot, one of the first in the civil rights era, triggered by police brutality\nGeorge Floyd protests in Philadelphia in 2020\nWalter Wallace riots, a police killing that led to riots in 2020","title":"List of riots in Philadelphia"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism. Oxford University Press. January 2, 1975. ISBN 978-0-19-802017-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vW79dBtockMC&dq=1704+Riot+of+Young+Gentry+in+Philadelphia&pg=PA301","url_text":"Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802017-2","url_text":"978-0-19-802017-2"}]},{"reference":"Old City Philadelphia: Cradle of American Democracy. Arcadia. 2003. ISBN 9780738524450.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dPZISQ1JnvQC&dq=riot+philadelphia+%22reverend+francis+phillips%22&pg=PA30","url_text":"Old City Philadelphia: Cradle of American Democracy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738524450","url_text":"9780738524450"}]},{"reference":"The Environment and the People in American Cities, 1600s-1900s: Disorder, Inequality, and Social Change. Duke University Press. November 23, 2009. ISBN 9780822392248.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r8i-xIrryL4C&dq=1726+Philadelphia+riot+against+pillory+and+stocks&pg=PA66","url_text":"The Environment and the People in American Cities, 1600s-1900s: Disorder, Inequality, and Social Change"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822392248","url_text":"9780822392248"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vW79dBtockMC&dq=1704+Riot+of+Young+Gentry+in+Philadelphia&pg=PA301","external_links_name":"Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dPZISQ1JnvQC&dq=riot+philadelphia+%22reverend+francis+phillips%22&pg=PA30","external_links_name":"Old City Philadelphia: Cradle of American Democracy"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r8i-xIrryL4C&dq=1726+Philadelphia+riot+against+pillory+and+stocks&pg=PA66","external_links_name":"The Environment and the People in American Cities, 1600s-1900s: Disorder, Inequality, and Social Change"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_St_Vincent_(Gosport_shore_establishment) | HMS St Vincent (Gosport shore establishment) | ["1 References","2 Publications","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°47′59″N 1°08′09″W / 50.7997°N 1.1359°W / 50.7997; -1.1359For other ships with the same name, see HMS St Vincent.
Pilots and observers of the Fleet Air Arm on the parade ground of HMS St Vincent in 1943
History
United Kingdom
NameHMS St Vincent
Commissioned1 June 1927
Decommissioned2 April 1969
FateDecommissioned and duties dispersed to other establishments
General characteristics
Class and typeStone frigate
HMS St Vincent was a shore establishment of the Royal Navy, located in Gosport, Hampshire.
The name was given to the Forton Barracks site in Gosport in 1927, after the one that been set up aboard the old first rate HMS St Vincent in 1862. The new HMS St Vincent was commissioned on 1 June 1927, originally like its predecessor as a training establishment for boys and juniors. On the outbreak of the Second World War, the boys were evacuated to the Isle of Man, where they merged with those evacuated from HMS Caledonia to form HMS St George, which was formally established in 1939. HMS St Vincent meanwhile became a training establishment for officers of the Fleet Air Arm and an overflow for the Royal Navy barracks. A signal school was also established. A torpedo training section was opened on 22 July 1940.
St Vincent reverted to being a boy's training establishment after the end of the war, and reopened as such on 1 December 1945. It continued to function as such until 1968, when it was decided to close St Vincent. The official closing ceremony was held on 8 December 1968, with the white ensign being lowered for the last time on 2 April 1969. The base was then handed over to the land agent the following day, 3 April 1969.
St Vincent College now stands on the site.
References
^ "Forton Road Conservation Area Appraisal". Gosport Council. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Publications
Warlow, Ben, Shore Establishments of the Royal Navy, Liskeard : Maritime, 2000. ISBN 978-0-907771-73-9
Cushley, John "www.hmsstvincentassociation.com"
External links
Pathé Newsreel (1955)
50°47′59″N 1°08′09″W / 50.7997°N 1.1359°W / 50.7997; -1.1359 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS St Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_St_Vincent"},{"link_name":"shore establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore_establishment"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Gosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosport"},{"link_name":"Forton Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forton_Barracks"},{"link_name":"first rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_rate"},{"link_name":"HMS St Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_St_Vincent_(1815)"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"HMS Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Caledonia_(shore_establishment)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HMS St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_St_George_(shore_establishment)"},{"link_name":"Fleet Air Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm"},{"link_name":"white ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_ensign"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"St Vincent College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Vincent_College"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see HMS St Vincent.HMS St Vincent was a shore establishment of the Royal Navy, located in Gosport, Hampshire.The name was given to the Forton Barracks site in Gosport in 1927, after the one that been set up aboard the old first rate HMS St Vincent in 1862. The new HMS St Vincent was commissioned on 1 June 1927, originally like its predecessor as a training establishment for boys and juniors. On the outbreak of the Second World War, the boys were evacuated to the Isle of Man, where they merged with those evacuated from HMS Caledonia to form HMS St George, which was formally established in 1939. HMS St Vincent meanwhile became a training establishment for officers of the Fleet Air Arm and an overflow for the Royal Navy barracks. A signal school was also established. A torpedo training section was opened on 22 July 1940.St Vincent reverted to being a boy's training establishment after the end of the war, and reopened as such on 1 December 1945. It continued to function as such until 1968, when it was decided to close St Vincent. The official closing ceremony was held on 8 December 1968, with the white ensign being lowered for the last time on 2 April 1969. The base was then handed over to the land agent the following day, 3 April 1969.[1][dead link]St Vincent College now stands on the site.","title":"HMS St Vincent (Gosport shore establishment)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-907771-73-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907771-73-9"}],"text":"Warlow, Ben, Shore Establishments of the Royal Navy, Liskeard : Maritime, 2000. ISBN 978-0-907771-73-9\nCushley, John \"www.hmsstvincentassociation.com\"","title":"Publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Forton Road Conservation Area Appraisal\". Gosport Council. Retrieved 28 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gosport.gov.uk/EasysiteWeb/getresource.axd?AssetID=12058&type=full&servicetype=Attachment","url_text":"\"Forton Road Conservation Area Appraisal\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=HMS_St_Vincent_(Gosport_shore_establishment)¶ms=50.7997_N_1.1359_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"50°47′59″N 1°08′09″W / 50.7997°N 1.1359°W / 50.7997; -1.1359"},{"Link":"http://www.gosport.gov.uk/EasysiteWeb/getresource.axd?AssetID=12058&type=full&servicetype=Attachment","external_links_name":"\"Forton Road Conservation Area Appraisal\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMrQkJcjcMk","external_links_name":"Pathé Newsreel (1955)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=HMS_St_Vincent_(Gosport_shore_establishment)¶ms=50.7997_N_1.1359_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"50°47′59″N 1°08′09″W / 50.7997°N 1.1359°W / 50.7997; -1.1359"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muda_(tower) | Torre dei Gualandi | ["1 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°43′10.67″N 10°23′58.28″E / 43.7196306°N 10.3995222°E / 43.7196306; 10.3995222This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Torre della Muda, Giovanni Paolo Lasinio, engravings dated 1865
The Torre dei Gualandi (also known as the Muda Tower) is a former tower in Pisa, central Italy, now included in the Palazzo dell'Orologio.
It is located on the north part of the Piazza dei Cavalieri. The original tower was located on the right side of the present building. Gualandi was the name of a Pisan family that owned the tower in the 13th century.
Palazzo dell'Orologio
Ugolino della Gherardesca, his sons and two grandsons were immured in the tower and starved to death in the 13th century. Dante, his contemporary, wrote about Gherardesca in his masterpiece The Divine Comedy.
External links
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa: Palazzo dell'Orologio
Homepage | Comune di Pisa
Pisa, A Rapid look Around the Town, Short guide book and Faithful souvenir for you, about 1948
PISA History, Count Ugolino Della Gherardesca, Storia Dante - Localita Storia Eventi Cronaca Medio Evo News provincia Pisa Toscana.
vteTourism in PisaLandmarks
Leaning Tower of Pisa
Navicelli channel
Torre dei Gualandi
Churches
Pisa Baptistery
Pisa Cathedral
S Andrea Forisportam
S Antonio Abate
S Apollonia
S Caterina
S Chiara
S Cristina
S Domenico
S Francesco
S Frediano
S Giovanni dei Fieri
S Jacopo e Filippo
S Maria della Spina
S Martino
S Michele degli Scalzi
S Michele in Borgo
S Nicola
S Paolo a Ripa d'Arno
S Paolo all'Orto
S Piero a Grado
S Sepolcro
S Sisto
S Stefano dei Cavalieri
S Zeno
Palaces
della Carovana
del Collegio Puteano
delle Vedove
Piazzas
Piazza dei Cavalieri
Piazza delle Gondole
Piazza dei Miracoli
Museums
Camposanto Monumentale di Pisa
Domus Galilaeana
National Museum of San Matteo
Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa
Pisa Charterhouse
Gardens and parks
Orto botanico di Pisa
43°43′10.67″N 10°23′58.28″E / 43.7196306°N 10.3995222°E / 43.7196306; 10.3995222
This article about an Italian building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torre_della_Fame,_lasinio_Giovanni_Paolo,_1865.jpg"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Paolo Lasinio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_Lasinio"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Palazzo dell'Orologio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_dell%27Orologio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piazza dei Cavalieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights%27_Square_(Pisa)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pisa.Palazzo_dell_Orologio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ugolino della Gherardesca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugolino_della_Gherardesca"},{"link_name":"immured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immurement"},{"link_name":"starved to death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation"},{"link_name":"Dante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante"},{"link_name":"The Divine Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy"}],"text":"Torre della Muda, Giovanni Paolo Lasinio, engravings dated 1865The Torre dei Gualandi (also known as the Muda Tower) is a former tower in Pisa, central Italy, now included in the Palazzo dell'Orologio.It is located on the north part of the Piazza dei Cavalieri. The original tower was located on the right side of the present building. Gualandi was the name of a Pisan family that owned the tower in the 13th century.Palazzo dell'OrologioUgolino della Gherardesca, his sons and two grandsons were immured in the tower and starved to death in the 13th century. Dante, his contemporary, wrote about Gherardesca in his masterpiece The Divine Comedy.","title":"Torre dei Gualandi"}] | [{"image_text":"Torre della Muda, Giovanni Paolo Lasinio, engravings dated 1865","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Torre_della_Fame%2C_lasinio_Giovanni_Paolo%2C_1865.jpg/220px-Torre_della_Fame%2C_lasinio_Giovanni_Paolo%2C_1865.jpg"},{"image_text":"Palazzo dell'Orologio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pisa.Palazzo_dell_Orologio.jpg/220px-Pisa.Palazzo_dell_Orologio.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Torre_dei_Gualandi¶ms=43_43_10.67_N_10_23_58.28_E_source:itwiki_region:IT_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°43′10.67″N 10°23′58.28″E / 43.7196306°N 10.3995222°E / 43.7196306; 10.3995222"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060720081434/http://www.sns.it/en/scuola/luoghi/palazzodellorologio/","external_links_name":"Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa: Palazzo dell'Orologio"},{"Link":"http://www.comune.pisa.it/turismo/itinerari/1itinerario-gb.htm","external_links_name":"Homepage | Comune di Pisa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061110050809/http://www.endex.com/gf/buildings/ltpisa/ltparticles/ltp%20rapid%201948/ltp%20rapid%201948.htm","external_links_name":"Pisa, A Rapid look Around the Town, Short guide book and Faithful souvenir for you, about 1948"},{"Link":"http://www.pisaonline.it/ulisse/eng/manoscritti.htm","external_links_name":"PISA History, Count Ugolino Della Gherardesca, Storia Dante - Localita Storia Eventi Cronaca Medio Evo News provincia Pisa Toscana."},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Torre_dei_Gualandi¶ms=43_43_10.67_N_10_23_58.28_E_source:itwiki_region:IT_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°43′10.67″N 10°23′58.28″E / 43.7196306°N 10.3995222°E / 43.7196306; 10.3995222"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torre_dei_Gualandi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Animals_Studio | Studio X | ["1 History","2 Albums recorded at Bad Animals/Studio X","3 Film scores recorded at Bad Animals/Studio X","4 Video game scores recorded at Bad Animals/Studio X","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 47°36′54″N 122°20′35″W / 47.615023°N 122.343072°W / 47.615023; -122.343072
Recording studio in Seattle, Washington
Studio XAnthony Marinelli and Dr. John at Studio X in 2007Company typeRecording studioIndustryMusicFounded1979; 45 years ago (1979)Seattle, Washington, U.S.FounderSteve and Debbie LawsonSuccessorSteve Lawson ProductionsWebsitewww.badanimals.com
Studio X (formerly known as Bad Animals Studio and Kaye-Smith Studios) is a music and media recording studio on 4th Avenue in downtown Seattle, Washington, United States. Originally part of the Kaye-Smith Enterprises media conglomerate founded by Lester Smith and actor Danny Kaye, the studio was used to record commercials and musicians. The studio was re-launched as Steve Lawson Productions by Steve and Debbie Lawson in 1979. The sisters Ann and Nancy Wilson of the band Heart owned the studio from 1991 until 1997, and named it Bad Animals after their 1987 album of the same name. Artists such as Heart, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Nirvana, Queensrÿche, Mad Season, Foo Fighters, Audioslave, Aerosmith, The Beach Boys, Jerry Cantrell, Eddie Vedder, Duff McKagan, Johnny Cash, B.B. King, Radiohead, R.E.M., Deftones, Soulfly, Steve Vai, KMFDM, and Neil Young have recorded at the studio.
History
In 1991, Nancy and Ann Wilson of the band Heart entered into a partnership with Steve Lawson, who owned Kaye-Smith Studios where many of their 1970s hits, as well as their 1980 album Bébé le Strange, had been recorded. They upgraded the facility to the state-of-the-art, and renamed it Bad Animals Studio. The studio was named after Heart's 1987 album, Bad Animals. Ann and Nancy sold the studio back to the Lawsons in 1997, and it was renamed Studio X.
Several of the Humongous Entertainment games were also recorded by Bad Animals Studios.
In May 1993, Nirvana entered Bad Animals Studios to remix the songs "Heart-Shaped Box" and "All Apologies" for their album In Utero.
The music video for Soundgarden's 1994 single "Fell on Black Days" was filmed at the studio.
In 1997, Steve Lawson sold Bad Animals to Mike McAuliffe, Dave Howe, Charlie Nordstrom and Tom McGurk.
In 1998, the Spice Girls recorded vocals for the song "Boyfriend/Girlfriend", their contribution to the South Park soundtrack at the studio.
In 2001, Bill Brown recorded all of the music for Microsoft's Windows XP operating system with a live orchestra at the studio.
On September 1, 2003, Seattle radio station KNDD 107.7 The End hosted a solo acoustic performance by Thom Yorke at Studio X.
In October 2017, the studio was purchased for $21.6 million by Skanska, which plans to build a 346-unit multifamily tower with ground-floor retail in the building.
On October 31, 2018, Studio X, now managed by Reed Ruddy, moved its location from Belltown to Capitol Hill. Alice in Chains' 2018 album Rainier Fog was the last album recorded at the original studio.
Albums recorded at Bad Animals/Studio X
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2018)
Partial list.
Bette Midler (1973) – Bette Midler (as Kaye-Smith Studios)
Track of the Cat (1975) – Dionne Warwick (overdubbing) (as Kaye-Smith Studios)
Little Queen (1977) – Heart (as Kaye-Smith Studios)
M.I.U. Album (1978) – The Beach Boys (as Kaye-Smith Studios)
Bébé le Strange (1980) – Heart (as Kaye-Smith Studios)
Greatest Hits/Live (1980) – Heart (as Kaye-Smith Studios)
Private Audition (1982) – Heart (as Kaye-Smith Studios)
Metal Church (1984) - Metal Church (as Steve Lawson Productions)
Automatic For The People (1992) – R.E.M. (mixing)
Inhaler (1993) – Tad (mixing)
Desire Walks On (1993) – Heart
Superunknown (1994) – Soundgarden
Live Through This (1994) – Hole (mixing)
Vitalogy (1994) – Pearl Jam
Above (1995) – Mad Season
Mirror Ball (1995) – Neil Young
The Road Home (1995) – Heart (mixing)
Adrenaline (1995) – Deftones
Lucy (1995) – Candlebox (mixing)
Alice in Chains (1995) – Alice in Chains
Down on the Upside (1996) – Soundgarden
New Adventures in Hi-Fi (1996) – R.E.M.
Yield (1998) – Pearl Jam
Boggy Depot (1998) – Jerry Cantrell
Heart Presents A Lovemongers' Christmas (1998) – Heart
13 Ways to Bleed on Stage (2000) – Cold
Riot Act (2002) – Pearl Jam
Audioslave (2002) – Audioslave
Deftones (2003) – Deftones
Savages (2003) – Soulfly
Transatlanticism (2003) – Death Cab for Cutie
Catch Without Arms (2005) – Dredg
Pearl Jam (2006) – Pearl Jam
Into the Wild (2007) – Eddie Vedder
Ukulele Songs (2011) – Eddie Vedder
Fanatic (2012) – Heart
The Heist (2012) – Macklemore & Ryan Lewis
King Animal (2012) – Soundgarden
Lightning Bolt (2013) – Pearl Jam
Satyricon (2013) – Satyricon
Rainier Fog (2018) – Alice in Chains
Film scores recorded at Bad Animals/Studio X
Army of Darkness (1992)
Dennis the Menace (1993)
10 Things I Hate About You (1999)
Office Space (1999)
The Way of the Gun (2000)
The Wedding Planner (2001)
Vanilla Sky (2001)
Big Fish (2003)
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)
Kiss Kiss Bang Bang (2005)
Into the Wild (2007)
Orphan (2009)
The Blind Side (2009)
Eat Pray Love (2010)
Carol (2014)
The Founder (2016)
Video game scores recorded at Bad Animals/Studio X
Halo 2 Original Soundtrack (2004)
Star Wars: Republic Commando (2005)
Halo 3 Original Soundtrack (2007)
The Incredible Hulk (2008)
Halo: Reach Original Soundtrack (2010)
Solitaire Blitz (2012)
Plants vs. Zombies Adventures (2013)
Destiny Original Soundtrack (2014)
Peggle 2 Original Soundtrack (2014)
Age of Empires II (2013)
Heroes of Skyrealm (2016)
References
^ a b Phalen, Tom (November 25, 1995). "Seattle's history as studio Mecca predates grunge". Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 47. p. 69. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on October 9, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2018..
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Clients - Studio X". studioxinc.com.
^ "Heart". Mix. 22 (1–6). Mix Publications: 169. ISSN 0164-9957.
^ Updike, Robin (October 7, 1991). "Recording Studio Just A 'Heart' Beat Away". The Seattle Times.
^ "Bad Animals, Inc". Moby Games.
^ Azerrad, 1994. p. 337–38
^ "SOUNDGARDEN were working hard on the SUPERUNKNOWN album at Bad Animals studios in Seattle in the autumn of 1993". Instagram. June 23, 2018.
^ Kelly, Brian (June 17, 1999). "Hear, Hear: Sound Effects Win Emmys -- 'Nye The Science Guy' Team Go To Great Lengths". The Seattle Times.
^ "Studio Action". Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 37 (published September 12, 1998). September 12, 1998. p. 66.
^ Brown, Bill (July 4, 2013). "Almost 14 years ago I wrote the music for Windows XP…". Retrieved July 21, 2023 – via Facebook.
^ "Studio X - Seattle, WA USA September 1, 2003". greenplastic.com.
^ a b c Brodeur, Nicole (August 24, 2018). "Belltown's Studio X, witness to some of Seattle's greatest music milestones, makes way for the wrecking ball". The Seattle Times.
^ "Bette Midler – Bette Midler". Radio.Video.Music. November 16, 2021.
^ "Dionne Warwick – Track Of The Cat". Discogs.
^ "Little Queen – Heart". AllMusic.
^ "M.I.U. Album". albumlinernotes.com.
^ "Bébé le Strange – Heart". AllMusic.
^ "Heart – Greatest Hits / Live". Discogs.
^ "Private Audition – Heart". AllMusic.
^ Metal Church (LP sleeve). Metal Church. Elektra Records. 1985. 60471-1.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "R.E.M. – Automatic For The People". Discogs.
^ "Tad – Inhaler". Discogs.
^ "Four classics recorded at Seattle's Studio X, aka Bad Animal". Metal Hammer. July 19, 2018.
^ "The Oral History of Soundgarden's 'Superunknown'". Spin. June 5, 2014.
^ "Hole – Live Through This". Discogs.
^ "23 Years Ago: Pearl Jam Overcome Internal Strife on 'Vitalogy'". Loudwire. December 6, 2017.
^ "Above – Mad Season". AllMusic.
^ "Mirror Ball – Neil Young". AllMusic.
^ "Heart – The Road Home". Discogs.
^ "Adrenaline – Deftones". AllMusic.
^ "Candlebox – Lucy". Discogs.
^ "Alice in Chains – Alice in Chains". AllMusic.
^ "Down on the Upside – Soundgarden". AllMusic.
^ "New Adventures in Hi-Fi – R.E.M." AllMusic.
^ "Yield – Pearl Jam". AllMusic.
^ "Boggy Depot – Jerry Cantrell". AllMusic.
^ "Heart Presents A Lovemongers' Christmas". AllMusic.
^ "13 Ways to Bleed on Stage – Cold". AllMusic.
^ "Riot Act – Pearl Jam". AllMusic.
^ "Audioslave – Audioslave". AllMusic.
^ "Deftones – Deftones". AllMusic.
^ "Savages – Soulfly". AllMusic.
^ "Transatlanticism – Death Cab for Cutie". AllMusic.
^ "Catch Without Arms – Dredg". AllMusic.
^ "Pearl Jam – Pearl Jam". AllMusic.
^ a b "Into the Wild – Eddie Vedder". AllMusic.
^ "Ukulele Songs – Eddie Vedder". AllMusic.
^ "Fanatic – Heart". AllMusic.
^ "The Heist – Macklemore & Ryan Lewis". AllMusic.
^ "King Animal – Soundgarden". AllMusic.
^ "Lightning Bolt – Pearl Jam". AllMusic.
^ "Satyricon – Satyricon". AllMusic.
^ Beaudoin, Jedd (August 27, 2018). "Destroy Or Be Destroyed: Alice in Chains Confronts Ghosts, Past on 'Rainier Fog'". PopMatters.
^ "Big Fish – Danny Elfman". AllMusic.
^ Dietrich, Heidi (May 5, 2005). "Seattle scores in Hollywood". Pudget Sound Business Journal.
^ "Kiss Kiss Bang Bang ". AllMusic.
^ "Orphan ". AllMusic.
^ "Carter Burwell - The Blind Side". carterburwell.com.
^ "Eat Pray Love ". AllMusic.
^ "Carter Burwell - Carol". carterburwell.com.
^ "Carter Burwell - The Founder". carterburwell.com.
^ G., Andrew (July 30, 2016). "An Oral History of the Halo 2 E3 2003 Demo". Medium.
^ Staff (September 20, 2007). "Interview with Halo 3 Composer Marty O'Donnell". Music4Games. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ Van Zelfden, Alex (June 6, 2008). "The Music of The Incredible Hulk". IGN. IGN Entertainment. Archived from the original on October 3, 2008. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
^ Usher, William (September 12, 2010). "Halo: Reach Soundtrack Available For Musically Inclined Gamers". Cinema Blend.
^ "Making the secret symphony of Peggle 2". Polygon. December 11, 2013.
External links
Bad Animals
Studio X
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz place
47°36′54″N 122°20′35″W / 47.615023°N 122.343072°W / 47.615023; -122.343072 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard1995-1"},{"link_name":"recording studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_studio"},{"link_name":"downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Seattle, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Kaye-Smith Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.kayesmith.com/"},{"link_name":"Danny Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Kaye"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard1995-1"},{"link_name":"Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Nancy Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(rock_musician)"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Animals"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"Alice in Chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Chains"},{"link_name":"Pearl Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam"},{"link_name":"Soundgarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundgarden"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"Queensrÿche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensr%C3%BFche"},{"link_name":"Mad Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Season_(band)"},{"link_name":"Foo Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters"},{"link_name":"Audioslave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audioslave"},{"link_name":"Aerosmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith"},{"link_name":"The Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"Jerry Cantrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Cantrell"},{"link_name":"Eddie Vedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Vedder"},{"link_name":"Duff McKagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duff_McKagan"},{"link_name":"Johnny Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Cash"},{"link_name":"B.B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.B._King"},{"link_name":"Radiohead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohead"},{"link_name":"R.E.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.E.M."},{"link_name":"Deftones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deftones"},{"link_name":"Soulfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulfly"},{"link_name":"Steve Vai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Vai"},{"link_name":"KMFDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMFDM"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clients-2"}],"text":"Recording studio in Seattle, WashingtonStudio X (formerly known as Bad Animals Studio and Kaye-Smith Studios[1]) is a music and media recording studio on 4th Avenue in downtown Seattle, Washington, United States. Originally part of the Kaye-Smith Enterprises media conglomerate founded by Lester Smith and actor Danny Kaye, the studio was used to record commercials and musicians. The studio was re-launched as Steve Lawson Productions by Steve and Debbie Lawson in 1979.[1] The sisters Ann and Nancy Wilson of the band Heart owned the studio from 1991 until 1997, and named it Bad Animals after their 1987 album of the same name. Artists such as Heart, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Nirvana, Queensrÿche, Mad Season, Foo Fighters, Audioslave, Aerosmith, The Beach Boys, Jerry Cantrell, Eddie Vedder, Duff McKagan, Johnny Cash, B.B. King, Radiohead, R.E.M., Deftones, Soulfly, Steve Vai, KMFDM, and Neil Young have recorded at the studio.[2]","title":"Studio X"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(rock_musician)"},{"link_name":"Ann Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bébé le Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9b%C3%A9_le_Strange"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bad Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Animals"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Humongous Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humongous_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"Heart-Shaped Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart-Shaped_Box"},{"link_name":"All Apologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Apologies"},{"link_name":"In Utero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Utero_(album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Soundgarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundgarden"},{"link_name":"Fell on Black Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fell_on_Black_Days"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Spice Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Girls"},{"link_name":"South Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bill Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Brown_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Windows XP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"KNDD 107.7 The End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNDD"},{"link_name":"Thom Yorke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Yorke"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Skanska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanska"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moving-12"},{"link_name":"Belltown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belltown,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Capitol Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Hill,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moving-12"},{"link_name":"Alice in Chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Chains"},{"link_name":"Rainier Fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainier_Fog"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moving-12"}],"text":"In 1991, Nancy and Ann Wilson of the band Heart entered into a partnership with Steve Lawson, who owned Kaye-Smith Studios where many of their 1970s hits, as well as their 1980 album Bébé le Strange, had been recorded.[3] They upgraded the facility to the state-of-the-art, and renamed it Bad Animals Studio. The studio was named after Heart's 1987 album, Bad Animals.[4] Ann and Nancy sold the studio back to the Lawsons in 1997, and it was renamed Studio X.[5]Several of the Humongous Entertainment games were also recorded by Bad Animals Studios.In May 1993, Nirvana entered Bad Animals Studios to remix the songs \"Heart-Shaped Box\" and \"All Apologies\" for their album In Utero.[6]The music video for Soundgarden's 1994 single \"Fell on Black Days\" was filmed at the studio.[7]In 1997, Steve Lawson sold Bad Animals to Mike McAuliffe, Dave Howe, Charlie Nordstrom and Tom McGurk.[8]In 1998, the Spice Girls recorded vocals for the song \"Boyfriend/Girlfriend\", their contribution to the South Park soundtrack at the studio.[9]In 2001, Bill Brown recorded all of the music for Microsoft's Windows XP operating system with a live orchestra at the studio.[10]On September 1, 2003, Seattle radio station KNDD 107.7 The End hosted a solo acoustic performance by Thom Yorke at Studio X.[11]In October 2017, the studio was purchased for $21.6 million by Skanska, which plans to build a 346-unit multifamily tower with ground-floor retail in the building.[12]On October 31, 2018, Studio X, now managed by Reed Ruddy, moved its location from Belltown to Capitol Hill.[12] Alice in Chains' 2018 album Rainier Fog was the last album recorded at the original studio.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bette Midler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Midler_(album)"},{"link_name":"Bette Midler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Midler"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Dionne Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionne_Warwick"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Little Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Queen"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"M.I.U. Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.I.U._Album"},{"link_name":"The Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bébé le Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9b%C3%A9_le_Strange"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits/Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits/Live"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Private Audition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Audition"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Metal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Church_(album)"},{"link_name":"Metal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Church"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liner_Notes-20"},{"link_name":"Automatic For The People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_For_The_People"},{"link_name":"R.E.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.E.M."},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Inhaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhaler_(album)"},{"link_name":"Tad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad_(band)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Desire Walks On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desire_Walks_On"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Superunknown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superunknown"},{"link_name":"Soundgarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundgarden"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Live Through This","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Through_This"},{"link_name":"Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hole_(band)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Vitalogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalogy"},{"link_name":"Pearl Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Above","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_(Mad_Season_album)"},{"link_name":"Mad Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Season_(band)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Mirror Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_Ball_(Neil_Young_album)"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"The Road Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_Home_(Heart_album)"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Adrenaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline_(album)"},{"link_name":"Deftones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deftones"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_(Candlebox_album)"},{"link_name":"Candlebox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlebox"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Alice in Chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Chains_(album)"},{"link_name":"Alice in Chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Chains"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Down on the Upside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_on_the_Upside"},{"link_name":"Soundgarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundgarden"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"New Adventures in Hi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Adventures_in_Hi-Fi"},{"link_name":"R.E.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.E.M."},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Yield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(album)"},{"link_name":"Pearl Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Boggy Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggy_Depot"},{"link_name":"Jerry Cantrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Cantrell"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Heart Presents A Lovemongers' Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Presents_A_Lovemongers%27_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"13 Ways to Bleed on Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_Ways_to_Bleed_on_Stage"},{"link_name":"Cold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_(band)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Riot Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Act_(album)"},{"link_name":"Pearl Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Audioslave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audioslave_(album)"},{"link_name":"Audioslave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audioslave"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Deftones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deftones_(album)"},{"link_name":"Deftones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deftones"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Savages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savages_(Soulfly_album)"},{"link_name":"Soulfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulfly"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Transatlanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlanticism"},{"link_name":"Death Cab for Cutie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Cab_for_Cutie"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Catch Without Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_Without_Arms"},{"link_name":"Dredg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredg"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Pearl Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam_(album)"},{"link_name":"Pearl Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Into the Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Eddie Vedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Vedder"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-into_the_wild-46"},{"link_name":"Ukulele Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulele_Songs"},{"link_name":"Eddie Vedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Vedder"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Fanatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanatic_(album)"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"The Heist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heist_(album)"},{"link_name":"Macklemore & Ryan Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macklemore_%26_Ryan_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"King Animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Animal"},{"link_name":"Soundgarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundgarden"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Lightning Bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_Bolt_(Pearl_Jam_album)"},{"link_name":"Pearl Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Satyricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyricon_(Satyricon_album)"},{"link_name":"Satyricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyricon_(band)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Rainier Fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainier_Fog"},{"link_name":"Alice in Chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Chains"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Partial list.Bette Midler (1973) – Bette Midler (as Kaye-Smith Studios)[13]\nTrack of the Cat (1975) – Dionne Warwick (overdubbing) (as Kaye-Smith Studios)[14]\nLittle Queen (1977) – Heart (as Kaye-Smith Studios)[15]\nM.I.U. Album (1978) – The Beach Boys (as Kaye-Smith Studios)[16]\nBébé le Strange (1980) – Heart (as Kaye-Smith Studios)[17]\nGreatest Hits/Live (1980) – Heart (as Kaye-Smith Studios)[18]\nPrivate Audition (1982) – Heart (as Kaye-Smith Studios)[19]\nMetal Church (1984) - Metal Church (as Steve Lawson Productions)[20]\nAutomatic For The People (1992) – R.E.M. (mixing)[21]\nInhaler (1993) – Tad (mixing)[22]\nDesire Walks On (1993) – Heart[23]\nSuperunknown (1994) – Soundgarden[24]\nLive Through This (1994) – Hole (mixing)[25]\nVitalogy (1994) – Pearl Jam[26]\nAbove (1995) – Mad Season[27]\nMirror Ball (1995) – Neil Young[28]\nThe Road Home (1995) – Heart (mixing)[29]\nAdrenaline (1995) – Deftones[30]\nLucy (1995) – Candlebox (mixing)[31]\nAlice in Chains (1995) – Alice in Chains[32]\nDown on the Upside (1996) – Soundgarden[33]\nNew Adventures in Hi-Fi (1996) – R.E.M.[34]\nYield (1998) – Pearl Jam[35]\nBoggy Depot (1998) – Jerry Cantrell[36]\nHeart Presents A Lovemongers' Christmas (1998) – Heart[37]\n13 Ways to Bleed on Stage (2000) – Cold[38]\nRiot Act (2002) – Pearl Jam[39]\nAudioslave (2002) – Audioslave[40]\nDeftones (2003) – Deftones[41]\nSavages (2003) – Soulfly[42]\nTransatlanticism (2003) – Death Cab for Cutie[43]\nCatch Without Arms (2005) – Dredg[44]\nPearl Jam (2006) – Pearl Jam[45]\nInto the Wild (2007) – Eddie Vedder[46]\nUkulele Songs (2011) – Eddie Vedder[47]\nFanatic (2012) – Heart[48]\nThe Heist (2012) – Macklemore & Ryan Lewis[49]\nKing Animal (2012) – Soundgarden[50]\nLightning Bolt (2013) – Pearl Jam[51]\nSatyricon (2013) – Satyricon[52]\nRainier Fog (2018) – Alice in Chains[53]","title":"Albums recorded at Bad Animals/Studio X"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Army of Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Darkness"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clients-2"},{"link_name":"Dennis the Menace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_the_Menace_(1993_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clients-2"},{"link_name":"10 Things I Hate About You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Things_I_Hate_About_You"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clients-2"},{"link_name":"Office Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Space"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clients-2"},{"link_name":"The Way of the Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Gun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clients-2"},{"link_name":"The Wedding Planner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wedding_Planner"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clients-2"},{"link_name":"Vanilla Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_from_Vanilla_Sky"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clients-2"},{"link_name":"Big Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Fish_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_Sunshine_of_the_Spotless_Mind_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Kiss Kiss Bang Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_Kiss_Bang_Bang"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Into the Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Wild_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-into_the_wild-46"},{"link_name":"Orphan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"The Blind Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blind_Side_(film)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Eat Pray Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat_Pray_Love"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_(film)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"The Founder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Founder_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"Army of Darkness (1992)[2]\nDennis the Menace (1993)[2]\n10 Things I Hate About You (1999)[2]\nOffice Space (1999)[2]\nThe Way of the Gun (2000)[2]\nThe Wedding Planner (2001)[2]\nVanilla Sky (2001)[2]\nBig Fish (2003)[54]\nEternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)[55]\nKiss Kiss Bang Bang (2005)[56]\nInto the Wild (2007)[46]\nOrphan (2009)[57]\nThe Blind Side (2009)[58]\nEat Pray Love (2010)[59]\nCarol (2014)[60]\nThe Founder (2016)[61]","title":"Film scores recorded at Bad Animals/Studio X"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halo 2 Original Soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_2_Original_Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Republic Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Republic_Commando"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clients-2"},{"link_name":"Halo 3 Original Soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_3_Original_Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"The Incredible Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_(2008_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Halo: Reach Original Soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo:_Reach"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clients-2"},{"link_name":"Plants vs. Zombies Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_vs._Zombies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clients-2"},{"link_name":"Destiny Original Soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clients-2"},{"link_name":"Peggle 2 Original Soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggle_2"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Age of Empires II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Empires_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clients-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clients-2"}],"text":"Halo 2 Original Soundtrack (2004)[62]\nStar Wars: Republic Commando (2005)[2]\nHalo 3 Original Soundtrack (2007)[63]\nThe Incredible Hulk (2008)[64]\nHalo: Reach Original Soundtrack (2010)[65]\nSolitaire Blitz (2012)[2]\nPlants vs. Zombies Adventures (2013)[2]\nDestiny Original Soundtrack (2014)[2]\nPeggle 2 Original Soundtrack (2014)[66]\nAge of Empires II (2013)[2]\nHeroes of Skyrealm (2016)[2]","title":"Video game scores recorded at Bad Animals/Studio X"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Phalen, Tom (November 25, 1995). \"Seattle's history as studio Mecca predates grunge\". Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 47. p. 69. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on October 9, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pw0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA69","url_text":"\"Seattle's history as studio Mecca predates grunge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181009110803/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pw0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Clients - Studio X\". studioxinc.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.studioxinc.com/projects/","url_text":"\"Clients - Studio X\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heart\". Mix. 22 (1–6). Mix Publications: 169. 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