url
stringlengths 31
184
| title
stringlengths 1
146
⌀ | table_of_contents
stringlengths 2
24.4k
| raw_text
stringlengths 16
424k
⌀ | cataloged_text
stringlengths 2
1.2M
| images
stringlengths 2
86.9k
| see_also
stringlengths 2
149k
⌀ | references
stringlengths 2
542k
| external_links
stringlengths 2
292k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_inducer | Pump inducer | ["1 Use in rocketry","2 References"] | For inducers in molecular biology, see Inducer.
This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
An inducer designed for testing in water tunnels
An inducer is the axial inlet portion of a centrifugal pump rotor, the function of which is to raise the inlet head by an amount sufficient to prevent significant cavitation in the following pump stage. It is used in applications in which the inlet pressure of a pump is close to the vapor pressure of the pumped liquid. Inducers are frequently included in design of turbopumps for liquid propellant rocket engines, although they are used in other applications which require high suction performance. It does not increase NPSHa but decreases NPSHr for Pump.
An inducer operating in an experimental water tunnel. The tip vortex cavitation phenomenon can be clearly identified.
Use in rocketry
In order to achieve high delta-v, the structural mass of a launch vehicle should be as low as possible. Liquid fuel tanks can be constructed lighter if the pressure within those tanks is kept low. Typically, for pump-fed rocket engines, the propellant tank pressures (and masses) are 1/10 to 1/40 of those in a pressure-fed rocket. The structural weight constraint also makes the rotating speed of the turbopump rotor as high as possible. For example, the rotating speed of the oxygen turbopump of the Japanese LE-7 rocket engine is 18300rpm. These two factors above combine to make the pump impeller very susceptible to cavitation. If cavitation occurs in the impeller, the performance of the pump will be severely degraded and the pump itself may be damaged.
References
^ NASA SP-8052 Liquid rocket engine turbopump inducers. NASA.
^ Japikse, David. "Overview of Industrial and Rocket Turbopump Inducer Design" (PDF). Concepts NREC. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
^ a b Sutton, George P. (2001). Rocket propulsion elements (7th ed.) (PDF). John Wiley&Sons. pp. 218, 363. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-02.
This fluid dynamics–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inducer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inducer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Test_inducer.png"},{"link_name":"axial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_rotation"},{"link_name":"centrifugal pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_pump"},{"link_name":"head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_head"},{"link_name":"cavitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasa_sp8052-1"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"vapor pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressure"},{"link_name":"turbopumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbopump"},{"link_name":"rocket engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_engines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japikse2001-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inducer_tip_vortex_cavitation.png"}],"text":"For inducers in molecular biology, see Inducer.An inducer designed for testing in water tunnelsAn inducer is the axial inlet portion of a centrifugal pump rotor, the function of which is to raise the inlet head by an amount sufficient to prevent significant cavitation in the following pump stage.[1] It is used in applications in which the inlet pressure of a pump is close to the vapor pressure of the pumped liquid. Inducers are frequently included in design of turbopumps for liquid propellant rocket engines, although they are used in other applications which require high suction performance.[2] It does not increase NPSHa but decreases NPSHr for Pump[citation needed].An inducer operating in an experimental water tunnel. The tip vortex cavitation phenomenon can be clearly identified.","title":"Pump inducer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"delta-v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-v"},{"link_name":"launch vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sutton2001-3"},{"link_name":"turbopump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbopump"},{"link_name":"LE-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LE-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sutton2001-3"}],"text":"In order to achieve high delta-v, the structural mass of a launch vehicle should be as low as possible. Liquid fuel tanks can be constructed lighter if the pressure within those tanks is kept low. Typically, for pump-fed rocket engines, the propellant tank pressures (and masses) are 1/10 to 1/40 of those in a pressure-fed rocket.[3] The structural weight constraint also makes the rotating speed of the turbopump rotor as high as possible. For example, the rotating speed of the oxygen turbopump of the Japanese LE-7 rocket engine is 18300rpm.[3] These two factors above combine to make the pump impeller very susceptible to cavitation. If cavitation occurs in the impeller, the performance of the pump will be severely degraded and the pump itself may be damaged.","title":"Use in rocketry"}] | [{"image_text":"An inducer designed for testing in water tunnels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Test_inducer.png/220px-Test_inducer.png"},{"image_text":"An inducer operating in an experimental water tunnel. The tip vortex cavitation phenomenon can be clearly identified.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Inducer_tip_vortex_cavitation.png/220px-Inducer_tip_vortex_cavitation.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"NASA SP-8052 Liquid rocket engine turbopump inducers. NASA.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Japikse, David. \"Overview of Industrial and Rocket Turbopump Inducer Design\" (PDF). Concepts NREC. Retrieved 17 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://caltechconf.library.caltech.edu/101/1/OV-Turbopump.pdf","url_text":"\"Overview of Industrial and Rocket Turbopump Inducer Design\""}]},{"reference":"Sutton, George P. (2001). Rocket propulsion elements (7th ed.) (PDF). John Wiley&Sons. pp. 218, 363. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130102204553/http://web.mit.edu/e_peters/Public/Rockets/Rocket_Propulsion_Elements.pdf","url_text":"Rocket propulsion elements (7th ed.)"},{"url":"http://web.mit.edu/e_peters/Public/Rockets/Rocket_Propulsion_Elements.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump_inducer&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"http://caltechconf.library.caltech.edu/101/1/OV-Turbopump.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Overview of Industrial and Rocket Turbopump Inducer Design\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130102204553/http://web.mit.edu/e_peters/Public/Rockets/Rocket_Propulsion_Elements.pdf","external_links_name":"Rocket propulsion elements (7th ed.)"},{"Link":"http://web.mit.edu/e_peters/Public/Rockets/Rocket_Propulsion_Elements.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump_inducer&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidial_court | Presidial court | ["1 References"] | French judicial authorities, 1551–1790
The presidial courts (French: présidiaux; singular présidial) were judicial courts of the Kingdom of France set up in January 1551 by Henry II of France with jurisdiction between the parlements and the bailiwicks. They were suppressed by a decree of the National Constituent Assembly in 1790.
References
^ "Présidial | French court".
This French history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"Henry II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"parlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement"},{"link_name":"bailiwicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)"}],"text":"The presidial courts (French: présidiaux; singular présidial) were judicial courts of the Kingdom of France set up in January 1551 by Henry II of France with jurisdiction between the parlements and the bailiwicks.[1] They were suppressed by a decree of the National Constituent Assembly in 1790.","title":"Presidial court"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Présidial | French court\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/presidial","url_text":"\"Présidial | French court\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/presidial","external_links_name":"\"Présidial | French court\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidial_court&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Black_(conductor) | Robert Black (conductor) | ["1 Life","2 References","3 Sources"] | American conductor, pianist and composer
For another musician, see Robert Black (bassist).
Robert Carlisle Black (April 28, 1950 – November 14, 1993) was an American conductor, pianist and composer. He was most particularly associated with the promotion, performance and recording of contemporary classical music, but he also played and conducted the standard repertoire.
Life
Robert Black was born in Dallas, Texas in 1950. The pianist William Black (1952–2003) was his brother. He started his piano studies at age 5, presenting his first public recital at 13. He studied at Oberlin College and the Juilliard School in New York, where his teachers included Beveridge Webster, Roger Sessions and David Diamond. He taught at Oberlin, Stanford University, Long Island University (C. W. Post Campus), Princeton University and the University of California, Santa Barbara.
His early recording of works by Franz Liszt was nominated by the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest for a Grand Prix du Disque.
He founded the New York New Music Ensemble in 1975, was a member of Speculum Musicae from 1978, and founded the Prism Chamber Orchestra in 1983. He was music director of the New Amsterdam Symphony Orchestra from 1987 to 1993. In 1992 he was appointed Principal Conductor and artistic director of the Kuopio Symphony Orchestra in Kuopio, Finland. Other orchestras he conducted or recorded with included the Warsaw Philharmonic, the Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra, and the Silesian Philharmonic.
As a conductor, he was as much involved with the standard orchestral repertory as with new music. He conducted performance of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony at New York's Cathedral of St. John the Divine, a cycle of symphonies by Mahler, and conducted Mozart piano concertos from the keyboard.
Among the hundreds of works his new music groups premiered were Ralph Shapey's Three for Six, Joseph Schwantner's Music of Amber, Dane Rudhyar's Epic Poem, and works by Elliott Carter, Jacob Druckman, Jean Barraqué and Harrison Birtwistle.
He appeared at the Bang on a Can Festival in New York, the New York Philharmonic's Horizons Festival, the Warsaw Autumn Festival, the ISCM's World Music Days in Athens, the New England Conservatory Jazz Festival, the Grand Teton Festival, and the LSU Contemporary Music Festival.
His recordings include: Elliott Carter's In Sleep, in Thunder, Ralph Shapey's Radical Traditionalism, Schoenberg's Pierrot Lunaire with Phyllis Bryn-Julson, Stravinsky's Dumbarton Oaks Concerto, Tod Machover's Nature's Breath and Towards the Centre, Miriam Gideon's Five Sonnets From Shakespeare and Symphonica brevis Louise Talma's Full Circle, Charles Wuorinen's New York Notes, William Thomas McKinley's Boston Overture, Stephen Jaffe's The Rhythm of the Running Plough, Stephen Dembski's Spectra, Joseph Koykkar's Composite, Maxine Warshauer's Revelation, Mitch Hampton's Three Minute Waltz, Paul Renz's Symphonic Poem, David Macbride's Nocturnos de la ventana and works by Beethoven, Roger Sessions and John Cage.
Robert Black came to serious composition very late in his life. His works were particularly influenced by Charles Wuorinen and Ralph Shapey, and include Underground Judges, Three Pieces for Violin and Piano, later reworked as the orchestral work Capriccio (Blown Apart), and Earth Fire, for viola and piano. His sole piece for solo piano was Foramen Habet!, dedicated to Beveridge Webster. A recording titled "The Art of Robert Black" includes several of his works.
Robert Black died of melanoma in Palo Alto, California, on November 14, 1993, aged 43, survived by his wife, parents and two siblings.
References
^ a b c MMC Recordings
^ Prism
^ Kuopio Symphony Orchestra
^ a b c d e f Aufbau
^ a b c d hb direct
^ Kozinn, Allan (November 16, 1993). "Robert Black, 43, Pianist Known As Stalwart of New-Music World". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
^ DRAM
^ NYNME Recordings
^ a b Opus 1 Classical Music Services
^ WNYC
^ Ryoanji
^ Mid-Hudson Library System
^ hb direct
^ Some sources say he died on November 16, but the New York Times obituary, published on Tuesday November 16, says he died on "Sunday".
Sources
allmusic
Bridge Records
Classical Archives
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Poland
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Trove
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Black (bassist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Black_(bassist)"},{"link_name":"contemporary classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music"}],"text":"For another musician, see Robert Black (bassist).Robert Carlisle Black (April 28, 1950 – November 14, 1993) was an American conductor, pianist and composer. He was most particularly associated with the promotion, performance and recording of contemporary classical music, but he also played and conducted the standard repertoire.","title":"Robert Black (conductor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"William Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Black_(pianist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMC-1"},{"link_name":"Oberlin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_College"},{"link_name":"Juilliard School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juilliard_School"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Beveridge Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beveridge_Webster"},{"link_name":"Roger Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Sessions"},{"link_name":"David Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Diamond_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Long Island University (C. W. Post Campus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_University_C.W._Post_Campus"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara"},{"link_name":"Franz Liszt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt"},{"link_name":"Franz Liszt Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix du Disque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_du_Disque"},{"link_name":"New York New Music Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_New_Music_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"Speculum Musicae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculum_Musicae"},{"link_name":"Prism Chamber Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prism_Chamber_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"New Amsterdam Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Amsterdam_Symphony_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kuopio Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuopio_Symphony_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kuopio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopio"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMC-1"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aufbau-4"},{"link_name":"Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovensk%C3%BD_rozhlas"},{"link_name":"Silesian Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hd-5"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Ninth Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of St. John the Divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_John_the_Divine,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Mahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Mahler"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Ralph Shapey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Shapey"},{"link_name":"Joseph Schwantner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schwantner"},{"link_name":"Dane Rudhyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_Rudhyar"},{"link_name":"Elliott Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Carter"},{"link_name":"Jacob Druckman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Druckman"},{"link_name":"Jean Barraqué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Barraqu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Harrison Birtwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bang on a Can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_on_a_Can"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Autumn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Autumn"},{"link_name":"ISCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Contemporary_Music"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"New England Conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Conservatory"},{"link_name":"Grand Teton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Teton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMC-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Schoenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg"},{"link_name":"Pierrot Lunaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierrot_Lunaire"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Bryn-Julson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Bryn-Julson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Dumbarton Oaks Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerto_in_E-flat_(Dumbarton_Oaks)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aufbau-4"},{"link_name":"Tod Machover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tod_Machover"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opus-9"},{"link_name":"Miriam Gideon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Gideon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hd-5"},{"link_name":"Louise Talma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Talma"},{"link_name":"Charles Wuorinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen"},{"link_name":"William Thomas McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomas_McKinley"},{"link_name":"Stephen Jaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Jaffe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opus-9"},{"link_name":"Stephen Dembski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Dembski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joseph Koykkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Koykkar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maxine Warshauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maxine_Warshauer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mitch Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitch_Hampton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Renz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Renz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hd-5"},{"link_name":"David Macbride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Macbride_(composer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aufbau-4"},{"link_name":"John Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cage"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Charles Wuorinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen"},{"link_name":"Ralph Shapey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Shapey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aufbau-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hd-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aufbau-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aufbau-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"melanoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma"},{"link_name":"Palo Alto, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Robert Black was born in Dallas, Texas in 1950. The pianist William Black (1952–2003) was his brother. He started his piano studies at age 5, presenting his first public recital at 13.[1] He studied at Oberlin College and the Juilliard School in New York, where his teachers included Beveridge Webster, Roger Sessions and David Diamond. He taught at Oberlin, Stanford University, Long Island University (C. W. Post Campus), Princeton University and the University of California, Santa Barbara.His early recording of works by Franz Liszt was nominated by the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest for a Grand Prix du Disque.He founded the New York New Music Ensemble in 1975, was a member of Speculum Musicae from 1978, and founded the Prism Chamber Orchestra[2] in 1983. He was music director of the New Amsterdam Symphony Orchestra from 1987 to 1993. In 1992 he was appointed Principal Conductor and artistic director of the Kuopio Symphony Orchestra[3] in Kuopio, Finland.[1] Other orchestras he conducted or recorded with included the Warsaw Philharmonic,[4] the Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra, and the Silesian Philharmonic.[5]As a conductor, he was as much involved with the standard orchestral repertory as with new music. He conducted performance of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony at New York's Cathedral of St. John the Divine, a cycle of symphonies by Mahler, and conducted Mozart piano concertos from the keyboard.Among the hundreds of works his new music groups premiered were Ralph Shapey's Three for Six, Joseph Schwantner's Music of Amber, Dane Rudhyar's Epic Poem, and works by Elliott Carter, Jacob Druckman, Jean Barraqué and Harrison Birtwistle.[6]He appeared at the Bang on a Can Festival in New York, the New York Philharmonic's Horizons Festival, the Warsaw Autumn Festival, the ISCM's World Music Days in Athens, the New England Conservatory Jazz Festival, the Grand Teton Festival, and the LSU Contemporary Music Festival.[1]His recordings include: Elliott Carter's In Sleep, in Thunder, Ralph Shapey's Radical Traditionalism,[7] Schoenberg's Pierrot Lunaire with Phyllis Bryn-Julson,[8] Stravinsky's Dumbarton Oaks Concerto,[4] Tod Machover's Nature's Breath and Towards the Centre,[9] Miriam Gideon's Five Sonnets From Shakespeare and Symphonica brevis[5] Louise Talma's Full Circle, Charles Wuorinen's New York Notes, William Thomas McKinley's Boston Overture, Stephen Jaffe's The Rhythm of the Running Plough,[9] Stephen Dembski's Spectra, Joseph Koykkar's Composite, Maxine Warshauer's Revelation, Mitch Hampton's Three Minute Waltz, Paul Renz's Symphonic Poem,[5] David Macbride's Nocturnos de la ventana[10] and works by Beethoven, Roger Sessions[4] and John Cage.[11]Robert Black came to serious composition very late in his life. His works were particularly influenced by Charles Wuorinen and Ralph Shapey,[4] and include Underground Judges,[5] Three Pieces for Violin and Piano, later reworked as the orchestral work Capriccio (Blown Apart),[4] and Earth Fire, for viola and piano.[12] His sole piece for solo piano was Foramen Habet!, dedicated to Beveridge Webster.[4] A recording titled \"The Art of Robert Black\" includes several of his works.[13]Robert Black died of melanoma in Palo Alto, California, on November 14, 1993,[14] aged 43, survived by his wife, parents and two siblings.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.allmusic.com/artist/q13495/biography"},{"link_name":"Bridge Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bridgerecords.com/pages/catalog/9061.htm"},{"link_name":"Classical Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.classicalarchives.com/artist/11345.html#about"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7342126#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000078445529"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/51947651"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgtbjV9Wt3RKXwcYYtdwC"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/8054830"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb146412320"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb146412320"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1050967348"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007404147605171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n81011108"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810561378305606"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/artist/ad7d5a45-ca73-47ce-9899-4e145c667b00"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1038042"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68f2nds"}],"text":"allmusic\nBridge Records\nClassical ArchivesAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nPoland\nArtists\nMusicBrainz\nPeople\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kozinn, Allan (November 16, 1993). \"Robert Black, 43, Pianist Known As Stalwart of New-Music World\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Kozinn","url_text":"Kozinn, Allan"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/16/obituaries/robert-black-43-pianist-known-as-stalwart-of-new-music-world.html","url_text":"\"Robert Black, 43, Pianist Known As Stalwart of New-Music World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.mmcrecordings.com/artist.asp?id=394","external_links_name":"MMC Recordings"},{"Link":"http://users.rcn.com/elm/prmndx.html","external_links_name":"Prism"},{"Link":"http://www.kuopionkaupunginorkesteri.fi/kaupunginorkesteri/orchestra/history.asp","external_links_name":"Kuopio Symphony Orchestra"},{"Link":"http://ljlehrman.artists-in-residence.com/articles/aufbau41.html","external_links_name":"Aufbau"},{"Link":"http://www.hbdirect.com/album_detail.php?pid=58113","external_links_name":"hb direct"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/16/obituaries/robert-black-43-pianist-known-as-stalwart-of-new-music-world.html","external_links_name":"\"Robert Black, 43, Pianist Known As Stalwart of New-Music World\""},{"Link":"http://www.dramonline.org/performers/black-robert","external_links_name":"DRAM"},{"Link":"http://www.nynme.org/","external_links_name":"NYNME Recordings"},{"Link":"http://opus1classical.classical.com/browse.php/search/Robert%20Black/","external_links_name":"Opus 1 Classical Music Services"},{"Link":"http://www.wnyc.org/music/playlists/hd/2009/03/02","external_links_name":"WNYC"},{"Link":"http://rateyourmusic.com/release/album/john_cage/ryoanji__robert_black__eberhard_blum__iven_hausmann__gudrun_reschke__john_patrick_thomas__jan_williams_/","external_links_name":"Ryoanji"},{"Link":"https://gigcat.midhudson.org:446/search~S1?/aBlack,+Trevor./ablack+trevor/-53%2C-1%2C0%2CB/frameset&FF=ablack+robert+1950+1993&1%2C1%2C","external_links_name":"Mid-Hudson Library System"},{"Link":"http://www.hbdirect.com/album_detail.php?pid=210061","external_links_name":"hb direct"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/q13495/biography","external_links_name":"allmusic"},{"Link":"http://www.bridgerecords.com/pages/catalog/9061.htm","external_links_name":"Bridge Records"},{"Link":"http://www.classicalarchives.com/artist/11345.html#about","external_links_name":"Classical Archives"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078445529","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/51947651","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgtbjV9Wt3RKXwcYYtdwC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/8054830","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb146412320","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb146412320","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1050967348","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007404147605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81011108","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810561378305606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ad7d5a45-ca73-47ce-9899-4e145c667b00","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1038042","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68f2nds","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khondoler_misti | Khondoler misti | ["1 Ingredients","2 References"] | Khondoler mistiAlternative namesKhondoler roshogollaTypeSnacksCourseDessertPlace of originKhondol, Parshuram, Feni, BangladeshRegion or stateFeni DistrictAssociated cuisineBangladeshCreated byJogol Chandra DasServing temperaturehot, coldMain ingredientsChhana, sugar syrupVariationsRoshogolla
Khondoler misti (Bengali: খন্ডলের মিষ্টি) is a sweet originating in the Khandal of Feni district, Bangladesh. This sweet is famous and very popular in the Feni area. It is a variation of roshogolla. The specialty of this sweet is that while all other sweets of Bangladesh are consumed at cold or normal temperature, Khondoler misti is consumed hot along with normal temperature.
Ingredients
Chhana
Flour
Oil, for frying
Sugar syrup
References
^ a b "খন্ডলের রসগোল্লা" (in Bengali). Retrieved 2020-04-09.
^ "ফেনীর ঐতিহ্যবাহী খন্ডলের মিষ্টি অপূর্ব সৃষ্টি" (in Bengali). Retrieved 2020-04-09.
vteFeni DistrictCapital: FeniUpazilas
Chhagalnaiya
Daganbhuiyan
Feni Sadar
Fulgazi
Parshuram
Sonagazi
Constituencies
Feni-1
Feni-2
Feni-3
Attractions and sites
Feni Gas Field
Feni SC
Khondoler misti
Shaheed Salam Stadium
History
Shamsher Gazi
Withdrawal of Feni River Water
Murder of Nusrat Jahan Rafi
Inhabited areas
Chhagalnaiya
Daganbhuiyan
Matubhuiyan
Parshuram
Ramnagar
Sonagazi
Educational institutions
Atatürk Government Model High School
Feni Computer Institute
Feni Girls' Cadet College
Feni Government College
Feni Government Pilot High School
Feni Polytechnic Institute
Feni University
Transport
Chattala Express
Feni River
Meghna Express
Mohanagar Provati/Godhuli Express
Muhuri River
N1
Sagarika Express
vteBangladeshi dishesMain and side dishes
Achar
Akhni
Alu gosht
Alur Dom
Beef Satkara
Bhorta
Begun bhorta
Alu Bharta
Bini/biran bhat
Biryani
Haji biryani
Chacchari
Chatni
Chicken korai
Chicken tikka
Chingri malai curry
Chira
Dal
Durus kura
Fried fish
Forash
Gosht
Hash O Bash
Hutki Shira
Jalfrezi
Kala bhuna
Kebab
Seekh kebab
Shami kebab
Keema matar
Khichra
Khichuri
Norom khichuri
Kofta
Korma
Machh bhaja
Machher Jhol
Mezban
Mogoz bhuna
Murgi musollom
Mutton curry
Nihari
Panta bhat
Paya
Polao
Ponir
Posondo
Roast chicken
Roust
Shak
Shorba
Shukto
Shorshe ilish
Tandoori chicken
Tehari
Tikka
Torkari
Zorda polao
Snacks and sauces
Alu chaat
Alur chop
Beguni
Bela Biscuit
Bhelpuri
Chaat
Chanachur
Chhana
Chotpoti
Doi bora
Haleem
Jhalmuri
Nankhatai
Paan
Pakora
Phuchka
Raita
Samosa
Breads
Bakarkhani
Bhatoora
Chapati
Luchi
Naan
Porotha
Alu porotha
Moghlai porotha
Puri (food)
Ruti
Rumali ruti
Tandoor bread
Beverages
Akher rosh
Aamrosh
Beler Sharbat
Borhani
Cha
Dudh cha
Masala cha
Seven Color Tea
Ghol
Khejur rosh
Lachhi
Matha
Rooh Afza
Shorbot
Taler rosh
Sweetmeats
Borfi
Bundia
Chhanamukhi
Chhenabara
Chomchom
Doi
Mishti doi
Curd of Bogra
Faluda
Gulabjam
Gur badam
Halua
Gajorer halua
Jilapi
Chhena
Shahi
Kheer
Kulfi
Laddu
Malpua
Mimi Chocolate
Morobba
Nimki
Pantua
Pitha
Ashke pitha
Bhapa pitha
Chunga pitha
Nunor bora
Roshkodom
Roshmolai
Roshogolla
Khondoli
Shemai
Shondesh
Shonpapri
Tiler Khaja
Tusha Shinni
Bangladeshi diaspora
Chicken tikka masala
Phall
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Feni district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni_district"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"roshogolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshogolla"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khondoler_roshogolla-1"},{"link_name":"sweets of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_sweets_and_desserts"}],"text":"Khondoler misti (Bengali: খন্ডলের মিষ্টি) is a sweet originating in the Khandal of Feni district, Bangladesh. This sweet is famous and very popular in the Feni area.[2] It is a variation of roshogolla.[1] The specialty of this sweet is that while all other sweets of Bangladesh are consumed at cold or normal temperature, Khondoler misti is consumed hot along with normal temperature.","title":"Khondoler misti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhana"},{"link_name":"Flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour"},{"link_name":"Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil"},{"link_name":"Sugar syrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_syrup"}],"text":"Chhana\nFlour\nOil, for frying\nSugar syrup","title":"Ingredients"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"খন্ডলের রসগোল্লা\" (in Bengali). Retrieved 2020-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.obhijan.com/attractions/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE","url_text":"\"খন্ডলের রসগোল্লা\""}]},{"reference":"\"ফেনীর ঐতিহ্যবাহী খন্ডলের মিষ্টি অপূর্ব সৃষ্টি\" (in Bengali). Retrieved 2020-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://fenionline.net/%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F/","url_text":"\"ফেনীর ঐতিহ্যবাহী খন্ডলের মিষ্টি অপূর্ব সৃষ্টি\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.obhijan.com/attractions/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE","external_links_name":"\"খন্ডলের রসগোল্লা\""},{"Link":"http://fenionline.net/%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F/","external_links_name":"\"ফেনীর ঐতিহ্যবাহী খন্ডলের মিষ্টি অপূর্ব সৃষ্টি\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gab_(song) | Gab (song) | ["1 References"] | A gab or gap (Old Occitan , "boast") is a troubadour boasting song. It is often considered related to the tenso and partimen, two types of debate poem. Sometimes the gab is not considered a separate genre of poetry but simply a boast found within another genre, commonly the sirventes.
The Occitan word gab means "boast" and comes from the verb gabar (to open the mouth wide, i.e. gape). The song is innately competitive and the boast is often presented as a challenge, which may generate poetical responses. The boasting, however, is made in good fun and typically follows a formula ensuring it will be well-received (unlike a real boast). Often it is heavily ironic, and the boasts are intended specifically to entertain the audience that knows better.
The first gab was "Ben vuelh", composed by William IX of Aquitaine (died 1126). The sirventes "De mots ricos no tem Peire Vidal" by Uc de Lescura begins with a gab proclaiming the composer's superiority to eight of his contemporary troubadours, including the man of the title, Peire Vidal, who was himself a famous composer of gabs. One of his works opens:
Drogoman senher, s'ieu agues bon destrier,
en fol plag foran intrat tuich mei guerrier:
qu'acqui mezeis quant hom lor mi mentau
mi temon plus que cailla esparvier,
e non prezon lur vida un denierm
tan mi sabon fer e salvatg'e brau.
Lord Interpreter, if I had a good war-horse,
my enemies would be in difficulty:
for no sooner had they heard the mention of my name
they would fear me more than the quail fears the hawk,
and they would value their life no more than a farthing,
for they would know how fierce, wild and ferocious I am.
References
^ a b Veronica M. Fraser (2006), The Songs of Peire Vidal: Translation and Commentary (New York: Peter Lang, ISBN 0-8204-7922-5), 153.
^ Don A. Monson (1999), "The Troubadours at Play: Irony, Parody and Burlesque", The Troubadours: An Introduction, Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-57473-0), 199. For text of the poem, see here
^ For text of the poem, see here
^ Fraser, 160–1. For text of the entire poem, see here
vteWestern medieval lyric formsBy regional traditionOccitan
Alba (poetry)
Arlabecca
Aubade
Canso
Cobla esparsa
Dansa
Descort
Devinalh
Ensenhamen
Enuig
Gab
Lo Boièr
Maldit-comiat
Partimen
Pastorela
Planh
Salut d'amor
Sestina
Sirventes
Tenso
Torneyamen
Tornada
Trobar clus
Trobar leu
Trobar ric
Viadera
French
Chanson de toile
Formes fixes (Ballade, Rondeau, Virelai)
Grand chant
Pastourelle
Reverdie
Rondel
Rondelet
Italian
Ballata
Octave
Ottava rima
Petrarchan sonnet
Sicilian octave
Welsh
Awdl
Cerdd dafod
Cywydd
Traethodl
German
Leise
Tagelied
Galician-Portuguese
Cantiga de amigo
Cantiga de amor
Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer
English
Madrigal
others
Kyrielle
Triolet
By alphabetical order
Alba
Arlabecca
Aubade
Awdl
Ballade
Ballata
Canso
Cantiga de amigo
Cantiga de amor
Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer
Cerdd dafod
Chanson de toile
Cobla esparsa
Cywydd
Dansa
Descort
Devinalh
Ensenhamen
Enuig
Formes fixes
Gab
Grand chant
Kyrielle
Leise
Madrigal
Maldit-comiat
Octave
Partimen
Pastorela
Pastourelle
Petrarchan sonnet
Planh
Reverdie
Rondeau
Rondel
Rondelet
Salut d'amor
Sestina
Sicilian octave
Sirventes
Tagelied
Tenso
Tornada
Torneyamen
Traethodl
Triolet
Trobar clus
Trobar leu
Trobar ric
Viadera
Virelai | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fraser-1"},{"link_name":"William IX of Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IX_of_Aquitaine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monson-2"},{"link_name":"Uc de Lescura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uc_de_Lescura"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Peire Vidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peire_Vidal"}],"text":"The Occitan word gab means \"boast\" and comes from the verb gabar (to open the mouth wide, i.e. gape).[1] The song is innately competitive and the boast is often presented as a challenge, which may generate poetical responses. The boasting, however, is made in good fun and typically follows a formula ensuring it will be well-received (unlike a real boast). Often it is heavily ironic, and the boasts are intended specifically to entertain the audience that knows better.The first gab was \"Ben vuelh\", composed by William IX of Aquitaine (died 1126).[2] The sirventes \"De mots ricos no tem Peire Vidal\" by Uc de Lescura[3] begins with a gab proclaiming the composer's superiority to eight of his contemporary troubadours, including the man of the title, Peire Vidal, who was himself a famous composer of gabs. One of his works opens:","title":"Gab (song)"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://trobar.org/troubadours/coms_de_peiteu/guilhen_de_peiteu_06.php","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://trobar.org/troubadours/1-hit/lescura.php","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.trobar.org/troubadours/peire_vidal/poem29.php","external_links_name":"here"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Weapons_Evaluation_Facility | Naval Weapons Evaluation Facility | ["1 History","2 NWEF testing","3 References"] | Weapons testing for US Navy
The Naval Weapons Evaluation Facility (NWEF) operated through the Cold War investigating aircraft-weapon interfaces to provide United States Navy aircraft with nuclear weapons delivery capability.
History
Security gate at Sandia Base during the earliest days of Navy activity.
The United States Army Air Corps began using Kirtland Field south of Albuquerque, New Mexico, in the early years of World War II. The adjacent Sandia Base was created as a training facility. Several units from the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory were relocated to the Sandia Base in 1945 to use the Kirtland Field flight test facilities. Kirtland Field was designated Kirtland Air Force Base in 1947, and the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) operated on Sandia Base. When the United States Air Force established the Air Force Special Weapons Command at Kirtland Air Force Base in 1949, the United States Navy formed a detachment to investigate nuclear capabilities for naval aircraft and assist the AFSWP with naval equipment for demonstrations and training. This detachment was headed by CDR Thomas Walker who had been working at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory as the prospective commander of the 4th atomic bomb mission which was cancelled following the surrender of Japan. In 1952 this detachment was designated the Naval Air Special Weapons Facility (NASWF) to conduct special weapons tests on the White Sands Missile Range and Tonopah Test Range in coordination with the United States Atomic Energy Commission. As other nuclear weapons delivery systems were developed through the late 1950s, the mission expanded to include ballistic missiles, guided missiles, and torpedoes. In March 1961 NASWF was redesignated the Naval Weapons Evaluation Facility with mission expanded to include safety studies on nuclear weapons. Aircraft used for NWEF testing were decorated with a unique thunderbird image. NWEF personnel became known as the Rio Grande Navy among the Albuquerque community. Popularity of the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta encouraged NWEF personnel to form the Navy Balloon Team as a recruiting effort in 1976. Operations at Sandia Base ceased in 1993 after Base Realignment and Closure transferred the functions of NWEF to the weapons division of the Naval Air Warfare Center.
NWEF testing
Early work involved adapting the Douglas A-1 Skyraider, A-3 Skywarrior, and A-4 Skyhawk for Mark 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 15, 18, 27, and 39 bombs. As missiles replaced those earlier weapons the B28, B43, B57, and B61 nuclear bombs were tested with the Grumman A-6 Intruder, LTV A-7 Corsair II, McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, and the A-4 Skyhawk.
Lulu (left) and B57 (right) nuclear depth bombs
Mk 90 Betty and Mk 101 Lulu nuclear depth bombs were tested with Lockheed P-2 Neptune, Lockheed P-3 Orion, and Martin P5M Marlin maritime patrol aircraft, the Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King helicopter, and the Grumman S-2 Tracker. The Mk 101 Lulu was also tested for NATO allies with the Canadair CP-107 Argus, Avro Shackleton, and Hawker Siddeley Nimrod. These aircraft and the Bréguet 1150 Atlantic were later tested with the B57 nuclear bomb, while the A-1, A-3, and A-4 were tested with the Mk 105 Hotpoint anti-submarine weapon.
References
^ a b c d "History of the Naval Weapons Evaluation Facility Albuquerque, New Mexico 1948-1993" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
^ "Navy Nuclear Weapons Safety–A Story in Posters". The NDC Blog. National Declassification Center. Retrieved 2 December 2021. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons"}],"text":"The Naval Weapons Evaluation Facility (NWEF) operated through the Cold War investigating aircraft-weapon interfaces to provide United States Navy aircraft with nuclear weapons delivery capability.","title":"Naval Weapons Evaluation Facility"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandia_security_gate.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Sandia Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandia_Base"},{"link_name":"Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_Scientific_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Kirtland Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtland_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces Special Weapons Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Special_Weapons_Project"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Air Force Special Weapons Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Special_Weapons_Command"},{"link_name":"CDR Thomas Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Walker_(naval_officer)"},{"link_name":"Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_Scientific_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"surrender of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"White Sands Missile Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range"},{"link_name":"Tonopah Test Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonopah_Test_Range"},{"link_name":"United States Atomic Energy Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"thunderbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque_International_Balloon_Fiesta"},{"link_name":"Base Realignment and Closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Realignment_and_Closure"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Warfare Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtic-1"}],"text":"Security gate at Sandia Base during the earliest days of Navy activity.The United States Army Air Corps began using Kirtland Field south of Albuquerque, New Mexico, in the early years of World War II. The adjacent Sandia Base was created as a training facility. Several units from the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory were relocated to the Sandia Base in 1945 to use the Kirtland Field flight test facilities. Kirtland Field was designated Kirtland Air Force Base in 1947, and the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) operated on Sandia Base. When the United States Air Force established the Air Force Special Weapons Command at Kirtland Air Force Base in 1949, the United States Navy formed a detachment to investigate nuclear capabilities for naval aircraft and assist the AFSWP with naval equipment for demonstrations and training. This detachment was headed by CDR Thomas Walker who had been working at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory as the prospective commander of the 4th atomic bomb mission which was cancelled following the surrender of Japan. In 1952 this detachment was designated the Naval Air Special Weapons Facility (NASWF) to conduct special weapons tests on the White Sands Missile Range and Tonopah Test Range in coordination with the United States Atomic Energy Commission.[1] As other nuclear weapons delivery systems were developed through the late 1950s, the mission expanded to include ballistic missiles, guided missiles, and torpedoes.[2] In March 1961 NASWF was redesignated the Naval Weapons Evaluation Facility with mission expanded to include safety studies on nuclear weapons. Aircraft used for NWEF testing were decorated with a unique thunderbird image. NWEF personnel became known as the Rio Grande Navy among the Albuquerque community. Popularity of the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta encouraged NWEF personnel to form the Navy Balloon Team as a recruiting effort in 1976. Operations at Sandia Base ceased in 1993 after Base Realignment and Closure transferred the functions of NWEF to the weapons division of the Naval Air Warfare Center.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas A-1 Skyraider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-1_Skyraider"},{"link_name":"A-3 Skywarrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-3_Skywarrior"},{"link_name":"A-4 Skyhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-4_Skyhawk"},{"link_name":"Mark 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_4_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_5_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_6_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_7_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_8_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_12_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_15_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_18_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_27_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B39_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"B28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B28_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"B43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B43_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"B57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B57_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"B61 nuclear bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"Grumman A-6 Intruder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_A-6_Intruder"},{"link_name":"LTV A-7 Corsair II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTV_A-7_Corsair_II"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtic-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mk-101_Lulu_NDB.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B57_nuclear_bomb.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mk 90 Betty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_90_nuclear_bomb"},{"link_name":"Mk 101 Lulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mk_101_Lulu"},{"link_name":"nuclear depth bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_depth_bomb"},{"link_name":"Lockheed P-2 Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-2_Neptune"},{"link_name":"Lockheed P-3 Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-3_Orion"},{"link_name":"Martin P5M Marlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_P5M_Marlin"},{"link_name":"maritime patrol aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-3_Sea_King"},{"link_name":"helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"Grumman S-2 Tracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_S-2_Tracker"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Canadair CP-107 Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_CP-107_Argus"},{"link_name":"Avro Shackleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Shackleton"},{"link_name":"Hawker Siddeley Nimrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod"},{"link_name":"Bréguet 1150 Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_1150_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Mk 105 Hotpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mk_105_Hotpoint"},{"link_name":"anti-submarine weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_weapon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtic-1"}],"text":"Early work involved adapting the Douglas A-1 Skyraider, A-3 Skywarrior, and A-4 Skyhawk for Mark 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 15, 18, 27, and 39 bombs. As missiles replaced those earlier weapons the B28, B43, B57, and B61 nuclear bombs were tested with the Grumman A-6 Intruder, LTV A-7 Corsair II, McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, and the A-4 Skyhawk.[1]Lulu (left) and B57 (right) nuclear depth bombsMk 90 Betty and Mk 101 Lulu nuclear depth bombs were tested with Lockheed P-2 Neptune, Lockheed P-3 Orion, and Martin P5M Marlin maritime patrol aircraft, the Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King helicopter, and the Grumman S-2 Tracker. The Mk 101 Lulu was also tested for NATO allies with the Canadair CP-107 Argus, Avro Shackleton, and Hawker Siddeley Nimrod. These aircraft and the Bréguet 1150 Atlantic were later tested with the B57 nuclear bomb, while the A-1, A-3, and A-4 were tested with the Mk 105 Hotpoint anti-submarine weapon.[1]","title":"NWEF testing"}] | [{"image_text":"Security gate at Sandia Base during the earliest days of Navy activity.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Sandia_security_gate.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"History of the Naval Weapons Evaluation Facility Albuquerque, New Mexico 1948-1993\" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA265380.pdf","url_text":"\"History of the Naval Weapons Evaluation Facility Albuquerque, New Mexico 1948-1993\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Technical_Information_Center","url_text":"Defense Technical Information Center"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211203071723/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA265380.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Navy Nuclear Weapons Safety–A Story in Posters\". The NDC Blog. National Declassification Center. Retrieved 2 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://declassification.blogs.archives.gov/2018/07/31/navy-nuclear-weapons-safety-a-story-in-posters/","url_text":"\"Navy Nuclear Weapons Safety–A Story in Posters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Declassification_Center","url_text":"National Declassification Center"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA265380.pdf","external_links_name":"\"History of the Naval Weapons Evaluation Facility Albuquerque, New Mexico 1948-1993\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211203071723/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA265380.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://declassification.blogs.archives.gov/2018/07/31/navy-nuclear-weapons-safety-a-story-in-posters/","external_links_name":"\"Navy Nuclear Weapons Safety–A Story in Posters\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiBr | Lithium bromide | ["1 Production and properties","2 Uses","2.1 Medical applications","3 Hazards","4 References","5 Cited sources","6 External links"] | Lithium bromide
__ Li+ __ Br−
Names
IUPAC name
Lithium bromide
Identifiers
CAS Number
7550-35-8 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
74049 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.028.582
EC Number
231-439-8
PubChem CID
82050
RTECS number
OJ5755000
UNII
864G646I84 Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID20892222
InChI
InChI=1S/BrH.Li/h1H;/q;+1/p-1 YKey: AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M YInChI=1/BrH.Li/h1H;/q;+1/p-1Key: AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-REWHXWOFAS
SMILES
.
Properties
Chemical formula
LiBr
Molar mass
86.845 g/mol
Appearance
White hygroscopic solid
Density
3.464 g/cm3
Melting point
550 °C (1,022 °F; 823 K)
Boiling point
1,300 °C (2,370 °F; 1,570 K)
Solubility in water
143 g/100 mL (0 °C) 166.7 g/100 mL (20 °C) 266 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility
soluble in methanol, ethanol, ether, acetone slightly soluble in pyridine
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
−34.3·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)
1.7843 (589 nm)
Structure
Crystal structure
Cubic, Pearson symbol cF8, No. 225
Space group
Fm3m
Lattice constant
a = 0.5496 nm
Thermochemistry
Std molarentropy (S⦵298)
74.3 J/mol K
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH⦵298)
-351.2 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵)
-342.0 kJ/mol
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word
Warning
Hazard statements
H315, H317, H319
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
2
0
0
Flash point
Not-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)
1800 mg/kg (oral, rat)
Related compounds
Other anions
Lithium fluorideLithium chlorideLithium iodide
Other cations
Sodium bromidePotassium bromideRubidium bromideCaesium bromide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Lithium bromide (LiBr) is a chemical compound of lithium and bromine. Its extreme hygroscopic character makes LiBr useful as a desiccant in certain air conditioning systems.
Production and properties
Solubility of LiBr in water as a function of temperature
Phase diagram of LiBr
LiBr is prepared by treating an aqueous suspension of lithium carbonate with hydrobromic acid or by reacting lithium hydroxide with bromine. It forms several crystalline hydrates, unlike the other alkali metal bromides.
Lithium hydroxide and hydrobromic acid (aqueous solution of hydrogen bromide) will precipitate lithium bromide in the presence of water.
LiOH + HBr → LiBr + H2O
Uses
A 50–60% aqueous solution of lithium bromide is used in air-conditioning systems as desiccant. It is also used in absorption chilling along with water (see absorption refrigerator). Solid LiBr is a useful reagent in organic synthesis. It is included into oxidation and hydroformylation catalysts; it is also used for deprotonation and dehydration of organic compounds containing acidic protons, and for the purification of steroids and prostaglandins.
Medical applications
Lithium bromide was used as a sedative beginning in the early 1900s, but it fell into disfavor in the 1940s as newer sedatives became available and when some heart patients died after using the salt substitute lithium chloride. Like lithium carbonate and lithium chloride, it was used as treatment for bipolar disorder.
Hazards
Lithium salts are psychoactive and somewhat corrosive. Heat is quickly generated when lithium bromide is dissolved into water because it has a negative enthalpy of solution.
References
^ a b c d e f g Haynes, p. 4.70
^ Haynes, p. 5.169
^ Haynes, p. 4.128
^ Haynes, p. 10.249
^ Seifert, H.-J.; Dau, E. (1972). "Über die Systeme Alkalimetallbromid/Mangan(II)-bromid". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 391 (3): 302–312. doi:10.1002/zaac.19723910311.
^ Haynes, p. 5.25
^ Lithium bromide. SIgma Aldrich
^ Chambers, Michael. "ChemIDplus – 7550-35-8 – AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M – Lithium bromide – Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information". chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
^ a b c Wietelmann, Ulrich and Bauer, Richard J. (2005) "Lithium and Lithium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_393.pub2
^ Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.), Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
^ "Bipolar Disorder: Treatment and Care". webmd.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
Cited sources
Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 9781498754293.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lithium bromide.
"A PDF file from GFS Chemicals, a supplier of lithium bromide" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-03-16. Retrieved 2005-09-15.
vteHypnotics/sedatives (N05C)GABAAAlcohols
2M2B
Chloralodol
Ethanol (alcohol)
Diethylpropanediol
Ethchlorvynol
Methylpentynol
Trichloroethanol
Barbiturates
Allobarbital
Amobarbital
Aprobarbital
Barbital
Butabarbital
Butobarbital
Cyclobarbital
Ethallobarbital
Heptabarb
Hexobarbital
Mephobarbital
Methohexital
Narcobarbital
Pentobarbital
Phenallymal
Phenobarbital
Propylbarbital
Proxibarbal
Reposal
Secobarbital
Talbutal
Thiamylal
Thiopental
Thiotetrabarbital
Vinbarbital
Vinylbital
Benzodiazepines
Brotizolam
Cinolazepam
Climazolam
Clonazolam
Doxefazepam
Estazolam
Flubromazolam
Flunitrazolam
Flunitrazepam
Flurazepam
Flutoprazepam
Lorazepam
Loprazolam
Lormetazepam
Midazolam
Nimetazepam
Nitemazepam
Nitrazepam
Nitrazolam
Quazepam
Temazepam
Triazolam
Carbamates
Carisoprodol
Emylcamate
Ethinamate
Hexapropymate
Meprobamate
Methocarbamol
Phenprobamate
Procymate
Tybamate
Imidazoles
Etomidate
Metomidate
Propoxate
Monoureides
Acecarbromal
Apronal (apronalide)
Bromisoval
Capuride
Carbromal
Ectylurea
Neuroactive steroids
Acebrochol
Allopregnanolone
Alphadolone
Alphaxolone
Eltanolone
Hydroxydione
Minaxolone
Progesterone
Nonbenzodiazepines
Eszopiclone
Indiplon
Lirequinil
Necopidem
Pazinaclone
Saripidem
Suproclone
Suriclone
Zaleplon
Zolpidem
Zopiclone
Phenols
Propofol
Piperidinediones
Glutethimide
Methyprylon
Pyrithyldione
Piperidione
Quinazolinones
Afloqualone
Cloroqualone
Diproqualone
Etaqualone
Mebroqualone
Mecloqualone
Methaqualone
Methylmethaqualone
Nitromethaqualone
SL-164
Others
Acetophenone
Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
Bromide compounds
Lithium bromide
Potassium bromide
Sodium bromide
Centalun
Chloral betaine
Chloral hydrate
Chloralose
Clomethiazole
Dichloralphenazone
Gaboxadol
Kavalactones
Loreclezole
Paraldehyde
Petrichloral
Sulfonylalkanes
Sulfonmethane (sulfonal)
Tetronal
Trional
Triclofos
Sesquiterpene
Isovaleramide
Isovaleric acid
Valerenic acid
GABAB
1,4-Butanediol
4-Fluorophenibut
Aceburic acid
Baclofen
GABOB
GHB (sodium oxybate)
GBL
GVL
Phenibut
Tolibut
H1Antihistamines
Captodiame
Cyproheptadine
Diphenhydramine
Doxylamine
Hydroxyzine
Methapyrilene
Perlapine
Pheniramine
Promethazine
Propiomazine
Antidepressants
Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors
Etoperidone
Nefazodone
Trazodone
Tricyclic antidepressants
Amitriptyline
Doxepin
Trimipramine, etc.
Tetracyclic antidepressants
Mianserin
Mirtazapine, etc.
Antipsychotics
Typical antipsychotics
Chlorpromazine
Thioridazine, etc.
Atypical antipsychotics
Olanzapine
Quetiapine
Risperidone, etc.
α2-Adrenergic
Clonidine
Detomidine
Dexmedetomidine
Lofexidine
Medetomidine
Romifidine
Tizanidine
Xylazine
5-HT2AAntidepressants
Trazodone
Tricyclic antidepressants
Amitriptyline
Doxepin
Trimipramine, etc.
Tetracyclic antidepressants
Mianserin
Mirtazapine, etc.
Antipsychotics
Typical antipsychotics
Chlorpromazine
Thioridazine, etc.
Atypical antipsychotics
Olanzapine
Quetiapine
Risperidone, etc.
Others
Niaprazine
Melatonin
Agomelatine
Melatonin
Ramelteon
Tasimelteon
Orexin
Daridorexant
Lemborexant
Suvorexant
α2δ VDCC
Gabapentin
Gabapentin enacarbil
Mirogabalin
Phenibut
Pregabalin
Others
Cannabidiol
Cannabis
Chlorophenylalkyldiols
Fenpentadiol
Metaglycodol
Phenaglycodol
Diethylpropanediol
Evoxine
Fenadiazole
Guaifenesin-related muscle relaxants
Chlorphenesin
Mephenesin
Mephenoxalone
Metaxalone
Methocarbamol
Midaflur
Opioids (e.g., morphine)
Passion flower
Scopolamine
Trazodone
UMB68
Valnoctamide
vteMood stabilizersAnticonvulsants
Carbamazepine
Lamotrigine
Oxcarbazepine
Valproate
Valnoctamide
Valproate pivoxil
Valpromide
Atypical antipsychotics
Aripiprazole
Asenapine
Cariprazine
Clozapine
Lurasidone
Olanzapine (+fluoxetine)
Paliperidone
Quetiapine
Risperidone
Ziprasidone
Others
Ketamine
Lithium (lithium acetate, lithium carbonate, lithium chloride, lithium citrate, lithium hydroxide, lithium orotate)
Omega-3 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid)
vteLithium compoundsInorganic (list)
Li2
LiAlCl4
Li1+xAlxGe2−x(PO4)3
LiAlH4
LiAlO2
LiAl1+xTi2−x(PO4)3
LiAs
LiAsF6
Li3AsO4
LiAt
Li
LiB(C2O4)2
LiB(C6F5)4
LiBF4
LiBH4
LiBO2
LiB3O5
Li2B4O7
Li2TiF6
Li2ZrF6
Li2B4O7·5H2O
LiBSi2
LiBr
LiBr·2H2O
LiBrO
LiBrO2
LiBrO3
LiBrO4
Li2C2
LiCF3SO3
CH3CH(OH)COOLi
LiC2H2ClO2
LiC2H3IO2
Li(CH3)2N
LiCHO2
LiCH3O
LiC2H5O
LiCN
Li2CN2
LiCNO
Li2CO3
Li2C2O4
LiCl
LiCl·H2O
LiClO
LiFO
LiClO2
LiClO3
LiClO4
LiCoO2
Li2CrO4
Li2CrO4·2H2O
Li2Cr2O7
CsLiB6O10
LiD
LiF
Li2F
LiF4Al
Li3F6Al
FLiBe
LiFePO4
FLiNaK
LiGaH4
Li2GeF6
Li2GeO3
LiGe2(PO4)3
LiH
LiH2AsO4
Li2HAsO4
LiHCO3
Li3H(CO3)2
LiH2PO3
LiH2PO4
LiHSO3
LiHSO4
LiHe
LiI
LiIO
LiIO2
LiIO3
LiIO4
Li2IrO3
Li7La3Zr2O12
LiMn2O4
Li2MoO4
Li0.9Mo6O17
LiN3
Li3N
LiNH2
Li2NH
LiNO2
LiNO3
LiNO3·H2O
Li2N2O2
LiNa
Li2NaPO3
LiNaNO2
LiNbO3
Li2NbO3
LiO−
LiO2
LiO3
Li2O
Li2O2
LiOH
Li3P
LiPF6
Li3PO4
Li2HPO3
Li2HPO4
Li3PO3
Li3PO4
Li2Po
Li2PtO3
Li2RuO3
Li2S
LiSCN
LiSH
LiSO3F
Li2SO3
Li2SO4
Li
Li2Se
Li2SeO3
Li2SeO4
LiSi
Li2SiF6
Li4SiO4
Li2SiO3
Li2Si2O5
LiTaO3
Li2Te
LiTe3
Li2TeO3
Li2TeO4
Li2TiO3
Li4Ti5O12
LiTi2(PO4)3
LiVO3·2H2O
Li3V2(PO4)3
Li2WO4
LiYF4
Neodymium-doped
LiZr2(PO4)3
Li2ZrO3
Organic (soaps)
Hemolithin (extraterrestrial protein)
Organolithium reagents
Gilman reagent
CH3COOLi
C4H6LiNO4
LiC2F6NO4S2
LiN(SiMe3)2
Li3C6H5O7
C5H5Li
LiN(C3H7)2
(C6H5)2PLi
C18H35LiO3
C6H13Li
C4H9Li
CH3CHLiCH2CH3
(CH3)3CLi
C12H28BLi
CH3Li
Li+C10H8−
C5H11Li
C5H3LiN2O4
C6H5Li
LiC2CH3
LiO2C(CH2)16CH3
C4H5LiO4
LiEt3BH
LiOC(CH3)3
C9H18LiN
LiC2H3 Vinyllithium
LiC11H23COO
Minerals
Amblygonite
Berezanskite
Brannockite
Cryolithionite
Darapiosite
Darrellhenryite
Elbaite
Fluorine Elbaite
Fluor-liddicoatite
Emeleusite
Eucryptite LiAlSiO4
Faizievite
Hectorite
Hsianghualite
Jadarite LiNaSiB3O7OH
Keatite Li(AlSi2O6)
Kunzite
Lavinskyite
Lepidolite
Lithiophilite LiMnPO4
Lithiophosphate Li3PO4
Manandonite
Manganoneptunite
Nambulite
Neptunite
Olympite
Petalite LiAlSi4010
Pezzottaite Cs(Be2Li)Al2Si6O18
Rossmanite
Saliotite
Sogdianite
Spodumene LiAl(SiO3)2
Sugilite
Tiptopite
Tourmaline
Triphylite LiFePO4
Zabuyelite Li2CO3
Zektzerite
Zinnwaldite
Hypothetical
LixBey
HLiHe+
LiFHeO
LiHe2
(HeO)(LiF)2
La2/3-xLi3xTiO3He
Other Li-related
Aluminium–lithium alloys
Heteroatom-promoted lateral lithiation
LB buffer
Lithium atom
Lithium medication
LiNixCoyAlzO2
LiNixMnyCozO2
Lithium soap
Lithium Triangle
Lucifer yellow
Magnesium–lithium alloys
NASICON
Environmentally friendly red light flare
vteGABAA receptor positive modulatorsAlcohols
Brometone
Butanol
Chloralodol
Chlorobutanol (cloretone)
Ethanol (alcohol) (alcoholic drink)
Ethchlorvynol
Isobutanol
Isopropanol
Menthol
Methanol
Methylpentynol
Pentanol
Petrichloral
Propanol
tert-Butanol (2M2P)
tert-Pentanol (2M2B)
Tribromoethanol
Trichloroethanol
Triclofos
Trifluoroethanol
Barbiturates
(-)-DMBB
Allobarbital
Alphenal
Amobarbital
Aprobarbital
Barbexaclone
Barbital
Benzobarbital
Benzylbutylbarbiturate
Brallobarbital
Brophebarbital
Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital
Butalbital
Buthalital
Butobarbital
Butallylonal
Carbubarb
Crotylbarbital
Cyclobarbital
Cyclopentobarbital
Difebarbamate
Enallylpropymal
Ethallobarbital
Eterobarb
Febarbamate
Heptabarb
Heptobarbital
Hexethal
Hexobarbital
Metharbital
Methitural
Methohexital
Methylphenobarbital
Narcobarbital
Nealbarbital
Pentobarbital
Phenallymal
Phenobarbital
Phetharbital
Primidone
Probarbital
Propallylonal
Propylbarbital
Proxibarbital
Reposal
Secobarbital
Sigmodal
Spirobarbital
Talbutal
Tetrabamate
Tetrabarbital
Thialbarbital
Thiamylal
Thiobarbital
Thiobutabarbital
Thiopental
Thiotetrabarbital
Valofane
Vinbarbital
Vinylbital
Benzodiazepines
2-Oxoquazepam
3-Hydroxyphenazepam
Adinazolam
Alprazolam
Arfendazam
Avizafone
Bentazepam
Bretazenil
Bromazepam
Bromazolam
Brotizolam
Camazepam
Carburazepam
Chlordiazepoxide
Ciclotizolam
Cinazepam
Cinolazepam
Clazolam
Climazolam
Clobazam
Clonazepam
Clonazolam
Cloniprazepam
Clorazepate
Clotiazepam
Cloxazolam
CP-1414S
Cyprazepam
Delorazepam
Demoxepam
Diazepam
Diclazepam
Dimdazenil
Doxefazepam
Elfazepam
Estazolam
Ethyl carfluzepate
Ethyl dirazepate
Ethyl loflazepate
Etizolam
FG-8205
Fletazepam
Flubromazepam
Flubromazolam
Fludiazepam
Flunitrazepam
Flunitrazolam
Flurazepam
Flutazolam
Flutemazepam
Flutoprazepam
Fosazepam
Gidazepam
Halazepam
Haloxazolam
Iclazepam
Imidazenil
Irazepine
Ketazolam
Lofendazam
Lopirazepam
Loprazolam
Lorazepam
Lormetazepam
Meclonazepam
Medazepam
Menitrazepam
Metaclazepam
Mexazolam
Midazolam
Motrazepam
N-Desalkylflurazepam
Nifoxipam
Nimetazepam
Nitrazepam
Nitrazepate
Nitrazolam
Nordazepam
Nortetrazepam
Oxazepam
Oxazolam
Phenazepam
Pinazepam
Pivoxazepam
Prazepam
Premazepam
Proflazepam
Pyrazolam
QH-II-66
Quazepam
Reclazepam
Remimazolam
Rilmazafone
Ripazepam
Ro48-6791
Ro48-8684
SH-053-R-CH3-2′F
Sulazepam
Temazepam
Tetrazepam
Tolufazepam
Triazolam
Triflubazam
Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904)
Tuclazepam
Uldazepam
Zapizolam
Zolazepam
Zomebazam
Carbamates
Carisbamate
Carisoprodol
Clocental
Cyclarbamate
Difebarbamate
Emylcamate
Ethinamate
Febarbamate
Felbamate
Hexapropymate
Hydroxyphenamate
Lorbamate
Mebutamate
Meprobamate
Nisobamate
Pentabamate
Phenprobamate
Procymate
Styramate
Tetrabamate
Tybamate
Flavonoids
6-Methylapigenin
Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin)
Apigenin
Baicalein
Baicalin
Catechin
EGC
EGCG
Hispidulin
Linarin
Luteolin
Rc-OMe
Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin)
Wogonin
Imidazoles
Etomidate
Metomidate
Propoxate
Kava constituents
10-Methoxyyangonin
11-Methoxyyangonin
11-Hydroxyyangonin
Desmethoxyyangonin
11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain
7,8-Dihydroyangonin
Kavain
5-Hydroxykavain
5,6-Dihydroyangonin
7,8-Dihydrokavain
5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin
5,6-Dehydromethysticin
Methysticin
7,8-Dihydromethysticin
Yangonin
Monoureides
Acecarbromal
Apronal (apronalide)
Bromisoval
Carbromal
Capuride
Ectylurea
Neuroactive steroids
Acebrochol
Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)
Alfadolone
Alfaxalone
3α-Androstanediol
Androstenol
Androsterone
Certain anabolic-androgenic steroids
Cholesterol
DHDOC
3α-DHP
5α-DHP
5β-DHP
DHT
Etiocholanolone
Ganaxolone
Hydroxydione
Minaxolone
ORG-20599
ORG-21465
P1-185
Posovolone
Pregnanolone (eltanolone)
Progesterone
Renanolone
SAGE-105
SAGE-324
SAGE-516
SAGE-689
SAGE-872
Testosterone
THDOC
Zuranolone
Nonbenzodiazepines
Cyclopyrrolones: Eszopiclone
Pagoclone
Pazinaclone
Suproclone
Suriclone
Zopiclone
Imidazopyridines: Alpidem
DS-1
Necopidem
Saripidem
Zolpidem
Pyrazolopyrimidines: Divaplon
Fasiplon
Indiplon
Lorediplon
Ocinaplon
Panadiplon
Taniplon
Zaleplon
Others: Adipiplon
CGS-8216
CGS-9896
CGS-13767
CGS-20625
CL-218,872
CP-615,003
CTP-354
ELB-139
GBLD-345
Imepitoin
JM-1232
L-838,417
Lirequinil (Ro41-3696)
NS-2664
NS-2710
NS-11394
Pipequaline
ROD-188
RWJ-51204
SB-205,384
SX-3228
TGSC01AA
TP-003
TPA-023
TP-13
U-89843A
U-90042
Viqualine
Y-23684
Phenols
Fospropofol
Propofol
Thymol
Piperidinediones
Glutethimide
Methyprylon
Piperidione
Pyrithyldione
Pyrazolopyridines
Cartazolate
Etazolate
ICI-190,622
Tracazolate
Quinazolinones
Afloqualone
Cloroqualone
Diproqualone
Etaqualone
Mebroqualone
Mecloqualone
Methaqualone
Methylmethaqualone
Nitromethaqualone
SL-164
Volatiles/gases
Acetone
Acetophenone
Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
Aliflurane
Benzene
Butane
Butylene
Centalun
Chloral
Chloral betaine
Chloral hydrate
Chloroform
Cryofluorane
Desflurane
Dichloralphenazone
Dichloromethane
Diethyl ether
Enflurane
Ethyl chloride
Ethylene
Fluroxene
Gasoline
Halopropane
Halothane
Isoflurane
Kerosine
Methoxyflurane
Methoxypropane
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide
Norflurane
Paraldehyde
Propane
Propylene
Roflurane
Sevoflurane
Synthane
Teflurane
Toluene
Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl ether
Others/unsorted
3-Hydroxybutanal
α-EMTBL
AA-29504
Alogabat
Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin)
Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium bromide)
Carbamazepine
Chloralose
Chlormezanone
Clomethiazole
Darigabat
DEABL
Deuterated etifoxine
Dihydroergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergosine, dihydroergotamine, ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine))
DS2
Efavirenz
Etazepine
Etifoxine
Fenamates (e.g., flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid)
Fluoxetine
Flupirtine
Hopantenic acid
KRM-II-81
Lanthanum
Lavender oil
Lignans (e.g., 4-O-methylhonokiol, honokiol, magnolol, obovatol)
Loreclezole
Menthyl isovalerate (validolum)
Monastrol
Niacin
Niacinamide
Org 25,435
Phenytoin
Propanidid
Retigabine (ezogabine)
Safranal
Seproxetine
Stiripentol
Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal), tetronal, trional)
Terpenoids (e.g., borneol)
Topiramate
Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol)
Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators: α-Pinene
MRK-409 (MK-0343)
TCS-1105
TCS-1205
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • GABA receptor modulators • GABA metabolism/transport modulators
vteSalts and covalent derivatives of the bromide ion
HBr
He
LiBr
BeBr2
BBr3+BO3
CBr4+C
NBr3BrN3NH4BrNOBr+N
Br2OBrO2Br2O3Br2O5
BrFBrF3BrF5
Ne
NaBr
MgBr2
AlBrAlBr3
SiBr4
PBr3PBr5PBr7+P
S2Br2SBr2
BrCl
Ar
KBr
CaBr2
ScBr3
TiBr2TiBr3TiBr4
VBr2VBr3
CrBr2CrBr3
MnBr2
FeBr2FeBr3
CoBr2
NiBr2NiBr42−
CuBrCuBr2
ZnBr2
GaBr3
GeBr2GeBr4
AsBr3+As+AsO3
SeBr2SeBr4
Br2
Kr
RbBr
SrBr2
YBr3
ZrBr3ZrBr4
NbBr5
MoBr2MoBr3MoBr4
TcBr4
RuBr3
RhBr3
PdBr2
AgBr
CdBr2
InBrInBr3
SnBr2SnBr4
SbBr3+Sb-Sb
Te2BrTeBr4+Te
IBrIBr3
XeBr2
CsBr
BaBr2
*
LuBr3
HfBr4
TaBr5
WBr5WBr6
ReBr3
OsBr3OsBr4
IrBr3IrBr4
PtBr2PtBr4
AuBrAuBr3
Hg2Br2 HgBr2
TlBr
PbBr2
BiBr3
PoBr2PoBr4
AtBr
Rn
FrBr
RaBr2
**
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og
*
LaBr3
CeBr3
PrBr3
NdBr2 NdBr3
PmBr3
SmBr2 SmBr3
EuBr2 EuBr3
GdBr3
TbBr3
DyBr3
HoBr3
ErBr3
TmBr2 TmBr3
YbBr2 YbBr3
**
AcBr3
ThBr4
PaBr4PaBr5
UBr4UBr5
NpBr3NpBr4
PuBr3
AmBr2AmBr3
CmBr3
BkBr3
CfBr3
EsBr2EsBr3
Fm
Md
No
Authority control databases: National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chemical compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"},{"link_name":"lithium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium"},{"link_name":"bromine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine"},{"link_name":"hygroscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopic"},{"link_name":"desiccant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccant"},{"link_name":"air conditioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-9"}],"text":"Chemical compoundLithium bromide (LiBr) is a chemical compound of lithium and bromine. Its extreme hygroscopic character makes LiBr useful as a desiccant in certain air conditioning systems.[9]","title":"Lithium bromide"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sollibr.PNG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LiBr-Phase.svg"},{"link_name":"hydrobromic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrobromic_acid"},{"link_name":"lithium hydroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_hydroxide"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-9"},{"link_name":"hydrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_of_crystallization"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Solubility of LiBr in water as a function of temperaturePhase diagram of LiBrLiBr is prepared by treating an aqueous suspension of lithium carbonate with hydrobromic acid or by reacting lithium hydroxide with bromine.[9] It forms several crystalline hydrates, unlike the other alkali metal bromides.[10]Lithium hydroxide and hydrobromic acid (aqueous solution of hydrogen bromide) will precipitate lithium bromide in the presence of water.LiOH + HBr → LiBr + H2O","title":"Production and properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"desiccant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccation"},{"link_name":"absorption refrigerator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator"},{"link_name":"organic synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"hydroformylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroformylation"},{"link_name":"steroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid"},{"link_name":"prostaglandins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-9"}],"text":"A 50–60% aqueous solution of lithium bromide is used in air-conditioning systems as desiccant. It is also used in absorption chilling along with water (see absorption refrigerator). Solid LiBr is a useful reagent in organic synthesis. It is included into oxidation and hydroformylation catalysts; it is also used for deprotonation and dehydration of organic compounds containing acidic protons, and for the purification of steroids and prostaglandins.[9]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sedative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedative"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"lithium carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"lithium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_chloride"},{"link_name":"bipolar disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder"}],"sub_title":"Medical applications","text":"Lithium bromide was used as a sedative beginning in the early 1900s, but it fell into disfavor in the 1940s as newer sedatives became available and when some heart patients died after using the salt substitute lithium chloride.[11] Like lithium carbonate and lithium chloride, it was used as treatment for bipolar disorder.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lithium salts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_salts"},{"link_name":"psychoactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive"},{"link_name":"enthalpy of solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_solution"}],"text":"Lithium salts are psychoactive and somewhat corrosive. Heat is quickly generated when lithium bromide is dissolved into water because it has a negative enthalpy of solution.","title":"Hazards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics"},{"link_name":"CRC Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781498754293","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498754293"}],"text":"Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 9781498754293.","title":"Cited sources"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Solubility of LiBr in water as a function of temperature","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sollibr.PNG/220px-Sollibr.PNG"},{"image_text":"Phase diagram of LiBr","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/LiBr-Phase.svg/220px-LiBr-Phase.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Seifert, H.-J.; Dau, E. (1972). \"Über die Systeme Alkalimetallbromid/Mangan(II)-bromid\". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 391 (3): 302–312. doi:10.1002/zaac.19723910311.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19723910311","url_text":"10.1002/zaac.19723910311"}]},{"reference":"Chambers, Michael. \"ChemIDplus – 7550-35-8 – AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M – Lithium bromide – Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information\". chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 3 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/7550-35-8","url_text":"\"ChemIDplus – 7550-35-8 – AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M – Lithium bromide – Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information\""}]},{"reference":"Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.), Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, ISBN 0-12-352651-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-352651-5","url_text":"0-12-352651-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Bipolar Disorder: Treatment and Care\". webmd.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.webmd.com/content/Article/87/99356.htm?pagenumber=1","url_text":"\"Bipolar Disorder: Treatment and Care\""}]},{"reference":"Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 9781498754293.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics","url_text":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498754293","url_text":"9781498754293"}]},{"reference":"\"A PDF file from GFS Chemicals, a supplier of lithium bromide\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-03-16. Retrieved 2005-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060316211633/http://www.gfschemicals.com/Search/MSDS/5035MSDS.PDF","url_text":"\"A PDF file from GFS Chemicals, a supplier of lithium bromide\""},{"url":"http://www.gfschemicals.com/Search/MSDS/5035MSDS.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7550-35-8","external_links_name":"7550-35-8"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BLi%2B%5D.%5BBr-%5D","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.74049.html","external_links_name":"74049"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.582","external_links_name":"100.028.582"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/82050","external_links_name":"82050"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/864G646I84","external_links_name":"864G646I84"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID20892222","external_links_name":"DTXSID20892222"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=450703470&page2=Lithium+bromide","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19723910311","external_links_name":"10.1002/zaac.19723910311"},{"Link":"https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/229733?lang=en®ion=US","external_links_name":"Lithium bromide"},{"Link":"https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/7550-35-8","external_links_name":"\"ChemIDplus – 7550-35-8 – AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M – Lithium bromide – Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a15_393.pub2","external_links_name":"10.1002/14356007.a15_393.pub2"},{"Link":"http://www.webmd.com/content/Article/87/99356.htm?pagenumber=1","external_links_name":"\"Bipolar Disorder: Treatment and Care\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060316211633/http://www.gfschemicals.com/Search/MSDS/5035MSDS.PDF","external_links_name":"\"A PDF file from GFS Chemicals, a supplier of lithium bromide\""},{"Link":"http://www.gfschemicals.com/Search/MSDS/5035MSDS.PDF","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4167903-9","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_(2021_film) | Security (2021 film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 References","6 External links"] | 2021 filmSecurityDirected byPeter ChelsomScreenplay by
Peter Chelsom
Tinker Lindsay
Michele Pellegrini
Amina Grenci
Silvio Muccino
Starring
Marco D'Amore
Maya Sansa
Silvio Muccino
Valeria Bilello
Ludovica Martino
Beatrice Grannò
Tommaso Ragno
Fabrizio Bentivoglio
CinematographyMauro FioreEdited byCristiano TravaglioliMusic byAndrea FarriRelease date
2021 (2021)
LanguageItalian
Security is a 2021 Italian thriller-mystery film co-written and directed by Peter Chelsom and starring Marco D'Amore and Maya Sansa. Chelsom's first foreign language film, it is based on the novel with the same name by Stephen Amidon.
Plot
This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Cast
Marco D'Amore as Roberto Santini
Maya Sansa as Claudia Raffaelli
Silvio Muccino as Stefano Tommasi
Valeria Bilello as Elena Ventini
Ludovica Martino as Angela Santini
Beatrice Grannò as Maria Spezi
Tommaso Ragno as Walter Spezi
Fabrizio Bentivoglio as Curzio Pilati
Giulio Pranno as Dario Ventini
Antonio Zavatteri as Colonel Mori
Production
The main set of the film was Forte dei Marmi. Scenes were also shot in Seravezza and Massarosa.
Release
The film had its premiere on 5 June 2021 at the San Giovanni Museum in Fivizzano. It was released on streaming by Sky Italia in Italy and by Netflix in the rest of the world.
References
^ Marks, Scott (24 June 2021). "Netflix's Security: obscure cameras for writer-director Peter Chelsom". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
^ Singh, Ilina (16 June 2021). "Netflix's Security Review: A Slow-Burn Suspense". Leisurebyte. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
^ Vivarelli, Nick (22 June 2020). "Director Peter Chelsom on His Italian Film Debut 'Security' Toplining 'Gomorrah' Star Marco D'Amore". Variety. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
^ De Marco, Camillo (9 June 2021). "Review: Security". Cineuropa. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
^ "Forte dei Marmi diventa un set cinematografico". QuiNewsVersilia.it (in Italian). 8 January 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
^ Redazione (20 January 2020). "Massarosa set del film "Security" di Peter Chelsom". VersiliaToday (in Italian). Retrieved 27 August 2023.
^ ""Security", anteprima nazionale a Fivizzano - Cronaca - lanazione.it". La Nazione (in Italian). 3 June 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
^ Chelsom, Peter (29 June 2021). "'I finally understand the machine that is Netflix': how my film Security became an under-the-radar hit". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (16 June 2021). "Peter Chelsom To Direct 'The Beauty Of Sharks'; Filmmaker's Italian Pic 'Security' Hits Netflix Today". Deadline. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
External links
Security at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Peter Chelsom
Hear My Song (1991)
Funny Bones (1995)
The Mighty (1998)
Town & Country (2001)
Serendipity (2001)
Shall We Dance? (2004)
Hannah Montana: The Movie (2009)
Hector and the Search for Happiness (2014)
The Space Between Us (2017)
Berlin, I Love You (2019)
Security (2021) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_film"},{"link_name":"mystery film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_film"},{"link_name":"Peter Chelsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Chelsom"},{"link_name":"Marco D'Amore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_D%27Amore"},{"link_name":"Maya Sansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Sansa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Stephen Amidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Amidon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Security is a 2021 Italian thriller-mystery film co-written and directed by Peter Chelsom and starring Marco D'Amore and Maya Sansa. Chelsom's first foreign language film,[1] it is based on the novel with the same name by Stephen Amidon.[2][3][4]","title":"Security (2021 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marco D'Amore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_D%27Amore"},{"link_name":"Maya Sansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Sansa"},{"link_name":"Silvio Muccino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Muccino"},{"link_name":"Valeria Bilello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeria_Bilello"},{"link_name":"Ludovica Martino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovica_Martino"},{"link_name":"Beatrice Grannò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Grann%C3%B2"},{"link_name":"Tommaso Ragno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Ragno"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Bentivoglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Bentivoglio"}],"text":"Marco D'Amore as Roberto Santini\nMaya Sansa as Claudia Raffaelli\nSilvio Muccino as Stefano Tommasi\nValeria Bilello as Elena Ventini\nLudovica Martino as Angela Santini\nBeatrice Grannò as Maria Spezi\nTommaso Ragno as Walter Spezi\nFabrizio Bentivoglio as Curzio Pilati\nGiulio Pranno as Dario Ventini\nAntonio Zavatteri as Colonel Mori","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forte dei Marmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forte_dei_Marmi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Seravezza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seravezza"},{"link_name":"Massarosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massarosa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The main set of the film was Forte dei Marmi.[5] Scenes were also shot in Seravezza and Massarosa.[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fivizzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fivizzano"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sky Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Italia"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chels-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The film had its premiere on 5 June 2021 at the San Giovanni Museum in Fivizzano.[7] It was released on streaming by Sky Italia in Italy and by Netflix in the rest of the world.[8][9]","title":"Release"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Marks, Scott (24 June 2021). \"Netflix's Security: obscure cameras for writer-director Peter Chelsom\". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 27 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2021/jun/24/movie-reviews-netflixs-security-obscure-cameras/","url_text":"\"Netflix's Security: obscure cameras for writer-director Peter Chelsom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Reader","url_text":"San Diego Reader"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Ilina (16 June 2021). \"Netflix's Security Review: A Slow-Burn Suspense\". Leisurebyte. Retrieved 27 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leisurebyte.com/netflix-security-review/","url_text":"\"Netflix's Security Review: A Slow-Burn Suspense\""}]},{"reference":"Vivarelli, Nick (22 June 2020). \"Director Peter Chelsom on His Italian Film Debut 'Security' Toplining 'Gomorrah' Star Marco D'Amore\". Variety. Retrieved 27 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/film/news/director-peter-chelsom-on-his-italian-film-debut-security-toplining-gomorrah-star-marco-damore-1234631327/","url_text":"\"Director Peter Chelsom on His Italian Film Debut 'Security' Toplining 'Gomorrah' Star Marco D'Amore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"De Marco, Camillo (9 June 2021). \"Review: Security\". Cineuropa. Retrieved 27 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/405781/","url_text":"\"Review: Security\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineuropa","url_text":"Cineuropa"}]},{"reference":"\"Forte dei Marmi diventa un set cinematografico\". QuiNewsVersilia.it (in Italian). 8 January 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.quinewsversilia.it/forte-dei-marmi-diventa-un-set-cinematografico.htm","url_text":"\"Forte dei Marmi diventa un set cinematografico\""}]},{"reference":"Redazione (20 January 2020). \"Massarosa set del film \"Security\" di Peter Chelsom\". VersiliaToday (in Italian). Retrieved 27 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.versiliatoday.it/2020/01/20/massarosa-set-del-film-security-peter-chelsom/","url_text":"\"Massarosa set del film \"Security\" di Peter Chelsom\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Security\", anteprima nazionale a Fivizzano - Cronaca - lanazione.it\". La Nazione (in Italian). 3 June 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanazione.it/massa-carrara/cronaca/security-anteprima-nazionale-a-fivizzano-1.6439310","url_text":"\"\"Security\", anteprima nazionale a Fivizzano - Cronaca - lanazione.it\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Nazione","url_text":"La Nazione"}]},{"reference":"Chelsom, Peter (29 June 2021). \"'I finally understand the machine that is Netflix': how my film Security became an under-the-radar hit\". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/jun/29/security-netflix-hit-peter-chelsom-funny-bones","url_text":"\"'I finally understand the machine that is Netflix': how my film Security became an under-the-radar hit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (16 June 2021). \"Peter Chelsom To Direct 'The Beauty Of Sharks'; Filmmaker's Italian Pic 'Security' Hits Netflix Today\". Deadline. Retrieved 27 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/06/peter-chelsom-the-beauty-of-sharks-security-netflix-release-1234776683/","url_text":"\"Peter Chelsom To Direct 'The Beauty Of Sharks'; Filmmaker's Italian Pic 'Security' Hits Netflix Today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Security_(2021_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"add one"},{"Link":"https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2021/jun/24/movie-reviews-netflixs-security-obscure-cameras/","external_links_name":"\"Netflix's Security: obscure cameras for writer-director Peter Chelsom\""},{"Link":"https://www.leisurebyte.com/netflix-security-review/","external_links_name":"\"Netflix's Security Review: A Slow-Burn Suspense\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2020/film/news/director-peter-chelsom-on-his-italian-film-debut-security-toplining-gomorrah-star-marco-damore-1234631327/","external_links_name":"\"Director Peter Chelsom on His Italian Film Debut 'Security' Toplining 'Gomorrah' Star Marco D'Amore\""},{"Link":"https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/405781/","external_links_name":"\"Review: Security\""},{"Link":"https://www.quinewsversilia.it/forte-dei-marmi-diventa-un-set-cinematografico.htm","external_links_name":"\"Forte dei Marmi diventa un set cinematografico\""},{"Link":"https://www.versiliatoday.it/2020/01/20/massarosa-set-del-film-security-peter-chelsom/","external_links_name":"\"Massarosa set del film \"Security\" di Peter Chelsom\""},{"Link":"https://www.lanazione.it/massa-carrara/cronaca/security-anteprima-nazionale-a-fivizzano-1.6439310","external_links_name":"\"\"Security\", anteprima nazionale a Fivizzano - Cronaca - lanazione.it\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/jun/29/security-netflix-hit-peter-chelsom-funny-bones","external_links_name":"\"'I finally understand the machine that is Netflix': how my film Security became an under-the-radar hit\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/06/peter-chelsom-the-beauty-of-sharks-security-netflix-release-1234776683/","external_links_name":"\"Peter Chelsom To Direct 'The Beauty Of Sharks'; Filmmaker's Italian Pic 'Security' Hits Netflix Today\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11892916/","external_links_name":"Security"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Nash | Tyson Nash | ["1 Hockey","2 Career statistics","3 References","4 External links"] | Canadian former ice hockey left winger (born 1975)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Tyson Nash" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ice hockey player
Tyson Nash
Nash with the Toronto Marlies in 2007Born
(1975-03-11) March 11, 1975 (age 49)Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaHeight
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)Weight
191 lb (87 kg; 13 st 9 lb)Position
Left wingShot
LeftPlayed for
St. Louis BluesPhoenix CoyotesToronto MarliesNippon Paper CranesNHL draft
247th overall, 1994Vancouver CanucksPlaying career
1995–2008
Tyson Scott Nash (born March 11, 1975) is a Canadian former ice hockey left winger. He announced his retirement on September 11, 2008. He last played for the Nippon Paper Cranes in Japan during the 2007–08 season.
Hockey
Nash spent his first five seasons in the NHL with the St. Louis Blues, in his early years, in the role of a pest, specializing in drawing penalties from members of opposing teams. He spent the next two seasons with the Phoenix Coyotes. He was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs from the Coyotes for Mikael Tellqvist and a 4th round draft pick on November 28, 2006.
On November 22, 2007, he signed with the Nippon Paper Cranes in Japan. The Cranes finished the season in second place, behind the Oji Eagles.
He played his junior career with the Kamloops Blazers where he was part of the team which won three Memorial Cups. He is one of only three players to have won three Memorial Cups with the same team (Ryan Huska and Darcy Tucker are the others).
Nash was hired as the Arizona Coyotes' TV analyst alongside Matt McConnell following his retirement. Nash came under fire when he applauded the one sided assault of an Anaheim Ducks player with his gloves still on during a 5-0 Coyotes loss on April 1, 2022.
Career statistics
Regular season
Playoffs
Season
Team
League
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
1990–91
Kamloops Blazers
WHL
3
0
0
0
0
—
—
—
—
—
1991–92
Kamloops Blazers
WHL
33
1
6
7
62
4
0
0
0
0
1992–93
Kamloops Blazers
WHL
61
10
16
26
78
13
3
2
5
32
1993–94
Kamloops Blazers
WHL
65
20
38
58
135
16
3
4
7
12
1994–95
Kamloops Blazers
WHL
63
34
41
75
70
21
10
7
17
30
1995–96
Raleigh Icecaps
ECHL
6
1
1
2
8
—
—
—
—
—
1995–96
Syracuse Crunch
AHL
50
4
7
11
58
4
0
0
0
11
1996–97
Syracuse Crunch
AHL
77
17
17
34
105
3
0
2
2
0
1997–98
Syracuse Crunch
AHL
74
20
20
40
184
5
0
2
2
28
1998–99
St. Louis Blues
NHL
2
0
0
0
5
1
0
0
0
2
1998–99
Worcester IceCats
AHL
55
14
22
36
143
4
4
1
5
27
1999–00
St Louis Blues
NHL
66
4
9
13
150
6
1
0
1
24
2000–01
St Louis Blues
NHL
57
8
7
15
110
—
—
—
—
—
2001–02
St Louis Blues
NHL
64
6
7
13
100
9
0
1
1
2
2002–03
St Louis Blues
NHL
66
6
3
9
114
7
2
1
3
6
2003–04
Phoenix Coyotes
NHL
69
3
5
8
110
—
—
—
—
—
2005–06
Phoenix Coyotes
NHL
50
0
6
6
84
—
—
—
—
—
2006–07
San Antonio Rampage
AHL
19
6
6
12
48
—
—
—
—
—
2006–07
Toronto Marlies
AHL
54
10
13
23
134
—
—
—
—
—
2007–08
Nippon Paper Cranes
ALIH
5
1
0
1
16
9
1
3
4
43
NHL totals
374
27
37
64
673
23
3
2
5
52
References
^ "Tyson Nash defends controversial comments during Ducks-Coyotes scuffle: 'I really wouldn't change a thing'". 12 April 2022.
External links
Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database
Tyson Nash profile and statistics at TheAHL.com
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"left winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winger_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Nippon Paper Cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Paper_Cranes"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerTyson Scott Nash (born March 11, 1975) is a Canadian former ice hockey left winger. He announced his retirement on September 11, 2008. He last played for the Nippon Paper Cranes in Japan during the 2007–08 season.","title":"Tyson Nash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Louis Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Blues"},{"link_name":"pest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(hockey)"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Coyotes"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"Mikael Tellqvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Tellqvist"},{"link_name":"Nippon Paper Cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Paper_Cranes"},{"link_name":"Oji Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oji_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Kamloops Blazers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamloops_Blazers"},{"link_name":"Memorial Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ryan Huska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Huska"},{"link_name":"Darcy Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy_Tucker"},{"link_name":"Arizona Coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Coyotes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Nash spent his first five seasons in the NHL with the St. Louis Blues, in his early years, in the role of a pest, specializing in drawing penalties from members of opposing teams. He spent the next two seasons with the Phoenix Coyotes. He was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs from the Coyotes for Mikael Tellqvist and a 4th round draft pick on November 28, 2006.On November 22, 2007, he signed with the Nippon Paper Cranes in Japan. The Cranes finished the season in second place, behind the Oji Eagles.He played his junior career with the Kamloops Blazers where he was part of the team which won three Memorial Cups. He is one of only three players to have won three Memorial Cups with the same team (Ryan Huska and Darcy Tucker are the others).Nash was hired as the Arizona Coyotes' TV analyst alongside Matt McConnell following his retirement. Nash came under fire when he applauded the one sided assault of an Anaheim Ducks player with his gloves still on during a 5-0 Coyotes loss on April 1, 2022.[1]","title":"Hockey"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tyson Nash defends controversial comments during Ducks-Coyotes scuffle: 'I really wouldn't change a thing'\". 12 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nhl/news/tyson-nash-defends-controversial-comments-ducks-coyotes-scuffle/cr4xh4xjpiwqwwqcxuztpexp","url_text":"\"Tyson Nash defends controversial comments during Ducks-Coyotes scuffle: 'I really wouldn't change a thing'\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tyson+Nash%22","external_links_name":"\"Tyson Nash\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tyson+Nash%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tyson+Nash%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tyson+Nash%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tyson+Nash%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tyson+Nash%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nhl/news/tyson-nash-defends-controversial-comments-ducks-coyotes-scuffle/cr4xh4xjpiwqwwqcxuztpexp","external_links_name":"\"Tyson Nash defends controversial comments during Ducks-Coyotes scuffle: 'I really wouldn't change a thing'\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/player/8460733","external_links_name":"NHL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=8948&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/n/nashty01.html","external_links_name":"Hockey-Reference.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=21511","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"},{"Link":"http://theahl.com/stats/player/1468","external_links_name":"Tyson Nash profile and statistics"},{"Link":"http://www.tysonnash.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Bak | Lars Bak | ["1 Background","2 Major results","2.1 Grand Tour general classification results timeline","3 References","4 External links"] | Danish cyclist (born 1980)
This article is about the Danish cyclist. For the Danish computer programmer, see Lars Bak (computer programmer).
Lars BakBak at the 2012 Giro d'Italia.Personal informationFull nameLars Ytting BakBorn (1980-01-16) 16 January 1980 (age 44)Silkeborg, DenmarkHeight1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)Weight80 kg (176 lb; 12 st 8 lb)Team informationCurrent teamRetiredDisciplineRoadRoleRiderDirecteur sportifRider typeAll-rounderAmateur teams1996–1999Silkeborg CR2000–2001Hammel CK2001CCI Differdange2001UC Trevigiani-Mapei
Professional teams2002–2003Team Fakta2004BankGiroLoterij2005–2009Team CSC2010–2011Team HTC–Columbia2012–2018Lotto–Belisol2019Team Dimension Data
Managerial teams2020NTT Pro Cycling2022Uno-X Pro Cycling Team
Major winsGrand Tours
Giro d'Italia
1 individual stage (2012)
1 TTT stage (2011)
Vuelta a España
1 TTT stage (2010)
Single-day races and Classics
National Road Race Championships (2005)
National Time Trial Championships (2007, 2008, 2009)
GP de Fourmies (2012)
Lars Ytting Bak (born 16 January 1980) is a Danish former professional road bicycle racer, who rode professionally between 2002 and 2019 for the Fakta, BankGiroLoterij, Team Saxo Bank, HTC–Highroad, Lotto–Soudal and Team Dimension Data squads. Since retiring as a rider, Bak has acted as a directeur sportif for NTT Pro Cycling in 2020, and as team manager for UCI Women's WorldTeam Uno-X Pro Cycling Team in 2022.
Background
Born in Silkeborg, Bak became a professional in 2002 for Team Fakta where he rode with fellow Dane Allan Johansen. In 2004 they both switched to BankGiroLoterij where Lars Bak would gain his first professional win, but as the BankGiroLoterij team stopped after the 2004 season, both Bak and Johansen went to Team CSC in 2005.
Here, Bak won the Danish National Road Race Championships, and in the later half of the season he showed his strength and talent as a good upcoming rider, as he won the respected ten stage Under 25 race, the Tour de l'Avenir. He won the leader's jersey by sprinting to the win in a group of four riders on the first stage, a position he defended through the following nine stages bar one, including a time trial and a number of hilly stages.
In 2011 he finally made his Tour de France debut where he worked hard for Mark Cavendish's sprint train and finished off by taking part in a breakaway on the last stage. Bak joined Lotto–Belisol for the 2012 season.
In 2012, he won stage 12 of the Giro d'Italia.
Bak retired at the end of the 2019 season after 18 years as a professional.
Major results
Source:
2000
1st Stage 2a Le Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux
2001
5th Overall Le Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux
2003
6th Veenendaal–Veenendaal
6th Druivenkoers Overijse
7th Omloop van de Vlaamse Scheldeboorden
2004
5th Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen
9th Overall Tour de Luxembourg
1st Stage 1
9th Overall Danmark Rundt
2005
National Road Championships
1st Road race
3rd Time trial
1st Overall Tour de l'Avenir
1st Stage 1
1st Paris–Bourges
6th CSC Classic
2006
1st Stage 1 (TTT) Vuelta a España
1st Eindhoven Team Time Trial
4th Overall Bayern Rundfahrt
8th Grand Prix d'Ouverture La Marseillaise
2007
1st Time trial, National Road Championships
1st Stage 5 Tour de Wallonie
3rd Overall Tour Down Under
6th Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
2008
1st Time trial, National Road Championships
2nd Overall Tour de Pologne
1st Stage 1 (TTT)
2nd Overall Herald Sun Tour
7th Overall Bayern Rundfahrt
9th Overall Sachsen Tour
9th Overall Circuit Franco-Belge
2009
1st Time trial, National Road Championships
6th Overall Tour de Romandie
7th Overall Eneco Tour
1st Stage 5
8th Overall Danmark Rundt
9th Overall Tour of Missouri
2010
1st Stage 1 (TTT) Vuelta a España
2nd Road race, National Road Championships
8th Overall Danmark Rundt
2011
1st Stage 1 (TTT) Giro d'Italia
3rd GP Herning
5th Paris–Roubaix
8th Overall Ster ZLM Toer
2012
1st Grand Prix de Fourmies
1st Stage 12 Giro d'Italia
10th Overall Ster ZLM Toer
2013
2nd Overall Danmark Rundt
2014
2nd Overall Danmark Rundt
2015
2nd Overall Danmark Rundt
6th Overall Three Days of De Panne
2018
10th Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race
2019
7th Paris–Tours
Grand Tour general classification results timeline
Grand Tour
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Giro d'Italia
DNF
—
—
—
—
—
16
—
126
72
94
56
90
DNF
118
106
—
Tour de France
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
152
96
108
82
37
173
123
—
147
Vuelta a España
—
—
—
21
—
—
—
154
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Legend
—
Did not compete
DNF
Did not finish
References
^ a b "Bak looking forward to finally having his chance at Lotto-Ridley". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. 2 October 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
^ "Dimension Data finalise 2019 roster". Cyclingnews.com. Immediate Media Company. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
^ "NTT Pro Cycling Team". UCI.org. Union Cycliste Internationale. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
^ a b "Bak bows out with seventh place at Paris-Tours". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
^ Frattini, Kirsten (31 August 2021). "Uno-X: Behind the scenes at the new team with 2022 Women's WorldTour plans". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "Lars Bak". FirstCycling.com. FirstCycling AS. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
External links
Media related to Lars Bak (cyclist) at Wikimedia Commons
Official website (in Danish)
Profile at Team Saxo Bank (source for this article)
Lars Bak at UCI
Lars Bak at Cycling Archives
Lars Bak at ProCyclingStats
Lars Bak at Cycling Quotient
Lars Bak at CycleBase
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lars Bak (computer programmer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Bak_(computer_programmer)"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"road bicycle racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racer"},{"link_name":"BankGiroLoterij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BankGiroLoterij"},{"link_name":"Team Saxo Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"HTC–Highroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC%E2%80%93Highroad"},{"link_name":"Lotto–Soudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto%E2%80%93Dstny"},{"link_name":"Team Dimension Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Qhubeka_NextHash"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retirement-4"},{"link_name":"directeur sportif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directeur_sportif"},{"link_name":"NTT Pro Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Qhubeka_NextHash"},{"link_name":"UCI Women's WorldTeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Women%27s_Team"},{"link_name":"Uno-X Pro Cycling Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uno-X_Mobility_(women%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"This article is about the Danish cyclist. For the Danish computer programmer, see Lars Bak (computer programmer).Lars Ytting Bak (born 16 January 1980) is a Danish former professional road bicycle racer, who rode professionally between 2002 and 2019 for the Fakta, BankGiroLoterij, Team Saxo Bank, HTC–Highroad, Lotto–Soudal and Team Dimension Data squads.[4] Since retiring as a rider, Bak has acted as a directeur sportif for NTT Pro Cycling in 2020, and as team manager for UCI Women's WorldTeam Uno-X Pro Cycling Team in 2022.[5]","title":"Lars Bak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silkeborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkeborg"},{"link_name":"Team Fakta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Fakta"},{"link_name":"Allan Johansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Johansen"},{"link_name":"BankGiroLoterij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BankGiroLoterij_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Team CSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Danish National Road Race Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tour de l'Avenir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_l%27Avenir"},{"link_name":"time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_trial"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Mark Cavendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Cavendish"},{"link_name":"sprint train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_train"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bak_Lotto-1"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Giro_d%27Italia,_Stage_12_to_Stage_21#Stage_12"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retirement-4"}],"text":"Born in Silkeborg, Bak became a professional in 2002 for Team Fakta where he rode with fellow Dane Allan Johansen. In 2004 they both switched to BankGiroLoterij where Lars Bak would gain his first professional win, but as the BankGiroLoterij team stopped after the 2004 season, both Bak and Johansen went to Team CSC in 2005.Here, Bak won the Danish National Road Race Championships, and in the later half of the season he showed his strength and talent as a good upcoming rider, as he won the respected ten stage Under 25 race, the Tour de l'Avenir. He won the leader's jersey by sprinting to the win in a group of four riders on the first stage, a position he defended through the following nine stages bar one, including a time trial and a number of hilly stages.In 2011 he finally made his Tour de France debut where he worked hard for Mark Cavendish's sprint train and finished off by taking part in a breakaway on the last stage. Bak joined Lotto–Belisol for the 2012 season.[1]In 2012, he won stage 12 of the Giro d'Italia.Bak retired at the end of the 2019 season after 18 years as a professional.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Le Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Triptyque_des_Monts_et_Ch%C3%A2teaux"},{"link_name":"Le Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Triptyque_des_Monts_et_Ch%C3%A2teaux"},{"link_name":"Veenendaal–Veenendaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem%E2%80%93Veenendaal_Classic"},{"link_name":"Druivenkoers Overijse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druivenkoers_Overijse"},{"link_name":"Omloop van de Vlaamse Scheldeboorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omloop_van_de_Vlaamse_Scheldeboorden"},{"link_name":"Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampioenschap_van_Vlaanderen"},{"link_name":"Tour de Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Danmark Rundt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Danmark_Rundt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotDinamarca.svg"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_National_Time_Trial_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_yellow.svg"},{"link_name":"Tour de l'Avenir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_l%27Avenir"},{"link_name":"Paris–Bourges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Bourges"},{"link_name":"CSC Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colliers_Classic"},{"link_name":"TTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_time_trial"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Eindhoven Team Time Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Eindhoven_Team_Time_Trial"},{"link_name":"Bayern Rundfahrt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Bayern_Rundfahrt"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix d'Ouverture La Marseillaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_La_Marseillaise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotDinamarca.svg"},{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_National_Time_Trial_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tour de Wallonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Tour_de_Wallonie"},{"link_name":"Tour Down Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Tour_Down_Under"},{"link_name":"Four Days of Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Days_of_Dunkirk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotDinamarca.svg"},{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_National_Time_Trial_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tour de Pologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Tour_de_Pologne"},{"link_name":"TTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_time_trial"},{"link_name":"Herald Sun Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun_Tour"},{"link_name":"Bayern Rundfahrt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Bayern_Rundfahrt"},{"link_name":"Sachsen Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen_Tour"},{"link_name":"Circuit Franco-Belge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_Franco-Belge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotDinamarca.svg"},{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_National_Time_Trial_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tour de Romandie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Tour_de_Romandie"},{"link_name":"Eneco Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Eneco_Tour"},{"link_name":"Danmark Rundt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danmark_Rundt"},{"link_name":"Tour of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Tour_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"TTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_time_trial"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"link_name":"Danmark Rundt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Danmark_Rundt"},{"link_name":"TTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_time_trial"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"GP Herning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Herning"},{"link_name":"Paris–Roubaix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix"},{"link_name":"Ster ZLM Toer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZLM_Tour_(UCI_ProSeries)"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix de Fourmies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_de_Fourmies"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Ster ZLM Toer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Ster_ZLM_Toer"},{"link_name":"Danmark Rundt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Danmark_Rundt"},{"link_name":"Danmark Rundt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Danmark_Rundt"},{"link_name":"Danmark Rundt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Danmark_Rundt"},{"link_name":"Three Days of De Panne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Three_Days_of_De_Panne"},{"link_name":"Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Cadel_Evans_Great_Ocean_Road_Race"},{"link_name":"Paris–Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Paris%E2%80%93Tours"}],"text":"Source: [6]2000\n1st Stage 2a Le Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux\n2001\n5th Overall Le Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux\n2003\n6th Veenendaal–Veenendaal\n6th Druivenkoers Overijse\n7th Omloop van de Vlaamse Scheldeboorden\n2004\n5th Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen\n9th Overall Tour de Luxembourg\n1st Stage 1\n9th Overall Danmark Rundt\n2005\nNational Road Championships\n1st Road race\n3rd Time trial\n1st Overall Tour de l'Avenir\n1st Stage 1\n1st Paris–Bourges\n6th CSC Classic\n2006\n1st Stage 1 (TTT) Vuelta a España\n1st Eindhoven Team Time Trial\n4th Overall Bayern Rundfahrt\n8th Grand Prix d'Ouverture La Marseillaise\n2007\n1st Time trial, National Road Championships\n1st Stage 5 Tour de Wallonie\n3rd Overall Tour Down Under\n6th Overall Four Days of Dunkirk\n2008\n1st Time trial, National Road Championships\n2nd Overall Tour de Pologne\n1st Stage 1 (TTT)\n2nd Overall Herald Sun Tour\n7th Overall Bayern Rundfahrt\n9th Overall Sachsen Tour\n9th Overall Circuit Franco-Belge\n2009\n1st Time trial, National Road Championships\n6th Overall Tour de Romandie\n7th Overall Eneco Tour\n1st Stage 5\n8th Overall Danmark Rundt\n9th Overall Tour of Missouri\n2010\n1st Stage 1 (TTT) Vuelta a España\n2nd Road race, National Road Championships\n8th Overall Danmark Rundt\n2011\n1st Stage 1 (TTT) Giro d'Italia\n3rd GP Herning\n5th Paris–Roubaix\n8th Overall Ster ZLM Toer\n2012\n1st Grand Prix de Fourmies\n1st Stage 12 Giro d'Italia\n10th Overall Ster ZLM Toer\n2013\n2nd Overall Danmark Rundt\n2014\n2nd Overall Danmark Rundt\n2015\n2nd Overall Danmark Rundt\n6th Overall Three Days of De Panne\n2018\n10th Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race\n2019\n7th Paris–Tours","title":"Major results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Grand Tour general classification results timeline","title":"Major results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bak looking forward to finally having his chance at Lotto-Ridley\". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. 2 October 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/bak-looking-forward-to-finally-having-his-chance-at-lotto-ridley","url_text":"\"Bak looking forward to finally having his chance at Lotto-Ridley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dimension Data finalise 2019 roster\". Cyclingnews.com. Immediate Media Company. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/dimension-data-finalise-2019-roster/","url_text":"\"Dimension Data finalise 2019 roster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immediate_Media_Company","url_text":"Immediate Media Company"}]},{"reference":"\"NTT Pro Cycling Team\". UCI.org. Union Cycliste Internationale. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200103010817/https://www.uci.org/road/teams//TeamDetail/13992/1001377/260","url_text":"\"NTT Pro Cycling Team\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale","url_text":"Union Cycliste Internationale"},{"url":"https://www.uci.org/road/teams//TeamDetail/13992/1001377/260","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bak bows out with seventh place at Paris-Tours\". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/bak-bows-out-with-seventh-place-at-paris-tours/","url_text":"\"Bak bows out with seventh place at Paris-Tours\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]},{"reference":"Frattini, Kirsten (31 August 2021). \"Uno-X: Behind the scenes at the new team with 2022 Women's WorldTour plans\". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/features/uno-x-behind-the-scenes-at-the-new-team-with-2022-womens-worldtour-plans/","url_text":"\"Uno-X: Behind the scenes at the new team with 2022 Women's WorldTour plans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]},{"reference":"\"Lars Bak\". FirstCycling.com. FirstCycling AS. Retrieved 21 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://firstcycling.com/rider.php?r=464","url_text":"\"Lars Bak\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/bak-looking-forward-to-finally-having-his-chance-at-lotto-ridley","external_links_name":"\"Bak looking forward to finally having his chance at Lotto-Ridley\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/dimension-data-finalise-2019-roster/","external_links_name":"\"Dimension Data finalise 2019 roster\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200103010817/https://www.uci.org/road/teams//TeamDetail/13992/1001377/260","external_links_name":"\"NTT Pro Cycling Team\""},{"Link":"https://www.uci.org/road/teams//TeamDetail/13992/1001377/260","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/bak-bows-out-with-seventh-place-at-paris-tours/","external_links_name":"\"Bak bows out with seventh place at Paris-Tours\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/features/uno-x-behind-the-scenes-at-the-new-team-with-2022-womens-worldtour-plans/","external_links_name":"\"Uno-X: Behind the scenes at the new team with 2022 Women's WorldTour plans\""},{"Link":"https://firstcycling.com/rider.php?r=464","external_links_name":"\"Lars Bak\""},{"Link":"http://www.feltet.dk/larsbak/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090511130236/http://www.team-saxobank.com/person_profiles.asp?p_id=72","external_links_name":"Profile at Team Saxo Bank"},{"Link":"https://www.uci.org/rider-details/349962","external_links_name":"Lars Bak"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q447780#P11020"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=517","external_links_name":"Lars Bak"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q447780#P1409"},{"Link":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/140848","external_links_name":"Lars Bak"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q447780#P1663"},{"Link":"https://cqranking.com/men/asp/gen/rider.asp?riderid=344","external_links_name":"Lars Bak"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q447780#P1541"},{"Link":"https://www.cyclebase.nl/cb-content/index.php?lang=en&page=renner&id=729","external_links_name":"Lars Bak"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q447780#P4508"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/5469156497272317740006","external_links_name":"VIAF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Dennard | Paris Dennard | ["1 Early life and education","2 Professional career","2.1 White House staff","2.2 Communications consulting","2.3 Political commentary and activism","2.4 Sexual harassment allegations","2.5 Republican National Committee","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | American political strategist (born 1982)
Paris DennardPersonal detailsBornAugust 18, 1982 (1982-08-18) (age 41)Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.Political partyRepublicanResidenceArlington, VirginiaEducationPepperdine University (BA)
Paris Dennard (born August 18, 1982) is a Republican political commentator, columnist, and communications strategist. He previously worked from 2005 to 2009 in the White House of President George W. Bush, and the Thurgood Marshall College Fund for over four years as the Senior Director of Strategic Communications. He has appeared as a conservative commentator on many national outlets including Fox News, Black News Channel, Newsmax, CNN and NPR.
Early life and education
While attending Brophy College Preparatory in Phoenix, Arizona, Dennard served as Student Body President, the chairman of the Arizona Teenage Republicans and spoke at the 2000 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia. After graduating from Brophy in 2000, Dennard attended Pepperdine University on several scholarships including one for students of color. He was featured with Sean Combs for an MTV special and interview at the 2004 Republican National Convention. Dennard graduated from Pepperdine in 2005 with a B.A. in political science and public relations.
Professional career
White House staff
Between 2005 and 2009, Dennard worked in George W. Bush's White House at the Office of Legislative Affairs, the Office of Political Affairs, and the Office of Public Liaison. During that time, he served as White House Director of Black Outreach; coordinated the meetings and travels of the President, First Lady Laura Bush, and the House of Representatives; and planned various events in the White House. Between 2009 and 2011, Dennard worked at the Republican National Committee as an associate director for Coalitions.
Communications consulting
Dennard is also a consultant through his own firm on strategic communication, political management, image and brand development, and media training issues.
Political commentary and activism
Dennard is a member of the American Enterprise Institute's Leadership Network. Dennard served on the advisory board for "Black Voices for Trump" for the 2020 re-election campaign for Donald Trump.
Dennard has been a political TV commentator on C-SPAN, BBC, OANN, Newsmax TV, Hill TV, KTOE's "Al in the Afternoon", and TV One where he was a regular on NewsOne Now with Roland S. Martin, BET's State of the Union coverage, MSNBC, and was a paid political commentator with CNN from 2016 to 2018 and NPR's Here and Now. Dennard also writes opinion articles that have appeared in The Daily Caller and The Hill on a host of topics.
Dennard is known for his pro-Donald Trump commentary; he frequently defended Trump and his administration in his CNN appearances. Trump praised Dennard during a White House Black History Month event and a "Black Voices for Trump" event in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2018, Trump appointed Dennard to the President's Commission on White House Fellowships.
After Trump was defeated by Democratic challenger Joe Biden, Dennard was hired as a national spokesman for the Republican Party. As Trump promoted false claims of election fraud, Dennard refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the results of the 2020 presidential election.
Sexual harassment allegations
Dennard was employed by the Arizona State University's McCain Institute for International Leadership from 2013 to 2015. In 2018, The Washington Post reported that, according to documents and a university official, Dennard had been fired in 2015 from his position as an events director at the institute for making sexually explicit comments and gestures toward women. Dennard had "told a recent college graduate who worked for him that he wanted to have sex with her" and "pretended to unzip his pants in her presence, tried to get her to sit on his lap, and made masturbatory gestures." A 2014 university report obtained by the Washington Post stated that Dennard did not dispute the claims, but said he made the remarks and gestures jokingly. A second female employee also said that Dennard's actions made her uncomfortable.
After the Washington Post report was published, CNN and Boston NPR member station WBUR-FM announced they had suspended Dennard with pay pending further investigation. After Dennard's contract expired, CNN did not renew it.
In 2019, Dennard sued the Arizona State University for nearly $10 million, claiming that the university had intentionally leaked the report.
Republican National Committee
In March 2020, Dennard was hired by the Republican National Committee, subsequently working as a national spokesperson and as director of Black media affairs. During the 2020 presidential campaign, he also served on the advisory board of Black Voices for Trump. The RNC fired Dennard in August 2022.
See also
Black conservatism in the United States
References
^ Friedman, Roger (January 11, 2008). "White House Says 'No' to Denzel Washington's 'Great Debaters'". Fox News.
^ DeRuy, Emily (October 17, 2016). "The Unlikely Union Between a Trump Supporter and Historically Black Colleges". The Atlantic.
^ cmaadmin (August 7, 2017). "A Public But Controversial Spokesman for HBCUs".
^ "Republican National Convention Day 1 Morning". C-SPAN.org. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
^ Silverstein, Stuart (January 22, 2004). "Pepperdine Defends Its Minority Scholarships". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
^ Leingang, Rachel (April 2, 2019). "Paris Dennard, conservative commentator, wants nearly $10M for 'leaked' ASU investigation". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
^ Gerhart, Ann (September 3, 2004). "Citizen Diddy". The Washington Post. p. C1. Archived from the original on September 22, 2005.
^ Commencement Program, April 2005, Pepperdine University, 2005, p. 13, retrieved February 18, 2020
^ "Convening to increase opportunity: AEI hosts leadership summit - AEI". AEI. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
^ "Black Voices for Trump". blackvoices.donaldjtrump.com. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
^ "CNN's Paris Dennard Enrages Fmr CIA/FBI Official Phil Mudd: "Everyone In Washington DC Knows" Consultants Get Paid More With A Security Clearance". Real Clear Politics. August 20, 2018. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
^ "Media — Paris Dennard". Paris Dennard. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
^ a b Concha, Joe (December 11, 2018). "Pro-Trump pundit Paris Dennard lashes out at former network CNN: 'I will not be silenced'". The Hill.
^ a b c Bump, Philip (May 11, 2021). "'Biden is the president' has become the GOP's base-pleasing cop-out". The Washington Post.
^ "President Trump Holds African American History Month Listening Session". C-SPAN. February 1, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
^ "President Trump Remarks at "Black Voices for Trump" Rally". C-SPAN. November 9, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
^ "President Donald J. Trump Announces Key Additions to his Administration | The White House". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved November 29, 2018 – via National Archives.
^ Commentator seeks $10M from ASU after misconduct report, Associated Press (April 2, 2019).
^ a b c d Davis, Aaron (August 22, 2018). "Trump called this White House defender 'wonderful.' He was fired from his previous job for alleged sexual harassment". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
^ Barr, Jeremy (August 22, 2018). "CNN Suspends Contributor Paris Dennard Following Sexual Misconduct Report". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
^ "WBUR Responds To Misconduct Allegations Against Paris Dennard". WBUR. August 23, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
^ Leingang, Rachel (April 2, 2019). "Paris Dennard, conservative commentator, wants nearly $10M for 'leaked' ASU investigation". The Arizona Republic.
^ a b c Isenstadt, Alex (August 26, 2020). "RNC fires national spokesperson". Politico.
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Thurgood Marshall College Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"commentator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundit"},{"link_name":"Fox News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News"},{"link_name":"Black News Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_News_Channel"},{"link_name":"Newsmax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsmax"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Paris Dennard (born August 18, 1982) is a Republican political commentator, columnist, and communications strategist. He previously worked from 2005 to 2009 in the White House of President George W. Bush,[1] and the Thurgood Marshall College Fund for over four years[2] as the Senior Director of Strategic Communications. He has appeared as a conservative commentator on many national outlets including Fox News, Black News Channel, Newsmax, CNN and NPR.[3]","title":"Paris Dennard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brophy College Preparatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brophy_College_Preparatory"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pepperdine University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepperdine_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leaked_ASU-6"},{"link_name":"Sean Combs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Combs"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"While attending Brophy College Preparatory in Phoenix, Arizona, Dennard served as Student Body President, the chairman of the Arizona Teenage Republicans and spoke at the 2000 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia.[4] After graduating from Brophy in 2000, Dennard attended Pepperdine University on several scholarships including one for students of color.[5][6] He was featured with Sean Combs for an MTV special and interview at the 2004 Republican National Convention.[7] Dennard graduated from Pepperdine in 2005 with a B.A. in political science and public relations.[8]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Office of Legislative Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Legislative_Affairs_(United_States_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Office of Public Liaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Liaison"},{"link_name":"First Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady"},{"link_name":"Laura Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Bush"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Republican National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Committee"}],"sub_title":"White House staff","text":"Between 2005 and 2009, Dennard worked in George W. Bush's White House at the Office of Legislative Affairs, the Office of Political Affairs, and the Office of Public Liaison. During that time, he served as White House Director of Black Outreach; coordinated the meetings and travels of the President, First Lady Laura Bush, and the House of Representatives; and planned various events in the White House. Between 2009 and 2011, Dennard worked at the Republican National Committee as an associate director for Coalitions.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Communications consulting","text":"Dennard is also a consultant through his own firm on strategic communication, political management, image and brand development, and media training issues.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Enterprise Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"C-SPAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"OANN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_America_News_Network"},{"link_name":"Newsmax TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsmax_TV"},{"link_name":"Hill TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)#Hill_TV"},{"link_name":"KTOE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTOE"},{"link_name":"TV One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_One_(American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"BET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET"},{"link_name":"MSNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"Here and Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Here_and_Now_(radio_program)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Daily Caller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Caller"},{"link_name":"The Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concha-13"},{"link_name":"his administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bump-14"},{"link_name":"Black History Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_History_Month"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"White House Fellowships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bump-14"},{"link_name":"false claims of election fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"refused to acknowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"2020 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bump-14"}],"sub_title":"Political commentary and activism","text":"Dennard is a member of the American Enterprise Institute's Leadership Network.[9] Dennard served on the advisory board for \"Black Voices for Trump\"[10] for the 2020 re-election campaign for Donald Trump.Dennard has been a political TV commentator on C-SPAN, BBC, OANN, Newsmax TV, Hill TV, KTOE's \"Al in the Afternoon\", and TV One where he was a regular on NewsOne Now with Roland S. Martin, BET's State of the Union coverage, MSNBC, and was a paid political commentator with CNN[11] from 2016 to 2018 and NPR's Here and Now. Dennard also writes opinion articles that have appeared in The Daily Caller and The Hill on a host of topics.[12]Dennard is known for his pro-Donald Trump commentary;[13] he frequently defended Trump and his administration in his CNN appearances.[14] Trump praised Dennard during a White House Black History Month event[15] and a \"Black Voices for Trump\" event in Atlanta, Georgia.[16] In 2018, Trump appointed Dennard to the President's Commission on White House Fellowships.[17]After Trump was defeated by Democratic challenger Joe Biden, Dennard was hired as a national spokesman for the Republican Party.[14] As Trump promoted false claims of election fraud, Dennard refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the results of the 2020 presidential election.[14]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University"},{"link_name":"McCain Institute for International Leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCain_Institute"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheWashingtonPost-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheWashingtonPost-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheWashingtonPost-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheWashingtonPost-19"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"WBUR-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBUR-FM"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concha-13"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Sexual harassment allegations","text":"Dennard was employed by the Arizona State University's McCain Institute for International Leadership from 2013 to 2015.[18] In 2018, The Washington Post reported that, according to documents and a university official, Dennard had been fired in 2015 from his position as an events director at the institute for making sexually explicit comments and gestures toward women.[19] Dennard had \"told a recent college graduate who worked for him that he wanted to have sex with her\" and \"pretended to unzip his pants in her presence, tried to get her to sit on his lap, and made masturbatory gestures.\"[19] A 2014 university report obtained by the Washington Post stated that Dennard did not dispute the claims, but said he made the remarks and gestures jokingly.[19] A second female employee also said that Dennard's actions made her uncomfortable.[19]After the Washington Post report was published, CNN and Boston NPR member station WBUR-FM announced they had suspended Dennard with pay pending further investigation.[20][21] After Dennard's contract expired, CNN did not renew it.[13]In 2019, Dennard sued the Arizona State University for nearly $10 million, claiming that the university had intentionally leaked the report.[22]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNCPolitico-23"},{"link_name":"Black Voices for Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Voices_for_Trump"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNCPolitico-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNCPolitico-23"}],"sub_title":"Republican National Committee","text":"In March 2020, Dennard was hired by the Republican National Committee, subsequently working as a national spokesperson and as director of Black media affairs.[23] During the 2020 presidential campaign, he also served on the advisory board of Black Voices for Trump.[23] The RNC fired Dennard in August 2022.[23]","title":"Professional career"}] | [] | [{"title":"Black conservatism in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States"}] | [{"reference":"Friedman, Roger (January 11, 2008). \"White House Says 'No' to Denzel Washington's 'Great Debaters'\". Fox News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/2008/01/11/white-house-says-no-to-denzel-washington-great-debaters.html","url_text":"\"White House Says 'No' to Denzel Washington's 'Great Debaters'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News","url_text":"Fox News"}]},{"reference":"DeRuy, Emily (October 17, 2016). \"The Unlikely Union Between a Trump Supporter and Historically Black Colleges\". The Atlantic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/10/trump-supporter-lands-role-with-hbcu-advocacy-group/504380/","url_text":"\"The Unlikely Union Between a Trump Supporter and Historically Black Colleges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic","url_text":"The Atlantic"}]},{"reference":"cmaadmin (August 7, 2017). \"A Public But Controversial Spokesman for HBCUs\".","urls":[{"url":"http://diverseeducation.com/article/99913/","url_text":"\"A Public But Controversial Spokesman for HBCUs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Republican National Convention Day 1 Morning\". C-SPAN.org. Retrieved November 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?158166-1/republican-national-convention-day-1-morning","url_text":"\"Republican National Convention Day 1 Morning\""}]},{"reference":"Silverstein, Stuart (January 22, 2004). \"Pepperdine Defends Its Minority Scholarships\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jan-22-me-pepper22-story.html","url_text":"\"Pepperdine Defends Its Minority Scholarships\""}]},{"reference":"Leingang, Rachel (April 2, 2019). \"Paris Dennard, conservative commentator, wants nearly $10M for 'leaked' ASU investigation\". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved February 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-education/2019/04/02/paris-dennard-former-mccain-institute-employee-wants-asu-settlement-alleged-sexual-harassment/3336598002/","url_text":"\"Paris Dennard, conservative commentator, wants nearly $10M for 'leaked' ASU investigation\""}]},{"reference":"Gerhart, Ann (September 3, 2004). \"Citizen Diddy\". The Washington Post. p. C1. Archived from the original on September 22, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050922010509/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A58211-2004Sep3.html","url_text":"\"Citizen Diddy\""},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A58211-2004Sep3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Commencement Program, April 2005, Pepperdine University, 2005, p. 13, retrieved February 18, 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://pepperdine.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15730coll17/id/22913","url_text":"Commencement Program, April 2005"}]},{"reference":"\"Convening to increase opportunity: AEI hosts leadership summit - AEI\". AEI. Retrieved November 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aei.org/publication/convening-to-increase-opportunity-aei-leadership-summit/","url_text":"\"Convening to increase opportunity: AEI hosts leadership summit - AEI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Voices for Trump\". blackvoices.donaldjtrump.com. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://blackvoices.donaldjtrump.com/","url_text":"\"Black Voices for Trump\""}]},{"reference":"\"CNN's Paris Dennard Enrages Fmr CIA/FBI Official Phil Mudd: \"Everyone In Washington DC Knows\" Consultants Get Paid More With A Security Clearance\". Real Clear Politics. August 20, 2018. Retrieved November 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2018/08/20/cnns_paris_dennard_enrages_fmr_ciafbi_official_phil_mudd_everyone_in_dc_knows_security_clearance_.html","url_text":"\"CNN's Paris Dennard Enrages Fmr CIA/FBI Official Phil Mudd: \"Everyone In Washington DC Knows\" Consultants Get Paid More With A Security Clearance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Clear_Politics","url_text":"Real Clear Politics"}]},{"reference":"\"Media — Paris Dennard\". Paris Dennard. Retrieved November 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parisdennard.com/media-links/","url_text":"\"Media — Paris Dennard\""}]},{"reference":"Concha, Joe (December 11, 2018). \"Pro-Trump pundit Paris Dennard lashes out at former network CNN: 'I will not be silenced'\". The Hill.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/homenews/media/420787-pro-trump-pundit-paris-dennard-lashes-out-at-former-network-cnn-i-will-not-be","url_text":"\"Pro-Trump pundit Paris Dennard lashes out at former network CNN: 'I will not be silenced'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Hill"}]},{"reference":"Bump, Philip (May 11, 2021). \"'Biden is the president' has become the GOP's base-pleasing cop-out\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Bump&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Bump, Philip"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/11/biden-is-president-has-become-gops-base-pleasing-cop-out/","url_text":"\"'Biden is the president' has become the GOP's base-pleasing cop-out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"President Trump Holds African American History Month Listening Session\". C-SPAN. February 1, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?423342-1/president-trump-holds-african-american-history-month-listening-session","url_text":"\"President Trump Holds African American History Month Listening Session\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN","url_text":"C-SPAN"}]},{"reference":"\"President Trump Remarks at \"Black Voices for Trump\" Rally\". C-SPAN. November 9, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?466133-1/president-launches-black-voices-trump-initiative-atlanta","url_text":"\"President Trump Remarks at \"Black Voices for Trump\" Rally\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN","url_text":"C-SPAN"}]},{"reference":"\"President Donald J. Trump Announces Key Additions to his Administration | The White House\". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved November 29, 2018 – via National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/president-donald-j-trump-announces-key-additions-administration-22/","url_text":"\"President Donald J. Trump Announces Key Additions to his Administration | The White House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Aaron (August 22, 2018). \"Trump called this White House defender 'wonderful.' He was fired from his previous job for alleged sexual harassment\". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/trump-calls-this-white-house-defender-wonderful-he-was-fired-from-his-previous-job-for-sexual-harassment/2018/08/22/1d15ba48-a59a-11e8-a656-943eefab5daf_story.html","url_text":"\"Trump called this White House defender 'wonderful.' He was fired from his previous job for alleged sexual harassment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Barr, Jeremy (August 22, 2018). \"CNN Suspends Contributor Paris Dennard Following Sexual Misconduct Report\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cnn-suspends-contributor-paris-dennard-sexual-misconduct-report-1136903","url_text":"\"CNN Suspends Contributor Paris Dennard Following Sexual Misconduct Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"WBUR Responds To Misconduct Allegations Against Paris Dennard\". WBUR. August 23, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2018/08/23/wbur-statement-paris-dennard","url_text":"\"WBUR Responds To Misconduct Allegations Against Paris Dennard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBUR","url_text":"WBUR"}]},{"reference":"Leingang, Rachel (April 2, 2019). \"Paris Dennard, conservative commentator, wants nearly $10M for 'leaked' ASU investigation\". The Arizona Republic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-education/2019/04/02/paris-dennard-former-mccain-institute-employee-wants-asu-settlement-alleged-sexual-harassment/3336598002/","url_text":"\"Paris Dennard, conservative commentator, wants nearly $10M for 'leaked' ASU investigation\""}]},{"reference":"Isenstadt, Alex (August 26, 2020). \"RNC fires national spokesperson\". Politico.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/26/rnc-fires-national-spokesperson-00053978","url_text":"\"RNC fires national spokesperson\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/2008/01/11/white-house-says-no-to-denzel-washington-great-debaters.html","external_links_name":"\"White House Says 'No' to Denzel Washington's 'Great Debaters'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/10/trump-supporter-lands-role-with-hbcu-advocacy-group/504380/","external_links_name":"\"The Unlikely Union Between a Trump Supporter and Historically Black Colleges\""},{"Link":"http://diverseeducation.com/article/99913/","external_links_name":"\"A Public But Controversial Spokesman for HBCUs\""},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?158166-1/republican-national-convention-day-1-morning","external_links_name":"\"Republican National Convention Day 1 Morning\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jan-22-me-pepper22-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Pepperdine Defends Its Minority Scholarships\""},{"Link":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-education/2019/04/02/paris-dennard-former-mccain-institute-employee-wants-asu-settlement-alleged-sexual-harassment/3336598002/","external_links_name":"\"Paris Dennard, conservative commentator, wants nearly $10M for 'leaked' ASU investigation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050922010509/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A58211-2004Sep3.html","external_links_name":"\"Citizen Diddy\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A58211-2004Sep3.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://pepperdine.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15730coll17/id/22913","external_links_name":"Commencement Program, April 2005"},{"Link":"http://www.aei.org/publication/convening-to-increase-opportunity-aei-leadership-summit/","external_links_name":"\"Convening to increase opportunity: AEI hosts leadership summit - AEI\""},{"Link":"https://blackvoices.donaldjtrump.com/","external_links_name":"\"Black Voices for Trump\""},{"Link":"https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2018/08/20/cnns_paris_dennard_enrages_fmr_ciafbi_official_phil_mudd_everyone_in_dc_knows_security_clearance_.html","external_links_name":"\"CNN's Paris Dennard Enrages Fmr CIA/FBI Official Phil Mudd: \"Everyone In Washington DC Knows\" Consultants Get Paid More With A Security Clearance\""},{"Link":"http://www.parisdennard.com/media-links/","external_links_name":"\"Media — Paris Dennard\""},{"Link":"https://thehill.com/homenews/media/420787-pro-trump-pundit-paris-dennard-lashes-out-at-former-network-cnn-i-will-not-be","external_links_name":"\"Pro-Trump pundit Paris Dennard lashes out at former network CNN: 'I will not be silenced'\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/11/biden-is-president-has-become-gops-base-pleasing-cop-out/","external_links_name":"\"'Biden is the president' has become the GOP's base-pleasing cop-out\""},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?423342-1/president-trump-holds-african-american-history-month-listening-session","external_links_name":"\"President Trump Holds African American History Month Listening Session\""},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?466133-1/president-launches-black-voices-trump-initiative-atlanta","external_links_name":"\"President Trump Remarks at \"Black Voices for Trump\" Rally\""},{"Link":"https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/president-donald-j-trump-announces-key-additions-administration-22/","external_links_name":"\"President Donald J. Trump Announces Key Additions to his Administration | The White House\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/81da1ce910df48ec8db3d1aa2caad145","external_links_name":"Commentator seeks $10M from ASU after misconduct report"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/trump-calls-this-white-house-defender-wonderful-he-was-fired-from-his-previous-job-for-sexual-harassment/2018/08/22/1d15ba48-a59a-11e8-a656-943eefab5daf_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Trump called this White House defender 'wonderful.' He was fired from his previous job for alleged sexual harassment\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cnn-suspends-contributor-paris-dennard-sexual-misconduct-report-1136903","external_links_name":"\"CNN Suspends Contributor Paris Dennard Following Sexual Misconduct Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2018/08/23/wbur-statement-paris-dennard","external_links_name":"\"WBUR Responds To Misconduct Allegations Against Paris Dennard\""},{"Link":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-education/2019/04/02/paris-dennard-former-mccain-institute-employee-wants-asu-settlement-alleged-sexual-harassment/3336598002/","external_links_name":"\"Paris Dennard, conservative commentator, wants nearly $10M for 'leaked' ASU investigation\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/26/rnc-fires-national-spokesperson-00053978","external_links_name":"\"RNC fires national spokesperson\""},{"Link":"http://www.parisdennard.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Ruchat-Roncati | Flora Ruchat-Roncati | ["1 References"] | Swiss architect and professor
Swiss architect and university person, Flora Ruchat-Roncati
Flora Ruchat-Roncati (1937–2012) was a Swiss architect and professor. She was from Ticino, and became a pioneering figure in the Ticinese School of architecture, which was influential in the mid-1970s, mixing the sensitivity to the traditional with modernism.
She graduated from the ETH Zurich in 1954, and became the first woman professor and chair of Architecture and Design in 1985.
She was co-winner, with her assistant Renato Salvi, of a competition to design the Transjurane highway in 1988. The highway joins the Swiss and French road networks through the Jura mountains and involves many tunnels. Eleven of the tunnels are over a kilometre long.
References
^ a b Hall, Jane (2019). Breaking ground: architecture by women. London: Phaidon. p. 164. ISBN 0-7148-7927-4. OCLC 1099690151.
^ Aita Flury (13 December 2012). Cooperation: The Engineer and the Architect. Birkhäuser. p. 276. ISBN 978-3-0346-1055-1.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
This article about a Swiss artist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ritratto_Flora_Ruchat-Roncati.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ticino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticino"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"ETH Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH_Zurich_Faculty_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Transjurane highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A16_motorway_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flury2012-2"}],"text":"Swiss architect and university person, Flora Ruchat-RoncatiFlora Ruchat-Roncati (1937–2012) was a Swiss architect and professor. She was from Ticino, and became a pioneering figure in the Ticinese School of architecture, which was influential in the mid-1970s, mixing the sensitivity to the traditional with modernism.[1]She graduated from the ETH Zurich in 1954, and became the first woman professor and chair of Architecture and Design in 1985.[1]She was co-winner, with her assistant Renato Salvi, of a competition to design the Transjurane highway in 1988.[2] The highway joins the Swiss and French road networks through the Jura mountains and involves many tunnels. Eleven of the tunnels are over a kilometre long.","title":"Flora Ruchat-Roncati"}] | [{"image_text":"Swiss architect and university person, Flora Ruchat-Roncati","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ritratto_Flora_Ruchat-Roncati.jpg/220px-Ritratto_Flora_Ruchat-Roncati.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Hall, Jane (2019). Breaking ground: architecture by women. London: Phaidon. p. 164. ISBN 0-7148-7927-4. OCLC 1099690151.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1099690151","url_text":"Breaking ground: architecture by women"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-7927-4","url_text":"0-7148-7927-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1099690151","url_text":"1099690151"}]},{"reference":"Aita Flury (13 December 2012). Cooperation: The Engineer and the Architect. Birkhäuser. p. 276. ISBN 978-3-0346-1055-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2R-8XdtrzAC&pg=PA276","url_text":"Cooperation: The Engineer and the Architect"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0346-1055-1","url_text":"978-3-0346-1055-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1099690151","external_links_name":"Breaking ground: architecture by women"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1099690151","external_links_name":"1099690151"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2R-8XdtrzAC&pg=PA276","external_links_name":"Cooperation: The Engineer and the Architect"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/331363/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081684758","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/96275447","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcWpr9Fyqm3wh9GVP6Myd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15524458h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15524458h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118162179","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93109477","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701544&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/323904","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500082740","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118162179.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/080256287","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_Ruchat-Roncati&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_%22Ender%22_Wiggin | Ender Wiggin | ["1 Ender's Game","2 Speaker for the Dead","3 Xenocide","4 Children of the Mind","5 Ender in Exile","6 References","7 External links"] | Fictional character from Orson Scott Card's 1985 sci-fi novel Ender's Game and its sequels
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Ender Wiggin" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021)
Fictional character
Ender WigginEnder's Game characterFirst appearance"Ender's Game"Last appearanceEnder in ExileCreated byOrson Scott CardPortrayed byAsa Butterfield (film)Kirby Heyborne (audio play)Voiced byRyōta Ōsaka (film, Japanese dub)In-universe informationAliasSpeaker for the Dead, Ender the XenocideOccupationSoldier, Speaker for the DeadFamilyJohn Paul Wiggin (father)Theresa Wiggin (mother)Peter Wiggin (brother)Valentine Wiggin (sister)SpouseNovinha RibeiraChildrenMiro Ribeira (step-son)Ela Ribeira (step-daughter)Quim Ribeira (step-son)Olhado Ribeira (step-son)Quara Ribeira (step-daughter)Grego Ribeira (step-son)
Andrew "Ender" Wiggin is a fictional character from Orson Scott Card's 1985 science fiction novel Ender's Game and its sequels (Speaker for the Dead, Xenocide, Children of the Mind, Ender in Exile), as well as in the first part of the spin-off series, Ender's Shadow. The book series itself is an expansion of Card's 1977 short story "Ender's Game."
In the 2013 film adaptation of Ender's Game, Ender is portrayed by Asa Butterfield.
Ender's Game
In the first book of the series, Ender's Game, Ender is the youngest and most well-rounded of three children; his parents received permission to have a third child, which is rare because of the state's strict two-child policy. His existence was called for by a program aiming at producing commanders for humanity's war against the Formics, or "Buggers."
Ender is bullied at school for being a "Third," particularly by a bully named Stilson. After Stilson engages him in a fight, Ender beats him up so severely that the boy is hospitalized and subsequently dies, although Ender does not learn of this until much later. Ender is tormented by his brother Peter, a sadist, who resents the attention Ender gets from the military. His sister, Valentine, is his protector and only friend. When he is accepted into Battle School, he is brokenhearted at leaving her, but she assures him that they will always have a bond.
Battle School is an Earth-orbiting space station that trains and evaluates military child prodigies, with the goal of finding the leader they need to win the war. Ender is exposed to significant emotional anguish and physical danger, but it soon becomes clear that he is an exceptional individual, even among the elite students. Ender excels in academics, his main interest being a team-based three-dimensional laser tag competition in the zero-g Battle Room. He becomes a masterly player and strategist, and is eventually assigned command of Dragon Army. He molds this group of unwanted students into the most successful army in the history of the school.
Ender's unprecedented success engenders his fellow commanders' jealousy, who subject him to torment. The lead bully, Bonzo, attempts to kill Ender in the shower, but fails. Ender kills Bonzo without knowing it.
With time running short, he is transferred directly to Command School on Eros, bypassing other schools Battle School graduates would normally attend. There he trains in interstellar fleet combat with holographic simulators. After Ender masters the game, it changes from one with direct control of ships to one where he relays commands to his classmates from Battle School: Julian "Bean" Delphiki, Alai, Shen, Petra Arkanian, Dink Meeker, Crazy Tom, Hot Soup, Fly Molo, Vlad, Dumper, and Carn Carby. Under the tutelage of Mazer Rackham, the legendary savior of humanity in the previous war, Ender and his trusted companions take on a grueling series of ever more difficult battle simulations and emerge victorious every time.
The final battle takes place above a planet against an enemy with an overwhelming numerical superiority. Ender perceives this as an unfair test and resolves to break the rules. Worn down almost the point of breaking, he thinks this will convince his instructors that he is not the person to lead the Fleet into battle against the Formics. Instead of fighting a hopeless battle against the enemy, Ender orders his squadron leaders to conduct a series of seemingly purposeless skirmishes. The enemy does not realize until too late that Ender's fleet is gradually drawing closer to the planet. When Ender's surviving ships are close enough, he sends them to destroy the planet itself using Doctor Device, a weapon that destroys matter, but only if it is concentrated enough. Only a few ships manage to get close enough, but they destroy the planet. Afterwards, he is told that it was not a simulation; he and his classmates had been unknowingly issuing orders to real ships in real battles. The last battle destroyed the Bugger homeworld and eradicated the Bugger species. Ender is hailed as a hero, but he is stricken with guilt for having unknowingly committed speciocide.
His subordinates are returned to Earth to their various home countries, but Ender is too potent for any one country to have. War would break out over him. So, Peter, who is becoming a major political force on Earth, brokers a deal in which his brother is sent into permanent exile. Ender journeys with his sister Valentine to one of the colonies being established on the now-abandoned Bugger worlds. Once there, he discovers a fertilized pupa of a Queen Bugger, hidden in a place that the Buggers designed for him to discover by modeling it to resemble part of an interactive computer game he played during his years in Battle School, which they found out during his dreams of them in Command School. The pupal Queen is capable of restoring the Bugger species. Through rudimentary telepathic communication with the Queen, he learns that the entire conflict had been a mistake arising from the inability of two alien species to communicate. He also learns from the Queen that the Buggers regretted having mistakenly fought humans and forgive Ender for destroying their world. Ender promises to find the Queen a home to reestablish her people in safety.
Ender writes a book anonymously called The Hive Queen, which tells the story of the war from the Formic perspective and starts to change public opinion of him. Peter, who has become the Hegemon, the head of the world government on Earth, recognizes Ender as the author and asks him to write a second work, about him. Ender authors The Hegemon. The two books become very influential, and eventually they are always published together. Ender and Valentine begin to search for a planet where the Queen can restore her race.
Speaker for the Dead
Speaker for the Dead begins 3000 years after the events of Ender's Game and the Xenocide. Ender is departing from the planet where Valentine has found a husband. He has acquired an integrated computer by which he communicates with a powerful sentient program known as Jane. She reveals herself only to Ender. He has taken the role of Speaker for the Dead, keeping his real identity a secret. A Speaker for the Dead volunteers to try to make sense of the life of a deceased individual for the bereaved. Thanks to his portrayal of himself in his books, The Hive Queen and The Hegemon, Ender is despised and hated as a xenocide: the killer of an entire intelligent species.
Ender departs for the planet Lusitania, where a request has been made to speak on behalf of a researcher who has died from contact with the planet's indigenous species, the piggies. When he arrives at the planet 22 years later (relativity having aged him less than two weeks), he finds that the original call for a Speaker has been rescinded. Two other requests, however, have been made to speak for more recent deaths. Ender discovers that both calls originated from the same family; the first from Novinha's daughter Ela, requesting someone speak for the death of Novinha's husband Marcos, and the second from Novinha's eldest son Miro, who has asked for a speaker for the researcher Libo.
Ender begins to investigate Marcos and has frequent contact with Novinha's family. His approach endears him to most of the children as a father figure. He discovers that Marcos was abusive to his wife. While in dialogue with the Children of the Mind, the planet's religious monastic order, he is annoyed by Jane's commentary and turns off his connection to her. Jane, without consulting Ender, sends incriminating reports to the interstellar authorities, who order the arrest of Miro and Ouanda, the researchers who have been investigating the piggies. The colony's charter is canceled, and the colonists are forced to rely on Ender for guidance.
Meanwhile, Ender has been receiving pressure from the Hive-Queen's pupa to allow her to settle on this world because she has been in telepathic contact with another race. Ender assumes this race is the piggies, although they seem simple and not telepathic. After the sanctions are put in place, he gets Miro and Ouanda to allow him to visit the piggies, who have been asking to meet him, the "original Speaker". Ender admits to being the original Speaker. The piggies demonstrate that the trees they grow from the corpses of those who have been ritually killed is their reproductive stage. The ritual killings of the two xenologers were misunderstandings; the piggies were under the false impression that humans reproduced in a fashion similar to themselves.
Ender "speaks" for Marcos and reveals many secrets, mostly Novinha's. Foremost among them is that Marcos was incapable of having children, and Novinha's children are offspring of Libo. This means That Miro's girlfriend Ouanda is his half-sister. Ender recommends that the colony declare itself in rebellion to sanctions from the Intergalactic Congress. He re-establishes contact with Jane, who masks their ansible signal.
He enters into a relationship with Novinha. Valentine agrees to travel to the colony. On the far side of the planet, he has discovered a site reminiscent of a dream he had in Ender's Game. With her guidance, he plants the Hive-Queen's pupa in preparation for the rebirth of the Formics.
Xenocide
During the events of Xenocide, Ender is looked to as an unofficial leader by the rebel colony of Lusitania. He is helping Novinha protect humans from the descolada virus. Descolada is fatal to humans, but is essential for the piggies' life and reproduction. The Formics have an immune system that is advanced enough to protect them, and the humans have been using anti-viral dietary supplements, but both defenses are starting to fade in the face of the virus' mutations. Ender is also attempting to keep the peace on planet between the three species. The humans resent the piggies for being the reason they can't kill the descolada virus outright. The existence of the new Formic colony is not general knowledge, but Ender knows that their appearance and their non-human way of reasoning would cause friction with the humans. Novinha's youngest children Grego, a rabble-rouser among the humans, and Quara, who sees the virus as sentient and is bringing up objections to the research her mother and sister are doing, are troublesome. The piggies and the Formics are worried about the approaching human fleet, which may destroy the planet if the descolada virus is unleashed on humanity.
Research ordered by the government on another planet, Path, leads a young genius, Han Qing-jao, to deduce the existence of Jane, who is tied to the ansible system. Jane reveals herself to Qing-jao in an effort to prevent her from informing the authorities by telling her that the OCD her people suffer from was governmentally orchestrated. However, the report to the authorities is still dispatched and the government enacts a plan to temporarily deactivate the ansible network to purge Jane from the system.
Qing-jao's father agrees to help with the descolada problem regardless of his daughter's actions, in exchange for a cure for the OCD that plagues them. The Lusitanian researchers agree, but though a cure is designed, it proves impossible to synthesize; they can't cure the OCD without removing the genius as well, and the counter for the descolada won't be created. Meanwhile, they deduce that Jane has the power to pull any object she knows about in great detail outside the known universe, where conscious thought has physical power.
Ender goes on the first test flight, because Jane's existence was a direct result of his time at the Battle School; therefore, Jane is most likely to be able to keep Ender's form in her mind. Since Ender has passed Jane off to Miro due to the previous misunderstanding in Speaker for the Dead, Miro must go as well. Ela goes because she is the only one with enough knowledge to produce the needed viruses. The test flight occurs with unexpected side effects. Ela produces the new viruses, but Miro also gives himself a new undamaged body. Ender inadvertently creates copies of his brother and sister from his memories. They are more based on those memories than reality; therefore, Valentine is very soft and loving, and Peter is purely evil. Horrified, Ender removes himself from further efforts so as to not risk creating more things like his pseudo-siblings.
Children of the Mind
Children of the Mind begins where Xenocide left off. Ender's story revolves around his "pseudo-offspring" Peter and young Val. Ender's life force is now split between three different people. Throughout the book, Ender has a difficult time maintaining a force strong enough for all three people to live. The maximum number of people Ender can keep alive and healthy at any given time is two. In the beginning young Val suffers the most, because Ender is the least interested in her mission, until it is revealed that she, along with Miro and Jane, are looking for the home planet of the descolada virus. Peter never has to compete for Ender's life force because Ender is interested in Peter's mission to prevent the Lusitania fleet from using the Molecular Disruption Device on Lusitania. When Ender is fully invested in Peter and young Val, Ender himself begins to deteriorate. This causes Ender to collapse while working in the monastery garden, falling in and out of consciousness for the remainder of the book until his death. Ender's physical manifestation is gone, but his life force continues through Peter (young Val gives up her physical manifestation for Jane and her life force continues through Peter as well).
Ender in Exile
A book that chronicles the lost years between Ender's Game and Speaker for the Dead, Ender in Exile tells of Ender's initial set-off from Eros, the long journey to the first colony, Shakespeare, as well as his trip to the colony of Ganges. The court-martial of Hyrum Graff is expanded upon; some light is shed on Graff's life after he was made Minister of Colonization, as well as Mazer Rackham's travels after the Formic War. After defeating the Formics, Ender remains on Eros.
Throughout the voyage to Shakespeare, Admiral Morgan attempts to usurp Ender's lawful position as Governor of Shakespeare. Dorabella seduces Admiral Morgan and tries to use her daughter, Alessandra, to seduce Ender, hoping that, through her own marriage to Morgan and Alessandra's to Ender, Morgan can rule Shakespeare using Ender as a puppet.
Upon arrival at Shakespeare, Ender easily crushes Morgan's attempted coup, with help from Hyrum Graff back on Earth. Ender liberates Alessandra from her mother. After two years as governor, and after completing The Hive Queen and The Hegemon, Ender convinces Valentine to move on.
Ender's first stop, at the request of Hyrum Graff, is the Hindu colony of Ganges, which is governed by Virlomi, a former Battle School student who caused an uprising in India before she was subdued and exiled by Peter Wiggin's Hegemony. Once there, Ender agrees to help Virlomi quell an uprising by a group called the Natives of Ganges, led by a young man named Randall Firth, who is under the delusion that he is the son of Achilles de Flandres. They have adopted "The Hive Queen" as a rallying cry, and have begun to belittle the name of Ender Wiggin, coining the phrase "Ender the Xenocide".
Ender and Randall engage in physical combat, which leaves Ender near death. Ender reveals Randall's true parentage (two of Ender's old friends and squadron commanders, Julian 'Bean' Delphiki and Petra Arkanian Delphiki Wiggin), after which Randall renounces his secret name, Achilles, and renames himself Arkanian Delphiki. Ender reunites Randall and his mother by way of the ansible.
References
^ Card, Orson. "The Library of Orson Scott Card". Hatrack River- Official Website of Orson Scott Card. Hatrack River Enterprises Inc. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
External links
Original "Ender's Game" short story
Ender's Game page on Card's website
The Ender Saga on Science Fiction Corner (archived)
vteWorks by Orson Scott CardEnder's Game seriesBooksEnder Series
Ender's Game (1985)
Speaker for the Dead (1986)
Xenocide (1991)
Children of the Mind (1996)
Ender in Exile (2008)
Shadow Saga
Ender's Shadow (1999)
Shadow of the Hegemon (2001)
Shadow Puppets (2002)
Shadow of the Giant (2005)
Shadows in Flight (2012)
The Last Shadow (2021)
Formic Wars
Earth Unaware (2012)
Earth Afire (2013)
Earth Awakens (2014)
The Swarm (2016)
The Hive (2019)
The Queens (TBA)
First Meetings (2002)
A War of Gifts: An Ender Story (2007)
Children of the Fleet (2017)
Short stories
"Ender's Game" (1977)
"Gloriously Bright" (1991)
"Investment Counselor"
"The Polish Boy"
"Teacher's Pest"
"Mazer in Prison"
"Pretty Boy"
"Cheater"
"A Young Man with Prospects"
"The Gold Bug"
"Ender's Stocking"
"Ender's Homecoming"
"Ender in Flight"
"Renegat"
"Governor Wiggin"
"Messenger"
Other media
Comics
Film
Characters
Ender Wiggin
Formics
Jane
The Tales of Alvin MakerBooks
Seventh Son (1987)
Red Prophet (1988)
Prentice Alvin (1989)
Alvin Journeyman (1995)
Heartfire (1998)
The Crystal City (2003)
Other media
"Prentice Alvin and the No-Good Plow" (poem, 1989)
Red Prophet: The Tales of Alvin Maker (comic book, 2006)
The Worthing seriesBooks
Capitol (1979)
Hot Sleep (1979)
The Worthing Chronicle (1983)
The Worthing Saga (1990)
Other worksHomecoming Saga
The Memory of Earth (1992)
The Call of Earth (1992)
The Ships of Earth (1994)
Earthfall (1995)
Earthborn (1995)
Women of Genesis
Sarah (2000)
Rebekah (2001)
Rachel and Leah (2004)
The Wives of Israel (TBA)
Mithermages series
Sandmagic (1979)
Stonefather (2008)
The Lost Gate (2011)
The Gate Thief (2013)
Gatefather (2015)
Mayflower series
Lovelock (1994)
Rasputin (TBA)
The Empire duet
Empire (2006)
Hidden Empire (2009)
The Pathfinder series
Pathfinder (2010)
Ruins (2012)
Visitors (2014)
Standalone novels
A Planet Called Treason (1979)
Songmaster (1980)
Hart's Hope (1983)
Saints (1984)
Wyrms (1987)
Treason (1988)
The Abyss (1989)
Lost Boys (1992)
Pastwatch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus (1996)
Treasure Box (1996)
Stone Tables (1997)
Homebody (1998)
Enchantment (1999)
Magic Street (2005)
Invasive Procedures (2007)
Bully and the Beast (TBA)
Story collections
Unaccompanied Sonata and Other Stories (1980)
Cardography (1987)
The Folk of the Fringe (1989)
Maps in a Mirror (1990)
Keeper of Dreams (2008)
Other works
Listen, Mom and Dad (1977)
Ainge (1981)
Saintspeak (1981)
Eye for Eye (1987)
Loom (1990)
The Secret of Monkey Island (1990)
The Dig (1995)
NeoHunter (1996)
Magic Mirror (1999)
Robota (2003)
An Open Book (2004)
Ultimate Iron Man (2005)
Advent Rising (2005)
InterGalactic Medicine Show (2005)
Hamlet's Father (2011)
Firefall (2014)
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orson Scott Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Ender's Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game"},{"link_name":"Speaker for the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_for_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"Xenocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocide"},{"link_name":"Children of the Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_the_Mind"},{"link_name":"Ender in Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_in_Exile"},{"link_name":"Ender's Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Shadow"},{"link_name":"short story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"Ender's Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"film adaptation of Ender's Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game_(film)"},{"link_name":"Asa Butterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Butterfield"}],"text":"Fictional characterAndrew \"Ender\" Wiggin is a fictional character from Orson Scott Card's 1985 science fiction novel Ender's Game and its sequels (Speaker for the Dead, Xenocide, Children of the Mind, Ender in Exile), as well as in the first part of the spin-off series, Ender's Shadow. The book series itself is an expansion of Card's 1977 short story \"Ender's Game.\"[1]In the 2013 film adaptation of Ender's Game, Ender is portrayed by Asa Butterfield.","title":"Ender Wiggin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ender's Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game"},{"link_name":"two-child policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-child_policy"},{"link_name":"Formics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formics"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"sadist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadistic_personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"child prodigies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_prodigy"},{"link_name":"laser tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_tag"},{"link_name":"zero-g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-g"},{"link_name":"holographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography"},{"link_name":"Julian \"Bean\" Delphiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Delphiki"},{"link_name":"Alai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alai_(Ender%27s_Game)"},{"link_name":"Shen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_(character)"},{"link_name":"Petra Arkanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Arkanian"},{"link_name":"Dink Meeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dink_Meeker"},{"link_name":"Crazy Tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Tom"},{"link_name":"Hot Soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Soup"},{"link_name":"Fly Molo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Molo"},{"link_name":"Vlad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_(Ender%27s_game)"},{"link_name":"Dumper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Battle_School_students#Dumper"},{"link_name":"Carn Carby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carn_Carby"},{"link_name":"speciocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction"},{"link_name":"pupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa"},{"link_name":"telepathic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathy"},{"link_name":"The Hive Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hive_Queen"}],"text":"In the first book of the series, Ender's Game, Ender is the youngest and most well-rounded of three children; his parents received permission to have a third child, which is rare because of the state's strict two-child policy. His existence was called for by a program aiming at producing commanders for humanity's war against the Formics, or \"Buggers.\"Ender is bullied at school for being a \"Third,\" particularly by a bully named Stilson. After Stilson engages him in a fight, Ender beats him up so severely that the boy is hospitalized and subsequently dies, although Ender does not learn of this until much later. Ender is tormented by his brother Peter, a sadist, who resents the attention Ender gets from the military. His sister, Valentine, is his protector and only friend. When he is accepted into Battle School, he is brokenhearted at leaving her, but she assures him that they will always have a bond.Battle School is an Earth-orbiting space station that trains and evaluates military child prodigies, with the goal of finding the leader they need to win the war. Ender is exposed to significant emotional anguish and physical danger, but it soon becomes clear that he is an exceptional individual, even among the elite students. Ender excels in academics, his main interest being a team-based three-dimensional laser tag competition in the zero-g Battle Room. He becomes a masterly player and strategist, and is eventually assigned command of Dragon Army. He molds this group of unwanted students into the most successful army in the history of the school.Ender's unprecedented success engenders his fellow commanders' jealousy, who subject him to torment. The lead bully, Bonzo, attempts to kill Ender in the shower, but fails. Ender kills Bonzo without knowing it.With time running short, he is transferred directly to Command School on Eros, bypassing other schools Battle School graduates would normally attend. There he trains in interstellar fleet combat with holographic simulators. After Ender masters the game, it changes from one with direct control of ships to one where he relays commands to his classmates from Battle School: Julian \"Bean\" Delphiki, Alai, Shen, Petra Arkanian, Dink Meeker, Crazy Tom, Hot Soup, Fly Molo, Vlad, Dumper, and Carn Carby. Under the tutelage of Mazer Rackham, the legendary savior of humanity in the previous war, Ender and his trusted companions take on a grueling series of ever more difficult battle simulations and emerge victorious every time.The final battle takes place above a planet against an enemy with an overwhelming numerical superiority. Ender perceives this as an unfair test and resolves to break the rules. Worn down almost the point of breaking, he thinks this will convince his instructors that he is not the person to lead the Fleet into battle against the Formics. Instead of fighting a hopeless battle against the enemy, Ender orders his squadron leaders to conduct a series of seemingly purposeless skirmishes. The enemy does not realize until too late that Ender's fleet is gradually drawing closer to the planet. When Ender's surviving ships are close enough, he sends them to destroy the planet itself using Doctor Device, a weapon that destroys matter, but only if it is concentrated enough. Only a few ships manage to get close enough, but they destroy the planet. Afterwards, he is told that it was not a simulation; he and his classmates had been unknowingly issuing orders to real ships in real battles. The last battle destroyed the Bugger homeworld and eradicated the Bugger species. Ender is hailed as a hero, but he is stricken with guilt for having unknowingly committed speciocide.His subordinates are returned to Earth to their various home countries, but Ender is too potent for any one country to have. War would break out over him. So, Peter, who is becoming a major political force on Earth, brokers a deal in which his brother is sent into permanent exile. Ender journeys with his sister Valentine to one of the colonies being established on the now-abandoned Bugger worlds. Once there, he discovers a fertilized pupa of a Queen Bugger, hidden in a place that the Buggers designed for him to discover by modeling it to resemble part of an interactive computer game he played during his years in Battle School, which they found out during his dreams of them in Command School. The pupal Queen is capable of restoring the Bugger species. Through rudimentary telepathic communication with the Queen, he learns that the entire conflict had been a mistake arising from the inability of two alien species to communicate. He also learns from the Queen that the Buggers regretted having mistakenly fought humans and forgive Ender for destroying their world. Ender promises to find the Queen a home to reestablish her people in safety.Ender writes a book anonymously called The Hive Queen, which tells the story of the war from the Formic perspective and starts to change public opinion of him. Peter, who has become the Hegemon, the head of the world government on Earth, recognizes Ender as the author and asks him to write a second work, about him. Ender authors The Hegemon. The two books become very influential, and eventually they are always published together. Ender and Valentine begin to search for a planet where the Queen can restore her race.","title":"Ender's Game"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Speaker for the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_for_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_(Ender%27s_Game)"},{"link_name":"piggies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequeninos"},{"link_name":"Novinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Ender%27s_Game_series#People_from_Lusitania"},{"link_name":"Ela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Ender%27s_Game_series#People_from_Lusitania"},{"link_name":"Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Ender%27s_Game_series#People_from_Lusitania"},{"link_name":"Miro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Ender%27s_Game_series#People_from_Lusitania"},{"link_name":"Libo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Ender%27s_Game_series#People_from_Lusitania"},{"link_name":"piggies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequeninos"},{"link_name":"half-sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-sister"}],"text":"Speaker for the Dead begins 3000 years after the events of Ender's Game and the Xenocide. Ender is departing from the planet where Valentine has found a husband. He has acquired an integrated computer by which he communicates with a powerful sentient program known as Jane. She reveals herself only to Ender. He has taken the role of Speaker for the Dead, keeping his real identity a secret. A Speaker for the Dead volunteers to try to make sense of the life of a deceased individual for the bereaved. Thanks to his portrayal of himself in his books, The Hive Queen and The Hegemon, Ender is despised and hated as a xenocide: the killer of an entire intelligent species.Ender departs for the planet Lusitania, where a request has been made to speak on behalf of a researcher who has died from contact with the planet's indigenous species, the piggies. When he arrives at the planet 22 years later (relativity having aged him less than two weeks), he finds that the original call for a Speaker has been rescinded. Two other requests, however, have been made to speak for more recent deaths. Ender discovers that both calls originated from the same family; the first from Novinha's daughter Ela, requesting someone speak for the death of Novinha's husband Marcos, and the second from Novinha's eldest son Miro, who has asked for a speaker for the researcher Libo.Ender begins to investigate Marcos and has frequent contact with Novinha's family. His approach endears him to most of the children as a father figure. He discovers that Marcos was abusive to his wife. While in dialogue with the Children of the Mind, the planet's religious monastic order, he is annoyed by Jane's commentary and turns off his connection to her. Jane, without consulting Ender, sends incriminating reports to the interstellar authorities, who order the arrest of Miro and Ouanda, the researchers who have been investigating the piggies. The colony's charter is canceled, and the colonists are forced to rely on Ender for guidance.Meanwhile, Ender has been receiving pressure from the Hive-Queen's pupa to allow her to settle on this world because she has been in telepathic contact with another race. Ender assumes this race is the piggies, although they seem simple and not telepathic. After the sanctions are put in place, he gets Miro and Ouanda to allow him to visit the piggies, who have been asking to meet him, the \"original Speaker\". Ender admits to being the original Speaker. The piggies demonstrate that the trees they grow from the corpses of those who have been ritually killed is their reproductive stage. The ritual killings of the two xenologers were misunderstandings; the piggies were under the false impression that humans reproduced in a fashion similar to themselves.Ender \"speaks\" for Marcos and reveals many secrets, mostly Novinha's. Foremost among them is that Marcos was incapable of having children, and Novinha's children are offspring of Libo. This means That Miro's girlfriend Ouanda is his half-sister. Ender recommends that the colony declare itself in rebellion to sanctions from the Intergalactic Congress. He re-establishes contact with Jane, who masks their ansible signal.He enters into a relationship with Novinha. Valentine agrees to travel to the colony. On the far side of the planet, he has discovered a site reminiscent of a dream he had in Ender's Game. With her guidance, he plants the Hive-Queen's pupa in preparation for the rebirth of the Formics.","title":"Speaker for the Dead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xenocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocide"},{"link_name":"descolada virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descolada"},{"link_name":"Han Qing-jao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Qing-jao"},{"link_name":"ansible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansible"},{"link_name":"OCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder"},{"link_name":"Speaker for the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_for_the_Dead"}],"text":"During the events of Xenocide, Ender is looked to as an unofficial leader by the rebel colony of Lusitania. He is helping Novinha protect humans from the descolada virus. Descolada is fatal to humans, but is essential for the piggies' life and reproduction. The Formics have an immune system that is advanced enough to protect them, and the humans have been using anti-viral dietary supplements, but both defenses are starting to fade in the face of the virus' mutations. Ender is also attempting to keep the peace on planet between the three species. The humans resent the piggies for being the reason they can't kill the descolada virus outright. The existence of the new Formic colony is not general knowledge, but Ender knows that their appearance and their non-human way of reasoning would cause friction with the humans. Novinha's youngest children Grego, a rabble-rouser among the humans, and Quara, who sees the virus as sentient and is bringing up objections to the research her mother and sister are doing, are troublesome. The piggies and the Formics are worried about the approaching human fleet, which may destroy the planet if the descolada virus is unleashed on humanity.Research ordered by the government on another planet, Path, leads a young genius, Han Qing-jao, to deduce the existence of Jane, who is tied to the ansible system. Jane reveals herself to Qing-jao in an effort to prevent her from informing the authorities by telling her that the OCD her people suffer from was governmentally orchestrated. However, the report to the authorities is still dispatched and the government enacts a plan to temporarily deactivate the ansible network to purge Jane from the system. \nQing-jao's father agrees to help with the descolada problem regardless of his daughter's actions, in exchange for a cure for the OCD that plagues them. The Lusitanian researchers agree, but though a cure is designed, it proves impossible to synthesize; they can't cure the OCD without removing the genius as well, and the counter for the descolada won't be created. Meanwhile, they deduce that Jane has the power to pull any object she knows about in great detail outside the known universe, where conscious thought has physical power.Ender goes on the first test flight, because Jane's existence was a direct result of his time at the Battle School; therefore, Jane is most likely to be able to keep Ender's form in her mind. Since Ender has passed Jane off to Miro due to the previous misunderstanding in Speaker for the Dead, Miro must go as well. Ela goes because she is the only one with enough knowledge to produce the needed viruses. The test flight occurs with unexpected side effects. Ela produces the new viruses, but Miro also gives himself a new undamaged body. Ender inadvertently creates copies of his brother and sister from his memories. They are more based on those memories than reality; therefore, Valentine is very soft and loving, and Peter is purely evil. Horrified, Ender removes himself from further efforts so as to not risk creating more things like his pseudo-siblings.","title":"Xenocide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Children of the Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_the_Mind"},{"link_name":"Xenocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocide"},{"link_name":"Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_(Ender%27s_Game)"},{"link_name":"descolada virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descolada"},{"link_name":"Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitania"}],"text":"Children of the Mind begins where Xenocide left off. Ender's story revolves around his \"pseudo-offspring\" Peter and young Val. Ender's life force is now split between three different people. Throughout the book, Ender has a difficult time maintaining a force strong enough for all three people to live. The maximum number of people Ender can keep alive and healthy at any given time is two. In the beginning young Val suffers the most, because Ender is the least interested in her mission, until it is revealed that she, along with Miro and Jane, are looking for the home planet of the descolada virus. Peter never has to compete for Ender's life force because Ender is interested in Peter's mission to prevent the Lusitania fleet from using the Molecular Disruption Device on Lusitania. When Ender is fully invested in Peter and young Val, Ender himself begins to deteriorate. This causes Ender to collapse while working in the monastery garden, falling in and out of consciousness for the remainder of the book until his death. Ender's physical manifestation is gone, but his life force continues through Peter (young Val gives up her physical manifestation for Jane and her life force continues through Peter as well).","title":"Children of the Mind"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ender's Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game"},{"link_name":"Speaker for the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_for_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"Ender in Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_in_Exile"},{"link_name":"Hyrum Graff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrum_Graff"},{"link_name":"Mazer Rackham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazer_Rackham"},{"link_name":"Virlomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Battle_School_students#Virlomi"},{"link_name":"Randall Firth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Ender%27s_Game_series#People_from_Ganges"},{"link_name":"Achilles de Flandres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_de_Flandres"},{"link_name":"Julian 'Bean' Delphiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean_(Ender%27s_Game)"},{"link_name":"Petra Arkanian Delphiki Wiggin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Arkanian#Shadow_series"}],"text":"A book that chronicles the lost years between Ender's Game and Speaker for the Dead, Ender in Exile tells of Ender's initial set-off from Eros, the long journey to the first colony, Shakespeare, as well as his trip to the colony of Ganges. The court-martial of Hyrum Graff is expanded upon; some light is shed on Graff's life after he was made Minister of Colonization, as well as Mazer Rackham's travels after the Formic War. After defeating the Formics, Ender remains on Eros.Throughout the voyage to Shakespeare, Admiral Morgan attempts to usurp Ender's lawful position as Governor of Shakespeare. Dorabella seduces Admiral Morgan and tries to use her daughter, Alessandra, to seduce Ender, hoping that, through her own marriage to Morgan and Alessandra's to Ender, Morgan can rule Shakespeare using Ender as a puppet.Upon arrival at Shakespeare, Ender easily crushes Morgan's attempted coup, with help from Hyrum Graff back on Earth. Ender liberates Alessandra from her mother. After two years as governor, and after completing The Hive Queen and The Hegemon, Ender convinces Valentine to move on.Ender's first stop, at the request of Hyrum Graff, is the Hindu colony of Ganges, which is governed by Virlomi, a former Battle School student who caused an uprising in India before she was subdued and exiled by Peter Wiggin's Hegemony. Once there, Ender agrees to help Virlomi quell an uprising by a group called the Natives of Ganges, led by a young man named Randall Firth, who is under the delusion that he is the son of Achilles de Flandres. They have adopted \"The Hive Queen\" as a rallying cry, and have begun to belittle the name of Ender Wiggin, coining the phrase \"Ender the Xenocide\".Ender and Randall engage in physical combat, which leaves Ender near death. Ender reveals Randall's true parentage (two of Ender's old friends and squadron commanders, Julian 'Bean' Delphiki and Petra Arkanian Delphiki Wiggin), after which Randall renounces his secret name, Achilles, and renames himself Arkanian Delphiki. Ender reunites Randall and his mother by way of the ansible.","title":"Ender in Exile"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Card, Orson. \"The Library of Orson Scott Card\". Hatrack River- Official Website of Orson Scott Card. Hatrack River Enterprises Inc. Retrieved 13 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hatrack.com/osc/index.shtml","url_text":"\"The Library of Orson Scott Card\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ender_Wiggin&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ender+Wiggin%22","external_links_name":"\"Ender Wiggin\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ender+Wiggin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ender+Wiggin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ender+Wiggin%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ender+Wiggin%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ender+Wiggin%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.hatrack.com/osc/index.shtml","external_links_name":"\"The Library of Orson Scott Card\""},{"Link":"http://www.hatrack.com/osc/stories/enders-game.shtml","external_links_name":"Original \"Ender's Game\" short story"},{"Link":"http://www.hatrack.com/osc/books/endersgame/","external_links_name":"Ender's Game page on Card's website"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130202004120/http://www.science-fiction-corner.com/ender-saga.htm","external_links_name":"The Ender Saga on Science Fiction Corner (archived)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1175021/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/305039528","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxGPYhVKyvkBgvmpQHQv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007319658405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013075579","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Kacal | Kyle Kacal | ["1 References"] | American politician (born 1969)
Kyle KacalMember of the Texas House of Representativesfrom the 12th districtIncumbentAssumed office January 8, 2013Preceded byJames White
Personal detailsBornKyle Jerome Kacal (1969-12-26) December 26, 1969 (age 54)College Station, Texas, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouseMarci KacalChildren2Alma materTexas A&M UniversityTexas Christian University
Kyle Jerome Kacal (born December 26, 1969) is an American politician. He served as a Republican member for the 12th district of the Texas House of Representatives.
Kacal was born in College Station, Texas. He attended Texas A&M University, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1992. He then attended Texas Christian University, where he receive a certificate in ranch management in 1993.
In 2012, Kacal was elected for the 12th district of the Texas House of Representatives. He assumed office on January 8, 2013. In 2022, Kacal was nominated as candidate for the 12th district.
References
^ a b c d e f "Kyle Kacal's Biography". Vote Smart. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
^ a b c d e f "Texas House Member". Texas House of Representatives. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved September 17, 2022 – via Wayback Machine.
^ "2012 General election returns (House District 12)", Secretary of State of Texas, January 9, 2014
^ Witte, Kathleen (February 16, 2022). "Two conservative challengers aim to unseat Republican Rep. Kyle Kacal in District 12". KBTX-TV. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
^ Appleton, Fallon (May 24, 2022). "Rep. Kyle Kacal wins Republican nomination for Texas House District 12". KBTX-TV. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
vteMembers of the Texas House of Representatives88th Texas Legislature (2023)
Speaker of the House
Dade Phelan (R)
Speaker pro tempore
Charlie Geren (R)
▌Gary VanDeaver (R)
▌Jill Dutton (R)
▌Cecil Bell Jr. (R)
▌Keith Bell (R)
▌Cole Hefner (R)
▌Matt Schaefer (R)
▌Jay Dean (R)
▌Cody Harris (R)
▌Trent Ashby (R)
▌Brian Harrison (R)
▌Travis Clardy (R)
▌Kyle Kacal (R)
▌Angelia Orr (R)
▌John N. Raney (R)
▌Steve Toth (R)
▌Will Metcalf (R)
▌Stan Gerdes (R)
▌Ernest Bailes (R)
▌Ellen Troxclair (R)
▌Terry Wilson (R)
▌Dade Phelan (R)
▌Christian Manuel (D)
▌Terri Leo-Wilson (R)
▌Greg Bonnen (R)
▌Cody Vasut (R)
▌Jacey Jetton (R)
▌Ron Reynolds (D)
▌Gary Gates (R)
▌Ed Thompson (R)
▌Geanie Morrison (R)
▌Ryan Guillen (R)
▌Todd Ames Hunter (R)
▌Justin Holland (R)
▌Abel Herrero (D)
▌Oscar Longoria (D)
▌Sergio Muñoz Jr. (D)
▌Janie Lopez (R)
▌Erin Gamez (D)
▌Armando Martinez (D)
▌Terry Canales (D)
▌Robert Guerra (D)
▌Richard Raymond (D)
▌J. M. Lozano (R)
▌John Kuempel (R)
▌Erin Zwiener (D)
▌Sheryl Cole (D)
▌Vikki Goodwin (D)
▌Donna Howard (D)
▌Gina Hinojosa (D)
▌James Talarico (D)
▌Lulu Flores (D)
▌Caroline Harris (R)
▌Andrew Murr (R)
▌Brad Buckley (R)
▌Hugh Shine (R)
▌Charles Anderson (R)
▌Richard Hayes (R)
▌DeWayne Burns (R)
▌Shelby Slawson (R)
▌Glenn Rogers (R)
▌Frederick Frazier (R)
▌Reggie Smith (R)
▌Ben Bumgarner (R)
▌Lynn Stucky (R)
▌Kronda Thimesch (R)
▌Matt Shaheen (R)
▌Jeff Leach (R)
▌David Spiller (R)
▌James Frank (R)
▌Mihaela Plesa (D)
▌Stan Lambert (R)
▌Drew Darby (R)
▌Carrie Isaac (R)
▌Eddie Morales (D)
▌Mary González (D)
▌Suleman Lalani (D)
▌Evelina Ortega (D)
▌Joe Moody (D)
▌Claudia Ordaz (D)
▌Tracy King (D)
▌Brooks Landgraf (R)
▌Tom Craddick (R)
▌Dustin Burrows (R)
▌Carl Tepper (R)
▌Stan Kitzman (R)
▌John T. Smithee (R)
▌Four Price (R)
▌Ken King (R)
▌Candy Noble (R)
▌Ramon Romero Jr. (D)
▌Stephanie Klick (R)
▌Salman Bhojani (D)
▌Nate Schatzline (R)
▌Tony Tinderholt (R)
▌Nicole Collier (D)
▌David Cook (R)
▌Craig Goldman (R)
▌Giovanni Capriglione (R)
▌Charlie Geren (R)
▌Venton Jones (D)
▌Chris Turner (D)
▌Ana-Maria Ramos (D)
▌Rafael Anchía (D)
▌Jessica González (D)
▌Terry Meza (D)
▌Jared Patterson (R)
▌Victoria Neave (D)
▌Morgan Meyer (R)
▌Carl O. Sherman (D)
▌Toni Rose (D)
▌Yvonne Davis (D)
▌Angie Chen Button (R)
▌Rhetta Bowers (D)
▌John Bryant (D)
▌Julie Johnson (D)
▌Trey Martinez Fischer (D)
▌Philip Cortez (D)
▌John Lujan (R)
▌Elizabeth Campos (D)
▌Barbara Gervin-Hawkins (D)
▌Steve Allison (R)
▌Mark Dorazio (R)
▌Diego Bernal (D)
▌Josey Garcia (D)
▌Ray Lopez (D)
▌Sam Harless (R)
▌Charles Cunningham (R)
▌Briscoe Cain (R)
▌Dennis Paul (R)
▌Tom Oliverson (R)
▌Alma Allen (D)
▌Mike Schofield (R)
▌Mano DeAyala (R)
▌Ann Johnson (D)
▌Jon Rosenthal (D)
▌John Bucy III (D)
▌Gene Wu (D)
▌Lacey Hull (R)
▌Jarvis Johnson (D)
▌Armando Walle (D)
▌Senfronia Thompson (D)
▌Harold Dutton Jr. (D)
▌Ana Hernandez (D)
▌Mary Ann Perez (D)
▌Christina Morales (D)
▌Shawn Thierry (D)
▌Jolanda Jones (D)
▌Penny Morales Shaw (D)
▌Hubert Vo (D)
▌Valoree Swanson (R)
▌Republican (86)
▌Democratic (64)
Texas Legislature
Texas House of Representatives
Texas Senate
This article about a Texas politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-1"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"Republican member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Texas House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-2"},{"link_name":"College Station, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Station,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-1"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-2"},{"link_name":"Texas Christian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Christian_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-2"},{"link_name":"Texas House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Kyle Jerome Kacal (born December 26, 1969)[1] is an American politician. He served as a Republican member for the 12th district of the Texas House of Representatives.[2]Kacal was born in College Station, Texas.[1] He attended Texas A&M University, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1992.[1][2] He then attended Texas Christian University, where he receive a certificate in ranch management in 1993.[1][2]In 2012, Kacal was elected for the 12th district of the Texas House of Representatives.[2][3] He assumed office on January 8, 2013. In 2022, Kacal was nominated as candidate for the 12th district.[4][5]","title":"Kyle Kacal"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Kyle Kacal's Biography\". Vote Smart. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/138318/kyle-kacal","url_text":"\"Kyle Kacal's Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Texas House Member\". Texas House of Representatives. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved September 17, 2022 – via Wayback Machine.","urls":[{"url":"https://house.texas.gov/members/member-page/?district=12","url_text":"\"Texas House Member\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives","url_text":"Texas House of Representatives"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220621110326/https://house.texas.gov/members/member-page/?district=12","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine","url_text":"Wayback Machine"}]},{"reference":"\"2012 General election returns (House District 12)\", Secretary of State of Texas, January 9, 2014","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Texas","url_text":"Secretary of State of Texas"}]},{"reference":"Witte, Kathleen (February 16, 2022). \"Two conservative challengers aim to unseat Republican Rep. Kyle Kacal in District 12\". KBTX-TV. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kbtx.com/2022/02/17/two-conservative-challengers-aim-unseat-republican-rep-kyle-kacal-district-12/","url_text":"\"Two conservative challengers aim to unseat Republican Rep. Kyle Kacal in District 12\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBTX-TV","url_text":"KBTX-TV"}]},{"reference":"Appleton, Fallon (May 24, 2022). \"Rep. Kyle Kacal wins Republican nomination for Texas House District 12\". KBTX-TV. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kbtx.com/2022/05/25/rep-kyle-kacal-wins-republican-nomination-texas-house-district-12/","url_text":"\"Rep. Kyle Kacal wins Republican nomination for Texas House District 12\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBTX-TV","url_text":"KBTX-TV"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/138318/kyle-kacal","external_links_name":"\"Kyle Kacal's Biography\""},{"Link":"https://house.texas.gov/members/member-page/?district=12","external_links_name":"\"Texas House Member\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220621110326/https://house.texas.gov/members/member-page/?district=12","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.kbtx.com/2022/02/17/two-conservative-challengers-aim-unseat-republican-rep-kyle-kacal-district-12/","external_links_name":"\"Two conservative challengers aim to unseat Republican Rep. Kyle Kacal in District 12\""},{"Link":"https://www.kbtx.com/2022/05/25/rep-kyle-kacal-wins-republican-nomination-texas-house-district-12/","external_links_name":"\"Rep. Kyle Kacal wins Republican nomination for Texas House District 12\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyle_Kacal&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_2.0 | Greatest Hits 2.0 | ["1 Background","2 Track listing","3 Charts","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","4 References"] | 2023 compilation album by BustedGreatest Hits 2.0Compilation album by BustedReleased15 September 2023 (2023-09-15)Recorded2022–2023Genre
Pop punk
pop rock
Length50:38 (Hits Version)47:08 (Guest Features Edition)LabelAbsolute Label ServicesProducerPhil GornellBusted chronology
Half Way There(2019)
Greatest Hits 2.0(2023)
Greatest Hits 2.0 is the first compilation album by English pop punk band Busted. It consists of re-recordings of tracks from their first two albums, Busted (2002) and A Present for Everyone (2003), as well as new song "Good One". It was released on 15 September 2023 through Absolute Label Services. The album reached number-one in the UK album chart.
The deluxe version of the album, Greatest Hits 2.0 (Guest Features Edition), features duets of their hits with other pop punk and pop rock artists and bands, as well as a duet with Hanson on "MMMBop 2.0".
Background
Busted released their fourth studio album, Half Way There on 1 February 2019, accompanied by the Half Way There tour. After this, each member of the band pursued solo projects for the next few years: James Bourne released his first solo albums, Safe Journey Home (2020) and Sugar Beach (2022), while Simpson brought out his fourth solo effort, Hope Is a Drug. Willis, meanwhile, continued his acting career, appearing in stage productions such as Waitress and 2:22 A Ghost Story.
On 21 March 2023, the band posted a teaser on their social media platforms for an announcement to be unveiled on 23 March, putting an end to their hiatus. That morning, they announced a 15-date UK tour for September 2023. A single was also announced alongside the tour announcement: "Loser Kid 2.0", a re-recording of a song from their debut album featuring Simple Plan, set to release 14 April. An album of other re-recorded Busted classics featuring other artists, including McFly, All Time Low and Neck Deep, is set to be released as well. After selling out the initial 15-date tour, the band announced 11 additional dates in the UK and Ireland to meet demand, extending the tour until 10 October, making it the biggest UK arena tour of 2023.
On 14 April 2023, Busted released a version of "Loser Kid", the closing track of their 2002 self-titled debut album, titled "Loser Kid 2.0" featuring Canadian band Simple Plan. This version peaked at number 13 on the UK Singles Sales Chart. On 5 May 2023, Busted released "Meet You There 2.0", a pop-punk version of their 2003 album track, featuring Welsh rock band Neck Deep. On 26 May 2023, Busted released a cover version of the 1997 Hanson hit "MMMBop", in collaboration with the latter band, titled "MMMBop 2.0". On 23 June 2023, Busted released a version of their 2003 hit "Crashed the Wedding", titled "Crashed the Wedding 2.0", featuring American band All Time Low.
On 24 July 2023, they released a version of their 2003 hit "Year 3000" titled "Year 3000 2.0", featuring the Jonas Brothers on guest vocals and announced that Greatest Hits 2.0, a collaborative album of rerecordings of songs from Busted's first two albums, would be made available for pre-order on 28 July. The track listing was revealed that same day, featuring collaborations with the likes of You Me at Six, Wheatus, James Arthur and Busted's longtime friends McFly.
The album was produced in early 2023 by Phil Gornell in Los Angeles, mixed by Phil Gornell, Zakk Cervini and mastered by Grant Berry.
Track listing
All lyrics and music are written and composed by Charlie Simpson, James Bourne and Matt Willis, except when noted.
Greatest Hits 2.0 track listingNo.TitleOriginal albumLength1."Year 3000 (Hits Version)"Busted3:172."Loser Kid (Hits Version)"Busted3:433."Good One" 3:404."3AM (Hits Version)"A Present for Everyone3:355."What I Go to School For (Hits Version)"Busted4:066."Crashed the Wedding (Hits Version)"A Present for Everyone2:407."You Said No (Hits Version)"Busted2:488."Sleeping with the Light On (Hits Version)"Busted3:409."Air Hostess (Hits Version)"A Present for Everyone3:4010."Thunderbirds Are Go (Hits Version)"A Present for Everyone3:2311."Who's David (Hits Version)"A Present for Everyone3:2612."Meet You There (Hits Version)"A Present for Everyone3:2213."She Wants to Be Me (Hits Version)"A Present for Everyone3:1814."Everything I Knew (Hits Version)"Busted3:0915."Falling for You (Hits Version)"A Present for Everyone2:56Total length:50:48
Guest Features editionNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Year 3000 2.0" (with Jonas Brothers) 3:172."Loser Kid 2.0" (featuring Simple Plan) 3:433."3AM 2.0" (with James Arthur) 3:354."Crashed the Wedding 2.0" (featuring All Time Low) 2:405."Meet You There 2.0" (with Neck Deep) 3:226."Air Hostess 2.0" (with You Me at Six) 3:407."Everything I Knew 2.0" (with Dashboard Confessional) 3:098."What I Go to School For 2.0" (with The Vamps) 4:069."Sleeping with the Light On 2.0" (with Deaf Havana) 3:4010."MMMBop 2.0" (with Hanson)Taylor HansonIssac HansonZac Hanson2:5611."You Said No 2.0" (with Charlotte Sands) 2:4812."Thunderbirds are Go 2.0" (with McFly) 3:2313."She Wants to Be Me 2.0" (with Bowling for Soup) 3:1814."Who's David 2.0" (with Wheatus) 3:2615."Year 3000 (Hits Version)" 3:1716."Loser Kid (Hits Version)" 3:4317."Good One" (only in the download release) 3:4018."3AM (Hits Version)" 3:3519."What I Go to School For (Hits Version)" 4:0620."Crashed the Wedding (Hits Version)" 2:4021."You Said No (Hits Version)" 2:4822."Sleeping with the Light On (Hits Version)" 3:4023."Air Hostess (Hits Version)" 3:4024."Thunderbirds Are Go (Hits Version)" 3:2325."Who's David (Hits Version)" 3:26Total length:1:25:10
Ahead of its original release, pre-order CD copies of the standard edition were misprinted as the Guest Features edition.
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for Greatest Hits 2.0
Chart (2023)
Peakposition
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)
121
Irish Albums (OCC)
43
Scottish Albums (OCC)
1
UK Albums (OCC)
1
UK Independent Albums (OCC)
1
Year-end charts
Year-end chart performance for Greatest Hits 2.0
Chart (2023)
Position
UK Cassette Albums (OCC)
13
References
^ Forrest, Jo (8 September 2023). "Busted share brand new single 'Good One'". TotalNtertainment. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
^ Wilson-Taylor, James (28 July 2023). "Busted Collaborate With You Me At Six, Dashboard Confessional & More". Rock Sound.
^ Sharratt, Joe (2 December 2020). "James Bourne makes long-awaited solo debut with new album Safe Journey Home". Music Talkers. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
^ "James Bourne talks latest album 'Sugar Beach', life as an independent artist and the future of Busted". RetroPop. 3 August 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
^ Logan, Philip (22 April 2022). "Charlie Simpson Drops Powerful New Album 'Hope Is A Drug'". CelebMix. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
^ "Busted's Matt Willis to star in hit comedy Waitress in Southampton next week". Daily Echo. 18 May 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
^ "Laura Whitmore and Matt Willis to star in '2:22 - A Ghost Story'". London Theatre. 11 August 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
^ Robinson, Gregory (22 March 2023). "Busted tease comeback for 20th anniversary as fans go wild over cryptic video". Tyla. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
^ Smith, Carl (23 March 2023). "Busted announce Greatest Hits tour and new music". Official Charts Company.
^ O'Connor, Rachael (23 March 2023). "Busted announce return with massive UK arena tour and reworks of hit songs to celebrate more than 20 years since debut". Metro. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
^ Carter, Emily (23 March 2023). "Simple Plan, All Time Low and more to feature on Busted anniversary tracks". Kerrang. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
^ Skinner, Tom (31 March 2023). "Busted announce extra dates for their 2023 UK reunion tour". NME. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
^ Rewcastle, Elly (31 March 2023). "Busted tour 2023: Band adds second Newcastle date after phenomenal demand". Chronicle Live. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
^ Reid, Kurtis (5 April 2023). "Busted announce Northern Ireland tour date following fan outrage". Belfast Telegraph – via www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk.
^ Wilson-Taylor, James (14 April 2023). "Busted Team Up With Simple Plan For 'Loser Kid 2.0'". Rock Sound.
^ "Listen: Simple Plan guest on Busted's new version of Loser Kid". Kerrang!. 14 April 2023.
^ "Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
^ Busted (5 May 2023). "Meet You There 2.0 with our friends Neck Deep is out now! We are so excited for you to hear this one. Go hit the link to stream it, play it loud and let us know what you think below" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 May 2023 – via Twitter.
^ Carter, Emily (5 May 2023). "Busted and Neck Deep team up for new pop-punk version of Meet You There". Kerrang. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ "Busted & Hanson - MMMBop 2.0". Apple Music. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
^ "Busted and Hanson team up for new version of 90s classic MMMBop". Virgin Radio. 23 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
^ "Busted team up with Hanson on new version of '90s classic MMMBop". Retro Pop Magazine. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
^ Carver, Dan (23 June 2023). "Busted release 'Crashed the Wedding 2.0' ft. All-Time-Low". Sound Sphere Mag.
^ Stickler, Jon (23 June 2023). "Busted Team Up With All Time Low For New Version Of Crashed The Wedding - Stereoboard". Stereoboard.com.
^ Brazier, Tori (25 July 2023). "Busted teams up with Jonas Brothers for Year 3000 2.0 and fans are freaking out". Metro. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
^ Carter, Emily (28 July 2023). "Busted announce Greatest Hits 2.0 album featuring You Me At Six, Dashboard Confessional and loads more". Kerrang!.
^ "Busted (3) – Greatest Hits 2.0 (Guest Features Edition)". Discogs. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
^ "Ultratop.be – Busted – Greatest Hits 2.0" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
^ "Official Irish Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
^ "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
^ Griffiths, George (3 January 2024). "The Official Top 20 biggest cassettes of 2023". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
vteBusted
James Bourne
Matt Willis
Charlie Simpson
Ki Fitzgerald
Owen Doyle
Tom Fletcher
Studio albums
Busted
A Present for Everyone
Night Driver
Half Way There
Compilation albums
Busted
Greatest Hits 2.0
Live albums
A Ticket for Everyone: Busted Live
Extended plays
Red Room Sessions
Singles
"What I Go to School For"
"Year 3000"
"You Said No"
"Hurra Hurra Die Schule Brennt"
"Sleeping with the Light On"
"Crashed the Wedding"
"Who's David"
"Air Hostess"
"Thunderbirds / 3AM"
"She Wants to Be Me"
"On What You're On"
"Nineties"
"Loser Kid 2.0"
"Meet You There 2.0"
"MMMBop 2.0"
"Crashed the Wedding 2.0"
Other songs
"Meet You There"
"Coming Home"
"Pigs Can Fly"
Tours
McBusted Tour
McBusted's Most Excellent Adventure Tour
Pigs Can Fly Tour 2016
Night Driver Tour 2017
Related articles
Discography
McFly
V
Son of Dork
Fightstar
McBusted | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pop punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_punk"},{"link_name":"Busted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busted_(band)"},{"link_name":"Busted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busted_(2002_Busted_album)"},{"link_name":"A Present for Everyone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Present_for_Everyone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"pop rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rock"},{"link_name":"Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanson_(band)"},{"link_name":"MMMBop 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMMBop"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"2023 compilation album by BustedGreatest Hits 2.0 is the first compilation album by English pop punk band Busted. It consists of re-recordings of tracks from their first two albums, Busted (2002) and A Present for Everyone (2003), as well as new song \"Good One\".[1] It was released on 15 September 2023 through Absolute Label Services. The album reached number-one in the UK album chart.The deluxe version of the album, Greatest Hits 2.0 (Guest Features Edition), features duets of their hits with other pop punk and pop rock artists and bands, as well as a duet with Hanson on \"MMMBop 2.0\".[2]","title":"Greatest Hits 2.0"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Half Way There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Way_There"},{"link_name":"James Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bourne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Waitress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitress_(musical)"},{"link_name":"2:22 A Ghost Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2:22_A_Ghost_Story"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Simple Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Plan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"McFly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFly"},{"link_name":"All Time Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Time_Low"},{"link_name":"Neck Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_Deep"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2002 self-titled debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busted_(2002_Busted_album)"},{"link_name":"Simple Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Plan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Sales Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Sales_Chart"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Meet You There 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_You_There_(song)#2023_remake"},{"link_name":"2003 album track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Present_for_Everyone"},{"link_name":"Neck Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_Deep"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanson_(band)"},{"link_name":"MMMBop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMMBop"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Crashed the Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crashed_the_Wedding"},{"link_name":"All Time Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Time_Low"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Year 3000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_3000"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"You Me at Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Me_at_Six"},{"link_name":"Wheatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatus"},{"link_name":"James Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Arthur"},{"link_name":"McFly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFly"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"}],"text":"Busted released their fourth studio album, Half Way There on 1 February 2019, accompanied by the Half Way There tour. After this, each member of the band pursued solo projects for the next few years: James Bourne released his first solo albums, Safe Journey Home (2020)[3] and Sugar Beach (2022),[4] while Simpson brought out his fourth solo effort, Hope Is a Drug.[5] Willis, meanwhile, continued his acting career, appearing in stage productions such as Waitress and 2:22 A Ghost Story.[6][7]On 21 March 2023, the band posted a teaser on their social media platforms for an announcement to be unveiled on 23 March, putting an end to their hiatus.[8][9] That morning, they announced a 15-date UK tour for September 2023. A single was also announced alongside the tour announcement: \"Loser Kid 2.0\", a re-recording of a song from their debut album featuring Simple Plan, set to release 14 April.[10] An album of other re-recorded Busted classics featuring other artists, including McFly, All Time Low and Neck Deep, is set to be released as well.[11] After selling out the initial 15-date tour, the band announced 11 additional dates in the UK and Ireland to meet demand, extending the tour until 10 October, making it the biggest UK arena tour of 2023. [12][13][14]On 14 April 2023, Busted released a version of \"Loser Kid\", the closing track of their 2002 self-titled debut album, titled \"Loser Kid 2.0\" featuring Canadian band Simple Plan.[15][16] This version peaked at number 13 on the UK Singles Sales Chart.[17] On 5 May 2023, Busted released \"Meet You There 2.0\", a pop-punk version of their 2003 album track, featuring Welsh rock band Neck Deep.[18][19] On 26 May 2023, Busted released a cover version of the 1997 Hanson hit \"MMMBop\", in collaboration with the latter band, titled \"MMMBop 2.0\".[20][21][22] On 23 June 2023, Busted released a version of their 2003 hit \"Crashed the Wedding\", titled \"Crashed the Wedding 2.0\", featuring American band All Time Low.[23][24]On 24 July 2023, they released a version of their 2003 hit \"Year 3000\" titled \"Year 3000 2.0\", featuring the Jonas Brothers on guest vocals and announced that Greatest Hits 2.0, a collaborative album of rerecordings of songs from Busted's first two albums, would be made available for pre-order on 28 July.[25] The track listing was revealed that same day, featuring collaborations with the likes of You Me at Six, Wheatus, James Arthur and Busted's longtime friends McFly.[26]The album was produced in early 2023 by Phil Gornell in Los Angeles, mixed by Phil Gornell, Zakk Cervini and mastered by Grant Berry.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlie Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Simpson"},{"link_name":"James Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bourne"},{"link_name":"Matt Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Willis"},{"link_name":"Year 3000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_3000"},{"link_name":"Busted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busted_(2002_Busted_album)"},{"link_name":"Loser Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loser_Kid"},{"link_name":"3AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_/_3AM"},{"link_name":"A Present for Everyone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Present_for_Everyone"},{"link_name":"What I Go to School For","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_I_Go_to_School_For"},{"link_name":"Crashed the Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crashed_the_Wedding"},{"link_name":"You Said No","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Said_No"},{"link_name":"Sleeping with the Light On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_with_the_Light_On"},{"link_name":"Air Hostess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Hostess_(song)"},{"link_name":"Thunderbirds Are Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_/_3AM"},{"link_name":"Who's David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_David"},{"link_name":"Meet You There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_You_There_(song)"},{"link_name":"She Wants to Be Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Wants_to_Be_Me"},{"link_name":"Everything I Knew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_I_Knew"},{"link_name":"Jonas Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Simple Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Plan"},{"link_name":"James Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Arthur"},{"link_name":"All Time Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Time_Low"},{"link_name":"Neck Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_Deep"},{"link_name":"You Me at Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Me_at_Six"},{"link_name":"Dashboard Confessional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashboard_Confessional"},{"link_name":"The Vamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vamps_(British_band)"},{"link_name":"Deaf Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_Havana"},{"link_name":"MMMBop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMMBop"},{"link_name":"Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanson_(band)"},{"link_name":"Taylor Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Hanson"},{"link_name":"McFly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFly"},{"link_name":"Bowling for Soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_for_Soup"},{"link_name":"Wheatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatus"},{"link_name":"Year 3000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_3000"},{"link_name":"Loser Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loser_Kid"},{"link_name":"3AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_/_3AM"},{"link_name":"What I Go to School For","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_I_Go_to_School_For"},{"link_name":"Crashed the Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crashed_the_Wedding"},{"link_name":"You Said No","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Said_No"},{"link_name":"Sleeping with the Light On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_with_the_Light_On"},{"link_name":"Air Hostess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Hostess_(song)"},{"link_name":"Thunderbirds Are Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_/_3AM"},{"link_name":"Who's David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_David"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"All lyrics and music are written and composed by Charlie Simpson, James Bourne and Matt Willis, except when noted.Greatest Hits 2.0 track listingNo.TitleOriginal albumLength1.\"Year 3000 (Hits Version)\"Busted3:172.\"Loser Kid (Hits Version)\"Busted3:433.\"Good One\" 3:404.\"3AM (Hits Version)\"A Present for Everyone3:355.\"What I Go to School For (Hits Version)\"Busted4:066.\"Crashed the Wedding (Hits Version)\"A Present for Everyone2:407.\"You Said No (Hits Version)\"Busted2:488.\"Sleeping with the Light On (Hits Version)\"Busted3:409.\"Air Hostess (Hits Version)\"A Present for Everyone3:4010.\"Thunderbirds Are Go (Hits Version)\"A Present for Everyone3:2311.\"Who's David (Hits Version)\"A Present for Everyone3:2612.\"Meet You There (Hits Version)\"A Present for Everyone3:2213.\"She Wants to Be Me (Hits Version)\"A Present for Everyone3:1814.\"Everything I Knew (Hits Version)\"Busted3:0915.\"Falling for You (Hits Version)\"A Present for Everyone2:56Total length:50:48Guest Features editionNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Year 3000 2.0\" (with Jonas Brothers) 3:172.\"Loser Kid 2.0\" (featuring Simple Plan) 3:433.\"3AM 2.0\" (with James Arthur) 3:354.\"Crashed the Wedding 2.0\" (featuring All Time Low) 2:405.\"Meet You There 2.0\" (with Neck Deep) 3:226.\"Air Hostess 2.0\" (with You Me at Six) 3:407.\"Everything I Knew 2.0\" (with Dashboard Confessional) 3:098.\"What I Go to School For 2.0\" (with The Vamps) 4:069.\"Sleeping with the Light On 2.0\" (with Deaf Havana) 3:4010.\"MMMBop 2.0\" (with Hanson)Taylor HansonIssac HansonZac Hanson2:5611.\"You Said No 2.0\" (with Charlotte Sands) 2:4812.\"Thunderbirds are Go 2.0\" (with McFly) 3:2313.\"She Wants to Be Me 2.0\" (with Bowling for Soup) 3:1814.\"Who's David 2.0\" (with Wheatus) 3:2615.\"Year 3000 (Hits Version)\" 3:1716.\"Loser Kid (Hits Version)\" 3:4317.\"Good One\" (only in the download release) 3:4018.\"3AM (Hits Version)\" 3:3519.\"What I Go to School For (Hits Version)\" 4:0620.\"Crashed the Wedding (Hits Version)\" 2:4021.\"You Said No (Hits Version)\" 2:4822.\"Sleeping with the Light On (Hits Version)\" 3:4023.\"Air Hostess (Hits Version)\" 3:4024.\"Thunderbirds Are Go (Hits Version)\" 3:2325.\"Who's David (Hits Version)\" 3:26Total length:1:25:10Ahead of its original release, pre-order CD copies of the standard edition were misprinted as the Guest Features edition.[27]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greatest_Hits_2.0&action=edit§ion=4"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Flanders_Busted-28"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Ireland3_-29"},{"link_name":"Scottish Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Scotland_-30"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-31"},{"link_name":"UK Independent Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independent_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UKIndependent_-32"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greatest_Hits_2.0&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for Greatest Hits 2.0\n\n\nChart (2023)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[28]\n\n121\n\n\nIrish Albums (OCC)[29]\n\n43\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[30]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[31]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Independent Albums (OCC)[32]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for Greatest Hits 2.0\n\n\nChart (2023)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUK Cassette Albums (OCC)[33]\n\n13","title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Forrest, Jo (8 September 2023). \"Busted share brand new single 'Good One'\". TotalNtertainment. Retrieved 15 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.totalntertainment.com/music/busted-share-brand-new-single-good-one/","url_text":"\"Busted share brand new single 'Good One'\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson-Taylor, James (28 July 2023). \"Busted Collaborate With You Me At Six, Dashboard Confessional & More\". Rock Sound.","urls":[{"url":"https://rocksound.tv/news/busted-greatest-hits-guests-tracklist-release-date","url_text":"\"Busted Collaborate With You Me At Six, Dashboard Confessional & More\""}]},{"reference":"Sharratt, Joe (2 December 2020). \"James Bourne makes long-awaited solo debut with new album Safe Journey Home\". Music Talkers. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://musictalkers.com/reviews/7625-james-bourne-makes-long-awaited-solo-debut-with-new-album-safe-journey-home","url_text":"\"James Bourne makes long-awaited solo debut with new album Safe Journey Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Bourne talks latest album 'Sugar Beach', life as an independent artist and the future of Busted\". RetroPop. 3 August 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://retropopmagazine.com/james-bourne-sugar-beach-busted-exclusive-interview/","url_text":"\"James Bourne talks latest album 'Sugar Beach', life as an independent artist and the future of Busted\""}]},{"reference":"Logan, Philip (22 April 2022). \"Charlie Simpson Drops Powerful New Album 'Hope Is A Drug'\". CelebMix. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://celebmix.com/charlie-simpson-drops-powerful-new-album-hope-is-a-drug/","url_text":"\"Charlie Simpson Drops Powerful New Album 'Hope Is A Drug'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Busted's Matt Willis to star in hit comedy Waitress in Southampton next week\". Daily Echo. 18 May 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/20144617.former-busted-star-matt-willis-appears-waitress/","url_text":"\"Busted's Matt Willis to star in hit comedy Waitress in Southampton next week\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laura Whitmore and Matt Willis to star in '2:22 - A Ghost Story'\". London Theatre. 11 August 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/theatre-news/news/laura-whitmore-and-matt-willis-to-star-in-222-a-ghost-story","url_text":"\"Laura Whitmore and Matt Willis to star in '2:22 - A Ghost Story'\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Gregory (22 March 2023). \"Busted tease comeback for 20th anniversary as fans go wild over cryptic video\". Tyla. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tyla.com/celebrity/busted-20th-anniversary-new-music-tour-reunion-308822-20230322","url_text":"\"Busted tease comeback for 20th anniversary as fans go wild over cryptic video\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Carl (23 March 2023). \"Busted announce Greatest Hits tour and new music\". Official Charts Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/busted-announce-20th-anniversary-greatest-hits-tour-with-hanson-and-loser-kid-20-release-with-simple-plan__38830/","url_text":"\"Busted announce Greatest Hits tour and new music\""}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Rachael (23 March 2023). \"Busted announce return with massive UK arena tour and reworks of hit songs to celebrate more than 20 years since debut\". Metro. Retrieved 23 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.co.uk/2023/03/23/busted-announce-comeback-with-massive-uk-tour-and-reworks-of-hit-songs-18482064/","url_text":"\"Busted announce return with massive UK arena tour and reworks of hit songs to celebrate more than 20 years since debut\""}]},{"reference":"Carter, Emily (23 March 2023). \"Simple Plan, All Time Low and more to feature on Busted anniversary tracks\". Kerrang. Retrieved 31 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kerrang.com/simple-plan-all-time-low-and-more-to-feature-on-busted-anniversary-tracks","url_text":"\"Simple Plan, All Time Low and more to feature on Busted anniversary tracks\""}]},{"reference":"Skinner, Tom (31 March 2023). \"Busted announce extra dates for their 2023 UK reunion tour\". NME. Retrieved 31 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/busted-announce-extra-dates-for-their-2023-uk-reunion-tour-buy-tickets-3423928","url_text":"\"Busted announce extra dates for their 2023 UK reunion tour\""}]},{"reference":"Rewcastle, Elly (31 March 2023). \"Busted tour 2023: Band adds second Newcastle date after phenomenal demand\". Chronicle Live. Retrieved 31 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/busted-tour-2023-band-adds-26606236","url_text":"\"Busted tour 2023: Band adds second Newcastle date after phenomenal demand\""}]},{"reference":"Reid, Kurtis (5 April 2023). \"Busted announce Northern Ireland tour date following fan outrage\". Belfast Telegraph – via www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/busted-announce-northern-ireland-tour-date-following-fan-outrage/937702124.html","url_text":"\"Busted announce Northern Ireland tour date following fan outrage\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson-Taylor, James (14 April 2023). \"Busted Team Up With Simple Plan For 'Loser Kid 2.0'\". Rock Sound.","urls":[{"url":"https://rocksound.tv/news/busted-simple-plan-loser-kid-2-0","url_text":"\"Busted Team Up With Simple Plan For 'Loser Kid 2.0'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Listen: Simple Plan guest on Busted's new version of Loser Kid\". Kerrang!. 14 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kerrang.com/listen-simple-plan-guest-on-busteds-new-version-of-loser-kid/","url_text":"\"Listen: Simple Plan guest on Busted's new version of Loser Kid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100\". Official Charts Company. 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-sales-chart/20230421/7509/","url_text":"\"Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"Busted [@Busted] (5 May 2023). \"Meet You There 2.0 with our friends Neck Deep is out now! We are so excited for you to hear this one. Go hit the link to stream it, play it loud and let us know what you think below\" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 May 2023 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/Busted/status/1654387955169914881","url_text":"\"Meet You There 2.0 with our friends Neck Deep is out now! We are so excited for you to hear this one. Go hit the link to stream it, play it loud and let us know what you think below\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Emily (5 May 2023). \"Busted and Neck Deep team up for new pop-punk version of Meet You There\". Kerrang. Retrieved 5 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kerrang.com/busted-and-neck-deep-team-up-for-pop-punk-version-of-meet-you-there","url_text":"\"Busted and Neck Deep team up for new pop-punk version of Meet You There\""}]},{"reference":"\"Busted & Hanson - MMMBop 2.0\". Apple Music. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/gb/album/mmmbop-2-0/1687458065?i=1687458069","url_text":"\"Busted & Hanson - MMMBop 2.0\""}]},{"reference":"\"Busted and Hanson team up for new version of 90s classic MMMBop\". Virgin Radio. 23 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://virginradio.co.uk/music/107898/busted-hanson-new-version-mmmbop","url_text":"\"Busted and Hanson team up for new version of 90s classic MMMBop\""}]},{"reference":"\"Busted team up with Hanson on new version of '90s classic MMMBop\". Retro Pop Magazine. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://retropopmagazine.com/busted-team-up-with-hanson-on-new-version-of-90s-classic-mmmbop/","url_text":"\"Busted team up with Hanson on new version of '90s classic MMMBop\""}]},{"reference":"Carver, Dan (23 June 2023). \"Busted release 'Crashed the Wedding 2.0' ft. All-Time-Low\". Sound Sphere Mag.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soundspheremag.com/news/busted-release-crashed-the-wedding-2-0-ft-all-time-low/","url_text":"\"Busted release 'Crashed the Wedding 2.0' ft. All-Time-Low\""}]},{"reference":"Stickler, Jon (23 June 2023). \"Busted Team Up With All Time Low For New Version Of Crashed The Wedding - Stereoboard\". Stereoboard.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereoboard.com/content/view/240047/9","url_text":"\"Busted Team Up With All Time Low For New Version Of Crashed The Wedding - Stereoboard\""}]},{"reference":"Brazier, Tori (25 July 2023). \"Busted teams up with Jonas Brothers for Year 3000 2.0 and fans are freaking out\". Metro. Retrieved 1 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.co.uk/2023/07/25/busted-teams-up-with-jonas-brothers-for-year-3000-2-0-to-fans-glee-19186189/","url_text":"\"Busted teams up with Jonas Brothers for Year 3000 2.0 and fans are freaking out\""}]},{"reference":"Carter, Emily (28 July 2023). \"Busted announce Greatest Hits 2.0 album featuring You Me At Six, Dashboard Confessional and loads more\". Kerrang!.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kerrang.com/busted-announce-greatest-hits-2-0-album-featuring-you-me-at-six-dashboard-confessional-and-loads-more/","url_text":"\"Busted announce Greatest Hits 2.0 album featuring You Me At Six, Dashboard Confessional and loads more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Busted (3) – Greatest Hits 2.0 (Guest Features Edition)\". Discogs. Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/28329862-Busted-Greatest-Hits-20-Guest-Features-Edition","url_text":"\"Busted (3) – Greatest Hits 2.0 (Guest Features Edition)\""}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, George (3 January 2024). \"The Official Top 20 biggest cassettes of 2023\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 11 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-20-biggest-cassettes-of-2023/","url_text":"\"The Official Top 20 biggest cassettes of 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.totalntertainment.com/music/busted-share-brand-new-single-good-one/","external_links_name":"\"Busted share brand new single 'Good One'\""},{"Link":"https://rocksound.tv/news/busted-greatest-hits-guests-tracklist-release-date","external_links_name":"\"Busted Collaborate With You Me At Six, Dashboard Confessional & More\""},{"Link":"https://musictalkers.com/reviews/7625-james-bourne-makes-long-awaited-solo-debut-with-new-album-safe-journey-home","external_links_name":"\"James Bourne makes long-awaited solo debut with new album Safe Journey Home\""},{"Link":"https://retropopmagazine.com/james-bourne-sugar-beach-busted-exclusive-interview/","external_links_name":"\"James Bourne talks latest album 'Sugar Beach', life as an independent artist and the future of Busted\""},{"Link":"https://celebmix.com/charlie-simpson-drops-powerful-new-album-hope-is-a-drug/","external_links_name":"\"Charlie Simpson Drops Powerful New Album 'Hope Is A Drug'\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/20144617.former-busted-star-matt-willis-appears-waitress/","external_links_name":"\"Busted's Matt Willis to star in hit comedy Waitress in Southampton next week\""},{"Link":"https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/theatre-news/news/laura-whitmore-and-matt-willis-to-star-in-222-a-ghost-story","external_links_name":"\"Laura Whitmore and Matt Willis to star in '2:22 - A Ghost Story'\""},{"Link":"https://www.tyla.com/celebrity/busted-20th-anniversary-new-music-tour-reunion-308822-20230322","external_links_name":"\"Busted tease comeback for 20th anniversary as fans go wild over cryptic video\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/busted-announce-20th-anniversary-greatest-hits-tour-with-hanson-and-loser-kid-20-release-with-simple-plan__38830/","external_links_name":"\"Busted announce Greatest Hits tour and new music\""},{"Link":"https://metro.co.uk/2023/03/23/busted-announce-comeback-with-massive-uk-tour-and-reworks-of-hit-songs-18482064/","external_links_name":"\"Busted announce return with massive UK arena tour and reworks of hit songs to celebrate more than 20 years since debut\""},{"Link":"https://www.kerrang.com/simple-plan-all-time-low-and-more-to-feature-on-busted-anniversary-tracks","external_links_name":"\"Simple Plan, All Time Low and more to feature on Busted anniversary tracks\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/busted-announce-extra-dates-for-their-2023-uk-reunion-tour-buy-tickets-3423928","external_links_name":"\"Busted announce extra dates for their 2023 UK reunion tour\""},{"Link":"https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/busted-tour-2023-band-adds-26606236","external_links_name":"\"Busted tour 2023: Band adds second Newcastle date after phenomenal demand\""},{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/busted-announce-northern-ireland-tour-date-following-fan-outrage/937702124.html","external_links_name":"\"Busted announce Northern Ireland tour date following fan outrage\""},{"Link":"https://rocksound.tv/news/busted-simple-plan-loser-kid-2-0","external_links_name":"\"Busted Team Up With Simple Plan For 'Loser Kid 2.0'\""},{"Link":"https://www.kerrang.com/listen-simple-plan-guest-on-busteds-new-version-of-loser-kid/","external_links_name":"\"Listen: Simple Plan guest on Busted's new version of Loser Kid\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-sales-chart/20230421/7509/","external_links_name":"\"Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/Busted/status/1654387955169914881","external_links_name":"\"Meet You There 2.0 with our friends Neck Deep is out now! We are so excited for you to hear this one. Go hit the link to stream it, play it loud and let us know what you think below\""},{"Link":"https://www.kerrang.com/busted-and-neck-deep-team-up-for-pop-punk-version-of-meet-you-there","external_links_name":"\"Busted and Neck Deep team up for new pop-punk version of Meet You There\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/gb/album/mmmbop-2-0/1687458065?i=1687458069","external_links_name":"\"Busted & Hanson - MMMBop 2.0\""},{"Link":"https://virginradio.co.uk/music/107898/busted-hanson-new-version-mmmbop","external_links_name":"\"Busted and Hanson team up for new version of 90s classic MMMBop\""},{"Link":"https://retropopmagazine.com/busted-team-up-with-hanson-on-new-version-of-90s-classic-mmmbop/","external_links_name":"\"Busted team up with Hanson on new version of '90s classic MMMBop\""},{"Link":"https://www.soundspheremag.com/news/busted-release-crashed-the-wedding-2-0-ft-all-time-low/","external_links_name":"\"Busted release 'Crashed the Wedding 2.0' ft. All-Time-Low\""},{"Link":"https://www.stereoboard.com/content/view/240047/9","external_links_name":"\"Busted Team Up With All Time Low For New Version Of Crashed The Wedding - Stereoboard\""},{"Link":"https://metro.co.uk/2023/07/25/busted-teams-up-with-jonas-brothers-for-year-3000-2-0-to-fans-glee-19186189/","external_links_name":"\"Busted teams up with Jonas Brothers for Year 3000 2.0 and fans are freaking out\""},{"Link":"https://www.kerrang.com/busted-announce-greatest-hits-2-0-album-featuring-you-me-at-six-dashboard-confessional-and-loads-more/","external_links_name":"\"Busted announce Greatest Hits 2.0 album featuring You Me At Six, Dashboard Confessional and loads more\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/28329862-Busted-Greatest-Hits-20-Guest-Features-Edition","external_links_name":"\"Busted (3) – Greatest Hits 2.0 (Guest Features Edition)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Busted&titel=Greatest+Hits+2.0&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Ultratop.be – Busted – Greatest Hits 2.0\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/irish-albums-chart/20230922/ie7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Irish Albums Chart Top 50\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20230922/40/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/20230922/7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-albums-chart/20230922/131/","external_links_name":"\"Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-20-biggest-cassettes-of-2023/","external_links_name":"\"The Official Top 20 biggest cassettes of 2023\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauche_(chemistry) | Gauche effect | ["1 External influences","2 See also","3 References"] | Molecular-structural phenomenon
The gauche effect is illustrated by the fact 1,2-difluoroethane (left) adopts a gauche conformation whereas 1,2-diiodoethane (right) adopts an anti conformation. The F–C–C–F dihedral angle is 68°, whereas the I–C–C–I dihedral angle is 180°.
In the study of conformational isomerism, the gauche effect is an atypical situation where a gauche conformation (groups separated by a torsion angle of approximately 60°) is more stable than the anti conformation (180°).
Relative conformation energy diagram of butane as a function of dihedral angle. A: antiperiplanar, anti or trans. B: synclinal or gauche. C: anticlinal or eclipsed. D: synperiplanar or cis.
There are both steric and electronic effects that affect the relative stability of conformers. Ordinarily, steric effects predominate to place large substituents far from each other. However, this is not the case for certain substituents, typically those that are highly electronegative. Instead, there is an electronic preference for these groups to be gauche. Typically studied examples include 1,2-difluoroethane (H2FCCFH2), ethylene glycol, and vicinal-difluoroalkyl structures.
In 1,2-difluoroethane, shown in two conformations (top) and corresponding Newman projections (bottom), the anti conformation (left) is less stable than the gauche conformation (right).
There are two main explanations for the gauche effect: hyperconjugation and bent bonds. In the hyperconjugation model, the donation of electron density from the C−H σ bonding orbital to the C−F σ* antibonding orbital is considered the source of stabilization in the gauche isomer. Due to the greater electronegativity of fluorine, the C−H σ orbital is a better electron donor than the C−F σ orbital, while the C−F σ* orbital is a better electron acceptor than the C−H σ* orbital. Only the gauche conformation allows good overlap between the better donor and the better acceptor.
Hyperconjugation model for explaining the gauche effect in 1,2-difluoroethane
Key in the bent bond explanation of the gauche effect in difluoroethane is the increased p orbital character of both C−F bonds due to the large electronegativity of fluorine. As a result, electron density builds up above and below to the left and right of the central C−C bond. The resulting reduced orbital overlap can be partially compensated when a gauche conformation is assumed, forming a bent bond. Of these two models, hyperconjugation is generally considered the principal cause behind the gauche effect in difluoroethane.
The molecular geometry of both rotamers can be obtained experimentally by high-resolution infrared spectroscopy augmented with in silico work. In accordance with the model described above, the carbon–carbon bond length is higher for the anti-rotamer (151.4 pm vs. 150 pm). The steric repulsion between the fluorine atoms in the gauche rotamer causes increased CCF bond angles (by 3.2°) and increased FCCF dihedral angles (from the default 60° to 71°).
In the related compound 1,2-difluoro-1,2-diphenylethane, the threo isomer is found (by X-ray diffraction and from NMR coupling constants) to have an anti conformation between the two phenyl groups and the two fluorine groups and a gauche conformation is found for both groups for the erythro isomer. According to in silico results, this conformation is more stable by 0.21 kcal/mol (880 J/mol).
A gauche effect has also been reported for a molecule featuring an all-syn array of four consecutive fluoro substituents. The reaction to install the fourth one is stereoselective:
Synthesis of an All-syn Four Vicinal Fluorine Motif
The gauche effect is also seen in 1,2-dimethoxyethane and some vicinal-dinitroalkyl compounds.
The alkene cis effect is an analogous atypical stabilizing of certain alkenes.
External influences
The gauche effect is very sensitive to solvent effects, due to the large difference in polarity between the two conformers. For example, 2,3-dinitro-2,3-dimethylbutane, which in the solid state exists only in the gauche conformation, prefers the gauche conformer in benzene solution by a ratio of 79:21, but in carbon tetrachloride, it prefers the anti conformer by a ratio of 58:42. Another case is trans-1,2 difluorocyclohexane, which has a larger preference for the di-equatorial conformer, rather than the anti-diaxial conformer, in more polar solvents.
See also
Anomeric effect
References
^ Floris Akkerman; Jürgen Buschmann; Dieter Lentz; Peter Luger; Eva Rödel (2003). "Crystal and molecular structure of 1,2-difluoroethane and 1,2-diiodoethane". Journal of Chemical Crystallography. 33 (12): 969–975. doi:10.1023/A:1027494101785. S2CID 94249439.
^ a b Contribution to the Study of the Gauche Effect. The Complete Structure of the Anti Rotamer of 1,2-Difluoroethane. Norman C. Craig, Anthony Chen, Ki Hwan Suh, Stefan Klee, Georg C. Mellau, Brenda P. Winnewisser, and Manfred Winnewisser, J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1997; 119(20) pp. 4789–4790; (Communication) doi:10.1021/ja963819e.
^ J., McMurry (2012). Organic chemistry (8 ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-8400-5444-9.
^ Moss, G. P. (1996-01-01). "Basic terminology of stereochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 68 (12): 2193–2222. doi:10.1351/pac199668122193. ISSN 1365-3075. S2CID 98272391.
^ Goodman, L.; Gu, H.; Pophristic, V.. Gauche Effect in 1,2-Difluoroethane. Hyperconjugation, Bent Bonds, Steric Repulsion. J. Phys. Chem. A. 2005, 109, 1223–1229. doi:10.1021/jp046290d.
^ a b David O'Hagan. Understanding organofluorine chemistry. An introduction to the C−F bond. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008 doi:10.1039/b711844a.
^ The vicinal difluoro motif: The synthesis and conformation of erythro- and threo- diastereoisomers of 1,2-difluorodiphenylethanes, 2,3-difluorosuccinic acids and their derivatives. O'Hagan D., Rzepa H., Schuler M., Slawin A. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2006 2:19 (2 October 2006). doi:10.1186/1860-5397-2-19.
^ Enantioselective Synthesis of an All-syn Four Vicinal Fluorine Motif. Luke Hunter, David O'Hagan, and Alexandra M. Z. Slawin. J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2006; 128(51), pp. 16422–16423; (Communication) doi:10.1021/ja066188p.
^ Smith, Michael. B.; March, J. March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th edition. Wiley, 2001. ISBN 0-471-58589-0. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conformations-of-1,2-dihaloethanes-from-xtal-compared-F-vs-I-Mercury-3D-balls.png"},{"link_name":"1,2-difluoroethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2-difluoroethane"},{"link_name":"1,2-diiodoethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2-diiodoethane"},{"link_name":"dihedral angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_angle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"conformational isomerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational_isomerism"},{"link_name":"gauche conformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauche_conformation"},{"link_name":"torsion angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_angle"},{"link_name":"anti conformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti_conformation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craig-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Butane_conformations_and_relative_energies.svg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"steric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steric_effects"},{"link_name":"electronic effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_effect"},{"link_name":"substituents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituent"},{"link_name":"electronegative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegative"},{"link_name":"1,2-difluoroethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2-difluoroethane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gauche_effect.svg"},{"link_name":"Newman projections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newman_projection"},{"link_name":"hyperconjugation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperconjugation"},{"link_name":"bent bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_bond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1,2-difluoroethane_gauche_effect.svg"},{"link_name":"p orbital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_orbital"},{"link_name":"orbital overlap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_overlap"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohagan-6"},{"link_name":"molecular geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry"},{"link_name":"infrared spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"in silico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_silico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craig-2"},{"link_name":"bond length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_length"},{"link_name":"pm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picometer"},{"link_name":"bond angles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_angle"},{"link_name":"dihedral angles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_angle"},{"link_name":"threo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threo"},{"link_name":"X-ray diffraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_diffraction"},{"link_name":"coupling constants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_constant"},{"link_name":"phenyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenyl"},{"link_name":"erythro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythro"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"in silico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_silico"},{"link_name":"stereoselective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoselective"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MoreGaucheEffects.png"},{"link_name":"1,2-dimethoxyethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2-dimethoxyethane"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"alkene cis effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkene_cis_effect"}],"text":"The gauche effect is illustrated by the fact 1,2-difluoroethane (left) adopts a gauche conformation whereas 1,2-diiodoethane (right) adopts an anti conformation. The F–C–C–F dihedral angle is 68°, whereas the I–C–C–I dihedral angle is 180°.[1]In the study of conformational isomerism, the gauche effect is an atypical situation where a gauche conformation (groups separated by a torsion angle of approximately 60°) is more stable than the anti conformation (180°).[2]Relative conformation energy diagram of butane as a function of dihedral angle.[3] A: antiperiplanar, anti or trans. B: synclinal or gauche. C: anticlinal or eclipsed. D: synperiplanar or cis.[4]There are both steric and electronic effects that affect the relative stability of conformers. Ordinarily, steric effects predominate to place large substituents far from each other. However, this is not the case for certain substituents, typically those that are highly electronegative. Instead, there is an electronic preference for these groups to be gauche. Typically studied examples include 1,2-difluoroethane (H2FCCFH2), ethylene glycol, and vicinal-difluoroalkyl structures.In 1,2-difluoroethane, shown in two conformations (top) and corresponding Newman projections (bottom), the anti conformation (left) is less stable than the gauche conformation (right).There are two main explanations for the gauche effect: hyperconjugation and bent bonds. In the hyperconjugation model, the donation of electron density from the C−H σ bonding orbital to the C−F σ* antibonding orbital is considered the source of stabilization in the gauche isomer. Due to the greater electronegativity of fluorine, the C−H σ orbital is a better electron donor than the C−F σ orbital, while the C−F σ* orbital is a better electron acceptor than the C−H σ* orbital. Only the gauche conformation allows good overlap between the better donor and the better acceptor.Hyperconjugation model for explaining the gauche effect in 1,2-difluoroethaneKey in the bent bond explanation of the gauche effect in difluoroethane is the increased p orbital character of both C−F bonds due to the large electronegativity of fluorine. As a result, electron density builds up above and below to the left and right of the central C−C bond. The resulting reduced orbital overlap can be partially compensated when a gauche conformation is assumed, forming a bent bond. Of these two models, hyperconjugation is generally considered the principal cause behind the gauche effect in difluoroethane.[5][6]The molecular geometry of both rotamers can be obtained experimentally by high-resolution infrared spectroscopy augmented with in silico work.[2] In accordance with the model described above, the carbon–carbon bond length is higher for the anti-rotamer (151.4 pm vs. 150 pm). The steric repulsion between the fluorine atoms in the gauche rotamer causes increased CCF bond angles (by 3.2°) and increased FCCF dihedral angles (from the default 60° to 71°).In the related compound 1,2-difluoro-1,2-diphenylethane, the threo isomer is found (by X-ray diffraction and from NMR coupling constants) to have an anti conformation between the two phenyl groups and the two fluorine groups and a gauche conformation is found for both groups for the erythro isomer.[7] According to in silico results, this conformation is more stable by 0.21 kcal/mol (880 J/mol).A gauche effect has also been reported for a molecule featuring an all-syn array of four consecutive fluoro substituents. The reaction to install the fourth one is stereoselective:[8]Synthesis of an All-syn Four Vicinal Fluorine MotifThe gauche effect is also seen in 1,2-dimethoxyethane[citation needed] and some vicinal-dinitroalkyl compounds.The alkene cis effect is an analogous atypical stabilizing of certain alkenes.","title":"Gauche effect"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solvent effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_effect"},{"link_name":"benzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene"},{"link_name":"carbon tetrachloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohagan-6"}],"text":"The gauche effect is very sensitive to solvent effects, due to the large difference in polarity between the two conformers. For example, 2,3-dinitro-2,3-dimethylbutane, which in the solid state exists only in the gauche conformation, prefers the gauche conformer in benzene solution by a ratio of 79:21, but in carbon tetrachloride, it prefers the anti conformer by a ratio of 58:42.[9] Another case is trans-1,2 difluorocyclohexane, which has a larger preference for the di-equatorial conformer, rather than the anti-diaxial conformer, in more polar solvents.[6]","title":"External influences"}] | [{"image_text":"The gauche effect is illustrated by the fact 1,2-difluoroethane (left) adopts a gauche conformation whereas 1,2-diiodoethane (right) adopts an anti conformation. The F–C–C–F dihedral angle is 68°, whereas the I–C–C–I dihedral angle is 180°.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Conformations-of-1%2C2-dihaloethanes-from-xtal-compared-F-vs-I-Mercury-3D-balls.png/300px-Conformations-of-1%2C2-dihaloethanes-from-xtal-compared-F-vs-I-Mercury-3D-balls.png"},{"image_text":"Relative conformation energy diagram of butane as a function of dihedral angle.[3] A: antiperiplanar, anti or trans. B: synclinal or gauche. C: anticlinal or eclipsed. D: synperiplanar or cis.[4]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Butane_conformations_and_relative_energies.svg/400px-Butane_conformations_and_relative_energies.svg.png"},{"image_text":"In 1,2-difluoroethane, shown in two conformations (top) and corresponding Newman projections (bottom), the anti conformation (left) is less stable than the gauche conformation (right).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gauche_effect.svg/300px-Gauche_effect.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Hyperconjugation model for explaining the gauche effect in 1,2-difluoroethane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1%2C2-difluoroethane_gauche_effect.svg/220px-1%2C2-difluoroethane_gauche_effect.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Synthesis of an All-syn Four Vicinal Fluorine Motif","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/MoreGaucheEffects.png/400px-MoreGaucheEffects.png"}] | [{"title":"Anomeric effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomeric_effect"}] | [{"reference":"Floris Akkerman; Jürgen Buschmann; Dieter Lentz; Peter Luger; Eva Rödel (2003). \"Crystal and molecular structure of 1,2-difluoroethane and 1,2-diiodoethane\". Journal of Chemical Crystallography. 33 (12): 969–975. doi:10.1023/A:1027494101785. S2CID 94249439.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Chemical_Crystallography","url_text":"Journal of Chemical Crystallography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1027494101785","url_text":"10.1023/A:1027494101785"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94249439","url_text":"94249439"}]},{"reference":"J., McMurry (2012). Organic chemistry (8 ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-8400-5444-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8400-5444-9","url_text":"978-0-8400-5444-9"}]},{"reference":"Moss, G. P. (1996-01-01). \"Basic terminology of stereochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)\". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 68 (12): 2193–2222. doi:10.1351/pac199668122193. ISSN 1365-3075. S2CID 98272391.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199668122193","url_text":"\"Basic terminology of stereochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199668122193","url_text":"10.1351/pac199668122193"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075","url_text":"1365-3075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98272391","url_text":"98272391"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1027494101785","external_links_name":"10.1023/A:1027494101785"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94249439","external_links_name":"94249439"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja963819e","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja963819e"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199668122193","external_links_name":"\"Basic terminology of stereochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199668122193","external_links_name":"10.1351/pac199668122193"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075","external_links_name":"1365-3075"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98272391","external_links_name":"98272391"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp046290d","external_links_name":"10.1021/jp046290d"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb711844a","external_links_name":"10.1039/b711844a"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1860-5397-2-19","external_links_name":"10.1186/1860-5397-2-19"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja066188p","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja066188p"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Wijers | Clemens Wijers | ["1 Career","2 Discography","2.1 Solo","2.2 With Carach Angren","2.3 With Vaultage","2.4 Production, writing, instrumental and vocal credits","3 See also","4 External links","5 References"] | Dutch keyboardist, pianist, and composer (born 1983)
Clemens WijersArdek performing with Carach Angren at Wave-Gotik-Treffen 2016 in Leipzig, Germany.Background informationAlso known asArdekBorn (1983-11-10) 10 November 1983 (age 40)Southern NetherlandsGenresSymphonic black metal, Black metal, Classical, IndustrialOccupation(s)Keyboardist, songwriterInstrument(s)Keyboard, PianoYears active2002–presentLabelsSeason of Mist, Maddening Media, Clemens Wijers Music ProductionsMember ofCarach AngrenFormerly ofDark MutationVaultageWebsitehttp://www.clemenswijers.comMusical artist
Clemens "Ardek" Wijers (born 10 November 1983) is a Dutch keyboardist, pianist, and composer best known as the keyboardist of Dutch symphonic black metal band Carach Angren. Prior to forming Carach Angren with his brother Ivo "Namtar" Wijers and Dennis "Seregor" Droomers, he played with Dark Mutation and Vaultage. Wijers has written songs for Rammstein singer Till Lindemann's side project Lindemann and solo album, in addition to contributing orchestration and orchestral arrangements for Lindemann, Pain, Ex Deo and Joe Lynn Turner. He has also composed several soundtrack albums and provided soundtracks for short films.
Career
Wijers first started playing piano at the age of seven and played with a local youth choir throughout his teen years. As a teenager, he was listening to dance music before being introduced to metal at age fifteen and joined a band as a way of combining his new interest with his classical background. Wijers studied music at the Tilburg Conservatory in 2002 before forming Vaultage that same year, and co-founding Carach Angren together with his brother Ivo "Namtar" Wijers and Dennis "Seregor" Droomers in 2003. Wijers is the band's main composer, while bandmate Droomers writes the lyrics and stories. Wijers has stated that he is influenced by classical composers, movies and soundtracks. He particularly enjoys video game soundtracks, having been a gamer in the 1990s and a fan of the Doom series.
Alongside Carach Angren, Wijers released his debut solo album titled Worlds in 2017, which mainly featured a combination of industrial and classical music tracks. His second solo album, Worlds II, was released in 2021. Wijers has also written songs and contributed orchestration for Till Lindemann and Peter Tägtgren's side project Lindemann. He further collaborated with singer Lindemann as a producer and songwriter on his debut solo album, Zunge, and contributed orchestral arrangements for Tägtgren's project Pain on their album Coming Home. He has also provided orchestration for Ex Deo and Joe Lynn Turner. Wijers has composed several soundtrack albums, soundtracks for short films, and offers music lessons.
Discography
Solo
Studio albums
Worlds (2017)
Worlds II (2021)
Studio EPs
Parasite Twin (2019)
With Carach Angren
Studio albums
The Chase Vault Tragedy (2004)
Lammendam (2008)
Death Came Through a Phantom Ship (2010)
Where the Corpses Sink Forever (2012)
This is no Fairytale (2015)
Dance and Laugh Amongst the Rotten (2017)
Franckensteina Strataemontanus (2020)
Studio EPs
Ethereal Veiled Existence (2005)
With Vaultage
Studio EPs
Hallucinate Beyond (2003)
Production, writing, instrumental and vocal credits
Year
Artist
Title
Song(s)
Notes
2011
Vredehammer
Pans Skygge
"Oktober"
Composer
2015
Bodyfarm
Battle Breed
"Hell March (Intro)"
Orchestration
Lindemann
Skills in Pills
"That's My Heart"
Composer, additional vocals
Additional orchestral arrangements
2016
Pain
Coming Home
Orchestral arrangements
2017
Ex Deo
The Immortal Wars
Orchestration
Utbyrd
Varskrik
Orchestration
2020
Lindemann
F & M
"Wer weiß das schon"
Composer
Additional ochestral arrangements
2021
Live in Moscow
"Intro", "Credits"
Composer
Ex Deo
The Thirteen Years of Nero
Orchestration
2022
L'Âme Immortelle
In Tiefem Fall
Disc 2 - Portrait Of A Shattered Mind
Composer, piano, choir, violin
Joe Lynn Turner
Belly of the Beast
"Tortured Soul", "Dark Night Of The Soul"
Additional orchestration
2023
Till Lindemann
Zunge
"Alles für die Kinder"
Songwriter, producer, engineer, instruments, backing vocals
See also
Carach Angren
Dennis "Seregor" Droomers
External links
Clemens Wijers discography at Discogs
Official Website
Bandcamp
Carach Angren Website
Official Facebook
References
^ a b Kennelty, Greg (2015-04-24). "LINDEMANN Reveals CARACH ANGREN's Keyboardist Contributed To The Record, Posts More Artwork". Metal Injection. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
^ a b Till Lindemann - Zunge, 2023-11-10, retrieved 2023-11-15
^ a b Blabbermouth (2017-01-02). "PAIN: Watch Video For 'Coming Home' Title Track". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
^ a b Bowar, Chad (2021-08-26). "Album Review: EX DEO The Thirteen Years Of Nero". Metal Injection. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
^ a b Joe Lynn Turner - Belly Of The Beast, 2022-10-28, retrieved 2023-11-15
^ a b "Clemens Wijers". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
^ a b Martin, Scott (2017-09-27). "Interview: Clemens "Ardek" Wijers of CARACH ANGREN". Antihero Magazine. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
^ a b c d Kussmaul, Jake (2019-06-29). "Interview: Clemens Wijers of Carach Angren discusses upcoming solo album, 'Parasite Twin'". Music Existence. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
^ a b Kivlehan, Norrie (2020-05-11). "CARACH ANGREN "We are in uncertain times and we don't know when touring will happen again" Clemens 'Ardek' Wijers". Overdrive. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
^ "Biography". Clemens Wijers - Composer. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
^ a b "Carach Angren's Clemens Wijers Interviewed (2015)". www.rocksins.com. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
^ CrypticRock (2015-03-12). "Interview – Ardek of Carach Angren". Cryptic Rock. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
^ a b "Interview: Clemens "Ardek" Wijers of CARACH ANGREN | Antihero Magazine". Antihero Magazine. 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
^ "Worlds, by Clemens "Ardek" Wijers". Clemens "Ardek" Wijers. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
^ "Solo Album "Worlds" OUT NOW!". Clemens Wijers - Composer. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
^ "Carach Angrens "Ardek" auf Lindemanns SKILLS IN PILLS". Metal Hammer (in German). 2015-04-23. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
^ Lindemann - F & M, 2019-11-22, retrieved 2023-11-15
^ Sanders, Connor (2017-06-13). "INTERVIEW: Clemens Wijers - Carach Angren". Distorted Sound Magazine. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
vteCarach Angren
Seregor
Ardek
Namtar
Studio albums
Lammendam
Death Came Through a Phantom Ship
Where the Corpses Sink Forever
This Is No Fairytale
Dance and Laugh Amongst the Rotten
Franckensteina Strataemontanus
EPs
Ethereal Veiled Existence
Demos
The Chase Vault Tragedy
Authority control databases International
ISNI
Artists
MusicBrainz
2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"symphonic black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonic_black_metal"},{"link_name":"Carach Angren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carach_Angren"},{"link_name":"Dennis \"Seregor\" Droomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Droomers"},{"link_name":"Rammstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammstein"},{"link_name":"Till Lindemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_Lindemann"},{"link_name":"Lindemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindemann_(band)"},{"link_name":"solo album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunge_(album)"},{"link_name":"Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_(musical_project)"},{"link_name":"Ex Deo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_Deo"},{"link_name":"Joe Lynn Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lynn_Turner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"}],"text":"Musical artistClemens \"Ardek\" Wijers (born 10 November 1983) is a Dutch keyboardist, pianist, and composer best known as the keyboardist of Dutch symphonic black metal band Carach Angren. Prior to forming Carach Angren with his brother Ivo \"Namtar\" Wijers and Dennis \"Seregor\" Droomers, he played with Dark Mutation and Vaultage. Wijers has written songs for Rammstein singer Till Lindemann's side project Lindemann and solo album, in addition to contributing orchestration and orchestral arrangements for Lindemann, Pain, Ex Deo and Joe Lynn Turner.[1][2][3][4][5] He has also composed several soundtrack albums and provided soundtracks for short films.[6][7]","title":"Clemens Wijers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Carach Angren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carach_Angren"},{"link_name":"Dennis \"Seregor\" Droomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Droomers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-13"},{"link_name":"Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Till Lindemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_Lindemann"},{"link_name":"Peter Tägtgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_T%C3%A4gtgren"},{"link_name":"Lindemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindemann_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Zunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunge_(album)"},{"link_name":"Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_(musical_project)"},{"link_name":"Coming Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_Home_(Pain_album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Ex Deo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_Deo"},{"link_name":"Joe Lynn Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lynn_Turner"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-8"}],"text":"Wijers first started playing piano at the age of seven and played with a local youth choir throughout his teen years.[8][9] As a teenager, he was listening to dance music before being introduced to metal at age fifteen and joined a band as a way of combining his new interest with his classical background.[8][10] Wijers studied music at the Tilburg Conservatory in 2002 before forming Vaultage that same year, and co-founding Carach Angren together with his brother Ivo \"Namtar\" Wijers and Dennis \"Seregor\" Droomers in 2003.[8][11] Wijers is the band's main composer, while bandmate Droomers writes the lyrics and stories.[11] Wijers has stated that he is influenced by classical composers, movies and soundtracks.[12][13] He particularly enjoys video game soundtracks, having been a gamer in the 1990s and a fan of the Doom series.[13]Alongside Carach Angren, Wijers released his debut solo album titled Worlds in 2017, which mainly featured a combination of industrial and classical music tracks.[14][15] His second solo album, Worlds II, was released in 2021. Wijers has also written songs and contributed orchestration for Till Lindemann and Peter Tägtgren's side project Lindemann.[1][16][17] He further collaborated with singer Lindemann as a producer and songwriter on his debut solo album, Zunge, and contributed orchestral arrangements for Tägtgren's project Pain on their album Coming Home.[2][3] He has also provided orchestration for Ex Deo and Joe Lynn Turner.[18][4][5] Wijers has composed several soundtrack albums, soundtracks for short films, and offers music lessons.[9][6][7][8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Solo","text":"Studio albumsWorlds (2017)\nWorlds II (2021)Studio EPsParasite Twin (2019)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Chase Vault Tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chase_Vault_Tragedy"},{"link_name":"Lammendam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lammendam"},{"link_name":"Death Came Through a Phantom Ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Came_Through_a_Phantom_Ship"},{"link_name":"Where the Corpses Sink Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_the_Corpses_Sink_Forever"},{"link_name":"This is no Fairytale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_No_Fairytale"},{"link_name":"Dance and Laugh Amongst the Rotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_and_Laugh_Amongst_the_Rotten"},{"link_name":"Franckensteina Strataemontanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franckensteina_Strataemontanus"},{"link_name":"Ethereal Veiled Existence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethereal_Veiled_Existence"}],"sub_title":"With Carach Angren","text":"Studio albumsThe Chase Vault Tragedy (2004)\nLammendam (2008)\nDeath Came Through a Phantom Ship (2010)\nWhere the Corpses Sink Forever (2012)\nThis is no Fairytale (2015)\nDance and Laugh Amongst the Rotten (2017)\nFranckensteina Strataemontanus (2020)Studio EPsEthereal Veiled Existence (2005)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With Vaultage","text":"Studio EPsHallucinate Beyond (2003)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Production, writing, instrumental and vocal credits","title":"Discography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Carach Angren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carach_Angren"},{"title":"Dennis \"Seregor\" Droomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Droomers"}] | [{"reference":"Kennelty, Greg (2015-04-24). \"LINDEMANN Reveals CARACH ANGREN's Keyboardist Contributed To The Record, Posts More Artwork\". Metal Injection. Retrieved 2023-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalinjection.net/news/lindemann-reveals-carach-angrens-keyboardist-contributed-to-the-record-posts-more-artwork","url_text":"\"LINDEMANN Reveals CARACH ANGREN's Keyboardist Contributed To The Record, Posts More Artwork\""}]},{"reference":"Till Lindemann - Zunge, 2023-11-10, retrieved 2023-11-15","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/28865620-Till-Lindemann-Zunge","url_text":"Till Lindemann - Zunge"}]},{"reference":"Blabbermouth (2017-01-02). \"PAIN: Watch Video For 'Coming Home' Title Track\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Retrieved 2023-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/pain-watch-video-for-coming-home-title-track/","url_text":"\"PAIN: Watch Video For 'Coming Home' Title Track\""}]},{"reference":"Bowar, Chad (2021-08-26). \"Album Review: EX DEO The Thirteen Years Of Nero\". Metal Injection. Retrieved 2023-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalinjection.net/reviews/ex-deo-the-thirteen-years-of-nero","url_text":"\"Album Review: EX DEO The Thirteen Years Of Nero\""}]},{"reference":"Joe Lynn Turner - Belly Of The Beast, 2022-10-28, retrieved 2023-11-15","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/24980893-Joe-Lynn-Turner-Belly-Of-The-Beast","url_text":"Joe Lynn Turner - Belly Of The Beast"}]},{"reference":"\"Clemens Wijers\". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4300923/","url_text":"\"Clemens Wijers\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Scott (2017-09-27). \"Interview: Clemens \"Ardek\" Wijers of CARACH ANGREN\". Antihero Magazine. Retrieved 2023-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.antiheromagazine.com/interview-clemens-ardek-wijers-of-carach-angren/","url_text":"\"Interview: Clemens \"Ardek\" Wijers of CARACH ANGREN\""}]},{"reference":"Kussmaul, Jake (2019-06-29). \"Interview: Clemens Wijers of Carach Angren discusses upcoming solo album, 'Parasite Twin'\". Music Existence. Retrieved 2023-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicexistence.com/blog/2019/06/29/interview-clemens-wijers-carach-angren/","url_text":"\"Interview: Clemens Wijers of Carach Angren discusses upcoming solo album, 'Parasite Twin'\""}]},{"reference":"Kivlehan, Norrie (2020-05-11). \"CARACH ANGREN \"We are in uncertain times and we don't know when touring will happen again\" Clemens 'Ardek' Wijers\". Overdrive. Retrieved 2023-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.overdrive.ie/feature-interview-carach-angren-we-are-in-uncertain-times-and-we-dont-know-when-touring-will-happen-again-clemens-ardek-wijers/","url_text":"\"CARACH ANGREN \"We are in uncertain times and we don't know when touring will happen again\" Clemens 'Ardek' Wijers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography\". Clemens Wijers - Composer. Retrieved 2018-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clemenswijers.com/?page_id=10","url_text":"\"Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carach Angren's Clemens Wijers Interviewed (2015)\". www.rocksins.com. Retrieved 2018-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rocksins.com/2015/05/an-interview-with-clemens-wijers-of-carach-angren-i-appreciate-everyone-trying-but-i-miss-bands-with-their-own-voice-24105/","url_text":"\"Carach Angren's Clemens Wijers Interviewed (2015)\""}]},{"reference":"CrypticRock (2015-03-12). \"Interview – Ardek of Carach Angren\". Cryptic Rock. Retrieved 2023-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://crypticrock.com/interview-ardek-of-carach-angren-1/","url_text":"\"Interview – Ardek of Carach Angren\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: Clemens \"Ardek\" Wijers of CARACH ANGREN | Antihero Magazine\". Antihero Magazine. 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2018-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antiheromagazine.com/interview-clemens-ardek-wijers-of-carach-angren/","url_text":"\"Interview: Clemens \"Ardek\" Wijers of CARACH ANGREN | Antihero Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Worlds, by Clemens \"Ardek\" Wijers\". Clemens \"Ardek\" Wijers. Retrieved 2018-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://ardek.bandcamp.com/","url_text":"\"Worlds, by Clemens \"Ardek\" Wijers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Solo Album \"Worlds\" OUT NOW!\". Clemens Wijers - Composer. Retrieved 2018-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clemenswijers.com/?p=3459","url_text":"\"Solo Album \"Worlds\" OUT NOW!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carach Angrens \"Ardek\" auf Lindemanns SKILLS IN PILLS\". Metal Hammer (in German). 2015-04-23. Retrieved 2018-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal-hammer.de/carach-angrens-ardek-auf-lindemanns-skills-in-pills-430251/","url_text":"\"Carach Angrens \"Ardek\" auf Lindemanns SKILLS IN PILLS\""}]},{"reference":"Lindemann - F & M, 2019-11-22, retrieved 2023-11-15","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/14429921-Lindemann-F-M","url_text":"Lindemann - F & M"}]},{"reference":"Sanders, Connor (2017-06-13). \"INTERVIEW: Clemens Wijers - Carach Angren\". Distorted Sound Magazine. Retrieved 2023-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://distortedsoundmag.com/interview-clemens-wijers-carach-angren/","url_text":"\"INTERVIEW: Clemens Wijers - Carach Angren\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.clemenswijers.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.clemenswijers.com"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/4430796","external_links_name":"Clemens Wijers"},{"Link":"http://www.clemenswijers.com/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"https://ardek.bandcamp.com/","external_links_name":"Bandcamp"},{"Link":"http://www.carach-angren.nl/","external_links_name":"Carach Angren Website"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/clemensardekwijers","external_links_name":"Official Facebook"},{"Link":"https://metalinjection.net/news/lindemann-reveals-carach-angrens-keyboardist-contributed-to-the-record-posts-more-artwork","external_links_name":"\"LINDEMANN Reveals CARACH ANGREN's Keyboardist Contributed To The Record, Posts More Artwork\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/28865620-Till-Lindemann-Zunge","external_links_name":"Till Lindemann - Zunge"},{"Link":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/pain-watch-video-for-coming-home-title-track/","external_links_name":"\"PAIN: Watch Video For 'Coming Home' Title Track\""},{"Link":"https://metalinjection.net/reviews/ex-deo-the-thirteen-years-of-nero","external_links_name":"\"Album Review: EX DEO The Thirteen Years Of Nero\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/24980893-Joe-Lynn-Turner-Belly-Of-The-Beast","external_links_name":"Joe Lynn Turner - Belly Of The Beast"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4300923/","external_links_name":"\"Clemens Wijers\""},{"Link":"https://www.antiheromagazine.com/interview-clemens-ardek-wijers-of-carach-angren/","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Clemens \"Ardek\" Wijers of CARACH ANGREN\""},{"Link":"https://musicexistence.com/blog/2019/06/29/interview-clemens-wijers-carach-angren/","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Clemens Wijers of Carach Angren discusses upcoming solo album, 'Parasite Twin'\""},{"Link":"https://www.overdrive.ie/feature-interview-carach-angren-we-are-in-uncertain-times-and-we-dont-know-when-touring-will-happen-again-clemens-ardek-wijers/","external_links_name":"\"CARACH ANGREN \"We are in uncertain times and we don't know when touring will happen again\" Clemens 'Ardek' Wijers\""},{"Link":"http://www.clemenswijers.com/?page_id=10","external_links_name":"\"Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.rocksins.com/2015/05/an-interview-with-clemens-wijers-of-carach-angren-i-appreciate-everyone-trying-but-i-miss-bands-with-their-own-voice-24105/","external_links_name":"\"Carach Angren's Clemens Wijers Interviewed (2015)\""},{"Link":"https://crypticrock.com/interview-ardek-of-carach-angren-1/","external_links_name":"\"Interview – Ardek of Carach Angren\""},{"Link":"http://www.antiheromagazine.com/interview-clemens-ardek-wijers-of-carach-angren/","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Clemens \"Ardek\" Wijers of CARACH ANGREN | Antihero Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://ardek.bandcamp.com/","external_links_name":"\"Worlds, by Clemens \"Ardek\" Wijers\""},{"Link":"http://www.clemenswijers.com/?p=3459","external_links_name":"\"Solo Album \"Worlds\" OUT NOW!\""},{"Link":"https://www.metal-hammer.de/carach-angrens-ardek-auf-lindemanns-skills-in-pills-430251/","external_links_name":"\"Carach Angrens \"Ardek\" auf Lindemanns SKILLS IN PILLS\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/14429921-Lindemann-F-M","external_links_name":"Lindemann - F & M"},{"Link":"https://distortedsoundmag.com/interview-clemens-wijers-carach-angren/","external_links_name":"\"INTERVIEW: Clemens Wijers - Carach Angren\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000466031408","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8ad3cc7d-5112-41df-8a53-ec3288eec145","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ab8f82b3-627d-4314-9109-fad40bcfd484","external_links_name":"2"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Arts_Lab | Birmingham Arts Lab | ["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 Tower Street","1.3 Holt Street","2 Activities and influence","2.1 Theatre and performance","2.2 Cinema","2.3 Music","2.4 Art, comics and poster art","3 References","4 Sources"] | Coordinates: 52°29′28″N 1°54′00″W / 52.491°N 1.900°W / 52.491; -1.900Arts centre in Birmingham, England
52°29′28″N 1°54′00″W / 52.491°N 1.900°W / 52.491; -1.900
The front of the former Delicia Cinema, and later the Aston University Centre for the Arts. 12 Gosta Green, Birmingham, which Birmingham Arts Lab turned into the Triangle Arts Centre
The Birmingham Arts Laboratory or Arts Lab was an experimental arts centre and artist collective based in Birmingham, England from 1968 to 1982 – an "arts and performance space dedicated to radical research into art and creativity". Loosely organised and biased towards the obscure and avant-garde, it was described by The Guardian in 1997 as "one of the emblematic institutions of the 1960s".
The Arts Lab was originally based in a run-down youth centre run by The Birmingham Settlement on Tower Street in Newtown on the northern edge of Birmingham City Centre, and was accessible from the street only via a metal fire escape. It moved to a former brewery on Holt Street in Gosta Green in 1977, before financial problems and pressure from the arts establishment forced it to amalgamate with and take over Aston University's Centre for the Arts on Gosta Green to form the more conventional Triangle Arts Centre in 1982.
The Birmingham Arts Lab had a wide influence across numerous art forms. Figures involved with the Arts Lab, often early in their careers, included cartoonists Hunt Emerson, Edward Barker, Kevin O'Neill, Bryan Talbot, Steve Bell and Suzy Varty; playwrights David Edgar and David Hare; film director Mike Figgis; writer and poet Gareth Owen; comedian and performance artist John Dowie; photographer and journalist Derek Bishton; the psychedelic group Bachdenkel; novelist Jim Crace; singer Ruby Turner, film maker and photographer Pogus Caesar and composer and sonic artist Trevor Wishart.
History
Origins
The genesis of the Birmingham Arts Laboratory can be traced to a meeting on 8 September 1968, of five figures (Mark Williams, Fred Smith, Dave Cassidy, Tony Jones and Bob Sheldon) from the Midlands Arts Centre, who had been promoting avant garde music performances at the centre's outdoor auditorium and had been involved in Mike Leigh's experiments in improvised theatre, but had become frustrated at what they saw as the bureaucracy and obstructionism of the centre's management. The group resolved to start a breakaway venue to "provide a centre for experimenting in the Arts; be a community of creative people, self-aware and self-supporting; participate creatively in the life of the City; and present work of both its members and visiting groups and individuals"
There followed five months of fund-raising events around the city called Strange Days and featuring bands such as Fleetwood Mac, Colosseum and DJ John Peel (whose fundraising efforts saw him became the Arts Lab's first life member), during which a local charity offered the group the use of a first floor room in its Newtown Youth Centre as a venue. The Arts Lab opened in January 1969, initially only at weekends.
Terry Grimley, later arts correspondent of the Birmingham Post, recalled "When I first found my way to the Arts Lab, it did not resemble an arts centre so much as a night club with a rather different ambience to other places in town. Nothing happened except at weekends, and not much happened then either, except that music was played, coloured lights were projected and people ate vegetables and brown rice and drank instant coffee."
Tower Street
The Arts Lab was open full-time from April 1969. Initially occupying only a single room on the top floor of the building but quickly expanding to occupy the whole first floor (with the gymnasium becoming the main theatre and performance space), and eventually to occupy the entire building with the ground floor providing artist studios. Within its first year it established a cinema programme organised by Tony Jones and Pete Walsh, and theatre programme organised by Pete Stark, and two experimental arts festivals – Cybervironment Plus organised by Simon Chapman and Gathering Number Oneorganised by Pete Stark. Funding from the Arts Council from 1971 secured its future and saw it begin to employ those working there.
The Arts Lab was initially run along the lines of a club for members and guests. Although it never had a drinks licence (due to constant friction with the local licensing authorities) it had a coffee bar, beneath which was a void between the floors in which several members intermittently lived. Jim Crace later recalled that "it was no surprise to discover a badly-smelling playwright or drink-wrecked mime artist emerging between your legs from a priest hole below the floorboards".
The Arts Lab started with no formal organisation, but with Peter Stark as unofficial administrator. Stark left in 1970 and was replaced by Simon Chapman, who left in 1972 to become the Director of the Ikon Gallery and was replaced by Ted Little. Little was to be artistic director through to 1982, apart from a two-year spell as head of the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London, during which he transformed it "from a club for the self-absorbed of Kensington to a roaring popular venue" and paved the way for its important role in the early years of British punk.
Holt Street
The Arts Lab's earlier chaotic, co-operative organisation was increasingly challenged by funders from 1975 onwards, with a formal Board of Management being established in 1976. August 1977 saw the Arts Lab move completely from Tower Street to new, much larger premises in a former brewery on the campus of Aston University, with a bookshop, studios and exhibition spaces. Shortage of funds meant that not all of the planned facilities were finished, however, and the new more orderly surroundings were felt by some to have compromised the Arts Lab's uniquely liberating culture.
The first signs of problems became apparent in 1980 when two members of the music staff were made redundant and Ted Little left to pursue freelance work. The Arts Lab's programme began to focus increasingly on film to the exclusion of other media. In 1982 West Midlands Arts sponsored a move to combine the Arts Lab with Aston University's own Centre for the Arts (with the resultant demise of the Centre for the Arts, which had previously been a popular, thriving, live performance arts venue) as a venue focussing primarily on cinema and photography, and in 1983 the Arts Lab's premises reopened as a new Arts Centre called the Triangle Media and Arts Centre. Funding for this was removed in 1987, however, and the cinema finally closed in 1994.
Activities and influence
Theatre and performance
The Arts Lab's theatre programme was controversial from its start in 1969, with a nude open-air performance on the Arts Lab's roof by the theatre company Sweetness and Light attracting headlines in the Birmingham Post. By 1971 there was a regular programme of visiting theatre companies - mainly radical performance art groups such as the People Show, Pip Simmons Theatre Group and John Bull Puncture Repair Kit - together with performances by the Arts Lab's own theatre company Zoo.
A regular Theatre Workshop was established from 1973, and the following years saw a series of plays written specifically for the Arts Lab including John Dowie's Stillsmith, Gareth Owen's Confession of Jon-Jak Crusoe and his rock operetta Rupert, Bruce Lacey and Jill Bruce's Stella Superstar and Her Amazing Intergalactic Adventures and most notably David Edgar's Summer Sports, later revived as Blood Sports and still widely performed.
Between 1972 and 1976 the Performance Group - based at the Arts Lab but touring internationally - produced a range of shows that combined dance, film, text, poetry, electronics and ambient music; declaring "Total Theatre, Mixed or Multimedia, Compound Theatre are all terms we use in this connection", and from 1976 the Writers' Theatre Company provided an outlet for the professional production of work by young local writers. The Arts Lab was also notable as a comedy venue, with Stewart Lee crediting Victoria Wood and John Dowie's work at the Arts Lab as being one of the earliest roots of the later alternative comedy movement.
Janice Connolly, who later became comedy character Mrs Barbara Nice, performed at Tower Street in a piece directed by John Dowie from a Hunt Emerson cartoon "Dog Man".
Cinema
The Arts Lab's cinema programme was established by Tony Jones – the first film shown being Medium Cool by Haskell Wexler, which had never before seen in the UK – and it continued after the programmes in most other media went into decline from 1980 onwards. The reputation of the Arts Lab's Tower Street venue as "the world's most uncomfortable cinema, the silence only broken by the accompaniment of some thrasher on the piano and the timpani of scurrying rats" was partly explained by the fact that the seating had been bought second-hand from a local cinema. In addition to its regular programme the Arts Lab held an annual Film Festival from 1972, focussing on particular themes including film makers such as Kenneth Anger, Josef von Sternberg or F. W. Murnau, or 1976's focus on Polish Cinema. Jones left the Arts Lab in 1978 to join the Cambridge Film Theatre.
Music
The Arts Lab's music programme was defiantly aimed at "presenting contemporary music in Birmingham on a regular basis, regardless of the support it may or may not receive", starting off with a then-unusual all-Bartók concert by the Lindsay String Quartet. 1970 saw the foundation of the Arts Lab Sound Workshop by Jolyon Laycock, which produced a series of experimental sound performances throughout the 1970s involving improvisation, electronic music, amplification effects and liquid light shows, in regular collaboration with artists such as Cornelius Cardew, David Panton, Trevor Wishart and various ensembles associated with the University of Birmingham, often touring through Europe and North America. Notable premieres included Wishart's Menagerie and Audio Movies.
The Arts Lab also developed a reputation as a centre of improvised rock, running from the psychedelia of Bachdenkel in the late 1960s, through the Arts Lab's own Amphioxus jazz-rock ensemble of the mid-seventies, to later collaborative performances at Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery.
Art, comics and poster art
The Arts Lab had a printing operation from its establishment in 1969, set up by Bryan Brown and Simon Chapman whose work was influenced by the psychedelic imagery of the West Coast of America. It initially used silkscreen printing to produce posters for Arts Lab events, and raising funds by producing posters for local Student Unions and music promoters. The posters operation was later taken over by Bob Linney and Ken Meharg for the Arts Lab – emphasising simultaneous colour contrasts and the dynamic integration of hand-painted text with manipulated photographic imagery – were especially notable, being the subject of an international touring exhibition by the British Council between 1981 and 1985, and an exhibition by Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery in 1998. They moved to London and John Angus took over for a year before moving to Lancaster. Ernie Hudson was particularly renown for his revolutionary multiple colour silk screen prints produced during this time. Although few posters remain, those that do are archived in Birmingham Museum and Art gallery.
In 1970 the Arts Lab obtained an offset litho press on loan from a local cash and carry operation (in return for printing the company's price list for free) and in 1972 Ernie Hudson bought a secondhand press of its own. Initially intended to print flyers and price lists the purchase of its own press meant the offset operation was dedicated to the manufacture of the Lab's cinema programme and art related projects. The take-over of the printing operation by Hunt Emerson in 1974 saw the Arts Lab move into comic art, producing a series of publications under its own Ar:Zak imprint. Starting with Emerson's own Large Cow Comix – which also featured work by Kevin O'Neill and Bryan Talbot – and eventually branching out such varied publications as Steve Bell's Big Foot; David Edgar's anti-Nazi Committed Comix and Suzy Varty's Heroine (the first British women's comic), Ar:Zak was to become an important part of the history of underground British comics, a position reinforced when the Arts Lab held KAK – the first Konvention of Alternative Komix in 1976.
Archived programmes from 1970s to closure in 1994
I have archived programmes from the original Birmingham Arts Lab (at Tower Street) through incarnations as the Triangle Media and Arts Centre to the Triangle Cinema here: https://archive.org/details/@steveparry
References
^ a b Fox, John (6 September 1999). "Ted Little". The Independent. Newspaper Publishing PLC. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
^ Hutchinson, Roger (19 April 1997). "Edward Barker: Lines from the underground". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2008.
^ a b c d e Grimley, Terry (1998). "Introduction". Birmingham Arts Lab: the phantom of liberty. Birmingham: Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery. OCLC 60370741.
^ a b c d Skinn, Dez (2004). "Hunt Emerson and Ar:Zak Comix". Comix: The Underground Revolution. Collins & Brown. pp. 193–194. ISBN 1-84340-186-X.
^ "Published aims of the Arts Lab (reprinted)". Birmingham Arts Lab: the phantom of liberty. Birmingham: Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery. 1998 . OCLC 60370741.
^ a b c d e f g h i BMAG 1998
^ a b c Crace, Jim (1998). "Birmingham Arts Lab: Remembered". Birmingham Arts Lab: the phantom of liberty. Birmingham: Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery. OCLC 60370741.
^ CLIFF., DIX (2015). UP THE FIRE ESCAPE AND THROUGH THE KITCHENS. : COMPLETELYNOVEL. ISBN 9781849146111. OCLC 972394445.
^ Grimley, Terry (3 February 1998). "Looking back on good old 70s: The Arts Lab was a great launching platform, says Terry Grimley". Birmingham Post. Mirror Regional Newspapers. p. 15.
^ Edgar, David (1989). "Introduction". Edgar: Shorts. Nick Hern Books. p. vii. ISBN 1-85459-051-0. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
^ Lee, Stewart (November 2007). "Simon Munnery and Stewart Lee in Conversation". The Fix Online. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2008. You know, people say alternative started in '79, but there were people like Victoria Wood and John Dowie who were both coming out of the Arts Lab in Birmingham. Dowie was doing what you would recognise as modern stand up in a decade when it was not wanted at all
^ "Trevor Wishart – Beach singularity/Menagerie/Vocalise". Releases. Paradigm Discs. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
^ Sidey, Tessa (1998). "Bob Linney and Ken Meharg". Birmingham Arts Lab: the phantom of liberty. Birmingham: Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery. OCLC 60370741.
^ Edmonds, Richard (7 May 1998). "Memory of unique Birmingham experiment. Richard Edmonds visits the Museum and Art Gallery's exhibition about Birmingham's 1970s experimental arts centre, the Arts Lab". Birmingham Post. Mirror Regional Newspapers. p. 14.
Sources
Birmingham Arts Lab: the phantom of liberty. Birmingham: Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery. 1998. OCLC 60370741.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"52°29′28″N 1°54′00″W / 52.491°N 1.900°W / 52.491; -1.900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Birmingham_Arts_Lab¶ms=52.491_N_1.9_W_region:GB_scale:5000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birmingham_EBRI_front.jpg"},{"link_name":"arts centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_centre"},{"link_name":"artist collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist_collective"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-little-obit-1"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barker-obit-2"},{"link_name":"Newtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_Centre"},{"link_name":"Gosta Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosta_Green"},{"link_name":"Aston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grimley-intro-3"},{"link_name":"Hunt Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_Emerson"},{"link_name":"Edward Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Barker_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"Kevin O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_O%27Neill_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Bryan Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Talbot"},{"link_name":"Steve Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bell_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"Suzy Varty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy_Varty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skinn-4"},{"link_name":"David Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Edgar_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"David Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hare_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"Mike Figgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Figgis"},{"link_name":"Gareth Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gareth_Owen_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Dowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dowie_(humourist)"},{"link_name":"Derek Bishton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Bishton"},{"link_name":"Bachdenkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachdenkel"},{"link_name":"Jim Crace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crace"},{"link_name":"Ruby Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Turner"},{"link_name":"Pogus Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogus_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Trevor Wishart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Wishart"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grimley-intro-3"}],"text":"Arts centre in Birmingham, England52°29′28″N 1°54′00″W / 52.491°N 1.900°W / 52.491; -1.900The front of the former Delicia Cinema, and later the Aston University Centre for the Arts. 12 Gosta Green, Birmingham, which Birmingham Arts Lab turned into the Triangle Arts CentreThe Birmingham Arts Laboratory or Arts Lab was an experimental arts centre and artist collective based in Birmingham, England from 1968 to 1982 – an \"arts and performance space dedicated to radical research into art and creativity\".[1] Loosely organised and biased towards the obscure and avant-garde, it was described by The Guardian in 1997 as \"one of the emblematic institutions of the 1960s\".[2]The Arts Lab was originally based in a run-down youth centre run by The Birmingham Settlement on Tower Street in Newtown on the northern edge of Birmingham City Centre, and was accessible from the street only via a metal fire escape. It moved to a former brewery on Holt Street in Gosta Green in 1977, before financial problems and pressure from the arts establishment forced it to amalgamate with and take over Aston University's Centre for the Arts on Gosta Green to form the more conventional Triangle Arts Centre in 1982.[3]The Birmingham Arts Lab had a wide influence across numerous art forms. Figures involved with the Arts Lab, often early in their careers, included cartoonists Hunt Emerson, Edward Barker, Kevin O'Neill, Bryan Talbot, Steve Bell and Suzy Varty;[4] playwrights David Edgar and David Hare; film director Mike Figgis; writer and poet Gareth Owen; comedian and performance artist John Dowie; photographer and journalist Derek Bishton; the psychedelic group Bachdenkel; novelist Jim Crace; singer Ruby Turner, film maker and photographer Pogus Caesar and composer and sonic artist Trevor Wishart.[3]","title":"Birmingham Arts Lab"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midlands Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_(Birmingham)"},{"link_name":"Mike Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Leigh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grimley-intro-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aims-5"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac"},{"link_name":"Colosseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum_(band)"},{"link_name":"John Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peel"},{"link_name":"Newtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronology-6"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Post"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grimley-intro-3"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"The genesis of the Birmingham Arts Laboratory can be traced to a meeting on 8 September 1968, of five figures (Mark Williams, Fred Smith, Dave Cassidy, Tony Jones and Bob Sheldon) from the Midlands Arts Centre, who had been promoting avant garde music performances at the centre's outdoor auditorium and had been involved in Mike Leigh's experiments in improvised theatre, but had become frustrated at what they saw as the bureaucracy and obstructionism of the centre's management.[3] The group resolved to start a breakaway venue to \"provide a centre for experimenting in the Arts; be a community of creative people, self-aware and self-supporting; participate creatively in the life of the City; and present work of both its members and visiting groups and individuals\"[5]There followed five months of fund-raising events around the city called Strange Days and featuring bands such as Fleetwood Mac, Colosseum and DJ John Peel (whose fundraising efforts saw him became the Arts Lab's first life member), during which a local charity offered the group the use of a first floor room in its Newtown Youth Centre as a venue. The Arts Lab opened in January 1969, initially only at weekends.[6]Terry Grimley, later arts correspondent of the Birmingham Post, recalled \"When I first found my way to the Arts Lab, it did not resemble an arts centre so much as a night club with a rather different ambience to other places in town. Nothing happened except at weekends, and not much happened then either, except that music was played, coloured lights were projected and people ate vegetables and brown rice and drank instant coffee.\"[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arts Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronology-6"},{"link_name":"Jim Crace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crace"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crace-remembered-7"},{"link_name":"Ikon Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikon_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Ted Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ted_Little&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Institute of Contemporary Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Arts"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-little-obit-1"}],"sub_title":"Tower Street","text":"The Arts Lab was open full-time from April 1969. Initially occupying only a single room on the top floor of the building but quickly expanding to occupy the whole first floor (with the gymnasium becoming the main theatre and performance space), and eventually to occupy the entire building with the ground floor providing artist studios. Within its first year it established a cinema programme organised by Tony Jones and Pete Walsh, and theatre programme organised by Pete Stark, and two experimental arts festivals – Cybervironment Plus organised by Simon Chapman and Gathering Number Oneorganised by Pete Stark. Funding from the Arts Council from 1971 secured its future and saw it begin to employ those working there.The Arts Lab was initially run along the lines of a club for members and guests.[6] Although it never had a drinks licence (due to constant friction with the local licensing authorities) it had a coffee bar, beneath which was a void between the floors in which several members intermittently lived. Jim Crace later recalled that \"it was no surprise to discover a badly-smelling playwright or drink-wrecked mime artist emerging between your legs from a priest hole below the floorboards\".[7]The Arts Lab started with no formal organisation, but with Peter Stark as unofficial administrator. Stark left in 1970 and was replaced by Simon Chapman, who left in 1972 to become the Director of the Ikon Gallery and was replaced by Ted Little. Little was to be artistic director through to 1982, apart from a two-year spell as head of the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London, during which he transformed it \"from a club for the self-absorbed of Kensington to a roaring popular venue\" and paved the way for its important role in the early years of British punk.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crace-remembered-7"},{"link_name":"Ted Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ted_Little&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Holt Street","text":"The Arts Lab's earlier chaotic, co-operative organisation was increasingly challenged by funders from 1975 onwards, with a formal Board of Management being established in 1976. August 1977 saw the Arts Lab move completely from Tower Street to new, much larger premises in a former brewery on the campus of Aston University, with a bookshop, studios and exhibition spaces. Shortage of funds meant that not all of the planned facilities were finished, however, and the new more orderly surroundings were felt by some to have compromised the Arts Lab's uniquely liberating culture.[7]The first signs of problems became apparent in 1980 when two members of the music staff were made redundant and Ted Little left to pursue freelance work. The Arts Lab's programme began to focus increasingly on film to the exclusion of other media. In 1982 West Midlands Arts sponsored a move to combine the Arts Lab with Aston University's own Centre for the Arts (with the resultant demise of the Centre for the Arts, which had previously been a popular, thriving, live performance arts venue)[8] as a venue focussing primarily on cinema and photography, and in 1983 the Arts Lab's premises reopened as a new Arts Centre called the Triangle Media and Arts Centre. Funding for this was removed in 1987, however, and the cinema finally closed in 1994.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Activities and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"performance art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_art"},{"link_name":"People Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Show"},{"link_name":"Pip Simmons Theatre Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pip_Simmons_Theatre_Group"},{"link_name":"John Bull Puncture Repair Kit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Bull_Puncture_Repair_Kit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronology-6"},{"link_name":"John Dowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dowie_(humourist)"},{"link_name":"Gareth Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gareth_Owen_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lacey and Jill Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lacey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronology-6"},{"link_name":"David Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Edgar_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronology-6"},{"link_name":"comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-up_comedy"},{"link_name":"Stewart Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Lee"},{"link_name":"Victoria Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Wood"},{"link_name":"John Dowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dowie_(humourist)"},{"link_name":"alternative comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_comedy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Janice Connolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Connolly"}],"sub_title":"Theatre and performance","text":"The Arts Lab's theatre programme was controversial from its start in 1969, with a nude open-air performance on the Arts Lab's roof by the theatre company Sweetness and Light attracting headlines in the Birmingham Post. By 1971 there was a regular programme of visiting theatre companies - mainly radical performance art groups such as the People Show, Pip Simmons Theatre Group and John Bull Puncture Repair Kit - together with performances by the Arts Lab's own theatre company Zoo.[6]A regular Theatre Workshop was established from 1973, and the following years saw a series of plays written specifically for the Arts Lab including John Dowie's Stillsmith, Gareth Owen's Confession of Jon-Jak Crusoe and his rock operetta Rupert, Bruce Lacey and Jill Bruce's Stella Superstar and Her Amazing Intergalactic Adventures[6] and most notably David Edgar's Summer Sports, later revived as Blood Sports and still widely performed.[10]Between 1972 and 1976 the Performance Group - based at the Arts Lab but touring internationally - produced a range of shows that combined dance, film, text, poetry, electronics and ambient music; declaring \"Total Theatre, Mixed or Multimedia, Compound Theatre are all terms we use in this connection\",[6] and from 1976 the Writers' Theatre Company provided an outlet for the professional production of work by young local writers. The Arts Lab was also notable as a comedy venue, with Stewart Lee crediting Victoria Wood and John Dowie's work at the Arts Lab as being one of the earliest roots of the later alternative comedy movement.[11]\nJanice Connolly, who later became comedy character Mrs Barbara Nice, performed at Tower Street in a piece directed by John Dowie from a Hunt Emerson cartoon \"Dog Man\".","title":"Activities and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medium Cool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Cool"},{"link_name":"Haskell Wexler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_Wexler"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronology-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crace-remembered-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grimley-intro-3"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Anger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Anger"},{"link_name":"Josef von Sternberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg"},{"link_name":"F. W. Murnau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Murnau"},{"link_name":"Polish Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronology-6"}],"sub_title":"Cinema","text":"The Arts Lab's cinema programme was established by Tony Jones – the first film shown being Medium Cool by Haskell Wexler, which had never before seen in the UK[6] – and it continued after the programmes in most other media went into decline from 1980 onwards. The reputation of the Arts Lab's Tower Street venue as \"the world's most uncomfortable cinema, the silence only broken by the accompaniment of some thrasher on the piano and the timpani of scurrying rats\"[7] was partly explained by the fact that the seating had been bought second-hand from a local cinema.[3] In addition to its regular programme the Arts Lab held an annual Film Festival from 1972, focussing on particular themes including film makers such as Kenneth Anger, Josef von Sternberg or F. W. Murnau, or 1976's focus on Polish Cinema.[6] Jones left the Arts Lab in 1978 to join the Cambridge Film Theatre.","title":"Activities and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bartók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"Lindsay String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronology-6"},{"link_name":"improvisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_improvisation"},{"link_name":"electronic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"amplification effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_amplifier"},{"link_name":"liquid light shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_light_shows"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Cardew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Cardew"},{"link_name":"David Panton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Panton_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trevor Wishart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Wishart"},{"link_name":"University of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"psychedelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelia"},{"link_name":"Bachdenkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachdenkel"},{"link_name":"jazz-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz-rock"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_%26_Art_Gallery"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"The Arts Lab's music programme was defiantly aimed at \"presenting contemporary music in Birmingham on a regular basis, regardless of the support it may or may not receive\", starting off with a then-unusual all-Bartók concert by the Lindsay String Quartet.[6] 1970 saw the foundation of the Arts Lab Sound Workshop by Jolyon Laycock, which produced a series of experimental sound performances throughout the 1970s involving improvisation, electronic music, amplification effects and liquid light shows, in regular collaboration with artists such as Cornelius Cardew, David Panton, Trevor Wishart and various ensembles associated with the University of Birmingham, often touring through Europe and North America. Notable premieres included Wishart's Menagerie and Audio Movies.[12]The Arts Lab also developed a reputation as a centre of improvised rock, running from the psychedelia of Bachdenkel in the late 1960s, through the Arts Lab's own Amphioxus jazz-rock ensemble of the mid-seventies, to later collaborative performances at Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery.","title":"Activities and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silkscreen printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkscreen_printing"},{"link_name":"posters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posters"},{"link_name":"Bob Linney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Linney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ken Meharg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Meharg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"British Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Council"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meharg-Linney-13"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_%26_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"offset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset_printing"},{"link_name":"litho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithography"},{"link_name":"Hunt Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_Emerson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skinn-4"},{"link_name":"Kevin O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_O%27Neill_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Bryan Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Talbot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skinn-4"},{"link_name":"Steve Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bell_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"David Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Edgar_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Suzy Varty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy_Varty"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronology-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skinn-4"},{"link_name":"https://archive.org/details/@steveparry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/@steveparry"}],"sub_title":"Art, comics and poster art","text":"The Arts Lab had a printing operation from its establishment in 1969, set up by Bryan Brown and Simon Chapman whose work was influenced by the psychedelic imagery of the West Coast of America. It initially used silkscreen printing to produce posters for Arts Lab events, and raising funds by producing posters for local Student Unions and music promoters. The posters operation was later taken over by Bob Linney and Ken Meharg for the Arts Lab – emphasising simultaneous colour contrasts and the dynamic integration of hand-painted text with manipulated photographic imagery – were especially notable, being the subject of an international touring exhibition by the British Council between 1981 and 1985,[13] and an exhibition by Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery in 1998. They moved to London and John Angus took over for a year before moving to Lancaster. Ernie Hudson was particularly renown for his revolutionary multiple colour silk screen prints produced during this time. Although few posters remain, those that do are archived in Birmingham Museum and Art gallery.[14]In 1970 the Arts Lab obtained an offset litho press on loan from a local cash and carry operation (in return for printing the company's price list for free) and in 1972 Ernie Hudson bought a secondhand press of its own. Initially intended to print flyers and price lists the purchase of its own press meant the offset operation was dedicated to the manufacture of the Lab's cinema programme and art related projects. The take-over of the printing operation by Hunt Emerson in 1974 saw the Arts Lab move into comic art, producing a series of publications under its own Ar:Zak imprint.[4] Starting with Emerson's own Large Cow Comix – which also featured work by Kevin O'Neill and Bryan Talbot[4] – and eventually branching out such varied publications as Steve Bell's Big Foot; David Edgar's anti-Nazi Committed Comix and Suzy Varty's Heroine (the first British women's comic),[6] Ar:Zak was to become an important part of the history of underground British comics, a position reinforced when the Arts Lab held KAK – the first Konvention of Alternative Komix in 1976.[4]Archived programmes from 1970s to closure in 1994I have archived programmes from the original Birmingham Arts Lab (at Tower Street) through incarnations as the Triangle Media and Arts Centre to the Triangle Cinema here: https://archive.org/details/@steveparry","title":"Activities and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Museums_and_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"60370741","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/60370741"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4916598#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/126920193"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2005004604"}],"text":"Birmingham Arts Lab: the phantom of liberty. Birmingham: Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery. 1998. OCLC 60370741.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nUnited States","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"The front of the former Delicia Cinema, and later the Aston University Centre for the Arts. 12 Gosta Green, Birmingham, which Birmingham Arts Lab turned into the Triangle Arts Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Birmingham_EBRI_front.jpg/220px-Birmingham_EBRI_front.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Fox, John (6 September 1999). \"Ted Little\". The Independent. Newspaper Publishing PLC. Retrieved 20 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/ted-little-1116790.html","url_text":"\"Ted Little\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Hutchinson, Roger (19 April 1997). \"Edward Barker: Lines from the underground\". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070814062218/http://www.arsydd.btinternet.co.uk/edobituary.html","url_text":"\"Edward Barker: Lines from the underground\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"http://www.arsydd.btinternet.co.uk/edobituary.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Grimley, Terry (1998). \"Introduction\". Birmingham Arts Lab: the phantom of liberty. Birmingham: Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery. OCLC 60370741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Museums_and_Art_Gallery","url_text":"Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60370741","url_text":"60370741"}]},{"reference":"Skinn, Dez (2004). \"Hunt Emerson and Ar:Zak Comix\". Comix: The Underground Revolution. Collins & Brown. pp. 193–194. ISBN 1-84340-186-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DaISz0tCjMIC","url_text":"Comix: The Underground Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84340-186-X","url_text":"1-84340-186-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Published aims of the Arts Lab (reprinted)\". Birmingham Arts Lab: the phantom of liberty. Birmingham: Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery. 1998 [1969]. OCLC 60370741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60370741","url_text":"60370741"}]},{"reference":"Crace, Jim (1998). \"Birmingham Arts Lab: Remembered\". Birmingham Arts Lab: the phantom of liberty. Birmingham: Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery. OCLC 60370741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60370741","url_text":"60370741"}]},{"reference":"CLIFF., DIX (2015). UP THE FIRE ESCAPE AND THROUGH THE KITCHENS. [S.l.]: COMPLETELYNOVEL. ISBN 9781849146111. OCLC 972394445.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849146111","url_text":"9781849146111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/972394445","url_text":"972394445"}]},{"reference":"Grimley, Terry (3 February 1998). \"Looking back on good old 70s: The Arts Lab was a great launching platform, says Terry Grimley\". Birmingham Post. Mirror Regional Newspapers. p. 15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Post","url_text":"Birmingham Post"}]},{"reference":"Edgar, David (1989). \"Introduction\". Edgar: Shorts. Nick Hern Books. p. vii. ISBN 1-85459-051-0. Retrieved 21 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Edgar_(playwright)","url_text":"Edgar, David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FtYX_9YGQl8C","url_text":"Edgar: Shorts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85459-051-0","url_text":"1-85459-051-0"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Stewart (November 2007). \"Simon Munnery and Stewart Lee in Conversation\". The Fix Online. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2008. You know, people say alternative started in '79, but there were people like Victoria Wood and John Dowie who were both coming out of the Arts Lab in Birmingham. Dowie was doing what you would recognise as modern stand up in a decade when it was not wanted at all","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Stewart"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311170314/http://www.thefixonline.com/features.php?id=148","url_text":"\"Simon Munnery and Stewart Lee in Conversation\""},{"url":"http://www.thefixonline.com/features.php?id=148","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Trevor Wishart – Beach singularity/Menagerie/Vocalise\". Releases. Paradigm Discs. Retrieved 21 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stalk.net/paradigm/pd03.html","url_text":"\"Trevor Wishart – Beach singularity/Menagerie/Vocalise\""}]},{"reference":"Sidey, Tessa (1998). \"Bob Linney and Ken Meharg\". Birmingham Arts Lab: the phantom of liberty. Birmingham: Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery. OCLC 60370741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60370741","url_text":"60370741"}]},{"reference":"Edmonds, Richard (7 May 1998). \"Memory of unique Birmingham experiment. Richard Edmonds visits the Museum and Art Gallery's exhibition about Birmingham's 1970s experimental arts centre, the Arts Lab\". Birmingham Post. Mirror Regional Newspapers. p. 14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Birmingham Arts Lab: the phantom of liberty. Birmingham: Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery. 1998. OCLC 60370741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Museums_and_Art_Gallery","url_text":"Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60370741","url_text":"60370741"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Birmingham_Arts_Lab¶ms=52.491_N_1.9_W_region:GB_scale:5000","external_links_name":"52°29′28″N 1°54′00″W / 52.491°N 1.900°W / 52.491; -1.900"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Birmingham_Arts_Lab¶ms=52.491_N_1.9_W_region:GB_scale:5000","external_links_name":"52°29′28″N 1°54′00″W / 52.491°N 1.900°W / 52.491; -1.900"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/@steveparry","external_links_name":"https://archive.org/details/@steveparry"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/ted-little-1116790.html","external_links_name":"\"Ted Little\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070814062218/http://www.arsydd.btinternet.co.uk/edobituary.html","external_links_name":"\"Edward Barker: Lines from the underground\""},{"Link":"http://www.arsydd.btinternet.co.uk/edobituary.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60370741","external_links_name":"60370741"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DaISz0tCjMIC","external_links_name":"Comix: The Underground Revolution"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60370741","external_links_name":"60370741"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60370741","external_links_name":"60370741"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/972394445","external_links_name":"972394445"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FtYX_9YGQl8C","external_links_name":"Edgar: Shorts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311170314/http://www.thefixonline.com/features.php?id=148","external_links_name":"\"Simon Munnery and Stewart Lee in Conversation\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefixonline.com/features.php?id=148","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.stalk.net/paradigm/pd03.html","external_links_name":"\"Trevor Wishart – Beach singularity/Menagerie/Vocalise\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60370741","external_links_name":"60370741"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60370741","external_links_name":"60370741"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/126920193","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2005004604","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O%27Bryan | William O'Bryan | ["1 Life","2 Family","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | William O'Bryan
William O'Bryan (6 February 1778 – 8 January 1868) was a Methodist preacher and founder of the Bible Christian movement.
Life
O'Bryan was born William Bryant at Gunwen farm, Luxulyan, Cornwall and was converted to Wesleyan Methodism.
In 1815 he changed his surname to O'Bryan, wishing to assert his presumed Irish ancestry.
On 18 October 1815 he founded, with 22 members, the Bible Christian sect later known as "Bryanites".
Following his split from the Wesleyans in 1815 his family moved from Kilkhampton to Badash Farm, Launceston, Cornwall, where the Bible Christians held their first two conferences. The farm is now a listed building for its unusually well preserved set of 18th-century buildings set amidst open farmland.
The first Bible Christian chapel was built in Shebbear, Devon in 1817. His movement spread mainly through North Cornwall, including Padstow, Bude and Launcells. O'Bryan left the group in 1832 after a dispute over church administration, and became an itinerant preacher in the US, between 1831 and 1862 crossing the Atlantic 13 times, but failed to establish a church. The Bryanite sect merged with the United Methodists in 1907.
Family
He married Catherine Cowlin on 9 July 1803; they had two sons and six daughters.
References
^ Badash Farmhouse, BritishListedBuildings, Retrieved 5 February 2017
^ a b 편집부 (1995). Merriam-Webster's Biographical Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-87779-743-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Further reading
Harmon, Nolan B., general ed. (1974) Encyclopedia of World Methodism
Lewis, Donald M., ed. (1995) Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1739-1860
Shaw, Thomas (1965) The Bible Christians 1815-1907. London: Epworth Press
Shaw, Thomas (1967) A History of Cornish Methodism. Truro: Bradford Barton; pp. 88–92
External links
Cornwall portal
The Methodist archives biographical index
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
People
Trove | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Williamobryan.png"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"Bible Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_Christian"}],"text":"William O'BryanWilliam O'Bryan (6 February 1778 – 8 January 1868) was a Methodist preacher and founder of the Bible Christian movement.","title":"William O'Bryan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luxulyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxulyan"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Kilkhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkhampton"},{"link_name":"Launceston, Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launceston,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-list-1"},{"link_name":"Shebbear, Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebbear,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Padstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padstow"},{"link_name":"Bude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bude"},{"link_name":"Launcells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launcells"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webster-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webster-2"}],"text":"O'Bryan was born William Bryant at Gunwen farm, Luxulyan, Cornwall and was converted to Wesleyan Methodism. \nIn 1815 he changed his surname to O'Bryan, wishing to assert his presumed Irish ancestry.\nOn 18 October 1815 he founded, with 22 members, the Bible Christian sect later known as \"Bryanites\".Following his split from the Wesleyans in 1815 his family moved from Kilkhampton to Badash Farm, Launceston, Cornwall, where the Bible Christians held their first two conferences. The farm is now a listed building[1] for its unusually well preserved set of 18th-century buildings set amidst open farmland.The first Bible Christian chapel was built in Shebbear, Devon in 1817. His movement spread mainly through North Cornwall, including Padstow, Bude and Launcells. O'Bryan left the group in 1832 after a dispute over church administration, and became an itinerant preacher in the US,[2] between 1831 and 1862 crossing the Atlantic 13 times, but failed to establish a church. The Bryanite sect merged with the United Methodists in 1907.[2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He married Catherine Cowlin on 9 July 1803; they had two sons and six daughters.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaw, Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Shaw_(Methodist_minister)"}],"text":"Harmon, Nolan B., general ed. (1974) Encyclopedia of World Methodism\nLewis, Donald M., ed. (1995) Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1739-1860\nShaw, Thomas (1965) The Bible Christians 1815-1907. London: Epworth Press\nShaw, Thomas (1967) A History of Cornish Methodism. Truro: Bradford Barton; pp. 88–92","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"William O'Bryan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Williamobryan.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"편집부 (1995). Merriam-Webster's Biographical Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-87779-743-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersb00merr","url_text":"Merriam-Webster's Biographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-743-9","url_text":"0-87779-743-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-370023-badash-farmhouse-and-attached-garden-wal#.WJdRvBuLRdg","external_links_name":"Badash Farmhouse"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersb00merr","external_links_name":"Merriam-Webster's Biographical Dictionary"},{"Link":"http://rylibweb.man.ac.uk/data1/dg/methodist/bio/bioo.html","external_links_name":"The Methodist archives biographical index"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/471416/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000045362495","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9502975","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrMdGkffrDV6FFWX4THC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/103263572X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001094789","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1598566","external_links_name":"Trove"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastex | Lastex | ["1 External links","2 References"] | Lastex is a type of elastic yarn that was introduced in the 1930s and was primarily used for swimwear, brassieres, girdles and corselettes. It consists of a rubber core surrounded by wool, rayon, silk or cotton threads. It was invented and distributed by the Adamson Brothers, a company owned by the US Rubber Company. It entered the market in 1931.
External links
Media related to Lastex at Wikimedia Commons
References
^ Schmidt, Christine (2013). The Swimsuit: Fashion from Poolside to Catwalk. A&C Black. p. 81. ISBN 9780857851246.
^ Farrell-Beck, Jane; Gau, Colleen (2002). Uplift: The Bra in America. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 62–63. ISBN 0812218353. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lastex"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Schmidt, Christine (2013). The Swimsuit: Fashion from Poolside to Catwalk. A&C Black. p. 81. ISBN 9780857851246.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BSs4Kd5tHsIC&q=lastex&pg=PA81","url_text":"The Swimsuit: Fashion from Poolside to Catwalk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857851246","url_text":"9780857851246"}]},{"reference":"Farrell-Beck, Jane; Gau, Colleen (2002). Uplift: The Bra in America. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 62–63. ISBN 0812218353.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MtRbdACUkqgC&q=lastex&pg=PA63","url_text":"Uplift: The Bra in America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812218353","url_text":"0812218353"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BSs4Kd5tHsIC&q=lastex&pg=PA81","external_links_name":"The Swimsuit: Fashion from Poolside to Catwalk"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MtRbdACUkqgC&q=lastex&pg=PA63","external_links_name":"Uplift: The Bra in America"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_Award | Spur Award | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Literary prizes given annually by the Western Writers of America
"Golden Spur" redirects here. For the papal order, see Order of the Golden Spur.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Spur Award" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Spur Awards are literary prizes given annually by the Western Writers of America (WWA). The purpose of the Spur Awards is to honor writers for distinguished writing about the American West. The Spur Awards began in 1953, the same year the WWA was founded. An author need not be a member of the WWA to receive a Spur Award. Among previous Spur Award winners are Larry McMurtry for Lonesome Dove, Michael Blake for Dances with Wolves, Glendon Swarthout for The Shootist, and Tony Hillerman for Skinwalkers.
The Owen Wister Award for lifetime achievement in Western literature, first awarded in 1961, is also a Western Writers of America award, distinct from the Spur Awards.
Initially, there were five Spur Awards categories: western novel, historical novel, juvenile, short story, and reviewer. The categories have expanded and changed (or been renamed) over the years. There is no guarantee an award will be made in each category every year.
The 2015 Spur Awards have the following categories:
Spur Award for Best Western Novel
Spur Award for Best Novel of the West
Spur Award for Best Western Contemporary Novel
Spur Award for Best Western Historical Novel
Spur Award for Best Western Traditional Novel
Spur Award for Best Western Juvenile Fiction
Spur Award for Best First Novel
Spur Award for Best Western Historical Nonfiction
Spur Award for Best Western Contemporary Nonfiction
Spur Award for Best Western Biography
Spur Award for Best Western Juvenile Nonfiction
Spur Award for Best First Nonfiction Book
Spur Award for Best Western Storyteller (Illustrated Children's Book)
Spur Award for Best Western Short Fiction
Spur Award for Best Western Short Nonfiction
Spur Award for Best Western Poem
Spur Award for Best Western Song
Spur Award for Best Western Drama Script
Spur Award for Best Western Documentary Script
References
^ "About the Spur Awards". WesternWriters.org. Western Writers Association. 12 May 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
^ "Spur Award Winners". WesternWriters.org. Western Writers Association. 12 May 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
External links
Western Writers of America
Western Writers of America – Spur Award
Western Writers of America – Spur Award winners
Goodreads SPUR Award Winners
Barnes & Noble: Spur Awards by Year
Exxon Valdez Book Wins Western Writers Award
The Homesman screenplay Wins WWA Spur Award
This article about a literary award is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about American literature is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the Golden Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Spur"},{"link_name":"Western Writers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Writers_of_America"},{"link_name":"Larry McMurtry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_McMurtry"},{"link_name":"Lonesome Dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonesome_Dove"},{"link_name":"Michael Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Blake_(author)"},{"link_name":"Dances with Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dances_with_Wolves_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Glendon Swarthout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendon_Swarthout"},{"link_name":"The Shootist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shootist"},{"link_name":"Tony Hillerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hillerman"},{"link_name":"Skinwalkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinwalkers_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Owen Wister Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Wister_Award"},{"link_name":"Western literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_fiction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Spur Award for Best Western Novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_Award_for_Best_Western_Novel"},{"link_name":"Spur Award for Best Novel of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_Award_for_Best_Novel_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"Spur Award for Best Western Short Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_Award_for_Best_Short_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Spur Award for Best Western Drama Script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_Award_for_Best_Drama_Script"}],"text":"\"Golden Spur\" redirects here. For the papal order, see Order of the Golden Spur.Spur Awards are literary prizes given annually by the Western Writers of America (WWA). The purpose of the Spur Awards is to honor writers for distinguished writing about the American West. The Spur Awards began in 1953, the same year the WWA was founded. An author need not be a member of the WWA to receive a Spur Award. Among previous Spur Award winners are Larry McMurtry for Lonesome Dove, Michael Blake for Dances with Wolves, Glendon Swarthout for The Shootist, and Tony Hillerman for Skinwalkers.[1]The Owen Wister Award for lifetime achievement in Western literature, first awarded in 1961, is also a Western Writers of America award, distinct from the Spur Awards.Initially, there were five Spur Awards categories: western novel, historical novel, juvenile, short story, and reviewer. The categories have expanded and changed (or been renamed) over the years. There is no guarantee an award will be made in each category every year.\nThe 2015 Spur Awards have the following categories:[2]Spur Award for Best Western Novel\nSpur Award for Best Novel of the West\nSpur Award for Best Western Contemporary Novel\nSpur Award for Best Western Historical Novel\nSpur Award for Best Western Traditional Novel\nSpur Award for Best Western Juvenile Fiction\nSpur Award for Best First Novel\nSpur Award for Best Western Historical Nonfiction\nSpur Award for Best Western Contemporary Nonfiction\nSpur Award for Best Western Biography\nSpur Award for Best Western Juvenile Nonfiction\nSpur Award for Best First Nonfiction Book\nSpur Award for Best Western Storyteller (Illustrated Children's Book)\nSpur Award for Best Western Short Fiction\nSpur Award for Best Western Short Nonfiction\nSpur Award for Best Western Poem\nSpur Award for Best Western Song\nSpur Award for Best Western Drama Script\nSpur Award for Best Western Documentary Script","title":"Spur Award"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"About the Spur Awards\". WesternWriters.org. Western Writers Association. 12 May 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://westernwriters.org/spur-awards/","url_text":"\"About the Spur Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spur Award Winners\". WesternWriters.org. Western Writers Association. 12 May 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://westernwriters.org/winners/","url_text":"\"Spur Award Winners\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Spur+Award%22","external_links_name":"\"Spur Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Spur+Award%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Spur+Award%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Spur+Award%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Spur+Award%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Spur+Award%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://westernwriters.org/spur-awards/","external_links_name":"\"About the Spur Awards\""},{"Link":"http://westernwriters.org/winners/","external_links_name":"\"Spur Award Winners\""},{"Link":"http://westernwriters.org/","external_links_name":"Western Writers of America"},{"Link":"http://westernwriters.org/spur-award/","external_links_name":"Western Writers of America – Spur Award"},{"Link":"http://westernwriters.org/winners/","external_links_name":"Western Writers of America – Spur Award winners"},{"Link":"http://www.goodreads.com/award/show/801-spur-award","external_links_name":"Goodreads SPUR Award Winners"},{"Link":"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/s/?category_id=1500284","external_links_name":"Barnes & Noble: Spur Awards by Year"},{"Link":"http://news.wsu.edu/2015/03/16/exxon-valdez-book-wins-western-writers-award/#.VQ5jR-F-q00","external_links_name":"Exxon Valdez Book Wins Western Writers Award"},{"Link":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-homesman-screenplay-wins-wwa-spur-award-300049640.html","external_links_name":"The Homesman screenplay Wins WWA Spur Award"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spur_Award&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spur_Award&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_raid_on_Sto%C5%82pce | Soviet raid on Stołpce | ["1 Background","2 Raid on Stołpce","3 References"] | 1924 border incident in Poland
On the night of August 3/4, 1924, when a group of 150 Soviet agents, commanded by Lieutenant Boryshkevich, raided the town of Stołpce (now Stowbtsy, Belarus), which back then was a railroad border crossing between the Second Polish Republic and the Soviet Union. The raid ended in temporary capture of the town, and destruction of a police station, railroad station, and several houses.
Background
After the Polish-Soviet War, the border between the two countries was established roughly along the 1400-kilometer line going from the Daugava in the north, to the Dniester in the south - east of the line marked by the towns of Wilejka - Baranowicze - Luniniec - Sarny - Rowne - Brody. The town of Stołpce therefore became part of the Second Polish Republic, and was a border rail station along the main European rail line Paris - Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk - Moscow.
Newly established Polish - Soviet border from the beginning was marred by violence. The Soviets regarded it as temporary, and, hoping to ignite a revolution in Poland, carried out a guerilla war against the Polish authorities. At the same time, the Poles supported an anti-Soviet Belarusian partisan movement, and Polish Army teams also penetrated into the Soviet area. In one of the most famous incidents of this kind, Soviet agents captured a passenger train from Pinsk to Luniniec. This event took place on September 24, 1924, near the village of Lowcza, and the Soviets were commanded by Trofim Kalinienko. Among passengers of the train, there were local personalities - Voivode of Polesie Voivodeship Stanislaw Downarowicz, Roman Catholic bishop Zygmunt Łoziński of Minsk and Pinsk, and well-known Senator of the Second Polish Republic, Boleslaw Wyslouch. After robbing all valuables, the attackers escaped into Soviet territory. Before escaping, Kalinienko handed a “receipt” to train conductor. It stated: “Ataman Trofim Kalinienko, Headquarters Timkowicze (Now Tsimkavichy, Belarus)”
Originally, the border was guarded by units of the Polish Police, but the situation was getting out of control, and the government in Warsaw knew it had to find a solution. Altogether, in the year 1924, along the Polish - Soviet border there were some 200 raids, in which around 1000 Soviet agents participated, and at least 54 people died. Year 1924 was by far the worst, especially summer and autumn. In the night of July 18/19, 1924, some 30 armed Soviet agents attacked the village of Wiszniew, located in Wolozyn county of Nowogródek Voivodeship. During the raid, the perpetrators stole the valuables, and a skirmish ensued, during which commandant of Polish Police station was killed. Raids also took place in Polish part of Volhynia, where manor houses and villages were robbed, and horses were stolen.
Polish authorities knew well who stood behind these raids, and what was their real purpose. In 1925, Colonel Juliusz Ulrych of freshly created Border Protection Corps (Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza, KOP) wrote: “The Soviets have undertaken the plan to capture eastern lands of Poland, even though there is no official war. They want to use these provinces as a foreground of their struggle, in which the sphere of influence of Russian statehood would dominate over the sphere of influence of Poland. Therefore we witness immense activities of diversionary nature, with widespread Communist groups, willingly supporting banditry”.
Raid on Stołpce
The raid on Stołpce, which was described as “uniquely brazen” began on the night of August 3, 1924. It was a well-organized, meticulously planned action, carried out by a group of 150 Soviet agents, divided into four platoons. Apart from handguns and grenades, the perpetrators had three machine guns. Those who were captured by Polish police officers, stated that they had been trained for the mission by Soviet officers in Minsk, the capital of Soviet Belarus.
The purpose of the raid was to free two imprisoned Communist activists. According to some Polish sources, the raid, as well as other incidents of this kind along the border, was organized by Zakordonnyj Otdiel (Zakordot), a Soviet agency created in Moscow in 1920, whose purpose was to destroy eastern Poland. These sources claim that agents of Zakordot carried out the raid, during which they destroyed Stołpce's Police Station, rail station and post office, and kidnapped a number of Polish citizens.
After the raid, the invaders returned to the Soviet Union, but due to the diplomatic consequences of that action, Moscow decided to cease its program of peacetime attacks on its neighbors, preferring to start preparations for wartime sabotage and diversion under the authority of the Red Army's Intelligence Directorate.
References
^ Border Defence Corps - history
^ Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, The Last Rising in the Eastern Borderlands: The Ejszyszki Epilogue in its Historical Context
^ a b c Association of Veterans of Polish Border Units
^ Wojciech Materski "Na widecie. II Rzeczpospolita wobec Sowietów 1918-1943”. Warszawa 2005, Wyd. ISP PAN i oficyna "Rytm" ISBN 83-88490-84-2
^ a b "The August 1924 raid on Stolpce, Poland, and the evolution of Soviet active intelligence". Intelligence and National Security. 21 (3). | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"raided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_(military)"},{"link_name":"Stołpce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto%C5%82pce"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Second Polish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"On the night of August 3/4, 1924, when a group of 150 Soviet agents, commanded by Lieutenant Boryshkevich, raided the town of Stołpce (now Stowbtsy, Belarus), which back then was a railroad border crossing between the Second Polish Republic and the Soviet Union. The raid ended in temporary capture of the town, and destruction of a police station, railroad station, and several houses.[1]","title":"Soviet raid on Stołpce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish-Soviet War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War"},{"link_name":"Daugava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daugava_River"},{"link_name":"Dniester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dniester"},{"link_name":"Wilejka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilejka"},{"link_name":"Baranowicze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranowicze"},{"link_name":"Luniniec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luniniec"},{"link_name":"Sarny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarny"},{"link_name":"Rowne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivne"},{"link_name":"Brody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brody"},{"link_name":"Second Polish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusians"},{"link_name":"partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_(military)"},{"link_name":"Polish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsk"},{"link_name":"Luniniec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luninets"},{"link_name":"Voivode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode"},{"link_name":"Polesie Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polesie_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Zygmunt Łoziński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_%C5%81ozi%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"Pinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsk"},{"link_name":"Second Polish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Boleslaw Wyslouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boleslaw_Wyslouch"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ataman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assoc-3"},{"link_name":"Polish Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Police"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wiszniew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnyeva"},{"link_name":"Wolozyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valozhyn"},{"link_name":"Nowogródek Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowogr%C3%B3dek_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assoc-3"},{"link_name":"Volhynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynia"},{"link_name":"Border Protection Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Protection_Corps"},{"link_name":"eastern lands of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-assoc-3"}],"text":"After the Polish-Soviet War, the border between the two countries was established roughly along the 1400-kilometer line going from the Daugava in the north, to the Dniester in the south - east of the line marked by the towns of Wilejka - Baranowicze - Luniniec - Sarny - Rowne - Brody. The town of Stołpce therefore became part of the Second Polish Republic, and was a border rail station along the main European rail line Paris - Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk - Moscow.Newly established Polish - Soviet border from the beginning was marred by violence. The Soviets regarded it as temporary, and, hoping to ignite a revolution in Poland, carried out a guerilla war against the Polish authorities. At the same time, the Poles supported an anti-Soviet Belarusian partisan movement, and Polish Army teams also penetrated into the Soviet area.[2] In one of the most famous incidents of this kind, Soviet agents captured a passenger train from Pinsk to Luniniec. This event took place on September 24, 1924, near the village of Lowcza, and the Soviets were commanded by Trofim Kalinienko. Among passengers of the train, there were local personalities - Voivode of Polesie Voivodeship Stanislaw Downarowicz, Roman Catholic bishop Zygmunt Łoziński of Minsk and Pinsk, and well-known Senator of the Second Polish Republic, Boleslaw Wyslouch. After robbing all valuables, the attackers escaped into Soviet territory.[citation needed] Before escaping, Kalinienko handed a “receipt” to train conductor. It stated: “Ataman Trofim Kalinienko, Headquarters Timkowicze (Now Tsimkavichy, Belarus)”[3]Originally, the border was guarded by units of the Polish Police, but the situation was getting out of control, and the government in Warsaw knew it had to find a solution. Altogether, in the year 1924, along the Polish - Soviet border there were some 200 raids, in which around 1000 Soviet agents participated, and at least 54 people died.[4] Year 1924 was by far the worst, especially summer and autumn. In the night of July 18/19, 1924, some 30 armed Soviet agents attacked the village of Wiszniew, located in Wolozyn county of Nowogródek Voivodeship. During the raid, the perpetrators stole the valuables, and a skirmish ensued, during which commandant of Polish Police station was killed.[3] Raids also took place in Polish part of Volhynia, where manor houses and villages were robbed, and horses were stolen.Polish authorities knew well who stood behind these raids, and what was their real purpose. In 1925, Colonel Juliusz Ulrych of freshly created Border Protection Corps (Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza, KOP) wrote: “The Soviets have undertaken the plan to capture eastern lands of Poland, even though there is no official war. They want to use these provinces as a foreground of their struggle, in which the sphere of influence of Russian statehood would dominate over the sphere of influence of Poland. Therefore we witness immense activities of diversionary nature, with widespread Communist groups, willingly supporting banditry”.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Soviet Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-info-5"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Intelligence Directorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Intelligence_Directorate_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-info-5"}],"text":"The raid on Stołpce, which was described as “uniquely brazen” began on the night of August 3, 1924.[citation needed] It was a well-organized, meticulously planned action, carried out by a group of 150 Soviet agents, divided into four platoons.[citation needed] Apart from handguns and grenades, the perpetrators had three machine guns.[citation needed] Those who were captured by Polish police officers, stated that they had been trained for the mission by Soviet officers in Minsk, the capital of Soviet Belarus.[citation needed]The purpose of the raid was to free two imprisoned Communist activists.[5] According to some Polish sources, the raid, as well as other incidents of this kind along the border, was organized by Zakordonnyj Otdiel (Zakordot), a Soviet agency created in Moscow in 1920, whose purpose was to destroy eastern Poland.[citation needed] These sources claim that agents of Zakordot carried out the raid, during which they destroyed Stołpce's Police Station, rail station and post office, and kidnapped a number of Polish citizens.[citation needed]After the raid, the invaders returned to the Soviet Union, but due to the diplomatic consequences of that action, Moscow decided to cease its program of peacetime attacks on its neighbors, preferring to start preparations for wartime sabotage and diversion under the authority of the Red Army's Intelligence Directorate.[5]","title":"Raid on Stołpce"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The August 1924 raid on Stolpce, Poland, and the evolution of Soviet active intelligence\". Intelligence and National Security. 21 (3).","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.szkolnictwo.pl/szukaj,Korpus_Ochrony_Pogranicza","external_links_name":"Border Defence Corps - history"},{"Link":"http://www.swpfg.pl/publikacje/nasze-artykuly/wschodnie-pogranicze-ii-rzeczypospolitej-rys-historyczny-dzialalnosci-kop/","external_links_name":"Association of Veterans of Polish Border Units"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube_Line | Ube Line | ["1 Stations","2 Rolling stock","3 History","3.1 Former connecting lines","4 See also","5 References"] | Railway line in Yamaguchi prefecture, Japan
Ube LineA JR West 105 series EMU on a local service, January 2010OverviewOwnerJR WestLocaleYamaguchi PrefectureTerminiShin-YamaguchiUbeStations18ServiceTypeHeavy railTechnicalLine length33.2 km (20.6 mi)Track gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)Electrification1,500 V DC, overhead lines
The Ube Line (宇部線, Ube-sen) is a railway line in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan, operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West). The line connects Shin-Yamaguchi Station in Yamaguchi and Ube Station in Ube.
Stations
All stations are in Yamaguchi Prefecture.
Name
Distance (km)
Transfers
Location
Shin-Yamaguchi
新山口
0.0
Sanyō ShinkansenSanyō Main Line, Yamaguchi Line
Yamaguchi
Kami-Kagawa
上嘉川
2.8
Fukamizo
深溝
5.9
Suō-Sayama
周防佐山
7.5
Iwakura
岩倉
8.8
Ajisu
阿知須
10.2
Kiwa
岐波
12.7
Ube
Maruo
丸尾
15.2
Tokonami
床波
18.9
Tokiwa
常盤
20.7
Kusae
草江
22.5
Ubemisaki
宇部岬
23.7
Higashi-Shinkawa
東新川
25.3
Kotoshiba
琴芝
26.0
Ube-Shinkawa
宇部新川
27.1
Inō
居能
28.9
Onoda Line
Iwahana
岩鼻
30.3
Ube
宇部
33.2
Sanyō Main Line
Rolling stock
105 series 2-car EMUs
123 series single-car EMUs
History
The Ube Light Railway Co. opened the Ube – Ube-Shinkawa section in 1914, extending the line to Tokonami in 1923 and Ogori (now Shin-Yamaguchi) in 1925. The line was electrified at 1500 VDC in 1929.
In 1928 the Ube Electric Railway Co. opened a 1 km line from Ube-Shinkawa to Ubeko, with a 2 km branch to the Okinoyama coal mine, both electrified at 1500 VDC.
Both companies merged in 1941, becoming the Ube Railway Co. which was nationalised in 1943.
Passenger services to Ubeko ceased in 1952, and both branches closed in 1961.
CTC signalling was commissioned in 1983, and freight services ceased in 1999.
Wanman driver only operation commenced on the section between Ube-Shinkawa and Inō on 1 June 1990, using 105 and 123 series EMUs. The entire line was switched to driver only operation on 14 March 1992.
Former connecting lines
Ube station – The Funaki Railway Co. opened a 6 km 762mm gauge line in 1916. The line was converted to 1067mm gauge in 1922, and extended 12 km to Kibe in 1926. The last 8 km closed in 1944, and the balance of the line in 1961.
See also
List of railway lines in Japan
References
This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ube Line.
^ a b JR気動車客車編成表 '04年版 . Japan: JRR. 1 July 2004. p. 199. ISBN 4-88283-125-2.
vte JR West linesShinkansen
San'yō Shinkansen (Hakata-Minami)
Hokuriku Shinkansen
Main
Kansai
Kisei
Sanin
San'yō
Takayama
Tōkaidō
Hokuriku Main
Local
Akō
J Bantan
Etsumi-Hoku
G Fukuchiyama
Z Fukuen
Gantoku
P Geibi
V Hakubi
R Hanwa
Himi
M Honshi-Bisan
B Imbi
Jōhana
H JR Tōzai
B Kabe
I Kakogawa
S Kansai Airport
H Katamachi
U Kibi
K Kishin
E Kisuki
B Kosei
Y Kure
C Kusatsu
L Maizuru
Mine
Nanao
D Nara
Obama
Ōito
Onoda
F Osaka Higashi
Osaka Loop
C Sakai
U Sakurai
P Sakurajima
T Tsuyama
Ube
L Uno
T Wakayama
Yamaguchi
Other
A Biwako
A JR Kyoto
A JR Kobe
Sagano
Yamatoji
Seto-Ōhashi
Past
Gannichi
Hokuriku Main
Hapi Fukui
Ishikawa
Ainokaze Toyama
Echigo Tokimeki Nihonkai Hisui
Kajiya
Miki
Miyazu
Noto
Sankō
Shigaraki
Taisha
Toyamakō
Wakasa
Gakkentoshi
Kyobashi - Katamachi | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yamaguchi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"West Japan Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Shin-Yamaguchi Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-Yamaguchi_Station"},{"link_name":"Yamaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaguchi_(city)"},{"link_name":"Ube Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube_Station"},{"link_name":"Ube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube,_Yamaguchi"}],"text":"The Ube Line (宇部線, Ube-sen) is a railway line in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan, operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West). The line connects Shin-Yamaguchi Station in Yamaguchi and Ube Station in Ube.","title":"Ube Line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yamaguchi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture"}],"text":"All stations are in Yamaguchi Prefecture.","title":"Stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"105 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/105_series"},{"link_name":"123 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/123_series"}],"text":"105 series 2-car EMUs\n123 series single-car EMUs","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"driver only operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver_only_operation"},{"link_name":"Ube-Shinkawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube-Shinkawa_Station"},{"link_name":"Inō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C5%8D_Station_(Yamaguchi)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jrr2004-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jrr2004-1"}],"text":"The Ube Light Railway Co. opened the Ube – Ube-Shinkawa section in 1914, extending the line to Tokonami in 1923 and Ogori (now Shin-Yamaguchi) in 1925. The line was electrified at 1500 VDC in 1929.In 1928 the Ube Electric Railway Co. opened a 1 km line from Ube-Shinkawa to Ubeko, with a 2 km branch to the Okinoyama coal mine, both electrified at 1500 VDC.Both companies merged in 1941, becoming the Ube Railway Co. which was nationalised in 1943.Passenger services to Ubeko ceased in 1952, and both branches closed in 1961.CTC signalling was commissioned in 1983, and freight services ceased in 1999.Wanman driver only operation commenced on the section between Ube-Shinkawa and Inō on 1 June 1990, using 105 and 123 series EMUs.[1] The entire line was switched to driver only operation on 14 March 1992.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Former connecting lines","text":"Ube station – The Funaki Railway Co. opened a 6 km 762mm gauge line in 1916. The line was converted to 1067mm gauge in 1922, and extended 12 km to Kibe in 1926. The last 8 km closed in 1944, and the balance of the line in 1961.","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of railway lines in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_lines_in_Japan"}] | [{"reference":"JR気動車客車編成表 '04年版 [JR DMU & Coaching Stock Formations – 2004]. Japan: JRR. 1 July 2004. p. 199. ISBN 4-88283-125-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-88283-125-2","url_text":"4-88283-125-2"}]}] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JACK_Intelligent_Agents | JACK Intelligent Agents | ["1 History","2 Features","3 Extensions","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | Java framework for system development
JACK Intelligent AgentsStable release5.6
/ July 1, 2015 (2015-07-01)
Written inJavaOperating systemCross-platformTypeMulti-agent system frameworkLicenseProprietaryWebsitewww.agent-software.com.au/products/jack/
Part of a series onMulti-agent systems
Multi-agent simulation
Agent-based computational economics
Agent-based model in biology
Agent-based social simulation
Agent-based modeling software
Agent-oriented programming
Auto-GPT
Botnets
FIPA
Platforms for software agents
JADE
JACK
GORITE
Software agent
Related
Distributed artificial intelligence
Multi-agent pathfinding
Multi-agent planning
Multi-agent reinforcement learning
Self-propelled particles
Swarm robotics
vte
JACK Intelligent Agents is a framework in Java for multi-agent system development. JACK Intelligent Agents was built by Agent Oriented Software Pty. Ltd. (AOS) and is a third generation agent platform building on the experiences of the Procedural Reasoning System (PRS) and Distributed Multi-Agent Reasoning System (dMARS). JACK is one of the few multi-agent systems that uses the BDI software model and provides its own Java-based plan language and graphical planning tools.
History
JACK Intelligent Agents was initially developed in 1997 by ex-members of the Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute (AAII or A2I2) who were involved in the design, implementation, and application of PRS at SRI International and/or dMARS at the AAII. The JACK platform was written for commercial application of the multi-agent paradigm (a COTS product) to complex problem solving and was the basis for starting the company Agent Oriented Software (AOS) where it remains the flagship product.
Features
This section needs editing to comply with Wikipedia's Manual of Style. Please help improve the content. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
JACK Intelligent Agents is a mature commercial multi-agent platform that has been under active research, development, and domain-specific application for more than 10 years. The following provides a listing of the platform's key differentiating features.
Agent Run-time: The core of the platform is an extensible multi-agent run-time. Once domain specific agents, plans, events, capabilities, etc. are specified the JACK kernel manages the execution the system including message passing, reasoning, and meta-reasoning.
JACK Plan Language (JPL): JACK provides an agent-specific plan language for writing JACK plans (the discrete reasoning executed by agents). The plan language is an extension to the Java and offers commands such as @send and @post for inter-agent messaging, as well as the management of actions, sub-tasks and maintenance of conditions. Plans are compiled into Java classes for execution in the JACK run-time offering speed and correctness of execution.
Belief–Desire–Intention Model: In addition to a classical (non-BDI) agent model, the platform realizes the BDI software model, where beliefs are managed by beliefsets encapsulated within agents, desires are the goal states an agent is aspiring to achieve, and intentions are the meta-reasoning and plan-based reasoning the JACK agents use to achieve the current goal.
Capabilities: The platform provides capabilities which are abstractions of common behaviors manifest as a complex of plans and events. Capabilities provide a way of conceptually bundling common behaviors and actions and re-using them between agents.
JACK Development Environment (JDE): Multi-agent systems can be written in Java code and the JACK plan language in a standard IDE, although the platform provides an agent-centric IDE called the JACK Development Environment or JDE. The JDE provides graphical tools for writing plans, connecting plans to agents, managing inter-agent communication, as well as compiling and running. The JDE also provides graphical tools for debugging and tracing the execution of plans and inter-agent message passing.
Graphical plans: A key feature of the JDE is the facility to write and manage graphical plans. These are the discrete reasoning performed by an agent represented graphically as a flow chart, allowing a programmer to manage the code performed in each step of the reasoning graph, and the subject matter expert to manage the logical flow of the reasoning based on the human-readable documentation on each node.
JACK Object Modeller (JACOB): An object serialization technology used by the JACK run-time for object initialization and inter-process communication. Java objects are serialized to human-readable ASCII text, not too dissimilar to YAML and XML.
Platform Independence: The JACK platform is written in Java, allowing the deployment of JACK multi-agent systems onto the wide array of platforms that support the Java Virtual Machine. Currently JACK can be installed on Microsoft Windows operating systems only using a 32-bit Java Virtual Machine but works also on a 64-bit Java Virtual Machine. On the most recent versions of Mac OS X operating systems (starting from Mac OS X Lion) JACK can be installed only using a console installer.
Extensions
This section needs editing to comply with Wikipedia's Manual of Style. Please help improve the content. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The JACK platform has been extended a number of times since its inception. Most of the extensions, such as JACK Teams and CoJACK were developed by or in collaboration with AOS.
JACK Teams: An extension to the BDI software model that facilitates agents collaborating in teams toward achieving a goal. Like JACK, JACK Teams supports its own plan language in what AOS refers to as Team-oriented programming. JACK Teams is integrated into and available as a part of the JACK Intelligent Agents platform.
CoJACK: An extension to the JACK platform that adds a cognitive architecture to the agents for eliciting more realistic (human-like) behaviors in virtual environments.
FIPA JACK: An extension to the JACK platform to support the FIPA Agent Communications Language.
Prometheus: An agent-centric software engineering methodology for managing the SDLC of a multi-agent-based system. JACK was used as the basis for investigation, comparison, and testing the methodology. The Prometheus involved the development of the Prometheus Design Tool (PDT) which was a GUI-based tool for managing design concerns in the process.
JACK Eclipse Plug-in: A plug-in that facilitates the development of JACK-based systems in the Eclipse IDE. Specifically, the plug-in adds capabilities to Eclipse to support the JACK file types (such as .plan, .agent, etc.) as well support for JACK plan language.
JACK WebBot: An extension that embeds the JACK kernel in the Apache Tomcat web server allowing intelligent agents to be interacted with and formulate responses HTTP requests (via the Java Servlet API).
See also
Agent-based model
Agent Communications Language
Autonomous agent
Belief–desire–intention software model
Cognitive architecture
Distributed multi-agent reasoning system
Intelligent agent
Java Agent Development Framework
Multi-agent system
Procedural reasoning system
Software agent
Notes
^
Busetta, Paolosdada; Nicholas Howden; Ralph Ronnquist; Andrew Hodgson (2000). "Structuring BDI Agents in Functional Clusters". Intelligent Agents VI. Agent Theories Architectures, and Languages. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 1757. Springer: 277–289. doi:10.1007/10719619_21. ISBN 978-3-540-67200-5.
^ "Development Environment Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Development Environment Manual". www.aosgrp.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
^ "Graphical Plan Editor Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Graphical Plan Editor Manual". www.aosgrp.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
^ "JACOB Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® JACOB Manual". www.aosgrp.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
^
Jarvis, Bevan; Jarvis, Dennis; Jain, Lakhmi (2007). "Teams in Multi-Agent Systems". Intelligent Information Processing III. IFIP International Federation for Information Processing. 228. Springer: 1–10. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-44641-7_1. ISBN 978-0-387-44639-4.
^ "Teams Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Teams Manual". www.aosgrp.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
^
Evertsz, R.; Busetta, P.; Pedrotti, M.; Ritter, F. E.; Bittner, J. L. (2008). "CoJACK—Achieving principled behaviour variation in a moderated cognitive architecture" (PDF). Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation (08-BRIMS-025).
^ de Silva, Lavindra (2001). Building FIPA Compliancy into JACK (PDF). Technical Report / Research Project (RMIT). RMIT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-03. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
^ Padgham, Lin; Winikoff, Michael (2002). "Prometheus: A Pragmatic Methodology for Engineering Intelligent Agents" (PDF). Proceedings of the workshop on Agent-oriented methodologies (at OOPSLA).
^ "WebBot Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® WebBot Manual". www.aosgrp.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
References
Paolo Busetta, Ralph Ronnquist, Andrew Hodgson, and Andrew Lucas (1999) JACK Intelligent Agents – Components for Intelligent Agents in Java, AgentLink News, Issue 2.
Nick Howden, Ralph Rönnquist, Andrew Hodgson, Andrew Lucas (2001) JACK intelligent agents – Summary of an agent infrastructure. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Autonomous Agents
P. Busetta, Ralph Rönnquist, Andrew Hodgson, Andrew Lucas (1999) Light-Weight Intelligent Software Agents in Simulation, in Proceedings of the Simulation Technology and Training (SimTecT 99), Melbourne, Australia
M. Winikoff (2005) JACK intelligent agents: An industrial strength platform. In Multi-Agent Programming. Springer.
J. Tweedale, N. Ichalkaranje, C. Sioutis, B. Jarvis, A. Consoli, G. Phillips-Wren, "Innovations in multi-agent systems" (PDF), Journal of Network and Computer Applications, Volume 30, Issue 3, August 2007, Pages 1089–1115
Rick Evertsz, Martyn Fletcher, Richard Jones, Jacquie Jarvis, James Brusey, Sandy Dance: Implementing Industrial Multi-agent Systems Using JACK. in Programming Multi-Agent Systems (PROMAS) 2003: 18–48
Øystein Spillum, A Comparison between JACK Intelligent Agents and JACK Teams Applied in Teamwork, Masters Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, November 2008
External links
Agent Oriented Software Pty. Ltd. homepage (AOS)
JACK Product webpage
Official JACK Documentation – including user manuals and tutorials
Australian JSF History of supply for AOS | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Procedural Reasoning System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_Reasoning_System"},{"link_name":"Distributed Multi-Agent Reasoning System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Multi-Agent_Reasoning_System"},{"link_name":"BDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief%E2%80%93desire%E2%80%93intention_software_model"}],"text":"JACK Intelligent Agents is a framework in Java for multi-agent system development. JACK Intelligent Agents was built by Agent Oriented Software Pty. Ltd. (AOS) and is a third generation agent platform building on the experiences of the Procedural Reasoning System (PRS) and Distributed Multi-Agent Reasoning System (dMARS). JACK is one of the few multi-agent systems that uses the BDI software model and provides its own Java-based plan language and graphical planning tools.","title":"JACK Intelligent Agents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Artificial_Intelligence_Institute"},{"link_name":"PRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_Reasoning_System"},{"link_name":"SRI International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRI_International"},{"link_name":"dMARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Multi-Agent_Reasoning_System"},{"link_name":"COTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf"},{"link_name":"Agent Oriented Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agent_Oriented_Software&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"JACK Intelligent Agents was initially developed in 1997 by ex-members of the Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute (AAII or A2I2) who were involved in the design, implementation, and application of PRS at SRI International and/or dMARS at the AAII. The JACK platform was written for commercial application of the multi-agent paradigm (a COTS product) to complex problem solving and was the basis for starting the company Agent Oriented Software (AOS) where it remains the flagship product.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"BDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief%E2%80%93desire%E2%80%93intention_software_model"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"IDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment"},{"link_name":"IDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"YAML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAML"},{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Java Virtual Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Virtual_Machine"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"32-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bit"},{"link_name":"Java Virtual Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JVM"},{"link_name":"64-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64-bit"},{"link_name":"Java Virtual Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JVM"},{"link_name":"Mac OS X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"Mac OS X Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion"},{"link_name":"console installer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface"}],"text":"JACK Intelligent Agents is a mature commercial multi-agent platform that has been under active research, development, and domain-specific application for more than 10 years. The following provides a listing of the platform's key differentiating features.Agent Run-time: The core of the platform is an extensible multi-agent run-time. Once domain specific agents, plans, events, capabilities, etc. are specified the JACK kernel manages the execution the system including message passing, reasoning, and meta-reasoning.\nJACK Plan Language (JPL): JACK provides an agent-specific plan language for writing JACK plans (the discrete reasoning executed by agents). The plan language is an extension to the Java and offers commands such as @send and @post for inter-agent messaging, as well as the management of actions, sub-tasks and maintenance of conditions. Plans are compiled into Java classes for execution in the JACK run-time offering speed and correctness of execution.\nBelief–Desire–Intention Model: In addition to a classical (non-BDI) agent model, the platform realizes the BDI software model, where beliefs are managed by beliefsets encapsulated within agents, desires are the goal states an agent is aspiring to achieve, and intentions are the meta-reasoning and plan-based reasoning the JACK agents use to achieve the current goal.\nCapabilities: The platform provides capabilities which are abstractions of common behaviors manifest as a complex of plans and events. Capabilities provide a way of conceptually bundling common behaviors and actions and re-using them between agents.[1]\nJACK Development Environment (JDE): Multi-agent systems can be written in Java code and the JACK plan language in a standard IDE, although the platform provides an agent-centric IDE called the JACK Development Environment or JDE. The JDE provides graphical tools for writing plans, connecting plans to agents, managing inter-agent communication, as well as compiling and running. The JDE also provides graphical tools for debugging and tracing the execution of plans and inter-agent message passing.[2]\nGraphical plans: A key feature of the JDE is the facility to write and manage graphical plans. These are the discrete reasoning performed by an agent represented graphically as a flow chart, allowing a programmer to manage the code performed in each step of the reasoning graph, and the subject matter expert to manage the logical flow of the reasoning based on the human-readable documentation on each node.[3]\nJACK Object Modeller (JACOB): An object serialization technology used by the JACK run-time for object initialization and inter-process communication. Java objects are serialized to human-readable ASCII text, not too dissimilar to YAML and XML.[4]\nPlatform Independence: The JACK platform is written in Java, allowing the deployment of JACK multi-agent systems onto the wide array of platforms that support the Java Virtual Machine. Currently JACK can be installed on Microsoft Windows operating systems only using a 32-bit Java Virtual Machine but works also on a 64-bit Java Virtual Machine. On the most recent versions of Mac OS X operating systems (starting from Mac OS X Lion) JACK can be installed only using a console installer.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief%E2%80%93desire%E2%80%93intention_software_model"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"FIPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Intelligent_Physical_Agents"},{"link_name":"Agent Communications Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Communications_Language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"SDLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_Development_Life_Cycle"},{"link_name":"GUI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software)"},{"link_name":"IDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment"},{"link_name":"Apache Tomcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Tomcat"},{"link_name":"HTTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP"},{"link_name":"Java Servlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Servlet"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The JACK platform has been extended a number of times since its inception. Most of the extensions, such as JACK Teams and CoJACK were developed by or in collaboration with AOS.JACK Teams: An extension to the BDI software model that facilitates agents collaborating in teams toward achieving a goal.[5] Like JACK, JACK Teams supports its own plan language in what AOS refers to as Team-oriented programming. JACK Teams is integrated into and available as a part of the JACK Intelligent Agents platform.[6]\nCoJACK: An extension to the JACK platform that adds a cognitive architecture to the agents for eliciting more realistic (human-like) behaviors in virtual environments.[7]\nFIPA JACK: An extension to the JACK platform to support the FIPA Agent Communications Language.[8]\nPrometheus: An agent-centric software engineering methodology for managing the SDLC of a multi-agent-based system. JACK was used as the basis for investigation, comparison, and testing the methodology. The Prometheus involved the development of the Prometheus Design Tool (PDT) which was a GUI-based tool for managing design concerns in the process.[9]\nJACK Eclipse Plug-in: A plug-in that facilitates the development of JACK-based systems in the Eclipse IDE. Specifically, the plug-in adds capabilities to Eclipse to support the JACK file types (such as .plan, .agent, etc.) as well support for JACK plan language.\nJACK WebBot: An extension that embeds the JACK kernel in the Apache Tomcat web server allowing intelligent agents to be interacted with and formulate responses HTTP requests (via the Java Servlet API).[10]","title":"Extensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/10719619_21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F10719619_21"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-67200-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67200-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Development Environment Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Development Environment Manual\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130117030546/http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JDE_Manual_WEB"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JDE_Manual_WEB"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Graphical Plan Editor Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Graphical Plan Editor Manual\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110707151801/http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/Plan_Editor_Guide_WEB/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/Plan_Editor_Guide_WEB/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"JACOB Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® JACOB Manual\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110707152046/http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JACOB_Manual_WEB/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JACOB_Manual_WEB/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Teams in Multi-Agent Systems\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-44641-7_1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-0-387-44641-7_1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-44641-7_1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-387-44639-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-44639-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Teams Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Teams Manual\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110707152005/http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JACK_Teams_Manual_WEB/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JACK_Teams_Manual_WEB/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"CoJACK—Achieving principled behaviour variation in a moderated cognitive architecture\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//acs.ist.psu.edu/papers/evertszBPRB08.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Building FIPA Compliancy into JACK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091003133716/http://goanna.cs.rmit.edu.au/~ldesilva/doc/fipa.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//goanna.cs.rmit.edu.au/~ldesilva/doc/fipa.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Prometheus: A Pragmatic Methodology for Engineering Intelligent Agents\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//goanna.cs.rmit.edu.au/~linpa/Papers/oopsla02.pdf"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"WebBot Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® WebBot Manual\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130118051857/http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/WebBot_Manual_WEB"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/WebBot_Manual_WEB"}],"text":"^ \nBusetta, Paolosdada; Nicholas Howden; Ralph Ronnquist; Andrew Hodgson (2000). \"Structuring BDI Agents in Functional Clusters\". Intelligent Agents VI. Agent Theories Architectures, and Languages. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 1757. Springer: 277–289. doi:10.1007/10719619_21. ISBN 978-3-540-67200-5.\n\n^ \"Development Environment Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Development Environment Manual\". www.aosgrp.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2022.\n\n^ \"Graphical Plan Editor Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Graphical Plan Editor Manual\". www.aosgrp.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2022.\n\n^ \"JACOB Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® JACOB Manual\". www.aosgrp.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2022.\n\n^ \nJarvis, Bevan; Jarvis, Dennis; Jain, Lakhmi (2007). \"Teams in Multi-Agent Systems\". Intelligent Information Processing III. IFIP International Federation for Information Processing. 228. Springer: 1–10. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-44641-7_1. ISBN 978-0-387-44639-4.\n\n^ \"Teams Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Teams Manual\". www.aosgrp.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2022.\n\n^ \nEvertsz, R.; Busetta, P.; Pedrotti, M.; Ritter, F. E.; Bittner, J. L. (2008). \"CoJACK—Achieving principled behaviour variation in a moderated cognitive architecture\" (PDF). Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation (08-BRIMS-025).\n\n^ de Silva, Lavindra (2001). Building FIPA Compliancy into JACK (PDF). Technical Report / Research Project (RMIT). RMIT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-03. Retrieved 2009-06-04.\n\n^ Padgham, Lin; Winikoff, Michael (2002). \"Prometheus: A Pragmatic Methodology for Engineering Intelligent Agents\" (PDF). Proceedings of the workshop on Agent-oriented methodologies (at OOPSLA).[permanent dead link]\n\n^ \"WebBot Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® WebBot Manual\". www.aosgrp.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2022.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Agent-based model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_model"},{"title":"Agent Communications Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Communications_Language"},{"title":"Autonomous agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_agent"},{"title":"Belief–desire–intention software model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief%E2%80%93desire%E2%80%93intention_software_model"},{"title":"Cognitive architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_architecture"},{"title":"Distributed multi-agent reasoning system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_multi-agent_reasoning_system"},{"title":"Intelligent agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_agent"},{"title":"Java Agent Development Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Agent_Development_Framework"},{"title":"Multi-agent system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-agent_system"},{"title":"Procedural reasoning system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_reasoning_system"},{"title":"Software agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_agent"}] | [{"reference":"Busetta, Paolosdada; Nicholas Howden; Ralph Ronnquist; Andrew Hodgson (2000). \"Structuring BDI Agents in Functional Clusters\". Intelligent Agents VI. Agent Theories Architectures, and Languages. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 1757. Springer: 277–289. doi:10.1007/10719619_21. ISBN 978-3-540-67200-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F10719619_21","url_text":"10.1007/10719619_21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67200-5","url_text":"978-3-540-67200-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Development Environment Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Development Environment Manual\". www.aosgrp.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130117030546/http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JDE_Manual_WEB","url_text":"\"Development Environment Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Development Environment Manual\""},{"url":"http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JDE_Manual_WEB","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Graphical Plan Editor Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Graphical Plan Editor Manual\". www.aosgrp.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707151801/http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/Plan_Editor_Guide_WEB/","url_text":"\"Graphical Plan Editor Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Graphical Plan Editor Manual\""},{"url":"http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/Plan_Editor_Guide_WEB/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JACOB Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® JACOB Manual\". www.aosgrp.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707152046/http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JACOB_Manual_WEB/","url_text":"\"JACOB Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® JACOB Manual\""},{"url":"http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JACOB_Manual_WEB/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jarvis, Bevan; Jarvis, Dennis; Jain, Lakhmi (2007). \"Teams in Multi-Agent Systems\". Intelligent Information Processing III. IFIP International Federation for Information Processing. 228. Springer: 1–10. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-44641-7_1. ISBN 978-0-387-44639-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-44641-7_1","url_text":"\"Teams in Multi-Agent Systems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-44641-7_1","url_text":"10.1007/978-0-387-44641-7_1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-44639-4","url_text":"978-0-387-44639-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Teams Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Teams Manual\". www.aosgrp.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707152005/http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JACK_Teams_Manual_WEB/","url_text":"\"Teams Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Teams Manual\""},{"url":"http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JACK_Teams_Manual_WEB/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Evertsz, R.; Busetta, P.; Pedrotti, M.; Ritter, F. E.; Bittner, J. L. (2008). \"CoJACK—Achieving principled behaviour variation in a moderated cognitive architecture\" (PDF). Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation (08-BRIMS-025).","urls":[{"url":"http://acs.ist.psu.edu/papers/evertszBPRB08.pdf","url_text":"\"CoJACK—Achieving principled behaviour variation in a moderated cognitive architecture\""}]},{"reference":"de Silva, Lavindra (2001). Building FIPA Compliancy into JACK (PDF). Technical Report / Research Project (RMIT). RMIT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-03. Retrieved 2009-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091003133716/http://goanna.cs.rmit.edu.au/~ldesilva/doc/fipa.pdf","url_text":"Building FIPA Compliancy into JACK"},{"url":"http://goanna.cs.rmit.edu.au/~ldesilva/doc/fipa.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Padgham, Lin; Winikoff, Michael (2002). \"Prometheus: A Pragmatic Methodology for Engineering Intelligent Agents\" (PDF). Proceedings of the workshop on Agent-oriented methodologies (at OOPSLA).","urls":[{"url":"http://goanna.cs.rmit.edu.au/~linpa/Papers/oopsla02.pdf","url_text":"\"Prometheus: A Pragmatic Methodology for Engineering Intelligent Agents\""}]},{"reference":"\"WebBot Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® WebBot Manual\". www.aosgrp.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130118051857/http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/WebBot_Manual_WEB","url_text":"\"WebBot Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® WebBot Manual\""},{"url":"http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/WebBot_Manual_WEB","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.agent-software.com.au/products/jack/","external_links_name":"www.agent-software.com.au/products/jack/"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JACK_Intelligent_Agents&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve the content"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JACK_Intelligent_Agents&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve the content"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F10719619_21","external_links_name":"10.1007/10719619_21"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130117030546/http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JDE_Manual_WEB","external_links_name":"\"Development Environment Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Development Environment Manual\""},{"Link":"http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JDE_Manual_WEB","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707151801/http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/Plan_Editor_Guide_WEB/","external_links_name":"\"Graphical Plan Editor Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Graphical Plan Editor Manual\""},{"Link":"http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/Plan_Editor_Guide_WEB/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707152046/http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JACOB_Manual_WEB/","external_links_name":"\"JACOB Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® JACOB Manual\""},{"Link":"http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JACOB_Manual_WEB/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-44641-7_1","external_links_name":"\"Teams in Multi-Agent Systems\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-44641-7_1","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-0-387-44641-7_1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707152005/http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JACK_Teams_Manual_WEB/","external_links_name":"\"Teams Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® Teams Manual\""},{"Link":"http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/JACK_Teams_Manual_WEB/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://acs.ist.psu.edu/papers/evertszBPRB08.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CoJACK—Achieving principled behaviour variation in a moderated cognitive architecture\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091003133716/http://goanna.cs.rmit.edu.au/~ldesilva/doc/fipa.pdf","external_links_name":"Building FIPA Compliancy into JACK"},{"Link":"http://goanna.cs.rmit.edu.au/~ldesilva/doc/fipa.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://goanna.cs.rmit.edu.au/~linpa/Papers/oopsla02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Prometheus: A Pragmatic Methodology for Engineering Intelligent Agents\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130118051857/http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/WebBot_Manual_WEB","external_links_name":"\"WebBot Manual: JACK Intelligent Agents® WebBot Manual\""},{"Link":"http://www.aosgrp.com/documentation/jack/WebBot_Manual_WEB","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.aosgrp.com/media/research/jack/busetta99jack.pdf","external_links_name":"JACK Intelligent Agents – Components for Intelligent Agents in Java"},{"Link":"http://users.cs.cf.ac.uk/O.F.Rana/agents2001/papers/18_howden.pdf","external_links_name":"JACK intelligent agents – Summary of an agent infrastructure"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091003175850/http://www.siaa.asn.au/get/2395379584.pdf","external_links_name":"Light-Weight Intelligent Software Agents in Simulation"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-387-26350-0_7","external_links_name":"JACK intelligent agents: An industrial strength platform"},{"Link":"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S108480450600035X","external_links_name":"Innovations in multi-agent systems"},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/7311726/Innovations-in-multiagent-systems","external_links_name":"PDF"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-25936-7_2","external_links_name":"Implementing Industrial Multi-agent Systems Using JACK"},{"Link":"http://daim.idi.ntnu.no/masteroppgave?id=4091","external_links_name":"A Comparison between JACK Intelligent Agents and JACK Teams Applied in Teamwork"},{"Link":"http://www.aosgrp.com.au/","external_links_name":"Agent Oriented Software Pty. Ltd. homepage"},{"Link":"http://www.agent-software.com.au/products/jack","external_links_name":"JACK Product webpage"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080719090138/http://www.agent-software.com.au/products/jack/documentation_and_instructi/jack_documentation.html","external_links_name":"Official JACK Documentation"},{"Link":"http://www.innovation.gov.au/Documents/JSFCapabilitiesPresentations2007/company%20profiles/agent_oriented/profile_4.html","external_links_name":"Australian JSF History of supply for AOS"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Aviation | One Aviation | ["1 Organization","2 History","3 Aircraft","4 References","5 External links"] | Defunct American aerospace manufacturer
One AviationCompany typePrivateIndustryAerospaceFounded2015Defunct2021FateChapter 7 liquidationSuccessorEclipse Aerospace, Inc.HeadquartersAlbuquerque, New Mexico, United StatesKey peopleAlan Klapmeier (CEO)Steve Serfling (COO)ProductsEclipse 550, Kestrel K-350DivisionsEclipse Aerospace and Kestrel AircraftWebsiteArchives
Eclipse 550 twin engine VLJ
Kestrel K-350 single-engine turboprop aircraft
The One Aviation Corporation, stylized as ONE Aviation, was a company formed in 2015 to merge the aircraft manufacturers Eclipse Aerospace and Kestrel Aircraft. The company had its headquarters in Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States.
One Aviation produced the Eclipse 550 very light jet from 2015–2018, and was developing the Eclipse 700. It was also developing the Kestrel K-350 turboprop aircraft but suspended the design in 2017 due to financial and legal challenges.
In October 2018, One Aviation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy while it underwent operational restructuring. However, in February 2021, it was reported that the Chapter 11 bankruptcy case was unsuccessful and had been converted to a Chapter 7 liquidation process.
Organization
Alan Klapmeier, the former CEO of Kestrel, and before that, Cirrus Aircraft, was named as the first CEO of One Aviation, with former Eclipse Aerospace CEO Mason Holland as Chairman.
The company initially produced the Eclipse 550, which had been in production at Eclipse Aerospace, and intended to complete certification of the Kestrel K-350.
One Aviation had a unified management and business operation along with a single supply system and marketing and sales team, but the two previous manufacturing lines continued at their then-current locations: Albuquerque, New Mexico and Chicago, Illinois for the Eclipse, and Superior, Wisconsin and Brunswick, Maine for the Kestrel.
History
The merger of Eclipse and Kestrel to form the new company was announced on 15 April 2015 at the AERO Friedrichshafen aviation trade show.
In 2016, One Aviation announced that it was devoting its resources to developing an improved version of the Eclipse 550, the Eclipse 700. The company suspended the Kestrel K-350 project and in March 2017 announced that it would phase out Eclipse 550 production, to concentrate on the EA700. The first testbed for the aircraft's new wing was flown in September 2017, mounted on an existing Eclipse 500 fuselage.
In October 2017 the state of Wisconsin announced that it would commence legal action against the Kestrel Aircraft division of One Aviation for failure to repay US$4M in loans, plus more in tax benefits, given to the company since 2012 to develop the K-350. Kestrel had repaid $865,490 of the $4M but had missed all payments since November 2016. $20 million of state-backed tax credits were tied to the creation of 600 jobs for production, but only one-tenth of that number were hired and $700,000 was credited. Kestrel received $9 million in federal tax credits instead of $90 million. The state was seeking $3.6 million in payments in April 2018.
Also in October 2017, the company was evicted from its Brunswick facility after falling more than a year behind on rent and laid off workers at all four locations, a move it said was part of transitioning production from the EA550 to the EA700. At the time, One Aviation was seeking external partnerships and investment.
On April 26, 2018, the City of Albuquerque ordered One Aviation and Eclipse Aerospace to vacate leased properties at Albuquerque International Sunport or to reimburse $895,000 in back rent by May 8, secured by an Eclipse 500 prototype, then serving as the Eclipse 700 wing testbed.
On May 8, 2018, One Aviation paid $162,000 and requested a financial agreement through its restructuring but on May 16, the city refused and served a notice of eviction.
One Aviation promised immediate payment of the remaining $790,000, to leave its paint and production facilities, and to continue operations from its remaining hangar.
The company indicated at the time that new investors should stabilize its core business: maintenance, upgrades, and parts to the current fleet of 286 airplanes, then grow the business by restarting production of the EA550 and development the EA700. At the end of May 2018, Citiking International US LLC, incorporated in Delaware seven months prior, settled all owed back rent, with $1,081,657 paid to the city.
On October 10, 2018, One Aviation announced it had voluntarily filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The company secured financing to carry on normal operations while it restructured, including support for the existing Eclipse 500/550 fleet and development of the Eclipse 700. The company did not respond to aviation media requests for whether it will continue development of the Kestrel or not.
One Aviation did not deliver any aircraft in 2018 or 2019, and had debts of nearly $200 million. A Chinese group, an investor in the company since October 2017, stepped in through Citiking International, following the Chapter 11 filing.
At that point One Aviation had orders for 15 aircraft and was planning to deliver up to 50 a year by 2024. Its reorganization then included a post-Chapter 11 debt facility of $17 million. On March 9, 2020, the acquisition was cleared by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States of the United States Department of the Treasury for Citiking International to become the new owner of the company.
On October 22, 2020 it was announced that Citiking was "ousted from the sale process" and that a United States-based company, AML Global Eclipse LLC, owned by British businessman Christopher Harborne, intends to purchase the assets of Eclipse Aerospace for $5.25M, including the Eclipse Aircraft project. The court hearing for the sale was held in November 2020, with objections from Citiking International US being heard. The Kestrel division of the company was not included in the bid.
By the time its assets were up for sale in October 2020, Eclipse Aerospace and One Aviation combined had completed and sold a total of 33 aircraft, all of them Eclipse 550 models.
In February 2021, the bankruptcy court judge ended One Aviation's Chapter 11 reorganization effort and ordered it into Chapter 7 liquidation, saying that he had lost confidence in the company's management. AML Global will maintain support for all current Eclipse aircraft under the name Eclipse Aerospace, Inc., and Nautical Hero Group LLC has bid for assets related to the Kestrel aircraft.
Aircraft
Model name
First flight
Number built
Type
Eclipse 700 (Project Canada)
September 2017
1 prototype wing design as of 2021
Six seat, twin-engine jet
Eclipse 550
March 2013
33 as of 2020
Six seat, twin-engine jet
Kestrel K-350
July 2006
1 proof-of-concept as of 2015
Six seat, single-engine turboprop
References
^ ONE Aviation (2020). "Leadership". oneaviation.aero. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
^ a b "Court Converts One Aviation Bankruptcy Case to Liquidation". Aviation International News. February 19, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
^ Haines, Thomas B. (April 15, 2015). "Eclipse, Kestrel Merge to Form ONE". AOPA. Archived from the original on September 8, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
^ "Eclipse and Kestrel unite to form ONE Aviation". General Aviation News. April 15, 2015. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
^ a b c Bergqvist, Pia (April 16, 2015). "Eclipse and Kestrel Join as ONE Aviation". Flying. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
^ Grady, Mary (April 15, 2015). "Kestrel And Eclipse Join Forces". AVweb. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
^ a b Mark Huber and Rob Finfrock (April 12, 2018). "One Aviation Braces as Wisconsin Prepares Kestrel Suit". AIN. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018.
^ Rob Finfrock (September 5, 2017). "Eclipse 700 Testbed Takes Flight". AIN. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018.
^ a b Grady, Mary (October 12, 2017). "Kestrel Stalls In Wisconsin, Maine". AVweb. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
^ Grady, Mary (October 24, 2017). "One Aviation Lays Off Staff". AVweb. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ Rob Finfrock (May 3, 2018). "City of Albuquerque Serves Eviction Notice to One Aviation". AIN online. Archived from the original on September 10, 2018.
^ a b c Rob Finfrock (May 17, 2018). "One Aviation Makes Appeal To Stay at ABQ". AIN online. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020.
^ Rob Finfrock (June 14, 2018). "Eclipse Reaches Settlement To Continue Operating at ABQ". AIN online. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020.
^ Rob Finfrock (October 10, 2018). "One Aviation Enters Chapter 11 Restructuring". AIN online. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020.
^ Grady, Mary (October 10, 2018). "One Aviation Files Chapter 11 Bankruptcy". AVweb. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
^ a b c Molly McMillin; John Morris (October 15, 2018). "Chinese Investor Rescues Eclipse, to Buy Company". Aviation Week Network. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020.
^ "US Clears Bankrupt One Aviation For Foreign Acquisition". AOPA. March 12, 2020. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020.
^ "ONE Aviation Clears CFIUS Review for Acquisition by Citiking International US LLC" (Press release). Paul Hastings LLP. March 9, 2020. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020.
^ "AML Global Eclipse LLC to purchase the Eclipse Aircraft project". October 22, 2020. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
^ a b "AML Global Seeks To Buy Eclipse Aero Assets for $5.25M". Aviation International News. October 22, 2020. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
^ a b c Niles, Russ (October 25, 2020). "Eclipse Assets May Be Sold For $5.25 Million". AVweb. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
^ Bertorelli, Paul (October 29, 2020). "Eclipse: Yet Another Resurrection". AvWeb. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
External links
Official website archives on archive.org
vteOne AviationCompanies
Eclipse Aviation (History)
Eclipse Aerospace
Kestrel Aircraft
Aircraft
Eclipse 400
500
550
700
Kestrel K-350
Other products
PhostrEx | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N580WC_Eclipse_550_LX_Airflite_(11589064064).jpg"},{"link_name":"Eclipse 550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_550"},{"link_name":"VLJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_light_jet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kestrel_K-350_prototype_N352F_Farnborough_20.07.2008R.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kestrel K-350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kestrel_K-350"},{"link_name":"turboprop aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop"},{"link_name":"Eclipse Aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Aerospace"},{"link_name":"Kestrel Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kestrel_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Eclipse 550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_550"},{"link_name":"very light jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_light_jet"},{"link_name":"Eclipse 700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_700"},{"link_name":"Kestrel K-350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kestrel_K-350"},{"link_name":"turboprop aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop"},{"link_name":"Chapter 11 bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"Chapter 7 liquidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_7_liquidation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIN-liquidation-2"}],"text":"Defunct American aerospace manufacturerEclipse 550 twin engine VLJKestrel K-350 single-engine turboprop aircraftThe One Aviation Corporation, stylized as ONE Aviation, was a company formed in 2015 to merge the aircraft manufacturers Eclipse Aerospace and Kestrel Aircraft. The company had its headquarters in Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States.One Aviation produced the Eclipse 550 very light jet from 2015–2018, and was developing the Eclipse 700. It was also developing the Kestrel K-350 turboprop aircraft but suspended the design in 2017 due to financial and legal challenges.In October 2018, One Aviation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy while it underwent operational restructuring. However, in February 2021, it was reported that the Chapter 11 bankruptcy case was unsuccessful and had been converted to a Chapter 7 liquidation process.[2]","title":"One Aviation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Klapmeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klapmeier_brothers"},{"link_name":"Cirrus Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrus_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merge-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kestrel-4"},{"link_name":"Eclipse 550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_550"},{"link_name":"certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_certificate"},{"link_name":"Kestrel K-350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kestrel_K-350"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-join-5"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Superior, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Brunswick, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-join-5"}],"text":"Alan Klapmeier, the former CEO of Kestrel, and before that, Cirrus Aircraft, was named as the first CEO of One Aviation, with former Eclipse Aerospace CEO Mason Holland as Chairman.[3][4]The company initially produced the Eclipse 550, which had been in production at Eclipse Aerospace, and intended to complete certification of the Kestrel K-350.[5]\nOne Aviation had a unified management and business operation along with a single supply system and marketing and sales team, but the two previous manufacturing lines continued at their then-current locations: Albuquerque, New Mexico and Chicago, Illinois for the Eclipse, and Superior, Wisconsin and Brunswick, Maine for the Kestrel.[5]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AERO Friedrichshafen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AERO_Friedrichshafen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-join-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forces-6"},{"link_name":"Eclipse 700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_700"},{"link_name":"Kestrel K-350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kestrel_K-350"},{"link_name":"Eclipse 550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_550"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIN12apr2018-7"},{"link_name":"Eclipse 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_500"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grady12Oct17-9"},{"link_name":"tax credits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_credit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIN12apr2018-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grady12Oct17-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque International Sunport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque_International_Sunport"},{"link_name":"secured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_security"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIN17may2018-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIN17may2018-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIN17may2018-12"},{"link_name":"Citiking International US LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citiking_International_US_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Chapter 11 bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeek15oct2018-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeek15oct2018-16"},{"link_name":"debt facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt_facility"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeek15oct2018-16"},{"link_name":"Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Foreign_Investment_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOPA2020-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"AML Global Eclipse LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eclipse_Aerospace_(AML_Global_company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christopher Harborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Harborne"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIN-AMLGlobal-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niles25Oct20-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIN-AMLGlobal-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niles25Oct20-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niles25Oct20-21"},{"link_name":"Eclipse 550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_550"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertorelli29Oct20-22"},{"link_name":"Chapter 7 liquidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_7_liquidation"},{"link_name":"Nautical Hero Group LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nautical_Hero_Group_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIN-liquidation-2"}],"text":"The merger of Eclipse and Kestrel to form the new company was announced on 15 April 2015 at the AERO Friedrichshafen aviation trade show.[5][6]In 2016, One Aviation announced that it was devoting its resources to developing an improved version of the Eclipse 550, the Eclipse 700. The company suspended the Kestrel K-350 project and in March 2017 announced that it would phase out Eclipse 550 production, to concentrate on the EA700.[7] The first testbed for the aircraft's new wing was flown in September 2017, mounted on an existing Eclipse 500 fuselage.[8]In October 2017 the state of Wisconsin announced that it would commence legal action against the Kestrel Aircraft division of One Aviation for failure to repay US$4M in loans, plus more in tax benefits, given to the company since 2012 to develop the K-350. Kestrel had repaid $865,490 of the $4M but had missed all payments since November 2016.[9] $20 million of state-backed tax credits were tied to the creation of 600 jobs for production, but only one-tenth of that number were hired and $700,000 was credited. Kestrel received $9 million in federal tax credits instead of $90 million. The state was seeking $3.6 million in payments in April 2018.[7]Also in October 2017, the company was evicted from its Brunswick facility after falling more than a year behind on rent[9] and laid off workers at all four locations, a move it said was part of transitioning production from the EA550 to the EA700. At the time, One Aviation was seeking external partnerships and investment.[10]On April 26, 2018, the City of Albuquerque ordered One Aviation and Eclipse Aerospace to vacate leased properties at Albuquerque International Sunport or to reimburse $895,000 in back rent by May 8, secured by an Eclipse 500 prototype, then serving as the Eclipse 700 wing testbed.[11]On May 8, 2018, One Aviation paid $162,000 and requested a financial agreement through its restructuring but on May 16, the city refused and served a notice of eviction.[12] \nOne Aviation promised immediate payment of the remaining $790,000, to leave its paint and production facilities, and to continue operations from its remaining hangar.[12]\nThe company indicated at the time that new investors should stabilize its core business: maintenance, upgrades, and parts to the current fleet of 286 airplanes, then grow the business by restarting production of the EA550 and development the EA700.[12] At the end of May 2018, Citiking International US LLC, incorporated in Delaware seven months prior, settled all owed back rent, with $1,081,657 paid to the city.[13]On October 10, 2018, One Aviation announced it had voluntarily filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The company secured financing to carry on normal operations while it restructured, including support for the existing Eclipse 500/550 fleet and development of the Eclipse 700. The company did not respond to aviation media requests for whether it will continue development of the Kestrel or not.[14][15]One Aviation did not deliver any aircraft in 2018 or 2019, and had debts of nearly $200 million.[16] A Chinese group, an investor in the company since October 2017, stepped in through Citiking International, following the Chapter 11 filing.[16]\nAt that point One Aviation had orders for 15 aircraft and was planning to deliver up to 50 a year by 2024. Its reorganization then included a post-Chapter 11 debt facility of $17 million.[16] On March 9, 2020, the acquisition was cleared by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States of the United States Department of the Treasury for Citiking International to become the new owner of the company.[17][18]On October 22, 2020 it was announced that Citiking was \"ousted from the sale process\" and that a United States-based company, AML Global Eclipse LLC, owned by British businessman Christopher Harborne, intends to purchase the assets of Eclipse Aerospace for $5.25M, including the Eclipse Aircraft project.[19][20][21] The court hearing for the sale was held in November 2020, with objections from Citiking International US being heard.[20][21] The Kestrel division of the company was not included in the bid.[21]By the time its assets were up for sale in October 2020, Eclipse Aerospace and One Aviation combined had completed and sold a total of 33 aircraft, all of them Eclipse 550 models.[22]In February 2021, the bankruptcy court judge ended One Aviation's Chapter 11 reorganization effort and ordered it into Chapter 7 liquidation, saying that he had lost confidence in the company's management. AML Global will maintain support for all current Eclipse aircraft under the name Eclipse Aerospace, Inc., and Nautical Hero Group LLC has bid for assets related to the Kestrel aircraft.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aircraft"}] | [{"image_text":"Eclipse 550 twin engine VLJ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/N580WC_Eclipse_550_LX_Airflite_%2811589064064%29.jpg/220px-N580WC_Eclipse_550_LX_Airflite_%2811589064064%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kestrel K-350 single-engine turboprop aircraft","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kestrel_K-350_prototype_N352F_Farnborough_20.07.2008R.jpg/220px-Kestrel_K-350_prototype_N352F_Farnborough_20.07.2008R.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"ONE Aviation (2020). \"Leadership\". oneaviation.aero. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://oneaviation.aero/about.php","url_text":"\"Leadership\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200624231444/http://oneaviation.aero/about.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Court Converts One Aviation Bankruptcy Case to Liquidation\". Aviation International News. February 19, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2021-02-19/court-converts-one-aviation-bankruptcy-case-liquidation","url_text":"\"Court Converts One Aviation Bankruptcy Case to Liquidation\""}]},{"reference":"Haines, Thomas B. (April 15, 2015). \"Eclipse, Kestrel Merge to Form ONE\". AOPA. Archived from the original on September 8, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2015/april/15/eclipse--kestrel-merge-to-form-one","url_text":"\"Eclipse, Kestrel Merge to Form ONE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_Owners_and_Pilots_Association","url_text":"AOPA"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190908175248/https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2015/april/15/eclipse--kestrel-merge-to-form-one","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Eclipse and Kestrel unite to form ONE Aviation\". General Aviation News. April 15, 2015. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://generalaviationnews.com/2015/04/15/eclipse-and-kestrel-unite-to-form-one-aviation/","url_text":"\"Eclipse and Kestrel unite to form ONE Aviation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190328214846/https://generalaviationnews.com/2015/04/15/eclipse-and-kestrel-unite-to-form-one-aviation/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bergqvist, Pia (April 16, 2015). \"Eclipse and Kestrel Join as ONE Aviation\". Flying. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flyingmag.com/aircraft/eclipse-and-kestrel-join-one-aviation","url_text":"\"Eclipse and Kestrel Join as ONE Aviation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_(magazine)","url_text":"Flying"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20201026195322/https://www.flyingmag.com/aircraft/eclipse-and-kestrel-join-one-aviation/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grady, Mary (April 15, 2015). \"Kestrel And Eclipse Join Forces\". AVweb. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avweb.com/air-shows-events/kestrel-and-eclipse-join-forces/","url_text":"\"Kestrel And Eclipse Join Forces\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026195444/https://www.avweb.com/air-shows-events/kestrel-and-eclipse-join-forces/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mark Huber and Rob Finfrock (April 12, 2018). \"One Aviation Braces as Wisconsin Prepares Kestrel Suit\". AIN. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-04-12/one-aviation-braces-wisconsin-prepares-kestrel-suit","url_text":"\"One Aviation Braces as Wisconsin Prepares Kestrel Suit\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180711134332/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-04-12/one-aviation-braces-wisconsin-prepares-kestrel-suit","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rob Finfrock (September 5, 2017). \"Eclipse 700 Testbed Takes Flight\". AIN. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2017-09-05/eclipse-700-testbed-takes-flight","url_text":"\"Eclipse 700 Testbed Takes Flight\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180927043724/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2017-09-05/eclipse-700-testbed-takes-flight","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grady, Mary (October 12, 2017). \"Kestrel Stalls In Wisconsin, Maine\". AVweb. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avweb.com/recent-updates/business-military/kestrel-stalls-in-wisconsin-maine/l","url_text":"\"Kestrel Stalls In Wisconsin, Maine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026200026/https://www.avweb.com/recent-updates/business-military/kestrel-stalls-in-wisconsin-maine/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grady, Mary (October 24, 2017). \"One Aviation Lays Off Staff\". AVweb. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avweb.com/recent-updates/business-military/one-aviation-lays-off-staff/","url_text":"\"One Aviation Lays Off Staff\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026200238/https://www.avweb.com/recent-updates/business-military/one-aviation-lays-off-staff/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rob Finfrock (May 3, 2018). \"City of Albuquerque Serves Eviction Notice to One Aviation\". AIN online. Archived from the original on September 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-05-03/city-albuquerque-serves-eviction-notice-one-aviation","url_text":"\"City of Albuquerque Serves Eviction Notice to One Aviation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180910232152/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-05-03/city-albuquerque-serves-eviction-notice-one-aviation","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rob Finfrock (May 17, 2018). \"One Aviation Makes Appeal To Stay at ABQ\". AIN online. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-05-17/one-aviation-makes-appeal-stay-abq","url_text":"\"One Aviation Makes Appeal To Stay at ABQ\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200604151652/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-05-17/one-aviation-makes-appeal-stay-abq","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rob Finfrock (June 14, 2018). \"Eclipse Reaches Settlement To Continue Operating at ABQ\". AIN online. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-06-14/eclipse-reaches-settlement-continue-operating-abq","url_text":"\"Eclipse Reaches Settlement To Continue Operating at ABQ\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200604171309/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-06-14/eclipse-reaches-settlement-continue-operating-abq","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rob Finfrock (October 10, 2018). \"One Aviation Enters Chapter 11 Restructuring\". AIN online. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-10-10/one-aviation-enters-chapter-11-restructuring","url_text":"\"One Aviation Enters Chapter 11 Restructuring\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200604184352/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-10-10/one-aviation-enters-chapter-11-restructuring","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grady, Mary (October 10, 2018). \"One Aviation Files Chapter 11 Bankruptcy\". AVweb. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avweb.com/recent-updates/business-military/one-aviation-files-chapter-11-bankruptcy/","url_text":"\"One Aviation Files Chapter 11 Bankruptcy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026200933/https://www.avweb.com/recent-updates/business-military/one-aviation-files-chapter-11-bankruptcy/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Molly McMillin; John Morris (October 15, 2018). \"Chinese Investor Rescues Eclipse, to Buy Company\". Aviation Week Network. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviationweek.com/shownews/nbaa/chinese-investor-rescues-eclipse-buy-company","url_text":"\"Chinese Investor Rescues Eclipse, to Buy Company\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026201138/https://aviationweek.com/shownews/nbaa/chinese-investor-rescues-eclipse-buy-company","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"US Clears Bankrupt One Aviation For Foreign Acquisition\". AOPA. March 12, 2020. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2020/march/12/us-clears-bankrupt-one-aviation-for-foreign-acquisition","url_text":"\"US Clears Bankrupt One Aviation For Foreign Acquisition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_Owners_and_Pilots_Association","url_text":"AOPA"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200610024914/https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2020/march/12/us-clears-bankrupt-one-aviation-for-foreign-acquisition","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ONE Aviation Clears CFIUS Review for Acquisition by Citiking International US LLC\" (Press release). Paul Hastings LLP. March 9, 2020. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paulhastings.com/news/details/?id=0d04ea6e-2334-6428-811c-ff00004cbded","url_text":"\"ONE Aviation Clears CFIUS Review for Acquisition by Citiking International US LLC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hastings","url_text":"Paul Hastings LLP"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200808235653/https://www.paulhastings.com/news/details/?id=0d04ea6e-2334-6428-811c-ff00004cbded","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AML Global Eclipse LLC to purchase the Eclipse Aircraft project\". October 22, 2020. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greatreporter.com/content/3934/aml-global-eclipse-llc-purchase-eclipse-aircraft-project","url_text":"\"AML Global Eclipse LLC to purchase the Eclipse Aircraft project\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026201650/https://www.greatreporter.com/content/3934/aml-global-eclipse-llc-purchase-eclipse-aircraft-project","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AML Global Seeks To Buy Eclipse Aero Assets for $5.25M\". Aviation International News. October 22, 2020. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2020-10-22/aml-global-seeks-buy-eclipse-aero-assets-525m","url_text":"\"AML Global Seeks To Buy Eclipse Aero Assets for $5.25M\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024114255/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2020-10-22/aml-global-seeks-buy-eclipse-aero-assets-525m","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Niles, Russ (October 25, 2020). \"Eclipse Assets May Be Sold For $5.25 Million\". AVweb. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avweb.com/aviation-news/eclipse-assets-may-be-sold-for-5-25-million/","url_text":"\"Eclipse Assets May Be Sold For $5.25 Million\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026123514/https://www.avweb.com/aviation-news/eclipse-assets-may-be-sold-for-5-25-million/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bertorelli, Paul (October 29, 2020). \"Eclipse: Yet Another Resurrection\". AvWeb. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avweb.com/insider/eclipse-yet-another-resurrection/","url_text":"\"Eclipse: Yet Another Resurrection\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20201030121010/https://www.avweb.com/insider/eclipse-yet-another-resurrection/?MailingID=482","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210410234742/http://www.oneaviation.aero/","external_links_name":"Archives"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Aviation&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Aviation&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://oneaviation.aero/about.php","external_links_name":"\"Leadership\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200624231444/http://oneaviation.aero/about.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2021-02-19/court-converts-one-aviation-bankruptcy-case-liquidation","external_links_name":"\"Court Converts One Aviation Bankruptcy Case to Liquidation\""},{"Link":"https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2015/april/15/eclipse--kestrel-merge-to-form-one","external_links_name":"\"Eclipse, Kestrel Merge to Form ONE\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190908175248/https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2015/april/15/eclipse--kestrel-merge-to-form-one","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://generalaviationnews.com/2015/04/15/eclipse-and-kestrel-unite-to-form-one-aviation/","external_links_name":"\"Eclipse and Kestrel unite to form ONE Aviation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190328214846/https://generalaviationnews.com/2015/04/15/eclipse-and-kestrel-unite-to-form-one-aviation/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.flyingmag.com/aircraft/eclipse-and-kestrel-join-one-aviation","external_links_name":"\"Eclipse and Kestrel Join as ONE Aviation\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20201026195322/https://www.flyingmag.com/aircraft/eclipse-and-kestrel-join-one-aviation/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.avweb.com/air-shows-events/kestrel-and-eclipse-join-forces/","external_links_name":"\"Kestrel And Eclipse Join Forces\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026195444/https://www.avweb.com/air-shows-events/kestrel-and-eclipse-join-forces/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-04-12/one-aviation-braces-wisconsin-prepares-kestrel-suit","external_links_name":"\"One Aviation Braces as Wisconsin Prepares Kestrel Suit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180711134332/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-04-12/one-aviation-braces-wisconsin-prepares-kestrel-suit","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2017-09-05/eclipse-700-testbed-takes-flight","external_links_name":"\"Eclipse 700 Testbed Takes Flight\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180927043724/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2017-09-05/eclipse-700-testbed-takes-flight","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.avweb.com/recent-updates/business-military/kestrel-stalls-in-wisconsin-maine/l","external_links_name":"\"Kestrel Stalls In Wisconsin, Maine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026200026/https://www.avweb.com/recent-updates/business-military/kestrel-stalls-in-wisconsin-maine/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.avweb.com/recent-updates/business-military/one-aviation-lays-off-staff/","external_links_name":"\"One Aviation Lays Off Staff\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026200238/https://www.avweb.com/recent-updates/business-military/one-aviation-lays-off-staff/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-05-03/city-albuquerque-serves-eviction-notice-one-aviation","external_links_name":"\"City of Albuquerque Serves Eviction Notice to One Aviation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180910232152/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-05-03/city-albuquerque-serves-eviction-notice-one-aviation","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-05-17/one-aviation-makes-appeal-stay-abq","external_links_name":"\"One Aviation Makes Appeal To Stay at ABQ\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200604151652/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-05-17/one-aviation-makes-appeal-stay-abq","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-06-14/eclipse-reaches-settlement-continue-operating-abq","external_links_name":"\"Eclipse Reaches Settlement To Continue Operating at ABQ\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200604171309/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-06-14/eclipse-reaches-settlement-continue-operating-abq","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-10-10/one-aviation-enters-chapter-11-restructuring","external_links_name":"\"One Aviation Enters Chapter 11 Restructuring\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200604184352/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-10-10/one-aviation-enters-chapter-11-restructuring","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.avweb.com/recent-updates/business-military/one-aviation-files-chapter-11-bankruptcy/","external_links_name":"\"One Aviation Files Chapter 11 Bankruptcy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026200933/https://www.avweb.com/recent-updates/business-military/one-aviation-files-chapter-11-bankruptcy/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://aviationweek.com/shownews/nbaa/chinese-investor-rescues-eclipse-buy-company","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Investor Rescues Eclipse, to Buy Company\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026201138/https://aviationweek.com/shownews/nbaa/chinese-investor-rescues-eclipse-buy-company","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2020/march/12/us-clears-bankrupt-one-aviation-for-foreign-acquisition","external_links_name":"\"US Clears Bankrupt One Aviation For Foreign Acquisition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200610024914/https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2020/march/12/us-clears-bankrupt-one-aviation-for-foreign-acquisition","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.paulhastings.com/news/details/?id=0d04ea6e-2334-6428-811c-ff00004cbded","external_links_name":"\"ONE Aviation Clears CFIUS Review for Acquisition by Citiking International US LLC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200808235653/https://www.paulhastings.com/news/details/?id=0d04ea6e-2334-6428-811c-ff00004cbded","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.greatreporter.com/content/3934/aml-global-eclipse-llc-purchase-eclipse-aircraft-project","external_links_name":"\"AML Global Eclipse LLC to purchase the Eclipse Aircraft project\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026201650/https://www.greatreporter.com/content/3934/aml-global-eclipse-llc-purchase-eclipse-aircraft-project","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2020-10-22/aml-global-seeks-buy-eclipse-aero-assets-525m","external_links_name":"\"AML Global Seeks To Buy Eclipse Aero Assets for $5.25M\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024114255/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2020-10-22/aml-global-seeks-buy-eclipse-aero-assets-525m","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.avweb.com/aviation-news/eclipse-assets-may-be-sold-for-5-25-million/","external_links_name":"\"Eclipse Assets May Be Sold For $5.25 Million\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026123514/https://www.avweb.com/aviation-news/eclipse-assets-may-be-sold-for-5-25-million/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.avweb.com/insider/eclipse-yet-another-resurrection/","external_links_name":"\"Eclipse: Yet Another Resurrection\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20201030121010/https://www.avweb.com/insider/eclipse-yet-another-resurrection/?MailingID=482","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210410234742/http://www.oneaviation.aero/","external_links_name":"Official website archives"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB_970508 | GRB 970508 | ["1 Discovery","2 Observations","3 Characteristics","4 Distance scale and emission model","5 Host galaxy","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"] | Gamma-ray burst detected on May 8, 1997
GRB 970508Image of the optical afterglow of GRB 970508 taken one month after the burst was detectedEvent typeGamma-ray burst Date21:24 UTCMay 8, 1997ConstellationCamelopardalis Right ascension06h 53m 49sDeclination+79° 16′ 19.6″Distance6,000,000,000 ly (1.8×109 pc)Redshift0.835 ≤ z ≤ 2.3Peak apparent magnitude19.6Total energy output5 × 1050 erg (5 × 1043 J)Other designationsGRB 970508 Related media on Commons
GRB 970508 was a gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected on May 8, 1997, at 21:42 UTC; it is historically important as the second GRB (after GRB 970228) with a detected afterglow at other wavelengths, the first to have a direct redshift measurement of the afterglow, and the first to be detected at radio wavelengths.
A gamma-ray burst is a highly luminous flash associated with an explosion in a distant galaxy and producing gamma rays, the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation, and often followed by a longer-lived "afterglow" emitted at longer wavelengths (X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, and radio).
GRB 970508 was detected by the Gamma Ray Burst Monitor on the Italian–Dutch X-ray astronomy satellite BeppoSAX. Astronomer Mark Metzger determined that GRB 970508 occurred at least 6 billion light years from Earth; this was the first measurement of the distance to a gamma-ray burst.
Until this burst, astronomers had not reached a consensus regarding how far away GRBs occur from Earth. Some supported the idea that GRBs occur within the Milky Way, but are visibly faint because they are not highly energetic. Others concluded that GRBs occur in other galaxies at cosmological distances and are extremely energetic. Although the possibility of multiple types of GRBs meant that the two theories were not mutually exclusive, the distance measurement unequivocally placed the source of the GRB outside the Milky Way, effectively ending the debate.
GRB 970508 was also the first burst with an observed radio frequency afterglow. By analyzing the fluctuating strength of the radio signals, astronomer Dale Frail calculated that the source of the radio waves had expanded almost at the speed of light. This provided strong evidence that GRBs are relativistically expanding explosions.
Discovery
Artist's conception of BeppoSAX in orbit
A gamma-ray burst (GRB) is a highly luminous flash of gamma rays—the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation. GRBs were first detected in 1967 by the Vela satellites (a series of spacecraft designed to detect nuclear explosions in space). The initial burst is often followed by a longer-lived "afterglow" emitted at longer wavelengths (X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, and radio). The first GRB afterglow to be discovered was the X-ray afterglow of GRB 970228, which was detected by BeppoSAX, an Italian–Dutch satellite originally designed to study X-rays.
On Thursday May 8, 1997, at 21:42 UTC, BeppoSAX's Gamma Ray Burst Monitor registered a gamma-ray burst that lasted approximately 15 seconds. It was also detected by Ulysses, a robotic space probe designed to study the Sun, and by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on board the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. The burst also occurred within the field of view of one of BeppoSAX's two X-ray Wide Field Cameras. Within a few hours, the BeppoSAX team localized the burst to an error box—a small area around the specific position to account for the error in the position—with a diameter of approximately 10 arcminutes.
Observations
The Very Large Array in New Mexico
After a rough position of the burst had been determined, Enrico Costa of the BeppoSAX team contacted astronomer Dale Frail at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory's Very Large Array. Frail began making observations at a wavelength of 20 centimeters at 01:30 UTC, less than four hours after the discovery. While preparing for his observations Frail contacted astronomer Stanislav Djorgovski, who was working with the Hale Telescope. Djorgovski immediately compared his images of the region with older images from the Digitized Sky Survey, but he found no new sources of light within the error box. Mark Metzger, a colleague of Djorgovski at the Caltech observatory, conducted a more extensive analysis of the data, but was also unable to identify any new light sources.
The following evening Djorgovski again observed the region. He compared the images from both nights but the error box contained no objects that had decreased in luminosity between May 8 and May 9. Metzger noticed one object that had increased in luminosity, but he assumed it was a variable star rather than the GRB afterglow. Titus Galama and Paul Groot, members of a research team in Amsterdam led by Jan van Paradijs, compared images taken by the WIYN Telescope on May 8 and the William Herschel Telescope on May 9. They were also unable to find any light sources which had faded during that time.
After discovering the burst's X-ray afterglow, the BeppoSAX team provided a more accurate localization, and what Metzger had assumed to be a variable star was still present in this smaller error box. Both the Caltech team and the Amsterdam team were hesitant to publish any conclusions on the variable object. On May 10 Howard Bond of the Space Telescope Science Institute published his discovery, which was later confirmed to be the burst's optical afterglow.
On the night between May 10 and May 11, 1997, Metzger's colleague Charles Steidel recorded the spectrum of the variable object at the W. M. Keck Observatory. He then sent the data to Metzger, who after identifying a system of absorption lines associated with magnesium and iron determined a redshift of z = 0.8349 ± 0.0002, indicating that light from the burst had been absorbed by matter roughly 6 billion light-years from Earth. Although the redshift of the burst itself had not been determined, the absorbent matter was necessarily located between the burst and the Earth, implying that the burst itself was at least as far away. The absence of Lyman-alpha forest features in the spectra constrained the redshift to z ≤ 2.3, while further investigation by Daniel E. Reichart of the University of Chicago suggested a redshift of z ≈ 1.09. This was the first instance in which scientists were able to measure the redshift of a GRB. Several optical spectra were also obtained at the Calar Alto Observatory at wavelength ranges of 4,300–7,100 Å (430–710 nm) and 3,500–8,000 Å (350–800 nm), but no emission lines were identified.
On May 13, five days after the first detection of GRB 970508, Frail resumed his observations with the Very Large Array. He made observations of the burst's position at a wavelength of 3.5 cm and immediately detected a strong signal. After 24 hours, the 3.5 cm signal became significantly stronger, and he also detected signals at the 6 and 21 cm wavelengths. This was the first confirmed observation of a radio afterglow of a GRB.
Over the next month, Frail observed that the luminosity of the radio source fluctuated significantly from day to day but increased on average. The fluctuations did not occur simultaneously along all of the observed wavelengths, which Jeremy Goodman of Princeton University explained as being the result of the radio waves being bent by interstellar plasma in the Milky Way. Such radio scintillations (rapid variations in the radio luminosity of an object) occur only when the source has an apparent diameter of less than 3 microarcseconds.
Characteristics
BeppoSAX's Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor, operating in the energy range of 40–700 keV, recorded a fluence of (1.85 ± 0.3) × 10−6 erg/cm2 (1.85 ± 0.3 nJ/m2), and the Wide Field Camera (2–26 keV) recorded a fluence of (0.7 ± 0.1) × 10−6 erg/cm2 (0.7 ± 0.1 nJ/m2). BATSE (20–1000 keV) recorded a fluence of (3.1 ± 0.2) × 10−6 erg/cm2 (3.1 ± 0.2 nJ/m2).
About 5 hours after the burst the apparent magnitude of the object—a logarithmic measure of its brightness with a higher number indicating a fainter object—was 20.3 ± 0.3 in the U-band (the ultraviolet region of the spectrum) and 21.2 ± 0.1 in the R-band (the red region of the spectrum). The afterglow reached its peak luminosity in both bands approximately 2 days after the burst was first detected—19.6 ± 0.3 in the U-band at 02:13 UTC on May 11, and 19.8 ± 0.2 in the R-band at 20:55 UTC on May 10.
James E. Rhoads, an astronomer at the Kitt Peak National Observatory, analyzed the burst and determined that it was not strongly beamed. Further analysis by Frail and his colleagues indicated that the total energy released by the burst was approximately 5×1050 ergs (5×1043 J), and Rhoads determined that the total gamma-ray energy was approximately 3×1050 erg (3×1043 J). This implied that the gamma-ray and kinetic energy of the burst's ejecta were comparable, effectively ruling out those GRB models which are relatively inefficient at producing gamma rays.
Distance scale and emission model
Image of GRB 970508's host galaxy taken in August 1998
Prior to this burst, astronomers had not reached consensus regarding how far away GRBs occur from Earth. Although the isotropic distribution of bursts suggested that they do not occur within the disk of the Milky Way, some astronomers supported the idea that they occur within the Milky Way's halo, concluding that the bursts are visibly faint because they are not highly energetic. Others concluded that GRBs occur in other galaxies at cosmological distances and that they can be detected because they are extremely energetic. The distance measurement and the calculations of the burst's total energy release unequivocally supported the latter theory, effectively ending the debate.
Throughout the month of May the radio scintillations became less noticeable until they ceased altogether. This implies that the radio source significantly expanded in the time that had passed since the burst was detected. Using the known distance to the source and the elapsed time before the scintillation ended, Frail calculated that the radio source had expanded at almost the speed of light. While various existing models already encompassed the notion of a relativistically expanding fireball, this was the first strong evidence to support such a model.
Host galaxy
The afterglow of GRB 970508 reached a peak total luminosity 19.82 days after the burst was detected. It then faded with a power law slope over about 100 days. The afterglow eventually disappeared, revealing the burst's host, an actively star-forming dwarf galaxy with an apparent magnitude of V = 25.4 ± 0.15. The galaxy was well fitted by an exponential disk with an ellipticity of 0.70 ± 0.07. The redshift of GRB 970508's optical afterglow, z = 0.835, agreed with the host galaxy's redshift of z = 0.83, suggesting that, unlike previously observed bursts, GRB 970508 may have been associated with an active galactic nucleus.
See also
List of gamma-ray bursts
Notes
^ a b Djorgovski 1997
^ Schilling 2002, pp. 12–16
^ Costa 1997
^ Schilling 2002, pp. 58–60
^ Pedersen 1997
^ a b Schilling 2002, pp. 115–116
^ Pian 1998
^ a b Kouveliotou 1997
^ a b Schilling 2002, pp. 116–117
^ a b c Schilling 2002, pp. 118–120
^ Bond 1997
^ a b Schilling 2002, pp. 121–123
^ Varendoff 2001, p. 383
^ a b Metzger 1997a
^ a b Metzger 1997b
^ Katz 2002, p. 148
^ Katz 2002, p. 149
^ Schilling 2002, p. 120
^ Reichart 1998
^ a b c Castro-Tirado 1998
^ a b c d Schilling 2002, p. 124
^ a b Katz 2002, p. 147
^ NRAO 1997
^ a b Schilling 2002, p. 125
^ Galama 1998
^ Rhoads 1999
^ a b Paczyński 1999, p. 2
^ Schilling 2002, p. 123
^ Waxman 1998
^ Schilling 2002, p. 126
^ Piran 1999, p. 23
^ a b c d Fruchter 2000
^ Bloom 1998
References
Listen to this article (16 minutes)
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 3 February 2010 (2010-02-03), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to GRB 970508.
Bloom, J. S.; Djorgovski, S. G.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Frail, D. A. (1998-11-01). "The Host Galaxy of GRB 970508" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 507 (1). California Institute of technology: L25–L28. arXiv:astro-ph/9807315. Bibcode:1998ApJ...507L..25B. doi:10.1086/311682. S2CID 18107687. Retrieved 2009-03-15.
Bond, H. E. (1997). "IAU Circular 6654: 1997cm; GRB 970508". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
Castro-Tirado, A. J.; Gorosabel, Javier; Benitez, Narciso; Wolf, Christian; Fockenbrock, Ralf; Martinez-Gonzalez, Enrique; Kristen, Helmuth; Broeils, Adrick; Pedersen, Holger; Greiner, Jochen; Costa, Enrico; Feroci, Marco; Piro, Luigi; Frontera, Filippo; Nicastro, Luciano; Palazzi, Eliana; Bartolini, Corrado; Guarnieri, Adriano; Masetti, Nicola; Piccioni, Adalberto; Mignoli, Marco; Wold, Magrethe; Lacy, Mark; Birkle, Kurt; Broadhurst, Tom; Brandt, Soen; Lund, Niels (1998-02-13). "Photometry and Spectroscopy of the GRB 970508 Optical Counterpart". Science. 279 (5353): 1011–1014. Bibcode:1998Sci...279.1011C. doi:10.1126/science.279.5353.1011. PMID 9461429.
Costa, E.; Frontera, F.; Heise, J.; Feroci, M.; In 't Zand, J.; Fiore, F.; Cinti, M. N.; Dal Fiume, D.; Nicastro, L.; Orlandini, M.; Palazzi, E.; Rapisarda, M.; Zavattini, G.; Jager, R.; Parmar, A.; Owens, A.; Molendi, S.; Cusumano, G.; MacCarone, M. C.; Giarrusso, S.; Coletta, A.; Antonelli, L. A.; Giommi, P.; Muller, J. M.; Piro, L.; Butler, R. C. (1997-06-19). "Discovery of an X-ray afterglow associated with the γ-ray burst of 28 February 1997". Nature. 387 (6635): 783–785. arXiv:astro-ph/9706065. Bibcode:1997Natur.387..783C. doi:10.1038/42885. S2CID 4260635.
Djorgovski, S. G.; Metzger, M. R.; Odewahn, S. C.; Gal, R. R.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Pahre, M. A.; Frail, D. A.; Costa, E.; Feroci, M. (1997). "IAU Circular 6655: GRB 970508". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
"Very Large Array Detects Radio Emission From Gamma-Ray Burst" (Press release). National Radio Astronomy Observatory. 1997-05-15. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
Fruchter, A. S.; Pian, E.; Gibbons, R.; Thorsett, S. E.; Ferguson, H.; Petro, L.; Sahu, K. C.; Livio, M.; Caraveo, P.; Frontera, F.; Kouveliotou, C.; MacChetto, D.; Palazzi, E.; Pedersen, H.; Tavani, M.; Van Paradijs, J. (2000-12-20). "Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Host Galaxy of GRB 970508". The Astrophysical Journal. 545 (2): 664–669. arXiv:astro-ph/9903236. Bibcode:2000ApJ...545..664F. doi:10.1086/317870. S2CID 14856861. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
Galama, T. J.; Groot, P. J.; Van Paradijs, J.; Kouveliotou, C.; Strom, R. G.; Wijers, R. A. M. J.; Tanvir, N.; Bloom, J.; Centurion, M.; Telting, J.; Rutten, R. G. M.; Smith, P.; MacKey, C.; Smartt, S.; Benn, C.; Heise, J.; In't Zand, J. (1998-04-10). "Optical Follow-Up of GRB 970508" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 497 (1): L13–L16. arXiv:astro-ph/9802160. Bibcode:1998ApJ...497L..13G. doi:10.1086/311268. S2CID 118998539. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
Katz, Jonathan I. (2002). The Biggest Bangs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514570-0.
Kouveliotou, C.; Briggs, M. S.; Preece, R.; Fishman, G. J.; Meegan, C. A.; Harmon, B. A. (1997). "IAU Circular 6660: GRB 970508". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
Metzger, M. R.; Djorgovski, S. G.; Steidel, C. C.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Adelberger, K. L.; Frail, D. A. (1997). "IAU Circular 6655: GRB 970508". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
Metzger, M. R.; Djorgovski, S. G.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Steidel, C. C.; Adelberger, K. L.; Frail, D. A.; Costa, E.; Frontera, F. (1997b). "Spectral constraints on the redshift of the optical counterpart to the γ-ray burst of 8 May 1997". Nature. 387 (6636): 878–880. Bibcode:1997Natur.387..878M. doi:10.1038/43132.
Paczyński, Bohdan (1999). M. Livio; N. Panagia; K. Sahu (eds.). Gamma-Ray Burst–Supernova relation. Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts: The Greatest Explosions Since the Big Bang. Space Telescope Science Institute. pp. 1–8. ISBN 0-521-79141-3.
Pederson, H.; Jaunsen, A. O.; Grav, T.; Ostensen, R.; Andersen, M. I.; Wold, M.; Kristen, H.; Broeils, A.; Naslund, M.; Fransson, C.; Lacy, M.; Castro‐Tirado, A. J.; Gorosabel, J.; Rodriguez Espinosa, J. M.; Perez, A. M.; Wolf, C.; Fockenbrock, R.; Hjorth, J.; Muhli, P.; Hakala, P.; Piro, L.; Feroci, M.; Costa, E.; Nicastro, L.; Palazzi, E.; Frontera, F.; Monaldi, L.; Heise, J. (1998). "Evidence for Diverse Optical Emission from Gamma-Ray Burst Sources". The Astrophysical Journal. 496 (1): 311–315. arXiv:astro-ph/9710322. Bibcode:1998ApJ...496..311P. doi:10.1086/305385. S2CID 16614555.
Pian, E.; Fruchter, A. S.; Bergeron, L. E.; Thorsett, S. E.; Frontera, F.; Tavani, M.; Costa, E.; Feroci, M.; Halpern, J.; Lucas, R. A.; Nicastro, L.; Palazzi, E.; Piro, L.; Sparks, W.; Castro-Tirado, A. J.; Gull, T.; Hurley, K.; Pedersen, H. (1998-01-10). "Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of the Optical Transient Associated with GRB 970508". The Astrophysical Journal. 492 (2): L103–L106. arXiv:astro-ph/9710334. Bibcode:1998ApJ...492L.103P. doi:10.1086/311101. S2CID 16143935.
Piran, Tsvi (1999). M. Livio; N. Panagia; K. Sahu (eds.). Fireballs. Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts: The Greatest Explosions Since the Big Bang. Space Telescope Science Institute. pp. 17–35. ISBN 0-521-79141-3.
Reichart, Daniel E. (1998-02-19). "The Redshift of GRB 970508". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 495 (2). University of Chicago: L99–L101. arXiv:astro-ph/9712134. Bibcode:1998ApJ...495L..99R. doi:10.1086/311222. S2CID 119394440.
Rhoads, James E. (1999-03-25). "The Dynamics and Light Curves of Beamed Gamma Ray Burst Afterglows". The Astrophysical Journal. 525 (2): 737–749. arXiv:astro-ph/9903399. Bibcode:1999ApJ...525..737R. doi:10.1086/307907. S2CID 15557456.
Schilling, Govert (2002). Flash! The hunt for the biggest explosions in the universe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80053-2.
Varendoff, Martin (2001). "Gamma-Ray Bursts". In Volken Schönfelder (ed.). The Universe in Gamma Rays. Springer. pp. 367–396. ISBN 978-3-540-67874-8.
Waxman, E.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Frail, D. A. (1998-04-10). "Implications of the Radio Afterglow from the Gamma-Ray Burst of 1997 May 8". Astrophysical Journal. 497 (1): 288–293. arXiv:astro-ph/9709199. Bibcode:1998ApJ...497..288W. doi:10.1086/305467. S2CID 119438251.
vteConstellation of Camelopardalis
Camelopardalis in Chinese astronomy
List of stars in Camelopardalis
StarsBayer
α
β
γ
Flamsteed
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
11
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
28
29
30
31
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
49
51
53
Variable
U
Z
RU
ST
TX
VZ
BD
BE
BK
BN
CE
CO
CQ
CS
MY
HR
967
1046
1073
1112
1124
1129
1138
1158
1192
1204
1205
1241
1242
1305
1313
1314
1327
1335
1342
1401
1440
1491
1527
1561
1624
1636 (Mago)
1675
1683
1686
1720
1844
1916
2209
2363
2396
2401
2527
2581
2830
3075
3082
3216
4062
4084
4609 (Tonatiuh)
4892
4893
5009
5091
5203
HD
35759
Other
2MASS J05325346+8246465
Gliese 445
NGC 2363-V1
PSR B0329+54
Stein 2051
Struve 1694
XO-3
XO-6
Exoplanets
HD 32518 b
HD 33564 b
HD 104985 b
XO-3b
XO-6b
Star clusters
NGC 1502
Nebulae
IC 3568 (Lemon Slice Nebula)
NGC 1501
NGC 2404
GalaxiesNGC
1530
1560
1569
1573
1573A
1961
2146
2336
2363
2366
2403
2441
2460
2523
2655
2715
2748
5640
Other
DDO 44
IC 342
MACS0647-JD
UGC 3730
UGCA 86
Galaxy clusters
MACS J0647.7+7015
MS 0735.6+7421
Astronomical events
SN 1996ah
GRB 970508
SN 2004dj
SN 2010lt
Category
Portals: Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GRB_970508.ogg"},{"link_name":"gamma-ray burst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC"},{"link_name":"GRB 970228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB_970228"},{"link_name":"luminous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity"},{"link_name":"gamma rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"optical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_light"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_waves"},{"link_name":"X-ray astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_astronomy"},{"link_name":"BeppoSAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeppoSAX"},{"link_name":"Mark Metzger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Metzger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"light years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_year"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"cosmological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"radio frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency"},{"link_name":"Dale Frail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Frail"},{"link_name":"speed of light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light"},{"link_name":"relativistically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity"}],"text":"Gamma-ray burst detected on May 8, 1997GRB 970508 was a gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected on May 8, 1997, at 21:42 UTC; it is historically important as the second GRB (after GRB 970228) with a detected afterglow at other wavelengths, the first to have a direct redshift measurement of the afterglow, and the first to be detected at radio wavelengths.A gamma-ray burst is a highly luminous flash associated with an explosion in a distant galaxy and producing gamma rays, the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation, and often followed by a longer-lived \"afterglow\" emitted at longer wavelengths (X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, and radio).GRB 970508 was detected by the Gamma Ray Burst Monitor on the Italian–Dutch X-ray astronomy satellite BeppoSAX. Astronomer Mark Metzger determined that GRB 970508 occurred at least 6 billion light years from Earth; this was the first measurement of the distance to a gamma-ray burst.Until this burst, astronomers had not reached a consensus regarding how far away GRBs occur from Earth. Some supported the idea that GRBs occur within the Milky Way, but are visibly faint because they are not highly energetic. Others concluded that GRBs occur in other galaxies at cosmological distances and are extremely energetic. Although the possibility of multiple types of GRBs meant that the two theories were not mutually exclusive, the distance measurement unequivocally placed the source of the GRB outside the Milky Way, effectively ending the debate.GRB 970508 was also the first burst with an observed radio frequency afterglow. By analyzing the fluctuating strength of the radio signals, astronomer Dale Frail calculated that the source of the radio waves had expanded almost at the speed of light. This provided strong evidence that GRBs are relativistically expanding explosions.","title":"GRB 970508"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BeppoSAX.jpg"},{"link_name":"luminous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity"},{"link_name":"gamma rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation"},{"link_name":"Vela satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_satellites"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"optical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"GRB 970228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB_970228"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"BeppoSAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeppoSAX"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sc115-6"},{"link_name":"Ulysses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Compton Gamma Ray Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kouveliotou_1997-8"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_uncertainty"},{"link_name":"arcminutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcminute"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sc115-6"}],"text":"Artist's conception of BeppoSAX in orbitA gamma-ray burst (GRB) is a highly luminous flash of gamma rays—the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation. GRBs were first detected in 1967 by the Vela satellites (a series of spacecraft designed to detect nuclear explosions in space).[2] The initial burst is often followed by a longer-lived \"afterglow\" emitted at longer wavelengths (X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, and radio). The first GRB afterglow to be discovered was the X-ray afterglow of GRB 970228,[3] which was detected by BeppoSAX, an Italian–Dutch satellite originally designed to study X-rays.[4]On Thursday May 8, 1997, at 21:42 UTC, BeppoSAX's Gamma Ray Burst Monitor registered a gamma-ray burst that lasted approximately 15 seconds.[5][6] It was also detected by Ulysses, a robotic space probe designed to study the Sun,[7] and by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on board the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory.[8] The burst also occurred within the field of view of one of BeppoSAX's two X-ray Wide Field Cameras. Within a few hours, the BeppoSAX team localized the burst to an error box—a small area around the specific position to account for the error in the position—with a diameter of approximately 10 arcminutes.[6]","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA.NM.VeryLargeArray.02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Very Large Array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Large_Array"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Enrico Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Costa_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"Dale Frail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Frail"},{"link_name":"National Radio Astronomy Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Very Large Array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Large_Array"},{"link_name":"wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sc116-9"},{"link_name":"Stanislav Djorgovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanislav_Djorgovski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hale Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_Telescope"},{"link_name":"Digitized Sky Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitized_Sky_Survey"},{"link_name":"Caltech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sc116-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teams-10"},{"link_name":"variable star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_star"},{"link_name":"Titus Galama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titus_Galama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Groot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Groot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Jan van Paradijs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Paradijs"},{"link_name":"WIYN Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIYN_Telescope"},{"link_name":"William Herschel Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teams-10"},{"link_name":"Howard Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Bond"},{"link_name":"Space Telescope Science Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Telescope_Science_Institute"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teams-10"},{"link_name":"Charles Steidel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Steidel"},{"link_name":"spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum"},{"link_name":"W. M. Keck Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S121-12"},{"link_name":"absorption lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_lines"},{"link_name":"magnesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"redshift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetzCircular-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetzJournal-15"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S121-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Lyman-alpha forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman-alpha_forest"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetzCircular-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetzJournal-15"},{"link_name":"Daniel E. Reichart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_E._Reichart"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Calar Alto Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calar_Alto_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Å","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"nm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Castro-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sch124-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sch124-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sch124-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sch124-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katz147-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Goodman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katz147-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sch125-24"},{"link_name":"radio scintillations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinkling"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sch125-24"}],"text":"The Very Large Array in New MexicoAfter a rough position of the burst had been determined, Enrico Costa of the BeppoSAX team contacted astronomer Dale Frail at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory's Very Large Array. Frail began making observations at a wavelength of 20 centimeters at 01:30 UTC, less than four hours after the discovery.[9] While preparing for his observations Frail contacted astronomer Stanislav Djorgovski, who was working with the Hale Telescope. Djorgovski immediately compared his images of the region with older images from the Digitized Sky Survey, but he found no new sources of light within the error box. Mark Metzger, a colleague of Djorgovski at the Caltech observatory, conducted a more extensive analysis of the data, but was also unable to identify any new light sources.[9]The following evening Djorgovski again observed the region. He compared the images from both nights but the error box contained no objects that had decreased in luminosity between May 8 and May 9.[10] Metzger noticed one object that had increased in luminosity, but he assumed it was a variable star rather than the GRB afterglow. Titus Galama and Paul Groot, members of a research team in Amsterdam led by Jan van Paradijs, compared images taken by the WIYN Telescope on May 8 and the William Herschel Telescope on May 9. They were also unable to find any light sources which had faded during that time.[10]After discovering the burst's X-ray afterglow, the BeppoSAX team provided a more accurate localization, and what Metzger had assumed to be a variable star was still present in this smaller error box. Both the Caltech team and the Amsterdam team were hesitant to publish any conclusions on the variable object. On May 10 Howard Bond of the Space Telescope Science Institute published his discovery,[11] which was later confirmed to be the burst's optical afterglow.[10]On the night between May 10 and May 11, 1997, Metzger's colleague Charles Steidel recorded the spectrum of the variable object at the W. M. Keck Observatory.[12] He then sent the data to Metzger, who after identifying a system of absorption lines associated with magnesium and iron determined a redshift of z = 0.8349 ± 0.0002,[13][14][15] indicating that light from the burst had been absorbed by matter roughly 6 billion light-years from Earth.[16] Although the redshift of the burst itself had not been determined, the absorbent matter was necessarily located between the burst and the Earth, implying that the burst itself was at least as far away.[12][17] The absence of Lyman-alpha forest features in the spectra constrained the redshift to z ≤ 2.3,[14][15] while further investigation by Daniel E. Reichart of the University of Chicago suggested a redshift of z ≈ 1.09. This was the first instance in which scientists were able to measure the redshift of a GRB.[18][19] Several optical spectra were also obtained at the Calar Alto Observatory at wavelength ranges of 4,300–7,100 Å (430–710 nm) and 3,500–8,000 Å (350–800 nm), but no emission lines were identified.[20]On May 13, five days after the first detection of GRB 970508, Frail resumed his observations with the Very Large Array.[21] He made observations of the burst's position at a wavelength of 3.5 cm and immediately detected a strong signal.[21] After 24 hours, the 3.5 cm signal became significantly stronger, and he also detected signals at the 6 and 21 cm wavelengths.[21] This was the first confirmed observation of a radio afterglow of a GRB.[21][22][23]Over the next month, Frail observed that the luminosity of the radio source fluctuated significantly from day to day but increased on average. The fluctuations did not occur simultaneously along all of the observed wavelengths, which Jeremy Goodman of Princeton University explained as being the result of the radio waves being bent by interstellar plasma in the Milky Way.[22][24] Such radio scintillations (rapid variations in the radio luminosity of an object) occur only when the source has an apparent diameter of less than 3 microarcseconds.[24]","title":"Observations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"keV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_volt"},{"link_name":"fluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluence"},{"link_name":"erg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erg"},{"link_name":"nJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanojoule"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kouveliotou_1997-8"},{"link_name":"apparent magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_magnitude"},{"link_name":"U-band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometric_system"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Castro-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Castro-20"},{"link_name":"Kitt Peak National Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitt_Peak_National_Observatory"},{"link_name":"beamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_beam"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pac-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pac-27"}],"text":"BeppoSAX's Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor, operating in the energy range of 40–700 keV, recorded a fluence of (1.85 ± 0.3) × 10−6 erg/cm2 (1.85 ± 0.3 nJ/m2), and the Wide Field Camera (2–26 keV) recorded a fluence of (0.7 ± 0.1) × 10−6 erg/cm2 (0.7 ± 0.1 nJ/m2).[25] BATSE (20–1000 keV) recorded a fluence of (3.1 ± 0.2) × 10−6 erg/cm2 (3.1 ± 0.2 nJ/m2).[8]About 5 hours after the burst the apparent magnitude of the object—a logarithmic measure of its brightness with a higher number indicating a fainter object—was 20.3 ± 0.3 in the U-band (the ultraviolet region of the spectrum) and 21.2 ± 0.1 in the R-band (the red region of the spectrum).[20] The afterglow reached its peak luminosity in both bands approximately 2 days after the burst was first detected—19.6 ± 0.3 in the U-band at 02:13 UTC on May 11, and 19.8 ± 0.2 in the R-band at 20:55 UTC on May 10.[20]James E. Rhoads, an astronomer at the Kitt Peak National Observatory, analyzed the burst and determined that it was not strongly beamed.[26] Further analysis by Frail and his colleagues indicated that the total energy released by the burst was approximately 5×1050 ergs (5×1043 J), and Rhoads determined that the total gamma-ray energy was approximately 3×1050 erg (3×1043 J).[27] This implied that the gamma-ray and kinetic energy of the burst's ejecta were comparable, effectively ruling out those GRB models which are relatively inefficient at producing gamma rays.[27]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GRB_970508_STIS_August_1998.gif"},{"link_name":"isotropic distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropy"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"halo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_spheroid"},{"link_name":"cosmological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"speed of light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"relativistically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Image of GRB 970508's host galaxy taken in August 1998Prior to this burst, astronomers had not reached consensus regarding how far away GRBs occur from Earth. Although the isotropic distribution of bursts suggested that they do not occur within the disk of the Milky Way, some astronomers supported the idea that they occur within the Milky Way's halo, concluding that the bursts are visibly faint because they are not highly energetic. Others concluded that GRBs occur in other galaxies at cosmological distances and that they can be detected because they are extremely energetic. The distance measurement and the calculations of the burst's total energy release unequivocally supported the latter theory, effectively ending the debate.[28]Throughout the month of May the radio scintillations became less noticeable until they ceased altogether. This implies that the radio source significantly expanded in the time that had passed since the burst was detected. Using the known distance to the source and the elapsed time before the scintillation ended, Frail calculated that the radio source had expanded at almost the speed of light.[29] While various existing models already encompassed the notion of a relativistically expanding fireball, this was the first strong evidence to support such a model.[30][31]","title":"Distance scale and emission model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"power law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_law"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fruchter-32"},{"link_name":"apparent magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_magnitude"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fruchter-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"exponential disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exponential_disk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ellipticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipticity"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fruchter-32"},{"link_name":"active galactic nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fruchter-32"}],"text":"The afterglow of GRB 970508 reached a peak total luminosity 19.82 days after the burst was detected. It then faded with a power law slope over about 100 days.[32] The afterglow eventually disappeared, revealing the burst's host, an actively star-forming dwarf galaxy with an apparent magnitude of V = 25.4 ± 0.15.[32][33] The galaxy was well fitted by an exponential disk with an ellipticity of 0.70 ± 0.07.[32] The redshift of GRB 970508's optical afterglow, z = 0.835, agreed with the host galaxy's redshift of z = 0.83, suggesting that, unlike previously observed bursts, GRB 970508 may have been associated with an active galactic nucleus.[32]","title":"Host galaxy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Djorgovski_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Djorgovski_1-1"},{"link_name":"Djorgovski 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Djorgovski"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Schilling 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Schilling"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Costa 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Costa"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Schilling 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Schilling"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Pedersen 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pedersen"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sc115_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sc115_6-1"},{"link_name":"Schilling 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Schilling"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Pian 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pian"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kouveliotou_1997_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kouveliotou_1997_8-1"},{"link_name":"Kouveliotou 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kouveliotou"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sc116_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sc116_9-1"},{"link_name":"Schilling 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Schilling"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-teams_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-teams_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-teams_10-2"},{"link_name":"Schilling 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Schilling"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Bond 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bond"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S121_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S121_12-1"},{"link_name":"Schilling 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Schilling"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Varendoff 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Varendoff"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MetzCircular_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MetzCircular_14-1"},{"link_name":"Metzger 1997a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#MetzCircular"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MetzJournal_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MetzJournal_15-1"},{"link_name":"Metzger 1997b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#MetzJournal"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Katz 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Katz"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Katz 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Katz"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Schilling 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Schilling"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Reichart 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Reichart"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Castro_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Castro_20-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Castro_20-2"},{"link_name":"Castro-Tirado 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Castro"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sch124_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sch124_21-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sch124_21-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sch124_21-3"},{"link_name":"Schilling 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Schilling"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Katz147_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Katz147_22-1"},{"link_name":"Katz 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Katz"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"NRAO 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#NRAO"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sch125_24-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sch125_24-1"},{"link_name":"Schilling 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Schilling"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Galama 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Galama"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Rhoads 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rhoads"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pac_27-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pac_27-1"},{"link_name":"Paczyński 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pac"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Schilling 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Schilling"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Waxman 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Waxman"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Schilling 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Schilling"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Piran 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Piran"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fruchter_32-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fruchter_32-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fruchter_32-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fruchter_32-3"},{"link_name":"Fruchter 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Fruchter"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Bloom 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bloom"}],"text":"^ a b Djorgovski 1997\n\n^ Schilling 2002, pp. 12–16\n\n^ Costa 1997\n\n^ Schilling 2002, pp. 58–60\n\n^ Pedersen 1997\n\n^ a b Schilling 2002, pp. 115–116\n\n^ Pian 1998\n\n^ a b Kouveliotou 1997\n\n^ a b Schilling 2002, pp. 116–117\n\n^ a b c Schilling 2002, pp. 118–120\n\n^ Bond 1997\n\n^ a b Schilling 2002, pp. 121–123\n\n^ Varendoff 2001, p. 383\n\n^ a b Metzger 1997a\n\n^ a b Metzger 1997b\n\n^ Katz 2002, p. 148\n\n^ Katz 2002, p. 149\n\n^ Schilling 2002, p. 120\n\n^ Reichart 1998\n\n^ a b c Castro-Tirado 1998\n\n^ a b c d Schilling 2002, p. 124\n\n^ a b Katz 2002, p. 147\n\n^ NRAO 1997\n\n^ a b Schilling 2002, p. 125\n\n^ Galama 1998\n\n^ Rhoads 1999\n\n^ a b Paczyński 1999, p. 2\n\n^ Schilling 2002, p. 123\n\n^ Waxman 1998\n\n^ Schilling 2002, p. 126\n\n^ Piran 1999, p. 23\n\n^ a b c d Fruchter 2000\n\n^ Bloom 1998","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Artist's conception of BeppoSAX in orbit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/BeppoSAX.jpg/220px-BeppoSAX.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Very Large Array in New Mexico","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/USA.NM.VeryLargeArray.02.jpg/220px-USA.NM.VeryLargeArray.02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Image of GRB 970508's host galaxy taken in August 1998","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/GRB_970508_STIS_August_1998.gif/220px-GRB_970508_STIS_August_1998.gif"},{}] | [{"title":"List of gamma-ray bursts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gamma-ray_bursts"}] | [{"reference":"Bloom, J. S.; Djorgovski, S. G.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Frail, D. A. (1998-11-01). \"The Host Galaxy of GRB 970508\" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 507 (1). California Institute of technology: L25–L28. arXiv:astro-ph/9807315. Bibcode:1998ApJ...507L..25B. doi:10.1086/311682. S2CID 18107687. Retrieved 2009-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-4357/507/1/L25/985572.web.pdf?request-id=b2c803c2-f988-4244-b318-fa8f01319c88","url_text":"\"The Host Galaxy of GRB 970508\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9807315","url_text":"astro-ph/9807315"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...507L..25B","url_text":"1998ApJ...507L..25B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F311682","url_text":"10.1086/311682"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18107687","url_text":"18107687"}]},{"reference":"Bond, H. E. (1997). \"IAU Circular 6654: 1997cm; GRB 970508\". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 2011-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06600/06654.html","url_text":"\"IAU Circular 6654: 1997cm; GRB 970508\""}]},{"reference":"Castro-Tirado, A. J.; Gorosabel, Javier; Benitez, Narciso; Wolf, Christian; Fockenbrock, Ralf; Martinez-Gonzalez, Enrique; Kristen, Helmuth; Broeils, Adrick; Pedersen, Holger; Greiner, Jochen; Costa, Enrico; Feroci, Marco; Piro, Luigi; Frontera, Filippo; Nicastro, Luciano; Palazzi, Eliana; Bartolini, Corrado; Guarnieri, Adriano; Masetti, Nicola; Piccioni, Adalberto; Mignoli, Marco; Wold, Magrethe; Lacy, Mark; Birkle, Kurt; Broadhurst, Tom; Brandt, Soen; Lund, Niels (1998-02-13). \"Photometry and Spectroscopy of the GRB 970508 Optical Counterpart\". Science. 279 (5353): 1011–1014. Bibcode:1998Sci...279.1011C. doi:10.1126/science.279.5353.1011. PMID 9461429.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...279.1011C","url_text":"1998Sci...279.1011C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.279.5353.1011","url_text":"10.1126/science.279.5353.1011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9461429","url_text":"9461429"}]},{"reference":"Costa, E.; Frontera, F.; Heise, J.; Feroci, M.; In 't Zand, J.; Fiore, F.; Cinti, M. N.; Dal Fiume, D.; Nicastro, L.; Orlandini, M.; Palazzi, E.; Rapisarda, M.; Zavattini, G.; Jager, R.; Parmar, A.; Owens, A.; Molendi, S.; Cusumano, G.; MacCarone, M. C.; Giarrusso, S.; Coletta, A.; Antonelli, L. A.; Giommi, P.; Muller, J. M.; Piro, L.; Butler, R. C. (1997-06-19). \"Discovery of an X-ray afterglow associated with the γ-ray burst of 28 February 1997\". Nature. 387 (6635): 783–785. arXiv:astro-ph/9706065. Bibcode:1997Natur.387..783C. doi:10.1038/42885. S2CID 4260635.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9706065","url_text":"astro-ph/9706065"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.387..783C","url_text":"1997Natur.387..783C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F42885","url_text":"10.1038/42885"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4260635","url_text":"4260635"}]},{"reference":"Djorgovski, S. G.; Metzger, M. R.; Odewahn, S. C.; Gal, R. R.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Pahre, M. A.; Frail, D. A.; Costa, E.; Feroci, M. (1997). \"IAU Circular 6655: GRB 970508\". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 2011-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06600/06655.html","url_text":"\"IAU Circular 6655: GRB 970508\""}]},{"reference":"\"Very Large Array Detects Radio Emission From Gamma-Ray Burst\" (Press release). National Radio Astronomy Observatory. 1997-05-15. Retrieved 2009-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrao.edu/pr/1997/grbdetect/","url_text":"\"Very Large Array Detects Radio Emission From Gamma-Ray Burst\""}]},{"reference":"Fruchter, A. S.; Pian, E.; Gibbons, R.; Thorsett, S. E.; Ferguson, H.; Petro, L.; Sahu, K. C.; Livio, M.; Caraveo, P.; Frontera, F.; Kouveliotou, C.; MacChetto, D.; Palazzi, E.; Pedersen, H.; Tavani, M.; Van Paradijs, J. (2000-12-20). \"Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Host Galaxy of GRB 970508\". The Astrophysical Journal. 545 (2): 664–669. arXiv:astro-ph/9903236. Bibcode:2000ApJ...545..664F. doi:10.1086/317870. S2CID 14856861. Retrieved 2009-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrizia_A._Caraveo","url_text":"Caraveo, P."},{"url":"http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/545/2/664/52421.text.html","url_text":"\"Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Host Galaxy of GRB 970508\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9903236","url_text":"astro-ph/9903236"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...545..664F","url_text":"2000ApJ...545..664F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F317870","url_text":"10.1086/317870"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14856861","url_text":"14856861"}]},{"reference":"Galama, T. J.; Groot, P. J.; Van Paradijs, J.; Kouveliotou, C.; Strom, R. G.; Wijers, R. A. M. J.; Tanvir, N.; Bloom, J.; Centurion, M.; Telting, J.; Rutten, R. G. M.; Smith, P.; MacKey, C.; Smartt, S.; Benn, C.; Heise, J.; In't Zand, J. (1998-04-10). \"Optical Follow-Up of GRB 970508\" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 497 (1): L13–L16. arXiv:astro-ph/9802160. Bibcode:1998ApJ...497L..13G. doi:10.1086/311268. S2CID 118998539. Retrieved 2009-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-4357/497/1/L13/975874.web.pdf?request-id=53e0b99d-506c-40b7-89e1-936bed2a95cd","url_text":"\"Optical Follow-Up of GRB 970508\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9802160","url_text":"astro-ph/9802160"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...497L..13G","url_text":"1998ApJ...497L..13G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F311268","url_text":"10.1086/311268"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118998539","url_text":"118998539"}]},{"reference":"Katz, Jonathan I. (2002). The Biggest Bangs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514570-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biggestbangsmyst00katz_0","url_text":"The Biggest Bangs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514570-0","url_text":"978-0-19-514570-0"}]},{"reference":"Kouveliotou, C.; Briggs, M. S.; Preece, R.; Fishman, G. J.; Meegan, C. A.; Harmon, B. A. (1997). \"IAU Circular 6660: GRB 970508\". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 2011-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06600/06660.html","url_text":"\"IAU Circular 6660: GRB 970508\""}]},{"reference":"Metzger, M. R.; Djorgovski, S. G.; Steidel, C. C.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Adelberger, K. L.; Frail, D. A. (1997). \"IAU Circular 6655: GRB 970508\". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 2011-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06600/06655.html","url_text":"\"IAU Circular 6655: GRB 970508\""}]},{"reference":"Metzger, M. R.; Djorgovski, S. G.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Steidel, C. C.; Adelberger, K. L.; Frail, D. A.; Costa, E.; Frontera, F. (1997b). \"Spectral constraints on the redshift of the optical counterpart to the γ-ray burst of 8 May 1997\". Nature. 387 (6636): 878–880. Bibcode:1997Natur.387..878M. doi:10.1038/43132.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F43132","url_text":"\"Spectral constraints on the redshift of the optical counterpart to the γ-ray burst of 8 May 1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.387..878M","url_text":"1997Natur.387..878M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F43132","url_text":"10.1038/43132"}]},{"reference":"Paczyński, Bohdan (1999). M. Livio; N. Panagia; K. Sahu (eds.). Gamma-Ray Burst–Supernova relation. Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts: The Greatest Explosions Since the Big Bang. Space Telescope Science Institute. pp. 1–8. ISBN 0-521-79141-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Telescope_Science_Institute","url_text":"Space Telescope Science Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79141-3","url_text":"0-521-79141-3"}]},{"reference":"Pederson, H.; Jaunsen, A. O.; Grav, T.; Ostensen, R.; Andersen, M. I.; Wold, M.; Kristen, H.; Broeils, A.; Naslund, M.; Fransson, C.; Lacy, M.; Castro‐Tirado, A. J.; Gorosabel, J.; Rodriguez Espinosa, J. M.; Perez, A. M.; Wolf, C.; Fockenbrock, R.; Hjorth, J.; Muhli, P.; Hakala, P.; Piro, L.; Feroci, M.; Costa, E.; Nicastro, L.; Palazzi, E.; Frontera, F.; Monaldi, L.; Heise, J. (1998). \"Evidence for Diverse Optical Emission from Gamma-Ray Burst Sources\". The Astrophysical Journal. 496 (1): 311–315. arXiv:astro-ph/9710322. Bibcode:1998ApJ...496..311P. doi:10.1086/305385. S2CID 16614555.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9710322","url_text":"astro-ph/9710322"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...496..311P","url_text":"1998ApJ...496..311P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F305385","url_text":"10.1086/305385"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16614555","url_text":"16614555"}]},{"reference":"Pian, E.; Fruchter, A. S.; Bergeron, L. E.; Thorsett, S. E.; Frontera, F.; Tavani, M.; Costa, E.; Feroci, M.; Halpern, J.; Lucas, R. A.; Nicastro, L.; Palazzi, E.; Piro, L.; Sparks, W.; Castro-Tirado, A. J.; Gull, T.; Hurley, K.; Pedersen, H. (1998-01-10). \"Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of the Optical Transient Associated with GRB 970508\". The Astrophysical Journal. 492 (2): L103–L106. arXiv:astro-ph/9710334. Bibcode:1998ApJ...492L.103P. doi:10.1086/311101. S2CID 16143935.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9710334","url_text":"astro-ph/9710334"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...492L.103P","url_text":"1998ApJ...492L.103P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F311101","url_text":"10.1086/311101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16143935","url_text":"16143935"}]},{"reference":"Piran, Tsvi (1999). M. Livio; N. Panagia; K. Sahu (eds.). Fireballs. Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts: The Greatest Explosions Since the Big Bang. Space Telescope Science Institute. pp. 17–35. ISBN 0-521-79141-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Telescope_Science_Institute","url_text":"Space Telescope Science Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79141-3","url_text":"0-521-79141-3"}]},{"reference":"Reichart, Daniel E. (1998-02-19). \"The Redshift of GRB 970508\". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 495 (2). University of Chicago: L99–L101. arXiv:astro-ph/9712134. Bibcode:1998ApJ...495L..99R. doi:10.1086/311222. S2CID 119394440.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9712134","url_text":"astro-ph/9712134"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...495L..99R","url_text":"1998ApJ...495L..99R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F311222","url_text":"10.1086/311222"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119394440","url_text":"119394440"}]},{"reference":"Rhoads, James E. (1999-03-25). \"The Dynamics and Light Curves of Beamed Gamma Ray Burst Afterglows\". The Astrophysical Journal. 525 (2): 737–749. arXiv:astro-ph/9903399. Bibcode:1999ApJ...525..737R. doi:10.1086/307907. S2CID 15557456.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9903399","url_text":"astro-ph/9903399"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...525..737R","url_text":"1999ApJ...525..737R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F307907","url_text":"10.1086/307907"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15557456","url_text":"15557456"}]},{"reference":"Schilling, Govert (2002). Flash! The hunt for the biggest explosions in the universe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80053-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/flashhuntforbigg0000schi","url_text":"Flash! The hunt for the biggest explosions in the universe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80053-2","url_text":"978-0-521-80053-2"}]},{"reference":"Varendoff, Martin (2001). \"Gamma-Ray Bursts\". In Volken Schönfelder (ed.). The Universe in Gamma Rays. Springer. pp. 367–396. ISBN 978-3-540-67874-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67874-8","url_text":"978-3-540-67874-8"}]},{"reference":"Waxman, E.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Frail, D. A. (1998-04-10). \"Implications of the Radio Afterglow from the Gamma-Ray Burst of 1997 May 8\". Astrophysical Journal. 497 (1): 288–293. arXiv:astro-ph/9709199. Bibcode:1998ApJ...497..288W. doi:10.1086/305467. S2CID 119438251.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9709199","url_text":"astro-ph/9709199"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...497..288W","url_text":"1998ApJ...497..288W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F305467","url_text":"10.1086/305467"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119438251","url_text":"119438251"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-4357/507/1/L25/985572.web.pdf?request-id=b2c803c2-f988-4244-b318-fa8f01319c88","external_links_name":"\"The Host Galaxy of GRB 970508\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9807315","external_links_name":"astro-ph/9807315"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...507L..25B","external_links_name":"1998ApJ...507L..25B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F311682","external_links_name":"10.1086/311682"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18107687","external_links_name":"18107687"},{"Link":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06600/06654.html","external_links_name":"\"IAU Circular 6654: 1997cm; GRB 970508\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...279.1011C","external_links_name":"1998Sci...279.1011C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.279.5353.1011","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.279.5353.1011"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9461429","external_links_name":"9461429"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9706065","external_links_name":"astro-ph/9706065"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.387..783C","external_links_name":"1997Natur.387..783C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F42885","external_links_name":"10.1038/42885"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4260635","external_links_name":"4260635"},{"Link":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06600/06655.html","external_links_name":"\"IAU Circular 6655: GRB 970508\""},{"Link":"http://www.nrao.edu/pr/1997/grbdetect/","external_links_name":"\"Very Large Array Detects Radio Emission From Gamma-Ray Burst\""},{"Link":"http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/545/2/664/52421.text.html","external_links_name":"\"Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Host Galaxy of GRB 970508\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9903236","external_links_name":"astro-ph/9903236"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...545..664F","external_links_name":"2000ApJ...545..664F"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F317870","external_links_name":"10.1086/317870"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14856861","external_links_name":"14856861"},{"Link":"http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-4357/497/1/L13/975874.web.pdf?request-id=53e0b99d-506c-40b7-89e1-936bed2a95cd","external_links_name":"\"Optical Follow-Up of GRB 970508\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9802160","external_links_name":"astro-ph/9802160"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...497L..13G","external_links_name":"1998ApJ...497L..13G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F311268","external_links_name":"10.1086/311268"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118998539","external_links_name":"118998539"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/biggestbangsmyst00katz_0","external_links_name":"The Biggest Bangs"},{"Link":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06600/06660.html","external_links_name":"\"IAU Circular 6660: GRB 970508\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06600/06655.html","external_links_name":"\"IAU Circular 6655: GRB 970508\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F43132","external_links_name":"\"Spectral constraints on the redshift of the optical counterpart to the γ-ray burst of 8 May 1997\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.387..878M","external_links_name":"1997Natur.387..878M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F43132","external_links_name":"10.1038/43132"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9710322","external_links_name":"astro-ph/9710322"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...496..311P","external_links_name":"1998ApJ...496..311P"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F305385","external_links_name":"10.1086/305385"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16614555","external_links_name":"16614555"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9710334","external_links_name":"astro-ph/9710334"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...492L.103P","external_links_name":"1998ApJ...492L.103P"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F311101","external_links_name":"10.1086/311101"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16143935","external_links_name":"16143935"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9712134","external_links_name":"astro-ph/9712134"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...495L..99R","external_links_name":"1998ApJ...495L..99R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F311222","external_links_name":"10.1086/311222"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119394440","external_links_name":"119394440"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9903399","external_links_name":"astro-ph/9903399"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...525..737R","external_links_name":"1999ApJ...525..737R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F307907","external_links_name":"10.1086/307907"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15557456","external_links_name":"15557456"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/flashhuntforbigg0000schi","external_links_name":"Flash! The hunt for the biggest explosions in the universe"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9709199","external_links_name":"astro-ph/9709199"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...497..288W","external_links_name":"1998ApJ...497..288W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F305467","external_links_name":"10.1086/305467"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119438251","external_links_name":"119438251"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_arrowroot | Pueraria montana var. lobata | ["1 Names","2 Distribution","3 Use","4 References"] | Variety of legume
Pueraria montana var. lobata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Subfamily:
Faboideae
Genus:
Pueraria
Species:
P. montana
Variety:
P. m. var. lobata
Trinomial name
Pueraria montana var. lobata(Willd.) Maesen & S. M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep
Synonyms
List
Dolichos hirsutus Thunb.
Dolichos lobatus Willd.
Dolichos stipulaceus Lam.
Neustanthus chinensis Benth.
Pachyrhizus thunbergianus Siebold & Zucc.
Phaseolus aconitifolius Roxb.
Phaseolus cornutus Blume ex Miq.
Phaseolus ficifolius Schrank
Phaseolus lobatus (Willd.) Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.
Phaseolus trilobus Aiton
Pueraria argyi H.Lév. & Vaniot
Pueraria bodinieri H.Lév. & Vaniot
Pueraria caerulea H.Lév. & Vaniot
Pueraria chinensis (Benth.) Ohwi
Pueraria harmsii Rech.
Pueraria hirsuta (Thunb.) C.K.Schneid.
Pueraria koten H.Lév. & Vaniot
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi
Pueraria montana var. chinensis (Ohwi) Maesen & S.M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep
Pueraria novoguineensis Warb.
Pueraria thunbergiana (Siebold & Zucc.) Benth.
Pueraria triloba (Aiton) Makino
Pueraria triloba var. leucostachya Honda
Pueraria volkensii Hosok.
Vigna lobata (Willd.) Endl. ex Miq.
Vigna stipulacea (Lam.) Kuntze
Pueraria montana var. lobata, the East Asian arrowroot, or kudzu vine, is a perennial plant in the family Fabaceae.
Names
It is called gé (葛) in Chinese, kuzu (クズ, 葛) in Japanese, and chik (칡) or gal (갈; 葛) in Korean.
Distribution
The plant is native to East Asia (China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea), the Russian Far East, Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam), and the Pacific (New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu).
Use
See also: Kudzu § Uses
The starch powder made from the East Asian arrowroot is called kudzu powder. Kudzu powder is used to make arrowroot tea in traditional medicines of China, Japan and Korea (in Korea the root unprepared is also used).
The production of this powder in Japan was concentrated among the Kuzu (国栖) people who once lived along the Yoshino River in Nara Prefecture, which gave the plant its Japanese (and later loaned into English kudzu) name.
East Asian arrowroot.
Arrowroot tea.
Kuzumochi made using kudzu powder.
References
^ "Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S.M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
^ Korea National Arboretum (2015). English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea Forest Service. p. 596. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ Kaneda, Shodai (金田初代) (2010). ひと目でわかる! おいしい「山菜・野草」の見分け方・食べ方 (in Japanese). PHP Institute. p. 137. ISBN 978-4-569-79145-6.
^ "Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S. M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ Chun, Hui-jung (2004). Yoon, Ho-mi (ed.). Korean Food Guide 800. Seoul: The Korea Foundation. p. 208. ISBN 978-89-89782-10-0. Retrieved 23 February 2018 – via issuu.
^ Toshiaki Ōshima (大嶋敏昭), ed. (2002). 花色でひける山野草・高山植物. ポケット図鑑 (in Japanese). Seibidōshuppan. p. 158. ISBN 4-415-01906-4.
Media related to Pueraria montana var. lobata at Wikimedia Commons
Taxon identifiersPueraria montana var. lobata
Wikidata: Q15198502
Wikispecies: Pueraria montana var. lobata
AoFP: 432
APA: 2038
APDB: 185276
APNI: 222748
CoL: 5R2Q7
EoL: 1232835
EPPO: PUELO
FEIS: puemonl
FNA: 250094421
FoC: 250094421
GBIF: 2977647
GISD: 81
GRIN: 314966
iNaturalist: 62666
IPA: 2425
IPNI: 967441-1
ISC: 45903
ITIS: 529930
MoBotPF: 263642
NatureServe: 2.135219
NBN: NHMSYS0021177458
NCBI: 3893
NZOR: 6675018d-6a98-4e0b-9701-381bc315cd53
Open Tree of Life: 935487
Plant List: ild-40432
PLANTS: PUMOL
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:967441-1
Tropicos: 50333322
VASCAN: 5893
WFO: wfo-0000193854
Dolichos lobatus
Wikidata: Q39170409
APDB: 127884
APNI: 163011
CoL: 3773K
GBIF: 2977662
GRIN: 14488
IPNI: 493098-1
IRMNG: 10693836
ITIS: 512436
NZOR: 85750c9a-8c94-41df-9d01-57bde34715cd
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:493098-1
Tropicos: 13000564
WFO: wfo-0000183236
This Phaseoleae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%EF%BC%88%E8%91%9B%E6%A0%B9%EF%BC%89%22KNA%22-2"},{"link_name":"perennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial"},{"link_name":"Fabaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"}],"text":"Pueraria montana var. lobata, the East Asian arrowroot, or kudzu vine,[2] is a perennial plant in the family Fabaceae.","title":"Pueraria montana var. lobata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"kuzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudzu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"}],"text":"It is called gé (葛) in Chinese, kuzu (クズ, 葛)[3] in Japanese, and chik (칡) or gal (갈; 葛) in Korean.","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Russian Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Far_East"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRIN-4"}],"text":"The plant is native to East Asia (China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea), the Russian Far East, Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam), and the Pacific (New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu).[4]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kudzu § Uses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudzu#Uses"},{"link_name":"kudzu powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudzu_powder"},{"link_name":"arrowroot tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowroot_tea"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_medicine"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chun-5"},{"link_name":"Kuzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzu"},{"link_name":"Yoshino River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinokawa_River"},{"link_name":"Nara Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"kudzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudzu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chik_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chikcha.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:140614_Yagyu_Iris_Garden_Nara_Japan07s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kuzumochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzumochi"}],"text":"See also: Kudzu § UsesThe starch powder made from the East Asian arrowroot is called kudzu powder. Kudzu powder is used to make arrowroot tea in traditional medicines of China, Japan and Korea[5] (in Korea the root unprepared is also used).The production of this powder in Japan was concentrated among the Kuzu (国栖) people who once lived along the Yoshino River in Nara Prefecture, which gave the plant its Japanese (and later loaned into English kudzu) name.[6]East Asian arrowroot.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArrowroot tea.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKuzumochi made using kudzu powder.","title":"Use"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S.M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep\". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:967441-1","url_text":"\"Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S.M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep\""}]},{"reference":"Korea National Arboretum (2015). English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea Forest Service. p. 596. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_National_Arboretum","url_text":"Korea National Arboretum"},{"url":"http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf","url_text":"English Names for Korean Native Plants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Forest_Service","url_text":"Korea Forest Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-97450-98-5","url_text":"978-89-97450-98-5"}]},{"reference":"Kaneda, Shodai (金田初代) (2010). ひと目でわかる! おいしい「山菜・野草」の見分け方・食べ方 (in Japanese). PHP Institute. p. 137. ISBN 978-4-569-79145-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-569-79145-6","url_text":"978-4-569-79145-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S. M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=314966","url_text":"\"Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S. M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network","url_text":"Germplasm Resources Information Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service","url_text":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"}]},{"reference":"Chun, Hui-jung (2004). Yoon, Ho-mi (ed.). Korean Food Guide 800. Seoul: The Korea Foundation. p. 208. ISBN 978-89-89782-10-0. Retrieved 23 February 2018 – via issuu.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/the_korea_foundation/docs/korean_food_guide_800__english_/208","url_text":"Korean Food Guide 800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Foundation","url_text":"The Korea Foundation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-89782-10-0","url_text":"978-89-89782-10-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issuu","url_text":"issuu"}]},{"reference":"Toshiaki Ōshima (大嶋敏昭), ed. (2002). 花色でひける山野草・高山植物. ポケット図鑑 (in Japanese). Seibidōshuppan. p. 158. ISBN 4-415-01906-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-415-01906-4","url_text":"4-415-01906-4"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:967441-1","external_links_name":"\"Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S.M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep\""},{"Link":"http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf","external_links_name":"English Names for Korean Native Plants"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=314966","external_links_name":"\"Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S. M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep\""},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/the_korea_foundation/docs/korean_food_guide_800__english_/208","external_links_name":"Korean Food Guide 800"},{"Link":"https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=432","external_links_name":"432"},{"Link":"http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=2038","external_links_name":"2038"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/185276","external_links_name":"185276"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/222748","external_links_name":"222748"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5R2Q7","external_links_name":"5R2Q7"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1232835","external_links_name":"1232835"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PUELO","external_links_name":"PUELO"},{"Link":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/vine/puemonl/all.html","external_links_name":"puemonl"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250094421","external_links_name":"250094421"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=250094421","external_links_name":"250094421"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2977647","external_links_name":"2977647"},{"Link":"http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=81","external_links_name":"81"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=314966","external_links_name":"314966"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/62666","external_links_name":"62666"},{"Link":"https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=2425","external_links_name":"2425"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/967441-1","external_links_name":"967441-1"},{"Link":"https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/45903","external_links_name":"45903"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=529930","external_links_name":"529930"},{"Link":"https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=263642","external_links_name":"263642"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.135219/","external_links_name":"2.135219"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021177458","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0021177458"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3893","external_links_name":"3893"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/6675018d-6a98-4e0b-9701-381bc315cd53","external_links_name":"6675018d-6a98-4e0b-9701-381bc315cd53"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=935487","external_links_name":"935487"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-40432","external_links_name":"ild-40432"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PUMOL","external_links_name":"PUMOL"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A967441-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:967441-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50333322","external_links_name":"50333322"},{"Link":"https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/5893","external_links_name":"5893"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000193854","external_links_name":"wfo-0000193854"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/127884","external_links_name":"127884"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/163011","external_links_name":"163011"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3773K","external_links_name":"3773K"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2977662","external_links_name":"2977662"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=14488","external_links_name":"14488"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/493098-1","external_links_name":"493098-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10693836","external_links_name":"10693836"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=512436","external_links_name":"512436"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/85750c9a-8c94-41df-9d01-57bde34715cd","external_links_name":"85750c9a-8c94-41df-9d01-57bde34715cd"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A493098-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:493098-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/13000564","external_links_name":"13000564"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000183236","external_links_name":"wfo-0000183236"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pueraria_montana_var._lobata&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Callaway | Ann Callaway | ["1 Life and career","2 Works","3 Recordings","4 References","5 External links"] | American composer
Not to be confused with the singer/songwriter Ann Hampton Callaway, or the rower Ann Redgrave, née Callaway.
Ann Marie Callaway (born October 28, 1949) is an American composer.
Life and career
Callaway was born in Washington, D.C., and grew up in Langley Park. She began her musical training in Baltimore under Grace Newsom Cushman and later studied with Alvin Etler at Smith College, George Crumb at University of Pennsylvania and with Jack Beeson, Fred Lerdahl and George Edwards at Columbia University, where she earned her D.M.A. in 1991.
Callaway's compositions have been widely broadcast in the U.S., and she is the subject of a documentary produced by Swedish Radio. She has received a Guggenheim Fellowship, commissions from the National Endowment for the Arts and the American Guild of Organists, and has held residencies at Yaddo, the MacDowell Colony, Voci and the Leighton Artist Colony in Banff. She is a recipient of the Fred Waring Award, and the Miriam Gideon Prize.
In 1984 Callaway was one of the founders of the New York Women Composers, Inc., an organization that supports women composers in the State of New York and the Greater New York City area through catalogs, events and grants.
Works
Her principal publisher is Subito Music.
Recordings
The Gregg Smith Singers American Choral Masters Series Vol. IV contains Alleluia vidimus stellam (1980), a setting of the alleluia verse for Epiphany
American Composers' Alliance at 50 (Opus One 143) contains Paraphrasis (1981), an organ fantasy on the tune INNSBRUCK, played by Haskell Thomson
Four Elements: works for horn and piano by female composers (Lin Foulk, horn & Martha Fischer, piano) contains Four Elements (1974–77)
Music by Women: a Celebration (CPS-8714) (Rosemary Platt, piano; et al.) contains Theme and Seven Variations (1972)
References
^ Cushman taught in Peabody's Preparatory Division and founded a summer Junior Conservatory Camp, the predecessor of The Walden School
^ Callaway, Ann Marie, retrieved October 13, 2015
^ Music Clubs Magazine, vol. 48, 1969, retrieved October 13, 2015
^ IAWM Journal, vol. 6–7, The Alliance, 2000, retrieved October 13, 2013
^ New York Women Composers, Inc., retrieved May 15, 2014
External links
Homepage
2015 interview on choral writing
Arsis Press composers' bios
Subito Music catalogue
Altarpiece for organ (1:23:50 Pipedreams episode #2114)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Other
SNAC
This article about an American composer born in the 20th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ann Hampton Callaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Hampton_Callaway"},{"link_name":"Ann Redgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Redgrave"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the singer/songwriter Ann Hampton Callaway, or the rower Ann Redgrave, née Callaway.Ann Marie Callaway (born October 28, 1949) is an American composer.","title":"Ann Callaway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Langley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Park,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Grace Newsom Cushman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_Newsom_Cushman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alvin Etler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Etler"},{"link_name":"Smith College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_College"},{"link_name":"George Crumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Crumb"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Jack Beeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Beeson"},{"link_name":"Fred Lerdahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Lerdahl"},{"link_name":"George Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Edwards_(composer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Swedish Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Radio"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"American Guild of Organists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Guild_of_Organists"},{"link_name":"Yaddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaddo"},{"link_name":"MacDowell Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacDowell_Colony"},{"link_name":"Voci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voci_Women%27s_Vocal_Ensemble&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leighton Artist Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_Centre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Miriam Gideon Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Gideon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"New York Women Composers, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Women_Composers,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Callaway was born in Washington, D.C., and grew up in Langley Park. She began her musical training in Baltimore under Grace Newsom Cushman[1] and later studied with Alvin Etler at Smith College, George Crumb at University of Pennsylvania and with Jack Beeson, Fred Lerdahl and George Edwards at Columbia University, where she earned her D.M.A. in 1991.Callaway's compositions have been widely broadcast in the U.S., and she is the subject of a documentary produced by Swedish Radio. She has received a Guggenheim Fellowship, commissions from the National Endowment for the Arts and the American Guild of Organists, and has held residencies at Yaddo, the MacDowell Colony, Voci and the Leighton Artist Colony in Banff.[2] She is a recipient of the Fred Waring Award,[3] and the Miriam Gideon Prize.[4]In 1984 Callaway was one of the founders of the New York Women Composers, Inc., an organization that supports women composers in the State of New York and the Greater New York City area through catalogs, events and grants.[5]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Her principal publisher is Subito Music.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregg Smith Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Smith_Singers"},{"link_name":"alleluia verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleluia"},{"link_name":"Epiphany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)"},{"link_name":"American Composers' Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Composers%27_Alliance"},{"link_name":"INNSBRUCK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck,_ich_muss_dich_lassen"},{"link_name":"Haskell Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haskell_Thomson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Four Elements: works for horn and piano by female composers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.linfoulk.org"},{"link_name":"Lin Foulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lin_Foulk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Platt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_Platt&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Gregg Smith Singers American Choral Masters Series Vol. IV contains Alleluia vidimus stellam (1980), a setting of the alleluia verse for Epiphany\nAmerican Composers' Alliance at 50 (Opus One 143) contains Paraphrasis (1981), an organ fantasy on the tune INNSBRUCK, played by Haskell Thomson\nFour Elements: works for horn and piano by female composers (Lin Foulk, horn & Martha Fischer, piano) contains Four Elements (1974–77)\nMusic by Women: a Celebration (CPS-8714) (Rosemary Platt, piano; et al.) contains Theme and Seven Variations (1972)","title":"Recordings"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Callaway, Ann Marie, retrieved October 13, 2015","urls":[{"url":"http://music.columbia.edu/people/bios/acallaway","url_text":"Callaway, Ann Marie"}]},{"reference":"Music Clubs Magazine, vol. 48, 1969, retrieved October 13, 2015","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e54aAQAAMAAJ&q=ann+marie+callaway","url_text":"Music Clubs Magazine"}]},{"reference":"IAWM Journal, vol. 6–7, The Alliance, 2000, retrieved October 13, 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4AM5AQAAIAAJ&q=ann+marie+callaway","url_text":"IAWM Journal"}]},{"reference":"New York Women Composers, Inc., retrieved May 15, 2014","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorkwomencomposers.org/","url_text":"New York Women Composers, Inc."}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.linfoulk.org/","external_links_name":"Four Elements: works for horn and piano by female composers"},{"Link":"http://music.columbia.edu/people/bios/acallaway","external_links_name":"Callaway, Ann Marie"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e54aAQAAMAAJ&q=ann+marie+callaway","external_links_name":"Music Clubs Magazine"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4AM5AQAAIAAJ&q=ann+marie+callaway","external_links_name":"IAWM Journal"},{"Link":"http://www.newyorkwomencomposers.org/","external_links_name":"New York Women Composers, Inc."},{"Link":"http://annmcallaway.com/","external_links_name":"Homepage"},{"Link":"https://bachtrack.com/interview-ann-callaway-choral-composing","external_links_name":"2015 interview on choral writing"},{"Link":"http://www.instantweb.com/a/arsispress/Composers.html","external_links_name":"Arsis Press composers' bios"},{"Link":"http://store.subitomusic.com/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=3_102_901","external_links_name":"Subito Music catalogue"},{"Link":"https://www.pipedreams.org/episode/2021/04/05/manhattan-memories-i","external_links_name":"Altarpiece for organ"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/276297/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000388274489","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/281416221","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjmMfFJYFJ97bbTWQ4cyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1173754962","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90701008","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6z038hp","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann_Callaway&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metocurine | Metocurine | ["1 References"] | Chemical compound
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Metocurine" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
MetocurineIdentifiers
IUPAC name
(1β)-6,6',7',12'-tetramethoxy-2,2,2',2'-tetramethyltubocuraran-2,2'-diium
CAS Number5152-30-7PubChem CID21233DrugBankDB01336ChemSpider19961UNIIV0M92G2U26ChEMBLChEMBL1259 YCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID0048262 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC40H48N2O6Molar mass652.832 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image
SMILES
C1(CCC2=CC(=C3C=C21CC4=CC=C(C=C4)OC5=C6(CC7=CC(=C(C=C7)OC)O3)(CCC6=CC(=C5OC)OC)(C)C)OC)C
Metocurine is a muscle relaxant through neuromuscular blockade.
It is excreted entirely through the kidneys and therefore should not be used in patients with kidney failure.
References
^ Fogdall RP (February 1978). "Anesthesiology-epitomes of progress: metocurine-a ;new' muscle relaxant". The Western Journal of Medicine. 128 (2): 148–9. PMC 1238025. PMID 18748141.
vteSkeletal muscle relaxants (M03)Peripherally acting(primarily antinicotinic,NMJ block)Non-depolarizingCurare alkaloids
Alcuronium
Dimethyltubocurarine
Tubocurarine
4° ammonium agents
ultra-short duration: Gantacurium
short duration: Rapacuronium
Mivacurium
Chandonium
intermediate duration: Atracurium
Cisatracurium
Fazadinium
Rocuronium
Vecuronium
long duration: Doxacurium
Dimethyltubocurarine
Pancuronium
Pipecuronium
Laudexium
Gallamine
unsorted: Hexafluronium (Hexafluorenium)
Depolarizing
Choline derivatives: Suxamethonium (Succinylcholine)
Polyalkylene derivatives: Hexamethonium
ACh release inhibitors
Botulinum toxin
Centrally actingCarbamic acid esters
Carisoprodol
Cyclarbamate
Difebarbamate
Febarbamate
Meprobamate
Phenprobamate
Styramate
Tybamate
Benzodiazepines
Bromazepam
Diazepam
Clonazepam
Flunitrazepam
Lorazepam
Nitrazepam
Temazepam
Tetrazepam
Nonbenzodiazepines
Eszopiclone
Thienodiazepines
Etizolam
Quinazolines
Methaqualone
Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)
Cyclobenzaprine
Orphenadrine
Other
Arbaclofen placarbil
Baclofen
Chlormezanone
Chlorphenesin
Chlorzoxazone
Eperisone
Fenyramidol
Flopropione
Gabapentin
GHB
Inaperisone
Lanperisone
Mephenesin
Mephenoxalone
Metaxalone
Methocarbamol
Phenibut
Pregabalin
Pridinol
Promoxolane
Quinine
Silperisone
Thiocolchicoside
Tizanidine
Tolperisone
Zoxazolamine
Directly acting
Dantrolene
vteNicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulatorsnAChRsTooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptorsAgonists(and PAMsTooltip positive allosteric modulators)
5-HIAA
6-Chloronicotine
A-84,543
A-366,833
A-582,941
A-867,744
ABT-202
ABT-418
ABT-560
ABT-894
Acetylcholine
Altinicline
Anabasine
Anatabine
Anatoxin-a
AR-R17779
Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
Butinoline
Butyrylcholine
Carbachol
Choline
Cotinine
Cytisine
Decamethonium
Desformylflustrabromine
Dianicline
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium
Epibatidine
Epiboxidine
Ethanol (alcohol)
Ethoxysebacylcholine
EVP-4473
EVP-6124
Galantamine
GTS-21
Ispronicline
Ivermectin
JNJ-39393406
Levamisole
Lobeline
MEM-63,908 (RG-3487)
Morantel
Nicotine (tobacco)
NS-1738
PHA-543,613
PHA-709,829
PNU-120,596
PNU-282,987
Pozanicline
Pyrantel
Rivanicline
RJR-2429
Sazetidine A
SB-206553
Sebacylcholine
SIB-1508Y
SIB-1553A
SSR-180,711
Suberyldicholine
Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)
Suxethonium (succinyldicholine)
TC-1698
TC-1734
TC-1827
TC-2216
TC-5214
TC-5619
TC-6683
Tebanicline
Tribendimidine
Tropisetron
UB-165
Varenicline
WAY-317,538
XY-4083
Antagonists(and NAMsTooltip negative allosteric modulators)
18-MAC
18-MC
α-Neurotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, α-cobratoxin, α-conotoxin, many others)
ABT-126
Alcuronium
Allopregnanolone
Amantadine
Anatruxonium
AQW051
Atracurium
Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental)
BNC-210
Bungarotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, κ-bungarotoxin)
Bupropion
BW284C51
BW-A444
Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide)
Chlorisondamine
Cisatracurium
Coclaurine
Coronaridine
Curare
Cyclopropane
Dacuronium bromide
Decamethonium
Dehydronorketamine
Desflurane
Dextromethorphan
Dextropropoxyphene
Dextrorphan
Diadonium
DHβE
Dihydrochandonium
Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine)
Dioscorine
Dipyrandium
Dizocilpine (MK-801)
Doxacurium
Encenicline
Enflurane
Erythravine
Esketamine
Fazadinium
Gallamine
Gantacurium chloride
Halothane
Hexafluronium
Hexamethonium (benzohexonium)
Hydroxybupropion
Hydroxynorketamine
Ibogaine
Isoflurane
Ketamine
Kynurenic acid
Laudanosine
Laudexium (laudolissin)
Levacetylmethadol
Levomethadone
Malouetine
ME-18-MC
Mecamylamine
Memantine
Methadone
Methorphan (racemethorphan)
Methyllycaconitine
Metocurine
Mivacurium
Morphanol (racemorphan)
Neramexane
Nitrous oxide
Norketamine
Pancuronium bromide
Pempidine
Pentamine
Pentolinium
Phencyclidine
Pipecuronium bromide
Progesterone
Promegestone
Radafaxine
Rapacuronium bromide
Reboxetine
Rocuronium bromide
Sevoflurane
Stercuronium iodide
Surugatoxin
Thiocolchicoside
Threohydrobupropion
Toxiferine
Tramadol
Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate)
Tropeinium
Tubocurarine
Vanoxerine
Vecuronium bromide
Xenon
Precursors(and prodrugs)
Acetyl-coA
Adafenoxate
Choline (lecithin)
Citicoline
Cyprodenate
Dimethylethanolamine
Glycerophosphocholine
Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphorylcholine
Pirisudanol
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
This drug article relating to the musculoskeletal system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"muscle relaxant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_relaxant"},{"link_name":"neuromuscular blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular-blocking_drug"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fogdall_1978-1"},{"link_name":"kidneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney"},{"link_name":"kidney failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_failure"}],"text":"Metocurine is a muscle relaxant through neuromuscular blockade.[1]\nIt is excreted entirely through the kidneys and therefore should not be used in patients with kidney failure.","title":"Metocurine"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Fogdall RP (February 1978). \"Anesthesiology-epitomes of progress: metocurine-a ;new' muscle relaxant\". The Western Journal of Medicine. 128 (2): 148–9. PMC 1238025. PMID 18748141.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1238025","url_text":"\"Anesthesiology-epitomes of progress: metocurine-a ;new' muscle relaxant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1238025","url_text":"1238025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18748141","url_text":"18748141"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Metocurine%22","external_links_name":"\"Metocurine\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Metocurine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Metocurine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Metocurine%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Metocurine%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Metocurine%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=5152-30-7","external_links_name":"5152-30-7"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/21233","external_links_name":"21233"},{"Link":"https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01336","external_links_name":"DB01336"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.19961.html","external_links_name":"19961"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/V0M92G2U26","external_links_name":"V0M92G2U26"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL1259","external_links_name":"ChEMBL1259"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID0048262","external_links_name":"DTXSID0048262"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C%5BN%2B%5D1%28CCC2%3DCC%28%3DC3C%3DC2%5BC%40%40H%5D1CC4%3DCC%3DC%28C%3DC4%29OC5%3DC6%5BC%40%40H%5D%28CC7%3DCC%28%3DC%28C%3DC7%29OC%29O3%29%5BN%2B%5D%28CCC6%3DCC%28%3DC5OC%29OC%29%28C%29C%29OC%29C","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1238025","external_links_name":"\"Anesthesiology-epitomes of progress: metocurine-a ;new' muscle relaxant\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1238025","external_links_name":"1238025"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18748141","external_links_name":"18748141"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metocurine&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Math_Myth | The Math Myth | ["1 Background","2 Synopsis","3 Reception","3.1 Press","3.2 Academic","4 See also","5 References"] | 2016 nonfiction book
The Math Myth AuthorAndrew HackerPublisherThe New PressPublication dateMarch 1, 2016Pages240ISBN978-1-62097-068-3Dewey Decimal510.71
The Math Myth: And Other STEM Delusions is a 2016 nonfiction book by Queens College political scientist Andrew Hacker analyzing and critiquing the United States educational system's teaching of mathematics as a linear progression towards more advanced fields. Based on a 2012 New York Times op-ed by Hacker titled "Is Algebra Necessary", Hacker argues that the teaching of advanced algebra, trigonometry, and calculus is not useful to the majority of students. He further claims that the requirement of advanced mathematics courses in secondary education contributes to dropout rates and impedes socioeconomically disadvantaged students from pursuing further education. Hacker critiques the Common Core system and American focus on STEM education in lieu of social sciences, arguing that the educational system should prioritize "numeracy" over pure mathematics education.
The Math Myth received broadly critical coverage from critics and mathematicians, some citing Hacker's arguments as "disingenuous" and contributing to an elitist attitude towards mathematics, with many citing a lack of exploration on mathematics in early childhood and primary education. Others praised Hacker's work, describing the book as offering a convincing critique of STEM education in the United States and empowering to students struggling in mathematics.
Background
United States primary and secondary educational focus on STEM began to increase in the early 1950s due to investments from the National Science Foundation, although it accelerated massively following the "national embarrassment" of the 1957 Soviet launch of Sputnik and the beginning of the Space Race. American education in science and mathematics began to be seen as a security measure, as attested by the 1958 National Defense Education Act which gave large increases in funding on all levels to mathematical and scientific education courses. In 2010 the National Governors Association released a set of K-12 language arts and mathematics educational standards under the Common Core State Standards Initiative, seeking to standardize educational systems between states and improve the quality and focus of American math education. Subsequent adoption of the Common Core standards by the majority of states prompted a national debate over the role of mathematics and STEM education in general in American schooling, with National Geographic comparing the ensuing politicization of math education to the nationalistic focus taken by the American education system following the Sputnik launch.
Andrew Hacker is an education critic and professor emeritus of political science at Queens College in New York City, known for his works critiquing the American educational system. He published an op-ed titled "Is Algebra Necessary" in the New York Times on July 29, 2012, arguing that while arithmetic and mathematical literacy should be universally taught, higher math concepts like algebra and trigonometry are not useful for the vast majority of students. The article was heavily critiqued by academics, with some claiming that mathematics education teaches students necessary problem-solving skills, even when not directly applicable to real world experience. Several critics stated that a lack of mandatory math education would lead to mathematics becoming an "elite field" only accessible to wealthier and more advantaged students. Seeking to elaborate on his reasonings and critique in response to the large volume of media criticism, Hacker expanded his initial New York Times article into a book titled The Math Myth, published by The New Press.
Synopsis
The Math Myth describes the approach of the contemporary American education system towards mathematics as a "self-delusion", especially critiquing the Common Core standards and the role of obtuse and abstract mathematics in impeding the mathematical literacy of students, arguing that current methods lead to higher drop out rates.
Hacker cites calculus as a particularly inaccessible and unhelpful field of academic study for the majority of students.
The early chapters of the book detail the current state of mathematics education in the United States. Hacker notes that American students are disproportionately likely to fail mathematics, blaming the abstract instruction and standardized testing systems imposed by the No Child Left Behind and Common Core reform initiatives. Hacker acknowledges that socioeconomic factors lead to poorer testing results for disadvantaged students, but states that the harm of modern mathematics education transcends racial and class boundaries. The academic coaching industry, which mainly tutors students in standardized testing (especially of mathematics), is heavily decried.
Hacker argues that the intense focus on math as a metric for student success leads to negative consequences in tertiary education and college access for students. Students not proficient in advanced mathematics are punished in college admissions, even when the majority of students go into fields where such knowledge is unnecessary. Hacker expands on this in the following chapters, with an outline on the limited use of advanced mathematics in the majority of occupations juxtaposed with quotes and testimony of workers from various career fields. Gender gaps in math education are analyzed, with Hacker claiming that while girls tend to get better classroom grades in math classes, male students tend to earn significant higher marks on standardized tests, especially the SATs. Hacker attributes this to a conflict between girls' greater penchant for reflection due to male dominance of lessons, and rigorous and fast-paced testing environments. Any genetic or inherent gender bias towards mathematical ability is however critiqued, noting that female Asian-American students massively outperform the SAT scores of their white male counterparts, despite generally lower family incomes and a higher rate of becoming first generation college students.
Hacker attributes these various disparities to a failure in how student achievement and knowledge is interpreted within the educational system, describing standardized testing as an inaccurate judge of student knowledge and abilities. He disputes that mathematics alone serves to advanced human intelligence or creativity, pointing to the generally high performance of students from oppressive regimes in mathematics olympiads as evidence that "its brand of brilliance can thrive amid onerous repression." He argues that other forms of logical thinking, such as participation within juries and systems of justice, are more valuable to students than mathematical logic.
Hacker attributes the current state of mathematics education in the United States to a "mathematical power-elite" he dubs "mandarins". This small group of mathematics academics, he argues, have led to the imposition of rigid academic policies towards mathematics and standardization initiatives like Common Core. He describes the "math wars" over educational policy as a conflict between two schools of thought: a "discipline" approach stemming from 19th century American academic William McGuffey and a "discovery" approach stemming initially from the work of educational reformer John Dewey. Hacker argues that while the vast majority of K-12 teachers adhere to a "discovery" mode of teaching, supporters of the "discipline" advance a focus on standardized testing and an opposition to the presentation of math in an enjoyable or entertaining fashion.
Hacker concludes his work with "Numeracy 101", advocating the teaching of mathematical literacy as opposed to specific higher math concepts. The chapter takes the form of various lessons taught by Hacker to students at a mathematics course at Queens College, with Hacker stating that the advanced mathematical thinking contained within the lessons are more valuable to students than formulae than higher level mathematics, claiming that merely a combination of arithmetic knowledge with mathematical literacy is required to fit the needs of students in the wider world.
Reception
Press
Press reception to The Math Myth was mixed, ranging from measured praise to intense criticism. Critiques of the book in The Atlantic and Slate described the book as disingenuous and fearmongering, describing Hacker's proposals as enabling elitist and discriminatory attitudes towards mathematics education and particularly pointing to reinforcement of societal biases against women in mathematics. Evelyn Lamb, writing for Slate, claimed that Hacker had made deliberately misleading use of academic terminology and "repeated misunderstandings and misrepresentations".
Other critics including Dana Goldstein, also writing for Slate, praised Hacker's core critique of the US education system, but stressed a lack of focus on the importance of core mathematical concepts in early childhood and elementary education, cautioning against the abandonment of advanced mathematics education entirely. Mathematician Keith Devlin, writing for Huffington Post, praised Hacker's analysis of the state of the crisis in math education, but strongly decried his proposed solutions: "His narrow, and in many cases out-of-date perception of what mathematics is alienates those of us in the math biz who would otherwise be lining up alongside him."
Academic
Academic coverage of The Math Myth was generally more positive than in mainstream press. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, a National Council of Teachers of Mathematics publication, praised the work for invoking a national discussion on math education and described it as "worthy of in-depth reading and contemplation". A 2023 review in The Mathematics Enthusiast generally agreed with Hacker's arguments, praising the book as "especially helpful as a non-expert’s guide to the current status of mathematics education and its place in society", but took issue with mischaracterization of the Common Core standards, the economic lens and focus on career outcomes which he attacks the marginalizing effects of mathematics education, and his focus on the specific topics taught in classes as opposed to general depth of reasoning.
See also
Math wars, recurring disputes about the best way to teach mathematics
New Math
References
^ Powell, Alan (October 11, 2007). "How Sputnik changed U.S. education". The Harvard Gazette. Archived from the original on August 19, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
^ a b Wihbey, John (March 24, 2016). "Let's Fix Math Education By Redefining Math". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021.
^ Hacker, Andrew (July 28, 2012). "Is Algebra Necessary?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 16, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
^ a b Lamb, Evelyn (July 30, 2012). "Abandoning Algebra Is Not the Answer". Scientific American. Archived from the original on November 2, 2023. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
^ a b Strauss, Valerie (July 30, 2012). "Yes, algebra is necessary". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
^ Frenkel, Edward (February 8, 2013). "Don't Let Economists and Politicians Hack Your Math". Slate. Archived from the original on November 2, 2023. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
^ "The Math Myth". The New Press. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
^ Hacker, Andrew (2016). "Does Mathematics Enhance Our Minds?". The Math Myth And Other STEM Delusions. The New Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-62097-068-3.
^ Hacker, Andrew (2016). "The Mandarins". The Math Myth And Other STEM Delusions. The New Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-62097-068-3.
^ Lamb, Evelyn (March 29, 2016). "Andrew Hacker's The Math Myth is a great example of mathematics illiteracy". Slate. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
^ Whitney, A. K. (June 13, 2016). "Why Andrew Hacker Is Wrong About 'The Math Myth'". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
^ Goldstein, Dana (March 1, 2016). "Algebra II has to go". Slate. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
^ Devlin, Keith (February 29, 2016). "Andrew Hacker and the Case for and Against Algebra". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on November 2, 2023. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
^ Grunow, Jodean E. (October 2016). "Window on Resources". Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School. 22 (3): 189. doi:10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.22.3.0188. JSTOR 10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.22.3.0188. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2023 – via JSTOR.
^ Otten, Samuel (April 2023). "Debating Mathematics Curriculum: A Review of Andrew Hacker's The Math Myth And Other STEM Delusions". The Mathematics Enthusiast. 20 (1–3): 2–12. doi:10.54870/1551-3440.1584. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2023. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queens College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_College,_City_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hacker"},{"link_name":"United States educational system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"op-ed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-ed"},{"link_name":"algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra"},{"link_name":"trigonometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry"},{"link_name":"calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus"},{"link_name":"secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"dropout rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_dropouts_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"further education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Common Core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Core"},{"link_name":"STEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics"},{"link_name":"social sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences"},{"link_name":"numeracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeracy"},{"link_name":"mathematics education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_education"},{"link_name":"elitist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitist"},{"link_name":"early childhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_childhood_education"},{"link_name":"primary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education_in_the_United_States"}],"text":"2016 nonfiction bookThe Math Myth: And Other STEM Delusions is a 2016 nonfiction book by Queens College political scientist Andrew Hacker analyzing and critiquing the United States educational system's teaching of mathematics as a linear progression towards more advanced fields. Based on a 2012 New York Times op-ed by Hacker titled \"Is Algebra Necessary\", Hacker argues that the teaching of advanced algebra, trigonometry, and calculus is not useful to the majority of students. He further claims that the requirement of advanced mathematics courses in secondary education contributes to dropout rates and impedes socioeconomically disadvantaged students from pursuing further education. Hacker critiques the Common Core system and American focus on STEM education in lieu of social sciences, arguing that the educational system should prioritize \"numeracy\" over pure mathematics education.The Math Myth received broadly critical coverage from critics and mathematicians, some citing Hacker's arguments as \"disingenuous\" and contributing to an elitist attitude towards mathematics, with many citing a lack of exploration on mathematics in early childhood and primary education. Others praised Hacker's work, describing the book as offering a convincing critique of STEM education in the United States and empowering to students struggling in mathematics.","title":"The Math Myth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Sputnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1"},{"link_name":"Space Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race"},{"link_name":"National Defense Education Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Education_Act"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"K-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-12"},{"link_name":"language arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_studies"},{"link_name":"educational standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards-based_education_reform_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Common Core State Standards Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Core"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic"},{"link_name":"politicization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicization"},{"link_name":"nationalistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalistic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hacker"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"Queens College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_College,_City_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"op-ed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-ed"},{"link_name":"arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic"},{"link_name":"mathematical literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeracy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The New Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Press"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"United States primary and secondary educational focus on STEM began to increase in the early 1950s due to investments from the National Science Foundation, although it accelerated massively following the \"national embarrassment\" of the 1957 Soviet launch of Sputnik and the beginning of the Space Race. American education in science and mathematics began to be seen as a security measure, as attested by the 1958 National Defense Education Act which gave large increases in funding on all levels to mathematical and scientific education courses.[1] In 2010 the National Governors Association released a set of K-12 language arts and mathematics educational standards under the Common Core State Standards Initiative, seeking to standardize educational systems between states and improve the quality and focus of American math education. Subsequent adoption of the Common Core standards by the majority of states prompted a national debate over the role of mathematics and STEM education in general in American schooling, with National Geographic comparing the ensuing politicization of math education to the nationalistic focus taken by the American education system following the Sputnik launch.[2]Andrew Hacker is an education critic and professor emeritus of political science at Queens College in New York City, known for his works critiquing the American educational system. He published an op-ed titled \"Is Algebra Necessary\" in the New York Times on July 29, 2012, arguing that while arithmetic and mathematical literacy should be universally taught, higher math concepts like algebra and trigonometry are not useful for the vast majority of students.[3] The article was heavily critiqued by academics,[4] with some claiming that mathematics education teaches students necessary problem-solving skills, even when not directly applicable to real world experience.[4][5] Several critics stated that a lack of mandatory math education would lead to mathematics becoming an \"elite field\" only accessible to wealthier and more advantaged students.[5][6] Seeking to elaborate on his reasonings and critique in response to the large volume of media criticism, Hacker expanded his initial New York Times article into a book titled The Math Myth, published by The New Press.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Common Core standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Core"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_-_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0!.jpg"},{"link_name":"calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus"},{"link_name":"No Child Left Behind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act"},{"link_name":"Common Core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Core"},{"link_name":"coaching industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_coaching&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SATs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"first generation college students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-generation_college_students_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"mathematics olympiads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematics_competitions"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"juries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juries"},{"link_name":"systems of justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systems_of_justice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"William McGuffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Holmes_McGuffey"},{"link_name":"John Dewey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey"},{"link_name":"mathematical literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeracy"},{"link_name":"Queens College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_College,_City_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic"}],"text":"The Math Myth describes the approach of the contemporary American education system towards mathematics as a \"self-delusion\", especially critiquing the Common Core standards and the role of obtuse and abstract mathematics in impeding the mathematical literacy of students, arguing that current methods lead to higher drop out rates.Hacker cites calculus as a particularly inaccessible and unhelpful field of academic study for the majority of students.The early chapters of the book detail the current state of mathematics education in the United States. Hacker notes that American students are disproportionately likely to fail mathematics, blaming the abstract instruction and standardized testing systems imposed by the No Child Left Behind and Common Core reform initiatives. Hacker acknowledges that socioeconomic factors lead to poorer testing results for disadvantaged students, but states that the harm of modern mathematics education transcends racial and class boundaries. The academic coaching industry, which mainly tutors students in standardized testing (especially of mathematics), is heavily decried.Hacker argues that the intense focus on math as a metric for student success leads to negative consequences in tertiary education and college access for students. Students not proficient in advanced mathematics are punished in college admissions, even when the majority of students go into fields where such knowledge is unnecessary. Hacker expands on this in the following chapters, with an outline on the limited use of advanced mathematics in the majority of occupations juxtaposed with quotes and testimony of workers from various career fields. Gender gaps in math education are analyzed, with Hacker claiming that while girls tend to get better classroom grades in math classes, male students tend to earn significant higher marks on standardized tests, especially the SATs. Hacker attributes this to a conflict between girls' greater penchant for reflection due to male dominance of lessons[clarification needed], and rigorous and fast-paced testing environments. Any genetic or inherent gender bias towards mathematical ability is however critiqued, noting that female Asian-American students massively outperform the SAT scores of their white male counterparts, despite generally lower family incomes and a higher rate of becoming first generation college students.Hacker attributes these various disparities to a failure in how student achievement and knowledge is interpreted within the educational system, describing standardized testing as an inaccurate judge of student knowledge and abilities. He disputes that mathematics alone serves to advanced human intelligence or creativity, pointing to the generally high performance of students from oppressive regimes in mathematics olympiads as evidence that \"its brand of brilliance can thrive amid onerous repression.\"[8] He argues that other forms of logical thinking, such as participation within juries and systems of justice, are more valuable to students than mathematical logic.Hacker attributes the current state of mathematics education in the United States to a \"mathematical power-elite\" he dubs \"mandarins\".[9] This small group of mathematics academics, he argues, have led to the imposition of rigid academic policies towards mathematics and standardization initiatives like Common Core. He describes the \"math wars\" over educational policy as a conflict between two schools of thought: a \"discipline\" approach stemming from 19th century American academic William McGuffey and a \"discovery\" approach stemming initially from the work of educational reformer John Dewey. Hacker argues that while the vast majority of K-12 teachers adhere to a \"discovery\" mode of teaching, supporters of the \"discipline\" advance a focus on standardized testing and an opposition to the presentation of math in an enjoyable or entertaining fashion.Hacker concludes his work with \"Numeracy 101\", advocating the teaching of mathematical literacy as opposed to specific higher math concepts. The chapter takes the form of various lessons taught by Hacker to students at a mathematics course at Queens College, with Hacker stating that the advanced mathematical thinking contained within the lessons are more valuable to students than formulae than higher level mathematics, claiming that merely a combination of arithmetic knowledge with mathematical literacy is required to fit the needs of students in the wider world.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"women in mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_mathematics"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"elementary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_schools_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Keith Devlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Devlin"},{"link_name":"Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Press","text":"Press reception to The Math Myth was mixed, ranging from measured praise to intense criticism. Critiques of the book in The Atlantic and Slate described the book as disingenuous and fearmongering, describing Hacker's proposals as enabling elitist and discriminatory attitudes towards mathematics education and particularly pointing to reinforcement of societal biases against women in mathematics. Evelyn Lamb, writing for Slate, claimed that Hacker had made deliberately misleading use of academic terminology and \"repeated misunderstandings and misrepresentations\".[10][11]Other critics including Dana Goldstein, also writing for Slate, praised Hacker's core critique of the US education system, but stressed a lack of focus on the importance of core mathematical concepts in early childhood and elementary education, cautioning against the abandonment of advanced mathematics education entirely.[12][2] Mathematician Keith Devlin, writing for Huffington Post, praised Hacker's analysis of the state of the crisis in math education, but strongly decried his proposed solutions: \"His narrow, and in many cases out-of-date perception of what mathematics is alienates those of us in the math biz who would otherwise be lining up alongside him.\"[13]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Council of Teachers of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Teachers_of_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Mathematics Enthusiast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mathematics_Enthusiast"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Academic","text":"Academic coverage of The Math Myth was generally more positive than in mainstream press. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, a National Council of Teachers of Mathematics publication, praised the work for invoking a national discussion on math education and described it as \"worthy of in-depth reading and contemplation\".[14] A 2023 review in The Mathematics Enthusiast generally agreed with Hacker's arguments, praising the book as \"especially helpful as a non-expert’s guide to the current status of mathematics education and its place in society\", but took issue with mischaracterization of the Common Core standards, the economic lens and focus on career outcomes which he attacks the marginalizing effects of mathematics education, and his focus on the specific topics taught in classes as opposed to general depth of reasoning.[15]","title":"Reception"}] | [{"image_text":"Hacker cites calculus as a particularly inaccessible and unhelpful field of academic study for the majority of students.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_-_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%21.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_-_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%21.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Math wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_wars"},{"title":"New Math","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Math"}] | [{"reference":"Powell, Alan (October 11, 2007). \"How Sputnik changed U.S. education\". The Harvard Gazette. Archived from the original on August 19, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/10/how-sputnik-changed-u-s-education/","url_text":"\"How Sputnik changed U.S. education\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Gazette","url_text":"The Harvard Gazette"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230819142150/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/10/how-sputnik-changed-u-s-education/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wihbey, John (March 24, 2016). \"Let's Fix Math Education By Redefining Math\". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210303100636/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/160324-math-stem-education-hacker-opinion","url_text":"\"Let's Fix Math Education By Redefining Math\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic","url_text":"National Geographic"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/160324-math-stem-education-hacker-opinion","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hacker, Andrew (July 28, 2012). \"Is Algebra Necessary?\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 16, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/opinion/sunday/is-algebra-necessary.html","url_text":"\"Is Algebra Necessary?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230716000909/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/opinion/sunday/is-algebra-necessary.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lamb, Evelyn (July 30, 2012). \"Abandoning Algebra Is Not the Answer\". Scientific American. Archived from the original on November 2, 2023. Retrieved November 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/abandoning-algebra-is-not-the-answer/","url_text":"\"Abandoning Algebra Is Not the Answer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American","url_text":"Scientific American"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231102060420/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/abandoning-algebra-is-not-the-answer/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Strauss, Valerie (July 30, 2012). \"Yes, algebra is necessary\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved November 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/yes-algebra-is-necessary/2012/07/30/gJQAr6xMKX_blog.html","url_text":"\"Yes, algebra is necessary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220928174457/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/yes-algebra-is-necessary/2012/07/30/gJQAr6xMKX_blog.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Frenkel, Edward (February 8, 2013). \"Don't Let Economists and Politicians Hack Your Math\". Slate. Archived from the original on November 2, 2023. Retrieved November 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://slate.com/technology/2013/02/should-algebra-be-in-curriculum-why-math-protects-us-from-the-unscrupulous.html","url_text":"\"Don't Let Economists and Politicians Hack Your Math\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)","url_text":"Slate"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231102060419/https://slate.com/technology/2013/02/should-algebra-be-in-curriculum-why-math-protects-us-from-the-unscrupulous.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Math Myth\". The New Press. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thenewpress.com/books/math-myth","url_text":"\"The Math Myth\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231101184816/https://thenewpress.com/books/math-myth","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hacker, Andrew (2016). \"Does Mathematics Enhance Our Minds?\". The Math Myth And Other STEM Delusions. The New Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-62097-068-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Press","url_text":"The New Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62097-068-3","url_text":"978-1-62097-068-3"}]},{"reference":"Hacker, Andrew (2016). \"The Mandarins\". The Math Myth And Other STEM Delusions. The New Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-62097-068-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Press","url_text":"The New Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62097-068-3","url_text":"978-1-62097-068-3"}]},{"reference":"Lamb, Evelyn (March 29, 2016). \"Andrew Hacker's The Math Myth is a great example of mathematics illiteracy\". Slate. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://slate.com/technology/2016/03/andrew-hackers-the-math-myth-is-a-great-example-of-mathematics-illiteracy.html","url_text":"\"Andrew Hacker's The Math Myth is a great example of mathematics illiteracy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)","url_text":"Slate"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231103073614/https://slate.com/technology/2016/03/andrew-hackers-the-math-myth-is-a-great-example-of-mathematics-illiteracy.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Whitney, A. K. (June 13, 2016). \"Why Andrew Hacker Is Wrong About 'The Math Myth'\". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/06/the-math-myth/485852/","url_text":"\"Why Andrew Hacker Is Wrong About 'The Math Myth'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic","url_text":"The Atlantic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231101194756/https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/06/the-math-myth/485852/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Dana (March 1, 2016). \"Algebra II has to go\". Slate. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://slate.com/human-interest/2016/03/algebra-ii-has-to-go.html","url_text":"\"Algebra II has to go\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)","url_text":"Slate"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231103073614/https://slate.com/human-interest/2016/03/algebra-ii-has-to-go.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Devlin, Keith (February 29, 2016). \"Andrew Hacker and the Case for and Against Algebra\". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on November 2, 2023. Retrieved November 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Devlin","url_text":"Devlin, Keith"},{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/andrew-hacker-and-the-cas_b_9339554","url_text":"\"Andrew Hacker and the Case for and Against Algebra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post","url_text":"Huffington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231102060419/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/andrew-hacker-and-the-cas_b_9339554","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grunow, Jodean E. (October 2016). \"Window on Resources\". Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School. 22 (3): 189. doi:10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.22.3.0188. JSTOR 10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.22.3.0188. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2023 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.22.3.0188","url_text":"\"Window on Resources\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5951%2Fmathteacmiddscho.22.3.0188","url_text":"10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.22.3.0188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.22.3.0188","url_text":"10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.22.3.0188"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231103073613/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.22.3.0188","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Otten, Samuel (April 2023). \"Debating Mathematics Curriculum: A Review of Andrew Hacker's The Math Myth And Other STEM Delusions\". The Mathematics Enthusiast. 20 (1–3): 2–12. doi:10.54870/1551-3440.1584. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1584&context=tme","url_text":"\"Debating Mathematics Curriculum: A Review of Andrew Hacker's The Math Myth And Other STEM Delusions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mathematics_Enthusiast","url_text":"The Mathematics Enthusiast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.54870%2F1551-3440.1584","url_text":"10.54870/1551-3440.1584"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230325051132/https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1584&context=tme","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/10/how-sputnik-changed-u-s-education/","external_links_name":"\"How Sputnik changed U.S. education\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230819142150/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/10/how-sputnik-changed-u-s-education/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210303100636/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/160324-math-stem-education-hacker-opinion","external_links_name":"\"Let's Fix Math Education By Redefining Math\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/160324-math-stem-education-hacker-opinion","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/opinion/sunday/is-algebra-necessary.html","external_links_name":"\"Is Algebra Necessary?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230716000909/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/opinion/sunday/is-algebra-necessary.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/abandoning-algebra-is-not-the-answer/","external_links_name":"\"Abandoning Algebra Is Not the Answer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231102060420/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/abandoning-algebra-is-not-the-answer/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/yes-algebra-is-necessary/2012/07/30/gJQAr6xMKX_blog.html","external_links_name":"\"Yes, algebra is necessary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220928174457/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/yes-algebra-is-necessary/2012/07/30/gJQAr6xMKX_blog.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://slate.com/technology/2013/02/should-algebra-be-in-curriculum-why-math-protects-us-from-the-unscrupulous.html","external_links_name":"\"Don't Let Economists and Politicians Hack Your Math\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231102060419/https://slate.com/technology/2013/02/should-algebra-be-in-curriculum-why-math-protects-us-from-the-unscrupulous.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://thenewpress.com/books/math-myth","external_links_name":"\"The Math Myth\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231101184816/https://thenewpress.com/books/math-myth","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://slate.com/technology/2016/03/andrew-hackers-the-math-myth-is-a-great-example-of-mathematics-illiteracy.html","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Hacker's The Math Myth is a great example of mathematics illiteracy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231103073614/https://slate.com/technology/2016/03/andrew-hackers-the-math-myth-is-a-great-example-of-mathematics-illiteracy.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/06/the-math-myth/485852/","external_links_name":"\"Why Andrew Hacker Is Wrong About 'The Math Myth'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231101194756/https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/06/the-math-myth/485852/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://slate.com/human-interest/2016/03/algebra-ii-has-to-go.html","external_links_name":"\"Algebra II has to go\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231103073614/https://slate.com/human-interest/2016/03/algebra-ii-has-to-go.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/andrew-hacker-and-the-cas_b_9339554","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Hacker and the Case for and Against Algebra\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231102060419/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/andrew-hacker-and-the-cas_b_9339554","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.22.3.0188","external_links_name":"\"Window on Resources\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5951%2Fmathteacmiddscho.22.3.0188","external_links_name":"10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.22.3.0188"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.22.3.0188","external_links_name":"10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.22.3.0188"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231103073613/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.22.3.0188","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1584&context=tme","external_links_name":"\"Debating Mathematics Curriculum: A Review of Andrew Hacker's The Math Myth And Other STEM Delusions\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.54870%2F1551-3440.1584","external_links_name":"10.54870/1551-3440.1584"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230325051132/https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1584&context=tme","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepreth | Shepreth | ["1 History","2 Church","3 Village life","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°06′44″N 0°01′57″E / 52.1122°N 0.0325°E / 52.1122; 0.0325
Human settlement in EnglandSheprethShepreth Village Hall and Shepreth Book Exchange, converted from a red telephone boxSheprethLocation within CambridgeshirePopulation819 (2001) 768 (2011OS grid referenceTL3947DistrictSouth CambridgeshireShire countyCambridgeshireRegionEastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townROYSTONPostcode districtSG8Dialling code01763PoliceCambridgeshireFireCambridgeshireAmbulanceEast of England
List of places
UK
England
Cambridgeshire
52°06′44″N 0°01′57″E / 52.1122°N 0.0325°E / 52.1122; 0.0325
Shepreth is a small village and civil parish in South Cambridgeshire, lying halfway between Cambridge and Royston.
History
The parish of Shepreth is roughly-rectangular and covers 1318 acres. It is bounded by the River Rhee to the north, which separates it from Barrington, Foxton brook to the east, across which lies Foxton, and Guilden Brook brook to the west, separating it from Meldreth and Melbourn. The field boundaries to the south border the parish of Fowlmere.
Stone Age weapons and tools have been found in the parish, and the land, formerly marshy, could thus have housed a lakeside settlement. Evidence of Roman habitation has been found on the drier ground in the northeast corner of the parish.
Two medieval moated sites in the village are scheduled as ancient monuments.
Listed as Esceprid in the Domesday Book the name "Shepreth" means "sheep stream", and was used as a resting place where sheep could be washed on their route to Cambridge. The Sheep Bridge was still in use in 1626.
Prior to the dissolution of the monasteries, Shepreth was held by the Abbey of Chatteris. The manor of Shepreth then passed to Sir William Laxton and his heirs. The manors of Docwras and Wimbish were held by Geoffrey de Mandeville, then by the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem and, after the dissolution, by William de la Haye and his heirs.
Church
The parish church of All Saints is an ancient edifice of brick and flint in the Early English style, consisting of nave and a low western tower containing two bells. The chancel arch dates from the early 12th century. There are some monuments to the Layer family ,who formerly possessed property here, dated 1730, 1743 and 1760. There is also a 13th-century octagonal font of Barnack stone, and an old oak treasure chest which was unearthed about 1895. The grade II* listed building was restored in 1870, and seats 120. The register dates from 1569!
There is a Congregational chapel, erected in 1901 and seating 120. A stone cross was erected on Pretty Corner in 1920, in memory of the men from the parish killed in World War I.
Village life
The village has had its own railway station since 1851. In 1849, the Royston and Hitchin Railway Company paid £125 into village funds for constructing the railway over Shepreth L-Moor. Shepreth railway station is on the Great Northern Line, the main line between Cambridge and London.
The parish contains a wildlife park, a nature reserve, the Shepreth L-Moor common, and the UK's only insect research laboratories.
Shepreth has two public houses, The Green Man at Frog End on the Cambridge to Royston road, and The Plough on the High Street. In the 18th century The Green Man was known as the Bottle and Anchor. The pub that is now known as The Plough burnt down and was rebuilt in 1896. The Railway Tavern by the station opened in 1873 and closed around 1960.
Gallery
Church of All Saints
Keeper with barn owl (Shepreth Wildlife Park)
Capybara in Shepreth Wildlife Park
Mandarin duck in Shepreth Wildlife Park
Bengal eagle owl in Shepreth Wildlife Park
Dartmoor pony in Shepreth Wildlife Park
alpacas in Shepreth Wildlife Park
Docwra's Manor House
References
^ 2001 census Archived 2012-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Civil Parish population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
^ a b c d e f g A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely. Vol. 5. 1973. pp. 251–263.
^ Historic England. "Roman site N of Brown Spinney (1006873)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
^ Historic England. "The National Heritage List for England (1019549)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
^ Historic England. "The National Heritage List for England (1019182)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
^ A. D. Mills (2003). "A Dictionary of British Place-Names".
^ a b Historic England. "The National Heritage List for England (1330821)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shepreth.
Village website
Shepreth Wildlife Park website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England"},{"link_name":"South Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Royston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royston,_Hertfordshire"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandShepreth is a small village and civil parish in South Cambridgeshire, lying halfway between Cambridge and Royston.","title":"Shepreth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Rhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Rhee"},{"link_name":"Barrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Foxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Meldreth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meldreth"},{"link_name":"Melbourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourn"},{"link_name":"Fowlmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowlmere"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-victoria-3"},{"link_name":"Stone Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-victoria-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"scheduled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Ancient_Monument"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-victoria-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries"},{"link_name":"Chatteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatteris"},{"link_name":"Sir William Laxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Laxton_(Lord_Mayor_of_London)"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey de Mandeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Mandeville_(11th_century)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-victoria-3"}],"text":"The parish of Shepreth is roughly-rectangular and covers 1318 acres. It is bounded by the River Rhee to the north, which separates it from Barrington, Foxton brook to the east, across which lies Foxton, and Guilden Brook brook to the west, separating it from Meldreth and Melbourn. The field boundaries to the south border the parish of Fowlmere.[3]Stone Age weapons and tools have been found in the parish, and the land, formerly marshy, could thus have housed a lakeside settlement. Evidence of Roman habitation has been found on the drier ground in the northeast corner of the parish.[3]\n[4] Two medieval moated sites in the village are scheduled as ancient monuments.[5][6]Listed as Esceprid in the Domesday Book the name \"Shepreth\" means \"sheep stream\", and was used as a resting place where sheep could be washed on their route to Cambridge. The Sheep Bridge was still in use in 1626.[3][7]Prior to the dissolution of the monasteries, Shepreth was held by the Abbey of Chatteris. The manor of Shepreth then passed to Sir William Laxton and his heirs. The manors of Docwras and Wimbish were held by Geoffrey de Mandeville, then by the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem and, after the dissolution, by William de la Haye and his heirs.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Early English style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_English_Period"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EHlisting-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EHlisting-8"},{"link_name":"Barnack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnack,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-victoria-3"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"The parish church of All Saints is an ancient edifice of brick and flint in the Early English style, consisting of nave and a low western tower containing two bells. The chancel arch dates from the early 12th century.[8] There are some monuments to the Layer family ,who formerly possessed property here, dated 1730, 1743 and 1760. There is also a 13th-century octagonal font[8] of Barnack stone, and an old oak treasure chest which was unearthed about 1895. The grade II* listed building was restored in 1870, and seats 120. The register dates from 1569![3]There is a Congregational chapel, erected in 1901 and seating 120. A stone cross was erected on Pretty Corner in 1920, in memory of the men from the parish killed in World War I.","title":"Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royston and Hitchin Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royston_and_Hitchin_Railway"},{"link_name":"Shepreth L-Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-moor,_Shepreth"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-victoria-3"},{"link_name":"Shepreth railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepreth_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Great Northern Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"wildlife park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_park"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-victoria-3"}],"text":"The village has had its own railway station since 1851. In 1849, the Royston and Hitchin Railway Company paid £125 into village funds for constructing the railway over Shepreth L-Moor.[3] Shepreth railway station is on the Great Northern Line, the main line between Cambridge and London.The parish contains a wildlife park, a nature reserve, the Shepreth L-Moor common, and the UK's only insect research laboratories.Shepreth has two public houses, The Green Man at Frog End on the Cambridge to Royston road, and The Plough on the High Street. In the 18th century The Green Man was known as the Bottle and Anchor. The pub that is now known as The Plough burnt down and was rebuilt in 1896. The Railway Tavern by the station opened in 1873 and closed around 1960.[3]","title":"Village life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_Saints,_Shepreth,_Cambridgeshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_334083.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shepreth5.JPG"},{"link_name":"barn owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn_owl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capybara_at_Shepreth.JPG"},{"link_name":"Capybara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capybara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandarin_Duck.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mandarin duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_duck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shepreth3.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dartmoor_pony_at_Shepreth.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dartmoor pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmoor_pony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpacas_at_shepreth.JPG"},{"link_name":"alpacas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpacas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shepreth,_Docwra%27s_Manor_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_878730.jpg"}],"text":"Church of All Saints\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKeeper with barn owl (Shepreth Wildlife Park)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCapybara in Shepreth Wildlife Park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMandarin duck in Shepreth Wildlife Park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBengal eagle owl in Shepreth Wildlife Park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDartmoor pony in Shepreth Wildlife Park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\talpacas in Shepreth Wildlife Park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDocwra's Manor House","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11128399&c=Shepreth&d=16&e=62&g=6406727&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1469266231186&enc=1","url_text":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""}]},{"reference":"A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely. Vol. 5. 1973. pp. 251–263.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66692","url_text":"A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Roman site N of Brown Spinney (1006873)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1006873","url_text":"\"Roman site N of Brown Spinney (1006873)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"The National Heritage List for England (1019549)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1019549","url_text":"\"The National Heritage List for England (1019549)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"The National Heritage List for England (1019182)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1019182","url_text":"\"The National Heritage List for England (1019182)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"A. D. Mills (2003). \"A Dictionary of British Place-Names\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O40-Shepreth.html","url_text":"\"A Dictionary of British Place-Names\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"The National Heritage List for England (1330821)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1330821","url_text":"\"The National Heritage List for England (1330821)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shepreth¶ms=52.1122_N_0.0325_E_region:GB_type:city(819)","external_links_name":"52°06′44″N 0°01′57″E / 52.1122°N 0.0325°E / 52.1122; 0.0325"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shepreth¶ms=52.103862_N_0.028078_E_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Shepreth","external_links_name":"TL3947"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shepreth¶ms=52.1122_N_0.0325_E_region:GB_type:city(819)","external_links_name":"52°06′44″N 0°01′57″E / 52.1122°N 0.0325°E / 52.1122; 0.0325"},{"Link":"http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/DF3A569D-19EF-4A65-9BB2-A950A39CE860/0/Shepreth.pdf","external_links_name":"2001 census"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120318171025/http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/DF3A569D-19EF-4A65-9BB2-A950A39CE860/0/Shepreth.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11128399&c=Shepreth&d=16&e=62&g=6406727&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1469266231186&enc=1","external_links_name":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66692","external_links_name":"A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1006873","external_links_name":"\"Roman site N of Brown Spinney (1006873)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1019549","external_links_name":"\"The National Heritage List for England (1019549)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1019182","external_links_name":"\"The National Heritage List for England (1019182)\""},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O40-Shepreth.html","external_links_name":"\"A Dictionary of British Place-Names\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1330821","external_links_name":"\"The National Heritage List for England (1330821)\""},{"Link":"https://sheprethparishcouncil.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"Village website"},{"Link":"https://sheprethwildlifepark.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Shepreth Wildlife Park website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Brazilian | Dutch Brazilians | ["1 Dutch presence in Brazil","2 The second wave","2.1 Colony of Holambra","3 Notable Dutch Brazilians","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Brazilians of Dutch descent
Ethnic group
Dutch BraziliansNeerlando-brasileiroNederlandse BrazilianenDutch descendants in Holambra.Total population10,954 (Dutch citizens)Regions with significant populationsPredominantly Northeast Region, South Region and Southeast RegionLanguagesPortuguese · DutchReligionRoman Catholicism, ProtestantismRelated ethnic groupsDutch people, Flemings, Frisians, White Brazilians
View of the Carambeí Historical Park mill and houses in Dutch architecture on the left
Dutch Brazilians (Portuguese: Neerlando-brasileiro; Dutch: Nederlandse Brazilianen) refers to Brazilians of full or partial Dutch ancestry. Dutch Brazilians are mainly descendants of immigrants from the Netherlands.
The Dutch were among the first Europeans settling in Brazil during the 17th century. They controlled the northern coast of Brazil from 1630 to 1654. A significant number of Dutch immigrants arrived in that period. The state of Pernambuco (then Captaincy of Pernambuco) was once a colony of the Dutch Republic from 1630 to 1661. There are a considerable number of people who are descendants of the Dutch colonists in Paraíba (for example in Frederikstad, today João Pessoa - the second most Dutch city in Brazil on XVII century, after Mauristaadt), Pernambuco, Alagoas and Rio Grande do Norte.
During the 19th and 20th century, Dutch immigrants from the Netherlands immigrated to the Brazil's Center-South, founded a few cities and prospered. The majority of Dutch Brazilians reside in Espírito Santo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Pernambuco and São Paulo. There are also small groups of Dutch Brazilians in Goiás, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro.
Dutch presence in Brazil
Main article: Dutch Brazil
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Flag of New Holland
Historical population
Period
Total
1640–46
15,000
1654
20,000
Mauritsstad population (1650)
Total
8,000
Ameridians and Negros
3,000 to 4,000
Vrijburghers
3,400
Jews
600
Haplogroup 2 amongWhite Brazilians
Location
%
Brazil
19
South Region
28
Northeast Region
19
North Region
14
Southeast Region
12
The first synagogue in the Americas, Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue - was established by the Dutch in Recife in 1636.
Colonial reports stated that there was a strong rate of miscegenation between Amerindians, Portuguese, Blacks, Jews, Dutch, Germans, French and Englishmen during the period of the Dutch Brazil colony. The majority of soldiers and marines who lived in the Nieuw-Holland were Dutch, Germans, Norwegians, Scots and Jews. The absence of women in the colony explained the high rate of mixed race people.
In 2000, a genetic study among white Brazilians showed that 19% of people born in the Northeast had a genetic marker for chromosome Y that is common in Europe (haplogroup 2 - corresponding today to the sum of haplogroups I, G and J). This shows an excess of 6% when compared to Portugal (13%). The other Brazilian region which also has a higher frequency than Portugal is the South Region (28%). According to the research, the excess in both regions could be explained as due to the strong European immigration in the South Region and the Dutch presence in the Northeast. Another study showed a higher contribution of European ancestry in chromosome Y among people from the Northeast Region, Brazil (94,74%) when compared with samples from Southeast Brazil (85,88% - 88,1%).
The second wave
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Windmill De immigrant in Castrolanda, Paraná
The first Dutch immigrants to Brazil settled in Espírito Santo state from 1858 to 1862, establishing Holanda, a settlement. This settlement of five hundred primarily Reformed folk from West Zeelandic Flanders in the province of Zeeland was not successful. All further immigration came to an end and contacts with the homeland declined. In 1973, the "lost settlement" was rediscovered in 1973. Except for the Zeeuwen in Holanda, not many Dutch went to Brazil until post-1900. Between 1906 and 1913 more than 3,500 Dutch emigrated there, primarily during 1908 and 1909.
After the Second World War, the Dutch Organization of Catholic Farmers and Vegetable Growers (KNBTB) coordinated a new flow of Dutch immigrants in search for a new life and new opportunities in Brazil. The most known Dutch settlements in Brazil are Holambra I and Holambra II (because they became leading producers of flowers), but other settlements were established as well, and in time these small villages became cities.
Also arrived after Second World War were Eurasian refugees of mixed Indonesian and Dutch blood called Indos. These Indos traveled to Brazil because the Dutch society did not consider their war experience in Indonesia, and did not recognize the European status the Indos held dearly in their mother country. The number of Indos in Brazil was never counted because they are a part of the overall Dutch-Brazilian population.
Colony of Holambra
A sunflower field in Holambra
Holambra is a municipality in São Paulo. The colony Holambra (from the words Holland-America-Brazil) and The Cooperativa Agropecuária de Holambra (Cattle Farming Cooperation of Holambra) were founded in 1948 by Catholic Dutch immigrants at the farm Fazenda Ribeirão, between the cities of Jaguariúna, Santo Antônio de Posse, Artur Nogueira and Cosmópolis. After a referendum in 1991 where 98% of the population voted in favor of political autonomy for the area, Holambra gained city status in January 1993.
The cows that were shipped in from the Netherlands by the initial colonists did not survive the heat and tropical diseases and so the colonists diversified to pig and chicken farming. As the colony around the farm grew in the following decades, the focus shifted from agriculture to horticulture. Famous for its large production of flowers and plants and for the yearly event Expoflora, Holambra receives tens of thousands of tourists each year. In April 1998, that fact was recognized as Holambra gained the status of Estância Turística, touristic location.
Notable Dutch Brazilians
Dutch-descended families in Brazil are used to be celebrated in politics and culture:
Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira - lexicographer, philologist and translator
Bebel Gilberto - singer and composer
Chico Buarque - singer, musician, composer, writer and poet
David Neeleman - businessman
Gilberto Freyre - cultural anthropologist, historian, journalist and congressman
Djavan - singer and composer
João Maurício Vanderlei, Baron of Cotejipe - former Prime Minister of Brazil
José Wilker - actor and director
Lobão - singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and writer
Mariana Ximenes - actress
Nelson Piquet Jr. - racing driver
See also
Netherlands portalBrazil portal
Dutch Brazil
Dutch people
White Brazilians
Dutch Surinamese
Brazil—Netherlands relations
References
^ Estrangeiros por nacionalidade - IBGE 2020
^ a b "Cidades preservam tradições dos colonos" (in Portuguese). Bem Paraná. 20 September 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
^ a b "Imigrantes: Holandeses". Terrabrasileira.net. Archived from the original on 29 April 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^ a b "Imigração Holandesa no Brasil. Glossário. História, Sociedade e Educação no Brasil - HISTEDBR - Faculdade de Educação - UNICAMP". Histedbr.fae.unicamp.br. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^ "Brasileiros na Holanda -". Brasileirosnaholanda.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^ "Agência CT - Ministério da Ciência & Tecnologia". Agenciat.mct.gov.br. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^ "Holandeses no Brasil - Radio Nederland, a emissora internacional e independente da Holanda - Português". Parceria.nl. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^ MELLO, José Antônio Gonsalves de. “Um ministro da igreja calvinista no Recife Holandês: o espanhol Vicente Soler 1636–1643”. In Revista da Universidade de Coimbra. Coimbra, v. 30, p.9, 1983.
^ CANABRAVA, A. P. “História econômica: estudos e pesquisas ”. UNESP. São Paulo, p.75, 2007.
^ "The Dutch in Brazil - Colonial Voyage". Colonialvoyage.com. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^ "GENÉTICA: RETRATO MOLECUL" (PDF). Laboratoriogene.info. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^ Jewish community in Recife (in Portuguese). Recife, Brazil: Jewish press. 2006. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-18. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
^ "United States and Brazil: The Defeat of the Dutch / Brasil e Estados Unidos: A Expulsão dos Holandeses do Brasil". lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^ HALLAM, Paul. The book of Sodom. Verso. London, p. 204, 1995.
^ MACHADO, Luiz Toledo. Formação do Brasil e da unidade nacional. IBRASA, São Paulo, v.1, p.29, 1980.
^ MARCOS GALINDO, Luis Sávio de Almeida. Indios do Nordeste: temas e problemas : 500 anos, Volume 2 UFAL, Maceió, v.2, p.59, 1999.
^ FIGUEIREDO, Raquel de Freitas. Estudo de SNPs do cromossomo Y na população do Estado do Espirito Santo, Brasil. 2012. 66 f. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2012.
^ "Estudo de SNPs do cromossomo Y na população do Estado do Espirito Santo, Brasil". Base.repositorio.unesp.br. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^ "Dutch immigration". Oplanob.com.br. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^ "Holambra, Brazil". Creekin.net. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dutch Brazilians" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
External links
Dutch Association of Rio de Janeiro (in Dutch)
Dutch Society of São Paulo (in Portuguese)
vte Dutch diasporaAfrica
Afrikaners
Boers
Cape Dutch
Basters
Coloureds
Griqua
Asia
Indonesia
Indo
Totok
Sri Lanka
Burghers
Middle East
Israel
Europe
Finland
Poland
Olenders
Vilamovians
Vistula delta Mennonites
United Kingdom
North America
Canada
Mexico
United States
Aruba
Curaçao
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
South America
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Suriname
See also: Flemish people and Frisians
vte Ancestry and ethnicity in BrazilBrazil
Brazilians
Indigenous peoples
Mixed-race or mestiços
ainokos
pardos
caboclos
mamelucos
Amazonian Jews
cafuzos
juçaras
caiçaras
mulatos
sararás
AfricaBy ethnicity
Black
quilombolas
Kalunga
West Africa
Nigerian
Central Africa
Angolan
Congolese
AmericasNorth America
American (United States)
Americana
Confederados
New Texas
Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
Canadian
Mexican
Caribbean
Barbadian
Cuban
Haitian
Jamaican
Central America
Costa Rican
Guatemalan
Honduran
Nicaraguan
Panamanian
Salvadoran
South America
Argentine
Bolivian
Chilean
Colombian
Ecuadorian
Guyanese
Paraguayan
Peruvian
Surinamese
Uruguayan
Venezuelan
AsiaBy ethnicity
Yellow (East Asian)
By country or regionEastern
Chinese
Filipino
Indonesian
Japanese
in São Paulo
Korean
Malaysian
Thai
Vietnamese
Southern
Bangladeshi
East Indians
Pakistani
Romani
Central
Afghan
Western
Armenian
Arab
Iraqi
Lebanese
Palestinian
Syrian
Iranian
Jewish
Turkish
EuropeBy ethnicity
White
By country or regionCentral
Austrian
Czech
German
Hungarian
Polish
Swiss
Eastern
Belarusian
Russian
Ukrainian
Northern
Estonian
Latvian
Lithuanian
Scandinavian
Southern
Bulgarian
Croatian
Greek
Italian
Macedonian
Portuguese
Romanian
Spanish
Western
Belgian
British (English and Scottish)
Dutch
French
Irish
Luxembourgian
Related topics
Demographics of Brazil
Colonization
Slave trade
Immigration
from Europe
Emigration
Racism
Portals: Netherlands Brazil | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moinho_Parque_Historico_Carambei.jpg"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Brazilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilians"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"link_name":"Europeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"link_name":"Pernambuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernambuco"},{"link_name":"Captaincy of Pernambuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_of_Pernambuco"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Paraíba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%C3%ADba"},{"link_name":"João Pessoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa,_Para%C3%ADba"},{"link_name":"Alagoas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagoas"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande do Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Center-South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro-Sul"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Espírito Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo"},{"link_name":"Paraná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reg1-2"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Pernambuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernambuco"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reg2-3"},{"link_name":"Goiás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"Ceará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cear%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande do Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte"},{"link_name":"Mato Grosso do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Minas Gerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reg3-4"}],"text":"Ethnic groupView of the Carambeí Historical Park mill and houses in Dutch architecture on the leftDutch Brazilians (Portuguese: Neerlando-brasileiro; Dutch: Nederlandse Brazilianen) refers to Brazilians of full or partial Dutch ancestry. Dutch Brazilians are mainly descendants of immigrants from the Netherlands.The Dutch were among the first Europeans settling in Brazil during the 17th century. They controlled the northern coast of Brazil from 1630 to 1654. A significant number of Dutch immigrants arrived in that period. The state of Pernambuco (then Captaincy of Pernambuco) was once a colony of the Dutch Republic from 1630 to 1661. There are a considerable number of people who are descendants of the Dutch colonists in Paraíba (for example in Frederikstad, today João Pessoa - the second most Dutch city in Brazil on XVII century, after Mauristaadt), Pernambuco, Alagoas and Rio Grande do Norte.[5][6]During the 19th and 20th century, Dutch immigrants from the Netherlands immigrated to the Brazil's Center-South, founded a few cities and prospered.[7] The majority of Dutch Brazilians reside in Espírito Santo, Paraná,[2] Rio Grande do Sul, Pernambuco and São Paulo.[3] There are also small groups of Dutch Brazilians in Goiás, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro.[4]","title":"Dutch Brazilians"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_Holland.svg"},{"link_name":"Flag of New Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_New_Holland"},{"link_name":"synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"link_name":"Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahal_Zur_Israel_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"miscegenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscegenation"},{"link_name":"Dutch Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Nieuw-Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Northeast Region, Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Flag of New HollandThe first synagogue in the Americas, Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue - was established by the Dutch [12] in Recife in 1636.[13]Colonial reports stated that there was a strong rate of miscegenation between Amerindians, Portuguese, Blacks, Jews, Dutch, Germans, French and Englishmen during the period of the Dutch Brazil colony.[14] The majority of soldiers and marines who lived in the Nieuw-Holland were Dutch, Germans, Norwegians, Scots and Jews.[15] The absence of women in the colony explained the high rate of mixed race people.[16]In 2000, a genetic study among white Brazilians showed that 19% of people born in the Northeast had a genetic marker for chromosome Y that is common in Europe (haplogroup 2 - corresponding today to the sum of haplogroups I, G and J). This shows an excess of 6% when compared to Portugal (13%). The other Brazilian region which also has a higher frequency than Portugal is the South Region (28%). According to the research, the excess in both regions could be explained as due to the strong European immigration in the South Region and the Dutch presence in the Northeast. Another study showed a higher contribution of European ancestry in chromosome Y among people from the Northeast Region, Brazil (94,74%) when compared with samples from Southeast Brazil (85,88% - 88,1%).[17][18]","title":"Dutch presence in Brazil"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MoinhoCastroParana.JPG"},{"link_name":"Castrolanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrolanda"},{"link_name":"Paraná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)"},{"link_name":"Dutch immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"link_name":"Espírito Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo"},{"link_name":"Zeelandic Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeelandic_Flanders"},{"link_name":"immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_diaspora"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Holambra I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holambra"},{"link_name":"Holambra II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holambra"},{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Indos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo_people"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Windmill De immigrant in Castrolanda, ParanáThe first Dutch immigrants to Brazil settled in Espírito Santo state from 1858 to 1862, establishing Holanda, a settlement. This settlement of five hundred primarily Reformed folk from West Zeelandic Flanders in the province of Zeeland was not successful. All further immigration came to an end and contacts with the homeland declined. In 1973, the \"lost settlement\" was rediscovered in 1973. Except for the Zeeuwen in Holanda, not many Dutch went to Brazil until post-1900. Between 1906 and 1913 more than 3,500 Dutch emigrated there, primarily during 1908 and 1909.After the Second World War, the Dutch Organization of Catholic Farmers and Vegetable Growers (KNBTB) coordinated a new flow of Dutch immigrants in search for a new life and new opportunities in Brazil. The most known Dutch settlements in Brazil are Holambra I and Holambra II (because they became leading producers of flowers), but other settlements were established as well, and in time these small villages became cities.Also arrived after Second World War were Eurasian refugees of mixed Indonesian and Dutch blood called Indos. These Indos traveled to Brazil because the Dutch society did not consider their war experience in Indonesia, and did not recognize the European status the Indos held dearly in their mother country.[19] The number of Indos in Brazil was never counted because they are a part of the overall Dutch-Brazilian population.","title":"The second wave"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GirassolHolambra.jpg"},{"link_name":"sunflower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower"},{"link_name":"Holambra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holambra"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Jaguariúna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguari%C3%BAna"},{"link_name":"Santo Antônio de Posse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Posse"},{"link_name":"Artur Nogueira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Nogueira"},{"link_name":"Cosmópolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosm%C3%B3polis"},{"link_name":"cows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cows"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical"},{"link_name":"pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig"},{"link_name":"chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"horticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture"},{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers"},{"link_name":"tourists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Colony of Holambra","text":"A sunflower field in HolambraHolambra is a municipality in São Paulo. The colony Holambra (from the words Holland-America-Brazil) and The Cooperativa Agropecuária de Holambra (Cattle Farming Cooperation of Holambra) were founded in 1948 by Catholic Dutch immigrants at the farm Fazenda Ribeirão, between the cities of Jaguariúna, Santo Antônio de Posse, Artur Nogueira and Cosmópolis. After a referendum in 1991 where 98% of the population voted in favor of political autonomy for the area, Holambra gained city status in January 1993.The cows that were shipped in from the Netherlands by the initial colonists did not survive the heat and tropical diseases and so the colonists diversified to pig and chicken farming. As the colony around the farm grew in the following decades, the focus shifted from agriculture to horticulture. Famous for its large production of flowers and plants and for the yearly event Expoflora, Holambra receives tens of thousands of tourists each year. In April 1998, that fact was recognized as Holambra gained the status of Estância Turística, touristic location.[20]","title":"The second wave"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lio_Buarque_de_Holanda_Ferreira"},{"link_name":"Bebel Gilberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebel_Gilberto"},{"link_name":"Chico Buarque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Buarque"},{"link_name":"David Neeleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Neeleman"},{"link_name":"Gilberto Freyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre"},{"link_name":"Djavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djavan"},{"link_name":"João Maurício Vanderlei, Baron of Cotejipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Maur%C3%ADcio_Vanderlei,_Baron_of_Cotejipe"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"José Wilker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Wilker"},{"link_name":"Lobão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lob%C3%A3o_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Mariana Ximenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Ximenes"},{"link_name":"Nelson Piquet Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Piquet_Jr."}],"text":"Dutch-descended families in Brazil are used to be celebrated in politics and culture:Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira - lexicographer, philologist and translator\nBebel Gilberto - singer and composer\nChico Buarque - singer, musician, composer, writer and poet\nDavid Neeleman - businessman\nGilberto Freyre - cultural anthropologist, historian, journalist and congressman\nDjavan - singer and composer\nJoão Maurício Vanderlei, Baron of Cotejipe - former Prime Minister of Brazil\nJosé Wilker - actor and director\nLobão - singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and writer\nMariana Ximenes - actress\nNelson Piquet Jr. - racing driver","title":"Notable Dutch Brazilians"}] | [{"image_text":"View of the Carambeí Historical Park mill and houses in Dutch architecture on the left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Moinho_Parque_Historico_Carambei.jpg/250px-Moinho_Parque_Historico_Carambei.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of New Holland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_New_Holland.svg/220px-Flag_of_New_Holland.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Windmill De immigrant in Castrolanda, Paraná","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MoinhoCastroParana.JPG/220px-MoinhoCastroParana.JPG"},{"image_text":"A sunflower field in Holambra","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/GirassolHolambra.jpg/220px-GirassolHolambra.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Netherlands portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Netherlands"},{"title":"Brazil portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Brazil"},{"title":"Dutch Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Brazil"},{"title":"Dutch people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"title":"White Brazilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Brazilians"},{"title":"Dutch Surinamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Surinamese"},{"title":"Brazil—Netherlands relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%94Netherlands_relations"}] | [{"reference":"\"Cidades preservam tradições dos colonos\" [Cities preserve traditions of colonists] (in Portuguese). Bem Paraná. 20 September 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bemparana.com.br/noticia/43266/cidades-preservam-tradicoes-dos-colonos","url_text":"\"Cidades preservam tradições dos colonos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Imigrantes: Holandeses\". Terrabrasileira.net. Archived from the original on 29 April 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080429195910/http://www.terrabrasileira.net/folclore/influenc/holanda.html","url_text":"\"Imigrantes: Holandeses\""},{"url":"http://www.terrabrasileira.net/folclore/influenc/holanda.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Imigração Holandesa no Brasil. Glossário. História, Sociedade e Educação no Brasil - HISTEDBR - Faculdade de Educação - UNICAMP\". Histedbr.fae.unicamp.br. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130806223321/http://www.histedbr.fae.unicamp.br/navegando/glossario/verb_c_imigr_holandesa.htm","url_text":"\"Imigração Holandesa no Brasil. Glossário. História, Sociedade e Educação no Brasil - HISTEDBR - Faculdade de Educação - UNICAMP\""},{"url":"http://www.histedbr.fae.unicamp.br/navegando/glossario/verb_c_imigr_holandesa.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brasileiros na Holanda -\". Brasileirosnaholanda.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brasileirosnaholanda.com/entrevista/eduardofonseca.htm","url_text":"\"Brasileiros na Holanda -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agência CT - Ministério da Ciência & Tecnologia\". Agenciat.mct.gov.br. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160507080309/http://agenciact.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/21496.html?toPrint=yes","url_text":"\"Agência CT - Ministério da Ciência & Tecnologia\""},{"url":"http://agenciact.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/21496.html?toPrint=yes","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Holandeses no Brasil - Radio Nederland, a emissora internacional e independente da Holanda - Português\". Parceria.nl. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090223193108/http://www.parceria.nl/Holanda/sp050428Beatrix_reinado/do05032_Beatrix_Brasil/es030402comunidade_holandes.html","url_text":"\"Holandeses no Brasil - Radio Nederland, a emissora internacional e independente da Holanda - Português\""},{"url":"http://www.parceria.nl/Holanda/sp050428Beatrix_reinado/do05032_Beatrix_Brasil/es030402comunidade_holandes.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Dutch in Brazil - Colonial Voyage\". Colonialvoyage.com. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.colonialvoyage.com/dutch-in-brazil/","url_text":"\"The Dutch in Brazil - Colonial Voyage\""}]},{"reference":"\"GENÉTICA: RETRATO MOLECUL\" (PDF). Laboratoriogene.info. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laboratoriogene.info/Cientificos/retrato.pdf","url_text":"\"GENÉTICA: RETRATO MOLECUL\""}]},{"reference":"Jewish community in Recife (in Portuguese). Recife, Brazil: Jewish press. 2006. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-18. Retrieved 2007-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061018085515/http://www.jewishpress.com/page.do/19153/Glimpses_Into_American_Jewish_History_%28Part_3%29.html","url_text":"Jewish community in Recife"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-240-3919-1","url_text":"85-240-3919-1"},{"url":"http://www.jewishpress.com/page.do/19153/Glimpses_Into_American_Jewish_History_%28Part_3%29.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"United States and Brazil: The Defeat of the Dutch / Brasil e Estados Unidos: A Expulsão dos Holandeses do Brasil\". lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://lcweb2.loc.gov/intldl/brhtml/br-1/br-1-3-4.html","url_text":"\"United States and Brazil: The Defeat of the Dutch / Brasil e Estados Unidos: A Expulsão dos Holandeses do Brasil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Estudo de SNPs do cromossomo Y na população do Estado do Espirito Santo, Brasil\". Base.repositorio.unesp.br. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141214015029/http://base.repositorio.unesp.br/handle/11449/87818","url_text":"\"Estudo de SNPs do cromossomo Y na população do Estado do Espirito Santo, Brasil\""},{"url":"http://base.repositorio.unesp.br/handle/11449/87818","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch immigration\". Oplanob.com.br. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090221010556/http://www.oplanob.com.br/item/carambe---casa-da-memria","url_text":"\"Dutch immigration\""},{"url":"http://www.oplanob.com.br/item/carambe---casa-da-memria","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Holambra, Brazil\". Creekin.net. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080408165809/http://creekin.net/c1842-n26-holambra-brazil.html","url_text":"\"Holambra, Brazil\""},{"url":"http://creekin.net/c1842-n26-holambra-brazil.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/","external_links_name":"Estrangeiros por nacionalidade - IBGE 2020"},{"Link":"http://www.bemparana.com.br/noticia/43266/cidades-preservam-tradicoes-dos-colonos","external_links_name":"\"Cidades preservam tradições dos colonos\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080429195910/http://www.terrabrasileira.net/folclore/influenc/holanda.html","external_links_name":"\"Imigrantes: Holandeses\""},{"Link":"http://www.terrabrasileira.net/folclore/influenc/holanda.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130806223321/http://www.histedbr.fae.unicamp.br/navegando/glossario/verb_c_imigr_holandesa.htm","external_links_name":"\"Imigração Holandesa no Brasil. Glossário. História, Sociedade e Educação no Brasil - HISTEDBR - Faculdade de Educação - UNICAMP\""},{"Link":"http://www.histedbr.fae.unicamp.br/navegando/glossario/verb_c_imigr_holandesa.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.brasileirosnaholanda.com/entrevista/eduardofonseca.htm","external_links_name":"\"Brasileiros na Holanda -\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160507080309/http://agenciact.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/21496.html?toPrint=yes","external_links_name":"\"Agência CT - Ministério da Ciência & Tecnologia\""},{"Link":"http://agenciact.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/21496.html?toPrint=yes","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090223193108/http://www.parceria.nl/Holanda/sp050428Beatrix_reinado/do05032_Beatrix_Brasil/es030402comunidade_holandes.html","external_links_name":"\"Holandeses no Brasil - Radio Nederland, a emissora internacional e independente da Holanda - Português\""},{"Link":"http://www.parceria.nl/Holanda/sp050428Beatrix_reinado/do05032_Beatrix_Brasil/es030402comunidade_holandes.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.colonialvoyage.com/dutch-in-brazil/","external_links_name":"\"The Dutch in Brazil - Colonial Voyage\""},{"Link":"http://www.laboratoriogene.info/Cientificos/retrato.pdf","external_links_name":"\"GENÉTICA: RETRATO MOLECUL\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061018085515/http://www.jewishpress.com/page.do/19153/Glimpses_Into_American_Jewish_History_%28Part_3%29.html","external_links_name":"Jewish community in Recife"},{"Link":"http://www.jewishpress.com/page.do/19153/Glimpses_Into_American_Jewish_History_%28Part_3%29.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://lcweb2.loc.gov/intldl/brhtml/br-1/br-1-3-4.html","external_links_name":"\"United States and Brazil: The Defeat of the Dutch / Brasil e Estados Unidos: A Expulsão dos Holandeses do Brasil\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141214015029/http://base.repositorio.unesp.br/handle/11449/87818","external_links_name":"\"Estudo de SNPs do cromossomo Y na população do Estado do Espirito Santo, Brasil\""},{"Link":"http://base.repositorio.unesp.br/handle/11449/87818","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090221010556/http://www.oplanob.com.br/item/carambe---casa-da-memria","external_links_name":"\"Dutch immigration\""},{"Link":"http://www.oplanob.com.br/item/carambe---casa-da-memria","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080408165809/http://creekin.net/c1842-n26-holambra-brazil.html","external_links_name":"\"Holambra, Brazil\""},{"Link":"http://creekin.net/c1842-n26-holambra-brazil.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dutch+Brazilians%22","external_links_name":"\"Dutch Brazilians\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dutch+Brazilians%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dutch+Brazilians%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dutch+Brazilians%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dutch+Brazilians%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dutch+Brazilians%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.nederlandsevereniging.com.br/","external_links_name":"Dutch Association of Rio de Janeiro"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070508162412/http://www.shsp.com.br/","external_links_name":"Dutch Society of São Paulo"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Darwin_disappearance_case | John Darwin disappearance case | ["1 Background","2 Disappearance","3 Missing years","4 Return and arrest","5 Trial","5.1 Sentencing","6 In popular culture","7 See also","8 References"] | 2002–2008 British fraud case
John DarwinBorn1950 (age 73–74)PrudhoeOccupation(s)Former teacher and prison officerCriminal statusReleasedSpouseAnne Darwin (née Stephenson) (1973–2012; divorced)Criminal chargeFraud
The John Darwin disappearance case involved the faked death of the British former teacher and prison officer John Darwin. Darwin turned up alive in December 2007, five and a half years after he was believed to have died in a canoeing accident.
Darwin was arrested and charged with fraud. His wife, Anne, was also arrested and charged for helping Darwin to collect his life insurance of £250,000. The fraudulent claim had allowed the couple to pay off their £130,000 mortgage. In December 2007, after it was revealed the couple had been photographed together in Panama a year earlier, Anne confessed to knowing Darwin was alive and that he had been secretly living in their house and the house next door, which allowed him to receive the insurance money for his own use. On 23 July 2008, John and Anne Darwin were each sentenced to more than six years in prison.
Background
John Darwin was born around 1950. He attended St Francis Xavier's Grammar School, Hartlepool and De La Salle College, Salford, Lancashire, where he studied biology and chemistry.
On 22 December 1973, Darwin married Anne Stephenson in Blackhall. Darwin then taught science and mathematics at Derwentside for 18 years before leaving to join Barclays Bank. He later became a prison officer at HM Prison Holme House.
Darwin and his wife, a doctor's receptionist, also ran a business renting bedsits in County Durham with 12 houses. They ran into debt after purchasing two houses in Seaton Carew in December 2000. The debts caused Darwin to talk about faking his own death to claim the insurance by early 2002.
Disappearance
Darwin was seen paddling out to sea in his kayak on 21 March 2002, at Seaton Carew. Later the same day, he was reported as "missing" after failing to report to work. A large-scale sea search took place, during which 62 square miles (160 km2) of coastline were searched. There was no sign of Darwin, though the following day a double-ended paddle and the wreckage of Darwin's kayak were found. The North Sea was unusually calm and rescuers were puzzled that Darwin could have got into trouble in such conditions.
Missing years
During the years that Darwin was presumed dead, he lived for some time in a bedsit next door to the family home; he then secretly moved back in with his wife Anne in February 2003. Meanwhile, a death certificate was issued stating that Darwin had died on 21 March 2002. This allowed his wife to claim his life insurance; it is alleged that £250,000 was paid out from Unat Direct Insurance Management Limited (part of the AIG insurance group). Some time that year, a tenant of the block of bedsit flats that the Darwins owned, Lee Wadrop, recognised Darwin and asked him, "Aren't you supposed to be dead?" to which Darwin replied, "Don't tell anyone about this.” Wadrop later said that he had not told the police because he "did not want to get involved.”
In 2004, the Darwins decided to move abroad, considering Cyprus. John Darwin applied for and obtained a passport using the false name "John Jones", but using his true home address. In November 2004, the couple visited Cyprus to investigate buying property there.
In May 2005, an angler, Matt Autie, claimed to have met Darwin, who was going under the name "John Williams", at a lake near Penzance, Cornwall. When back at home, Darwin is reported to have spent most of his time on the Internet, where he encountered a woman from Kansas in the US whom he flew out to meet. By November, Darwin was back in the UK and flew from Newcastle to Gibraltar, and then travelled to El Puerto de Santa María to view a £45,000, forty-two-foot (13 m) catamaran that he was considering buying from boat dealer Robert Hopkin.
On 9 March 2006, Darwin is reported to have signed a planning objection to a neighbour's building work using a false name. Darwin and his wife began to consider Panama as a possible destination. The couple flew to Panama on 14 July 2006, where they were photographed by a Panamanian property agent, and the resulting photograph was posted on the Internet. Newspapers from February 2007 were later found in the boarded-up gap between the Darwins' house and the bedsit where John had hidden. In March 2007, the couple returned to Panama and formed a company called Jaguar Properties in order to buy a two-bedroom apartment in El Dorado for £50,000. The bedsit house next to the family home was sold under the name of the Darwins' son, Mark; the home had been transferred to Mark in 2006. The proceeds from the sale were then transferred to Panama.
The following month, Anne returned to the UK to sell her home while Darwin remained in Panama. In May 2007, the couple purchased a £200,000 tropical estate in the village of Escobal, Colón, Panama, near the Panama Canal, with the intention of building a hotel from where canoeing holidays could be run. In a later interview with Darwin, published in Elizabeth Greenwood's book Playing Dead, he states that the canoe-rental aspect of this purchase was a story entirely fabricated by the media playing on the romanticism of his faked death. He and Anne visited Panama again in July 2007, staying for six weeks.
A police investigation was started in September when a colleague of Anne became suspicious upon overhearing a phone conversation between the couple. The Darwin family home was sold for £295,000 in October 2007 and Anne subsequently left for Panama. In the third week of November, the couple holidayed in Costa Rica before returning to Panama. On 30 November 2007, Anne bought an airline ticket for her husband to England because "he was missing his sons". On the same day, Mark left his property firm after working his notice period.
Return and arrest
Following a change in Panama's visa laws, Darwin emailed Anne on 14 June 2007 to notify her that their identities would have to be verified by UK police in order for them to receive now-required Panamanian "investors' visas". Knowing that his "John Jones" alias would not pass this level of scrutiny, Darwin decided to return to the UK under his real name and fake amnesia.
On 1 December 2007, Darwin walked into the West End Central police station in London, claiming to have no memory of the past five years. Anne expressed surprise, joy and elation at the return of her missing husband. The UK police by that time had already suspected that Darwin might not have been dead since Anne, despite portraying herself as a broken-hearted widow, took foreign holidays, planned to sell the family home in Hartlepool to move to Panama and transferred large sums of money abroad. A police financial investigation had already begun three months prior to Darwin's reappearance, following a tip from one of Anne's colleagues connecting her claim on her husband's life insurance and her subsequent emigration to Panama.
The Darwins' cover story unravelled after the Daily Mirror published a photo of the Darwins, taken in Panama in 2006. The photograph had been discovered when a member of the public searched for the words "John", "Anne" and "Panama" in Google Images. The photo had been featured on the website movetopanama.com and was brought to the attention of the Daily Mirror and the Cleveland Police. Anne reportedly confirmed that the photograph was of John, saying, "Yes, that's him. My sons will never forgive me." The police then arrested Darwin at his son Anthony's house in Basingstoke.
A police investigation discovered that Darwin had been using a false passport by the name of "John Jones", an identity that had belonged to a baby from Sunderland who had died in 1950. Upon examining the false passport, police found that Darwin had made several trips to Panama in the previous five years.
Darwin's two sons initially expressed elation at the return of their father, but as the story unfolded, they issued a joint statement stating they felt they had been victims of a scam and implying that they wished to have no further contact with their parents.
Trial
Darwin was charged with insurance fraud and making false statements to obtain a passport. Anne Darwin was arrested at Manchester Airport the following day upon returning to the UK, and detained in connection with the allegations of fraud. She appeared in court on 11 December in Hartlepool to face two charges of fraud: obtaining £25,000 and £137,000 by deception. She remained in custody until 14 December. Darwin appeared at Hartlepool Magistrates' Court on 10 December, where he was also remanded in custody until 14 December.
On 14 December, Anne and John Darwin appeared separately before Hartlepool Magistrates' Court and they both were remanded in custody to appear again on 11 January 2008.
On 9 January 2008, John and Anne Darwin returned to Hartlepool Magistrates' Court to face further charges of deception. John faced an additional charge of obtaining £137,000 by deception (the same charge his wife was already facing) in addition to the existing life insurance charge against both of them for £25,000 and John's separate charge of obtaining a passport by deception. They were then both charged together for obtaining more money from a teachers' pension scheme (two separate amounts of £25,186 and £58,845), as well as for obtaining money from the Department for Work and Pensions (two separate amounts of £2,000 and £2,273). They were remanded in custody once more to appear in court again on 18 January 2008.
On 18 January, they each appeared separately at Hartlepool Magistrates' Court by video-link and were remanded in custody until 15 February, when they faced committal to Crown Court.
On 13 March, John Darwin admitted seven charges of obtaining cash by deception and a passport offence at Leeds Crown Court. He denied nine charges of using criminal property; these charges were ordered to lie on file. Anne Darwin denied six charges of deception and nine of using criminal property.
Sentencing
On 23 July 2008, John and Anne Darwin were both convicted of fraud. John Darwin faced an additional charge relating to his fake passport and was sentenced to six years and three months in prison. Anne Darwin, who was described by the police as a compulsive liar, was sentenced to six years and six months. Both appealed against their sentences and on 27 March 2009, both appeals were dismissed by the Court of Appeal. Anne was imprisoned at HM Prison Low Newton.
The Crown Prosecution Service said that all profits from the "callous and calculated" fraud committed by the couple would be confiscated. John Darwin was released on probation in January 2011 and Anne Darwin was released in March 2011.
On 14 February 2012, the CPS announced that the entire £501,641.39 in life insurance and pension payouts received by Anne Darwin had been recovered, partly from the sale of two properties in Panama. Kingsley Hyland, head of the North East CPS Complex Casework Unit, said: "It is important that fraudsters see that not only will we prosecute them wherever possible, but we will also make every effort to retrieve their ill-gotten gains to return them to those they have defrauded."
In April 2014, it was reported that John Darwin had repaid just £121 from the £679,073 that the judge had ordered him to repay. However, this was because all the assets were in Anne Darwin's name. By July 2015, the pair no longer had any assets, having repaid a total of £541,762.39.
In popular culture
In July 2008, the Channel 4 soap opera, Hollyoaks transmitted a storyline similar to the John Darwin case, in which character Jack Osborne (Jimmy McKenna) faked his death, with the help of his son Darren (Ashley Taylor Dawson), and adopted the identity of the recently deceased Eamon Fisher (Derek Halligan).
The story of John and Anne Darwin was dramatised in the BBC Four programme Canoe Man in 2010. The film starred Bernard Hill and Saskia Reeves as John and Anne Darwin, respectively.
Musician Martin Gordon documented the story with the song "Panama" from his 2009 release Time Gentlemen Please.
In fiction, it inspired a 2009 novel by Adrian Gere called Return from the Dead, and a 2010 storyline in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street saw the character Joe McIntyre (Reece Dinsdale) attempt the same thing but ultimately drown for real.
In 2015, it was mentioned in the BBC soap opera EastEnders when it was revealed that the character Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth) and her husband Gavin Sullivan (Paul Nicholas) faked their deaths in South Africa for insurance payouts.
The song "Simian Son" by Jez Lowe concerning incidents in Hartlepool references the incident. The 2018 novel Let Me Lie by Clare Mackintosh, in which a husband and wife apparently commit suicide, was inspired by John Darwin.
In October 2021, Wondery released a podcast exploring the disappearance of John Darwin as part of their British Scandal series.
The Thief, His Wife and the Canoe, a dramatisation written by Chris Lang without any cooperation from the Darwin family, and with Eddie Marsan and Monica Dolan in the title roles, was shown on ITV in April 2022.
In September 2023, he was mentioned on the show Saving Lives at Sea that airs on BBC iPlayer as they talked with members of the Hartlepool lifeboat station.
See also
List of solved missing person cases
References
^ "'Missing' man charged by police". BBC News. 8 December 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2007.
^ a b "The Mystery of John Darwin". The Guardian. London. 5 December 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2007.
^ "Canoe fake death wife Anne Darwin: I'll feel guilt until I die". BBC News. 5 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
^ "'Canoe Man' John Darwin charged". CNN. 8 December 2007.
^ a b "John & Anne Darwin sentenced to jail". BBC. 23 July 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
^ a b Jones, Aidan (3 December 2007). "Detectives to question long-lost canoeist". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 December 2007. ...disappeared off the North Sea coast in 2002. Darwin, who was 51 at the time, had last been seen... at about 9am on March 21...
^ "An unexpected anniversary..." Hartlepool Mail. 8 December 2007. Archived from the original on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
^ Weaver, Matthew (5 December 2007). "Canoe mystery man arrested for fraud". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 3 December 2007.
^ "DARWIN'S £1M PROPERTY EMPIRE". Daily Mirror. Reach plc. 9 December 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
^ Mendick, Robert (12 April 2012). "Canoe man 'was in huge debt' before he vanished". Evening Standard. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
^ Savin, Jennifer (18 April 2022). "Where are John and Anne Darwin now?". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
^ a b c "Sea search for Missing Canoeist". BBC News. 22 March 2002. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
^ "Missing Canoeist - Wreck is Found". Hartlepool Mail. 8 May 2002. Archived from the original on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2007.
^ The 'dead' canoeist John Darwin, his wife and the Panama connection Archived 26 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ Muncaster, Michael (21 March 2017). "How 'canoe man' John Darwin faked his own death 15 years ago". Chronicle Live. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
^ a b "Court remands canoeist in custody". BBC News. 10 December 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2007.
^ Copping, Jasper; Leach, Ben; Sawer, Patrick (9 December 2007). "Canoe man's wife lands back in Britain". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
^ Altman, Alex (9 December 2007). "Canoe Man and Canoe Wife – Sunk". Time / CNN. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
^ Allen, Nick (8 December 2007). "'Dead' canoeist used a fake passport". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
^ Maclean, Stewart (7 December 2007). "John Darwin's fake passport trip". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
^ a b c Chapman, Hannah (30 November 2017). "The Darwin Files: John was dead and the money was in the bank. A future filled with sun, sea and sand lay before them. Then it all started to unravel..." The Northern Echo. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
^ "EXCLUSIVE: Overheard phone call led to investigation". Hartlepool Mail. 10 December 2007. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007.
^ Walker, Dani (11 December 2007). "Sons of 'dead' canoeist duped by their parents, police reveal". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
^ Bunyan, Paul Stokes and Nigel (23 July 2008). "Why canoeist John Darwin came back from the dead". The Daily Telegraph.
^ Richard Edwards, Paul Stokes and Tom Leonard. Wife of canoeist John Darwin admits she knew he was alive Archived 26 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ Glendinning, Lee (23 July 2008). "Detectives suspected Darwin was alive". The Guardian.
^ Weaver, Matthew (6 December 2007). "Woman found canoeist photo via Google". Guardian Unlimited. London. Retrieved 8 December 2007.
^ "Wife confronted with Panama photo". Guardian Unlimited. London. 6 December 2007. Archived from the original on 3 January 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2007.
^ Allen, Nick (8 December 2007). "'Dead' canoeist used a fake passport". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2007.
^ "Did Darwin Steal Dead Baby's Name? (Sky News)".
^ "Canoeist sons 'victims of scam'". BBC News. 6 December 2007.
^ "Sons of canoe 'scam' dad disown both their parents". Wales Online. 7 December 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
^ Police await canoeist wife move BBC, 2007-12-09
^ Canoeist wife arrested back in UK BBC, 2007-12-09
^ Canoeist wife remanded in custody BBC, 2007-12-11
^ "Christmas in prison for Darwins". BBC News. 14 December 2007.
^ "Further charges for canoe couple". BBC News. 5 January 2018.
^ "Canoe couple remanded in custody". BBC News. 5 January 2018.
^ a b Welford, Joanne (17 April 2022). "Canoe man John Darwin and the real story of the fraud that shocked the nation". Teesside Live. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
^ "Missing canoeist admits deception". BBC News. 13 March 2008.
^ "Canoeist appeals against sentence". BBC Sport. 5 September 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
^ "Canoe pair lose jail term appeals". BBC News. 27 March 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2008.
^ "Monica Dolan: 'I'm not fond of the term character actor – I'd never call myself that'". The Independent. 17 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
^ Booth, Jenny; Hines, Nico (23 July 2008). "John and Anne Darwin sentenced to total of more than 12 years in jail". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008.
^ "Canoe man John Darwin walks free from jail". The Daily Telegraph. 18 January 2011.
^ "Anne Darwin released after serving time for canoe disappearance fraud". The Guardian. 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
^ "CPS recover £500k from canoe fraudster wife Anne Darwin". BBC News. 14 February 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
^ "Fake death conman John Darwin 'has repaid just £121'". BBC News. 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
^ "Canoe fraudsters John and Anne Darwin 'have no assets'". BBC News. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
^ "Canoe Man". BBC Online. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
^ "Novel no 2 for grandad". Croydon Post. Northcliffe Media. 2 December 2009. p. 13.
^ "Corrie's Joe 'set to do a Darwin'". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk. 27 January 2010. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
^ "The Book Trail Let Me Lie'". www.thebooktrail.com.
^ "British Scandal: S6 E1: The Canoe Con | Missing". Wondery. 4 October 2021.
^ Lawson, Mark (15 April 2022). "Death, fraud and canoes: how a mind-blowing insurance scam became an ITV drama". The Guardian.
^ "Saving Lives at Sea: Series 8: 1". BBC iPlayer. BBC. Retrieved 30 September 2023. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"faked death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faked_death"},{"link_name":"fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"life insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_insurance"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jail-5"}],"text":"The John Darwin disappearance case involved the faked death of the British former teacher and prison officer John Darwin. Darwin turned up alive in December 2007, five and a half years after he was believed to have died in a canoeing accident.Darwin was arrested and charged with fraud.[4] His wife, Anne, was also arrested and charged for helping Darwin to collect his life insurance of £250,000. The fraudulent claim had allowed the couple to pay off their £130,000 mortgage. In December 2007, after it was revealed the couple had been photographed together in Panama a year earlier, Anne confessed to knowing Darwin was alive and that he had been secretly living in their house and the house next door, which allowed him to receive the insurance money for his own use. On 23 July 2008, John and Anne Darwin were each sentenced to more than six years in prison.[5]","title":"John Darwin disappearance case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Francis Xavier's Grammar School, Hartlepool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Francis_Roman_Catholic_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"De La Salle College, Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_College,_Salford"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-educ-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hartlepool1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myst-8"},{"link_name":"Derwentside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwentside"},{"link_name":"Barclays Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays_Bank"},{"link_name":"HM Prison Holme House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Holme_House"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-educ-6"},{"link_name":"bedsits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedsit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Seaton Carew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaton_Carew"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"John Darwin was born around 1950. He attended St Francis Xavier's Grammar School, Hartlepool and De La Salle College, Salford, Lancashire, where he studied biology and chemistry.[6]On 22 December 1973, Darwin married Anne Stephenson in Blackhall.[7] Darwin then taught science and mathematics[8] at Derwentside for 18 years before leaving to join Barclays Bank. He later became a prison officer at HM Prison Holme House.[6]Darwin and his wife, a doctor's receptionist, also ran a business renting bedsits in County Durham with 12 houses.[9] They ran into debt after purchasing two houses in Seaton Carew in December 2000.[10] The debts caused Darwin to talk about faking his own death to claim the insurance by early 2002.[11]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayak"},{"link_name":"Seaton Carew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaton_Carew"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc3-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc3-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc3-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hartlepool3-13"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Darwin was seen paddling out to sea in his kayak on 21 March 2002, at Seaton Carew.[12] Later the same day, he was reported as \"missing\" after failing to report to work. A large-scale sea search took place,[12] during which 62 square miles (160 km2) of coastline were searched. There was no sign of Darwin,[12] though the following day a double-ended paddle and the wreckage of Darwin's kayak were found.[13] The North Sea was unusually calm and rescuers were puzzled that Darwin could have got into trouble in such conditions.[14]","title":"Disappearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bedsit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedsit"},{"link_name":"death certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_certificate"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"AIG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc5-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph3-17"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"passport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passport"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times1-18"},{"link_name":"angler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angling"},{"link_name":"Penzance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penzance"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph4-19"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"El Puerto de Santa María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"catamaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamaran"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unravel-21"},{"link_name":"Escobal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escobal"},{"link_name":"Colón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B3n,_Panama"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unravel-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unravel-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"During the years that Darwin was presumed dead, he lived for some time in a bedsit next door to the family home; he then secretly moved back in with his wife Anne in February 2003. Meanwhile, a death certificate was issued stating that Darwin had died on 21 March 2002.[15] This allowed his wife to claim his life insurance; it is alleged that £250,000 was paid out from Unat Direct Insurance Management Limited (part of the AIG insurance group).[16] Some time that year, a tenant of the block of bedsit flats that the Darwins owned, Lee Wadrop, recognised Darwin and asked him, \"Aren't you supposed to be dead?\" to which Darwin replied, \"Don't tell anyone about this.” Wadrop later said that he had not told the police because he \"did not want to get involved.”[17]In 2004, the Darwins decided to move abroad, considering Cyprus. John Darwin applied for and obtained a passport using the false name \"John Jones\", but using his true home address.[18] In November 2004, the couple visited Cyprus to investigate buying property there.In May 2005, an angler, Matt Autie, claimed to have met Darwin, who was going under the name \"John Williams\", at a lake near Penzance, Cornwall.[19] When back at home, Darwin is reported to have spent most of his time on the Internet, where he encountered a woman from Kansas in the US whom he flew out to meet. By November, Darwin was back in the UK and flew from Newcastle to Gibraltar, and then travelled to El Puerto de Santa María to view a £45,000, forty-two-foot (13 m) catamaran that he was considering buying from boat dealer Robert Hopkin.[20]On 9 March 2006, Darwin is reported to have signed a planning objection to a neighbour's building work using a false name. Darwin and his wife began to consider Panama as a possible destination. The couple flew to Panama on 14 July 2006, where they were photographed by a Panamanian property agent, and the resulting photograph was posted on the Internet. Newspapers from February 2007 were later found in the boarded-up gap between the Darwins' house and the bedsit where John had hidden. In March 2007, the couple returned to Panama and formed a company called Jaguar Properties in order to buy a two-bedroom apartment in El Dorado for £50,000. The bedsit house next to the family home was sold under the name of the Darwins' son, Mark; the home had been transferred to Mark in 2006. The proceeds from the sale were then transferred to Panama.[21]The following month, Anne returned to the UK to sell her home while Darwin remained in Panama. In May 2007, the couple purchased a £200,000 tropical estate in the village of Escobal, Colón, Panama, near the Panama Canal, with the intention of building a hotel from where canoeing holidays could be run. In a later interview with Darwin, published in Elizabeth Greenwood's book Playing Dead, he states that the canoe-rental aspect of this purchase was a story entirely fabricated by the media playing on the romanticism of his faked death. He and Anne visited Panama again in July 2007, staying for six weeks.[21]A police investigation was started in September when a colleague of Anne became suspicious upon overhearing a phone conversation between the couple.[22] The Darwin family home was sold for £295,000 in October 2007 and Anne subsequently left for Panama. In the third week of November, the couple holidayed in Costa Rica before returning to Panama. On 30 November 2007, Anne bought an airline ticket for her husband to England because \"he was missing his sons\".[21] On the same day, Mark left his property firm after working his notice period.[23]","title":"Missing years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"visa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_visa"},{"link_name":"alias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"amnesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_of_London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"widow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Daily Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Google Images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Images"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Police"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian2-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian1-28"},{"link_name":"Basingstoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basingstoke"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph2-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"scam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scam"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Following a change in Panama's visa laws, Darwin emailed Anne on 14 June 2007 to notify her that their identities would have to be verified by UK police in order for them to receive now-required Panamanian \"investors' visas\". Knowing that his \"John Jones\" alias would not pass this level of scrutiny, Darwin decided to return to the UK under his real name and fake amnesia.[24]On 1 December 2007, Darwin walked into the West End Central police station in London, claiming to have no memory of the past five years. Anne expressed surprise, joy and elation at the return of her missing husband.[25] The UK police by that time had already suspected that Darwin might not have been dead since Anne, despite portraying herself as a broken-hearted widow, took foreign holidays, planned to sell the family home in Hartlepool to move to Panama and transferred large sums of money abroad.[26] A police financial investigation had already begun three months prior to Darwin's reappearance, following a tip from one of Anne's colleagues connecting her claim on her husband's life insurance and her subsequent emigration to Panama.The Darwins' cover story unravelled after the Daily Mirror published a photo of the Darwins, taken in Panama in 2006. The photograph had been discovered when a member of the public searched for the words \"John\", \"Anne\" and \"Panama\" in Google Images. The photo had been featured on the website movetopanama.com and was brought to the attention of the Daily Mirror and the Cleveland Police.[27] Anne reportedly confirmed that the photograph was of John, saying, \"Yes, that's him. My sons will never forgive me.\"[28] The police then arrested Darwin at his son Anthony's house in Basingstoke.A police investigation discovered that Darwin had been using a false passport by the name of \"John Jones\", an identity that had belonged to a baby from Sunderland who had died in 1950.[29][30] Upon examining the false passport, police found that Darwin had made several trips to Panama in the previous five years.Darwin's two sons initially expressed elation at the return of their father,[31] but as the story unfolded, they issued a joint statement stating they felt they had been victims of a scam and implying that they wished to have no further contact with their parents.[32]","title":"Return and arrest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insurance fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_fraud"},{"link_name":"making false statements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_false_statements"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Manchester Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Airport"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc5-16"},{"link_name":"Magistrates' Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrates%27_court_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Department for Work and Pensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"committal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committal_procedure"},{"link_name":"Crown Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Court"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Leeds Crown Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Crown_Court"},{"link_name":"lie on file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_on_file"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welford-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Darwin was charged with insurance fraud and making false statements to obtain a passport.[33] Anne Darwin was arrested at Manchester Airport the following day upon returning to the UK, and detained in connection with the allegations of fraud.[34] She appeared in court on 11 December in Hartlepool to face two charges of fraud: obtaining £25,000 and £137,000 by deception. She remained in custody until 14 December.[35] Darwin appeared at Hartlepool Magistrates' Court on 10 December, where he was also remanded in custody until 14 December.[16]On 14 December, Anne and John Darwin appeared separately before Hartlepool Magistrates' Court and they both were remanded in custody to appear again on 11 January 2008.[36]On 9 January 2008, John and Anne Darwin returned to Hartlepool Magistrates' Court to face further charges of deception. John faced an additional charge of obtaining £137,000 by deception (the same charge his wife was already facing) in addition to the existing life insurance charge against both of them for £25,000 and John's separate charge of obtaining a passport by deception. They were then both charged together for obtaining more money from a teachers' pension scheme (two separate amounts of £25,186 and £58,845), as well as for obtaining money from the Department for Work and Pensions (two separate amounts of £2,000 and £2,273). They were remanded in custody once more to appear in court again on 18 January 2008.[37]On 18 January, they each appeared separately at Hartlepool Magistrates' Court by video-link and were remanded in custody until 15 February, when they faced committal to Crown Court.[38]On 13 March, John Darwin admitted seven charges of obtaining cash by deception and a passport offence at Leeds Crown Court. He denied nine charges of using criminal property; these charges were ordered to lie on file.[39] Anne Darwin denied six charges of deception and nine of using criminal property.[40]","title":"Trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compulsive liar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathological_lying"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jail-5"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"HM Prison Low Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Low_Newton"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Crown Prosecution Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-23jul2008-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Sentencing","text":"On 23 July 2008, John and Anne Darwin were both convicted of fraud. John Darwin faced an additional charge relating to his fake passport and was sentenced to six years and three months in prison. Anne Darwin, who was described by the police as a compulsive liar, was sentenced to six years and six months.[5] Both appealed against their sentences[41] and on 27 March 2009, both appeals were dismissed by the Court of Appeal.[42] Anne was imprisoned at HM Prison Low Newton.[43]The Crown Prosecution Service said that all profits from the \"callous and calculated\" fraud committed by the couple would be confiscated.[44] John Darwin was released on probation in January 2011[45] and Anne Darwin was released in March 2011.[46]On 14 February 2012, the CPS announced that the entire £501,641.39 in life insurance and pension payouts received by Anne Darwin had been recovered, partly from the sale of two properties in Panama. Kingsley Hyland, head of the North East CPS Complex Casework Unit, said: \"It is important that fraudsters see that not only will we prosecute them wherever possible, but we will also make every effort to retrieve their ill-gotten gains to return them to those they have defrauded.\"[47]In April 2014, it was reported that John Darwin had repaid just £121 from the £679,073 that the judge had ordered him to repay.[48] However, this was because all the assets were in Anne Darwin's name. By July 2015, the pair no longer had any assets, having repaid a total of £541,762.39.[49]","title":"Trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"Hollyoaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollyoaks"},{"link_name":"Jack Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Jimmy McKenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_McKenna"},{"link_name":"Darren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Ashley Taylor Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Taylor_Dawson"},{"link_name":"Eamon Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamon_Fisher"},{"link_name":"BBC Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Four"},{"link_name":"Bernard Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Hill"},{"link_name":"Saskia Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskia_Reeves"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Martin Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Time Gentlemen Please","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Gentlemen_Please_(album)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-02dec2009-51"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Coronation Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Street"},{"link_name":"Joe McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_McIntyre_(Coronation_Street)"},{"link_name":"Reece Dinsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reece_Dinsdale"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"Kathy Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Beale"},{"link_name":"Gillian Taylforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Taylforth"},{"link_name":"Gavin Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Paul Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Jez Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jez_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Clare Mackintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Mackintosh"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"The Thief, His Wife and the Canoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thief,_His_Wife_and_the_Canoe"},{"link_name":"Chris Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lang"},{"link_name":"Eddie Marsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Marsan"},{"link_name":"Monica Dolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Dolan"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welford-39"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Saving Lives at Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Lives_at_Sea"},{"link_name":"BBC iPlayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_iPlayer"},{"link_name":"Hartlepool lifeboat station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RNLI_stations"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"In July 2008, the Channel 4 soap opera, Hollyoaks transmitted a storyline similar to the John Darwin case, in which character Jack Osborne (Jimmy McKenna) faked his death, with the help of his son Darren (Ashley Taylor Dawson), and adopted the identity of the recently deceased Eamon Fisher (Derek Halligan).The story of John and Anne Darwin was dramatised in the BBC Four programme Canoe Man in 2010. The film starred Bernard Hill and Saskia Reeves as John and Anne Darwin, respectively.[50]Musician Martin Gordon documented the story with the song \"Panama\" from his 2009 release Time Gentlemen Please.In fiction, it inspired a 2009 novel by Adrian Gere called Return from the Dead,[51] and a 2010 storyline in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street saw the character Joe McIntyre (Reece Dinsdale) attempt the same thing but ultimately drown for real.[52]In 2015, it was mentioned in the BBC soap opera EastEnders when it was revealed that the character Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth) and her husband Gavin Sullivan (Paul Nicholas) faked their deaths in South Africa for insurance payouts.The song \"Simian Son\" by Jez Lowe concerning incidents in Hartlepool references the incident. The 2018 novel Let Me Lie by Clare Mackintosh, in which a husband and wife apparently commit suicide, was inspired by John Darwin.[53]In October 2021, Wondery released a podcast exploring the disappearance of John Darwin as part of their British Scandal series.[54]The Thief, His Wife and the Canoe, a dramatisation written by Chris Lang without any cooperation from the Darwin family, and with Eddie Marsan and Monica Dolan in the title roles, was shown on ITV in April 2022.[39][55]In September 2023, he was mentioned on the show Saving Lives at Sea that airs on BBC iPlayer as they talked with members of the Hartlepool lifeboat station.[56]","title":"In popular culture"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of solved missing person cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solved_missing_person_cases:_post-2000"}] | [{"reference":"\"'Missing' man charged by police\". BBC News. 8 December 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7134553.stm","url_text":"\"'Missing' man charged by police\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Mystery of John Darwin\". The Guardian. London. 5 December 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,,2222148,00.html","url_text":"\"The Mystery of John Darwin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canoe fake death wife Anne Darwin: I'll feel guilt until I die\". BBC News. 5 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-37551735","url_text":"\"Canoe fake death wife Anne Darwin: I'll feel guilt until I die\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Canoe Man' John Darwin charged\". CNN. 8 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/12/08/john.darwin/","url_text":"\"'Canoe Man' John Darwin charged\""}]},{"reference":"\"John & Anne Darwin sentenced to jail\". BBC. 23 July 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7520803.stm","url_text":"\"John & Anne Darwin sentenced to jail\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Aidan (3 December 2007). \"Detectives to question long-lost canoeist\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 December 2007. ...disappeared off the North Sea coast in 2002. Darwin, who was 51 at the time, had last been seen... at about 9am on March 21...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,,2221193,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=11","url_text":"\"Detectives to question long-lost canoeist\""}]},{"reference":"\"An unexpected anniversary...\" Hartlepool Mail. 8 December 2007. Archived from the original on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090109022936/http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/johndarwinmissingcanoeist/An-unexpected-anniversary--.3568967.jp","url_text":"\"An unexpected anniversary...\""},{"url":"http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/johndarwinmissingcanoeist/An-unexpected-anniversary--.3568967.jp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weaver, Matthew (5 December 2007). \"Canoe mystery man arrested for fraud\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 3 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,,2222143,00.html","url_text":"\"Canoe mystery man arrested for fraud\""}]},{"reference":"\"DARWIN'S £1M PROPERTY EMPIRE\". Daily Mirror. Reach plc. 9 December 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/darwins-1m-property-empire-1645105","url_text":"\"DARWIN'S £1M PROPERTY EMPIRE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror","url_text":"Daily Mirror"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reach_plc","url_text":"Reach plc"}]},{"reference":"Mendick, Robert (12 April 2012). \"Canoe man 'was in huge debt' before he vanished\". Evening Standard. Retrieved 11 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/canoe-man-was-in-huge-debt-before-he-vanished-6647894.html","url_text":"\"Canoe man 'was in huge debt' before he vanished\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Standard","url_text":"Evening Standard"}]},{"reference":"Savin, Jennifer (18 April 2022). \"Where are John and Anne Darwin now?\". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved 11 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/reports/a39686219/john-anne-darwin-now/","url_text":"\"Where are John and Anne Darwin now?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)","url_text":"Cosmopolitan"}]},{"reference":"\"Sea search for Missing Canoeist\". BBC News. 22 March 2002. Retrieved 9 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1887151.stm","url_text":"\"Sea search for Missing Canoeist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Missing Canoeist - Wreck is Found\". Hartlepool Mail. 8 May 2002. Archived from the original on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100813043948/https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/missing-canoeist--wreck-is.611443.jp","url_text":"\"Missing Canoeist - Wreck is Found\""},{"url":"http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/MISSING-CANOEIST--WRECK-IS.611443.jp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Muncaster, Michael (21 March 2017). \"How 'canoe man' John Darwin faked his own death 15 years ago\". Chronicle Live. Retrieved 28 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/how-canoe-man-john-darwin-12774087","url_text":"\"How 'canoe man' John Darwin faked his own death 15 years ago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_Live","url_text":"Chronicle Live"}]},{"reference":"\"Court remands canoeist in custody\". BBC News. 10 December 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7136208.stm","url_text":"\"Court remands canoeist in custody\""}]},{"reference":"Copping, Jasper; Leach, Ben; Sawer, Patrick (9 December 2007). \"Canoe man's wife lands back in Britain\". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071211162223/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/12/09/ncanoe309.xml","url_text":"\"Canoe man's wife lands back in Britain\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/12/09/ncanoe309.xml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Altman, Alex (9 December 2007). \"Canoe Man and Canoe Wife – Sunk\". Time / CNN. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071210151835/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1692989,00.html","url_text":"\"Canoe Man and Canoe Wife – Sunk\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1692989,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Nick (8 December 2007). \"'Dead' canoeist used a fake passport\". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071210083432/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/12/08/ncanoe208.xml","url_text":"\"'Dead' canoeist used a fake passport\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/12/08/ncanoe208.xml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Maclean, Stewart (7 December 2007). \"John Darwin's fake passport trip\". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080213163640/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/topstories/2007/12/07/john-darwin-s-fake-passport-trip-89520-20216483/","url_text":"\"John Darwin's fake passport trip\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror","url_text":"Daily Mirror"},{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/topstories/2007/12/07/john-darwin-s-fake-passport-trip-89520-20216483/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Hannah (30 November 2017). \"The Darwin Files: John was dead and the money was in the bank. A future filled with sun, sea and sand lay before them. Then it all started to unravel...\" The Northern Echo. Retrieved 28 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/15688253.darwin-files-john-dead-money-bank-future-filled-sun-sea-sand-lay-started-unravel/","url_text":"\"The Darwin Files: John was dead and the money was in the bank. A future filled with sun, sea and sand lay before them. Then it all started to unravel...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Northern_Echo","url_text":"The Northern Echo"}]},{"reference":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Overheard phone call led to investigation\". Hartlepool Mail. 10 December 2007. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071213040619/http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/johndarwinmissingcanoeist/EXCLUSIVE-Overheard-phone-call-led.3561417.jp","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Overheard phone call led to investigation\""},{"url":"http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/johndarwinmissingcanoeist/EXCLUSIVE-Overheard-phone-call-led.3561417.jp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Dani (11 December 2007). \"Sons of 'dead' canoeist duped by their parents, police reveal\". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 28 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/1895027.sons-dead-canoeist-duped-parents-police-reveal/","url_text":"\"Sons of 'dead' canoeist duped by their parents, police reveal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Northern_Echo","url_text":"The Northern Echo"}]},{"reference":"Bunyan, Paul Stokes and Nigel (23 July 2008). \"Why canoeist John Darwin came back from the dead\". The Daily Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2448817/Why-canoeist-John-Darwin-came-back-from-the-dead.html","url_text":"\"Why canoeist John Darwin came back from the dead\""}]},{"reference":"Glendinning, Lee (23 July 2008). \"Detectives suspected Darwin was alive\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/jul/23/canoe.ukcrime5","url_text":"\"Detectives suspected Darwin was alive\""}]},{"reference":"Weaver, Matthew (6 December 2007). \"Woman found canoeist photo via Google\". Guardian Unlimited. London. Retrieved 8 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/crime/article/0,,2223073,00.html","url_text":"\"Woman found canoeist photo via Google\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wife confronted with Panama photo\". Guardian Unlimited. London. 6 December 2007. Archived from the original on 3 January 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080103232911/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uklatest/story/0%2C%2C-7130684%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Wife confronted with Panama photo\""},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uklatest/story/0,,-7130684,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Nick (8 December 2007). \"'Dead' canoeist used a fake passport\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071210083432/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/12/08/ncanoe208.xml","url_text":"\"'Dead' canoeist used a fake passport\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/12/08/ncanoe208.xml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Did Darwin Steal Dead Baby's Name? (Sky News)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sky.com/skynews/article/0,,30100-1296707,00.html","url_text":"\"Did Darwin Steal Dead Baby's Name? (Sky News)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canoeist sons 'victims of scam'\". BBC News. 6 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7130673.stm","url_text":"\"Canoeist sons 'victims of scam'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sons of canoe 'scam' dad disown both their parents\". Wales Online. 7 December 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/uk-news/sons-canoe-scam-dad-disown-2209454","url_text":"\"Sons of canoe 'scam' dad disown both their parents\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_Online","url_text":"Wales Online"}]},{"reference":"\"Christmas in prison for Darwins\". BBC News. 14 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7143965.stm","url_text":"\"Christmas in prison for Darwins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Further charges for canoe couple\". BBC News. 5 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7178497.stm","url_text":"\"Further charges for canoe couple\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canoe couple remanded in custody\". BBC News. 5 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7195475.stm","url_text":"\"Canoe couple remanded in custody\""}]},{"reference":"Welford, Joanne (17 April 2022). \"Canoe man John Darwin and the real story of the fraud that shocked the nation\". Teesside Live. Retrieved 19 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/canoe-conman-john-darwin-real-22730430","url_text":"\"Canoe man John Darwin and the real story of the fraud that shocked the nation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Missing canoeist admits deception\". BBC News. 13 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/tees/7293765.stm","url_text":"\"Missing canoeist admits deception\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canoeist appeals against sentence\". BBC Sport. 5 September 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7600222.stm","url_text":"\"Canoeist appeals against sentence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canoe pair lose jail term appeals\". BBC News. 27 March 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/tees/7967603.stm","url_text":"\"Canoe pair lose jail term appeals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monica Dolan: 'I'm not fond of the term character actor – I'd never call myself that'\". The Independent. 17 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/monica-dolan-thief-wife-canoe-b2058235.html","url_text":"\"Monica Dolan: 'I'm not fond of the term character actor – I'd never call myself that'\""}]},{"reference":"Booth, Jenny; Hines, Nico (23 July 2008). \"John and Anne Darwin sentenced to total of more than 12 years in jail\". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080907121345/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article4384627.ece","url_text":"\"John and Anne Darwin sentenced to total of more than 12 years in jail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article4384627.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canoe man John Darwin walks free from jail\". The Daily Telegraph. 18 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8265683/Canoe-man-John-Darwin-walks-free-from-jail.html","url_text":"\"Canoe man John Darwin walks free from jail\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anne Darwin released after serving time for canoe disappearance fraud\". The Guardian. 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/09/anne-darwin-released-canoe-disappearance","url_text":"\"Anne Darwin released after serving time for canoe disappearance fraud\""}]},{"reference":"\"CPS recover £500k from canoe fraudster wife Anne Darwin\". BBC News. 14 February 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tees-17031563","url_text":"\"CPS recover £500k from canoe fraudster wife Anne Darwin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Fake death conman John Darwin 'has repaid just £121'\". BBC News. 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tees-26937700","url_text":"\"Fake death conman John Darwin 'has repaid just £121'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Canoe fraudsters John and Anne Darwin 'have no assets'\". BBC News. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tees-33560815","url_text":"\"Canoe fraudsters John and Anne Darwin 'have no assets'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Canoe Man\". BBC Online. Retrieved 26 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rs2kc","url_text":"\"Canoe Man\""}]},{"reference":"\"Novel no 2 for grandad\". Croydon Post. Northcliffe Media. 2 December 2009. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northcliffe_Media","url_text":"Northcliffe Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Corrie's Joe 'set to do a Darwin'\". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk. 27 January 2010. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190327184152/https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/corrie-s-joe-set-to-do-a-darwin-1-987192","url_text":"\"Corrie's Joe 'set to do a Darwin'\""},{"url":"https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/corrie-s-joe-set-to-do-a-darwin-1-987192","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Book Trail Let Me Lie'\". www.thebooktrail.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebooktrail.com/book-trails/let-me-lie/","url_text":"\"The Book Trail Let Me Lie'\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Scandal: S6 E1: The Canoe Con | Missing\". Wondery. 4 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://wondery.com/shows/british-scandal/episode/8860-the-canoe-con-missing/","url_text":"\"British Scandal: S6 E1: The Canoe Con | Missing\""}]},{"reference":"Lawson, Mark (15 April 2022). \"Death, fraud and canoes: how a mind-blowing insurance scam became an ITV drama\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/apr/15/john-darwin-the-thief-his-wife-and-the-canoe-insurance-scam-itv-drama","url_text":"\"Death, fraud and canoes: how a mind-blowing insurance scam became an ITV drama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saving Lives at Sea: Series 8: 1\". BBC iPlayer. BBC. Retrieved 30 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m001qx4d/saving-lives-at-sea-series-8-1-training-to-save-lives","url_text":"\"Saving Lives at Sea: Series 8: 1\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7134553.stm","external_links_name":"\"'Missing' man charged by police\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,,2222148,00.html","external_links_name":"\"The Mystery of John Darwin\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-37551735","external_links_name":"\"Canoe fake death wife Anne Darwin: I'll feel guilt until I die\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/12/08/john.darwin/","external_links_name":"\"'Canoe Man' John Darwin charged\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7520803.stm","external_links_name":"\"John & Anne Darwin sentenced to jail\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,,2221193,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=11","external_links_name":"\"Detectives to question long-lost canoeist\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090109022936/http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/johndarwinmissingcanoeist/An-unexpected-anniversary--.3568967.jp","external_links_name":"\"An unexpected anniversary...\""},{"Link":"http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/johndarwinmissingcanoeist/An-unexpected-anniversary--.3568967.jp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,,2222143,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Canoe mystery man arrested for fraud\""},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/darwins-1m-property-empire-1645105","external_links_name":"\"DARWIN'S £1M PROPERTY EMPIRE\""},{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/canoe-man-was-in-huge-debt-before-he-vanished-6647894.html","external_links_name":"\"Canoe man 'was in huge debt' before he vanished\""},{"Link":"https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/reports/a39686219/john-anne-darwin-now/","external_links_name":"\"Where are John and Anne Darwin now?\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1887151.stm","external_links_name":"\"Sea search for Missing Canoeist\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100813043948/https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/missing-canoeist--wreck-is.611443.jp","external_links_name":"\"Missing Canoeist - Wreck is Found\""},{"Link":"http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/MISSING-CANOEIST--WRECK-IS.611443.jp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/dec2007/lostin_panama.html","external_links_name":"The 'dead' canoeist John Darwin, his wife and the Panama connection"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111026091302/http://martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/dec2007/lostin_panama.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/how-canoe-man-john-darwin-12774087","external_links_name":"\"How 'canoe man' John Darwin faked his own death 15 years ago\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7136208.stm","external_links_name":"\"Court remands canoeist in custody\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071211162223/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/12/09/ncanoe309.xml","external_links_name":"\"Canoe man's wife lands back in Britain\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/12/09/ncanoe309.xml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071210151835/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1692989,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Canoe Man and Canoe Wife – Sunk\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1692989,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071210083432/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/12/08/ncanoe208.xml","external_links_name":"\"'Dead' canoeist used a fake passport\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/12/08/ncanoe208.xml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080213163640/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/topstories/2007/12/07/john-darwin-s-fake-passport-trip-89520-20216483/","external_links_name":"\"John Darwin's fake passport trip\""},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/topstories/2007/12/07/john-darwin-s-fake-passport-trip-89520-20216483/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/15688253.darwin-files-john-dead-money-bank-future-filled-sun-sea-sand-lay-started-unravel/","external_links_name":"\"The Darwin Files: John was dead and the money was in the bank. A future filled with sun, sea and sand lay before them. Then it all started to unravel...\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071213040619/http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/johndarwinmissingcanoeist/EXCLUSIVE-Overheard-phone-call-led.3561417.jp","external_links_name":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Overheard phone call led to investigation\""},{"Link":"http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/johndarwinmissingcanoeist/EXCLUSIVE-Overheard-phone-call-led.3561417.jp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/1895027.sons-dead-canoeist-duped-parents-police-reveal/","external_links_name":"\"Sons of 'dead' canoeist duped by their parents, police reveal\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2448817/Why-canoeist-John-Darwin-came-back-from-the-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"Why canoeist John Darwin came back from the dead\""},{"Link":"http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/dec2007/darwin_admits.html","external_links_name":"Richard Edwards, Paul Stokes and Tom Leonard. Wife of canoeist John Darwin admits she knew he was alive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111026071630/http://martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/dec2007/darwin_admits.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/jul/23/canoe.ukcrime5","external_links_name":"\"Detectives suspected Darwin was alive\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/crime/article/0,,2223073,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Woman found canoeist photo via Google\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080103232911/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uklatest/story/0%2C%2C-7130684%2C00.html","external_links_name":"\"Wife confronted with Panama photo\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uklatest/story/0,,-7130684,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071210083432/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/12/08/ncanoe208.xml","external_links_name":"\"'Dead' canoeist used a fake passport\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/12/08/ncanoe208.xml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.sky.com/skynews/article/0,,30100-1296707,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Did Darwin Steal Dead Baby's Name? (Sky News)\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7130673.stm","external_links_name":"\"Canoeist sons 'victims of scam'\""},{"Link":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/uk-news/sons-canoe-scam-dad-disown-2209454","external_links_name":"\"Sons of canoe 'scam' dad disown both their parents\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7134962.stm","external_links_name":"Police await canoeist wife move"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7135079.stm","external_links_name":"Canoeist wife arrested back in UK"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7137774.stm","external_links_name":"Canoeist wife remanded in custody"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7143965.stm","external_links_name":"\"Christmas in prison for Darwins\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7178497.stm","external_links_name":"\"Further charges for canoe couple\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7195475.stm","external_links_name":"\"Canoe couple remanded in custody\""},{"Link":"https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/canoe-conman-john-darwin-real-22730430","external_links_name":"\"Canoe man John Darwin and the real story of the fraud that shocked the nation\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/tees/7293765.stm","external_links_name":"\"Missing canoeist admits deception\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7600222.stm","external_links_name":"\"Canoeist appeals against sentence\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/tees/7967603.stm","external_links_name":"\"Canoe pair lose jail term appeals\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/monica-dolan-thief-wife-canoe-b2058235.html","external_links_name":"\"Monica Dolan: 'I'm not fond of the term character actor – I'd never call myself that'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080907121345/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article4384627.ece","external_links_name":"\"John and Anne Darwin sentenced to total of more than 12 years in jail\""},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article4384627.ece","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8265683/Canoe-man-John-Darwin-walks-free-from-jail.html","external_links_name":"\"Canoe man John Darwin walks free from jail\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/09/anne-darwin-released-canoe-disappearance","external_links_name":"\"Anne Darwin released after serving time for canoe disappearance fraud\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tees-17031563","external_links_name":"\"CPS recover £500k from canoe fraudster wife Anne Darwin\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tees-26937700","external_links_name":"\"Fake death conman John Darwin 'has repaid just £121'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tees-33560815","external_links_name":"\"Canoe fraudsters John and Anne Darwin 'have no assets'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rs2kc","external_links_name":"\"Canoe Man\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190327184152/https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/corrie-s-joe-set-to-do-a-darwin-1-987192","external_links_name":"\"Corrie's Joe 'set to do a Darwin'\""},{"Link":"https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/corrie-s-joe-set-to-do-a-darwin-1-987192","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thebooktrail.com/book-trails/let-me-lie/","external_links_name":"\"The Book Trail Let Me Lie'\""},{"Link":"http://wondery.com/shows/british-scandal/episode/8860-the-canoe-con-missing/","external_links_name":"\"British Scandal: S6 E1: The Canoe Con | Missing\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/apr/15/john-darwin-the-thief-his-wife-and-the-canoe-insurance-scam-itv-drama","external_links_name":"\"Death, fraud and canoes: how a mind-blowing insurance scam became an ITV drama\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m001qx4d/saving-lives-at-sea-series-8-1-training-to-save-lives","external_links_name":"\"Saving Lives at Sea: Series 8: 1\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettrism | Lettrism | ["1 History","1.1 1940s","1.2 1950s","1.3 1960s","1.4 1970s and 1980s","1.5 1990s","1.6 2000s","2 Key concepts","2.1 The Amplic (amplique) and the Chiselling (ciselante) phases","2.2 The Lettrie","2.3 Metagraphics/Hypergraphics","2.4 Letterist film","2.5 Supertemporal art (L'art supertemporel)","2.6 Infinitesimal art (Art infinitesimal)","2.7 Youth uprising (Le soulèvement de la jeunesse)","3 Major developments of Lettrism","4 Key members","5 Influences","6 Sources and further reading","6.1 English translations of Letterist works","6.2 Secondary works in English","6.3 General introductions and surveys in French","6.4 Discography","7 See also","8 Notes"] | French avant-garde movement
For the traditional Islamic esoteric approach, see 'Ilm al-Huruf.
Lettrism is a French avant-garde movement, established in Paris in the mid-1940s by Romanian immigrant Isidore Isou. In a body of work totaling hundreds of volumes, Isou and the Lettrists have applied their theories to all areas of art and culture, most notably in poetry, film, painting and political theory. The movement has its theoretical roots in Dada and Surrealism. Isou viewed his fellow countryman Tristan Tzara as the greatest creator and rightful leader of the Dada movement, and dismissed most of the others as plagiarists and falsifiers. Among the Surrealists, André Breton was a significant influence, but Isou was dissatisfied by what he saw as the stagnation and theoretical bankruptcy of the movement as it stood in the 1940s.
In French, the movement is called Lettrisme, from the French word for letter, arising from the fact that many of their early works centred on letters and other visual or spoken symbols. The Lettristes themselves prefer the spelling 'Letterism' for the Anglicised term, and this is the form that is used on those rare occasions when they produce or supervise English translations of their writings: however, 'Lettrism' is at least as common in English usage. The term, having been the original name that was first given to the group, has lingered as a blanket term to cover all of their activities, even as many of these have moved away from any connection to letters. But other names have also been introduced, either for the group as a whole or for its activities in specific domains, such as 'the Isouian movement', 'youth uprising', 'hypergraphics', 'creatics', 'infinitesimal art' and 'excoördism'.
History
1925. Isidore Goldstein was born at Botoșani, Romania, on 31 January, to an Ashkenazi Jewish family. During the early 1950s, Goldstein would be signing himself 'Jean-Isidore Isou'; otherwise, it was always 'Isidore Isou'. 'Isou' was normally taken to be a pseudonym, but Isou/Goldstein himself resisted this interpretation.
My name is Isou. My mother called me Isou, only it's written differently in Romanian. And Goldstein: I'm not ashamed of my name. At Gallimard, I was known as Isidore Isou Goldstein. Isou, it's my name! Only in Romanian it's written Izu, but in French it's Isou.
1940s
1942–1944. Isou develops the principles of Lettrism, and begins writing the books that he would subsequently publish after his relocation to Paris.
1945. Aged twenty, Isou arrived in Paris on 23 August after six weeks of clandestine travel. In November, he founded the Letterist movement with Gabriel Pomerand.
1946. Isou and Pomerand disrupt a performance of Tzara's La Fuite at the Vieux-Colombier. Publication of La Dictature Lettriste: cahiers d'un nouveau régime artistique (The Letterist Dictatorship: notebooks of a new artistic regime). Although announced as the first in a series, only one such notebook would appear. A subtitle proudly boasts of Letterism that it is 'the only contemporary movement of the artistic avant-garde'.
1947. Isou's first two books are published by Gallimard: Introduction à une nouvelle poésie et à une nouvelle musique (Introduction to a New Poetry and a New Music) and L'Agrégation d'un nom et d'un messie (Aggregation of a Name and a Messiah). The former sets out Isou's theory of the 'amplic' and 'chiselling' phases, and, within this framework, presents his views on both the past history and the future direction of poetry and music. The latter is more biographical, discussing the genesis of Isou's ideas, as well as exploring Judaism. Isou and Pomerand are joined by François Dufrêne.
1949. Isou publishes Isou, ou la mécanique des femmes (Isou, or the mechanics of women), the first of several works of erotology, wherein he claims to have bedded 375 women in the preceding four years, and offers to explain how (p. 9). The book is banned and Isou is briefly imprisoned. Also published, the first of several works on political theory, Isou's Traité d'économie nucléaire: Le soulèvement de la jeunesse (Treatise of Nuclear Economics: Youth Uprising).
1950s
1950. Maurice Lemaître, Jean-Louis Brau, Gil J. Wolman and Serge Berna join the group. Isou publishes first metagraphic novel, Les journaux des dieux (The Gods' Diaries), followed soon afterwards by Pomerand's Saint Ghetto des Prêts (Saint Ghetto of the Loans) and Lemaître's Canailles (Scoundrels). Also, the first manifestos of Letterist painting. Some of the younger Letterists invade Nôtre Dame cathedral at Easter mass, aired live on national TV, to announce to the congregation that God is dead. In a Letterist FAQ published in the first issue of Lemaître's journal, Ur, CP-Matricon explains: 'The letterists do not create scandals: they break the conspiracy of silence set up by pusillanimous show-offs (journalists) and smash the faces of those who don't please them.' (p. 8).
1951. Isou completes his first film, Traité de bave et d'éternité (Treatise on Slime and Eternity), which will soon be followed by Lemaître's Le film est déjà commencé? (Has the film already started?), Wolman's L'Anticoncept (The Anticoncept), Dufrêne's Tambours du jugement premier (Drums of the First Judgment) and Guy Debord's Hurlements en faveur de Sade (Howls for de Sade). Debord joins the group in April when they travel down to Cannes (where he was then living) to show Traité de bave et d'éternité at the Cannes Film Festival. Under the auspices of Jean Cocteau, a prize for 'best avant-garde' is specially created and awarded to Isou's film.
1952. Publication of the first (and only) issue of Ion, devoted to Letterist film. This is significant for including Debord's first appearance in print, alongside work from Wolman and Berna who, following an intervention at a Charlie Chaplin press conference at the Hotel Ritz in October, would join him in splitting from Isou's group to form the Letterist International.
Main article: Letterist International
1953. Isou moves into photography with Amos, ou Introduction à la métagraphologie (Amos, or Introduction to Metagraphology), theatre with Fondements pour la transformation intégrale du théâtre (The Foundations of the Integrated Transformation of the Theatre), painting with Les nombres (The Numbers), and dance with Manifeste pour une danse ciselante (Manifesto for Chiselling Dance).
1955. Dufrêne develops his first Crirhythmes.
1956. Isou introduces the concept of infinitesimal art in Introduction à une esthétique imaginaire (Introduction to Imaginary Aesthetics).
1958. Columbia Records release the first audio recordings of Letterist poetry, Maurice Lemaître presente le lettrisme.
1960s
1960. Isou introduces the concept of supertemporal art in L'Art supertemporel. Asger Jorn publishes a critique of Letterism, Originality and Magnitude (on the system of Isou) in issue 4 of Internationale Situationniste. Isou replies at length in L'Internationale Situationniste, un degré plus bas que le jarrivisme et l'englobant. This is only the first of many works that Isou will write against Debord (his former protégé) and the Situationist International, which Isou regards as a neo-Nazi organisation. However, as Andrew Hussey reports, his attitude does eventually mellow: 'Now Isou forgave them and he saw (it was crucial, Isou said, that I should understand this!) that they were all on the same side after all.'
In the sixties, several new members join group, including Jacques Spacagna (1961), Aude Jessemin (1962), Roberto Altmann (1962), Roland Sabatier (1963), Alain Satié (1964), Micheline Hachette (1964), Francois Poyet (1966), Jean-Paul Curtay (1967), Anton Perich (1967), Gérard-Philippe Broutin (1968).
1964. Definitive split with Dufrêne and the Ultraletterists, as well as with Wolman who, despite his participation from 1952 to 1957 with the Letterist International (who were forbidden by internal statute from any involvement in Isouian activities), had retained links with Isou's group. Dufrêne and Wolman with Brau form the Second Letterist International (Deuxième internationale lettriste).
1967. Lemaître stands for election to the local Parisian legislature, representing the 'Union of Youth and Externity'. He loses.
1968. First work on architecture, Isou's Manifeste pour le bouleversement de l'architecture (Manifesto for the Overhaul of Architecture).
1970s and 1980s
General continuation of existing currents, together with new research into psychiatry, mathematics, physics, and chemistry.
1972 Mike Rose (painter), a German painter, set designer, and writer made acquaintance with the Lettrists and became part of them. He participated in their exhibitions until the 1980s.
Other members to join the lettrism during the seventies : Woody Roehmer, Anne-Catherine Caron, and during the eighties : Frédérique Devaux, Michel Amarger ...
1990s
Development of excoordism. Uncomfortable with the direction the group is going in, Lemaître—Isou's right-hand man for nearly half a century—begins to distance himself from it. He still continues to pursue traditional Letterist techniques, but now in relative isolation from the main group.
2000s
2007 Isou dies and The End of the Age of Divinity is published by an anonymous Situationist International member, which claims Isou was the real Mashiach (Messiah).
Key concepts
The Amplic (amplique) and the Chiselling (ciselante) phases
Isou first invented these phases through an examination of the history of poetry, but the conceptual apparatus he developed could very easily be applied to most other branches of art and culture. In poetry, he felt that the first amplic phase had been initiated by Homer. In effect, Homer set out a blueprint for what a poem ought to be like. Subsequent poets then developed this blueprint, investigating by means of their work all of the different things that could be done within the Homeric parameters. Eventually, however, everything that could be done within that approach had been done. In poetry, Isou felt that this point was reached with Victor Hugo (and in painting with Eugène Delacroix, in music with Richard Wagner.). When amplic poetry had been completed, there was simply nothing to be gained by continuing to produce works constructed according to the old model. There would no longer be any genuine creativity or innovation involved, and hence no aesthetic value. This then inaugurated a chiselling phase in the art. Whereas the form had formerly been used as a tool to express things outside its own domain—events, feelings, etc.--it would then turn in on itself and become, perhaps only implicitly, its own subject matter. From Charles Baudelaire to Tristan Tzara (as, in painting, from Manet to Kandinsky; or, in music, from Debussy to Luigi Russolo), subsequent poets would deconstruct the grand edifice of poetry that had been developed over the centuries according to the Homeric model. Finally, when this process of deconstruction had been completed, it would then be time for a new amplic phase to commence. Isou saw himself as the man to show the way. He would take the rubble that remained after the old forms had been shattered, and lay out a new blueprint for reutilising these most basic elements in a radically new way, utterly unlike the poetry of the preceding amplic phase. Isou identified the most basic elements of poetic creation as letters—i.e. uninterpreted visual symbols and acoustic sounds—and he set out the parameters for new ways of recombining these ingredients in the name of new aesthetic goals.
The Lettrie
Isou's idea for the poem of the future was that it should be purely formal, devoid of all semantic content. The Letterist poem, or lettrie, in many ways resembles what certain Italian Futurists (such as Filippo Tommaso Marinetti), Russian Futurists (such as Velemir Chlebnikov, Iliazd, or Alexej Kručenych—cf. Zaum), and Dada poets (such as Raoul Hausmann or Kurt Schwitters) had already been doing, and what subsequent sound poets and concrete poets (such as Bob Cobbing, Eduard Ovčáček or Henri Chopin) would later be doing. However, the Letterists were always keen to insist on their own radical originality and to distinguish their work from other ostensibly similar currents.
Metagraphics/Hypergraphics
On the visual side, the Letterists first gave the name 'metagraphics' (metagraphie) and then 'hypergraphics' (hypergraphie) to their new synthesis of writing and visual art. Some precedents may be seen in Cubist, Dada and Futurist (both Italian and Russian) painting and typographical works, such as Marinetti's Zang Tumb Tuum, or in poems such as Apollinaire's Calligrammes but none of them were a full system like hypergraphy.
Letterist film
Notwithstanding the considerably more recent origins of film-making, compared to poetry, painting or music, Isou felt in 1950 that its own first amplic phase had already been completed. He therefore set about inaugurating a chiselling phase for the cinema. As he explained in the voiceover to his first film, Treatise of Slime and Eternity:
I believe firstly that the cinema is too rich. It is obese. It has reached its limits, its maximum. With the first movement of widening which it will outline, the cinema will burst! Under the blow of a congestion, this greased pig will tear into a thousand pieces. I announce the destruction of the cinema, the first apocalyptic sign of disjunction, of rupture, of this corpulent and bloated organization which calls itself film.
The two central innovations of Letterist film were: (i) the carving of the image (la ciselure d'image), where the film-maker would deliberately scratch or paint onto the actual film stock itself. Similar techniques are also employed in Letterist still photography. (ii) Discrepant cinema (le cinéma discrépant), where the soundtrack and the image-track would be separated, each one telling a different story or pursuing its own more abstract path. The most radical of the Letterist films, Wolman's The Anticoncept and Debord's Howls for Sade, went even further, and abandoned images altogether. From a visual point of view, the former consisted simply of a fluctuating ball of light, projected onto a large balloon, while the latter alternated a blank white screen (when there was speech in the soundtrack) and a totally black screen (accompanying ever-increasing periods of total silence). In addition, the Letterists utilised material appropriated from other films, a technique which would subsequently be developed (under the title of 'détournement') in Situationist film. They would also often supplement the film with live performance, or, through the 'film-debate', directly involve the audience itself in the total experience.
Supertemporal art (L'art supertemporel)
The supertemporal frame was a device for inviting and enabling an audience to participate in the creation of a work of art. In its simplest form, this might involve nothing more than the inclusion of several blank pages in a book, for the reader to add his or her own contributions.
Infinitesimal art (Art infinitesimal)
Recalling the infinitesimals of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, quantities which could not actually exist except conceptually, the Letterists developed the notion of a work of art which, by its very nature, could never be created in reality, but which could nevertheless provide aesthetic rewards by being contemplated intellectually. Also called Art esthapériste ('infinite-aesthetics'). Cf. Conceptual Art. Related to this, and arising out of it, is excoördism, the current incarnation of the Isouian movement, defined as the art of the infinitely large and the infinitely small.
Youth uprising (Le soulèvement de la jeunesse)
Isou identified the amplic phase of political theory and economics as that of Adam Smith and free trade; its chiselling phase was that of Karl Marx and socialism. Isou termed these 'atomic economics' and 'molecular economics' respectively: he launched 'nuclear economics' as a corrective to both of them. Both currents, he felt, had simply failed to take into account a large part of the population, namely those young people and other 'externs' who neither produced nor exchanged goods or capital in any significant way. He felt that the creative urge was an integral part of human nature, but that, unless it was properly guided, it could be diverted into crime and anti-social behaviour. The Letterists sought to restructure every aspect of society in such a way as to enable these externs to channel their creativity in more positive ways.
Major developments of Lettrism
The Letterist International was formed in 1952 by Lettrists Guy Debord, Gil J. Wolman, Jean-Louis Brau and Serge Berna. In 1957, it fused with the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus and the London Psychogeographical Association to create the Situationist International. During its five years, the Letterist International continued to practice the Lettrist technique of metagraphics, although they were quite against hypergraphics, instead developing metagraphics into détournement.
Ultra-Lettrism arose in 1958, its manifesto appearing in the second issue of Grammes in that year, signed by the Lettrists François Dufrêne, Robert Estivals, and Jacques Villeglé. Its members practiced hypergraphics and, with Dufrêne's crirhythmes and a greater interest in tape-recording, they sought to push Letterist sound-poetry further than Isou's group had done.
The Second Letterist International was an ephemeral group formed in 1964 by Wolman, Dufrêne and Brau.
The New Lettrist International, unknown form the original lettrists themselves, was formed in the late 1990s. Although it has no direct connection with the original Letterist group, it has drawn influences both from them and from the Letterist International, as well as from Hurufism (Arabic for 'Letterism').
Key members
Isidore Isou (29 January 1925 – 28 July 2007).
Gabriel Pomerand (1926–1972), member from 1945.
François Dufrêne (1930–1982), member from 1947 to 1964. Split to form Ultra-letterism and the Second Letterist International.
Jan Kubíček (1927–2013), significantly contributing member during the early 1960s.
Maurice Lemaître (1926–2018), member since 1950, and still actively pursuing his own approach to Letterism.
Gil J. Wolman (1929–1995), member from 1950 to 1952. Split to form Letterist International 1952-1957], but then returned to occasional participation with Isouian group from 1961 to 1964, before splitting again to form the Second Letterist International.
Jean-Louis Brau (1930–1985), member from 1950 to 1952. Split to form Letterist International 1952-1957], but then returned to occasional participation with Isouian group from 1961 to 1964, before splitting again to form the Second Letterist International.*
Guy Debord (1931–1994), member from 1951 to 1952. Split to form Letterist International.
Anton Perich (1945-), member from 1967 to 1970.
Influences
Fluxus artist Ben Vautier has openly avowed his indebtedness to Isou: "Isou, I don't deny it, was very important for me around 1958 when I first theorized about art. It was thanks to Isou that I realized that what was important in art was not the beautiful, but the new, the creation. In 1962, while reading L'agrégation d'un nom et d'un messie, I was fascinated by his ego, his megalomania, his pretences. I said to myself then: there is no art without ego, and this is where my work on the ego is rooted."
The German painter, set designer, and writer, Mike Rose, developed techniques close to Letterism during the 1970s and 1980s, and had some contact with the Parisian group.
The film Irma Vep (1996) contains a sequence that evokes the Lettrist aesthetic.
Michael Jacobson's novella The Giant's Fence (2006) is a hypergraphic work, apparently inspired by the Letterists.
Sources and further reading
English translations of Letterist works
Although the Letterists have published hundreds of books, journals and substantial articles in French, virtually none of these have been translated into English. One recent exception is:
Pomerand, Gabriel. Saint Ghetto of the Loans (Ugly Duckling Presse, 2006).
Maurice Lemaître has privately published translations of a few of his own works, though these are not at all easy to find:
Conversations about Letterism.
Correspondence. Maurice Lemaitre-Kirk Varnedoe.
Has The Film Already Started?
The Lettrist Cinema.
Considerations on the Death and Burial of Tristan Tzara by Isidore Isou (Translated by Doug Skinner) Absurdist Texts & Documents series #8,
Black Scat Books: 2012 (http://www.blackscatbooks.com)
Alain Satié, Written In Prose, 2010. Asemic Editions.
Secondary works in English
Acquaviva, Frédéric Gil J Wolman, I am immortal and alive, MACBA, 140pp (anglais) + texts by Kaira Cabanas and Bartomeu Mari
Acquaviva, Frédéric Isidore Isou, Hypergraphic Novels 1950-1984, Stockholm Romanian Institute, 2012, 138pp (English)
Cabañas, Kaira M and Acquaviva, Frédéric : "Specters of Artaud", Reina Sofia (English), 2012
Cabañas, Kaira M. Off-Screen Cinema: Isidore Isou and the Lettrist Avant-Garde (University of Chicago Press, 2014).
Curtay, Jean-Paul. Letterism and Hypergraphics: The Unknown Avant-Garde, 1945–1985 (Franklin Furnace, 1985).
Debord, Guy and Gil J. Wolman.Why Lettrism?
Ferrua, Pietro, ed. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Letterism (Portland: Avant-Garde, 1979)
Foster, Stephen C., ed. Lettrisme: Into the Present (University of Iowa Museum of Art, 1983).
Home, Stewart. The Assault on Culture (Aporia Press and Unpopular Books, 1988).
Isou/Satié/Gérard Bermond. Le peinture lettriste (bilingual edition, Jean-Paul Rocher, 2000).
Jolas, Eugene. 'From Jabberwocky to Lettrism', Transition 48, no. 1 (1948).
Jorn, Asger. 'Originality and Magnitude (on Isou's System)', in his Open Creation And Its Enemies (Unpopular Books, 1994).
Marcus, Greil. Lipstick Traces (Penguin, 1989).
Monsegu, Sylvain. 'Lettrism', in Art Tribes, ed. Achille Bonito Oliva (Skira, 2002).
Seaman, David W. Concrete Poetry in France (UMI Research, 1981).
Roland Sabatier, Persistence of Lettrisme, in « Complete with missing parts : Interviews with the avant-garde ». Edited by Louis E. Bourgeois, Vox Press, Oxford, 2008
Fabrice Flahutez, Camille Morando, Isidore Isou's Library. A certain look on lettrism, (English-French), Paris, Artvenir, 2014 (ISBN 978-2953940619)
General introductions and surveys in French
Acquaviva, Frédéric "Isidore Isou", Centre International de Poésie de Marseille, Cahier du Refuge n°163, 2007
Acquaviva, Frédéric "Isou 2.0" in Catalogue Isidore Isou, pour en finir avec la conspiration du silence, ICRF, 2007
Acquaviva, Frédéric " Lettrisme + bibliophilie : mode d'emploi", Le Magazine de la Bibliophilie n°75, 2008
Acquaviva, Frédéric "Gil J Wolman", Centre International de Poésie de Marseille, Cahier du Refuge n°173, 2007
Acquaviva, Frédéric and Bernard Blistène "Bientôt les Lettristes", Passage de Retz, 2012
Acquaviva, Frédéric "Lemaître, une vie lettriste" Editions de la Différence, Paris, 2014
Acquaviva, Frédéric "Isidore Isou" Editions du Griffon, Neuchâtel, 2018 (FILAF Awards for 2019 Best Contemporary Arts Book)* Fabrice Flahutez, Julia Drost et Frédéric Alix, Le Lettrisme et son temps, Dijon, Les presses du réel, 2018, 280p. ISBN 978-2840669234.
Bandini, Mirella. Pour une histoire du lettrisme (Jean-Paul Rocher, 2003).
Curtay, Jean-Paul. La poésie lettriste (Seghers, 1974).
Devaux, Fréderique. Le Cinéma Lettriste (1951–1991) (Paris Experimental, 1992).
Fabrice Flahutez, Le lettrisme historique était une avant-garde, Les presses du réel, 2011. ISBN 9782840664055.
Lemaître, Maurice. Qu'est-ce que le lettrisme? (Fischbacher, 1954).
Sabatier, Roland. Le lettrisme: les créations et les créateurs (ZEditions, n.d. ).
Roland Sabatier, Isidore Isou : La problématique du dépassement, revue Mélusine n° XXVIII (Actes du colloque de Cerisy « Le Surréalisme en héritage : les avant-gardes après 1945 », 2-12 août 2006), Editions L'Age d'Homme, Lausanne, 2008.* Satié, Alain. Le lettrisme, la creation ininterrompue (Jean-Paul Rocher, 2003).
Discography
Maurice Lemaître présente le lettrisme (Columbia ESRF1171, 1958). (7" e.p., 45 r.p.m).
Maurice Lemaître, Poèmes et musique lettristes (Lettrisme, nouvelle série, no. 24, 1971). (Three 7" discs, 45 r.p.m.). Augmented reissue of the above. Two extracts are also included in Futura poesia sonora (Cramps Records CRSCD 091–095, 1978).
Maurice Lemaître, Oeuvres poètiques et musicales lettristes (1993). (Audio cassette) / Rédition 100ex en 2007 avec 2 CDs, préface Frédéric Acquaviva
Isidore Isou, Poèmes lettristes 1944-1999 (Alga Marghen 12vocson033, 1999). (12" l.p., 33 r.p.m., 500 copies).
Isidore Isou, Musiques lettristes (Al Dante II-AD04, 1999). (Compact disc, realization by Frédéric Acquaviva).
Isidore Isou, Juvenal (symphonie 4) (Al Dante, 2004). (Compact disc, realization and orchestration by Frédéric Acquaviva).
Gil J. Wolman, L'Anticoncept (Alga Marghen 11VocSon032, 1999). (12" l.p., 33 r.p.m., 400 copies).
Gil J. Wolman, La mémoire (Ou, no. 33, 1967).
L'Autonomatopek 1 (Opus International, nos. 40–41, 1973). (7" e.p.) Contains work by Isou, Dufrêne, Wolman, Brau, Spacagna etc.
Jacques Spacagna" in Jacques Spacagna, le voyage en Italie , de Frédéric Acquaviva, Ed Conz, Verona, 2007 (Book + Compact Disc)
Jean-Louis Brau" in Jean-Louis Brau, instrumentations verbales, LP Alga Marghen with liner notes by Frédéric Acquaviva, Milano, 2010
See also
Art movements
Asemic writing
Situationist International
Ultra-Lettrists
Notes
^ Walker, John. (1992) "Lettrism". Glossary of Art, Architecture & Design since 1945, 3rd. ed.
^ See Isou, Les véritables créateurs et les falsificateurs de dada, du surréalisme et du lettrisme (1973), and Maurice Lemaître, Le lettrisme devant dada et les nécrophages de dada (1967).
^ See Isou, Réflexions sur André Breton (1948).
^ For fuller chronological details, see Curtay, La poésie lettriste; Foster, Lettrisme: Into the Present; Sabatier, Le lettrisme.
^ Interview with Roland Sabatier, 15 November 1999, in La Termitière, no. 8.
^ Andrew Hussey, The Game of War (London: Jonathan Cape, 2001), p. 37.
^ See Satié, Le lettrisme, la creation ininterrompue (Paris: Jean-Paul Rocher, 2003), 56n34.
^ See Patrick Straram, La veuve blanche et noire un peu détournée (Paris Sens & Tonka, 2006), 21–22, 81–82; Figures de la négation (Saint-Etienne Métropole: Musée d'Art Moderne, 2004), 78–80.
^ Figures de la négation, 118; Henri Chopin, Poésie sonore (Paris: Jean-Michel Place, 1979), 88-93.
^ Figures de la négation, 76; Gil J. Wolman, Défense de mourir (Paris: Editions Allia, 2001), 144–45.
^ Quoted in Art Tribes, ed. Achille Bonito Oliva (Milan: Skira, 2002), 274n2.
^ http://www.arkepix.com/kinok/DVD/ASSAYAS_Olivier/dvd_noise.html (French site)
vteLettrismArtists
Guy Debord
François Dufrêne
Isidore Isou
Aude Jessemin
Jan Kubíček
Maurice Lemaître
Anton Perich
Gabriel Pomerand
Gil J. Wolman
Works
Venom and Eternity (1951)
Hurlements en faveur de Sade (1952)
Related
Letterist International
Ultra-Lettrist
Hypergraphy
vteModernismMovements
Acmeism
Art Deco
Art Nouveau
Ashcan School
Constructivism
Cubism
Dada
Expressionism
Der Blaue Reiter
Die Brücke
Music
Fauvism
Functionalism
Bauhaus
Futurism
Imagism
Lettrism
Neoplasticism
De Stijl
Orphism
Surrealism
Symbolism
Synchromism
Tonalism
Literary artsLiterature
Apollinaire
Barnes
Beckett
Bely
Breton
Broch
Bulgakov
Chekhov
Conrad
Döblin
Forster
Faulkner
Flaubert
Ford
Gide
Hamsun
Hašek
Hemingway
Hesse
Joyce
Kafka
Koestler
Lawrence
Mann
Mansfield
Marinetti
Musil
Dos Passos
Platonov
Porter
Proust
Stein
Svevo
Unamuno
Woolf
Poetry
Akhmatova
Aldington
Auden
Cavafy
Cendrars
Crane
H.D.
Desnos
Eliot
Éluard
Elytis
George
Jacob
Lorca
Lowell (Amy)
Lowell (Robert)
Mallarmé
Moore
Owen
Pessoa
Pound
Rilke
Seferis
Stevens
Thomas
Tzara
Valéry
Williams
Yeats
Works
In Search of Lost Time (1913–1927)
The Metamorphosis (1915)
Ulysses (1922)
The Waste Land (1922)
The Magic Mountain (1924)
Mrs Dalloway (1925)
The Sun Also Rises (1926)
The Master and Margarita (1928–1940)
The Sound and the Fury (1929)
Visual artsPainting
Albers
Arp
Balthus
Bellows
Boccioni
Bonnard
Brâncuși
Braque
Calder
Cassatt
Cézanne
Chagall
Chirico
Claudel
Dalí
Degas
Kooning
Delaunay
Delaunay
Demuth
Dix
Doesburg
Duchamp
Dufy
Ensor
Ernst
Gauguin
Giacometti
van Gogh
Goncharova
Gris
Grosz
Höch
Hopper
Kahlo
Kandinsky
Kirchner
Klee
Kokoschka
Léger
Magritte
Malevich
Manet
Marc
Matisse
Metzinger
Miró
Modigliani
Mondrian
Monet
Moore
Munch
Nolde
O'Keeffe
Picabia
Picasso
Pissarro
Ray
Redon
Renoir
Rodin
Rousseau
Schiele
Seurat
Signac
Sisley
Soutine
Steichen
Stieglitz
Toulouse-Lautrec
Vuillard
Wood
Film
Akerman
Aldrich
Antonioni
Avery
Bergman
Bresson
Buñuel
Carné
Cassavetes
Chaplin
Clair
Cocteau
Dassin
Deren
Dovzhenko
Dreyer
Edwards
Eisenstein
Epstein
Fassbinder
Fellini
Flaherty
Ford
Fuller
Gance
Godard
Hitchcock
Hubley
Jones
Keaton
Kubrick
Kuleshov
Kurosawa
Lang
Losey
Lupino
Marker
Minnelli
Murnau
Ozu
Pabst
Pudovkin
Ray (Nicholas)
Ray (Satyajit)
Resnais
Renoir
Richardson
Rossellini
Sirk
Sjöström
Sternberg
Tarkovsky
Tati
Trnka
Truffaut
Varda
Vertov
Vigo
Welles
Wiene
Wood
Architecture
Breuer
Bunshaft
Gaudí
Gropius
Guimard
Horta
Hundertwasser
Johnson
Kahn
Le Corbusier
Loos
Melnikov
Mendelsohn
Nervi
Neutra
Niemeyer
Rietveld
Saarinen
Steiner
Sullivan
Tatlin
Mies
Wright
Works
A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1886)
Mont Sainte-Victoir (1887)
The Starry Night (1889)
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907)
The Dance (1909–1910)
Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912)
Black Square (1915)
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920)
Ballet Mécanique (1923)
Battleship Potemkin (1925)
Metropolis (1927)
Un Chien Andalou (1929)
Villa Savoye (1931)
Fallingwater (1936)
Citizen Kane (1941)
Meshes of the Afternoon (1943)
PerformingartsMusic
Antheil
Bartók
Berg
Berio
Boulanger
Boulez
Copland
Debussy
Dutilleux
Feldman
Górecki
Hindemith
Honegger
Ives
Janáček
Ligeti
Lutosławski
Milhaud
Nono
Partch
Russolo
Satie
Schaeffer
Schoenberg
Scriabin
Stockhausen
Strauss
Stravinsky
Szymanowski
Varèse
Villa-Lobos
Webern
Weill
Theatre
Anderson
Anouilh
Artaud
Beckett
Brecht
Chekhov
Ibsen
Jarry
Kaiser
Maeterlinck
Mayakovsky
O'Casey
O'Neill
Osborne
Pirandello
Piscator
Strindberg
Toller
Wedekind
Wilder
Witkiewicz
Dance
Balanchine
Cunningham
Diaghilev
Duncan
Fokine
Fuller
Graham
Holm
Laban
Massine
Nijinsky
Shawn
Sokolow
St. Denis
Tamiris
Wiesenthal
Wigman
Works
Don Juan (1888)
Ubu Roi (1896)
Verklärte Nacht (1899)
Pelléas et Mélisande (1902)
Salome (1905)
The Firebird (1910)
Afternoon of a Faun (1912)
The Rite of Spring (1913)
Fountain (1917)
Six Characters in Search of an Author (1921)
The Threepenny Opera (1928)
Waiting for Godot (1953)
Related
American modernism
Armory Show
Avant-garde
Ballets Russes
Bloomsbury Group
Buddhist modernism
Classical Hollywood cinema
Degenerate art
Ecomodernism
Experimental film
Film noir
Fourth dimension in art
Fourth dimension in literature
Grosvenor School of Modern Art
Hanshinkan Modernism
High modernism
Hippie modernism
Impressionism
Music
Literature
Post-
Incoherents
International Style
Late modernism
Late modernity
List of art movements
List of avant-garde artists
List of modernist poets
Maximalism
Modernity
Neo-primitivism
Neo-romanticism
New Hollywood
New Objectivity
Poetic realism
Postmodern music
Postmodernism
Film
Television
Pulp noir
Reactionary modernism
Metamodernism
Remodernism
Second Viennese School
Structural film
Underground film
Vulgar modernism
← Romanticism
Category
vteAvant-garde movementsVisual art
Abstract expressionism
Art Nouveau
Art & Language
Conceptual art
Constructivism
Proto-Cubism
Cubism
Functionalism
Bauhaus
Grosvenor School
Devětsil
Divisionism
Fauvism
Impressionism
Neo-Impressionism
Post-Impressionism
Color Field
Incoherents
Lyrical Abstraction
Mail art
Minimalism
Mir iskusstva
Multidimensional art
Neoplasticism
De Stijl
Neue Slowenische Kunst
Nonconformism
Nouveau réalisme
Orphism
Performance art
Pop art
Process art
Purism
Rayonism
Suprematism
Temporary art
Vorticism
Literatureand poetry
Acmeism
Angry Penguins
Asemic writing
Conceptual poetry
Cyberpunk
Ego-Futurism
Experimental literature
Flarf poetry
Hungry generation
Imaginism
Imagism
Language poets
Neoavanguardia
Neoteric
Nouveau roman
Oberiu
Oulipo
Slam poetry
Ultraísmo
Visual poetry
Zaum
MusicBy style
Funk
Jazz
Free funk
Yass
Pop
Rock
Prog
Punk
Metal
Others
Aleatoric music
Ars nova
Ars subtilior
Atonal music
Electroacoustic music
Electronic music
Industrial music
Experimental pop
Free jazz
Free improvisation
Futurism
Microtonal music
Minimal music
Drone music
Music theatre
Musique concrète
New Complexity
No wave
Noise music
Post-rock
Rock in Opposition
Second Viennese School
Serialism
Spectral music
Stochastic music
Textural music
Totalism
Twelve-tone technique
Cinemaand theatre
Cinéma pur
Dogme 95
Drop Art
Epic theatre
Experimental film
Experimental theatre
Modernist film
Poetic realism
Postdramatic theatre
Remodernist film
Structural film
Theatre of the Absurd
Theatre of Cruelty
General
Constructivism
Dada
Expressionism
Fluxus
Futurism
Russian Futurism
Cubo-Futurism
Lettrism
Modernism
Minimalism
Postminimalism
Neo-minimalism
Neo-Dada
Neoism
Postmodernism
Postmodernist film
Late modernism
Primitivism
Situationist International
Social realism
Socialist realism
Surrealism
Symbolism
Russian symbolism
vteWestern, Modern and Contemporary art movementsList of art movements / PeriodsPremodern(Western)Ancient
Thracian
Dacian
Nuragic
Aegean
Cycladic
Minoan
Minyan ware
Mycenaean
Greek
Sub-Mycenaean
Protogeometric
Geometric
Orientalizing
Archaic
Black-figure
Red-figure
Severe style
Classical
Kerch style
Hellenistic
"Baroque"
Indo-Greek
Greco-Buddhist
Neo-Attic
Etruscan
Scythian
Iberian
Gaulish
Roman
Republican
Gallo-Roman
Julio-Claudian
Pompeian Styles
Trajanic
Severan
Medieval
Late antique
Early Christian
Coptic
Ethiopian
Migration Period
Anglo-Saxon
Hunnic
Insular
Lombard
Visigothic
Donor portrait
Pictish
Mozarabic
Repoblación
Viking
Byzantine
Iconoclast
Macedonian
Palaeologan
Italo-Byzantine
Frankish
Merovingian
Carolingian
Pre-Romanesque
Ottonian
Romanesque
Mosan
Spanish
Norman
Norman-Sicilian
Opus Anglicanum
Gothic
International Gothic
International Gothic art in Italy
Lucchese School
Crusades
Novgorod School
Duecento
Sienese School
Mudéjar
Medieval cartography
Italian school
Majorcan school
Mappa mundi
Renaissance
Italian Renaissance
Trecento
Proto-Renaissance
Florentine School
Pittura infamante
Quattrocento
Ferrarese School
Forlivese School
Venetian School
Di sotto in sù
Cinquecento
High Renaissance
Bolognese School
Mannerism
Counter-Maniera
Northern Renaissance
Early Netherlandish
World landscape
Ghent-Bruges school
Northern Mannerism
German Renaissance
Cologne School
Danube school
Dutch and Flemish Renaissance
Antwerp Mannerism
Romanism
Still life
English Renaissance
Tudor court
Cretan School
Turquerie
Fontainebleau School
Art of the late 16th century in Milan
17th century
Baroque
Flemish Baroque
Caravaggisti
in Utrecht
Tenebrism
Quadratura
Louis XIII style
Lutheran Baroque
Stroganov School
Animal painting
Guild of Romanists
Dutch Golden Age
Delft School
Capriccio
Heptanese School
Classicism
Louis XIV style
Poussinists and Rubenists
18th century
Rococo
Rocaille
Louis XV style
Frederician
Chinoiserie
Fête galante
Neoclassicism
Goût grec
Louis XVI style
Adam style
Directoire style
Picturesque
Colonial art
Art of the African diaspora
African-American
Caribbean
Haitian
Colonial Asian art
Arts in the Philippines
Letras y figuras
Tipos del País
Colonial Asian Baroque
Company style
Latin American art
Casta painting
Indochristian art
Chilote School
Cusco School
Quito School
Latin American Baroque
Art borrowingWestern elements
Islamic
Moorish
Manichaean
Mughal
Qajar
Qing handicrafts
Western influence in Japan
Akita ranga
Uki-e
Transitionto modern(c. 1770–1862)
Romanticism
Fairy painting
Danish Golden Age
Troubadour style
Nazarene movement
Purismo
Shoreham Ancients
Düsseldorf School
Pre-Raphaelites
Hudson River School
American luminism
Orientalism
Norwich School
Empire style
Historicism
Revivalism
Biedermeier
Realism
Barbizon school
Costumbrismo
Verismo
Macchiaioli
Academic art
Munich School
in Greece
Neo-Grec
Etching revival
Modern(1863–1944)1863–1899
Neo-romanticism
National romanticism
Yōga
Nihonga
Japonisme
Anglo-Japanese style
Beuron School
Hague School
Peredvizhniki
Impressionism
American
Hoosier Group
Boston School
Amsterdam
Canadian
Heidelberg School
Aestheticism
Arts and Crafts
Art pottery
Tonalism
Decadent movement
Symbolism
Romanian
Russian
Volcano School
Incoherents
Post-Impressionism
Neo-Impressionism
Luminism
Divisionism
Pointillism
Pont-Aven School
Cloisonnism
Synthetism
Les Nabis
American Barbizon school
California Tonalism
Costumbrismo
1900–1914
Art Nouveau
Primitivism
California Impressionism
Secessionism
School of Paris
Munich Secession
Vienna Secession
Berlin Secession
Sonderbund
Pennsylvania Impressionism
Mir iskusstva
Ten American Painters
Fauvism
Expressionism
Die Brücke
Der Blaue Reiter
Noucentisme
Deutscher Werkbund
American Realism
Ashcan School
Cubism
Proto-Cubism
Orphism
A Nyolcak
Neue Künstlervereinigung München
Futurism
Cubo-Futurism
Art Deco
Metaphysical
Rayonism
Productivism
Synchromism
Vorticism
1915–1944
Sosaku-hanga
Suprematism
School of Paris
Crystal Cubism
Constructivism
Latin American
Universal Constructivism
Dada
Shin-hanga
Neoplasticism
De Stijl
Purism
Return to order
Novecento Italiano
Figurative Constructivism
Stupid
Cologne Progressives
Arbeitsrat für Kunst
November Group
Australian tonalism
Dresden Secession
Social realism
Functionalism
Bauhaus
Kinetic art
Anthropophagy
Mingei
Group of Seven
New Objectivity
Grosvenor School
Neues Sehen
Surrealism
Iranian
Latin American
Mexican muralism
Neo-Fauvism
Precisionism
Aeropittura
Asso
Scuola Romana
Cercle et Carré
Harlem Renaissance
Kapists
Regionalism
California Scene Painting
Heroic realism
Socialist realism
Nazi art
Streamline Moderne
Concrete art
Abstraction-Création
The Ten
Dimensionism
Boston Expressionism
Leningrad School
Contemporaryand Postmodern(1945–present)1945–1959
International Typographic Style
Abstract expressionism
Washington Color School
Visionary art
Vienna School of Fantastic Realism
Spatialism
Color field
Lyrical abstraction
Tachisme
Arte Informale
COBRA
Nuagisme
Generación de la Ruptura
Jikken Kōbō
Metcalf Chateau
Mono-ha
Nanyang Style
Action painting
American Figurative Expressionism
in New York
New media art
New York School
Hard-edge painting
Bay Area Figurative Movement
Les Plasticiens
Gutai Art Association
Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai
Pop art
Situationist International
Soviet Nonconformist
Ukrainian underground
Lettrism
Letterist International
Ultra-Lettrist
Florida Highwaymen
Cybernetic art
Antipodeans
1960–1969
Otra Figuración
Afrofuturism
Nueva Presencia
ZERO
Happening
Neo-Dada
Neo-Dada Organizers
Op art
Nouveau réalisme
Nouvelle tendance
Capitalist realism
Art & Language
Arte Povera
Black Arts Movement
The Caribbean Artists Movement
Chicano art movement
Conceptual art
Land art
Systems art
Video art
Minimalism
Fluxus
Generative art
Post-painterly abstraction
Intermedia
Psychedelic art
Nut Art
Photorealism
Environmental art
Performance art
Process art
Institutional critique
Light and Space
Street art
Feminist art movement
in the US
Saqqakhaneh movement
The Stars Art Group
Tropicália
Yoru no Kai
Artificial intelligence art
1970–1999
Post-conceptual art
Installation art
Artscene
Postminimalism
Endurance art
Sots Art
Moscow Conceptualists
Pattern and Decoration
Pliontanism
Punk art
Neo-expressionism
Transavantgarde
Saint Soleil School
Guerrilla art
Lowbrow art
Telematic art
Appropriation art
Neo-conceptual art
New European Painting
Tunisian collaborative painting
Memphis Group
Cyberdelic
Neue Slowenische Kunst
Scratch video
Retrofuturism
Young British Artists
Superfiction
Taring Padi
Superflat
New Leipzig School
Artist-run initiative
Artivism
The Designers Republic
Grunge design
Verdadism
2000–present
Amazonian pop art
Altermodern
Art for art
Art game
Art intervention
Brandalism
Classical Realism
Contemporary African art
Africanfuturism
Contemporary Indigenous Australian art
Crypto art
Cyborg art
Excessivism
Fictive art
Flat design
Corporate Memphis
Hypermodernism
Hyperrealism
Idea art
Internet art
Post-Internet
iPhone art
Kitsch movement
Lightpainting
Massurrealism
Modern European ink painting
Neo-futurism
Neomodern
Neosymbolism
Passionism
Post-YBAs
Relational art
Skeuomorphism
Software art
Sound art
Stuckism
Superflat
SoFlo Superflat
Superstroke
Toyism
Unilalianism
Walking Artists Network
Related topics
History of art
Abstract art
Asemic writing
Anti-art
Avant-garde
Ballets Russes
Christian art
Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation
Catholic art
Icon
Lutheran art
Digital art
Fantastic art
Folk art
Hierarchy of genres
Genre painting
History painting
Illuminated manuscript
Illustration
Interactive art
Jewish art
Kitsch
Landscape painting
Modernism
Modern sculpture
Late modernism
Naïve art
Outsider art
Portrait
Prehistoric European art
Queer art
Realism
Shock art
Trompe-l'œil
Western painting
Category
vteFilm genresBy style
Action
Arthouse
Heroic bloodshed
Hong Kong action
Adventure
Survival
Art
Biographical
Christian
Comedy
Action
Black
Commedia all'italiana
Sexy
Bromantic
Dramedy
Gross out
Horror
Parody
Mo lei tau
Thriller
Remarriage
Romantic
Sex
Screwball
Silent
Slapstick
Cyberpunk
Japanese
Documentary
Animated
City symphony
Docudrama
Mockumentary
Mondo
Pseudo
Semi
Travel
Video essay
Drama
Calligrafismo
Dramedy
Historical
Legal
Melodrama
Korean
Erotic
Commedia sexy all'italiana
Pink
Sexploitation
Thriller
Educational
Social guidance
Epic
Sword-and-sandal
Experimental
Exploitation
see Exploitation film template
Fantasy
Comedy
Contemporary
Fantastique
High
Historical
Magic realism
Science
Film noir
Neo-noir
Pulp noir
Tech noir
Gothic
Romance
Southern
Space
Suburban
Urban
Horror
Arthouse
Body
Cannibal
Chinese horror
Christmas horror
Comedy
Eco
Fantastique
Found footage
German underground
Ghost
Giallo
Holiday
Japanese horror
Korean horror
Lovecraftian
Natural
New French Extremity
Psycho-biddy
Psychological
Religious
Science fiction
Slasher
Splatter
Satanic
Maximalist film
Minimalist film
Mumblecore
Musical
Arthouse
Backstage
Jukebox
Musicarello
Operetta
Sceneggiata
Mystery
Detective
Occult detective
Whodunit
Giallo
Pop culture fiction
Crossover
Pornographic
Hardcore pornography
Softcore pornography
(Malayalam)
Propaganda
Reality
Romantic
Comedy
Bromantic
Fantasy
Gothic
Paranormal
Thriller
Science fiction
Art
Comedy
Fantastique
Fantasy
Gothic
Horror
Military
New Wave
Planetary romance
Space opera
Steampunk
Tokusatsu
Western
Slice of life
Slow cinema
Thriller
Comedy
Erotic
Financial
Giallo
Legal
New French Extremity
Political
Psychological
Romantic
Techno
Transgressive
Cinema of Transgression
Extreme cinema
New French Extremity
Trick
By theme
Animals
Beach party
Body swap
Buddy
Buddy cop
Female
Cannibal
Chicano
Colonial
Coming-of-age
Concert
Crime
Detective
Gangster
Gentleman thief
Gokudō
Gong'an
Heist
Heroic bloodshed
Hood
Mafia
Mafia comedy
Mumbai underworld
Poliziotteschi
Yakuza
Dance
Disaster
Apocalyptic
Drug
Psychedelic
Stoner
Dystopian
Ecchi
Economic
Ethnographic
Exploitation
Blaxploitation
Mexploitation
Turksploitation
Extraterrestrial
Food and drink
Gendai-geki
Ghost
Goona-goona epic
Gothic
Romance
Space
Suburban
Girls with guns
Harem
Hentai
Lolicon
Shotacon
Tentacle erotica
Homeland
Isekai
Jidaigeki
Samurai
Kaitō
LGBT
Yaoi
Yuri
Luchador
Magical girl
Martial arts
Bruceploitation
Chopsocky
Gun fu
Kung fu
Ninja
Wuxia
Mecha
Anime
Monster
Giant monster
Kaiju
Mummy
Vampire
Zombie
Zombie comedy
Mountain
Mouth of Garbage
Muslim social
Nature
Environmental issues
Opera
Outlaw biker
Ozploitation
Partisan film
Prison
Women
Race
Rape and revenge
Road
Rubble
Rumberas
Sexploitation
Bavarian porn
Commedia sexy all'italiana
Mexican sex comedy
Nazi exploitation
Pornochanchada
Nunsploitation
Sex report
Shoshimin-eiga
Slavery
Slice of life
Snuff
South Seas
Sports
Spy
Eurospy
Superhero
Surfing
Swashbuckler
Sword-and-sandal
Sword and sorcery
Travel
Trial
Vigilante
War
Anti-war
Euro War
Submarine
Western
Acid
Contemporary Western
Dacoit Western
Fantasy
Florida
Horror
Meat pie
Northern
Ostern
Revisionist
Science fiction
Singing cowboy
Space
Spaghetti
Weird Western
Zapata Western
By movement or period
Absolute
American eccentric cinema
New Objectivity
Australian New Wave
Auteur films
Berlin School
Bourekas
Brighton School
British New Wave
Kitchen sink realism
Budapest school
Calligrafismo
Cannibal boom
Cinéma du look
Cinema Novo
Cinema of Transgression
Cinéma pur
Commedia all'italiana
Czechoslovak New Wave
Documentary Film Movement
Dogme 95
Erra Cinema
European art cinema
Film d'art
Film gris
Free Cinema
French New Wave
German Expressionist
German underground horror
Nigerian Golden Age
Grupo Cine Liberación
Heimatfilm
Hollywood on the Tiber
Hong Kong New Wave
Indiewood
Iranian New Wave
Italian futurist
Italian neorealist
Japanese New Wave
Kammerspielfilm
L.A. Rebellion
Lettrist
Modernist film
Mumblecore
Neorealist
New French Extremity
New German
New generation
New Hollywood
New Nollywood
New Queer
No wave
Nuevo Cine Mexicano
Pan-Indian film
Parallel cinema
Persian Film
Poetic realist
Polish Film School
Poliziotteschi
Praška filmska škola
Prussian film
Pure Film Movement
Remodernist
Romanian New Wave
Slow cinema
Spaghetti Western
Socialist realist
Social realist
Kitchen sink realism
Soviet parallel
Structural
Surrealist
Sword-and-sandal
Telefoni Bianchi
Third Cinema
Toronto New Wave
Vulgar auteurism
Yugoslav Black Wave
By demographic
Adult
Black
Children and family
Anime
Men
Seinen
Stag
Teen
Shōnen
Shōjo
Women
Chick flick
Josei
By format, technique, approach, or production
3D
Actuality
Animation
Anime
Art
Cartoon
Computer
Stop-motion
Traditional
Anthology
Art
B movie
Behind-the-scenes
Black-and-white
Blockbuster
Cinéma vérité
Classical Hollywood cinema
Collage
Color
Compilation
Composite
Computer screen
Cult
midnight movie
Database cinema
Docufiction
Ethnofiction
Experimental
Abstract
Feature
Featurette
Film à clef
Film-poem
Found footage
Grindhouse
Hyperlink cinema
Independent
Guerrilla filmmaking
List of American independent films
Interstitial art
Live action
animation
Low-budget
Major film studios
Masala
Maximalist film
Message picture
Meta-film
Minimalist film
Mockbuster
Modernist film
Musical short
Mythopoeia
Neorealist
No-budget
One-shot
Paracinema
Participatory
Poetry
Postmodernist
Reverse motion
Satire
Sceneggiata
Semidocumentary
Serial
Shinpa
Short
Silent
Slow cinema
Socialist realist
Sound
Underground
Video nasty
Vulgar auteurism
Z movie
Category
Portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"'Ilm al-Huruf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ilm_al-Huruf"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Isidore Isou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Isou"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada"},{"link_name":"Surrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"Tristan Tzara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_Tzara"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"André Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"hypergraphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergraphics"}],"text":"For the traditional Islamic esoteric approach, see 'Ilm al-Huruf.Lettrism is a French avant-garde movement, established in Paris in the mid-1940s by Romanian immigrant Isidore Isou.[1] In a body of work totaling hundreds of volumes, Isou and the Lettrists have applied their theories to all areas of art and culture, most notably in poetry, film, painting and political theory. The movement has its theoretical roots in Dada and Surrealism. Isou viewed his fellow countryman Tristan Tzara as the greatest creator and rightful leader of the Dada movement, and dismissed most of the others as plagiarists and falsifiers.[2] Among the Surrealists, André Breton was a significant influence, but Isou was dissatisfied by what he saw as the stagnation and theoretical bankruptcy of the movement as it stood in the 1940s.[3]In French, the movement is called Lettrisme, from the French word for letter, arising from the fact that many of their early works centred on letters and other visual or spoken symbols. The Lettristes themselves prefer the spelling 'Letterism' for the Anglicised term, and this is the form that is used on those rare occasions when they produce or supervise English translations of their writings: however, 'Lettrism' is at least as common in English usage. The term, having been the original name that was first given to the group, has lingered as a blanket term to cover all of their activities, even as many of these have moved away from any connection to letters. But other names have also been introduced, either for the group as a whole or for its activities in specific domains, such as 'the Isouian movement', 'youth uprising', 'hypergraphics', 'creatics', 'infinitesimal art' and 'excoördism'.","title":"Lettrism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Botoșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boto%C8%99ani"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Ashkenazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi"},{"link_name":"Isidore Isou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Isou"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"1925.[4] Isidore Goldstein was born at Botoșani, Romania, on 31 January, to an Ashkenazi Jewish family. During the early 1950s, Goldstein would be signing himself 'Jean-Isidore Isou'; otherwise, it was always 'Isidore Isou'. 'Isou' was normally taken to be a pseudonym, but Isou/Goldstein himself resisted this interpretation.My name is Isou. My mother called me Isou, only it's written differently in Romanian. And Goldstein: I'm not ashamed of my name. At Gallimard, I was known as Isidore Isou Goldstein. Isou, it's my name! Only in Romanian it's written Izu, but in French it's Isou.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Pomerand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Pomerand"},{"link_name":"Gallimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallimard"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"erotology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erotology&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"1940s","text":"1942–1944. Isou develops the principles of Lettrism, and begins writing the books that he would subsequently publish after his relocation to Paris.\n1945. Aged twenty, Isou arrived in Paris on 23 August after six weeks of clandestine travel. In November, he founded the Letterist movement with Gabriel Pomerand.\n1946. Isou and Pomerand disrupt a performance of Tzara's La Fuite at the Vieux-Colombier. Publication of La Dictature Lettriste: cahiers d'un nouveau régime artistique (The Letterist Dictatorship: notebooks of a new artistic regime). Although announced as the first in a series, only one such notebook would appear. A subtitle proudly boasts of Letterism that it is 'the only contemporary movement of the artistic avant-garde'.\n1947. Isou's first two books are published by Gallimard: Introduction à une nouvelle poésie et à une nouvelle musique (Introduction to a New Poetry and a New Music) and L'Agrégation d'un nom et d'un messie (Aggregation of a Name and a Messiah). The former sets out Isou's theory of the 'amplic' and 'chiselling' phases, and, within this framework, presents his views on both the past history and the future direction of poetry and music. The latter is more biographical, discussing the genesis of Isou's ideas, as well as exploring Judaism. Isou and Pomerand are joined by François Dufrêne.\n1949. Isou publishes Isou, ou la mécanique des femmes (Isou, or the mechanics of women), the first of several works of erotology, wherein he claims to have bedded 375 women in the preceding four years, and offers to explain how (p. 9). The book is banned and Isou is briefly imprisoned. Also published, the first of several works on political theory, Isou's Traité d'économie nucléaire: Le soulèvement de la jeunesse (Treatise of Nuclear Economics: Youth Uprising).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maurice Lemaître","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Lema%C3%AEtre"},{"link_name":"Jean-Louis Brau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Louis_Brau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gil J. Wolman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_J._Wolman"},{"link_name":"Serge Berna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serge_Berna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"metagraphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagraphy"},{"link_name":"invade Nôtre Dame cathedral at Easter mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_Affair"},{"link_name":"FAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAQ"},{"link_name":"conspiracy of silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_of_silence_(expression)"},{"link_name":"Traité de bave et d'éternité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_bave_et_d%27%C3%A9ternit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Wolman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_J._Wolman"},{"link_name":"Dufrêne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dufr%C3%AAne"},{"link_name":"Guy Debord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Debord"},{"link_name":"Hurlements en faveur de Sade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurlements_en_faveur_de_Sade"},{"link_name":"Cannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Jean Cocteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cocteau"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"}],"sub_title":"1950s","text":"1950. Maurice Lemaître, Jean-Louis Brau, Gil J. Wolman and Serge Berna join the group. Isou publishes first metagraphic novel, Les journaux des dieux (The Gods' Diaries), followed soon afterwards by Pomerand's Saint Ghetto des Prêts (Saint Ghetto of the Loans) and Lemaître's Canailles (Scoundrels). Also, the first manifestos of Letterist painting. Some of the younger Letterists invade Nôtre Dame cathedral at Easter mass, aired live on national TV, to announce to the congregation that God is dead. In a Letterist FAQ published in the first issue of Lemaître's journal, Ur, CP-Matricon explains: 'The letterists do not create scandals: they break the conspiracy of silence set up by pusillanimous show-offs (journalists) and smash the faces of those who don't please them.' (p. 8).\n1951. Isou completes his first film, Traité de bave et d'éternité (Treatise on Slime and Eternity), which will soon be followed by Lemaître's Le film est déjà commencé? (Has the film already started?), Wolman's L'Anticoncept (The Anticoncept), Dufrêne's Tambours du jugement premier (Drums of the First Judgment) and Guy Debord's Hurlements en faveur de Sade (Howls for de Sade). Debord joins the group in April when they travel down to Cannes (where he was then living) to show Traité de bave et d'éternité at the Cannes Film Festival. Under the auspices of Jean Cocteau, a prize for 'best avant-garde' is specially created and awarded to Isou's film.\n1952. Publication of the first (and only) issue of Ion, devoted to Letterist film. This is significant for including Debord's first appearance in print, alongside work from Wolman and Berna who, following an intervention at a Charlie Chaplin press conference at the Hotel Ritz in October, would join him in splitting from Isou's group to form the Letterist International.1953. Isou moves into photography with Amos, ou Introduction à la métagraphologie (Amos, or Introduction to Metagraphology), theatre with Fondements pour la transformation intégrale du théâtre (The Foundations of the Integrated Transformation of the Theatre), painting with Les nombres (The Numbers), and dance with Manifeste pour une danse ciselante (Manifesto for Chiselling Dance).\n1955. Dufrêne develops his first Crirhythmes.\n1956. Isou introduces the concept of infinitesimal art in Introduction à une esthétique imaginaire (Introduction to Imaginary Aesthetics).\n1958. Columbia Records release the first audio recordings of Letterist poetry, Maurice Lemaître presente le lettrisme.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asger Jorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asger_Jorn"},{"link_name":"Originality and Magnitude (on the system of Isou)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/originality.html"},{"link_name":"Situationist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situationist_International"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jacques Spacagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Spacagna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aude Jessemin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aude_Jessemin"},{"link_name":"Roberto Altmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Altmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roland Sabatier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_Sabatier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alain Satié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alain_Sati%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Micheline Hachette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micheline_Hachette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francois Poyet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francois_Poyet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Curtay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Curtay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anton Perich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Perich"},{"link_name":"Gérard-Philippe Broutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard-Philippe_Broutin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ultraletterists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-lettrist"}],"sub_title":"1960s","text":"1960. Isou introduces the concept of supertemporal art in L'Art supertemporel. Asger Jorn publishes a critique of Letterism, Originality and Magnitude (on the system of Isou) in issue 4 of Internationale Situationniste. Isou replies at length in L'Internationale Situationniste, un degré plus bas que le jarrivisme et l'englobant. This is only the first of many works that Isou will write against Debord (his former protégé) and the Situationist International, which Isou regards as a neo-Nazi organisation. However, as Andrew Hussey reports, his attitude does eventually mellow: 'Now Isou forgave them and he saw (it was crucial, Isou said, that I should understand this!) that they were all on the same side after all.'[6]\nIn the sixties, several new members join group, including Jacques Spacagna (1961), Aude Jessemin (1962), Roberto Altmann (1962), Roland Sabatier (1963), Alain Satié (1964), Micheline Hachette (1964), Francois Poyet (1966), Jean-Paul Curtay (1967), Anton Perich (1967), Gérard-Philippe Broutin (1968).\n1964. Definitive split with Dufrêne and the Ultraletterists, as well as with Wolman who, despite his participation from 1952 to 1957 with the Letterist International (who were forbidden by internal statute from any involvement in Isouian activities), had retained links with Isou's group. Dufrêne and Wolman with Brau form the Second Letterist International (Deuxième internationale lettriste).\n1967. Lemaître stands for election to the local Parisian legislature, representing the 'Union of Youth and Externity'. He loses.\n1968. First work on architecture, Isou's Manifeste pour le bouleversement de l'architecture (Manifesto for the Overhaul of Architecture).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Rose (painter)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rose_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Woody Roehmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woody_Roehmer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anne-Catherine Caron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne-Catherine_Caron&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"1970s and 1980s","text":"General continuation of existing currents, together with new research into psychiatry, mathematics, physics, and chemistry.1972 Mike Rose (painter), a German painter, set designer, and writer made acquaintance with the Lettrists and became part of them. He participated in their exhibitions until the 1980s.Other members to join the lettrism during the seventies : Woody Roehmer, Anne-Catherine Caron, and during the eighties : Frédérique Devaux, Michel Amarger ...","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"Development of excoordism. Uncomfortable with the direction the group is going in, Lemaître—Isou's right-hand man for nearly half a century—begins to distance himself from it.[7] He still continues to pursue traditional Letterist techniques, but now in relative isolation from the main group.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The End of the Age of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//antisystemic.org/DAMTP/TheEndOfTheAgeOfDivinity-Enkutatach409.pdf"},{"link_name":"Situationist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situationist_International"},{"link_name":"Mashiach (Messiah)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"2007 Isou dies and The End of the Age of Divinity is published by an anonymous Situationist International member, which claims Isou was the real Mashiach (Messiah).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Key concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"Eugène Delacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Charles Baudelaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire"},{"link_name":"Tristan Tzara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_Tzara"},{"link_name":"Manet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet"},{"link_name":"Kandinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky"},{"link_name":"Debussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debussy"},{"link_name":"Luigi Russolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Russolo"}],"sub_title":"The Amplic (amplique) and the Chiselling (ciselante) phases","text":"Isou first invented these phases through an examination of the history of poetry, but the conceptual apparatus he developed could very easily be applied to most other branches of art and culture. In poetry, he felt that the first amplic phase had been initiated by Homer. In effect, Homer set out a blueprint for what a poem ought to be like. Subsequent poets then developed this blueprint, investigating by means of their work all of the different things that could be done within the Homeric parameters. Eventually, however, everything that could be done within that approach had been done. In poetry, Isou felt that this point was reached with Victor Hugo (and in painting with Eugène Delacroix, in music with Richard Wagner.). When amplic poetry had been completed, there was simply nothing to be gained by continuing to produce works constructed according to the old model. There would no longer be any genuine creativity or innovation involved, and hence no aesthetic value. This then inaugurated a chiselling phase in the art. Whereas the form had formerly been used as a tool to express things outside its own domain—events, feelings, etc.--it would then turn in on itself and become, perhaps only implicitly, its own subject matter. From Charles Baudelaire to Tristan Tzara (as, in painting, from Manet to Kandinsky; or, in music, from Debussy to Luigi Russolo), subsequent poets would deconstruct the grand edifice of poetry that had been developed over the centuries according to the Homeric model. Finally, when this process of deconstruction had been completed, it would then be time for a new amplic phase to commence. Isou saw himself as the man to show the way. He would take the rubble that remained after the old forms had been shattered, and lay out a new blueprint for reutilising these most basic elements in a radically new way, utterly unlike the poetry of the preceding amplic phase. Isou identified the most basic elements of poetic creation as letters—i.e. uninterpreted visual symbols and acoustic sounds—and he set out the parameters for new ways of recombining these ingredients in the name of new aesthetic goals.","title":"Key concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian Futurists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Filippo Tommaso Marinetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti"},{"link_name":"Russian Futurists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Futurism"},{"link_name":"Velemir Chlebnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velimir_Khlebnikov"},{"link_name":"Iliazd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliazd"},{"link_name":"Alexej Kručenych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Kruchenykh"},{"link_name":"Zaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaum"},{"link_name":"Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada"},{"link_name":"Raoul Hausmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Hausmann"},{"link_name":"Kurt Schwitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters"},{"link_name":"sound poets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_poetry"},{"link_name":"concrete poets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_poetry"},{"link_name":"Bob Cobbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Cobbing"},{"link_name":"Eduard Ovčáček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Ov%C4%8D%C3%A1%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"Henri Chopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Chopin"}],"sub_title":"The Lettrie","text":"Isou's idea for the poem of the future was that it should be purely formal, devoid of all semantic content. The Letterist poem, or lettrie, in many ways resembles what certain Italian Futurists (such as Filippo Tommaso Marinetti), Russian Futurists (such as Velemir Chlebnikov, Iliazd, or Alexej Kručenych—cf. Zaum), and Dada poets (such as Raoul Hausmann or Kurt Schwitters) had already been doing, and what subsequent sound poets and concrete poets (such as Bob Cobbing, Eduard Ovčáček or Henri Chopin) would later be doing. However, the Letterists were always keen to insist on their own radical originality and to distinguish their work from other ostensibly similar currents.","title":"Key concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metagraphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagraphy"},{"link_name":"hypergraphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergraphics"},{"link_name":"Cubist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubist"},{"link_name":"Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Futurism"},{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"typographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typography"},{"link_name":"Marinetti's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti"},{"link_name":"Zang Tumb Tuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zang_Tumb_Tumb"},{"link_name":"Apollinaire's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire"}],"sub_title":"Metagraphics/Hypergraphics","text":"On the visual side, the Letterists first gave the name 'metagraphics' (metagraphie) and then 'hypergraphics' (hypergraphie) to their new synthesis of writing and visual art. Some precedents may be seen in Cubist, Dada and Futurist (both Italian and Russian) painting and typographical works, such as Marinetti's Zang Tumb Tuum, or in poems such as Apollinaire's Calligrammes but none of them were a full system like hypergraphy.","title":"Key concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"détournement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tournement"}],"sub_title":"Letterist film","text":"Notwithstanding the considerably more recent origins of film-making, compared to poetry, painting or music, Isou felt in 1950 that its own first amplic phase had already been completed. He therefore set about inaugurating a chiselling phase for the cinema. As he explained in the voiceover to his first film, Treatise of Slime and Eternity:I believe firstly that the cinema is too rich. It is obese. It has reached its limits, its maximum. With the first movement of widening which it will outline, the cinema will burst! Under the blow of a congestion, this greased pig will tear into a thousand pieces. I announce the destruction of the cinema, the first apocalyptic sign of disjunction, of rupture, of this corpulent and bloated organization which calls itself film.The two central innovations of Letterist film were: (i) the carving of the image (la ciselure d'image), where the film-maker would deliberately scratch or paint onto the actual film stock itself. Similar techniques are also employed in Letterist still photography. (ii) Discrepant cinema (le cinéma discrépant), where the soundtrack and the image-track would be separated, each one telling a different story or pursuing its own more abstract path. The most radical of the Letterist films, Wolman's The Anticoncept and Debord's Howls for Sade, went even further, and abandoned images altogether. From a visual point of view, the former consisted simply of a fluctuating ball of light, projected onto a large balloon, while the latter alternated a blank white screen (when there was speech in the soundtrack) and a totally black screen (accompanying ever-increasing periods of total silence). In addition, the Letterists utilised material appropriated from other films, a technique which would subsequently be developed (under the title of 'détournement') in Situationist film. They would also often supplement the film with live performance, or, through the 'film-debate', directly involve the audience itself in the total experience.","title":"Key concepts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Supertemporal art (L'art supertemporel)","text":"The supertemporal frame was a device for inviting and enabling an audience to participate in the creation of a work of art. In its simplest form, this might involve nothing more than the inclusion of several blank pages in a book, for the reader to add his or her own contributions.","title":"Key concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infinitesimals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitesimals"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz"},{"link_name":"Conceptual Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_Art"}],"sub_title":"Infinitesimal art (Art infinitesimal)","text":"Recalling the infinitesimals of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, quantities which could not actually exist except conceptually, the Letterists developed the notion of a work of art which, by its very nature, could never be created in reality, but which could nevertheless provide aesthetic rewards by being contemplated intellectually. Also called Art esthapériste ('infinite-aesthetics'). Cf. Conceptual Art. Related to this, and arising out of it, is excoördism, the current incarnation of the Isouian movement, defined as the art of the infinitely large and the infinitely small.","title":"Key concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"free trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"}],"sub_title":"Youth uprising (Le soulèvement de la jeunesse)","text":"Isou identified the amplic phase of political theory and economics as that of Adam Smith and free trade; its chiselling phase was that of Karl Marx and socialism. Isou termed these 'atomic economics' and 'molecular economics' respectively: he launched 'nuclear economics' as a corrective to both of them. Both currents, he felt, had simply failed to take into account a large part of the population, namely those young people and other 'externs' who neither produced nor exchanged goods or capital in any significant way. He felt that the creative urge was an integral part of human nature, but that, unless it was properly guided, it could be diverted into crime and anti-social behaviour. The Letterists sought to restructure every aspect of society in such a way as to enable these externs to channel their creativity in more positive ways.","title":"Key concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Letterist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterist_International"},{"link_name":"Guy Debord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Debord"},{"link_name":"Gil J. Wolman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_J._Wolman"},{"link_name":"Jean-Louis Brau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Louis_Brau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Serge Berna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serge_Berna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Movement_for_an_Imaginist_Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"London Psychogeographical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Psychogeographical_Association"},{"link_name":"Situationist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situationist_International"},{"link_name":"metagraphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagraphy"},{"link_name":"hypergraphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergraphics"},{"link_name":"détournement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tournement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ultra-Lettrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist"},{"link_name":"hypergraphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergraphics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"New Lettrist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Lettrist_International&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Letterist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterist_International"},{"link_name":"Hurufism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurufism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Letterist International was formed in 1952 by Lettrists Guy Debord, Gil J. Wolman, Jean-Louis Brau and Serge Berna. In 1957, it fused with the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus and the London Psychogeographical Association to create the Situationist International. During its five years, the Letterist International continued to practice the Lettrist technique of metagraphics, although they were quite against hypergraphics, instead developing metagraphics into détournement.[8]\nUltra-Lettrism arose in 1958, its manifesto appearing in the second issue of Grammes in that year, signed by the Lettrists François Dufrêne, Robert Estivals, and Jacques Villeglé. Its members practiced hypergraphics and, with Dufrêne's crirhythmes and a greater interest in tape-recording, they sought to push Letterist sound-poetry further than Isou's group had done.[9]\nThe Second Letterist International was an ephemeral group formed in 1964 by Wolman, Dufrêne and Brau.[10]\nThe New Lettrist International, unknown form the original lettrists themselves, was formed in the late 1990s. Although it has no direct connection with the original Letterist group, it has drawn influences both from them and from the Letterist International, as well as from Hurufism (Arabic for 'Letterism').[citation needed]","title":"Major developments of Lettrism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isidore Isou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Isou"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Pomerand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Pomerand"},{"link_name":"François Dufrêne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dufr%C3%AAne"},{"link_name":"Ultra-letterism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist"},{"link_name":"Jan Kubíček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kub%C3%AD%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"Maurice Lemaître","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Lema%C3%AEtre"},{"link_name":"Gil J. Wolman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_J._Wolman"},{"link_name":"Letterist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettrist_International"},{"link_name":"Jean-Louis Brau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Louis_Brau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Letterist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettrist_International"},{"link_name":"Guy Debord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Debord"},{"link_name":"Letterist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettrist_International"},{"link_name":"Anton Perich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Perich"}],"text":"Isidore Isou (29 January 1925 – 28 July 2007).\nGabriel Pomerand (1926–1972), member from 1945.\nFrançois Dufrêne (1930–1982), member from 1947 to 1964. Split to form Ultra-letterism and the Second Letterist International.\nJan Kubíček (1927–2013), significantly contributing member during the early 1960s.\nMaurice Lemaître (1926–2018), member since 1950, and still actively pursuing his own approach to Letterism.\nGil J. Wolman (1929–1995), member from 1950 to 1952. Split to form Letterist International 1952-1957], but then returned to occasional participation with Isouian group from 1961 to 1964, before splitting again to form the Second Letterist International.\nJean-Louis Brau (1930–1985), member from 1950 to 1952. Split to form Letterist International 1952-1957], but then returned to occasional participation with Isouian group from 1961 to 1964, before splitting again to form the Second Letterist International.*\nGuy Debord (1931–1994), member from 1951 to 1952. Split to form Letterist International.\nAnton Perich (1945-), member from 1967 to 1970.","title":"Key members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fluxus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxus"},{"link_name":"Ben Vautier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Vautier"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mike Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rose_(painter)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ubu.com/vp/Jacobson.html"}],"text":"Fluxus artist Ben Vautier has openly avowed his indebtedness to Isou: \"Isou, I don't deny it, was very important for me around 1958 when I first theorized about art. It was thanks to Isou that I realized that what was important in art was not the beautiful, but the new, the creation. In 1962, while reading L'agrégation d'un nom et d'un messie, I was fascinated by his ego, his megalomania, his pretences. I said to myself then: there is no art without ego, and this is where my work on the ego is rooted.\"[11]\nThe German painter, set designer, and writer, Mike Rose, developed techniques close to Letterism during the 1970s and 1980s, and had some contact with the Parisian group.\nThe film Irma Vep (1996) contains a sequence that evokes the Lettrist aesthetic.[12]\nMichael Jacobson's novella The Giant's Fence [1] (2006) is a hypergraphic work, apparently inspired by the Letterists.","title":"Influences"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sources and further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Ghetto of the Loans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uglyducklingpresse.org/page-saint.html"},{"link_name":"http://www.blackscatbooks.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.blackscatbooks.com"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/WrittenInProseAlainSati"}],"sub_title":"English translations of Letterist works","text":"Although the Letterists have published hundreds of books, journals and substantial articles in French, virtually none of these have been translated into English. One recent exception is:Pomerand, Gabriel. Saint Ghetto of the Loans (Ugly Duckling Presse, 2006).Maurice Lemaître has privately published translations of a few of his own works, though these are not at all easy to find:Conversations about Letterism.\nCorrespondence. Maurice Lemaitre-Kirk Varnedoe.\nHas The Film Already Started?\nThe Lettrist Cinema.\n Considerations on the Death and Burial of Tristan Tzara by Isidore Isou (Translated by Doug Skinner) Absurdist Texts & Documents series #8,Black Scat Books: 2012 (http://www.blackscatbooks.com)Alain Satié, Written In Prose, 2010. Asemic Editions. [2]","title":"Sources and further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Debord, Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Debord"},{"link_name":"Gil J. Wolman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_J._Wolman"},{"link_name":"Why Lettrism?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unpopular.org.uk/lettrism/whylettrism.html"},{"link_name":"Home, Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Home"},{"link_name":"Unpopular Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpopular_Books"},{"link_name":"Jolas, Eugene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Jolas"},{"link_name":"Jorn, Asger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asger_Jorn"},{"link_name":"Originality and Magnitude (on Isou's System)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/originality.html"},{"link_name":"Marcus, Greil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greil_Marcus"},{"link_name":"Lipstick Traces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipstick_Traces:_A_Secret_History_of_the_20th_Century"},{"link_name":"Fabrice Flahutez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabrice_Flahutez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2953940619","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2953940619"}],"sub_title":"Secondary works in English","text":"Acquaviva, Frédéric [monograph] Gil J Wolman, I am immortal and alive, MACBA, 140pp (anglais) + texts by Kaira Cabanas and Bartomeu Mari\nAcquaviva, Frédéric Isidore Isou, Hypergraphic Novels 1950-1984, Stockholm Romanian Institute, 2012, 138pp (English)\nCabañas, Kaira M and Acquaviva, Frédéric : \"Specters of Artaud\", Reina Sofia (English), 2012\nCabañas, Kaira M. Off-Screen Cinema: Isidore Isou and the Lettrist Avant-Garde (University of Chicago Press, 2014).\nCurtay, Jean-Paul. Letterism and Hypergraphics: The Unknown Avant-Garde, 1945–1985 (Franklin Furnace, 1985).\nDebord, Guy and Gil J. Wolman.Why Lettrism?\nFerrua, Pietro, ed. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Letterism (Portland: Avant-Garde, 1979)\nFoster, Stephen C., ed. Lettrisme: Into the Present (University of Iowa Museum of Art, 1983).\nHome, Stewart. The Assault on Culture (Aporia Press and Unpopular Books, 1988).\nIsou/Satié/Gérard Bermond. Le peinture lettriste (bilingual edition, Jean-Paul Rocher, 2000).\nJolas, Eugene. 'From Jabberwocky to Lettrism', Transition 48, no. 1 (1948).\nJorn, Asger. 'Originality and Magnitude (on Isou's System)', in his Open Creation And Its Enemies (Unpopular Books, 1994).\nMarcus, Greil. Lipstick Traces (Penguin, 1989).\nMonsegu, Sylvain. 'Lettrism', in Art Tribes, ed. Achille Bonito Oliva (Skira, 2002).\nSeaman, David W. Concrete Poetry in France (UMI Research, 1981).\nRoland Sabatier, Persistence of Lettrisme, in « Complete with missing parts : Interviews with the avant-garde ». Edited by Louis E. Bourgeois, Vox Press, Oxford, 2008\nFabrice Flahutez, Camille Morando, Isidore Isou's Library. A certain look on lettrism, (English-French), Paris, Artvenir, 2014 (ISBN 978-2953940619)","title":"Sources and further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Les presses du réel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lespressesdureel.com/EN/ouvrage.php?id=5890"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2840669234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2840669234"},{"link_name":"Les presses du réel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lespressesdureel.com/EN/ouvrage.php?id=1883"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782840664055","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782840664055"}],"sub_title":"General introductions and surveys in French","text":"Acquaviva, Frédéric \"Isidore Isou\", Centre International de Poésie de Marseille, Cahier du Refuge n°163, 2007\nAcquaviva, Frédéric \"Isou 2.0\" in Catalogue Isidore Isou, pour en finir avec la conspiration du silence, ICRF, 2007\nAcquaviva, Frédéric \" Lettrisme + bibliophilie : mode d'emploi\", Le Magazine de la Bibliophilie n°75, 2008\nAcquaviva, Frédéric \"Gil J Wolman\", Centre International de Poésie de Marseille, Cahier du Refuge n°173, 2007\nAcquaviva, Frédéric and Bernard Blistène \"Bientôt les Lettristes\", Passage de Retz, 2012\nAcquaviva, Frédéric \"Lemaître, une vie lettriste\" Editions de la Différence, Paris, 2014\nAcquaviva, Frédéric \"Isidore Isou\" Editions du Griffon, Neuchâtel, 2018 (FILAF Awards for 2019 Best Contemporary Arts Book)* Fabrice Flahutez, Julia Drost et Frédéric Alix, Le Lettrisme et son temps, Dijon, Les presses du réel, 2018, 280p. ISBN 978-2840669234.\nBandini, Mirella. Pour une histoire du lettrisme (Jean-Paul Rocher, 2003).\nCurtay, Jean-Paul. La poésie lettriste (Seghers, 1974).\nDevaux, Fréderique. Le Cinéma Lettriste (1951–1991) (Paris Experimental, 1992).\nFabrice Flahutez, Le lettrisme historique était une avant-garde, Les presses du réel, 2011. ISBN 9782840664055.\nLemaître, Maurice. Qu'est-ce que le lettrisme? (Fischbacher, 1954).\nSabatier, Roland. Le lettrisme: les créations et les créateurs (ZEditions, n.d. [1988]).\nRoland Sabatier, Isidore Isou : La problématique du dépassement, revue Mélusine n° XXVIII (Actes du colloque de Cerisy « Le Surréalisme en héritage : les avant-gardes après 1945 », 2-12 août 2006), Editions L'Age d'Homme, Lausanne, 2008.* Satié, Alain. Le lettrisme, la creation ininterrompue (Jean-Paul Rocher, 2003).","title":"Sources and further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oeuvres poètiques et musicales lettristes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ubu.com/sound/lemaitre.html"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Acquaviva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Acquaviva"},{"link_name":"La mémoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ubu.com/sound/wolman.html"}],"sub_title":"Discography","text":"Maurice Lemaître présente le lettrisme (Columbia ESRF1171, 1958). (7\" e.p., 45 r.p.m).\nMaurice Lemaître, Poèmes et musique lettristes (Lettrisme, nouvelle série, no. 24, 1971). (Three 7\" discs, 45 r.p.m.). Augmented reissue of the above. Two extracts are also included in Futura poesia sonora (Cramps Records CRSCD 091–095, 1978).\nMaurice Lemaître, Oeuvres poètiques et musicales lettristes (1993). (Audio cassette) / Rédition 100ex en 2007 avec 2 CDs, préface Frédéric Acquaviva\nIsidore Isou, Poèmes lettristes 1944-1999 (Alga Marghen 12vocson033, 1999). (12\" l.p., 33 r.p.m., 500 copies).\nIsidore Isou, Musiques lettristes (Al Dante II-AD04, 1999). (Compact disc, realization by Frédéric Acquaviva).\nIsidore Isou, Juvenal (symphonie 4) (Al Dante, 2004). (Compact disc, realization and orchestration by Frédéric Acquaviva).\nGil J. Wolman, L'Anticoncept (Alga Marghen 11VocSon032, 1999). (12\" l.p., 33 r.p.m., 400 copies).\nGil J. Wolman, La mémoire (Ou, no. 33, 1967).\nL'Autonomatopek 1 (Opus International, nos. 40–41, 1973). (7\" e.p.) Contains work by Isou, Dufrêne, Wolman, Brau, Spacagna etc.\nJacques Spacagna\" in Jacques Spacagna, le voyage en Italie , de Frédéric Acquaviva, Ed Conz, Verona, 2007 (Book + Compact Disc)\nJean-Louis Brau\" in Jean-Louis Brau, instrumentations verbales, LP Alga Marghen with liner notes by Frédéric Acquaviva, Milano, 2010","title":"Sources and further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Lettrism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artdesigncafe.com/lettrism-1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Sens & Tonka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sens_%26_Tonka"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Henri Chopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Chopin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Gil J. Wolman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_J._Wolman"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"http://www.arkepix.com/kinok/DVD/ASSAYAS_Olivier/dvd_noise.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arkepix.com/kinok/DVD/ASSAYAS_Olivier/dvd_noise.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lettrism"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Lettrism&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lettrism"},{"link_name":"Lettrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Guy Debord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Debord"},{"link_name":"François Dufrêne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dufr%C3%AAne"},{"link_name":"Isidore Isou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Isou"},{"link_name":"Aude Jessemin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aude_Jessemin"},{"link_name":"Jan Kubíček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kub%C3%AD%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"Maurice Lemaître","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Lema%C3%AEtre"},{"link_name":"Anton Perich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Perich"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Pomerand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Pomerand"},{"link_name":"Gil J. Wolman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_J._Wolman"},{"link_name":"Venom and Eternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_and_Eternity"},{"link_name":"Hurlements en faveur de Sade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurlements_en_faveur_de_Sade"},{"link_name":"Letterist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterist_International"},{"link_name":"Ultra-Lettrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist"},{"link_name":"Hypergraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergraphy"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Modernism"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"},{"link_name":"Modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"link_name":"Acmeism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acmeist_poetry"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"Ashcan School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashcan_School"},{"link_name":"Constructivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Cubism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism"},{"link_name":"Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada"},{"link_name":"Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism"},{"link_name":"Der Blaue Reiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter"},{"link_name":"Die Brücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionist_music"},{"link_name":"Fauvism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauvism"},{"link_name":"Functionalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"Futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism"},{"link_name":"Imagism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagism"},{"link_name":"Lettrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Neoplasticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasticism"},{"link_name":"De Stijl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Stijl"},{"link_name":"Orphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Surrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"Symbolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Synchromism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchromism"},{"link_name":"Tonalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonalism"},{"link_name":"Literary arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts"},{"link_name":"Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_modernism"},{"link_name":"Apollinaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire"},{"link_name":"Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djuna_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett"},{"link_name":"Bely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Bely"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton"},{"link_name":"Broch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Broch"},{"link_name":"Bulgakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov"},{"link_name":"Chekhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Chekhov"},{"link_name":"Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Conrad"},{"link_name":"Döblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin"},{"link_name":"Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._M._Forster"},{"link_name":"Faulkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulkner"},{"link_name":"Flaubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford"},{"link_name":"Gide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide"},{"link_name":"Hamsun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Hamsun"},{"link_name":"Hašek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek"},{"link_name":"Hemingway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway"},{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Kafka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka"},{"link_name":"Koestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Koestler"},{"link_name":"Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._H._Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mann"},{"link_name":"Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield"},{"link_name":"Marinetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti"},{"link_name":"Musil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Musil"},{"link_name":"Dos Passos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dos_Passos"},{"link_name":"Platonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Platonov"},{"link_name":"Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter"},{"link_name":"Proust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Proust"},{"link_name":"Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Stein"},{"link_name":"Svevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo_Svevo"},{"link_name":"Unamuno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno"},{"link_name":"Woolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf"},{"link_name":"Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_poetry"},{"link_name":"Akhmatova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova"},{"link_name":"Aldington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Aldington"},{"link_name":"Auden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Auden"},{"link_name":"Cavafy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy"},{"link_name":"Cendrars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars"},{"link_name":"Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_Crane"},{"link_name":"H.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.D."},{"link_name":"Desnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Desnos"},{"link_name":"Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot"},{"link_name":"Éluard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard"},{"link_name":"Elytis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_George"},{"link_name":"Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Jacob"},{"link_name":"Lorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca"},{"link_name":"Lowell (Amy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Lowell"},{"link_name":"Lowell (Robert)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lowell"},{"link_name":"Mallarmé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Moore"},{"link_name":"Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Owen"},{"link_name":"Pessoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa"},{"link_name":"Pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Pound"},{"link_name":"Rilke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke"},{"link_name":"Seferis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis"},{"link_name":"Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Tzara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_Tzara"},{"link_name":"Valéry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams"},{"link_name":"Yeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._Yeats"},{"link_name":"In Search of Lost Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time"},{"link_name":"The Metamorphosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Metamorphosis"},{"link_name":"Ulysses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Waste Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waste_Land"},{"link_name":"The Magic Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Mrs Dalloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway"},{"link_name":"The Sun Also Rises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises"},{"link_name":"The Master and Margarita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita"},{"link_name":"The Sound and the Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury"},{"link_name":"Visual arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts"},{"link_name":"Painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art"},{"link_name":"Albers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Albers"},{"link_name":"Arp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Arp"},{"link_name":"Balthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthus"},{"link_name":"Bellows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bellows"},{"link_name":"Boccioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni"},{"link_name":"Bonnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard"},{"link_name":"Brâncuși","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i"},{"link_name":"Braque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Braque"},{"link_name":"Calder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Calder"},{"link_name":"Cassatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cassatt"},{"link_name":"Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"Chagall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Chagall"},{"link_name":"Chirico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico"},{"link_name":"Claudel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Claudel"},{"link_name":"Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"link_name":"Kooning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning"},{"link_name":"Delaunay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Delaunay"},{"link_name":"Delaunay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay"},{"link_name":"Demuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Demuth"},{"link_name":"Dix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Dix"},{"link_name":"Doesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg"},{"link_name":"Duchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp"},{"link_name":"Dufy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Dufy"},{"link_name":"Ensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ensor"},{"link_name":"Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Ernst"},{"link_name":"Gauguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin"},{"link_name":"Giacometti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti"},{"link_name":"van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Goncharova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova"},{"link_name":"Gris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Gris"},{"link_name":"Grosz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grosz"},{"link_name":"Höch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch"},{"link_name":"Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hopper"},{"link_name":"Kahlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frida_Kahlo"},{"link_name":"Kandinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky"},{"link_name":"Kirchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner"},{"link_name":"Klee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Klee"},{"link_name":"Kokoschka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka"},{"link_name":"Léger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger"},{"link_name":"Magritte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte"},{"link_name":"Malevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich"},{"link_name":"Manet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet"},{"link_name":"Marc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Marc"},{"link_name":"Matisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Matisse"},{"link_name":"Metzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Metzinger"},{"link_name":"Miró","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Modigliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani"},{"link_name":"Mondrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Mondrian"},{"link_name":"Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moore"},{"link_name":"Munch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Munch"},{"link_name":"Nolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Nolde"},{"link_name":"O'Keeffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe"},{"link_name":"Picabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Picabia"},{"link_name":"Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Pissarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Pissarro"},{"link_name":"Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Ray"},{"link_name":"Redon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilon_Redon"},{"link_name":"Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"Rodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Rodin"},{"link_name":"Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"Schiele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Schiele"},{"link_name":"Seurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat"},{"link_name":"Signac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Signac"},{"link_name":"Sisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sisley"},{"link_name":"Soutine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Soutine"},{"link_name":"Steichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Steichen"},{"link_name":"Stieglitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz"},{"link_name":"Toulouse-Lautrec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec"},{"link_name":"Vuillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard"},{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Wood"},{"link_name":"Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_film"},{"link_name":"Akerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal_Akerman"},{"link_name":"Aldrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Aldrich"},{"link_name":"Antonioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni"},{"link_name":"Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Avery"},{"link_name":"Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman"},{"link_name":"Bresson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bresson"},{"link_name":"Buñuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel"},{"link_name":"Carné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Cassavetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cassavetes"},{"link_name":"Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"Clair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair"},{"link_name":"Cocteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cocteau"},{"link_name":"Dassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dassin"},{"link_name":"Deren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Deren"},{"link_name":"Dovzhenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko"},{"link_name":"Dreyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer"},{"link_name":"Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Eisenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein"},{"link_name":"Epstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Epstein"},{"link_name":"Fassbinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder"},{"link_name":"Fellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Fellini"},{"link_name":"Flaherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ford"},{"link_name":"Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Gance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Gance"},{"link_name":"Godard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard"},{"link_name":"Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Hubley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hubley"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Jones"},{"link_name":"Keaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Keaton"},{"link_name":"Kubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick"},{"link_name":"Kuleshov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov"},{"link_name":"Kurosawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa"},{"link_name":"Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lang"},{"link_name":"Losey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Losey"},{"link_name":"Lupino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Lupino"},{"link_name":"Marker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Marker"},{"link_name":"Minnelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli"},{"link_name":"Murnau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Murnau"},{"link_name":"Ozu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu"},{"link_name":"Pabst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._W._Pabst"},{"link_name":"Pudovkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin"},{"link_name":"Ray (Nicholas)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Ray"},{"link_name":"Ray (Satyajit)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyajit_Ray"},{"link_name":"Resnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Resnais"},{"link_name":"Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Renoir"},{"link_name":"Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Rossellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini"},{"link_name":"Sirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Sirk"},{"link_name":"Sjöström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Sternberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg"},{"link_name":"Tarkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky"},{"link_name":"Tati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Tati"},{"link_name":"Trnka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka"},{"link_name":"Truffaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut"},{"link_name":"Varda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda"},{"link_name":"Vertov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziga_Vertov"},{"link_name":"Vigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Vigo"},{"link_name":"Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"},{"link_name":"Wiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wiene"},{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Wood"},{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture"},{"link_name":"Breuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer"},{"link_name":"Bunshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft"},{"link_name":"Gaudí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Gropius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gropius"},{"link_name":"Guimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Guimard"},{"link_name":"Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Horta"},{"link_name":"Hundertwasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser"},{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Kahn"},{"link_name":"Le Corbusier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusier"},{"link_name":"Loos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Loos"},{"link_name":"Melnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov"},{"link_name":"Mendelsohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn"},{"link_name":"Nervi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi"},{"link_name":"Neutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neutra"},{"link_name":"Niemeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer"},{"link_name":"Rietveld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld"},{"link_name":"Saarinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen"},{"link_name":"Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner"},{"link_name":"Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Tatlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin"},{"link_name":"Mies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe"},{"link_name":"Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright"},{"link_name":"A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte"},{"link_name":"Mont Sainte-Victoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)"},{"link_name":"The Starry Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Starry_Night"},{"link_name":"Les Demoiselles d'Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon"},{"link_name":"The Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)"},{"link_name":"Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2"},{"link_name":"Black Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Square_(painting)"},{"link_name":"The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari"},{"link_name":"Ballet Mécanique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique"},{"link_name":"Battleship Potemkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin"},{"link_name":"Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"Un Chien Andalou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou"},{"link_name":"Villa Savoye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Savoye"},{"link_name":"Fallingwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallingwater"},{"link_name":"Citizen Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Kane"},{"link_name":"Meshes of the Afternoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon"},{"link_name":"Performingarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism_(music)"},{"link_name":"Antheil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Antheil"},{"link_name":"Bartók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban_Berg"},{"link_name":"Berio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Berio"},{"link_name":"Boulanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger"},{"link_name":"Boulez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez"},{"link_name":"Copland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Copland"},{"link_name":"Debussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"Dutilleux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux"},{"link_name":"Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Feldman"},{"link_name":"Górecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki"},{"link_name":"Hindemith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hindemith"},{"link_name":"Honegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Honegger"},{"link_name":"Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ives"},{"link_name":"Janáček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"Ligeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti"},{"link_name":"Lutosławski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski"},{"link_name":"Milhaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Milhaud"},{"link_name":"Nono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Nono"},{"link_name":"Partch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Partch"},{"link_name":"Russolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Russolo"},{"link_name":"Satie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Satie"},{"link_name":"Schaeffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer"},{"link_name":"Schoenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg"},{"link_name":"Scriabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin"},{"link_name":"Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss"},{"link_name":"Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Szymanowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski"},{"link_name":"Varèse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se"},{"link_name":"Villa-Lobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos"},{"link_name":"Webern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Webern"},{"link_name":"Weill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Weill"},{"link_name":"Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_theatre"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Anouilh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Anouilh"},{"link_name":"Artaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Artaud"},{"link_name":"Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett"},{"link_name":"Brecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht"},{"link_name":"Chekhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Chekhov"},{"link_name":"Ibsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen"},{"link_name":"Jarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jarry"},{"link_name":"Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaiser"},{"link_name":"Maeterlinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck"},{"link_name":"Mayakovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky"},{"link_name":"O'Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey"},{"link_name":"O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Pirandello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello"},{"link_name":"Piscator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Piscator"},{"link_name":"Strindberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Strindberg"},{"link_name":"Toller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Toller"},{"link_name":"Wedekind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wedekind"},{"link_name":"Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton_Wilder"},{"link_name":"Witkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_dance"},{"link_name":"Balanchine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Balanchine"},{"link_name":"Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merce_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"Diaghilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev"},{"link_name":"Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isadora_Duncan"},{"link_name":"Fokine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Fokine"},{"link_name":"Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loie_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham"},{"link_name":"Holm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanya_Holm"},{"link_name":"Laban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Laban"},{"link_name":"Massine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine"},{"link_name":"Nijinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky"},{"link_name":"Shawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Shawn"},{"link_name":"Sokolow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Sokolow"},{"link_name":"St. Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis"},{"link_name":"Tamiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Tamiris"},{"link_name":"Wiesenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal"},{"link_name":"Wigman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wigman"},{"link_name":"Don Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)"},{"link_name":"Ubu Roi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubu_Roi"},{"link_name":"Verklärte Nacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht"},{"link_name":"Pelléas et Mélisande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Salome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(opera)"},{"link_name":"The Firebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Firebird"},{"link_name":"Afternoon of a Faun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)"},{"link_name":"The Rite of Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring"},{"link_name":"Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)"},{"link_name":"Six Characters in Search of an Author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author"},{"link_name":"The Threepenny Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera"},{"link_name":"Waiting for Godot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot"},{"link_name":"American modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_modernism"},{"link_name":"Armory Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armory_Show"},{"link_name":"Avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"Ballets Russes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballets_Russes"},{"link_name":"Bloomsbury Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group"},{"link_name":"Buddhist modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_modernism"},{"link_name":"Classical Hollywood cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema"},{"link_name":"Degenerate art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate_art"},{"link_name":"Ecomodernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecomodernism"},{"link_name":"Experimental film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_film"},{"link_name":"Film noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_noir"},{"link_name":"Fourth dimension in art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art"},{"link_name":"Fourth dimension in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Grosvenor School of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"Hanshinkan Modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism"},{"link_name":"High modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_modernism"},{"link_name":"Hippie modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s"},{"link_name":"Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism_in_music"},{"link_name":"Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)"},{"link_name":"Post-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Incoherents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incoherents"},{"link_name":"International Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Style"},{"link_name":"Late modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_modernism"},{"link_name":"Late modernity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_modernity"},{"link_name":"List of art movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_art_movements"},{"link_name":"List of avant-garde artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_artists"},{"link_name":"List of modernist poets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets"},{"link_name":"Maximalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximalism"},{"link_name":"Modernity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity"},{"link_name":"Neo-primitivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-primitivism"},{"link_name":"Neo-romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-romanticism"},{"link_name":"New Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"New Objectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Objectivity"},{"link_name":"Poetic realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_realism"},{"link_name":"Postmodern music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_music"},{"link_name":"Postmodernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism"},{"link_name":"Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernist_film"},{"link_name":"Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_television"},{"link_name":"Pulp noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_noir"},{"link_name":"Reactionary modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactionary_modernism"},{"link_name":"Metamodernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamodernism"},{"link_name":"Remodernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remodernism"},{"link_name":"Second Viennese School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Viennese_School"},{"link_name":"Structural film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_film"},{"link_name":"Underground film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_film"},{"link_name":"Vulgar modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Modernism"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"Avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"Abstract expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_expressionism"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"Art & Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_%26_Language"},{"link_name":"Conceptual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art"},{"link_name":"Constructivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Proto-Cubism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Cubism"},{"link_name":"Cubism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism"},{"link_name":"Functionalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"Grosvenor School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosvenor_School"},{"link_name":"Devětsil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev%C4%9Btsil"},{"link_name":"Divisionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisionism"},{"link_name":"Fauvism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauvism"},{"link_name":"Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Neo-Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-impressionism"},{"link_name":"Post-Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Color Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_Field"},{"link_name":"Incoherents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incoherents"},{"link_name":"Lyrical Abstraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction"},{"link_name":"Mail art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_art"},{"link_name":"Minimalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)"},{"link_name":"Mir iskusstva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_iskusstva"},{"link_name":"Multidimensional art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidimensional_art"},{"link_name":"Neoplasticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasticism"},{"link_name":"De Stijl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Stijl"},{"link_name":"Neue Slowenische Kunst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst"},{"link_name":"Nonconformism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art"},{"link_name":"Nouveau réalisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme"},{"link_name":"Orphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Performance art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_art"},{"link_name":"Pop art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_art"},{"link_name":"Process art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_art"},{"link_name":"Purism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purism"},{"link_name":"Rayonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayonism"},{"link_name":"Suprematism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprematism"},{"link_name":"Temporary art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_art"},{"link_name":"Vorticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorticism"},{"link_name":"Acmeism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acmeist_poetry"},{"link_name":"Angry Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry_Penguins"},{"link_name":"Asemic writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asemic_writing"},{"link_name":"Conceptual poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_writing"},{"link_name":"Cyberpunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk"},{"link_name":"Ego-Futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego-Futurism"},{"link_name":"Experimental literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_literature"},{"link_name":"Flarf poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flarf_poetry"},{"link_name":"Hungry generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungry_generation"},{"link_name":"Imaginism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginism"},{"link_name":"Imagism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagism"},{"link_name":"Language poets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_poets"},{"link_name":"Neoavanguardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoavanguardia"},{"link_name":"Neoteric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoteric"},{"link_name":"Nouveau roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_roman"},{"link_name":"Oberiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberiu"},{"link_name":"Oulipo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulipo"},{"link_name":"Slam poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slam_poetry"},{"link_name":"Ultraísmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraist_movement"},{"link_name":"Visual poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_poetry"},{"link_name":"Zaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaum"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_music"},{"link_name":"Funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-funk"},{"link_name":"Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz"},{"link_name":"Free funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_funk"},{"link_name":"Yass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yass_(music)"},{"link_name":"Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-pop"},{"link_name":"Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_rock"},{"link_name":"Prog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-prog"},{"link_name":"Punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-punk"},{"link_name":"Metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_metal"},{"link_name":"Aleatoric music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleatoric_music"},{"link_name":"Ars nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_nova"},{"link_name":"Ars subtilior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_subtilior"},{"link_name":"Atonal music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonality"},{"link_name":"Electroacoustic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroacoustic_music"},{"link_name":"Electronic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"Industrial music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_music"},{"link_name":"Experimental pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_pop"},{"link_name":"Free jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_jazz"},{"link_name":"Free improvisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_improvisation"},{"link_name":"Futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism_(music)"},{"link_name":"Microtonal music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtonal_music"},{"link_name":"Minimal music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_music"},{"link_name":"Drone music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_music"},{"link_name":"Music theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theatre"},{"link_name":"Musique concrète","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te"},{"link_name":"New Complexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Complexity"},{"link_name":"No wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_wave"},{"link_name":"Noise music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_music"},{"link_name":"Post-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-rock"},{"link_name":"Rock in Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_in_Opposition"},{"link_name":"Second Viennese School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Viennese_School"},{"link_name":"Serialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serialism"},{"link_name":"Spectral music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_music"},{"link_name":"Stochastic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic#Music"},{"link_name":"Textural music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_mass"},{"link_name":"Totalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalism"},{"link_name":"Twelve-tone technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique"},{"link_name":"Cinéma pur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur"},{"link_name":"Dogme 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogme_95"},{"link_name":"Drop Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_Art"},{"link_name":"Epic theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_theatre"},{"link_name":"Experimental film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_film"},{"link_name":"Experimental theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_theatre"},{"link_name":"Modernist film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_film"},{"link_name":"Poetic realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_realism"},{"link_name":"Postdramatic theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdramatic_theatre"},{"link_name":"Remodernist film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remodernist_film"},{"link_name":"Structural film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_film"},{"link_name":"Theatre of the Absurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd"},{"link_name":"Theatre of Cruelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Cruelty"},{"link_name":"Constructivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada"},{"link_name":"Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism"},{"link_name":"Fluxus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxus"},{"link_name":"Futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism"},{"link_name":"Russian Futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Futurism"},{"link_name":"Cubo-Futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubo-Futurism"},{"link_name":"Lettrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"link_name":"Minimalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism"},{"link_name":"Postminimalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postminimalism"},{"link_name":"Neo-minimalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-minimalism"},{"link_name":"Neo-Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Dada"},{"link_name":"Neoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoism"},{"link_name":"Postmodernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism"},{"link_name":"Postmodernist film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernist_film"},{"link_name":"Late modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_modernism"},{"link_name":"Primitivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitivism"},{"link_name":"Situationist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situationist_International"},{"link_name":"Social realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_realism"},{"link_name":"Socialist realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_realism"},{"link_name":"Surrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"Symbolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Russian symbolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_symbolism"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Western_art_movements"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Western_art_movements"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_art_movements"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art"},{"link_name":"Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"},{"link_name":"List of art movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_art_movements"},{"link_name":"Periods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history"},{"link_name":"Ancient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_art"},{"link_name":"Thracian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_treasure"},{"link_name":"Dacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_art"},{"link_name":"Nuragic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture"},{"link_name":"Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_art"},{"link_name":"Cycladic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycladic_art"},{"link_name":"Minoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_art"},{"link_name":"Minyan ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyan_ware"},{"link_name":"Mycenaean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaean_art"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art"},{"link_name":"Sub-Mycenaean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery"},{"link_name":"Protogeometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protogeometric_style"},{"link_name":"Geometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_art"},{"link_name":"Orientalizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalizing_period"},{"link_name":"Archaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art"},{"link_name":"Black-figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-figure_pottery"},{"link_name":"Red-figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-figure_pottery"},{"link_name":"Severe style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_style"},{"link_name":"Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Classical"},{"link_name":"Kerch style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerch_style"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_art"},{"link_name":"\"Baroque\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_art#%22Baroque%22"},{"link_name":"Indo-Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Greek_art"},{"link_name":"Greco-Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art"},{"link_name":"Neo-Attic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Attic"},{"link_name":"Etruscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_art"},{"link_name":"Scythian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythian_art"},{"link_name":"Iberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_sculpture"},{"link_name":"Gaulish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauls#Art"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_art"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republican_art"},{"link_name":"Gallo-Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art"},{"link_name":"Julio-Claudian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art"},{"link_name":"Pompeian Styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeian_Styles"},{"link_name":"Trajanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajanic_art"},{"link_name":"Severan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severan_art"},{"link_name":"Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_art"},{"link_name":"Late antique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Antique_art"},{"link_name":"Early Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_art"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_art"},{"link_name":"Migration Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period_art"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art"},{"link_name":"Hunnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnic_art"},{"link_name":"Insular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_art"},{"link_name":"Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards#Art"},{"link_name":"Visigothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture"},{"link_name":"Donor portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donor_portrait"},{"link_name":"Pictish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts#Art"},{"link_name":"Mozarabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture"},{"link_name":"Repoblación","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_art"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_art"},{"link_name":"Iconoclast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)"},{"link_name":"Palaeologan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture"},{"link_name":"Italo-Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Frankish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture"},{"link_name":"Merovingian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture"},{"link_name":"Carolingian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_art"},{"link_name":"Pre-Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture"},{"link_name":"Ottonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian_art"},{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_art"},{"link_name":"Mosan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosan_art"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts"},{"link_name":"Norman-Sicilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture"},{"link_name":"Opus Anglicanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_art"},{"link_name":"International Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Gothic"},{"link_name":"International Gothic art in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Lucchese School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchese_School"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades"},{"link_name":"Novgorod School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_School"},{"link_name":"Duecento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duecento"},{"link_name":"Sienese School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienese_School"},{"link_name":"Mudéjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art"},{"link_name":"cartography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe"},{"link_name":"Italian school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts"},{"link_name":"Majorcan school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school"},{"link_name":"Mappa mundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappa_mundi"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art"},{"link_name":"Italian Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting"},{"link_name":"Trecento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trecento"},{"link_name":"Proto-Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Florentine School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentine_painting"},{"link_name":"Pittura infamante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittura_infamante"},{"link_name":"Quattrocento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quattrocento"},{"link_name":"Ferrarese School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Ferrara"},{"link_name":"Forlivese School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art"},{"link_name":"Venetian School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_painting"},{"link_name":"Di sotto in sù","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_sotto_in_s%C3%B9"},{"link_name":"Cinquecento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinquecento"},{"link_name":"High Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Bolognese School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolognese_School"},{"link_name":"Mannerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannerism"},{"link_name":"Counter-Maniera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Maniera"},{"link_name":"Northern Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Early Netherlandish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting"},{"link_name":"World landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_landscape"},{"link_name":"Ghent-Bruges school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent-Bruges_school"},{"link_name":"Northern Mannerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mannerism"},{"link_name":"German Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Cologne School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_School_of_Painting"},{"link_name":"Danube school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_school"},{"link_name":"Dutch and Flemish Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting"},{"link_name":"Antwerp Mannerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism"},{"link_name":"Romanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanism_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Still life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_life"},{"link_name":"English Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts"},{"link_name":"Tudor court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court"},{"link_name":"Cretan School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_School"},{"link_name":"Turquerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquerie"},{"link_name":"Fontainebleau School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau"},{"link_name":"Art of the late 16th century in Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Flemish Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting"},{"link_name":"Caravaggisti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggisti"},{"link_name":"in Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism"},{"link_name":"Tenebrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenebrism"},{"link_name":"Quadratura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratura"},{"link_name":"Louis XIII style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII_style"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_baroque"},{"link_name":"Stroganov School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroganov_School"},{"link_name":"Animal painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_painter"},{"link_name":"Guild of Romanists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists"},{"link_name":"Dutch Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting"},{"link_name":"Delft School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft_School_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Capriccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capriccio_(art)"},{"link_name":"Heptanese School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptanese_School_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Classicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_style"},{"link_name":"Poussinists and Rubenists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists"},{"link_name":"Rococo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo"},{"link_name":"Rocaille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocaille"},{"link_name":"Louis XV style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_style"},{"link_name":"Frederician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederician_Rococo"},{"link_name":"Chinoiserie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinoiserie"},{"link_name":"Fête galante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante"},{"link_name":"Neoclassicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism"},{"link_name":"Goût grec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_style"},{"link_name":"Adam style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_style"},{"link_name":"Directoire style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directoire_style"},{"link_name":"Picturesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picturesque"},{"link_name":"African diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_diaspora"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_art"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_art"},{"link_name":"Haitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_art"},{"link_name":"Arts in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Letras y figuras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letras_y_figuras"},{"link_name":"Tipos del País","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"Colonial Asian Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia"},{"link_name":"Company style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_style"},{"link_name":"Latin American art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_art"},{"link_name":"Casta painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casta_painting"},{"link_name":"Indochristian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochristian_art"},{"link_name":"Chilote School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilote_School_of_Religious_Imagery"},{"link_name":"Cusco School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco_School"},{"link_name":"Quito School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito_School"},{"link_name":"Latin American Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art"},{"link_name":"Moorish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture"},{"link_name":"Manichaean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaean_art"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_art"},{"link_name":"Qajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_art"},{"link_name":"Qing handicrafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_handicrafts"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_art"},{"link_name":"Akita ranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akita_ranga"},{"link_name":"Uki-e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uki-e"},{"link_name":"Transitionto modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts"},{"link_name":"Fairy painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_painting"},{"link_name":"Danish Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"Troubadour style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubadour_style"},{"link_name":"Nazarene movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazarene_movement"},{"link_name":"Purismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purismo"},{"link_name":"Shoreham Ancients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting"},{"link_name":"Pre-Raphaelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"Hudson River School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_School"},{"link_name":"American luminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)"},{"link_name":"Orientalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art"},{"link_name":"Norwich School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_School_of_painters"},{"link_name":"Empire style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_style"},{"link_name":"Historicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Revivalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Biedermeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biedermeier"},{"link_name":"Realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)"},{"link_name":"Barbizon school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbizon_school"},{"link_name":"Costumbrismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costumbrismo"},{"link_name":"Verismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verismo_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Macchiaioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchiaioli"},{"link_name":"Academic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_art"},{"link_name":"Munich School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_School"},{"link_name":"in Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century"},{"link_name":"Neo-Grec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting"},{"link_name":"Etching revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching_revival"},{"link_name":"Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art"},{"link_name":"Neo-romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-romanticism"},{"link_name":"National romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts"},{"link_name":"Yōga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga"},{"link_name":"Nihonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonga"},{"link_name":"Japonisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonisme"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Japanese style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style"},{"link_name":"Beuron School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beuron_Art_School"},{"link_name":"Hague School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_School"},{"link_name":"Peredvizhniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peredvizhniki"},{"link_name":"Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Hoosier Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosier_Group"},{"link_name":"Boston School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_School_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_School"},{"link_name":"Aestheticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticism"},{"link_name":"Arts and Crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement"},{"link_name":"Art pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_pottery"},{"link_name":"Tonalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonalism"},{"link_name":"Decadent movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadent_movement"},{"link_name":"Symbolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts"},{"link_name":"Volcano School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_School"},{"link_name":"Incoherents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incoherents"},{"link_name":"Post-Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Neo-Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Luminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)"},{"link_name":"Divisionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisionism"},{"link_name":"Pointillism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointillism"},{"link_name":"Pont-Aven School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont-Aven_School"},{"link_name":"Cloisonnism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloisonnism"},{"link_name":"Synthetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetism"},{"link_name":"Les Nabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Nabis"},{"link_name":"American Barbizon school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Barbizon_school"},{"link_name":"California Tonalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Tonalism"},{"link_name":"Costumbrismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"Primitivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitivism"},{"link_name":"California Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Secessionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_(art)"},{"link_name":"School of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Munich Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Secession"},{"link_name":"Vienna Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Secession"},{"link_name":"Berlin Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Secession"},{"link_name":"Sonderbund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Mir iskusstva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_iskusstva"},{"link_name":"Ten American Painters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_American_Painters"},{"link_name":"Fauvism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauvism"},{"link_name":"Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism"},{"link_name":"Die Brücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke"},{"link_name":"Der Blaue Reiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter"},{"link_name":"Noucentisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noucentisme"},{"link_name":"Deutscher Werkbund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund"},{"link_name":"American Realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Realism"},{"link_name":"Ashcan School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashcan_School"},{"link_name":"Cubism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism"},{"link_name":"Proto-Cubism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Cubism"},{"link_name":"Orphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphism_(art)"},{"link_name":"A Nyolcak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)"},{"link_name":"Neue Künstlervereinigung München","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen"},{"link_name":"Futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism"},{"link_name":"Cubo-Futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubo-Futurism"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Metaphysical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical_painting"},{"link_name":"Rayonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayonism"},{"link_name":"Productivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Synchromism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchromism"},{"link_name":"Vorticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorticism"},{"link_name":"Sosaku-hanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosaku-hanga"},{"link_name":"Suprematism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprematism"},{"link_name":"School of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Crystal Cubism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Cubism"},{"link_name":"Constructivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement"},{"link_name":"Universal Constructivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Constructivism"},{"link_name":"Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada"},{"link_name":"Shin-hanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-hanga"},{"link_name":"Neoplasticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasticism"},{"link_name":"De Stijl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Stijl"},{"link_name":"Purism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purism"},{"link_name":"Return to order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_order"},{"link_name":"Novecento Italiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novecento_Italiano"},{"link_name":"Figurative Constructivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism"},{"link_name":"Stupid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)"},{"link_name":"Cologne Progressives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Progressives"},{"link_name":"Arbeitsrat für Kunst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst"},{"link_name":"November Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_Group_(German)"},{"link_name":"Australian tonalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_tonalism"},{"link_name":"Dresden Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_Secession"},{"link_name":"Social realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_realism"},{"link_name":"Functionalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"Kinetic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_art"},{"link_name":"Anthropophagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago"},{"link_name":"Mingei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingei"},{"link_name":"Group of Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)"},{"link_name":"New Objectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Objectivity"},{"link_name":"Grosvenor School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"Neues Sehen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Sehen"},{"link_name":"Surrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism"},{"link_name":"Mexican muralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_muralism"},{"link_name":"Neo-Fauvism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Fauvism"},{"link_name":"Precisionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precisionism"},{"link_name":"Aeropittura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeropittura"},{"link_name":"Asso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists"},{"link_name":"Scuola Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuola_Romana"},{"link_name":"Cercle et Carré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Harlem Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Kapists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapists"},{"link_name":"Regionalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalism_(art)"},{"link_name":"California Scene Painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Scene_Painting"},{"link_name":"Heroic realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_realism"},{"link_name":"Socialist realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_realism"},{"link_name":"Nazi art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Streamline Moderne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamline_Moderne"},{"link_name":"Concrete art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_art"},{"link_name":"Abstraction-Création","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation"},{"link_name":"The Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)"},{"link_name":"Dimensionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto"},{"link_name":"Boston Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Expressionism"},{"link_name":"Leningrad School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting"},{"link_name":"Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"},{"link_name":"Postmodern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_art"},{"link_name":"International Typographic Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Typographic_Style"},{"link_name":"Abstract expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_expressionism"},{"link_name":"Washington Color School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Color_School"},{"link_name":"Visionary art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visionary_art"},{"link_name":"Vienna School of Fantastic Realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism"},{"link_name":"Spatialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatialism"},{"link_name":"Color field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_field"},{"link_name":"Lyrical abstraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction"},{"link_name":"Tachisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachisme"},{"link_name":"Arte Informale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_Informale"},{"link_name":"COBRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)"},{"link_name":"Nuagisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuagisme"},{"link_name":"Generación de la Ruptura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura"},{"link_name":"Jikken Kōbō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Metcalf Chateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau"},{"link_name":"Mono-ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono-ha"},{"link_name":"Nanyang Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyang_Style"},{"link_name":"Action painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_painting"},{"link_name":"American Figurative Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism"},{"link_name":"in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism"},{"link_name":"New media art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media_art"},{"link_name":"New York School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts"},{"link_name":"Hard-edge painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-edge_painting"},{"link_name":"Bay Area Figurative Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement"},{"link_name":"Les Plasticiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Plasticiens"},{"link_name":"Gutai Art Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association"},{"link_name":"Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai"},{"link_name":"Pop art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_art"},{"link_name":"Situationist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situationist_International"},{"link_name":"Soviet Nonconformist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_underground"},{"link_name":"Lettrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Letterist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterist_International"},{"link_name":"Ultra-Lettrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist"},{"link_name":"Florida Highwaymen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen"},{"link_name":"Cybernetic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetic_art"},{"link_name":"Antipodeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipodeans"},{"link_name":"Otra Figuración","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Afrofuturism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrofuturism"},{"link_name":"Nueva Presencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Presencia"},{"link_name":"ZERO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_(art)"},{"link_name":"Happening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happening"},{"link_name":"Neo-Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Dada"},{"link_name":"Neo-Dada Organizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers"},{"link_name":"Op art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op_art"},{"link_name":"Nouveau réalisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme"},{"link_name":"Nouvelle tendance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance"},{"link_name":"Capitalist realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist_realism"},{"link_name":"Art & Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_%26_Language"},{"link_name":"Arte Povera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_Povera"},{"link_name":"Black Arts Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement"},{"link_name":"The Caribbean Artists Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement"},{"link_name":"Chicano art movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano_art_movement"},{"link_name":"Conceptual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art"},{"link_name":"Land art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_art"},{"link_name":"Systems art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_art"},{"link_name":"Video art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_art"},{"link_name":"Minimalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)"},{"link_name":"Fluxus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxus"},{"link_name":"Generative art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_art"},{"link_name":"Post-painterly abstraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction"},{"link_name":"Intermedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermedia"},{"link_name":"Psychedelic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_art"},{"link_name":"Nut Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_Art"},{"link_name":"Photorealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photorealism"},{"link_name":"Environmental art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_art"},{"link_name":"Performance art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_art"},{"link_name":"Process art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_art"},{"link_name":"Institutional critique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_critique"},{"link_name":"Light and Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_and_Space"},{"link_name":"Street art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_art"},{"link_name":"Feminist art movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_art_movement"},{"link_name":"in the US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Saqqakhaneh movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement"},{"link_name":"The Stars Art Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group"},{"link_name":"Tropicália","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia"},{"link_name":"Yoru no Kai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai"},{"link_name":"Artificial intelligence art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art"},{"link_name":"Post-conceptual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-conceptual_art"},{"link_name":"Installation art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installation_art"},{"link_name":"Artscene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artscene"},{"link_name":"Postminimalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postminimalism"},{"link_name":"Endurance art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_art"},{"link_name":"Sots Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sots_Art"},{"link_name":"Moscow Conceptualists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists"},{"link_name":"Pattern and Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration"},{"link_name":"Pliontanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliontanism"},{"link_name":"Punk art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_visual_art"},{"link_name":"Neo-expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-expressionism"},{"link_name":"Transavantgarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transavantgarde"},{"link_name":"Saint Soleil School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School"},{"link_name":"Guerrilla art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_art"},{"link_name":"Lowbrow art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)"},{"link_name":"Telematic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telematic_art"},{"link_name":"Appropriation art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriation_(art)"},{"link_name":"Neo-conceptual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art"},{"link_name":"New European Painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_European_Painting"},{"link_name":"Tunisian collaborative painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting"},{"link_name":"Memphis Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Group"},{"link_name":"Cyberdelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberdelic"},{"link_name":"Neue Slowenische Kunst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst"},{"link_name":"Scratch video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_video"},{"link_name":"Retrofuturism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrofuturism"},{"link_name":"Young British Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_British_Artists"},{"link_name":"Superfiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfiction"},{"link_name":"Taring Padi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taring_Padi"},{"link_name":"Superflat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superflat"},{"link_name":"New Leipzig School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Leipzig_School"},{"link_name":"Artist-run initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist-run_initiative"},{"link_name":"Artivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artivism"},{"link_name":"The Designers Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Designers_Republic"},{"link_name":"Grunge design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design"},{"link_name":"Verdadism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdadism"},{"link_name":"Amazonian pop art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art"},{"link_name":"Altermodern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altermodern"},{"link_name":"Art for art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_for_art"},{"link_name":"Art game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_game"},{"link_name":"Art intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_intervention"},{"link_name":"Brandalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandalism"},{"link_name":"Classical Realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Realism"},{"link_name":"Contemporary African art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_African_art"},{"link_name":"Africanfuturism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanfuturism"},{"link_name":"Contemporary Indigenous Australian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art"},{"link_name":"Crypto art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art"},{"link_name":"Cyborg art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg_art"},{"link_name":"Excessivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excessivism"},{"link_name":"Fictive art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictive_art"},{"link_name":"Flat design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_design"},{"link_name":"Corporate Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Memphis"},{"link_name":"Hypermodernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Hyperrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)"},{"link_name":"Idea art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea_art"},{"link_name":"Internet art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_art"},{"link_name":"Post-Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Internet"},{"link_name":"iPhone art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_art"},{"link_name":"Kitsch movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch_movement"},{"link_name":"Lightpainting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightpainting"},{"link_name":"Massurrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massurrealism"},{"link_name":"Modern European ink painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting"},{"link_name":"Neo-futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-futurism"},{"link_name":"Neomodern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group"},{"link_name":"Neosymbolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neosymbolism"},{"link_name":"Passionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passionism"},{"link_name":"Post-YBAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-YBAs"},{"link_name":"Relational art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_art"},{"link_name":"Skeuomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design"},{"link_name":"Software art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_art"},{"link_name":"Sound art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_art"},{"link_name":"Stuckism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuckism"},{"link_name":"Superflat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superflat"},{"link_name":"SoFlo Superflat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat"},{"link_name":"Superstroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstroke"},{"link_name":"Toyism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyism"},{"link_name":"Unilalianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilalianism"},{"link_name":"Walking Artists Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network"},{"link_name":"History of art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_art"},{"link_name":"Abstract art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_art"},{"link_name":"Asemic writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asemic_writing"},{"link_name":"Anti-art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-art"},{"link_name":"Avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"Ballets Russes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballets_Russes"},{"link_name":"Christian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_art"},{"link_name":"Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation"},{"link_name":"Catholic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_art"},{"link_name":"Icon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon"},{"link_name":"Lutheran art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_art"},{"link_name":"Digital art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_art"},{"link_name":"Fantastic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_art"},{"link_name":"Folk art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_art"},{"link_name":"Hierarchy of genres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres"},{"link_name":"Genre painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_painting"},{"link_name":"History painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_painting"},{"link_name":"Illuminated manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript"},{"link_name":"Illustration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustration"},{"link_name":"Interactive art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_art"},{"link_name":"Jewish art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_art"},{"link_name":"Kitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch"},{"link_name":"Landscape painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_painting"},{"link_name":"Modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"link_name":"Modern sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_sculpture"},{"link_name":"Late modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_modernism"},{"link_name":"Naïve art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art"},{"link_name":"Outsider art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsider_art"},{"link_name":"Portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait"},{"link_name":"Prehistoric European art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe"},{"link_name":"Queer art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_art"},{"link_name":"Realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Shock art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_art"},{"link_name":"Trompe-l'œil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il"},{"link_name":"Western painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_painting"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Art_movements"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Film_genres"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres"},{"link_name":"Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"genres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_genre"},{"link_name":"Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"Arthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthouse_action_film"},{"link_name":"Heroic bloodshed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema"},{"link_name":"Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film"},{"link_name":"Survival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_film"},{"link_name":"Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_film"},{"link_name":"Biographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_film"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_film_industry"},{"link_name":"Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_comedy"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_comedy"},{"link_name":"Commedia all'italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana"},{"link_name":"Sexy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana"},{"link_name":"Bromantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"Dramedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_drama"},{"link_name":"Gross out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_out"},{"link_name":"Horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_horror"},{"link_name":"Parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody_film"},{"link_name":"Mo lei tau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_lei_tau"},{"link_name":"Thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Remarriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage"},{"link_name":"Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_comedy"},{"link_name":"Screwball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwball_comedy"},{"link_name":"Silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_comedy"},{"link_name":"Slapstick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapstick_film"},{"link_name":"Cyberpunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk"},{"link_name":"Documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_documentary"},{"link_name":"City symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_symphony"},{"link_name":"Docudrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docudrama"},{"link_name":"Mockumentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockumentary"},{"link_name":"Mondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_film"},{"link_name":"Pseudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-documentary"},{"link_name":"Semi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidocumentary"},{"link_name":"Travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_documentary"},{"link_name":"Video essay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_essay"},{"link_name":"Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Calligrafismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligrafismo"},{"link_name":"Dramedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_drama"},{"link_name":"Historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_drama"},{"link_name":"Legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_drama"},{"link_name":"Melodrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodrama"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_melodrama"},{"link_name":"Erotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_in_film"},{"link_name":"Commedia sexy all'italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana"},{"link_name":"Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_film"},{"link_name":"Sexploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexploitation_film"},{"link_name":"Thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_thriller"},{"link_name":"Educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_film"},{"link_name":"Social guidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_guidance_film"},{"link_name":"Epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_film"},{"link_name":"Sword-and-sandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword-and-sandal"},{"link_name":"Experimental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_film"},{"link_name":"Exploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_film"},{"link_name":"see Exploitation film template","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film"},{"link_name":"Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_film"},{"link_name":"Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_comedy"},{"link_name":"Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy"},{"link_name":"Fantastique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastique"},{"link_name":"High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_fantasy"},{"link_name":"Historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_fantasy"},{"link_name":"Magic realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_realism"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fantasy"},{"link_name":"Film noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_noir"},{"link_name":"Neo-noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-noir"},{"link_name":"Pulp noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_noir"},{"link_name":"Tech noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_noir"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_film"},{"link_name":"Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_romance_film"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburban_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"Arthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_horror"},{"link_name":"Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media"},{"link_name":"Cannibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibal_film"},{"link_name":"Chinese horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_horror_film"},{"link_name":"Christmas horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_horror"},{"link_name":"Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_horror"},{"link_name":"Eco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films"},{"link_name":"Fantastique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastique"},{"link_name":"Found footage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)"},{"link_name":"German underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_underground_horror"},{"link_name":"Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ghost_films"},{"link_name":"Giallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giallo"},{"link_name":"Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films"},{"link_name":"Japanese horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_horror"},{"link_name":"Korean horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_horror"},{"link_name":"Lovecraftian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror"},{"link_name":"Natural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films"},{"link_name":"New French Extremity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Extremity"},{"link_name":"Psycho-biddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films"},{"link_name":"Psychological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_horror"},{"link_name":"Religious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Religious_horror_films"},{"link_name":"Science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films"},{"link_name":"Slasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slasher_film"},{"link_name":"Splatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatter_film"},{"link_name":"Satanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_film"},{"link_name":"Maximalist film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximalist_film"},{"link_name":"Minimalist film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalist_film"},{"link_name":"Mumblecore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumblecore"},{"link_name":"Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"Arthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthouse_musical"},{"link_name":"Backstage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstage_musical"},{"link_name":"Jukebox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukebox_musical"},{"link_name":"Musicarello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicarello"},{"link_name":"Operetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operetta_film"},{"link_name":"Sceneggiata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceneggiata"},{"link_name":"Mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_film"},{"link_name":"Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_fiction"},{"link_name":"Occult detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction"},{"link_name":"Whodunit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whodunit"},{"link_name":"Giallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giallo"},{"link_name":"Pop culture fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction"},{"link_name":"Crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_fiction"},{"link_name":"Pornographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographic_film"},{"link_name":"Hardcore pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_pornography"},{"link_name":"Softcore pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softcore_pornography"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography"},{"link_name":"Propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_film"},{"link_name":"Reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_film"},{"link_name":"Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_film"},{"link_name":"Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"Bromantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_fantasy"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_romance_film"},{"link_name":"Paranormal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal_romance"},{"link_name":"Thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_thriller"},{"link_name":"Science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_film"},{"link_name":"Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film"},{"link_name":"Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy"},{"link_name":"Fantastique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastique"},{"link_name":"Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fantasy"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films"},{"link_name":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_science_fiction"},{"link_name":"New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Planetary romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_romance"},{"link_name":"Space opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera"},{"link_name":"Steampunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steampunk"},{"link_name":"Tokusatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokusatsu"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Western"},{"link_name":"Slice of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slice_of_life"},{"link_name":"Slow cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_cinema"},{"link_name":"Thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_film"},{"link_name":"Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_thriller"},{"link_name":"Erotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_thriller"},{"link_name":"Financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_thriller"},{"link_name":"Giallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giallo"},{"link_name":"Legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_thriller"},{"link_name":"New French Extremity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Extremity"},{"link_name":"Political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_thriller"},{"link_name":"Psychological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_thriller"},{"link_name":"Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_thriller"},{"link_name":"Techno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-thriller"},{"link_name":"Transgressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgressive_art"},{"link_name":"Cinema of Transgression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression"},{"link_name":"Extreme cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_cinema"},{"link_name":"New French Extremity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Extremity"},{"link_name":"Trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick_film"},{"link_name":"Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals"},{"link_name":"Beach party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_party_film"},{"link_name":"Body swap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_swap"},{"link_name":"Buddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_film"},{"link_name":"Buddy cop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_cop"},{"link_name":"Female","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_buddy_film"},{"link_name":"Cannibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibal_film"},{"link_name":"Chicano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films"},{"link_name":"Colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_cinema"},{"link_name":"Coming-of-age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming-of-age_story"},{"link_name":"Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_film"},{"link_name":"Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_fiction"},{"link_name":"Gangster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangster_film"},{"link_name":"Gentleman thief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_thief"},{"link_name":"Gokudō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Gong'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction"},{"link_name":"Heist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heist_film"},{"link_name":"Heroic bloodshed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed"},{"link_name":"Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_film"},{"link_name":"Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_film"},{"link_name":"Mafia comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Mumbai underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film"},{"link_name":"Poliziotteschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliziotteschi"},{"link_name":"Yakuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakuza_film"},{"link_name":"Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_film"},{"link_name":"Disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_film"},{"link_name":"Apocalyptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films"},{"link_name":"Drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drug_films"},{"link_name":"Psychedelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_film"},{"link_name":"Stoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoner_film"},{"link_name":"Dystopian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films"},{"link_name":"Ecchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecchi"},{"link_name":"Economic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_film"},{"link_name":"Ethnographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographic_film"},{"link_name":"Exploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_film"},{"link_name":"Blaxploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation"},{"link_name":"Mexploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexploitation"},{"link_name":"Turksploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turksploitation"},{"link_name":"Extraterrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials"},{"link_name":"Food and drink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink"},{"link_name":"Gendai-geki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendai-geki"},{"link_name":"Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ghost_films"},{"link_name":"Goona-goona epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goona-goona_epic"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_film"},{"link_name":"Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_romance_film"},{"link_name":"Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburban_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Girls with guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_with_guns"},{"link_name":"Harem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Hentai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hentai"},{"link_name":"Lolicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolicon"},{"link_name":"Shotacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotacon"},{"link_name":"Tentacle erotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentacle_erotica"},{"link_name":"Homeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimatfilm"},{"link_name":"Isekai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isekai"},{"link_name":"Jidaigeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jidaigeki"},{"link_name":"Samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai_cinema"},{"link_name":"Kaitō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_thief"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films"},{"link_name":"Yaoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi"},{"link_name":"Yuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Luchador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchador_films"},{"link_name":"Magical girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_girl"},{"link_name":"Martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts_film"},{"link_name":"Bruceploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruceploitation"},{"link_name":"Chopsocky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopsocky"},{"link_name":"Gun fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_fu"},{"link_name":"Kung fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_fu_film"},{"link_name":"Ninja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ninja_films"},{"link_name":"Wuxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia"},{"link_name":"Mecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecha"},{"link_name":"Anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga"},{"link_name":"Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_movie"},{"link_name":"Giant monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters"},{"link_name":"Kaiju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiju"},{"link_name":"Mummy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mummy_films"},{"link_name":"Vampire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_film"},{"link_name":"Zombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_zombie_films"},{"link_name":"Zombie comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_comedy"},{"link_name":"Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_film"},{"link_name":"Mouth of Garbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo"},{"link_name":"Muslim social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_social"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_documentary"},{"link_name":"Environmental issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_films"},{"link_name":"Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_film"},{"link_name":"Outlaw biker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film"},{"link_name":"Ozploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozploitation"},{"link_name":"Partisan film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_film"},{"link_name":"Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_film"},{"link_name":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_prison_film"},{"link_name":"Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_film"},{"link_name":"Rape and revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film"},{"link_name":"Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_movie"},{"link_name":"Rubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm"},{"link_name":"Rumberas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumberas_film"},{"link_name":"Sexploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexploitation_film"},{"link_name":"Bavarian porn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_porn"},{"link_name":"Commedia sexy all'italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana"},{"link_name":"Mexican sex comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy"},{"link_name":"Nazi exploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_exploitation"},{"link_name":"Pornochanchada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornochanchada"},{"link_name":"Nunsploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunsploitation"},{"link_name":"Sex report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_report_film"},{"link_name":"Shoshimin-eiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga"},{"link_name":"Slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery"},{"link_name":"Slice of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slice_of_life"},{"link_name":"Snuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuff_film"},{"link_name":"South Seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Seas_genre"},{"link_name":"Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_film"},{"link_name":"Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_film"},{"link_name":"Eurospy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurospy_film"},{"link_name":"Superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero_film"},{"link_name":"Surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_film"},{"link_name":"Swashbuckler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swashbuckler_film"},{"link_name":"Sword-and-sandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword-and-sandal"},{"link_name":"Sword and sorcery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery"},{"link_name":"Travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_documentary"},{"link_name":"Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_film"},{"link_name":"Vigilante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilante_film"},{"link_name":"War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_film"},{"link_name":"Anti-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films"},{"link_name":"Euro War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_War"},{"link_name":"Submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_films"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_film"},{"link_name":"Acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_Western"},{"link_name":"Contemporary Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Western"},{"link_name":"Dacoit Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacoit_Western"},{"link_name":"Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Western"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Western"},{"link_name":"Horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_Western"},{"link_name":"Meat pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Western"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Ostern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostern"},{"link_name":"Revisionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionist_Western"},{"link_name":"Science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_Western"},{"link_name":"Singing cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing_cowboy"},{"link_name":"Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Western"},{"link_name":"Spaghetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti_Western"},{"link_name":"Weird Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_West"},{"link_name":"Zapata Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapata_Western"},{"link_name":"Absolute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_film"},{"link_name":"American eccentric cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema"},{"link_name":"New Objectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"Australian New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Auteur films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auteur"},{"link_name":"Berlin School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"Bourekas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourekas_film"},{"link_name":"Brighton School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"British New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Kitchen sink realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism"},{"link_name":"Budapest school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_school"},{"link_name":"Calligrafismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligrafismo"},{"link_name":"Cannibal boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibal_film"},{"link_name":"Cinéma du look","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look"},{"link_name":"Cinema Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_Novo"},{"link_name":"Cinema of Transgression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression"},{"link_name":"Cinéma pur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur"},{"link_name":"Commedia all'italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Documentary Film Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement"},{"link_name":"Dogme 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogme_95"},{"link_name":"Erra Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erra_Cinema"},{"link_name":"European art cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_art_cinema"},{"link_name":"Film d'art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_d%27art"},{"link_name":"Film gris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_gris"},{"link_name":"Free Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Cinema"},{"link_name":"French New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"German Expressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Expressionism"},{"link_name":"German underground horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_underground_horror"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema"},{"link_name":"Grupo Cine Liberación","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Heimatfilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimatfilm"},{"link_name":"Hollywood on the Tiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Indiewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiewood"},{"link_name":"Iranian New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Italian futurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema"},{"link_name":"Italian neorealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_neorealism"},{"link_name":"Japanese New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Kammerspielfilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammerspielfilm"},{"link_name":"L.A. Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Lettrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Modernist film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_film"},{"link_name":"Mumblecore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumblecore"},{"link_name":"Neorealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorealism_(art)"},{"link_name":"New French Extremity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Extremity"},{"link_name":"New German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_German_Cinema"},{"link_name":"New generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)"},{"link_name":"New Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"New Nollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema"},{"link_name":"New Queer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Queer_Cinema"},{"link_name":"No wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema"},{"link_name":"Nuevo Cine Mexicano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano"},{"link_name":"Pan-Indian film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Indian_film"},{"link_name":"Parallel cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_cinema"},{"link_name":"Persian Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfarsi"},{"link_name":"Poetic realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_realism"},{"link_name":"Polish Film School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Film_School"},{"link_name":"Poliziotteschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliziotteschi"},{"link_name":"Praška filmska škola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prague_film_school"},{"link_name":"Prussian film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_film"},{"link_name":"Pure Film Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement"},{"link_name":"Remodernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remodernist_film"},{"link_name":"Romanian New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Slow cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_cinema"},{"link_name":"Spaghetti Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti_Western"},{"link_name":"Socialist realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_realism"},{"link_name":"Social realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_realism"},{"link_name":"Kitchen sink realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism"},{"link_name":"Soviet parallel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema"},{"link_name":"Structural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_film"},{"link_name":"Surrealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealist_cinema"},{"link_name":"Sword-and-sandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword-and-sandal"},{"link_name":"Telefoni Bianchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi"},{"link_name":"Third Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Cinema"},{"link_name":"Toronto New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Vulgar auteurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Black Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave"},{"link_name":"Adult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographic_film"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_film"},{"link_name":"Children and family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_film"},{"link_name":"Anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga"},{"link_name":"Seinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinen_manga"},{"link_name":"Stag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stag_film"},{"link_name":"Teen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_film"},{"link_name":"Shōnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga"},{"link_name":"Shōjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga"},{"link_name":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_film"},{"link_name":"Chick flick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_flick"},{"link_name":"Josei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei_manga"},{"link_name":"3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_film"},{"link_name":"Actuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuality_film"},{"link_name":"Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation"},{"link_name":"Anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthouse_animation"},{"link_name":"Cartoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_cartoon"},{"link_name":"Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation"},{"link_name":"Stop-motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_motion"},{"link_name":"Traditional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_animation"},{"link_name":"Anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_film"},{"link_name":"Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_film"},{"link_name":"B movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_movie"},{"link_name":"Behind-the-scenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind-the-scenes"},{"link_name":"Black-and-white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white"},{"link_name":"Blockbuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)"},{"link_name":"Cinéma vérité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Classical Hollywood cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema"},{"link_name":"Collage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage_film"},{"link_name":"Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film"},{"link_name":"Compilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_film"},{"link_name":"Composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_film"},{"link_name":"Computer screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenlife"},{"link_name":"Cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_film"},{"link_name":"midnight movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_movie"},{"link_name":"Database cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_cinema"},{"link_name":"Docufiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docufiction"},{"link_name":"Ethnofiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnofiction"},{"link_name":"Experimental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_film"},{"link_name":"Abstract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_animation"},{"link_name":"Feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_film"},{"link_name":"Featurette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featurette"},{"link_name":"Film à clef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef"},{"link_name":"Film-poem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film-poem"},{"link_name":"Found footage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)"},{"link_name":"Grindhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindhouse"},{"link_name":"Hyperlink cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_film"},{"link_name":"Guerrilla filmmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking"},{"link_name":"List of American independent films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films"},{"link_name":"Interstitial art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_art"},{"link_name":"Live action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_action"},{"link_name":"animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation"},{"link_name":"Low-budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-budget_film"},{"link_name":"Major film studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_film_studios"},{"link_name":"Masala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masala_film"},{"link_name":"Maximalist film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximalist_film"},{"link_name":"Message picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_picture"},{"link_name":"Meta-film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacinema"},{"link_name":"Minimalist film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalist_film"},{"link_name":"Mockbuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockbuster"},{"link_name":"Modernist film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_film"},{"link_name":"Musical short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_short"},{"link_name":"Mythopoeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythopoeia"},{"link_name":"Neorealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorealism_(art)"},{"link_name":"No-budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-budget_film"},{"link_name":"One-shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-shot_film"},{"link_name":"Paracinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracinema"},{"link_name":"Participatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_cinema"},{"link_name":"Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_film"},{"link_name":"Postmodernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernist_film"},{"link_name":"Reverse motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_motion"},{"link_name":"Satire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Sceneggiata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceneggiata"},{"link_name":"Semidocumentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidocumentary"},{"link_name":"Serial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_film"},{"link_name":"Shinpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinpa"},{"link_name":"Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"Silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"Slow cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_cinema"},{"link_name":"Socialist realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_realism"},{"link_name":"Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_film"},{"link_name":"Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_film"},{"link_name":"Video nasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_nasty"},{"link_name":"Vulgar auteurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism"},{"link_name":"Z movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_movie"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Film_genres"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Film"}],"text":"^ Walker, John. (1992) \"Lettrism\". Glossary of Art, Architecture & Design since 1945, 3rd. ed.\n\n^ See Isou, Les véritables créateurs et les falsificateurs de dada, du surréalisme et du lettrisme (1973), and Maurice Lemaître, Le lettrisme devant dada et les nécrophages de dada (1967).\n\n^ See Isou, Réflexions sur André Breton (1948).\n\n^ For fuller chronological details, see Curtay, La poésie lettriste; Foster, Lettrisme: Into the Present; Sabatier, Le lettrisme.\n\n^ Interview with Roland Sabatier, 15 November 1999, in La Termitière, no. 8.\n\n^ Andrew Hussey, The Game of War (London: Jonathan Cape, 2001), p. 37.\n\n^ See Satié, Le lettrisme, la creation ininterrompue (Paris: Jean-Paul Rocher, 2003), 56n34.\n\n^ See Patrick Straram, La veuve blanche et noire un peu détournée (Paris Sens & Tonka, 2006), 21–22, 81–82; Figures de la négation (Saint-Etienne Métropole: Musée d'Art Moderne, 2004), 78–80.\n\n^ Figures de la négation, 118; Henri Chopin, Poésie sonore (Paris: Jean-Michel Place, 1979), 88-93.\n\n^ Figures de la négation, 76; Gil J. Wolman, Défense de mourir (Paris: Editions Allia, 2001), 144–45.\n\n^ Quoted in Art Tribes, ed. Achille Bonito Oliva (Milan: Skira, 2002), 274n2.\n\n^ http://www.arkepix.com/kinok/DVD/ASSAYAS_Olivier/dvd_noise.html (French site)vteLettrismArtists\nGuy Debord\nFrançois Dufrêne\nIsidore Isou\nAude Jessemin\nJan Kubíček\nMaurice Lemaître\nAnton Perich\nGabriel Pomerand\nGil J. Wolman\nWorks\nVenom and Eternity (1951)\nHurlements en faveur de Sade (1952)\nRelated\nLetterist International\nUltra-Lettrist\nHypergraphyvteModernismMovements\nAcmeism\nArt Deco\nArt Nouveau\nAshcan School\nConstructivism\nCubism\nDada\nExpressionism\nDer Blaue Reiter\nDie Brücke\nMusic\nFauvism\nFunctionalism\nBauhaus\nFuturism\nImagism\nLettrism\nNeoplasticism\nDe Stijl\nOrphism\nSurrealism\nSymbolism\nSynchromism\nTonalism\nLiterary artsLiterature\nApollinaire\nBarnes\nBeckett\nBely \nBreton\nBroch \nBulgakov\nChekhov\nConrad\nDöblin\nForster\nFaulkner\nFlaubert\nFord\nGide\nHamsun\nHašek\nHemingway\nHesse\nJoyce\nKafka\nKoestler\nLawrence\nMann\nMansfield\nMarinetti\nMusil\nDos Passos \nPlatonov \nPorter\nProust\nStein\nSvevo\nUnamuno \nWoolf\nPoetry\nAkhmatova\nAldington\nAuden\nCavafy\nCendrars\nCrane\nH.D.\nDesnos\nEliot\nÉluard\nElytis\nGeorge\nJacob\nLorca\nLowell (Amy)\nLowell (Robert)\nMallarmé\nMoore\nOwen\nPessoa\nPound\nRilke\nSeferis\nStevens\nThomas\nTzara\nValéry\nWilliams\nYeats\nWorks\nIn Search of Lost Time (1913–1927)\nThe Metamorphosis (1915)\nUlysses (1922)\nThe Waste Land (1922)\nThe Magic Mountain (1924)\nMrs Dalloway (1925)\nThe Sun Also Rises (1926)\nThe Master and Margarita (1928–1940)\nThe Sound and the Fury (1929)\nVisual artsPainting\nAlbers\nArp\nBalthus\nBellows\nBoccioni\nBonnard\nBrâncuși\nBraque\nCalder\nCassatt\nCézanne\nChagall\nChirico\nClaudel\nDalí\nDegas\nKooning\nDelaunay\nDelaunay\nDemuth\nDix\nDoesburg\nDuchamp\nDufy\nEnsor\nErnst\nGauguin\nGiacometti\nvan Gogh\nGoncharova\nGris\nGrosz\nHöch\nHopper\nKahlo\nKandinsky\nKirchner\nKlee\nKokoschka\nLéger\nMagritte\nMalevich\nManet\nMarc\nMatisse\nMetzinger\nMiró\nModigliani\nMondrian\nMonet\nMoore\nMunch\nNolde\nO'Keeffe\nPicabia\nPicasso\nPissarro\nRay\nRedon\nRenoir\nRodin\nRousseau\nSchiele\nSeurat\nSignac\nSisley\nSoutine\nSteichen\nStieglitz\nToulouse-Lautrec\nVuillard\nWood\nFilm\nAkerman \nAldrich\nAntonioni\nAvery\nBergman\nBresson\nBuñuel\nCarné\nCassavetes\nChaplin\nClair\nCocteau\nDassin\nDeren\nDovzhenko\nDreyer\nEdwards\nEisenstein\nEpstein\nFassbinder\nFellini\nFlaherty\nFord\nFuller\nGance\nGodard\nHitchcock\nHubley\nJones\nKeaton\nKubrick\nKuleshov\nKurosawa\nLang\nLosey\nLupino\nMarker\nMinnelli\nMurnau\nOzu\nPabst\nPudovkin\nRay (Nicholas)\nRay (Satyajit)\nResnais\nRenoir\nRichardson\nRossellini\nSirk\nSjöström\nSternberg\nTarkovsky\nTati\nTrnka\nTruffaut\nVarda\nVertov\nVigo\nWelles\nWiene\nWood\nArchitecture\nBreuer\nBunshaft\nGaudí\nGropius\nGuimard\nHorta\nHundertwasser\nJohnson\nKahn\nLe Corbusier\nLoos\nMelnikov\nMendelsohn\nNervi\nNeutra\nNiemeyer\nRietveld\nSaarinen\nSteiner\nSullivan\nTatlin\nMies\nWright\nWorks\nA Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1886)\nMont Sainte-Victoir (1887)\nThe Starry Night (1889)\nLes Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907)\nThe Dance (1909–1910)\nNude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912)\nBlack Square (1915)\nThe Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920)\nBallet Mécanique (1923)\nBattleship Potemkin (1925)\nMetropolis (1927)\nUn Chien Andalou (1929)\nVilla Savoye (1931)\nFallingwater (1936)\nCitizen Kane (1941)\nMeshes of the Afternoon (1943)\nPerformingartsMusic\nAntheil\nBartók\nBerg\nBerio\nBoulanger\nBoulez\nCopland\nDebussy\nDutilleux\nFeldman\nGórecki\nHindemith\nHonegger\nIves\nJanáček\nLigeti\nLutosławski\nMilhaud\nNono\nPartch\nRussolo\nSatie\nSchaeffer\nSchoenberg\nScriabin\nStockhausen\nStrauss\nStravinsky\nSzymanowski\nVarèse\nVilla-Lobos\nWebern\nWeill\nTheatre\nAnderson\nAnouilh\nArtaud\nBeckett\nBrecht\nChekhov\nIbsen\nJarry\nKaiser\nMaeterlinck\nMayakovsky\nO'Casey\nO'Neill\nOsborne\nPirandello\nPiscator\nStrindberg\nToller\nWedekind\nWilder\nWitkiewicz\nDance\nBalanchine\nCunningham\nDiaghilev\nDuncan\nFokine\nFuller\nGraham\nHolm\nLaban\nMassine\nNijinsky\nShawn\nSokolow\nSt. Denis\nTamiris\nWiesenthal\nWigman\nWorks\nDon Juan (1888)\nUbu Roi (1896)\nVerklärte Nacht (1899)\nPelléas et Mélisande (1902)\nSalome (1905)\nThe Firebird (1910)\nAfternoon of a Faun (1912)\nThe Rite of Spring (1913)\nFountain (1917)\nSix Characters in Search of an Author (1921)\nThe Threepenny Opera (1928)\nWaiting for Godot (1953)\nRelated\nAmerican modernism\nArmory Show\nAvant-garde\nBallets Russes\nBloomsbury Group\nBuddhist modernism\nClassical Hollywood cinema\nDegenerate art\nEcomodernism\nExperimental film\nFilm noir\nFourth dimension in art\nFourth dimension in literature\nGrosvenor School of Modern Art\nHanshinkan Modernism\nHigh modernism\nHippie modernism\nImpressionism\nMusic\nLiterature\nPost-\nIncoherents\nInternational Style\nLate modernism\nLate modernity\nList of art movements\nList of avant-garde artists\nList of modernist poets\nMaximalism\nModernity\nNeo-primitivism\nNeo-romanticism\nNew Hollywood\nNew Objectivity\nPoetic realism\nPostmodern music\nPostmodernism\nFilm\nTelevision\nPulp noir\nReactionary modernism\nMetamodernism\nRemodernism\nSecond Viennese School\nStructural film\nUnderground film\nVulgar modernism\n← Romanticism\n CategoryvteAvant-garde movementsVisual art\nAbstract expressionism\nArt Nouveau\nArt & Language\nConceptual art\nConstructivism\nProto-Cubism\nCubism\nFunctionalism\nBauhaus\nGrosvenor School\nDevětsil\nDivisionism\nFauvism\nImpressionism\nNeo-Impressionism\nPost-Impressionism\nColor Field\nIncoherents\nLyrical Abstraction\nMail art\nMinimalism\nMir iskusstva\nMultidimensional art\nNeoplasticism\nDe Stijl\nNeue Slowenische Kunst\nNonconformism\nNouveau réalisme\nOrphism\nPerformance art\nPop art\nProcess art\nPurism\nRayonism\nSuprematism\nTemporary art\nVorticism\nLiteratureand poetry\nAcmeism\nAngry Penguins\nAsemic writing\nConceptual poetry\nCyberpunk\nEgo-Futurism\nExperimental literature\nFlarf poetry\nHungry generation\nImaginism\nImagism\nLanguage poets\nNeoavanguardia\nNeoteric\nNouveau roman\nOberiu\nOulipo\nSlam poetry\nUltraísmo\nVisual poetry\nZaum\nMusicBy style\nFunk\nJazz\nFree funk\nYass\nPop\nRock\nProg\nPunk\nMetal\nOthers\nAleatoric music\nArs nova\nArs subtilior\nAtonal music\nElectroacoustic music\nElectronic music\nIndustrial music\nExperimental pop\nFree jazz\nFree improvisation\nFuturism\nMicrotonal music\nMinimal music\nDrone music\nMusic theatre\nMusique concrète\nNew Complexity\nNo wave\nNoise music\nPost-rock\nRock in Opposition\nSecond Viennese School\nSerialism\nSpectral music\nStochastic music\nTextural music\nTotalism\nTwelve-tone technique\nCinemaand theatre\nCinéma pur\nDogme 95\nDrop Art\nEpic theatre\nExperimental film\nExperimental theatre\nModernist film\nPoetic realism\nPostdramatic theatre\nRemodernist film\nStructural film\nTheatre of the Absurd\nTheatre of Cruelty\nGeneral\nConstructivism\nDada\nExpressionism\nFluxus\nFuturism\nRussian Futurism\nCubo-Futurism\nLettrism\nModernism\nMinimalism\nPostminimalism\nNeo-minimalism\nNeo-Dada\nNeoism\nPostmodernism\nPostmodernist film\nLate modernism\nPrimitivism\nSituationist International\nSocial realism\nSocialist realism\nSurrealism\nSymbolism\nRussian symbolismvteWestern, Modern and Contemporary art movementsList of art movements / PeriodsPremodern(Western)Ancient\nThracian\nDacian\nNuragic\nAegean\nCycladic\nMinoan\nMinyan ware\nMycenaean\nGreek\nSub-Mycenaean\nProtogeometric\nGeometric\nOrientalizing\nArchaic\nBlack-figure\nRed-figure\nSevere style\nClassical\nKerch style\nHellenistic\n\"Baroque\"\nIndo-Greek\nGreco-Buddhist\nNeo-Attic\nEtruscan\nScythian\nIberian\nGaulish\nRoman\nRepublican\nGallo-Roman\nJulio-Claudian\nPompeian Styles\nTrajanic\nSeveran\nMedieval\nLate antique\nEarly Christian\nCoptic\nEthiopian\nMigration Period\nAnglo-Saxon\nHunnic\nInsular\nLombard\nVisigothic\nDonor portrait\nPictish\nMozarabic\nRepoblación\nViking\nByzantine\nIconoclast\nMacedonian\nPalaeologan\nItalo-Byzantine\nFrankish\nMerovingian\nCarolingian\nPre-Romanesque\nOttonian\nRomanesque\nMosan\nSpanish\nNorman\nNorman-Sicilian\nOpus Anglicanum\nGothic\nInternational Gothic\nInternational Gothic art in Italy\nLucchese School\nCrusades\nNovgorod School\nDuecento\nSienese School\nMudéjar\nMedieval cartography\nItalian school\nMajorcan school\nMappa mundi\nRenaissance\nItalian Renaissance\nTrecento\nProto-Renaissance\nFlorentine School\nPittura infamante\nQuattrocento\nFerrarese School\nForlivese School\nVenetian School\nDi sotto in sù\nCinquecento\nHigh Renaissance\nBolognese School\nMannerism\nCounter-Maniera\nNorthern Renaissance\nEarly Netherlandish\nWorld landscape\nGhent-Bruges school\nNorthern Mannerism\nGerman Renaissance\nCologne School\nDanube school\nDutch and Flemish Renaissance\nAntwerp Mannerism\nRomanism\nStill life\nEnglish Renaissance\nTudor court\nCretan School\nTurquerie\nFontainebleau School\nArt of the late 16th century in Milan\n17th century\nBaroque\nFlemish Baroque\nCaravaggisti\nin Utrecht\nTenebrism\nQuadratura\nLouis XIII style\nLutheran Baroque\nStroganov School\nAnimal painting\nGuild of Romanists\nDutch Golden Age\nDelft School\nCapriccio\nHeptanese School\nClassicism\nLouis XIV style\nPoussinists and Rubenists\n18th century\nRococo\nRocaille\nLouis XV style\nFrederician\nChinoiserie\nFête galante\nNeoclassicism\nGoût grec\nLouis XVI style\nAdam style\nDirectoire style\nPicturesque\nColonial art\nArt of the African diaspora\nAfrican-American\nCaribbean\nHaitian\nColonial Asian art\nArts in the Philippines\nLetras y figuras\nTipos del País\nColonial Asian Baroque\nCompany style\nLatin American art\nCasta painting\nIndochristian art\nChilote School\nCusco School\nQuito School\nLatin American Baroque\nArt borrowingWestern elements\nIslamic\nMoorish\nManichaean\nMughal\nQajar\nQing handicrafts\nWestern influence in Japan\nAkita ranga\nUki-e\nTransitionto modern(c. 1770–1862)\nRomanticism\nFairy painting\nDanish Golden Age\nTroubadour style\nNazarene movement\nPurismo\nShoreham Ancients\nDüsseldorf School\nPre-Raphaelites\nHudson River School\nAmerican luminism\nOrientalism\nNorwich School\nEmpire style\nHistoricism\nRevivalism\nBiedermeier\nRealism\nBarbizon school\nCostumbrismo\nVerismo\nMacchiaioli\nAcademic art\nMunich School\nin Greece\nNeo-Grec\nEtching revival\nModern(1863–1944)1863–1899\nNeo-romanticism\nNational romanticism\nYōga\nNihonga\nJaponisme\nAnglo-Japanese style\nBeuron School\nHague School\nPeredvizhniki\nImpressionism\nAmerican\nHoosier Group\nBoston School\nAmsterdam\nCanadian\nHeidelberg School\nAestheticism\nArts and Crafts\nArt pottery\nTonalism\nDecadent movement\nSymbolism\nRomanian\nRussian\nVolcano School\nIncoherents\nPost-Impressionism\nNeo-Impressionism\nLuminism\nDivisionism\nPointillism\nPont-Aven School\nCloisonnism\nSynthetism\nLes Nabis\nAmerican Barbizon school\nCalifornia Tonalism\nCostumbrismo\n1900–1914\nArt Nouveau\nPrimitivism\nCalifornia Impressionism\nSecessionism\nSchool of Paris\nMunich Secession\nVienna Secession\nBerlin Secession\nSonderbund\nPennsylvania Impressionism\nMir iskusstva\nTen American Painters\nFauvism\nExpressionism\nDie Brücke\nDer Blaue Reiter\nNoucentisme\nDeutscher Werkbund\nAmerican Realism\nAshcan School\nCubism\nProto-Cubism\nOrphism\nA Nyolcak\nNeue Künstlervereinigung München\nFuturism\nCubo-Futurism\nArt Deco\nMetaphysical\nRayonism\nProductivism\nSynchromism\nVorticism\n1915–1944\nSosaku-hanga\nSuprematism\nSchool of Paris\nCrystal Cubism\nConstructivism\nLatin American\nUniversal Constructivism\nDada\nShin-hanga\nNeoplasticism\nDe Stijl\nPurism\nReturn to order\nNovecento Italiano\nFigurative Constructivism\nStupid\nCologne Progressives\nArbeitsrat für Kunst\nNovember Group\nAustralian tonalism\nDresden Secession\nSocial realism\nFunctionalism\nBauhaus\nKinetic art\nAnthropophagy\nMingei\nGroup of Seven\nNew Objectivity\nGrosvenor School\nNeues Sehen\nSurrealism\nIranian\nLatin American\nMexican muralism\nNeo-Fauvism\nPrecisionism\nAeropittura\nAsso\nScuola Romana\nCercle et Carré\nHarlem Renaissance\nKapists\nRegionalism\nCalifornia Scene Painting\nHeroic realism\nSocialist realism\nNazi art\nStreamline Moderne\nConcrete art\nAbstraction-Création\nThe Ten\nDimensionism\nBoston Expressionism\nLeningrad School\nContemporaryand Postmodern(1945–present)1945–1959\nInternational Typographic Style\nAbstract expressionism\nWashington Color School\nVisionary art\nVienna School of Fantastic Realism\nSpatialism\nColor field\nLyrical abstraction\nTachisme\nArte Informale\nCOBRA\nNuagisme\nGeneración de la Ruptura\nJikken Kōbō\nMetcalf Chateau\nMono-ha\nNanyang Style\nAction painting\nAmerican Figurative Expressionism\nin New York\nNew media art\nNew York School\nHard-edge painting\nBay Area Figurative Movement\nLes Plasticiens\nGutai Art Association\nGendai Bijutsu Kondankai\nPop art\nSituationist International\nSoviet Nonconformist\nUkrainian underground\nLettrism\nLetterist International\nUltra-Lettrist\nFlorida Highwaymen\nCybernetic art\nAntipodeans\n1960–1969\nOtra Figuración\nAfrofuturism\nNueva Presencia\nZERO\nHappening\nNeo-Dada\nNeo-Dada Organizers\nOp art\nNouveau réalisme\nNouvelle tendance\nCapitalist realism\nArt & Language\nArte Povera\nBlack Arts Movement\nThe Caribbean Artists Movement\nChicano art movement\nConceptual art\nLand art\nSystems art\nVideo art\nMinimalism\nFluxus\nGenerative art\nPost-painterly abstraction\nIntermedia\nPsychedelic art\nNut Art\nPhotorealism\nEnvironmental art\nPerformance art\nProcess art\nInstitutional critique\nLight and Space\nStreet art\nFeminist art movement\nin the US\nSaqqakhaneh movement\nThe Stars Art Group\nTropicália\nYoru no Kai\nArtificial intelligence art\n1970–1999\nPost-conceptual art\nInstallation art\nArtscene\nPostminimalism\nEndurance art\nSots Art\nMoscow Conceptualists\nPattern and Decoration\nPliontanism\nPunk art\nNeo-expressionism\nTransavantgarde\nSaint Soleil School\nGuerrilla art\nLowbrow art\nTelematic art\nAppropriation art\nNeo-conceptual art\nNew European Painting\nTunisian collaborative painting\nMemphis Group\nCyberdelic\nNeue Slowenische Kunst\nScratch video\nRetrofuturism\nYoung British Artists\nSuperfiction\nTaring Padi\nSuperflat\nNew Leipzig School\nArtist-run initiative\nArtivism\nThe Designers Republic\nGrunge design\nVerdadism\n2000–present\nAmazonian pop art\nAltermodern\nArt for art\nArt game\nArt intervention\nBrandalism\nClassical Realism\nContemporary African art\nAfricanfuturism\nContemporary Indigenous Australian art\nCrypto art\nCyborg art\nExcessivism\nFictive art\nFlat design\nCorporate Memphis\nHypermodernism\nHyperrealism\nIdea art\nInternet art\nPost-Internet\niPhone art\nKitsch movement\nLightpainting\nMassurrealism\nModern European ink painting\nNeo-futurism\nNeomodern\nNeosymbolism\nPassionism\nPost-YBAs\nRelational art\nSkeuomorphism\nSoftware art\nSound art\nStuckism\nSuperflat\nSoFlo Superflat\nSuperstroke\nToyism\nUnilalianism\nWalking Artists Network\nRelated topics\nHistory of art\nAbstract art\nAsemic writing\nAnti-art\nAvant-garde\nBallets Russes\nChristian art\nArt in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation\nCatholic art\nIcon\nLutheran art\nDigital art\nFantastic art\nFolk art\nHierarchy of genres\nGenre painting\nHistory painting\nIlluminated manuscript\nIllustration\nInteractive art\nJewish art\nKitsch\nLandscape painting\nModernism\nModern sculpture\nLate modernism\nNaïve art\nOutsider art\nPortrait\nPrehistoric European art\nQueer art\nRealism\nShock art\nTrompe-l'œil\nWestern painting\n\n CategoryvteFilm genresBy style\nAction\nArthouse\nHeroic bloodshed\nHong Kong action\nAdventure\nSurvival\nArt\nBiographical\nChristian\nComedy\nAction\nBlack\nCommedia all'italiana\nSexy\nBromantic\nDramedy\nGross out\nHorror\nParody\nMo lei tau\nThriller\nRemarriage\nRomantic\nSex\nScrewball\nSilent\nSlapstick\nCyberpunk\nJapanese\nDocumentary\nAnimated\nCity symphony\nDocudrama\nMockumentary\nMondo\nPseudo\nSemi\nTravel\nVideo essay\nDrama\nCalligrafismo\nDramedy\nHistorical\nLegal\nMelodrama\nKorean\nErotic\nCommedia sexy all'italiana\nPink\nSexploitation\nThriller\nEducational\nSocial guidance\nEpic\nSword-and-sandal\nExperimental\nExploitation\nsee Exploitation film template\nFantasy\nComedy\nContemporary\nFantastique\nHigh\nHistorical\nMagic realism\nScience\nFilm noir\nNeo-noir\nPulp noir\nTech noir\nGothic\nRomance\nSouthern\nSpace\nSuburban\nUrban\nHorror\nArthouse\nBody\nCannibal\nChinese horror\nChristmas horror\nComedy\nEco\nFantastique\nFound footage\nGerman underground\nGhost\nGiallo\nHoliday\nJapanese horror\nKorean horror\nLovecraftian\nNatural\nNew French Extremity\nPsycho-biddy\nPsychological\nReligious\nScience fiction\nSlasher\nSplatter\nSatanic\nMaximalist film\nMinimalist film\nMumblecore\nMusical\nArthouse\nBackstage\nJukebox\nMusicarello\nOperetta\nSceneggiata\nMystery\nDetective\nOccult detective\nWhodunit\nGiallo\nPop culture fiction\nCrossover\nPornographic\nHardcore pornography\nSoftcore pornography\n(Malayalam)\nPropaganda\nReality\nRomantic\nComedy\nBromantic\nFantasy\nGothic\nParanormal\nThriller\nScience fiction\nArt\nComedy\nFantastique\nFantasy\nGothic\nHorror\nMilitary\nNew Wave\nPlanetary romance\nSpace opera\nSteampunk\nTokusatsu\nWestern\nSlice of life\nSlow cinema\nThriller\nComedy\nErotic\nFinancial\nGiallo\nLegal\nNew French Extremity\nPolitical\nPsychological\nRomantic\nTechno\nTransgressive\nCinema of Transgression\nExtreme cinema\nNew French Extremity\nTrick\nBy theme\nAnimals\nBeach party\nBody swap\nBuddy\nBuddy cop\nFemale\nCannibal\nChicano\nColonial\nComing-of-age\nConcert\nCrime\nDetective\nGangster\nGentleman thief\nGokudō\nGong'an\nHeist\nHeroic bloodshed\nHood\nMafia\nMafia comedy\nMumbai underworld\nPoliziotteschi\nYakuza\nDance\nDisaster\nApocalyptic\nDrug\nPsychedelic\nStoner\nDystopian\nEcchi\nEconomic\nEthnographic\nExploitation\nBlaxploitation\nMexploitation\nTurksploitation\nExtraterrestrial\nFood and drink\nGendai-geki\nGhost\nGoona-goona epic\nGothic\nRomance\nSpace\nSuburban\nGirls with guns\nHarem\nHentai\nLolicon\nShotacon\nTentacle erotica\nHomeland\nIsekai\nJidaigeki\nSamurai\nKaitō\nLGBT\nYaoi\nYuri\nLuchador\nMagical girl\nMartial arts\nBruceploitation\nChopsocky\nGun fu\nKung fu\nNinja\nWuxia\nMecha\nAnime\nMonster\nGiant monster\nKaiju\nMummy\nVampire\nZombie\nZombie comedy\nMountain\nMouth of Garbage\nMuslim social\nNature\nEnvironmental issues\nOpera\nOutlaw biker\nOzploitation\nPartisan film\nPrison\nWomen\nRace\nRape and revenge\nRoad\nRubble\nRumberas\nSexploitation\nBavarian porn\nCommedia sexy all'italiana\nMexican sex comedy\nNazi exploitation\nPornochanchada\nNunsploitation\nSex report\nShoshimin-eiga\nSlavery\nSlice of life\nSnuff\nSouth Seas\nSports\nSpy\nEurospy\nSuperhero\nSurfing\nSwashbuckler\nSword-and-sandal\nSword and sorcery\nTravel\nTrial\nVigilante\nWar\nAnti-war\nEuro War\nSubmarine\nWestern\nAcid\nContemporary Western\nDacoit Western\nFantasy\nFlorida\nHorror\nMeat pie\nNorthern\nOstern\nRevisionist\nScience fiction\nSinging cowboy\nSpace\nSpaghetti\nWeird Western\nZapata Western\nBy movement or period\nAbsolute\nAmerican eccentric cinema\nNew Objectivity\nAustralian New Wave\nAuteur films\nBerlin School\nBourekas\nBrighton School\nBritish New Wave\nKitchen sink realism\nBudapest school\nCalligrafismo\nCannibal boom\nCinéma du look\nCinema Novo\nCinema of Transgression\nCinéma pur\nCommedia all'italiana\nCzechoslovak New Wave\nDocumentary Film Movement\nDogme 95\nErra Cinema\nEuropean art cinema\nFilm d'art\nFilm gris\nFree Cinema\nFrench New Wave\nGerman Expressionist\nGerman underground horror\nNigerian Golden Age\nGrupo Cine Liberación\nHeimatfilm\nHollywood on the Tiber\nHong Kong New Wave\nIndiewood\nIranian New Wave\nItalian futurist\nItalian neorealist\nJapanese New Wave\nKammerspielfilm\nL.A. Rebellion\nLettrist\nModernist film\nMumblecore\nNeorealist\nNew French Extremity\nNew German\nNew generation\nNew Hollywood\nNew Nollywood\nNew Queer\nNo wave\nNuevo Cine Mexicano\nPan-Indian film\nParallel cinema\nPersian Film\nPoetic realist\nPolish Film School\nPoliziotteschi\nPraška filmska škola\nPrussian film\nPure Film Movement\nRemodernist\nRomanian New Wave\nSlow cinema\nSpaghetti Western\nSocialist realist\nSocial realist\nKitchen sink realism\nSoviet parallel\nStructural\nSurrealist\nSword-and-sandal\nTelefoni Bianchi\nThird Cinema\nToronto New Wave\nVulgar auteurism\nYugoslav Black Wave\nBy demographic\nAdult\nBlack\nChildren and family\nAnime\nMen\nSeinen\nStag\nTeen\nShōnen\nShōjo\nWomen\nChick flick\nJosei\nBy format, technique, approach, or production\n3D\nActuality\nAnimation\nAnime\nArt\nCartoon\nComputer\nStop-motion\nTraditional\nAnthology\nArt\nB movie\nBehind-the-scenes\nBlack-and-white\nBlockbuster\nCinéma vérité\nClassical Hollywood cinema\nCollage\nColor\nCompilation\nComposite\nComputer screen\nCult\nmidnight movie\nDatabase cinema\nDocufiction\nEthnofiction\nExperimental\nAbstract\nFeature\nFeaturette\nFilm à clef\nFilm-poem\nFound footage\nGrindhouse\nHyperlink cinema\nIndependent\nGuerrilla filmmaking\nList of American independent films\nInterstitial art\nLive action\nanimation\nLow-budget\nMajor film studios\nMasala\nMaximalist film\nMessage picture\nMeta-film\nMinimalist film\nMockbuster\nModernist film\nMusical short\nMythopoeia\nNeorealist\nNo-budget\nOne-shot\nParacinema\nParticipatory\nPoetry\nPostmodernist\nReverse motion\nSatire\nSceneggiata\nSemidocumentary\nSerial\nShinpa\nShort\nSilent\nSlow cinema\nSocialist realist\nSound\nUnderground\nVideo nasty\nVulgar auteurism\nZ movie\n\n Category\n Portal","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Art movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_movements"},{"title":"Asemic writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asemic_writing"},{"title":"Situationist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situationist_International"},{"title":"Ultra-Lettrists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-Lettrists"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/originality.html","external_links_name":"Originality and Magnitude (on the system of Isou)"},{"Link":"http://antisystemic.org/DAMTP/TheEndOfTheAgeOfDivinity-Enkutatach409.pdf","external_links_name":"The End of the Age of Divinity"},{"Link":"http://www.ubu.com/vp/Jacobson.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.uglyducklingpresse.org/page-saint.html","external_links_name":"Saint Ghetto of the Loans"},{"Link":"http://www.blackscatbooks.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.blackscatbooks.com"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/WrittenInProseAlainSati","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.unpopular.org.uk/lettrism/whylettrism.html","external_links_name":"Why Lettrism?"},{"Link":"http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/originality.html","external_links_name":"Originality and Magnitude (on Isou's System)"},{"Link":"http://www.lespressesdureel.com/EN/ouvrage.php?id=5890","external_links_name":"Les presses du réel"},{"Link":"http://www.lespressesdureel.com/EN/ouvrage.php?id=1883","external_links_name":"Les presses du réel"},{"Link":"http://www.ubu.com/sound/lemaitre.html","external_links_name":"Oeuvres poètiques et musicales lettristes"},{"Link":"http://www.ubu.com/sound/wolman.html","external_links_name":"La mémoire"},{"Link":"http://www.artdesigncafe.com/lettrism-1992","external_links_name":"\"Lettrism\""},{"Link":"http://www.arkepix.com/kinok/DVD/ASSAYAS_Olivier/dvd_noise.html","external_links_name":"http://www.arkepix.com/kinok/DVD/ASSAYAS_Olivier/dvd_noise.html"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Philipps | David Philipps | ["1 Career","2 Education","3 Notable works","4 References","5 External links"] | American journalist
David PhilippsBornDavid Nathaniel Philipps1977 (age 46–47)OccupationJournalist, AuthorEducationMiddlebury College, Columbia University Graduate School of JournalismEmployerThe New York TimesNotable worksALPHA: Eddie Gallagher and the war for the soul of the Navy SEALs, Lethal Warriors, Wild Horse CountryNotable awardsPulitzer Prize (twice)
David Nathaniel Philipps (born 1977) is an American journalist, a national correspondent for The New York Times and author of three non-fiction books. His work has largely focused on the human impact of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the people who make up the United States military. He has been awarded The Pulitzer Prize twice, most recently in 2022.
Career
David Philipps has been a military correspondent for The New York Times since 2014. Previous to that he was a reporter for The Gazette in Colorado Springs. His work has largely focused on the impact of war on the men and women in uniform.
In 2022 Philipps was part of a team of reporters awarded The Pulitzer Prize for international reporting, for a series that exposed how United States military airstrikes in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan caused thousands of civilian deaths that had never been publicly reported.
The author's 2021 book, ALPHA, examines the high-profile court martial of Navy SEAL chief Edward Gallagher and the history and culture of the elite SEAL commando teams that lead to what the men who served under him testified were a number of cold-blooded murders.
In 2014, Philipps was awarded the Pulitzer for national reporting for a three-day series "Other Than Honorable" in The Gazette of Colorado Springs on the treatment of injured American soldiers being discharged without military benefits.
He has also been named a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize three times, in 2009 for an investigation of violent crime in Colorado Springs by returning combat soldiers, in 2018 for breaking news coverage of a mass shooting in Las Vegas, and most recently in 2024 for an investigation showing soldiers were getting brain injuries from firing their own weapons.
Philipps won the 2009 Livingston Award for his reporting on violence in infantry troops returning from Iraq. His book, Lethal Warriors chronicles how the 12th Infantry Regiment, stationed at Fort Carson, Colorado, produced a high number of murders after soldiers returned from unusually violent combat tours. Philipps worked for 11 years as a features writer and enterprise reporter at the Colorado Springs Gazette.
Philipps has written extensively about wild horses in the West. His work gained attention in 2012 when U.S. Secretary of Interior Ken Salazar threatened to punch him for asking about problems in the department's wild horse program. The incident was later parodied by the satirical news publication The Onion. Philipps's subsequent reporting led to state and federal investigation of the wild horse program and its largest horse buyer. His 2017 book, Wild Horse Country, traces the culture and history that created modern wild horse management.
Philipps graduated from Middlebury College in 2000 and earned a master's degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in 2002.
Education
Middlebury College, 2000
Columbia University School of Journalism, 2002
Notable works
ALPHA: Eddie Gallagher and the war for the soul of the Navy SEALs
"A Secret War, Strange New Wounds, and Silence From the Pentagon " The New York Times, Nov. 5, 2023
"Death in Navy SEALs Reveals a Culture of Brutality, Cheating and Drugs " The New York Times, Aug. 30, 2022
"How the U.S. Hid Airstrikes that Killed Dozens of Civilians " The New York Times, Nov. 13, 2021
"Civilian Deaths Mounted as Secret Unit Pounded ISIS " The New York Times, December 12, 2021
"The Unseen Scars of those who Kill by Remote Control " The New York Times, April 15, 2022
Wild Horse Country, the history, myth and future of the mustang, America's horse
"Wild Horses Adopted under a Federal Program are going to Slaughter" The New York Times, July 20, 2021
"Anger and Anguish for SEALs who reported Edward Gallagher " The New York Times, Dec. 27, 2019
"Navy SEALs were warned against reporting their chief " The New York Times, April 23, 2019
"Wounded Warrior Project Spends Lavishly on Itself " The New York Times, January 27, 2016]
"In unit stalked by suicide, members try to save one another" ," The New York Times, Sept. 19, 2015
"Other than Honorable," The Colorado Springs Gazette, May 19, 2013
"Casualties of War Archived 2014-04-05 at the Wayback Machine," The Colorado Springs Gazette, July 28, 2009.
"All the missing horses," ProPublica, Sept. 28, 2012
"Honor and Deception," The Colorado Springs Gazette, Dec. 1, 2013
References
^ "The Gazette and reporter Dave Philipps win Pulitzer Prize".
^ "Journalist David Philipps". Archived from the original on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
^ "Livingston Awards - About". Archived from the original on 2010-08-11. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
^ "Colorado: Interior Secretary Apologizes to Reporter". The New York Times. 15 November 2012.
^ https://www.theonion.com/secretary-of-interior-decks-smart-ass-buffalo-1819574054
^ "Midd Alum Wins Pulitzer for National Reporting". 15 April 2014.
vteLivingston Award winners for National Reporting(1993–1999)
Bert Robinson (1993 co-winner)
Scott Thurm (1993 co-winner)
Darcy Frey (1994)
Jeanmarie Condon (1995)
Jim Lynch (1996)
Charles Sennott (1997)
Lindsey Schwartz (1998 co-winner)
Patrick Weiland (1998 co-winner)
Laura Meckler (1999)
(2000–2009)
Ken Ward Jr. (2000)
Edward Pinde (2001)
Bob Norman (2002)
Alix Spiegel (2003)
Nicholas Confessore (2004 )
Julie Jargon (2004 )
Reese Dunklin (2005)
Robin Mejia (2006)
Stella Chavez (2007 co-winner)
Paul David Meyer (2007 co-winner)
Craig Kapitan (2008)
Mark Mazzetti (2008)
Kate Kelly (2009)
(2010–2019)
David Nathaniel Philipps (2010)
John Henion (2011 co-winner)
Mariana van Zeller (2011 co-winner)
Olga Pierce (2012 co-winner)
Jeff Larson (2012 co-winner)
Lois Beckett (2012 co-winner)
Rachel Manteuffel (2013)
Ellen Gabler (2014 co-winner)
Allan James Vestal (2014 co-winner)
Ryan Gabrielson (2015 co-winner)
Shoshana Walter (2015 co-winner)
Mike Baker (2016 co-winner)
Daniel Wagner (2016 co-winner)
Brooke Jarvis (2017)
Ronan Farrow (2018)
Michael S. Schmidt (2018 co-winner)
Emily Steel (2018 co-winner)
Chris Outcalt (2019)
vtePulitzer Prize for National ReportingPreviously the Pulitzer Prize for Telegraphic Reporting – National from 1942–19471942–1950
Louis Stark (1942)
Dewey L. Fleming (1944)
James Reston (1945)
Edward A. Harris (1946)
Edward T. Folliard (1947)
Bert Andrews & Nat S. Finney (1948)
C. P. Trussell (1949)
1950–1975
Edwin O. Guthman (1950)
Anthony Leviero (1952)
Don Whitehead (1953)
Richard Wilson (1954)
Anthony Lewis (1955)
Charles L. Bartlett (1956)
James Reston (1957)
Clark Mollenhoff & Relman Morin (1958)
Howard Van Smith (1959)
Vance Trimble (1960)
Edward R. Cony (1961)
Nathan G. Caldwell & Gene S. Graham (1962)
Anthony Lewis (1963)
Merriman Smith (1964)
Louis M. Kohlmeier Jr. (1965)
Haynes Johnson (1966)
Stanley Penn & Monroe Karmin (1967)
Nathan K. (Nick) Kotz & Howard James (1968)
Robert Cahn (1969)
William J. Eaton (1970)
Lucinda Franks (1971)
Jack Anderson (1972)
Robert Boyd & Clark Hoyt (1973)
Jack White & James R. Polk (1974)
Donald L. Barlett & James B. Steele (1975)
1976–2000
James V. Risser (1976)
Walter Mears (1977)
Gaylord D. Shaw (1978)
James V. Risser (1979)
Bette Swenson Orsini & Charles Stafford (1980)
John M. Crewdson (1981)
Rick Atkinson (1982)
The Boston Globe (1983)
John Noble Wilford (1984)
Thomas J. Knudson (1985)
Craig Flournoy, George Rodrigues & Arthur Howe (1986)
Staff of The Miami Herald & Staff of The New York Times (1987)
Tim Weiner (1988)
Donald L. Barlett & James B. Steele (1989)
Ross Anderson, Bill Dietrich, Mary Ann Gwinn & Eric Nalder (1990)
Marjie Lundstrom, Rochelle Sharpe & Gannett News Service (1991)
Jeff Taylor, Mike McGraw & The Kansas City Star (1992)
David Maraniss (1993)
Eileen Welsome (1994)
Tony Horwitz (1995)
Alix M. Freedman (1996)
Staff of The Wall Street Journal (1997)
Russell Carollo & Jeff Nesmith (1998)
Staff of The New York Times (1999)
Jeff Gerth (1999)
2000–2009
Staff of The Wall Street Journal (2000)
Staff of The New York Times (2001)
Staff of The Washington Post (2002)
Alan Miller & Kevin Sack (2003)
Staff of Los Angeles Times (2004)
Walt Bogdanich (2005)
James Risen & Eric Lichtblau (2006)
Staff of The San Diego Union-Tribune & Staff of Copley News Service including Marcus Stern & Jerry Kammer (2006)
Charlie Savage (2007)
Jo Becker & Barton Gellman (2008)
Staff of St. Petersburg Times (2009)
Matt Richtel & Staff of The New York Times (2010)
Jesse Eisinger & Jake Bernstein (2011)
David Wood (2012)
Lisa Song, Elizabeth McGowan & David Hasemyer (2013)
David Philipps (2014)
Carol D. Leonnig (2015)
Staff of The Washington Post (2016)
David Fahrenthold (2017)
Staff of The New York Times & Staff of The Washington Post (2018)
Staff of The Wall Street Journal (2019)
Dominic Gates, Steve Miletich, Mike Baker & Lewis Kamb of The Seattle Times (2020)
T. Christian Miller, Megan Rose & Robert Faurtechi of ProPublica (2020)
Staff of The New York Times (2022)
] (2023)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to David Philipps. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"}],"text":"David Nathaniel Philipps (born 1977) is an American journalist, a national correspondent for The New York Times and author of three non-fiction books. His work has largely focused on the human impact of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the people who make up the United States military. He has been awarded The Pulitzer Prize twice, most recently in 2022.","title":"David Philipps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Pulitzer Prize for international reporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pulitzer.org/winners/staff-new-york-times-0"},{"link_name":"ALPHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/653784/alpha-by-david-philipps/"},{"link_name":"Edward Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Gallagher_(Navy_SEAL)"},{"link_name":"The Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazette_(Colorado_Springs)"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pulitzer.org/finalists/dave-philipps"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pulitzer.org/finalists/staff-new-york-times2018"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pulitzer.org/finalists/dave-philipps-new-york-times"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Livingston Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"12th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Gazette"},{"link_name":"Ken Salazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Salazar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wild Horse Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wwnorton.com/books/wild-horse-country/"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"David Philipps has been a military correspondent for The New York Times since 2014. Previous to that he was a reporter for The Gazette in Colorado Springs. His work has largely focused on the impact of war on the men and women in uniform.In 2022 Philipps was part of a team of reporters awarded The Pulitzer Prize for international reporting, for a series that exposed how United States military airstrikes in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan caused thousands of civilian deaths that had never been publicly reported.The author's 2021 book, ALPHA, examines the high-profile court martial of Navy SEAL chief Edward Gallagher and the history and culture of the elite SEAL commando teams that lead to what the men who served under him testified were a number of cold-blooded murders.In 2014, Philipps was awarded the Pulitzer for national reporting for a three-day series \"Other Than Honorable\" in The Gazette of Colorado Springs on the treatment of injured American soldiers being discharged without military benefits.[1]He has also been named a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize three times, in 2009 for an investigation of violent crime in Colorado Springs by returning combat soldiers, in 2018 for breaking news coverage of a mass shooting in Las Vegas, and most recently in 2024 for an investigation showing soldiers were getting brain injuries from firing their own weapons.[citation needed]Philipps won the 2009 Livingston Award[2] for his reporting on violence in infantry troops returning from Iraq. His book, Lethal Warriors[3] chronicles how the 12th Infantry Regiment, stationed at Fort Carson, Colorado, produced a high number of murders after soldiers returned from unusually violent combat tours. Philipps worked for 11 years as a features writer and enterprise reporter at the Colorado Springs Gazette.Philipps has written extensively about wild horses in the West. His work gained attention in 2012 when U.S. Secretary of Interior Ken Salazar threatened to punch him for asking about problems in the department's wild horse program.[4] The incident was later parodied by the satirical news publication The Onion.[5] Philipps's subsequent reporting led to state and federal investigation of the wild horse program and its largest horse buyer. His 2017 book, Wild Horse Country, traces the culture and history that created modern wild horse management.Philipps graduated from Middlebury College in 2000 and earned a master's degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in 2002.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Middlebury College, 2000Columbia University School of Journalism, 2002","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ALPHA: Eddie Gallagher and the war for the soul of the Navy SEALs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/653784/alpha-by-david-philipps/"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2023/11/05/us/us-army-marines-artillery-isis-pentagon.html"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/us/navy-seal-training-death.html"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2021/11/13/us/us-airstrikes-civilian-deaths.html"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2021/12/12/us/civilian-deaths-war-isis.html"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2022/04/15/us/drones-airstrikes-ptsd.html"},{"link_name":"Wild Horse Country, the history, myth and future of the mustang, America's horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wwnorton.com/books/wild-horse-country/"},{"link_name":"\"Wild Horses Adopted under a Federal Program are going to Slaughter\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2021/05/15/us/wild-horses-adoptions-slaughter.html"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2019/12/27/us/navy-seals-edward-gallagher-video.html"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/us/navy-seals-crimes-of-war.html"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2016/01/28/us/wounded-warrior-project-spends-lavishly-on-itself-ex-employees-say.html"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/us/marine-battalion-veterans-scarred-by-suicides-turn-to-one-another-for-help.html"},{"link_name":"Other than Honorable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cdn.csgazette.biz/soldiers/"},{"link_name":"Casualties of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gazette.com/casualties-of-war-part-i-the-hell-of-war-comes-home/article/59065"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140405082742/http://gazette.com/casualties-of-war-part-i-the-hell-of-war-comes-home/article/59065"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"All the missing horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.propublica.org/article/missing-what-happened-to-wild-horses-tom-davis-bought-from-the-govt"},{"link_name":"Honor and Deception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gazette.com/honor-and-deception-a-secretive-air-force-program-recruits-academy-students-to-inform-on-fellow-cadets-and-disavows-them-afterward/article/1510262"}],"text":"ALPHA: Eddie Gallagher and the war for the soul of the Navy SEALs\n\"A Secret War, Strange New Wounds, and Silence From the Pentagon [1]\" The New York Times, Nov. 5, 2023\n\"Death in Navy SEALs Reveals a Culture of Brutality, Cheating and Drugs [2]\" The New York Times, Aug. 30, 2022\n\"How the U.S. Hid Airstrikes that Killed Dozens of Civilians [3]\" The New York Times, Nov. 13, 2021\n\"Civilian Deaths Mounted as Secret Unit Pounded ISIS [4]\" The New York Times, December 12, 2021\n\"The Unseen Scars of those who Kill by Remote Control [5]\" The New York Times, April 15, 2022\nWild Horse Country, the history, myth and future of the mustang, America's horse\n\"Wild Horses Adopted under a Federal Program are going to Slaughter\" The New York Times, July 20, 2021\n\"Anger and Anguish for SEALs who reported Edward Gallagher [6]\" The New York Times, Dec. 27, 2019\n\"Navy SEALs were warned against reporting their chief [7]\" The New York Times, April 23, 2019\n\"Wounded Warrior Project Spends Lavishly on Itself [8]\" The New York Times, January 27, 2016]\n\"In unit stalked by suicide, members try to save one another\" [9],\" The New York Times, Sept. 19, 2015\n\"Other than Honorable,\" The Colorado Springs Gazette, May 19, 2013\n\"Casualties of War Archived 2014-04-05 at the Wayback Machine,\" The Colorado Springs Gazette, July 28, 2009.\n\"All the missing horses,\" ProPublica, Sept. 28, 2012\n\"Honor and Deception,\" The Colorado Springs Gazette, Dec. 1, 2013","title":"Notable works"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Gazette and reporter Dave Philipps win Pulitzer Prize\".","urls":[{"url":"http://gazette.com/the-gazette-and-reporter-dave-philipps-win-pulitzer-prize/article/1518222","url_text":"\"The Gazette and reporter Dave Philipps win Pulitzer Prize\""}]},{"reference":"\"Journalist David Philipps\". Archived from the original on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2022-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180418212551/http://www.lethalwarriors.net/","url_text":"\"Journalist David Philipps\""},{"url":"http://www.lethalwarriors.net/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Livingston Awards - About\". Archived from the original on 2010-08-11. Retrieved 2010-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100811220938/http://www.livawards.org/winners/","url_text":"\"Livingston Awards - About\""},{"url":"http://www.livawards.org/winners/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Colorado: Interior Secretary Apologizes to Reporter\". The New York Times. 15 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/us/colorado-interior-secretary-apologizes-to-reporter.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Colorado: Interior Secretary Apologizes to Reporter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Midd Alum Wins Pulitzer for National Reporting\". 15 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.middlebury.edu/newsroom/archive/2014/node/475394#sthash.nlqhAhwE.dpuf","url_text":"\"Midd Alum Wins Pulitzer for National Reporting\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/staff-new-york-times-0","external_links_name":"The Pulitzer Prize for international reporting"},{"Link":"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/653784/alpha-by-david-philipps/","external_links_name":"ALPHA"},{"Link":"https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/dave-philipps","external_links_name":"2009"},{"Link":"https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/staff-new-york-times2018","external_links_name":"2018"},{"Link":"https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/dave-philipps-new-york-times","external_links_name":"2024"},{"Link":"https://wwnorton.com/books/wild-horse-country/","external_links_name":"Wild Horse Country"},{"Link":"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/653784/alpha-by-david-philipps/","external_links_name":"ALPHA: Eddie Gallagher and the war for the soul of the Navy SEALs"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/05/us/us-army-marines-artillery-isis-pentagon.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/us/navy-seal-training-death.html","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/13/us/us-airstrikes-civilian-deaths.html","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/12/us/civilian-deaths-war-isis.html","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/15/us/drones-airstrikes-ptsd.html","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"https://wwnorton.com/books/wild-horse-country/","external_links_name":"Wild Horse Country, the history, myth and future of the mustang, America's horse"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/15/us/wild-horses-adoptions-slaughter.html","external_links_name":"\"Wild Horses Adopted under a Federal Program are going to Slaughter\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/27/us/navy-seals-edward-gallagher-video.html","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/us/navy-seals-crimes-of-war.html","external_links_name":"[7]"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/28/us/wounded-warrior-project-spends-lavishly-on-itself-ex-employees-say.html","external_links_name":"[8]"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/us/marine-battalion-veterans-scarred-by-suicides-turn-to-one-another-for-help.html","external_links_name":"[9]"},{"Link":"http://cdn.csgazette.biz/soldiers/","external_links_name":"Other than Honorable"},{"Link":"http://gazette.com/casualties-of-war-part-i-the-hell-of-war-comes-home/article/59065","external_links_name":"Casualties of War"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140405082742/http://gazette.com/casualties-of-war-part-i-the-hell-of-war-comes-home/article/59065","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.propublica.org/article/missing-what-happened-to-wild-horses-tom-davis-bought-from-the-govt","external_links_name":"All the missing horses"},{"Link":"http://gazette.com/honor-and-deception-a-secretive-air-force-program-recruits-academy-students-to-inform-on-fellow-cadets-and-disavows-them-afterward/article/1510262","external_links_name":"Honor and Deception"},{"Link":"http://gazette.com/the-gazette-and-reporter-dave-philipps-win-pulitzer-prize/article/1518222","external_links_name":"\"The Gazette and reporter Dave Philipps win Pulitzer Prize\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180418212551/http://www.lethalwarriors.net/","external_links_name":"\"Journalist David Philipps\""},{"Link":"http://www.lethalwarriors.net/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100811220938/http://www.livawards.org/winners/","external_links_name":"\"Livingston Awards - About\""},{"Link":"http://www.livawards.org/winners/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/us/colorado-interior-secretary-apologizes-to-reporter.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Colorado: Interior Secretary Apologizes to Reporter\""},{"Link":"https://www.theonion.com/secretary-of-interior-decks-smart-ass-buffalo-1819574054","external_links_name":"https://www.theonion.com/secretary-of-interior-decks-smart-ass-buffalo-1819574054"},{"Link":"http://www.middlebury.edu/newsroom/archive/2014/node/475394#sthash.nlqhAhwE.dpuf","external_links_name":"\"Midd Alum Wins Pulitzer for National Reporting\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000094211458","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/138612982","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmP7MVCMdwK8Tjmbq6Myd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1253256861","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2010043259","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20111116016&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Me_a_Love_Song | Sing Me a Love Song | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"] | 1937 film by Ray Enright
Sing Me a Love SongDirected byRay EnrightScreenplay bySig HerzigJerry WaldStory byHarry SauberProduced bySamuel BischoffStarringJames MeltonPatricia EllisHugh HerbertZaSu PittsAllen JenkinsNat PendletonCinematographyArthur L. ToddEdited byThomas PrattMusic byHeinz RoemheldProductioncompanyCosmopolitan ProductionsDistributed byWarner Bros.Release date
December 25, 1936 (1936-12-25) (New York City)
Running time75 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Sing Me a Love Song is a 1936 American musical film directed by Ray Enright and written by Sig Herzig and Jerry Wald. The film stars James Melton, Patricia Ellis, Hugh Herbert, ZaSu Pitts, Allen Jenkins and Nat Pendleton. The Warner Bros. film premiered in New York City on Christmas Day 1936 and went into general release on January 9, 1937.
Plot
This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Cast
James Melton as Jerry Haines
Patricia Ellis as Jean Martin
Hugh Herbert as Siegfried Hammerschlag
ZaSu Pitts as Gwen Logan
Allen Jenkins as 'Chris' Cross
Nat Pendleton as Rocky
Reception
The New York Times reviewer found Sing Me a Love Song "really pretty gay fare", with "several catchy Dubin and Warren tunes."
References
^ "Sing Me a Love Song (1937) - Overview". TCM.com. Retrieved 2015-08-22.
^ J.T.M. (1936-12-26). "Movie Review - Sing Me a Love Song - At the Criterion". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-08-22.
^ "Sing Me a Love Song". Afi.com. Retrieved 2015-08-22.
^ J. T. M. (December 26, 2016). "At the Criterion". The New York Times.
External links
Sing Me a Love Song at IMDb
Sing Me a Love Song at the TCM Movie Database
Sing Me a Love Song at AllMovie
Sing Me a Love Song at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
vteFilms directed by Ray Enright
Tracked by the Police (1927)
Jaws of Steel (1927)
The Girl from Chicago (1927)
Land of the Silver Fox (1928)
The Little Wildcat (1928)
Domestic Troubles (1928)
Stolen Kisses (1929)
Skin Deep (1929)
Song of the West (1930)
Golden Dawn (1930)
Dancing Sweeties (1930)
Scarlet Pages (1930)
Play Girl (1932)
The Tenderfoot (1932)
Blondie Johnson (1933)
Tomorrow at Seven (1933)
The Silk Express (1933)
Havana Widows (1933)
I've Got Your Number (1934)
Twenty Million Sweethearts (1934)
The Circus Clown (1934)
Dames (1934)
The St. Louis Kid (1934)
While the Patient Slept (1935)
Traveling Saleslady (1935)
Alibi Ike (1935)
We're in the Money (1935)
Miss Pacific Fleet (1935)
Snowed Under (1935)
Earthworm Tractors (1936)
China Clipper (1936)
Sing Me a Love Song (1937)
Ready, Willing, and Able (1937)
Slim (1937)
The Singing Marine (1937)
Back in Circulation (1937)
Swing Your Lady (1938)
Gold Diggers in Paris (1938)
Hard to Get (1938)
Going Places (1938)
The Angels Wash Their Faces (1939)
On Your Toes (1939)
Brother Rat and a Baby (1940)
Teddy, the Rough Rider (1940)
An Angel from Texas (1940)
River's End (1940)
The Wagons Roll at Night (1941)
Thieves Fall Out (1941)
Bad Men of Missouri (1941)
Law of the Tropics (1941)
Wild Bill Hickok Rides (1942)
The Spoilers (1942)
Men of Texas (1942)
Sin Town (1942)
Good Luck, Mr. Yates (1943)
The Iron Major (1943)
Gung Ho! (1943)
China Sky (1945)
Man Alive (1945)
One Way to Love (1946)
Trail Street (1947)
Albuquerque (1948)
Coroner Creek (1948)
Return of the Bad Men (1948)
South of St. Louis (1949)
Montana (1950)
Kansas Raiders (1950)
Flaming Feather (1952)
The Man from Cairo (1953)
This article about a musical film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"Ray Enright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Enright"},{"link_name":"Sig Herzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sig_Herzig"},{"link_name":"Jerry Wald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Wald"},{"link_name":"James Melton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Melton"},{"link_name":"Patricia Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Hugh Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Herbert"},{"link_name":"ZaSu Pitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZaSu_Pitts"},{"link_name":"Allen Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Nat Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Pendleton"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sing Me a Love Song is a 1936 American musical film directed by Ray Enright and written by Sig Herzig and Jerry Wald. The film stars James Melton, Patricia Ellis, Hugh Herbert, ZaSu Pitts, Allen Jenkins and Nat Pendleton. The Warner Bros. film premiered in New York City on Christmas Day 1936 and went into general release on January 9, 1937.[1][2][3]","title":"Sing Me a Love Song"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Melton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Melton"},{"link_name":"Patricia Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Hugh Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Herbert"},{"link_name":"ZaSu Pitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZaSu_Pitts"},{"link_name":"Allen Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Nat Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Pendleton"}],"text":"James Melton as Jerry Haines\nPatricia Ellis as Jean Martin\nHugh Herbert as Siegfried Hammerschlag\nZaSu Pitts as Gwen Logan\nAllen Jenkins as 'Chris' Cross\nNat Pendleton as Rocky","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The New York Times reviewer found Sing Me a Love Song \"really pretty gay fare\", with \"several catchy Dubin and Warren tunes.\"[4]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sing Me a Love Song (1937) - Overview\". TCM.com. Retrieved 2015-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2501/Sing-Me-a-Love-Song/","url_text":"\"Sing Me a Love Song (1937) - Overview\""}]},{"reference":"J.T.M. (1936-12-26). \"Movie Review - Sing Me a Love Song - At the Criterion\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A06E1DA1F39EE3BBC4E51DFB467838D629EDE","url_text":"\"Movie Review - Sing Me a Love Song - At the Criterion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Sing Me a Love Song\". Afi.com. Retrieved 2015-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=6254","url_text":"\"Sing Me a Love Song\""}]},{"reference":"J. T. M. (December 26, 2016). \"At the Criterion\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A06E1DA1F39EE3BBC4E51DFB467838D629EDE","url_text":"\"At the Criterion\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sing_Me_a_Love_Song&action=edit","external_links_name":"add one"},{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2501/Sing-Me-a-Love-Song/","external_links_name":"\"Sing Me a Love Song (1937) - Overview\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A06E1DA1F39EE3BBC4E51DFB467838D629EDE","external_links_name":"\"Movie Review - Sing Me a Love Song - At the Criterion\""},{"Link":"http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=6254","external_links_name":"\"Sing Me a Love Song\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A06E1DA1F39EE3BBC4E51DFB467838D629EDE","external_links_name":"\"At the Criterion\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0028254/","external_links_name":"Sing Me a Love Song"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2501/enwp","external_links_name":"Sing Me a Love Song"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v110292","external_links_name":"Sing Me a Love Song"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/6254","external_links_name":"Sing Me a Love Song"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sing_Me_a_Love_Song&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqf_al-Alam | Saqf al-Alam | ["1 See also"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Saqf al-Alam" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Saqf al-Alam (Arabic: سقف العالم, lit. 'Roof of The World') was a Syrian television series that aired during the Ramadan season of 2007. The series tells the story of the Arab traveler Ahmad ibn Fadlan played by Qais al-Sheikh Najib, with reflections and references to modern issues arising between the west and the east, mainly terrorism and the clash of civilizations. The motivation for the series was the 2005 Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy in Denmark. It was directed by Najdat Anzour. The Syrian actress Dima Kandalaft took part in this series.
See also
List of Islamic films
This Syria-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This drama television program–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Syrian television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_television_series"},{"link_name":"Ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan_(month)"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Fadlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan"},{"link_name":"Qais al-Sheikh Najib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qais_al-Sheikh_Najib&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"},{"link_name":"clash of civilizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_of_civilizations"},{"link_name":"Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Najdat Anzour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najdat_Anzour"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_people"},{"link_name":"Dima Kandalaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dima_Kandalaft"}],"text":"Saqf al-Alam (Arabic: سقف العالم, lit. 'Roof of The World') was a Syrian television series that aired during the Ramadan season of 2007. The series tells the story of the Arab traveler Ahmad ibn Fadlan played by Qais al-Sheikh Najib, with reflections and references to modern issues arising between the west and the east, mainly terrorism and the clash of civilizations. The motivation for the series was the 2005 Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy in Denmark. It was directed by Najdat Anzour. The Syrian actress Dima Kandalaft took part in this series.","title":"Saqf al-Alam"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Islamic films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Islamic_films"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria.svg"},{"title":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saqf_al-Alam&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Syria-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Syria-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syria-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saqf_al-Alam&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Drama-tv-prog-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Drama-tv-prog-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drama-tv-prog-stub"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Saqf+al-Alam%22","external_links_name":"\"Saqf al-Alam\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Saqf+al-Alam%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Saqf+al-Alam%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Saqf+al-Alam%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Saqf+al-Alam%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Saqf+al-Alam%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saqf_al-Alam&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saqf_al-Alam&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiahmoo_people | Semiahmoo people | ["1 History","1.1 Society","1.2 Post-European contact","1.3 Modern era","2 References","3 External links"] | Straits Salish people
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Semiahmoo people" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ethnic group
SemiahmooLanguagesNorth Straits Salish language
The Semiahmoo (/ˌsɛmiˈɑːmoʊ/ SEM-ee-AH-moh, /ˌsɛmiˈɑːmuː/ SEM-ee-AH-moo; Semiahmoo: SEMYOME) are a Coast Salish indigenous people whose homeland is in the Lower Mainland region of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. According to Chief James “Jimmy” Charles (1867-1952), chief of the Semiahmoo from 1909 to 1952, the word Semiahmoo means “half-moon,” and describes the shape of Semiahmoo Bay.
History
The Semiahmoo are more closely related to the Lummi and Samish peoples south of the international border, and to the Lekwammen and T'sou-ke peoples across the Strait of Georgia, than they are to the Halkomelem-speaking Sto:lo of the Fraser Valley and of the Fraser's delta to the north of themselves, the Musqueam.
Historic Semiahmoo Territory
The peoples of the strait are united by their North Straits Salish language and by their tradition of using an elaborate reef-net system to catch sockeye salmon as they entered Juan de Fuca Strait and the Strait of Georgia from the south, on their migration to spawning grounds in the Fraser River.
Indigenous Peoples of the Americas were very well organized and survived off the lands which were tied to their Hereditary Chief Names. Each House would have a Hereditary Chief Name and with the out line of their Traditional Territory and Shared Territories. The House Group was responsible for their Homeland and took care of their own families and communities. Laws governing what took place on the land were decided by the Hereditary Chief in Meetings.
Crests or Art presented on poles, Blankets, Designs, and Body Tattoos told stories of Ownership of the Land and Territory from where one belonged. If you belonged to a certain house, you wore the Crest proudly and displayed who you were for everyone to know. Each house was responsible for upholding its House name by acting according to the law. Generosity was the law. And abundance was gained by work of the land, fishing, harvesting, and hunting freely on one's Traditional Territory, Homelands and shared Territories. Giving in the feast house was a sign of wealth, hard work and a coordinated effort of all house group members.
Delgamuukxw is an example of this where Hereditary Chief names are tied to Traditional Territories as since time immemorial.
Society
Semiahmoo society did not have a formal political structure. The First Nation was divided into politically and economically independent households. Each plank house held several families united by bonds of kinship. There were also two classes—an upper and lower—of free men and a class of slaves. The upper-class free men had inherited privileges. Slaves were primarily war captives or the descendants of war captives.
Post-European contact
In 1792, Captain George Vancouver explored Semiahmoo and Boundary Bays. He did not encounter the Semiahmoo but did describe the ruins of a fishing camp on Point Roberts capable of containing at least 400 or 500 Inhabitants.
The Semiahmoo were a small band; a 1790 estimate placed their number at approximately 300.
By 1800 the Semiahmoo population was declining, and this decline became more pronounced during the nineteenth century. By the early 1900s estimates placed the population at well under 100. This was due in part to smallpox and other epidemics that swept the area as a result of the increasing European presence.
Shortly before 1850, their neighbours to the north, the Snokomish, were almost entirely wiped out by a smallpox epidemic. The few survivors joined the Semiahmoo and the Semiahmoo became heirs to the Snokomish territory which encircled Boundary Bay. After this time, the Semiahmoo made Crescent Beach one of their temporary summer camps.
The Semiahmoo maintained forts for protection against other First Nations and in reaction to the Hudson's Bay Company fort at Fort Langley. These fell into disrepair following the 1858 establishment of the Colony of British Columbia. One such fort was discovered in the 1950s on a bluff in Ocean Park.
In 1857, British Royal Engineers established their Camp Semiahmoo which was later used as a base to survey the international border. Soldiers described the Semiahmoo as "harmless and peaceable." By the 1860s, Roman Catholic missionaries had a successful church among the Semiahmoo and a gold rush poured settlers and miners into the area. A new trail was built to link Semiahmoo Bay with Fort Langley. The 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic and another epidemic in 1888 resulted in heavy loss of life among the Semiahmoo. Many Semiahmoo worked as loggers or charged tolls for transportation of logs across their land. Reef-netting also became commercialized until a continuous line of traps by Alaska Packers ended their industry in 1892.
Modern era
Main article: Semiahmoo First Nation
The Semiahmoo Reserve was established in 1887. For much of the last half of the 20th century, 172 acres (0.7 km2) or more than half the reserve's area was leased by the band to the Municipality of Surrey for recreational purposes. This lease ended in 1998 and the band now profits from leases to a variety of organizations and individual residents. Renowned Haida artist Robert Davidson works from a studio on the reserve.
References
^ https://www.historylink.org/File/9123
^ https://www.historylink.org/File/9123
^ https://www.historylink.org/File/9123
Semiahmoo People page, Surrey Museum website
External links
Semiahmoofirstnation.org - Official site
Semiahmoo Wiki - a joint project of Surrey School District, White Rock Museum and Archives and the Semiahmoo First Nation
First Nation Detail, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
The Semiahmoo People - a website based on the unpublished Sociology Anthropology Master's thesis by Surrey resident and teacher Jack Brown
vteCoast SalishPeoples
Chawathil
Cheam
Sts'ailes (WA)
Chemainus
Clemclemaluts
Comiaken
Copalis
Cowlitz
Duwamish
Esquimalt
Halalt
Hoh
Homalco
Humptulips
Katzie
Khenipsen
Kilpahlas
Klahoose
Klallam
Koksilah
Kwa-kwa-a-pilt
Kwantlen
Kway-quit-lam
Matsqui
Musqueam
Nanoose
Nuxalk
Malahat
Sliammon
Snuneymuxw
Tsawwassen
Tsleil-Waututh
shíshálh
Squamish
Semiahmoo
Sumas
Sq'éwlets
Sts'ailes
Leq'á:mel
Popkum
Seabird Island
Skwah
Skway
Shilshole
Shxw'ow'hamel
Skawahlook
Skowkale
Soowahlie
Squiala
Stó꞉lō
Tzeachten
Yakweakwioose
T'souk-e
Tsartlip
Somena
Quamichan
Penelakut
Lamalcha
Saanich
Lummi
Nooksack
Lower Skagit
Upper Skagit
Skokomish
Muckleshoot
Sammamish
Samish
Sauk-Suiattle
Snohomish
Snoqualmie
Skykomish
Nisqually
Puyallup
Stillaquamish
Suquamish
Swinomish
Tulalip
Quinault
Sahewamish
Wynoochee
Satsop
Nehalem (Tillamook)
Siletz
Quamichan
Somena
Governments
Aitchelitz Band
Chawathil First Nation
Cheam First Nation
Kwantlen First Nation
Katzie First Nation
Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation
Leq'á:mel First Nation
Matsqui First Nation
Popkum Band
Sq'éwlets First Nation
Seabird Island Band
Skwah First Nation
Skway First Nation
Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation
Skawahlook First Nation
Skowkale First Nation
Soowahlie First Nation
Squiala First Nation
Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council
Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
Sumas First Nation
Tzeachten First Nation
Yakweakwioose First Nation
Sts'ailes Nation
Tsleil-waututh First Nation
Musqueam Indian Band
Katzie First Nation
Kwikwetlem First Nation
Semiahmoo First Nation
Chemainus First Nation
Halalt First Nation
Homalco First Nation
Klahoose First Nation
Malahat First Nation
Nanoose First Nation
Peters First Nation
Tla'amin Nation
shíshálh Nation
Snuneymuxw First Nation
Tsawwassen First Nation
Yale First Nation
Yakweakwioose First Nation
Tseycum First Nation
Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
Squamish Nation
Union Bar First Nation
Nuxalk Nation
T'Sou-ke Nation
Esquimalt First Nation
Tsawout First Nation
Cowichan Tribes
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
Confederated Tribes of Siletz
Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis
Cowlitz Indian Tribe
Suquamish Tribe
Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe
Lummi Nation
Makah Tribe
Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
Nisqually Indian Tribe
Quinault Indian Nation
Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
Samish Indian Nation
Skokomish Indian Tribe
Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
Squaxin Island Tribe
Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
Suquamish Tribe
Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
Tulalip Tribes
Organizations and institutions
Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency
Washington Indian Gaming Association
Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
Culture and society
Music
Mythology
Art
Languages
Comox
Island Comox †
Sliammon/Mainland Comox
Pentlatch
Halkomelem
shíshálh
Squamish
Nooksack
North Straits
Lummi
Saanich
Samish
Semiahmoo
Songhees
T'sou-ke
Klallam
Lushootseed
Northern and Southern
Twana
Cowlitz
Quinault | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˌsɛmiˈɑːmoʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"SEM-ee-AH-moh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"/ˌsɛmiˈɑːmuː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"SEM-ee-AH-moo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Coast Salish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Salish_peoples"},{"link_name":"indigenous people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast"},{"link_name":"Lower Mainland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mainland"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe Semiahmoo (/ˌsɛmiˈɑːmoʊ/ SEM-ee-AH-moh, /ˌsɛmiˈɑːmuː/ SEM-ee-AH-moo; Semiahmoo: SEMYOME) are a Coast Salish indigenous people whose homeland is in the Lower Mainland region of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. According to Chief James “Jimmy” Charles (1867-1952), chief of the Semiahmoo from 1909 to 1952, the word Semiahmoo means “half-moon,” and describes the shape of Semiahmoo Bay.[1]","title":"Semiahmoo people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lummi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lummi_people"},{"link_name":"Samish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samish_people"},{"link_name":"Lekwammen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhees"},{"link_name":"T'sou-ke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27sou-ke"},{"link_name":"Sto:lo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto:lo"},{"link_name":"Fraser Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Valley"},{"link_name":"Musqueam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musqueam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semiahmoo-Bay-3618.jpg"},{"link_name":"North Straits Salish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Straits_Salish"},{"link_name":"sockeye salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockeye_salmon"},{"link_name":"Juan de Fuca Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_Strait"},{"link_name":"Strait of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Fraser River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_River"}],"text":"The Semiahmoo are more closely related to the Lummi and Samish peoples south of the international border, and to the Lekwammen and T'sou-ke peoples across the Strait of Georgia, than they are to the Halkomelem-speaking Sto:lo of the Fraser Valley and of the Fraser's delta to the north of themselves, the Musqueam.Historic Semiahmoo TerritoryThe peoples of the strait are united by their North Straits Salish language and by their tradition of using an elaborate reef-net system to catch sockeye salmon as they entered Juan de Fuca Strait and the Strait of Georgia from the south, on their migration to spawning grounds in the Fraser River.Indigenous Peoples of the Americas were very well organized and survived off the lands which were tied to their Hereditary Chief Names. Each House would have a Hereditary Chief Name and with the out line of their Traditional Territory and Shared Territories. The House Group was responsible for their Homeland and took care of their own families and communities. Laws governing what took place on the land were decided by the Hereditary Chief in Meetings.Crests or Art presented on poles, Blankets, Designs, and Body Tattoos told stories of Ownership of the Land and Territory from where one belonged. If you belonged to a certain house, you wore the Crest proudly and displayed who you were for everyone to know. Each house was responsible for upholding its House name by acting according to the law. Generosity was the law. And abundance was gained by work of the land, fishing, harvesting, and hunting freely on one's Traditional Territory, Homelands and shared Territories. Giving in the feast house was a sign of wealth, hard work and a coordinated effort of all house group members.Delgamuukxw is an example of this where Hereditary Chief names are tied to Traditional Territories as since time immemorial.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Society","text":"Semiahmoo society did not have a formal political structure. The First Nation was divided into politically and economically independent households. Each plank house held several families united by bonds of kinship. There were also two classes—an upper and lower—of free men and a class of slaves. The upper-class free men had inherited privileges. Slaves were primarily war captives or the descendants of war captives.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Boundary Bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Bay"},{"link_name":"Point Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Roberts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Snokomish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snokomish"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"Crescent Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_Beach_(Surrey)"},{"link_name":"Hudson's Bay Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company"},{"link_name":"Fort Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Langley"},{"link_name":"Colony of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)"},{"link_name":"Ocean Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Park_(Surrey)"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_rush"},{"link_name":"Semiahmoo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiahmoo_Bay"},{"link_name":"1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic"}],"sub_title":"Post-European contact","text":"In 1792, Captain George Vancouver explored Semiahmoo and Boundary Bays. He did not encounter the Semiahmoo but did describe the ruins of a fishing camp on Point Roberts capable of containing at least 400 or 500 Inhabitants.The Semiahmoo were a small band; a 1790 estimate placed their number at approximately 300.[2]By 1800 the Semiahmoo population was declining, and this decline became more pronounced during the nineteenth century. By the early 1900s estimates placed the population at well under 100. This was due in part to smallpox and other epidemics that swept the area as a result of the increasing European presence.[3]Shortly before 1850, their neighbours to the north, the Snokomish, were almost entirely wiped out by a smallpox epidemic. The few survivors joined the Semiahmoo and the Semiahmoo became heirs to the Snokomish territory which encircled Boundary Bay. After this time, the Semiahmoo made Crescent Beach one of their temporary summer camps.The Semiahmoo maintained forts for protection against other First Nations and in reaction to the Hudson's Bay Company fort at Fort Langley. These fell into disrepair following the 1858 establishment of the Colony of British Columbia. One such fort was discovered in the 1950s on a bluff in Ocean Park.In 1857, British Royal Engineers established their Camp Semiahmoo which was later used as a base to survey the international border.[citation needed] Soldiers described the Semiahmoo as \"harmless and peaceable.\" By the 1860s, Roman Catholic missionaries had a successful church among the Semiahmoo and a gold rush poured settlers and miners into the area. A new trail was built to link Semiahmoo Bay with Fort Langley. The 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic and another epidemic in 1888 resulted in heavy loss of life among the Semiahmoo. Many Semiahmoo worked as loggers or charged tolls for transportation of logs across their land. Reef-netting also became commercialized until a continuous line of traps by Alaska Packers ended their industry in 1892.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_people"},{"link_name":"Robert Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(artist)"}],"sub_title":"Modern era","text":"The Semiahmoo Reserve was established in 1887. For much of the last half of the 20th century, 172 acres (0.7 km2) or more than half the reserve's area was leased by the band to the Municipality of Surrey for recreational purposes. This lease ended in 1998 and the band now profits from leases to a variety of organizations and individual residents. Renowned Haida artist Robert Davidson works from a studio on the reserve.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Historic Semiahmoo Territory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Semiahmoo-Bay-3618.jpg/220px-Semiahmoo-Bay-3618.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Semiahmoo+people%22","external_links_name":"\"Semiahmoo people\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Semiahmoo+people%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Semiahmoo+people%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Semiahmoo+people%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Semiahmoo+people%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Semiahmoo+people%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.historylink.org/File/9123","external_links_name":"https://www.historylink.org/File/9123"},{"Link":"https://www.historylink.org/File/9123","external_links_name":"https://www.historylink.org/File/9123"},{"Link":"https://www.historylink.org/File/9123","external_links_name":"https://www.historylink.org/File/9123"},{"Link":"http://www.surreyhistory.ca/semipeople.html","external_links_name":"Semiahmoo People page, Surrey Museum website"},{"Link":"http://www.semiahmoofirstnation.org/","external_links_name":"Semiahmoofirstnation.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070325194613/http://www.semiahmooseasonswiki.org/index.php/Main_Page","external_links_name":"Semiahmoo Wiki"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030904140603/http://sdiprod2.inac.gc.ca/fnprofiles/FNProfiles_Details.asp?Band_Number=569","external_links_name":"First Nation Detail"},{"Link":"http://members.shaw.ca/j.a.brown/SemiIndex.html","external_links_name":"The Semiahmoo People"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Be_Stupid_(You_Know_I_Love_You) | Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You) | ["1 Composition","2 Music video","3 Reception","3.1 Critical reception","3.2 Chart performance","4 Track listings","5 Credits and personnel","6 Charts","6.1 Weekly charts","6.2 Year-end charts","7 Certifications","8 Release history","9 References"] | 1997 single by Shania Twain
"Don't Be Stupid" redirects here. For the Himiko Kikuchi album, see Himiko Kikuchi.
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)"Single by Shania Twainfrom the album Come On Over B-side"You've Got a Way""If It Don't Take Two""Man! I Feel Like a Woman!""(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!"ReleasedNovember 11, 1997 (1997-11-11)StudioMasterfonics (Nashville, Tennessee)GenreCountry pop (original album version)dance-pop (dance mix single video edit)Length3:35 (original album version)3:38 (dance mix single video edit)LabelMercurySongwriter(s)Robert John "Mutt" LangeShania TwainProducer(s)Robert John "Mutt" LangeShania Twain singles chronology
"Love Gets Me Every Time" (1997)
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (1997)
"You're Still the One" (1998)
Music video"Don’t Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" on YouTube
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" is a song by Canadian country music singer Shania Twain. It was released in November 1997 as the second single from Twain's album Come On Over but was the seventh to be released to international markets. The song was written by Robert John "Mutt" Lange and Shania Twain. The single peaked at number six on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, becoming Twain's sixth top-10 hit on that chart. A dance-pop remix of the song began receiving airplay in early 2000, prompting its release as a single in Australia and many European countries, including the United Kingdom where it peaked at No. 5.
Composition
According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Songs of Polygram International, Inc., "Don't Be Stupid" is written in the key of D major with Shania Twain's vocals spanning from A3 to B5. The song moves at a moderate tempo.
Music video
In June 1997, Twain held auditions for clog dancers. In August 1997, it was reported that Larry Jordan would be directing the music video, which Twain confirmed herself in early October 1997. From October 18 to 19 of that year, the music video was shot and it debuted on November 12, 1997 on CMT. The video is set on a stage that is covered in water, and Twain is accompanied by backup Irish dancers following the Riverdance trend of the time and children playing fiddles. By the end of the video, the sprinklers come on, and everyone, including Twain and the Riverdancers, are soaked. "Don't Be Stupid" won the Video of the Year award at the 1998 Canadian Country Music Awards. Three versions of the video exist, the 'Original Album Version', and one released in Europe in 2000 of the 'Dance Mix Single' are the most common. The 'Original Album Version' is available on Twain's compilations Come On Over: Video Collection (1999) and The Platinum Collection (2001). The 'Dance Mix' version is available on iTunes and YouTube.
Reception
Critical reception
Billboard magazine called the single a "weak song" but predicted it would do well commercially nonetheless. The magazine criticized the immaturity of the song's lyrics and said the production was subpar.
Chart performance
"Don't Be Stupid" debuted at number 51 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart the week of November 15, 1997, the highest debut of the week. The single spent 20 weeks on the chart and peaked at number six on January 31, 1998, where it remained for two weeks. It reached number two on the Country Singles Sales chart. The single became Twain's sixth Top 10 single and her eighth Top 20 hit. "Don't Be Stupid" became Twain's sixth song on the Billboard Hot 100 where it peaked at number 40. It reached number 25 on the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart. In Canada, the song reached number 12.
"Don't Be Stupid" became Twain's fourth-biggest single in the UK. It also became her fourth consecutive top-10 single there (and fifth overall) when it debuted on February 26, 2000, at its peak of number five. It remained on the chart for 11 weeks. It has sold 155,000 copies in the UK.
Track listings
Canadian and US single
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" – 3:35
"If It Don't Take Two" – 3:40
Australasian CD single
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (dance mix single) – 4:11
"Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" (Live/Direct TV mix) – 3:57
"You've Got a Way" (Love to Infinity's soul classic) – 6:00
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (LP version) – 3:35
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (dance mix full length) – 4:46
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (enhanced video clip)
European CD single
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (dance mix single) – 4:11
"You've Got a Way" (Notting Hill Remix) – 3:25
European maxi-CD single
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (dance mix single) – 4:11
"You've Got a Way" (Notting Hill Remix) – 3:25
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (dance mix full length) – 4:43
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (LP version) – 3:34
UK CD single
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (dance mix)
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (international LP version)
"(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!" (dance mix)
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (video)
UK cassette single
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (dance mix)
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (international LP version)
Credits and personnel
Credits are taken from the Come On Over album booklet.
Studio
Recorded and mastered at Masterfonics (Nashville, Tennessee)
Personnel
Shania Twain – writing, vocals, background vocals
Robert John "Mutt" Lange – writing, background vocals, production
Biff Watson – guitars
Dann Huff – guitars, guitar textures, six-string bass, talk box
Brent Mason – electric guitar
Paul Franklin – pedal steel guitar
Joe Chemay – electric and fretless bass
Larry Franklin – fiddle
Bow Bros – gang fiddles
John Jarvis – Wurlitzer
Paul Leim – drums
Mike Shipley – mixing
Olle Romo – programming, Pro Tools, sequencing, editing
Glenn Meadows – mastering
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1997–2000)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
32
Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)
6
Canada (Nielsen SoundScan)
12
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)
1
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)
24
Hungary (Mahasz)
5
Ireland (IRMA)
15
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
29
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
19
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
42
Romania (Romanian Top 100)
5
Scotland (OCC)
5
Spain (Radio Top 40)
17
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
39
UK Singles (OCC)
5
US Billboard Hot 100
40
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)
6
US Top Country Singles Sales (Billboard)
2
Year-end charts
Chart (1998)
Position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)
4
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)
54
Chart (2000)
Position
Romania (Romanian Top 100)
64
UK Singles (OCC)
148
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United Kingdom (BPI)
Silver
200,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Region
Date
Format(s)
Label(s)
Ref.
United States
November 10, 1997
Country radio
Mercury
November 11, 1997
7-inch vinylCDcassette
Canada
CD
United Kingdom
February 14, 2000
CDcassette
References
^ Twain, Shania (October 7, 2013). "Shania Twain "Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" Guitar Tab in D Major – Download & Print". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
^ "Shania Twain awards". ShaniaTwain.com. June 16, 2009. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
^ a b Billboard, November 15, 1997.
^ a b "Shania Twain: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
^ Myers, Justin (September 11, 2017). "Shania Twain's Official Top 10 biggest songs". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
^ Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You) (Canadian & US CD single liner notes). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 1997. 314-568 242-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You) (Canadian & US cassette single sleeve). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 1997. 314-568 242-4.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You) (US 7-inch single vinyl disc). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 1997. 314-568 242-7.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You) (Australasian CD single liner notes). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 1999. 172 150-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You) (European CD single liner notes). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 1999. 172 127-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You) (European maxi-CD single liner notes). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 1999. 172 128-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You) (UK CD single liner notes). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 2000. 172 149-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You) (UK cassette single sleeve). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 2000. 172149-4.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Come On Over (Canadian CD album booklet). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 1997. 314-536 003-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ a b "Shania Twain – Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ "Shania Twain – Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ "Hits of the World" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 8. February 21, 1998. p. 50. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 3430." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. January 19, 1998. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 17, no. 10. March 4, 2000. p. 11. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
^ "Top National Sellers" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 17, no. 14. April 1, 2000. p. 13. Retrieved June 8, 2020. See LW column.
^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 11, 2000" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ "Shania Twain – Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ "Shania Twain – Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ a b "Romanian Top 100: Top of the Year 2000" (in Romanian). Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on January 22, 2005.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ Fernando Salaverri (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
^ "Shania Twain – Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)". Singles Top 100. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ "Shania Twain Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
^ "Shania Twain Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ "Billboard Top Country Singles Sales" (PDF). Billboard. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
^ "RPM's Top 100 Country Tracks of '98". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. December 14, 1998. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
^ "The Year in Music" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 52. December 26, 1998. p. YE-60. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ "Best Sellers of 2000: Singles Top 100". Music Week. London, England: United Business Media: 25. January 20, 2001.
^ "British single certifications – Shania Twain – Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
^ "Going for Adds". Radio & Records. No. 1222. November 7, 1997. p. 65.
^ "In-Store Next Week (from 14/2/00)". Music Week. February 12, 2000. p. 27.
vteShania Twain singlesShania Twain
"What Made You Say That"
"Dance with the One That Brought You"
"You Lay a Whole Lot of Love on Me"
The Woman in Me
"Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under?"
"Any Man of Mine"
"The Woman in Me (Needs the Man in You)"
"(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!"
"You Win My Love"
"No One Needs to Know"
"Home Ain't Where His Heart Is (Anymore)"
"God Bless the Child"
Come On Over
"Love Gets Me Every Time"
"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)"
"You're Still the One"
"From This Moment On"
"When"
"Honey, I'm Home"
"That Don't Impress Me Much"
"Man! I Feel Like a Woman!"
"You've Got a Way"
"Come On Over"
"Rock This Country!"
"I'm Holdin' On to Love (To Save My Life)"
Up!
"I'm Gonna Getcha Good!"
"Up!"
"Ka-Ching!"
"Forever and for Always"
"Thank You Baby! (For Makin' Someday Come So Soon)"
"She's Not Just a Pretty Face"
"When You Kiss Me"
"It Only Hurts When I'm Breathing"
Greatest Hits
"Party for Two"
"Don't!"
"I Ain't No Quitter"
Now
"Life's About to Get Good"
"Swingin' with My Eyes Closed"
Queen of Me
"Waking Up Dreaming"
"Giddy Up!"
Other singles
"Shoes"
"Today Is Your Day"
"Endless Love" (with Lionel Richie)
"Forever and Ever, Amen" (with Ronan Keating)
"Unhealthy" (with Anne-Marie)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Himiko Kikuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himiko_Kikuchi"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Shania Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shania_Twain"},{"link_name":"Come On Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_On_Over_(Shania_Twain_album)"},{"link_name":"Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_John_%22Mutt%22_Lange"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Singles & Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Singles_%26_Tracks"},{"link_name":"dance-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"}],"text":"\"Don't Be Stupid\" redirects here. For the Himiko Kikuchi album, see Himiko Kikuchi.\"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" is a song by Canadian country music singer Shania Twain. It was released in November 1997 as the second single from Twain's album Come On Over but was the seventh to be released to international markets. The song was written by Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange and Shania Twain. The single peaked at number six on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, becoming Twain's sixth top-10 hit on that chart. A dance-pop remix of the song began receiving airplay in early 2000, prompting its release as a single in Australia and many European countries, including the United Kingdom where it peaked at No. 5.","title":"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_major"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Songs of Polygram International, Inc., \"Don't Be Stupid\" is written in the key of D major with Shania Twain's vocals spanning from A3 to B5. The song moves at a moderate tempo.[1]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clog dancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clogging"},{"link_name":"Larry Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Jordan"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_dancing"},{"link_name":"Riverdance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdance"},{"link_name":"Canadian Country Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Country_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Platinum Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Platinum_Collection_(DVD)"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"}],"text":"In June 1997, Twain held auditions for clog dancers. In August 1997, it was reported that Larry Jordan would be directing the music video, which Twain confirmed herself in early October 1997. From October 18 to 19 of that year, the music video was shot and it debuted on November 12, 1997 on CMT. The video is set on a stage that is covered in water, and Twain is accompanied by backup Irish dancers following the Riverdance trend of the time and children playing fiddles. By the end of the video, the sprinklers come on, and everyone, including Twain and the Riverdancers, are soaked. \"Don't Be Stupid\" won the Video of the Year award at the 1998 Canadian Country Music Awards.[2] Three versions of the video exist, the 'Original Album Version', and one released in Europe in 2000 of the 'Dance Mix Single' are the most common. The 'Original Album Version' is available on Twain's compilations Come On Over: Video Collection (1999) and The Platinum Collection (2001). The 'Dance Mix' version is available on iTunes and YouTube.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-3"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"Billboard magazine called the single a \"weak song\" but predicted it would do well commercially nonetheless.[3] The magazine criticized the immaturity of the song's lyrics and said the production was subpar.[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Singles & Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Hot 100 Singles Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100_Singles_Sales"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Chart performance","text":"\"Don't Be Stupid\" debuted at number 51 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart the week of November 15, 1997, the highest debut of the week. The single spent 20 weeks on the chart and peaked at number six on January 31, 1998, where it remained for two weeks. It reached number two on the Country Singles Sales chart. The single became Twain's sixth Top 10 single and her eighth Top 20 hit. \"Don't Be Stupid\" became Twain's sixth song on the Billboard Hot 100 where it peaked at number 40. It reached number 25 on the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart. In Canada, the song reached number 12.\"Don't Be Stupid\" became Twain's fourth-biggest single in the UK. It also became her fourth consecutive top-10 single there (and fifth overall) when it debuted on February 26, 2000, at its peak of number five. It remained on the chart for 11 weeks.[4] It has sold 155,000 copies in the UK.[5]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Man! I Feel Like a Woman!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man!_I_Feel_Like_a_Woman!"},{"link_name":"You've Got a Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27ve_Got_a_Way"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(If_You%27re_Not_in_It_for_Love)_I%27m_Outta_Here!"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Canadian and US single[6][7][8]\n\n\"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" – 3:35\n\"If It Don't Take Two\" – 3:40\nAustralasian CD single[9]\n\n\"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" (dance mix single) – 4:11\n\"Man! I Feel Like a Woman!\" (Live/Direct TV mix) – 3:57\n\"You've Got a Way\" (Love to Infinity's soul classic) – 6:00\n\"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" (LP version) – 3:35\n\"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" (dance mix full length) – 4:46\n\"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" (enhanced video clip)\nEuropean CD single[10]\n\n\"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" (dance mix single) – 4:11\n\"You've Got a Way\" (Notting Hill Remix) – 3:25\n\n\nEuropean maxi-CD single[11]\n\n\"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" (dance mix single) – 4:11\n\"You've Got a Way\" (Notting Hill Remix) – 3:25\n\"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" (dance mix full length) – 4:43\n\"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" (LP version) – 3:34\nUK CD single[12]\n\n\"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" (dance mix)\n\"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" (international LP version)\n\"(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!\" (dance mix)\n\"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" (video)\nUK cassette single[13]\n\n\"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" (dance mix)\n\"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" (international LP version)","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Come On Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_On_Over"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_John_%22Mutt%22_Lange"},{"link_name":"Biff Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biff_Watson"},{"link_name":"Dann Huff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dann_Huff"},{"link_name":"talk box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_box"},{"link_name":"Brent Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Mason"},{"link_name":"Paul Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Franklin_(musician)"},{"link_name":"pedal steel guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"Joe Chemay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Chemay"},{"link_name":"fretless bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fretless_bass"},{"link_name":"Larry Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Franklin_(musician)"},{"link_name":"John Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barlow_Jarvis"},{"link_name":"Wurlitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurlitzer_electronic_piano"},{"link_name":"Paul Leim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Leim"},{"link_name":"Mike Shipley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Shipley"},{"link_name":"Olle Romo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olle_Romo"},{"link_name":"Pro Tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Tools"}],"text":"Credits are taken from the Come On Over album booklet.[14]StudioRecorded and mastered at Masterfonics (Nashville, Tennessee)PersonnelShania Twain – writing, vocals, background vocals\nRobert John \"Mutt\" Lange – writing, background vocals, production\nBiff Watson – guitars\nDann Huff – guitars, guitar textures, six-string bass, talk box\nBrent Mason – electric guitar\nPaul Franklin – pedal steel guitar\nJoe Chemay – electric and fretless bass\nLarry Franklin – fiddle\nBow Bros – gang fiddles\nJohn Jarvis – Wurlitzer\nPaul Leim – drums\nMike Shipley – mixing\nOlle Romo – programming, Pro Tools, sequencing, editing\nGlenn Meadows – mastering","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Be_Stupid_(You_Know_I_Love_You)&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-15"},{"link_name":"Ultratip Bubbling Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop#Ultratip"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Tip_Shania_Twain-16"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadacountry_-18"},{"link_name":"European Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Mahasz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_Shania_Twain-21"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-22"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Shania_Twain-23"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Shania_Twain-24"},{"link_name":"Romanian Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rt100-25"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-26"},{"link_name":"Radio Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Shania_Twain-28"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-4"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Shania_Twain-29"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcountrysongs_Shania_Twain-30"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Be_Stupid_(You_Know_I_Love_You)&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usend-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rt100-25"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1997–2000)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[15]\n\n32\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)[16]\n\n6\n\n\nCanada (Nielsen SoundScan)[17]\n\n12\n\n\nCanada Country Tracks (RPM)[18]\n\n1\n\n\nEurope (European Hot 100 Singles)[19]\n\n24\n\n\nHungary (Mahasz)[20]\n\n5\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[21]\n\n15\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[22]\n\n29\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[23]\n\n19\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[24]\n\n42\n\n\nRomania (Romanian Top 100)[25]\n\n5\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[26]\n\n5\n\n\nSpain (Radio Top 40)[27]\n\n17\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[28]\n\n39\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[4]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[29]\n\n40\n\n\nUS Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[30]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Top Country Singles Sales (Billboard)[31]\n\n2\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1998)\n\nPosition\n\n\nCanada Country Tracks (RPM)[32]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[33]\n\n54\n\n\n\nChart (2000)\n\nPosition\n\n\nRomania (Romanian Top 100)[25]\n\n64\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[34]\n\n148","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Twain, Shania (October 7, 2013). \"Shania Twain \"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" Guitar Tab in D Major – Download & Print\". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved April 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0123309","url_text":"\"Shania Twain \"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" Guitar Tab in D Major – Download & Print\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shania Twain awards\". ShaniaTwain.com. June 16, 2009. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090616044959/http://www.shaniatwain.com/about-awards.asp","url_text":"\"Shania Twain awards\""},{"url":"http://www.shaniatwain.com/about-awards.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Myers, Justin (September 11, 2017). \"Shania Twain's Official Top 10 biggest songs\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/shania-twains-official-top-10-biggest-songs__19426/","url_text":"\"Shania Twain's Official Top 10 biggest songs\""}]},{"reference":"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You) (Canadian & US CD single liner notes). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 1997. 314-568 242-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shania_Twain","url_text":"Shania Twain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Records","url_text":"Mercury Records"}]},{"reference":"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You) (Canadian & US cassette single sleeve). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 1997. 314-568 242-4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You) (US 7-inch single vinyl disc). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 1997. 314-568 242-7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You) (Australasian CD single liner notes). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 1999. 172 150-2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You) (European CD single liner notes). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 1999. 172 127-2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You) (European maxi-CD single liner notes). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 1999. 172 128-2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You) (UK CD single liner notes). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 2000. 172 149-2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You) (UK cassette single sleeve). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 2000. 172149-4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Come On Over (Canadian CD album booklet). Shania Twain. Mercury Records. 1997. 314-536 003-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_On_Over","url_text":"Come On Over"}]},{"reference":"\"Hits of the World\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 8. February 21, 1998. p. 50. Retrieved May 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1998/BB-1998-02-21.pdf","url_text":"\"Hits of the World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 17, no. 10. March 4, 2000. p. 11. Retrieved January 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2000/MM-2000-03-04.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Top National Sellers\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 17, no. 14. April 1, 2000. p. 13. Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2000/MM-2000-04-01.pdf","url_text":"\"Top National Sellers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Romanian Top 100: Top of the Year 2000\" (in Romanian). Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on January 22, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050122081829/http://www.rt100.ro/topul-anului-2000.html","url_text":"\"Romanian Top 100: Top of the Year 2000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100","url_text":"Romanian Top 100"},{"url":"http://www.rt100.ro/topul-anului-2000.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fernando Salaverri (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8048-639-2","url_text":"84-8048-639-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Top Country Singles Sales\" (PDF). Billboard. Retrieved October 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1997/Billboard-1997-12-27.pdf","url_text":"\"Billboard Top Country Singles Sales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM's Top 100 Country Tracks of '98\". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. December 14, 1998. Retrieved January 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.6973&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.6973.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.6973","url_text":"\"RPM's Top 100 Country Tracks of '98\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"The Year in Music\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 52. December 26, 1998. p. YE-60. Retrieved May 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1998/BB-1998-12-26.pdf","url_text":"\"The Year in Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Sellers of 2000: Singles Top 100\". Music Week. London, England: United Business Media: 25. January 20, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBM_plc","url_text":"United Business Media"}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Shania Twain – Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/19804-912-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Shania Twain – Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Going for Adds\". Radio & Records. No. 1222. November 7, 1997. p. 65.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records","url_text":"Radio & Records"}]},{"reference":"\"In-Store Next Week (from 14/2/00)\". Music Week. February 12, 2000. p. 27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVvjKA22MYs","external_links_name":"\"Don’t Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0123309","external_links_name":"\"Shania Twain \"Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\" Guitar Tab in D Major – Download & Print\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090616044959/http://www.shaniatwain.com/about-awards.asp","external_links_name":"\"Shania Twain awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.shaniatwain.com/about-awards.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/22140/Shania-Twain","external_links_name":"\"Shania Twain: Artist Chart History\""},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/shania-twains-official-top-10-biggest-songs__19426/","external_links_name":"\"Shania Twain's Official Top 10 biggest songs\""},{"Link":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Shania+Twain&titel=Don%27t+Be+Stupid+(You+Know+I+Love+You)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Shania Twain – Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Shania+Twain&titel=Don%27t+Be+Stupid+(You+Know+I+Love+You)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Shania Twain – Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1998/BB-1998-02-21.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Hits of the World\""},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.3430&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.3430.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.3430","external_links_name":"Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 3430"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2000/MM-2000-03-04.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2000/MM-2000-04-01.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Top National Sellers\""},{"Link":"http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=title&placement=Don%27t+Be+Stupid+%28You+Know+I+Love+You%29","external_links_name":"The Irish Charts – Search Results – Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\""},{"Link":"https://www.top40.nl/top40/2000/week-11","external_links_name":"Nederlandse Top 40 – week 11, 2000"},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Shania+Twain&titel=Don%27t+Be+Stupid+(You+Know+I+Love+You)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Shania Twain – Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Shania+Twain&titel=Don%27t+Be+Stupid+(You+Know+I+Love+You)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Shania Twain – Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050122081829/http://www.rt100.ro/topul-anului-2000.html","external_links_name":"\"Romanian Top 100: Top of the Year 2000\""},{"Link":"http://www.rt100.ro/topul-anului-2000.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20000220/41/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Shania+Twain&titel=Don%27t+Be+Stupid+(You+Know+I+Love+You)&cat=s","external_links_name":"Shania Twain – Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Shania-Twain/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"Shania Twain Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Shania-Twain/chart-history/CSI","external_links_name":"\"Shania Twain Chart History (Hot Country Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1997/Billboard-1997-12-27.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Top Country Singles Sales\""},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.6973&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.6973.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.6973","external_links_name":"\"RPM's Top 100 Country Tracks of '98\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1998/BB-1998-12-26.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Year in Music\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/19804-912-1","external_links_name":"\"British single certifications – Shania Twain – Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/a7beaedf-322e-3cdd-b0ff-b4438c683056","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/f63cc54e-0656-4072-be57-c367b341335e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axenic | Axenic | ["1 Preparation","2 Experimental use","2.1 Problems","3 See also","4 References"] | A microbiological culture with only a single species or strain of organism
In biology, axenic (/eɪˈzɛnɪk/, /eɪˈzinɪk/) describes the state of a culture in which only a single species, variety, or strain of organism is present and entirely free of all other contaminating organisms. The earliest axenic cultures were of bacteria or unicellular eukaryotes, but axenic cultures of many multicellular organisms are also possible. Axenic culture is an important tool for the study of symbiotic and parasitic organisms in a controlled environment.
Preparation
Axenic cultures of microorganisms are typically prepared by subculture of an existing mixed culture. This may involve use of a dilution series, in which a culture is successively diluted to the point where subsamples of it contain only a few individual organisms, ideally only a single individual (in the case of an asexual species). These subcultures are allowed to grow until the identity of their constituent organisms can be ascertained. Selection of those cultures consisting solely of the desired organism produces the axenic culture. Subculture selection may also involve manually sampling the target organism from an uncontaminated growth front in an otherwise mixed culture, and using this as an inoculum source for the subculture.
Axenic cultures are usually checked routinely to ensure that they remain axenic. One standard approach with microorganisms is to spread a sample of the culture onto an agar plate, and to incubate this for a fixed period of time. The agar should be an enriched medium that will support the growth of common "contaminating" organisms. Such "contaminating" organisms will grow on the plate during this period, identifying cultures that are no longer axenic.
Experimental use
As axenic cultures are derived from very few organisms, or even a single individual, they are useful because the organisms present within them share a relatively narrow gene pool. In the case of an asexual species derived from a single individual, the resulting culture should consist of identical organisms (though processes such as mutation and horizontal gene transfer may introduce a degree of variability). Consequently, they will generally respond in a more uniform and reproducible fashion, simplifying the interpretation of experiments.
Problems
The axenic culture of some pathogens is complicated because they normally thrive within host tissues which exhibit properties that are difficult to replicate in vitro. This is especially true in the case of intracellular pathogens. However, careful replication of key features of the host environment can resolve these difficulties (e.g. host metabolites, dissolved oxygen), such as with the Q fever pathogen, Coxiella burnetii.
See also
Asepsis
Gnotobiotic animal
Germ-free animal
Sterilization (microbiology)
References
^ Thain, M.; Hickman, M. (1994). Dictionary of Biology (9th ed.). Penguin Books, London, UK. ISBN 0-14-051288-8.
^ J.B. Middlebrook; R.O. Bowman (9 September 1963). "Preparation of Axenic Cultures of Algae by Use of a French Press". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 12 (1): 44–5. doi:10.1128/am.12.1.44-45.1964. PMC 1058062. PMID 14106939.
^ Omsland, Anders; et al. (2009). "Host cell-free growth of the Q fever bacterium Coxiella burnetii". PNAS. 106 (11): 4430–4434. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.4430O. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812074106. PMC 2657411. PMID 19246385.
vteMicrobiology: BacteriaMedicalmicrobiology
Infection
Exotoxin
Lysogenic cycle
Pathogenic bacteria
Resistance
Biochemistryand ecologyOxygenpreference
Aerobic
Obligate
Facultative
Anaerobic
Facultative
Obligate
Microaerophile
Nanaerobe
Aerotolerant
Other
Extremophile
Human microbiome
Gut
Lung
Mouth
Skin
Vaginal (in pregnancy)
Placental
Uterine
Salivary
Microbial metabolism
Nitrogen fixation
Microbial ecology
Primary nutritional groups
Substrate preference
Lipophilic
Saccharophilic
Shape
Bacterial cellular morphologies
cell structure
plasticity
Cocci
Bacilli
Coccobacilli
Spiral
StructureCellenvelope
Cell membrane
Cell wall: Peptidoglycan
NAM
NAG
DAP
Gram-positive bacteria only: Teichoic acid
Lipoteichoic acid
Endospore
Gram-negative bacteria only: Bacterial outer membrane
Porin
Lipopolysaccharide
Periplasmic space
Mycobacteria only: Arabinogalactan
Mycolic acid
Outsideenvelope
Bacterial capsule
Slime layer
S-layer
Glycocalyx
Pilus
Fimbria
Non-motile bacteria
Composite
Biofilm
Taxonomyand evolution
Bacteria (classifications)
Bacterial phyla
Former groupings: Schizomycetes
Monera
Prokaryota
Gracilicutes
Firmicutes
Mollicutes
Mendosicutes
Category
Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"/eɪˈzɛnɪk/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/eɪˈzinɪk/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culture"},{"link_name":"organism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism"},{"link_name":"contaminating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminating"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"eukaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"symbiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiotic"},{"link_name":"parasitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic"}],"text":"In biology, axenic (/eɪˈzɛnɪk/, /eɪˈzinɪk/) describes the state of a culture in which only a single species, variety, or strain of organism is present and entirely free of all other contaminating organisms. The earliest axenic cultures were of bacteria or unicellular eukaryotes, but axenic cultures of many multicellular organisms are also possible.[1] Axenic culture is an important tool for the study of symbiotic and parasitic organisms in a controlled environment.","title":"Axenic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microorganisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism"},{"link_name":"subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture_(biology)"},{"link_name":"dilution series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_dilution"},{"link_name":"asexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"inoculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inoculum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"agar plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar_plate"},{"link_name":"incubate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubator_(microbiology)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Axenic cultures of microorganisms are typically prepared by subculture of an existing mixed culture. This may involve use of a dilution series, in which a culture is successively diluted to the point where subsamples of it contain only a few individual organisms, ideally only a single individual (in the case of an asexual species). These subcultures are allowed to grow until the identity of their constituent organisms can be ascertained. Selection of those cultures consisting solely of the desired organism produces the axenic culture. Subculture selection may also involve manually sampling the target organism from an uncontaminated growth front in an otherwise mixed culture, and using this as an inoculum source for the subculture.[2]Axenic cultures are usually checked routinely to ensure that they remain axenic. One standard approach with microorganisms is to spread a sample of the culture onto an agar plate, and to incubate this for a fixed period of time. The agar should be an enriched medium that will support the growth of common \"contaminating\" organisms. Such \"contaminating\" organisms will grow on the plate during this period, identifying cultures that are no longer axenic.[citation needed]","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gene pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_pool"},{"link_name":"identical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning"},{"link_name":"mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"horizontal gene transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer"},{"link_name":"reproducible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducibility"},{"link_name":"experiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment"}],"text":"As axenic cultures are derived from very few organisms, or even a single individual, they are useful because the organisms present within them share a relatively narrow gene pool. In the case of an asexual species derived from a single individual, the resulting culture should consist of identical organisms (though processes such as mutation and horizontal gene transfer may introduce a degree of variability). Consequently, they will generally respond in a more uniform and reproducible fashion, simplifying the interpretation of experiments.","title":"Experimental use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intracellular pathogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracellular_parasite"},{"link_name":"metabolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite"},{"link_name":"dissolved oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_saturation"},{"link_name":"Q fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_fever"},{"link_name":"Coxiella burnetii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxiella_burnetii"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Problems","text":"The axenic culture of some pathogens is complicated because they normally thrive within host tissues which exhibit properties that are difficult to replicate in vitro. This is especially true in the case of intracellular pathogens. However, careful replication of key features of the host environment can resolve these difficulties (e.g. host metabolites, dissolved oxygen), such as with the Q fever pathogen, Coxiella burnetii.[3]","title":"Experimental use"}] | [] | [{"title":"Asepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asepsis"},{"title":"Gnotobiotic animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnotobiotic_animal"},{"title":"Germ-free animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ-free_animal"},{"title":"Sterilization (microbiology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)"}] | [{"reference":"Thain, M.; Hickman, M. (1994). Dictionary of Biology (9th ed.). Penguin Books, London, UK. ISBN 0-14-051288-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051288-8","url_text":"0-14-051288-8"}]},{"reference":"J.B. Middlebrook; R.O. Bowman (9 September 1963). \"Preparation of Axenic Cultures of Algae by Use of a French Press\". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 12 (1): 44–5. doi:10.1128/am.12.1.44-45.1964. PMC 1058062. PMID 14106939.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1058062","url_text":"\"Preparation of Axenic Cultures of Algae by Use of a French Press\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fam.12.1.44-45.1964","url_text":"10.1128/am.12.1.44-45.1964"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1058062","url_text":"1058062"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14106939","url_text":"14106939"}]},{"reference":"Omsland, Anders; et al. (2009). \"Host cell-free growth of the Q fever bacterium Coxiella burnetii\". PNAS. 106 (11): 4430–4434. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.4430O. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812074106. PMC 2657411. PMID 19246385.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657411","url_text":"\"Host cell-free growth of the Q fever bacterium Coxiella burnetii\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNAS","url_text":"PNAS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..106.4430O","url_text":"2009PNAS..106.4430O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0812074106","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0812074106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657411","url_text":"2657411"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19246385","url_text":"19246385"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1058062","external_links_name":"\"Preparation of Axenic Cultures of Algae by Use of a French Press\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fam.12.1.44-45.1964","external_links_name":"10.1128/am.12.1.44-45.1964"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1058062","external_links_name":"1058062"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14106939","external_links_name":"14106939"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657411","external_links_name":"\"Host cell-free growth of the Q fever bacterium Coxiella burnetii\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..106.4430O","external_links_name":"2009PNAS..106.4430O"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0812074106","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.0812074106"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657411","external_links_name":"2657411"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19246385","external_links_name":"19246385"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_art | Cambodian art | ["1 Stone carving","2 Murals","3 Textiles","4 Non-textile weaving","5 Lacquerware","6 Blacksmithing","7 Silversmithing","8 Ceramics","9 Kites","10 Modern and contemporary visual arts","11 References","12 Works cited","13 Further reading","14 External links"] | Aspect of Cambodian history
A stone carving at Banteay Srei of goddessTilottama, an Angkorian temple consecrated in 967 CE.
Part of a series on theCulture of Cambodia
Society
Khmers
Ethnic groups
Folklore
History
Languages
Holidays
Religion
Script
Women
Youth
Topics
Art
Architecture
Ceramics
Cinema
Clothing
Cuisine (Royal cuisine)
Dance
Literature
Media
Newspapers
Radio
Television
Music
Sculpture
Sports
Theatre
Symbols
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem
World Heritage Sites
Cambodia portalvte
The history of art (Khmer: សិល្បៈខ្មែរ) stretches back centuries to ancient times, but the most famous period is undoubtedly the Khmer art of the Khmer Empire (802–1431), especially in the area around Angkor and the 12th-century temple-complex of Angkor Wat, initially Hindu and subsequently Buddhist. After the collapse of the empire, these and other sites were abandoned and overgrown, allowing much of the era's stone carving and architecture to survive to the present day. Traditional Cambodian arts and crafts include textiles, non-textile weaving, silversmithing, stone carving, lacquerware, ceramics, wat murals, and kite-making.
Beginning in the mid-20th century, a tradition of modern art began in Cambodia, though in the later 20th century both traditional and modern arts declined for several reasons, including the killing of artists by the Khmer Rouge. The country has experienced a recent artistic revival due to increased support from governments, NGOs, and foreign tourists.
In pre-colonial Cambodia, art and crafts were generally produced either by rural non-specialists for practical use or by skilled artists producing works for the Royal Palace. In modern Cambodia, many artistic traditions entered a period of decline or even ceased to be practiced, but the country has experienced a recent artistic revival as the tourist market has increased and governments and NGOs have contributed to the preservation of Cambodian culture.
Stone carving
Main article: Khmer sculpture
A stone bas-relief at Bayon temple depicting the Khmer army at war with the Cham, carved c. 1200 CE
Cambodia's best-known stone carving adorns the temples of Angkor, which are "renowned for the scale, richness and detail of their sculpture". In modern times, however, the art of stone carving became rare, largely because older sculptures survived undamaged for centuries (eliminating the need for replacements) and because of the use of cement molds for modern temple architecture. By the 1970s and 1980s, the craft of stone carving was nearly lost.
During the late 20th century, however, efforts to restore Angkor resulted in a new demand for skilled stone carvers to replace missing or damaged pieces, and a new tradition of stone carving is arising to meet this need. Most modern carving is traditional-style, but some carvers are experimenting with contemporary designs. Interest is also renewing for using stone carving in modern wats. Modern carvings are typically made from Banteay Meanchey sandstone, though stone from Pursat and Kompong Thom is also used.
A corner relief with devatas; late 1100s to early 1200s AD (Bayon period); sandstone; Dallas Museum of Art (Texas, USA)
A seated figure in a niche; 950-975 AD; made in the Bantey Srei style; Dallas Museum of Art
Murals
Because of destruction during recent war, few historic wat murals remain in Cambodia. In the 1960s, art historians Guy and Jacqueline Nafilyan photographed 19th-century murals, providing a record of this lost cultural heritage. The best known surviving murals are at the Silver Pagoda in Phnom Penh, Wat Rajabo in Siem Reap province, and Wat Kompong Tralach Leu in Kompong Chhnang Province. In the last decade, wat murals have seen a resurgence, but Cambodia's surviving older murals are generally more refined and detailed.
A mural of Gautama Buddha gaining nirvana; Wat Botum
A Ramayana mural at Phnom Penh's Silver Pagoda (1)
A Ramayana mural at Phnom Penh's Silver Pagoda (2)
Textiles
A 19th century silk pidan
A Cambodian woman weaving silk near Siem Reap, 2011
Silk weaving in Cambodia has a long history. The practice dates to as early as the late 13th century. According to Zhou Daguan's record, "None of the locals produces silk. Nor do the women know how to stitch and darn with a needle and thread. The only thing they can do is weave cotton from Kapok. Even then they cannot spin the yarn, but just use their hands to gather the cloth into strands.
They do not use a loom for weaving. Instead they just wind one end of the cloth around their waist, hang the other end over a window, and use a bamboo tube as a shuttle". Interestingly, Zhou mentioned that people from Siam brought silk production into Angkor, "In recent years people from Siam have come to live in Cambodia, and unlike the locals they engage in silk production. The mulberry trees they grow and the silkworms they raise all came from Siam. They themselves weave the silk into clothes made of a black patterned satiny silk".
There are two main types of Cambodian weaving. The ikat technique (Khmer: chong kiet), which produces patterned fabric, is quite complex. To create patterns, weavers tie-dye portions of weft yarn before weaving begins. Patterns are diverse and vary by region; common motifs include lattice, stars, and spots. The second weaving technique, unique to Cambodia, is called "uneven twill". It yields single or two-color fabrics, which are produced by weaving three threads so that the "color of one thread dominates on one side of the fabric, while the two others determine the colour on the reverse side." Traditionally, Cambodian textiles have employed natural dyes. Red dye comes from lac insect nests, blue dye from indigo, yellow and green dye from prohut bark, and black dye from ebony bark.
Cambodia's modern silk-weaving centers are Takéo, Battambang, Beanteay Meanchey, Siem Reap and Kampot provinces. Silk-weaving has seen a major revival recently, with production doubling over the past ten years. This has provided employment for many rural women. Cambodian silk is generally sold domestically, where it is used in sampot (wrap skirts), furnishings, and pidan (pictorial tapestries), but interest in international trade is increasing.
Cotton textiles have also played a significant role in Cambodian culture. Though today Cambodia imports most of its cotton, traditionally woven cotton remains popular. Rural women often weave homemade cotton fabric, which is used in garments and for household purposes. Krama, the traditional check scarves worn almost universally by Cambodians, are made of cotton.
Non-textile weaving
Main article: Cambodian mat
Many Cambodian farmers weave baskets (Khmer: tbanh kantrak) for household use or as a supplemental source of income. Most baskets are made of thinly cut bamboo. Regions known for basketry include Siem Reap and Kampong Cham. Mat weaving (tbanh kantuel) is a common seasonal occupation. They are most commonly made from reeds, either left a natural tan color or dyed in deep jewel tones. The region of Cambodia best known for mat weaving is the Mekong floodplain, especially around Lvea Em district. Mats are commonly laid out for guests and are important building materials for homes. Wicker and rattan crafts (tbanh kanchoeu) made from dryandra trees are also significant. Common wicker and rattan products include walls, mats, furniture, and other household items.
Lacquerware
A Cambodian woman works on a lacquered vase
The height of Cambodian traditional lacquerware was between the 12th and 16th centuries; some examples of work from this era, including gilded Buddha images and betel boxes, have survived to the present day. Lacquerware was traditionally colored black using burnt wood, representing the underworld; red using mercury, representing the earth; and yellow using arsenic, representing the heavens. Lacquer on Angkorian stone dates to the 15th or 16th century.
In modern Cambodia, the art of lacquerwork nearly faded into oblivion: few lacquer trees survived, and lacquer was unavailable in local markets. Today's revival is still in its infancy, but 100 lacquer artists have been trained by a French expert under the guidance of Artisans d'Angkor, a company that produces traditional crafts in village workshops. Some artists are "beginning to experiment with different techniques and styles...to produce modern and striking effects."
Blacksmithing
A Khmer-style royal sword (preah khan).
Khmer weapons, as recorded in 1880, and still common among Khmer peasants to this day.
Archeological finds near Angkorian sites in the former Khmer empire have suggested a wide variety and quality of blacksmithing. Khmer swords became part of Khmer culture and literature through influences that were not only mythogical, as the Chandrahas sword represented in Angkor Wat and found in the Reamker or legendary as the sword that Preah Bath Ponhea Yath, who was the last king of the Angkorian Empire, drew out as he led a victorious battle against the Siamese invaders to take back the ancient Khmer capital in the 14th century.
Blacksmithing in Cambodia is essentially linked to the needs of agriculture, and for that reasons, it remains one of the skills which survived best through the tragic years of the Khmer Rouges. In this day, the vast majority of blacksmiths in Cambodia draws from the Cham minority. Recently, high-end quality blacksmithing has also emerged in Cambodia producing knives and swords in Khmer and Japanese styles.
Silversmithing
A lotus-shaped Cambodian bowl (gold and silver alloy), made c. 1222 CE
Silversmithing in Cambodia dates back centuries. The Royal Palace traditionally patronized silversmiths' workshops, and silversmiths remain concentrated at Kompong Luong, near the former royal capital Oudong. Silver was made into a variety of items, including weaponry, coins, ceremonial objects used in funerary and religious rituals, and betel boxes.
During Cambodia's colonial period, artisans at the School of Fine Art produced celebrated silverwork, and by the late 1930s there were more than 600 silversmiths. Today, silverwork is popular for boxes, jewellery, and souvenir items; these are often adorned with fruit, fire, and Angkor-inspired motifs. Men produce most of the forms for such work, but women often complete the intricate filigree.
Ceramics
Further information: Khmer ceramics
Cambodian pottery traditions date to 5000 BCE. Ceramics were mostly used for domestic purposes such as holding food and water. There is no evidence that Khmer ceramics were ever exported, though ceramics were imported from elsewhere in Asia beginning in the 10th century. Ceramics in the shape of birds, elephants, rabbits, and other animals were popular between the 11th and 13th centuries.
Potting traditionally was done either on a pottery wheel or using shaping tools such as paddles and anvils. Firing was done in clay kilns, which could reach temperatures of 1,000–1,200 °C, or in the open air, at temperatures of around 700 °C. Primarily green and brown glazes were used. In rural Cambodia, traditional pottery methods remained. Many pieces are hand-turned and fired on an open fire without glaze. The country's major center for pottery is Kompong Chhnang Province.
In modern Cambodia, the art of glazed ceramics faded into oblivion: the technique of stoneware stop to be used around 14th century, at the end of Angkor era. Today this technique begin a slow revival through a Belgian ceramist who founded the Khmer Ceramics & Fine Arts Center, in Siem Reap, the organization lead vocational training and researches about this lost skill.
Glazed pottery with brown slip; Bayon period, 12th century
An owl-shaped lime pot; Angkorian era, 12th-13th century
Ewer glazed stoneware; Angkorian era, 12th century
A water jar, used as a container for water or food, Angkorian era
Rabbit shaped glazed stoneware; Angkorian era, 11th-12th century
Kites
Cambodia's kite-making and kite-flying tradition, which dates back many centuries, was revived in the early 1990s and is now extremely popular throughout the country. Kites (Khmer: khleng ek) are generally flown at night during the northeast monsoon season. A bow attached to the kites resonates in the wind, producing a musical sound.
Modern and contemporary visual arts
Soriya god journey with his own Sun make Khmer New Year
Cambodia's tradition of modern (representational) drawing, painting, and sculpture was established in the late 1940s at the School of Cambodian Arts (later called the University of Fine Arts), where it occupied much of the school's curriculum a decade later. These developments were supported by the government, which encouraged new areas of specialization (e.g. design and modern painting) at the school and purchased modern art for the Prime Minister's residences and for government buildings.
Galleries opened in Phnom Penh during the 1960s, and cultural centers hosted exhibitions of modern paintings and provided art libraries. One important painter of the 1960s was Nhek Dim; he has become the painter of reference for modern painters. During the subsequent Khmer Rouge era, many artists were killed and art production nearly ceased.
After the fall of the Khmer Rouge, artists and professors returned the University of Fine Arts to rebuild arts training. Socialist Bloc governments sponsored the education of young art students in Poland, Bulgaria, the former Soviet Union, and Hungary during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Other local efforts aimed to re-establish workshops, collect documents, and preserve traditional knowledge.
Though several galleries present changing exhibitions in Phnom Penh, the vast majority of artists cannot support themselves through exhibitions and sales of modern work. Artists generally earn income from Angkor-inspired art for tourists or from painting commercial signs and large reproductions that in the West would be mechanically produced.
Several broad schools of art exist among modern Cambodian artists. Some artists, including Som Samai (a silversmith), An Sok (a mask-maker), and Chet Chan (a painter) follow colonial traditions to produce traditional Khmer art. Chhim Sothy's work is also derived from these traditions. Many young artists who studied abroad in the 1980s, including Phy Chan Than, Soeung Vannara, Long Sophea, and Prom Sam An, have presented a modern Khmer art forms combining subjects from Khmer art with Western modernism. Other notable Cambodian artists include Leang Seckon, Pich Sopheap, Svay Ken, Asasax, Chhan Dina, Patrick Samnang Mey, Lam Soeung, and Chhorn Bun Son. During the 1990s, Cambodia saw the return of many members of the Khmer diaspora, including several internationally recognized artists. Among these are Marine Ky and Chath Piersath.
References
^ a b Visiting Arts (2005), "Stone carving".
^ Ang, SamSam. (March 2, 2010). Preserving a Cultural Tradition: Ten Years After the Khmer Rouge. Cultural Survival. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
^ Wubin, Zhuang .Mekong Spring: Cambodian Photography in the Last Decade Archived 2013-06-09 at the Wayback Machine Asia Art Archive. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
^ a b c Visiting Arts (2005), "Silk weaving".
^ Visiting Arts (2005), "Cotton weaving (tbanh ambas)".
^ Visiting Arts (2005), "Basket weaving (tbanh kantrak)".
^ Visiting Arts (2005), "Mat weaving (tbanh kantuel)".
^ Visiting Arts (2005), "Wicker and rattan (tbanh kanchoeu)".
^ a b Visiting Arts (2005), "Lacquerware".
^ "Of magic swords and vanishing skills". Khmer Times. 2020-11-22. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
^ Sokha, Cheang. "Former Khmer Rouge blacksmith forges ahead". www.phnompenhpost.com. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
^ Roux, Arnaud (2006-06-17). "Cambodian Craftsmen Challenge the World's Greatest Swordsmiths and Bowmakers". The Cambodia Daily. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
^ a b Visiting Arts (2005), "Silversmithing".
^ a b Visiting Arts (2005), "Ceramics".
^ Visiting Arts (2005), "Kite Making".
^ a b Vachon, Michelle. "Painting by famed Nhek Dim returns home", The Cambodia Daily, Phnom Penh, 20 March 2009.
^ a b c d Visiting Arts (2005), "Modern and contemporary visual arts".
^ Fine Art, Angkor. "Chhim Sothy - Artist".
Works cited
"Cambodia Cultural Profile". Cultural Profiles. September 18, 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-03-10. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
Further reading
Jessup, Helen Ibbetson, Art and Architecture of Cambodia, 2004, Thames & Hudson (World of Art), ISBN 050020375X
Lerner, Martin (1984). The flame and the lotus: Indian and Southeast Asian art from the Kronos collections. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870993747.
External links
History behind Cambodian Hindu temple "Angkor Wat"
Cambodia Cultural Profile
Cambodian masks
vteCambodia articlesHistory
Timeline
Early history
Nokor Phnom
Chenla
Khmer Empire
Post-Angkor period
French protectorate of Cambodia
Japanese occupation
Puppet state
Sihanouk era (1953–70)
Khmer Republic
Civil War
Democratic Kampuchea
Cambodian genocide
Cambodian–Vietnamese War
People's Republic of Kampuchea
Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea
State of Cambodia
UNTAC
Modern Cambodia
Geography
Administrative divisions
Borders
Cities
Climate change
Deforestation
Ecoregions
Islands
Lakes
Tonlé Sap
Protected areas
Rivers
Wildlife
World Heritage Sites
Politics
Cabinet
Elections
Foreign relations
Government
Human rights
LGBT
Judiciary
Law
Law enforcement
Military
Monarchy
Motto
Parliament
Political parties
Prime Minister
Economy
Agriculture
Banking
Child labour
Energy
Economic history
Mining
Natural resources
Riel (currency)
Science and technology
Special Economic Zones
Telecommunications
Tourism
Transportation
Society
Crime
Demographics
Education
Ethnic groups
Gambling
Health
HIV/AIDS
Hunting
Human trafficking
Languages
Prostitution
Religion
Women
Sex trafficking
Social class
Social organization
Squatting
Youth
Culture
Architecture
Art
Cinema
Clothing
Courtship, marriage, and divorce
Cuisine (royal cuisine)
Dance
Epigraphy
Jewellery
Keyboard
Literature
Manuscripts
Mat weaving
Media
Music
Ornamentation
Public holidays
Sport
Theatre
OutlineIndex
Category
Portal
vteArt of Asia Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States withlimited recognition
Abkhazia
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies andother territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau
Category
Asia portal
vteAsian artSovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Burma (Myanmar)
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States with limitedrecognition
Abkhazia
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies andother territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fronton_Cambodge_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_9972.jpg"},{"link_name":"Banteay Srei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteay_Srei"},{"link_name":"goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi"},{"link_name":"Tilottama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilottama"},{"link_name":"Angkorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"Khmer Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Empire"},{"link_name":"Angkor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor"},{"link_name":"Angkor Wat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_Wat"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiles"},{"link_name":"weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving"},{"link_name":"silversmithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silversmithing"},{"link_name":"stone carving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_carving"},{"link_name":"lacquerware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacquerware"},{"link_name":"ceramics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_art"},{"link_name":"wat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat"},{"link_name":"murals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murals"},{"link_name":"kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite"},{"link_name":"Khmer Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge"}],"text":"A stone carving at Banteay Srei of goddessTilottama, an Angkorian temple consecrated in 967 CE.The history of art (Khmer: សិល្បៈខ្មែរ) stretches back centuries to ancient times, but the most famous period is undoubtedly the Khmer art of the Khmer Empire (802–1431), especially in the area around Angkor and the 12th-century temple-complex of Angkor Wat, initially Hindu and subsequently Buddhist. After the collapse of the empire, these and other sites were abandoned and overgrown, allowing much of the era's stone carving and architecture to survive to the present day. Traditional Cambodian arts and crafts include textiles, non-textile weaving, silversmithing, stone carving, lacquerware, ceramics, wat murals, and kite-making.Beginning in the mid-20th century, a tradition of modern art began in Cambodia, though in the later 20th century both traditional and modern arts declined for several reasons, including the killing of artists by the Khmer Rouge. The country has experienced a recent artistic revival due to increased support from governments, NGOs, and foreign tourists.In pre-colonial Cambodia, art and crafts were generally produced either by rural non-specialists for practical use or by skilled artists producing works for the Royal Palace. In modern Cambodia, many artistic traditions entered a period of decline or even ceased to be practiced, but the country has experienced a recent artistic revival as the tourist market has increased and governments and NGOs have contributed to the preservation of Cambodian culture.","title":"Cambodian art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayon"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Empire"},{"link_name":"Cham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham_(Asia)"},{"link_name":"Angkor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carving-1"},{"link_name":"Banteay Meanchey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteay_Meanchey"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"Pursat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pursat"},{"link_name":"Kompong Thom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Thom_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carving-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corner_relief_with_devatas,_Cambodia,_Khmer_empire,_Bayon_period,_late_1100s_to_early_1200s_AD,_sandstone_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05033.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dallas Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seated_figure_in_a_niche,_Cambodia,_Bantey_Srei_style,_950-975_AD,_sandstone_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05029.jpg"}],"text":"A stone bas-relief at Bayon temple depicting the Khmer army at war with the Cham, carved c. 1200 CECambodia's best-known stone carving adorns the temples of Angkor, which are \"renowned for the scale, richness and detail of their sculpture\". In modern times, however, the art of stone carving became rare, largely because older sculptures survived undamaged for centuries (eliminating the need for replacements) and because of the use of cement molds for modern temple architecture. By the 1970s and 1980s, the craft of stone carving was nearly lost.[1]During the late 20th century, however, efforts to restore Angkor resulted in a new demand for skilled stone carvers to replace missing or damaged pieces, and a new tradition of stone carving is arising to meet this need. Most modern carving is traditional-style, but some carvers are experimenting with contemporary designs. Interest is also renewing for using stone carving in modern wats. Modern carvings are typically made from Banteay Meanchey sandstone, though stone from Pursat and Kompong Thom is also used.[1]A corner relief with devatas; late 1100s to early 1200s AD (Bayon period); sandstone; Dallas Museum of Art (Texas, USA)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA seated figure in a niche; 950-975 AD; made in the Bantey Srei style; Dallas Museum of Art","title":"Stone carving"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"wat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat"},{"link_name":"murals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural"},{"link_name":"Silver Pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Pagoda"},{"link_name":"Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"Wat Rajabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wat_Rajabo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Siem Reap province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siem_Reap_province"},{"link_name":"Wat Kompong Tralach Leu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wat_Kompong_Tralach_Leu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kompong Chhnang Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompong_Chhnang_Province"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gautama_Buddha_gains_nirvana.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Phnom_Penh,_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski,_Malowid%C5%82a_przedstawiaj%C4%85ce_sceny_z_Reamker_(27).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reamker"},{"link_name":"Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"Silver Pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Pagoda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Phnom_Penh,_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski,_Malowid%C5%82a_przedstawiaj%C4%85ce_sceny_z_Reamker_(35).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reamker"}],"text":"Because of destruction during recent war,[2][3] few historic wat murals remain in Cambodia. In the 1960s, art historians Guy and Jacqueline Nafilyan photographed 19th-century murals, providing a record of this lost cultural heritage. The best known surviving murals are at the Silver Pagoda in Phnom Penh, Wat Rajabo in Siem Reap province, and Wat Kompong Tralach Leu in Kompong Chhnang Province. In the last decade, wat murals have seen a resurgence, but Cambodia's surviving older murals are generally more refined and detailed.A mural of Gautama Buddha gaining nirvana; Wat Botum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Ramayana mural at Phnom Penh's Silver Pagoda (1)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Ramayana mural at Phnom Penh's Silver Pagoda (2)","title":"Murals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Pidan%27_(sacred_banner)_from_Cambodia,_Khmer,_1880-1910.jpg"},{"link_name":"pidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidan_(textile)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angkor_Silk_Farm.JPG"},{"link_name":"Siem Reap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siem_Reap"},{"link_name":"Silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving"},{"link_name":"Zhou Daguan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Daguan"},{"link_name":"Kapok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra"},{"link_name":"loom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom"},{"link_name":"Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Daguan"},{"link_name":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Angkor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor"},{"link_name":"mulberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)"},{"link_name":"silkworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_mori"},{"link_name":"ikat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikat"},{"link_name":"weft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weft"},{"link_name":"twill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twill"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silk-4"},{"link_name":"lac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_(resin)"},{"link_name":"indigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo"},{"link_name":"prohut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prohut&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ebony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebony"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silk-4"},{"link_name":"Takéo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C3%A9o_Province"},{"link_name":"Battambang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battambang"},{"link_name":"Beanteay Meanchey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beanteay_Meanchey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Siem Reap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siem_Reap"},{"link_name":"Kampot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampot_Province"},{"link_name":"sampot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampot"},{"link_name":"pidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidan_(textile)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silk-4"},{"link_name":"Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"Krama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krama"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A 19th century silk pidanA Cambodian woman weaving silk near Siem Reap, 2011Silk weaving in Cambodia has a long history. The practice dates to as early as the late 13th century. According to Zhou Daguan's record, \"None of the locals produces silk. Nor do the women know how to stitch and darn with a needle and thread. The only thing they can do is weave cotton from Kapok. Even then they cannot spin the yarn, but just use their hands to gather the cloth into strands.They do not use a loom for weaving. Instead they just wind one end of the cloth around their waist, hang the other end over a window, and use a bamboo tube as a shuttle\". Interestingly, Zhou mentioned that people from Siam brought silk production into Angkor, \"In recent years people from Siam have come to live in Cambodia, and unlike the locals they engage in silk production. The mulberry trees they grow and the silkworms they raise all came from Siam. They themselves weave the silk into clothes made of a black patterned satiny silk\".There are two main types of Cambodian weaving. The ikat technique (Khmer: chong kiet), which produces patterned fabric, is quite complex. To create patterns, weavers tie-dye portions of weft yarn before weaving begins. Patterns are diverse and vary by region; common motifs include lattice, stars, and spots. The second weaving technique, unique to Cambodia, is called \"uneven twill\". It yields single or two-color fabrics, which are produced by weaving three threads so that the \"color of one thread dominates on one side of the fabric, while the two others determine the colour on the reverse side.\"[4] Traditionally, Cambodian textiles have employed natural dyes. Red dye comes from lac insect nests, blue dye from indigo, yellow and green dye from prohut bark, and black dye from ebony bark.[4]Cambodia's modern silk-weaving centers are Takéo, Battambang, Beanteay Meanchey, Siem Reap and Kampot provinces. Silk-weaving has seen a major revival recently, with production doubling over the past ten years. This has provided employment for many rural women. Cambodian silk is generally sold domestically, where it is used in sampot (wrap skirts), furnishings, and pidan (pictorial tapestries), but interest in international trade is increasing.[4]Cotton textiles have also played a significant role in Cambodian culture. Though today Cambodia imports most of its cotton, traditionally woven cotton remains popular. Rural women often weave homemade cotton fabric, which is used in garments and for household purposes. Krama, the traditional check scarves worn almost universally by Cambodians, are made of cotton.[5]","title":"Textiles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"weave baskets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket_weaving"},{"link_name":"Siem Reap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siem_Reap"},{"link_name":"Kampong Cham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Cham_Province"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lvea Em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lvea_Em&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"dryandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryandra"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Many Cambodian farmers weave baskets (Khmer: tbanh kantrak) for household use or as a supplemental source of income. Most baskets are made of thinly cut bamboo. Regions known for basketry include Siem Reap and Kampong Cham.[6] Mat weaving (tbanh kantuel) is a common seasonal occupation. They are most commonly made from reeds, either left a natural tan color or dyed in deep jewel tones. The region of Cambodia best known for mat weaving is the Mekong floodplain, especially around Lvea Em district. Mats are commonly laid out for guests and are important building materials for homes.[7] Wicker and rattan crafts (tbanh kanchoeu) made from dryandra trees are also significant. Common wicker and rattan products include walls, mats, furniture, and other household items.[8]","title":"Non-textile weaving"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambodia_lacquerware.jpg"},{"link_name":"lacquerware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacquerware"},{"link_name":"betel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lacquer-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lacquer-9"}],"text":"A Cambodian woman works on a lacquered vaseThe height of Cambodian traditional lacquerware was between the 12th and 16th centuries; some examples of work from this era, including gilded Buddha images and betel boxes, have survived to the present day. Lacquerware was traditionally colored black using burnt wood, representing the underworld; red using mercury, representing the earth; and yellow using arsenic, representing the heavens. Lacquer on Angkorian stone dates to the 15th or 16th century.[9]In modern Cambodia, the art of lacquerwork nearly faded into oblivion: few lacquer trees survived, and lacquer was unavailable in local markets. Today's revival is still in its infancy, but 100 lacquer artists have been trained by a French expert under the guidance of Artisans d'Angkor, a company that produces traditional crafts in village workshops. Some artists are \"beginning to experiment with different techniques and styles...to produce modern and striking effects.\"[9]","title":"Lacquerware"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambodia_royal_sword.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V30_D330_Cambodian_weapons.jpg"},{"link_name":"blacksmithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith"},{"link_name":"swords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword"},{"link_name":"Chandrahas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrahas"},{"link_name":"Angkor Wat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_Wat"},{"link_name":"Reamker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reamker"},{"link_name":"Preah Bath Ponhea Yath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponhea_Yat"},{"link_name":"Angkorian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Empire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cham minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chams"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"A Khmer-style royal sword (preah khan).Khmer weapons, as recorded in 1880, and still common among Khmer peasants to this day.Archeological finds near Angkorian sites in the former Khmer empire have suggested a wide variety and quality of blacksmithing. Khmer swords became part of Khmer culture and literature through influences that were not only mythogical, as the Chandrahas sword represented in Angkor Wat and found in the Reamker or legendary as the sword that Preah Bath Ponhea Yath, who was the last king of the Angkorian Empire, drew out as he led a victorious battle against the Siamese invaders to take back the ancient Khmer capital in the 14th century.[10]Blacksmithing in Cambodia is essentially linked to the needs of agriculture, and for that reasons, it remains one of the skills which survived best through the tragic years of the Khmer Rouges.[11] In this day, the vast majority of blacksmiths in Cambodia draws from the Cham minority. Recently, high-end quality blacksmithing has also emerged in Cambodia producing knives and swords in Khmer and Japanese styles.[12]","title":"Blacksmithing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bowl_cambodia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kompong Luong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompong_Luong"},{"link_name":"Oudong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudong"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silversmithing-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silversmithing-13"}],"text":"A lotus-shaped Cambodian bowl (gold and silver alloy), made c. 1222 CESilversmithing in Cambodia dates back centuries. The Royal Palace traditionally patronized silversmiths' workshops, and silversmiths remain concentrated at Kompong Luong, near the former royal capital Oudong. Silver was made into a variety of items, including weaponry, coins, ceremonial objects used in funerary and religious rituals, and betel boxes.[13]During Cambodia's colonial period, artisans at the School of Fine Art produced celebrated silverwork, and by the late 1930s there were more than 600 silversmiths. Today, silverwork is popular for boxes, jewellery, and souvenir items; these are often adorned with fruit, fire, and Angkor-inspired motifs. Men produce most of the forms for such work, but women often complete the intricate filigree.[13]","title":"Silversmithing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khmer ceramics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_ceramics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceramics-14"},{"link_name":"pottery wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery_wheel"},{"link_name":"Kompong Chhnang Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompong_Chhnang_Province"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceramics-14"},{"link_name":"Khmer Ceramics & Fine Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Ceramics_%26_Fine_Arts_Centre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambodia,_Northeast_Thai_kiln,_Khmer_Ware,_Angkor_Wat-Bayon_period,_12th_ce_-_Jar_in_the_Shape_of_a_Fruit_-_1983.156_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Owl-shaped_lime_pot_from_Cambodia,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art_6717.1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ewer_from_Cambodia,_Angkorian_era,_12th_century,_glazed_stoneware,_HAA.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_Jar_by_Yary_Livan_(915d145f-8588-45c5-b780-ac622a208c07).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabbit-shaped_lime_pot_from_Cambodia,_Angkorian_era,_11th-12th_century.jpg"}],"text":"Further information: Khmer ceramicsCambodian pottery traditions date to 5000 BCE. Ceramics were mostly used for domestic purposes such as holding food and water. There is no evidence that Khmer ceramics were ever exported, though ceramics were imported from elsewhere in Asia beginning in the 10th century. Ceramics in the shape of birds, elephants, rabbits, and other animals were popular between the 11th and 13th centuries.[14]Potting traditionally was done either on a pottery wheel or using shaping tools such as paddles and anvils. Firing was done in clay kilns, which could reach temperatures of 1,000–1,200 °C, or in the open air, at temperatures of around 700 °C. Primarily green and brown glazes were used. In rural Cambodia, traditional pottery methods remained. Many pieces are hand-turned and fired on an open fire without glaze. The country's major center for pottery is Kompong Chhnang Province.[14]In modern Cambodia, the art of glazed ceramics faded into oblivion: the technique of stoneware stop to be used around 14th century, at the end of Angkor era. Today this technique begin a slow revival through a Belgian ceramist who founded the Khmer Ceramics & Fine Arts Center, in Siem Reap, the organization lead vocational training and researches about this lost skill.Glazed pottery with brown slip; Bayon period, 12th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn owl-shaped lime pot; Angkorian era, 12th-13th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEwer glazed stoneware; Angkorian era, 12th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA water jar, used as a container for water or food, Angkorian era\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRabbit shaped glazed stoneware; Angkorian era, 11th-12th century","title":"Ceramics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Cambodia's kite-making and kite-flying tradition, which dates back many centuries, was revived in the early 1990s and is now extremely popular throughout the country. Kites (Khmer: khleng ek) are generally flown at night during the northeast monsoon season. A bow attached to the kites resonates in the wind, producing a musical sound.[15]","title":"Kites"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Songkrant_Khmer.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vachon,_Michelle_2009-16"},{"link_name":"Nhek Dim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhek_Dim"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vachon,_Michelle_2009-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modern-17"},{"link_name":"traditional knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_knowledge"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modern-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modern-17"},{"link_name":"Som Samai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Som_Samai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"An Sok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Sok&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chet Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chet_Chan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chhim Sothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhim_Sothy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Phy Chan Than","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phy_Chan_Than&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soeung Vannara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soeung_Vannara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Long Sophea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_Sophea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prom Sam An","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prom_Sam_An&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pich Sopheap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopheap_Pich"},{"link_name":"Svay Ken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Svay_Ken&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chhan Dina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhan_Dina"},{"link_name":"Marine Ky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Ky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chath Piersath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chath_Piersath"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modern-17"}],"text":"Soriya god journey with his own Sun make Khmer New YearCambodia's tradition of modern (representational) drawing, painting, and sculpture was established in the late 1940s at the School of Cambodian Arts (later called the University of Fine Arts), where it occupied much of the school's curriculum a decade later. These developments were supported by the government, which encouraged new areas of specialization (e.g. design and modern painting) at the school and purchased modern art for the Prime Minister's residences and for government buildings.[16]Galleries opened in Phnom Penh during the 1960s, and cultural centers hosted exhibitions of modern paintings and provided art libraries. One important painter of the 1960s was Nhek Dim; he has become the painter of reference for modern painters.[16] During the subsequent Khmer Rouge era, many artists were killed and art production nearly ceased.[17]After the fall of the Khmer Rouge, artists and professors returned the University of Fine Arts to rebuild arts training. Socialist Bloc governments sponsored the education of young art students in Poland, Bulgaria, the former Soviet Union, and Hungary during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Other local efforts aimed to re-establish workshops, collect documents, and preserve traditional knowledge.[17]Though several galleries present changing exhibitions in Phnom Penh, the vast majority of artists cannot support themselves through exhibitions and sales of modern work. Artists generally earn income from Angkor-inspired art for tourists or from painting commercial signs and large reproductions that in the West would be mechanically produced.[17]Several broad schools of art exist among modern Cambodian artists. Some artists, including Som Samai (a silversmith), An Sok (a mask-maker), and Chet Chan (a painter) follow colonial traditions to produce traditional Khmer art. Chhim Sothy's work is also derived from these traditions.[18] Many young artists who studied abroad in the 1980s, including Phy Chan Than, Soeung Vannara, Long Sophea, and Prom Sam An, have presented a modern Khmer art forms combining subjects from Khmer art with Western modernism. Other notable Cambodian artists include Leang Seckon, Pich Sopheap, Svay Ken, Asasax, Chhan Dina, Patrick Samnang Mey, Lam Soeung, and Chhorn Bun Son. During the 1990s, Cambodia saw the return of many members of the Khmer diaspora, including several internationally recognized artists. Among these are Marine Ky and Chath Piersath.[17]","title":"Modern and contemporary visual arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Cambodia Cultural Profile\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080310202400/http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-37.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-37.html"}],"text":"\"Cambodia Cultural Profile\". Cultural Profiles. September 18, 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-03-10. Retrieved 2008-02-21.","title":"Works cited"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"050020375X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/050020375X"},{"link_name":"The flame and the lotus: Indian and Southeast Asian art from the Kronos collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/105494"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0870993747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870993747"}],"text":"Jessup, Helen Ibbetson, Art and Architecture of Cambodia, 2004, Thames & Hudson (World of Art), ISBN 050020375X\nLerner, Martin (1984). The flame and the lotus: Indian and Southeast Asian art from the Kronos collections. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870993747.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"A stone carving at Banteay Srei of goddessTilottama, an Angkorian temple consecrated in 967 CE.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fronton_Cambodge_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_9972.jpg/265px-Fronton_Cambodge_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_9972.jpg"},{"image_text":"A stone bas-relief at Bayon temple depicting the Khmer army at war with the Cham, carved c. 1200 CE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg/220px-Bayon_Angkor_Relief1.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 19th century silk pidan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%27Pidan%27_%28sacred_banner%29_from_Cambodia%2C_Khmer%2C_1880-1910.jpg/250px-%27Pidan%27_%28sacred_banner%29_from_Cambodia%2C_Khmer%2C_1880-1910.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Cambodian woman weaving silk near Siem Reap, 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Angkor_Silk_Farm.JPG/220px-Angkor_Silk_Farm.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Cambodian woman works on a lacquered vase","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cambodia_lacquerware.jpg/220px-Cambodia_lacquerware.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Khmer-style royal sword (preah khan).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cambodia_royal_sword.jpg/220px-Cambodia_royal_sword.jpg"},{"image_text":"Khmer weapons, as recorded in 1880, and still common among Khmer peasants to this day.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/PSM_V30_D330_Cambodian_weapons.jpg/220px-PSM_V30_D330_Cambodian_weapons.jpg"},{"image_text":"A lotus-shaped Cambodian bowl (gold and silver alloy), made c. 1222 CE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bowl_cambodia.jpg/220px-Bowl_cambodia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Soriya god journey with his own Sun make Khmer New Year","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Songkrant_Khmer.jpg/220px-Songkrant_Khmer.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Of magic swords and vanishing skills\". Khmer Times. 2020-11-22. Retrieved 2021-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50785175/of-magic-swords-and-vanishing-skills/","url_text":"\"Of magic swords and vanishing skills\""}]},{"reference":"Sokha, Cheang. \"Former Khmer Rouge blacksmith forges ahead\". www.phnompenhpost.com. Retrieved 2021-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/former-khmer-rouge-blacksmith-forges-ahead","url_text":"\"Former Khmer Rouge blacksmith forges ahead\""}]},{"reference":"Roux, Arnaud (2006-06-17). \"Cambodian Craftsmen Challenge the World's Greatest Swordsmiths and Bowmakers\". The Cambodia Daily. Retrieved 2021-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.cambodiadaily.com/news/cambodian-craftsmen-challenge-the-worlds-greatest-swordsmiths-and-bowmakers-1124/","url_text":"\"Cambodian Craftsmen Challenge the World's Greatest Swordsmiths and Bowmakers\""}]},{"reference":"Fine Art, Angkor. \"Chhim Sothy - Artist\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.angkorfineart.com/2012/03/09/58/","url_text":"\"Chhim Sothy - Artist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cambodia Cultural Profile\". Cultural Profiles. September 18, 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-03-10. Retrieved 2008-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080310202400/http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-37.html","url_text":"\"Cambodia Cultural Profile\""},{"url":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-37.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lerner, Martin (1984). The flame and the lotus: Indian and Southeast Asian art from the Kronos collections. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870993747.","urls":[{"url":"http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/105494","url_text":"The flame and the lotus: Indian and Southeast Asian art from the Kronos collections"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870993747","url_text":"0870993747"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1828.html","external_links_name":"\"Stone carving\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/cambodia/preserving-cultural-tradition-ten-years-after-khme","external_links_name":"Preserving a Cultural Tradition: Ten Years After the Khmer Rouge."},{"Link":"http://www.aaa.org.hk/Diaaalogue/Details/1144","external_links_name":"Mekong Spring: Cambodian Photography in the Last Decade"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130609063926/http://www.aaa.org.hk/Diaaalogue/Details/1144","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1821.html","external_links_name":"\"Silk weaving\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1827.html","external_links_name":"\"Cotton weaving (tbanh ambas)\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1824.html","external_links_name":"\"Basket weaving (tbanh kantrak)\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1825.html","external_links_name":"\"Mat weaving (tbanh kantuel)\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1826.html","external_links_name":"\"Wicker and rattan (tbanh kanchoeu)\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1829.html","external_links_name":"\"Lacquerware\""},{"Link":"https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50785175/of-magic-swords-and-vanishing-skills/","external_links_name":"\"Of magic swords and vanishing skills\""},{"Link":"https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/former-khmer-rouge-blacksmith-forges-ahead","external_links_name":"\"Former Khmer Rouge blacksmith forges ahead\""},{"Link":"https://english.cambodiadaily.com/news/cambodian-craftsmen-challenge-the-worlds-greatest-swordsmiths-and-bowmakers-1124/","external_links_name":"\"Cambodian Craftsmen Challenge the World's Greatest Swordsmiths and Bowmakers\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1822.html","external_links_name":"\"Silversmithing\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1823.html","external_links_name":"\"Ceramics\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1866.html","external_links_name":"\"Kite Making\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1792.html","external_links_name":"\"Modern and contemporary visual arts\""},{"Link":"http://www.angkorfineart.com/2012/03/09/58/","external_links_name":"\"Chhim Sothy - Artist\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080310202400/http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-37.html","external_links_name":"\"Cambodia Cultural Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-37.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/105494","external_links_name":"The flame and the lotus: Indian and Southeast Asian art from the Kronos collections"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191225081203/http://www.talksofindia.com/history-angkor-wat-cambodian-temple/","external_links_name":"History behind Cambodian Hindu temple \"Angkor Wat\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1820.html","external_links_name":"Cambodia Cultural Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1831.html","external_links_name":"Cambodian masks"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph508965&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT_Subject_Test_in_Mathematics_Level_2 | SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 2 | ["1 Format","2 Calculator use","3 Preparation","4 Scoring","5 See also","6 References"] | Standardized test in the United States
In the U.S., the SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 2 (formerly known as Math II or Math IIC, the "C" representing the sanctioned use of a calculator), was a one-hour multiple choice test. The questions covered a broad range of topics. Approximately 10-14% of questions focused on numbers and operations, 48-52% focused on algebra and functions, 28-32% focused on geometry (coordinate, three-dimensional, and trigonometric geometry were covered; plane geometry was not directly tested), and 8-12% focused on data analysis, statistics and probability. Compared to Mathematics 1, Mathematics 2 was more advanced. Whereas the Mathematics 1 test covered Algebra II and basic trigonometry, a pre-calculus class was good preparation for Mathematics 2. On January 19, 2021, the College Board discontinued all SAT Subject tests, including the SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 2. This was effective immediately in the United States, and the tests were to be phased out by the following summer for international students. This was done as a response to changes in college admissions due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education.
Format
The test had 50 multiple choice questions that were to be answered in one hour. All questions had five answer choices. Students received 1 point for every correct answer, lost ¼ of a point for each incorrect answer, and received 0 points for questions left blank.
Calculator use
The College Board stated that a calculator "may be useful or necessary" for about 55-60% of the questions on the test. The College Board also encouraged the use of a graphing calculator over a scientific calculator, saying that the test was "developed with the expectation that most students are using graphing calculators."
For the Mathematics Level Two test, students were not permitted to use calculators that have a QWERTY format keyboard, require an electrical outlet, make noise, use paper tape, have non-traditional methods of input (such as a stylus), or are part of a communication device (such as PDAs, laptops, or cell phones).
Preparation
The College Board suggested as preparation for the test four years of mathematics, including two years of algebra, one year of geometry, and one year of either precalculus or trigonometry.
While the precalculus or trigonometry course may have been good preparation for this test, students could have needed to buy extra resource materials if they want to score beyond a 700. The exam covered several years of mathematics, and students were expected to work quickly and efficiently.
Scoring
For each of the 50 multiple choice questions, students received 1 point for every correct answer, lost ¼ of a point for each incorrect answer, and received 0 points for questions left blank. This created a raw score, which was then converted into a scaled score. The conversion between these numbers varied depending on the difficulty of a particular test administration. The scaled score was the only score reported to either students or colleges, and ranged from 200 to 800, with 800 being the best possible score. The standard deviation of the test scores in 2006 was 105.
15 percent of the 2012 college-bound seniors taking the test received a perfect score of 800.
See also
SAT
SAT Subject Tests
PSAT/NMSQT
References
^ "Mathematics Level 2 Subject Test". SAT Suite of Assessments. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
^ "Compass Education Group FAQ". Compassprep.cpm. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
^ Nick Anderson, College Board is scrapping SAT’s optional essay and subject tests, Washington Post (January 19, 2021).
^ "College Board Will No Longer Offer SAT Subject Tests or SAT with Essay – College Board Blog". blog.collegeboard.org. Retrieved 2021-02-14.
^ Aspegren, Elinor. "Adjusting to 'new realities' in admissions process, College Board eliminates SAT's optional essay and subject tests". USA TODAY.
^ "SAT Subject Tests Preparation Booklet" (PDF). The College Board. pp. 17–22. Retrieved July 2, 2007.
^ "SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 2". The College Board. Retrieved July 2, 2007.
^ a b "SAT Calculator Policy". The College Board. Retrieved July 2, 2007.
^ "SAT Subject Tests Preparation Booklet" (PDF). The College Board. pp. 17–22. Retrieved July 2, 2007.
^ "SAT Subject Test Percentile Ranks, 2009 College-Bound Seniors" (PDF). The College Board. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
^ "SAT Subject Tests Percentile Ranks : 2012 College-Bound Seniors" (PDF). Media.collegeboard.com. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
vteCollege BoardPresidents
Gaston Caperton (1999–2012)
David Coleman (2012–present)
SAT testsMain tests
SAT
PSAT/NMSQT
Subject Tests (discontinued)
Biology E/M
Chemistry
Chinese
English Composition
English Language Proficiency
French
German
Classical Greek
Literature
Mathematics Level 1
Mathematics Level 2
Modern Hebrew
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Latin
Physics
Russian
Spanish
U.S. History
World History
AP examsArts
Art History
Music Theory
Studio Art: 2-D Design
Studio Art: 3-D Design
Studio Art: Drawing
English
English Language
English Literature
History & Social Science
African American Studies (in development)
Comparative Government and Politics
European History
Human Geography
Macroeconomics
Microeconomics
Psychology
U.S. History
U.S. Government and Politics
World History
Math & Computer Science
Calculus AB
Calculus BC
Computer Science A
Computer Science AB (discontinued)
Computer Science Principles
Precalculus
Statistics
Sciences
Biology
Chemistry
Environmental Science
Physics 1: Algebra-Based
Physics 2: Algebra-Based
Physics B (discontinued)
Physics C (discontinued)
Physics C: Mechanics
Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism
World Languages & Cultures
Chinese
French
French Literature (discontinued)
German
German Literature (discontinued)
Italian
Japanese
Latin
Latin Literature (discontinued)
Russian (discontinued)
Spanish
Spanish Literature
Programs & apps
Advanced Placement
College Level Examination
CSS Profile
Related
History of the SAT
Educational Testing Service
Math–verbal achievement gap
National Merit Scholarship Corporation | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiple choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_choice"},{"link_name":"test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_test"},{"link_name":"numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number"},{"link_name":"operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra"},{"link_name":"functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"coordinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_geometry"},{"link_name":"three-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_geometry"},{"link_name":"trigonometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry"},{"link_name":"plane geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_geometry"},{"link_name":"data analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis"},{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mathematics 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT_Subject_Test_in_Mathematics_Level_1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"the College Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Board"},{"link_name":"SAT Subject tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT_Subject_Tests"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In the U.S., the SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 2 (formerly known as Math II or Math IIC, the \"C\" representing the sanctioned use of a calculator), was a one-hour multiple choice test. The questions covered a broad range of topics. Approximately 10-14% of questions focused on numbers and operations, 48-52% focused on algebra and functions, 28-32% focused on geometry (coordinate, three-dimensional, and trigonometric geometry were covered; plane geometry was not directly tested), and 8-12% focused on data analysis, statistics and probability.[1] Compared to Mathematics 1, Mathematics 2 was more advanced. Whereas the Mathematics 1 test covered Algebra II and basic trigonometry, a pre-calculus class was good preparation for Mathematics 2.[2] On January 19, 2021, the College Board discontinued all SAT Subject tests, including the SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 2. This was effective immediately in the United States, and the tests were to be phased out by the following summer for international students.[3][4] This was done as a response to changes in college admissions due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education.[5]","title":"SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The test had 50 multiple choice questions that were to be answered in one hour.[6] All questions had five answer choices. Students received 1 point for every correct answer, lost ¼ of a point for each incorrect answer, and received 0 points for questions left blank.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graphing calculator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphing_calculator"},{"link_name":"scientific calculator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_calculator"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Math2bio-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Calcs-8"},{"link_name":"QWERTY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY"},{"link_name":"electrical outlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_outlet"},{"link_name":"stylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus_(computing)"},{"link_name":"PDAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant"},{"link_name":"laptops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop"},{"link_name":"cell phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Calcs-8"}],"text":"The College Board stated that a calculator \"may be useful or necessary\" for about 55-60% of the questions on the test. The College Board also encouraged the use of a graphing calculator over a scientific calculator,[7] saying that the test was \"developed with the expectation that most students are using graphing calculators.\"[8]For the Mathematics Level Two test, students were not permitted to use calculators that have a QWERTY format keyboard, require an electrical outlet, make noise, use paper tape, have non-traditional methods of input (such as a stylus), or are part of a communication device (such as PDAs, laptops, or cell phones).[8]","title":"Calculator use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"precalculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precalculus"},{"link_name":"trigonometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SATprep-9"}],"text":"The College Board suggested as preparation for the test four years of mathematics, including two years of algebra, one year of geometry, and one year of either precalculus or trigonometry.[9]While the precalculus or trigonometry course may have been good preparation for this test, students could have needed to buy extra resource materials if they want to score beyond a 700. The exam covered several years of mathematics, and students were expected to work quickly and efficiently.","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"standard deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SATsubjectpercentile-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"For each of the 50 multiple choice questions, students received 1 point for every correct answer, lost ¼ of a point for each incorrect answer, and received 0 points for questions left blank. This created a raw score, which was then converted into a scaled score. The conversion between these numbers varied depending on the difficulty of a particular test administration. The scaled score was the only score reported to either students or colleges, and ranged from 200 to 800, with 800 being the best possible score. The standard deviation of the test scores in 2006 was 105.[10]15 percent of the 2012 college-bound seniors taking the test received a perfect score of 800.[11]","title":"Scoring"}] | [] | [{"title":"SAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT"},{"title":"SAT Subject Tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT_Subject_Tests"},{"title":"PSAT/NMSQT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSAT/NMSQT"}] | [{"reference":"\"Mathematics Level 2 Subject Test\". SAT Suite of Assessments. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://collegereadiness.collegeboard.org/sat-subject-tests/subjects/mathematics/mathematics-2","url_text":"\"Mathematics Level 2 Subject Test\""}]},{"reference":"\"Compass Education Group FAQ\". Compassprep.cpm. Retrieved 1 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.compassprep.com/subject_faq.shtml#faq19","url_text":"\"Compass Education Group FAQ\""}]},{"reference":"\"College Board Will No Longer Offer SAT Subject Tests or SAT with Essay – College Board Blog\". blog.collegeboard.org. Retrieved 2021-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.collegeboard.org/January-2021-sat-subject-test-and-essay-faq","url_text":"\"College Board Will No Longer Offer SAT Subject Tests or SAT with Essay – College Board Blog\""}]},{"reference":"Aspegren, Elinor. \"Adjusting to 'new realities' in admissions process, College Board eliminates SAT's optional essay and subject tests\". USA TODAY.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/education/2021/01/19/sat-eliminates-optional-essay-subject-tests-covid-19-college-board/4220933001/","url_text":"\"Adjusting to 'new realities' in admissions process, College Board eliminates SAT's optional essay and subject tests\""}]},{"reference":"\"SAT Subject Tests Preparation Booklet\" (PDF). The College Board. pp. 17–22. Retrieved July 2, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collegeboard.com/prod_downloads/prof/counselors/tests/sat/2006-07-SAT-subject-tests-preparation-booklet.pdf","url_text":"\"SAT Subject Tests Preparation Booklet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_Board","url_text":"The College Board"}]},{"reference":"\"SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 2\". The College Board. Retrieved July 2, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/sat/lc_two/math2c/math2c.html?math2c","url_text":"\"SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_Board","url_text":"The College Board"}]},{"reference":"\"SAT Calculator Policy\". The College Board. Retrieved July 2, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/sat/testday/calc.html","url_text":"\"SAT Calculator Policy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_Board","url_text":"The College Board"}]},{"reference":"\"SAT Subject Tests Preparation Booklet\" (PDF). The College Board. pp. 17–22. Retrieved July 2, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collegeboard.com/prod_downloads/prof/counselors/tests/sat/2006-07-SAT-subject-tests-preparation-booklet.pdf","url_text":"\"SAT Subject Tests Preparation Booklet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_Board","url_text":"The College Board"}]},{"reference":"\"SAT Subject Test Percentile Ranks, 2009 College-Bound Seniors\" (PDF). The College Board. Retrieved May 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://professionals.collegeboard.com/profdownload/SAT-Subject-Test-Percentile-Ranks-2009.pdf","url_text":"\"SAT Subject Test Percentile Ranks, 2009 College-Bound Seniors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_Board","url_text":"The College Board"}]},{"reference":"\"SAT Subject Tests Percentile Ranks : 2012 College-Bound Seniors\" (PDF). Media.collegeboard.com. Retrieved 1 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/research/SAT-Subject-Tests-Percentile-Ranks-2012.pdf","url_text":"\"SAT Subject Tests Percentile Ranks : 2012 College-Bound Seniors\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://collegereadiness.collegeboard.org/sat-subject-tests/subjects/mathematics/mathematics-2","external_links_name":"\"Mathematics Level 2 Subject Test\""},{"Link":"http://www.compassprep.com/subject_faq.shtml#faq19","external_links_name":"\"Compass Education Group FAQ\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/sat-ending-essay-subject-tests/2021/01/19/ac82cdd8-574a-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html","external_links_name":"College Board is scrapping SAT’s optional essay and subject tests"},{"Link":"https://blog.collegeboard.org/January-2021-sat-subject-test-and-essay-faq","external_links_name":"\"College Board Will No Longer Offer SAT Subject Tests or SAT with Essay – College Board Blog\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/education/2021/01/19/sat-eliminates-optional-essay-subject-tests-covid-19-college-board/4220933001/","external_links_name":"\"Adjusting to 'new realities' in admissions process, College Board eliminates SAT's optional essay and subject tests\""},{"Link":"http://www.collegeboard.com/prod_downloads/prof/counselors/tests/sat/2006-07-SAT-subject-tests-preparation-booklet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SAT Subject Tests Preparation Booklet\""},{"Link":"http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/sat/lc_two/math2c/math2c.html?math2c","external_links_name":"\"SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/sat/testday/calc.html","external_links_name":"\"SAT Calculator Policy\""},{"Link":"http://www.collegeboard.com/prod_downloads/prof/counselors/tests/sat/2006-07-SAT-subject-tests-preparation-booklet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SAT Subject Tests Preparation Booklet\""},{"Link":"http://professionals.collegeboard.com/profdownload/SAT-Subject-Test-Percentile-Ranks-2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SAT Subject Test Percentile Ranks, 2009 College-Bound Seniors\""},{"Link":"http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/research/SAT-Subject-Tests-Percentile-Ranks-2012.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SAT Subject Tests Percentile Ranks : 2012 College-Bound Seniors\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Colchester | City of Colchester | ["1 History","2 Governance","2.1 Political control","2.2 Leadership","2.3 Composition","2.4 Premises","3 Elections","4 Demography","5 Parishes","6 Notes","7 References"] | Coordinates: 51°53′19″N 0°54′13″E / 51.88861°N 0.90361°E / 51.88861; 0.90361This article is about the local government district. For the urban settlement, see Colchester. For other places, see Colchester (disambiguation).
Place in EnglandCity of ColchesterNon-metropolitan district, borough, cityColchester Castle in Colchester, the administrative centre and largest settlement
Coat of armsColchester shown within EssexSovereign stateUnited KingdomConstituent countryEnglandRegionEast of EnglandNon-metropolitan countyEssexStatusNon-metropolitan district, City,Admin HQColchesterIncorporated1 April 1974Government • TypeNon-metropolitan district council • BodyColchester City Council • Leadership(No overall control) • MPsBernard JenkinPriti PatelWill QuinceArea • Total128.64 sq mi (333.18 km2) • Rank115th (of 296)Population (2022) • Total194,394 • Rank103rd (of 296) • Density1,500/sq mi (580/km2)Ethnicity (2021) • Ethnic groups
List
87% White
5.1% Asian
3.5% Black
2.9% Mixed
1.5% other
Religion (2021) • Religion
List
44.4% Christianity
44.4% no religion
9.1% other
2.1% Islam
Time zoneUTC0 (GMT) • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)ONS code22UG (ONS)E07000071 (GSS)OS grid referenceTL997254
The City of Colchester is a local government district with city status in Essex, England, named after its main settlement, Colchester. The district also includes the towns of West Mersea and Wivenhoe and the surrounding rural areas stretching from Dedham Vale on the Suffolk border in the north to Mersea Island in the Colne Estuary in the south.
The district borders Tendring District to the east, Maldon District to the south, Braintree District to the west, and Babergh District in Suffolk to the north.
History
Colchester stands on the site of Camulodunum, which had been an important stronghold of the Trinovantes and Catuvellauni tribes in the Iron Age prior to the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD. The Romans subsequently developed Camulodunum into the first capital of their province of Britannia. They later moved their capital to Londinium (London). Following the end of Roman rule in Britain in the early 5th century, the area was settled by Anglo-Saxons, and the town on the site of Camulodunum became known as Colchester.
Colchester was an ancient borough with urban forms of local government from Saxon times. Burgesses were already established by the time of the Domesday survey of 1086. The earliest known borough charter dates from 1189, but that charter appears to confirm pre-existing borough rights rather than being the foundation of a new borough. The borough was reformed in 1836 to become a municipal borough.
The current district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, covering four former districts which were abolished at the same time:
Colchester Municipal Borough
Lexden and Winstree Rural District
West Mersea Urban District
Wivenhoe Urban District
The new district was named Colchester after its largest settlement. The new district was awarded borough status from its creation, allowing the chair of the council to take the title of mayor, continuing Colchester's series of mayors.
As part of the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II celebrations in 2022, the borough of Colchester was granted city status, confirmed by Letters Patent dated 5 September 2022, allowing the council to change its name to "Colchester City Council".
Governance
Colchester City CouncilTypeTypeNon-metropolitan district LeadershipMayorLesley Scott-Boutell, Independent since 22 May 2024 LeaderDavid King, Liberal Democrat since 22 May 2022 Chief ExecutivePamela Donelly since 1 April 2022 StructureSeats51Political groups
Administration (14)
Liberal Democrats (14)
Other parties (35)
Conservatives (19)
Labour (14)
Green (3)
Independent (1)
ElectionsLast election2 May 2024Next election7 May 2026Meeting placeTown Hall, High Street, Colchester, CO1 1PJWebsitewww.colchester.gov.uk
Colchester City Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Essex County Council. Parts of the district are also covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government.
Political control
The council has been under no overall control since 2008. Since the 2023 election it has been controlled by a Liberal Democrat minority administration with the support of the Labour Party and the Green Party on a case-by-case basis.
The first election to the borough council following the reforms of the Local Government Act 1972 was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new arrangements came into effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows:
Party in control
Years
No overall control
1974–1976
Conservative
1976–1986
No overall control
1986–1994
Liberal Democrats
1994–1998
No overall control
1998–2007
Conservative
2007–2008
No overall control
2008–present
Leadership
See also: List of mayors of Colchester
The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Colchester. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 2000 have been:
Councillor
Party
From
To
Bill Frame
Liberal Democrats
2000
2002
Colin Sykes
Liberal Democrats
2002
2004
John Jowers
Conservative
2004
2006
Robert Davidson
Conservative
2006
2008
Anne Turrell
Liberal Democrats
2008
16 Jun 2014
Martin Hunt
Liberal Democrats
16 Jun 2014
10 May 2015
Paul Smith
Liberal Democrats
27 May 2015
6 May 2018
Mark Cory
Liberal Democrats
23 May 2018
26 May 2021
Paul Dundas
Conservative
26 May 2021
8 May 2022
David King
Liberal Democrats
22 May 2022
Composition
Following the 2024 council elections and subsequent party-resignations, the composition of the council is:
Party
Councillors
Conservative
19
Labour
14
Liberal Democrats
14
Green
3
Independent
1
Total
51
The next election is due 7 May 2026.
Premises
The council is based at Colchester Town Hall on the High Street. The current building was completed in 1902 on a site which had been occupied by Colchester's main civic buildings since 1277.
Elections
See also: Colchester City Council elections
Since the last boundary changes in 2016 the council has comprised 51 councillors representing 17 wards, with each ward electing three councillors. Elections are held three years out of every four, choosing one councillor for each ward at a time to serve a four year term. In the fourth year of the cycle when there are no elections to the city council, elections for Essex County Council are held instead.
Demography
Tiptree, one of the outlying settlements of the City of Colchester District
Great Horkesley, one of the many outlying villages of the City of Colchester District
According to the Office for National Statistics as of 2008, Colchester had a population of approximately 181,000. Average life expectancy was 78.7 for males. and 83.3 for females.
Based on ethnic groups, predominantly of 92% of the population is White (87.5% British, 0.7% Irish and 3.8% Other White), Asians were the second largest making up 3.6% (0.8% Indian, 0.2% Pakistani, 0.2% Bangladeshi and 1% Chinese, other 1.4%), Black people constituted 1.4% (0.3% Caribbean, 1% African, 0.1% other), those of mixed race made up 1.8%, 0.6% were Arab and there were 0.4% from other ethnic groups.
In the 2011 census, 57.7% identified themselves as Christian, while 31.4% had no affiliation to a religion. Of other religions, 1.6% identified as Muslim, 0.7% Hindu, 0.6% Buddhist, 0.2% Jewish, 0.1% Sikh, 0.5% others, and 7.3% did not answer. There are more than 100 churches located in Colchester: other religious places of worship include the Colchester Islamic Cultural Association and the Jewish Community Synagogue.
Parishes
There are 35 civil parishes in the district. The former Colchester Municipal Borough is an unparished area (subject to some adjustments since 1974 to that area's boundaries with neighbouring parishes). The parish councils of Wivenhoe and West Mersea take the style "town council". Some of the smaller parishes are grouped together to share a parish council: Abberton and Langenhoe Parish Council covers those two parishes, and the Winstred Hundred Parish Council covers the four parishes of Great and Little Wigborough, Peldon, Salcott, and Virley. The two parishes of Layer Breton and Layer Marney have parish meetings rather than parish councils due to their small populations.
Abberton
Aldham
Birch
Boxted
Chappel
Copford
Dedham
East Donyland
East Mersea
Eight Ash Green
Fingringhoe
Fordham
Great and Little Wigborough
Great Horkesley
Great Tey
Langenhoe
Langham
Layer Breton
Layer de la Haye
Layer Marney
Little Horkesley
Marks Tey
Messing-cum-Inworth
Mount Bures
Myland
Peldon
Salcott
Stanway
Tiptree
Virley
Wakes Colne
West Bergholt
West Mersea (town)
Wivenhoe (town)
Wormingford
Notes
^ a b Including 5 Labour Co-op councillors.
References
^ a b UK Census (2021). "2021 Census Area Profile – Colchester Local Authority (E07000071)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
^ Cooper, Janet; Elrington, C. R., eds. (1994). "Late Iron-Age and Roman Colchester". A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester. London: Victoria County History. pp. 2–18. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
^ Cooper, Janet; Elrington, C. R., eds. (1994). "Medieval Colchester: Borough government". A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester. London: Victoria County History. pp. 48–57. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
^ "Colchester Municipal Borough". A Vision of Britain through Time. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
^ "The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1972/2039, retrieved 31 May 2023
^ "The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Names) Order 1973", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1973/551, retrieved 31 May 2023
^ "District Councils and Boroughs". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 28 March 1974. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
^ "Crown Office - The Gazette". 29 September 2022. The Late QUEEN was pleased by Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the Realm dated 5 September 2022 to ordain that the Borough of Colchester shall have the status of a City.
^ a b Deady, Elliot (30 May 2024). "Colchester councillor Lesley Scott-Boutell quits Lib Dems". Daily Gazette (Colchester). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Colchester Borough Council appoints new Chief Executive". BBC News. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
^ "Local Government Act 1972", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1972 c. 70, retrieved 31 May 2023
^ Dedman, Simon (24 May 2023). "Colchester: Power-sharing ends between Labour and Lib Dems". BBC News. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
^ "Compositions calculator". The Elections Centre. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
^ "Colchester". BBC News Online. 19 April 2008. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
^ Wilkin, Chris (11 July 2007). "Colchester: Lib Dems furious at pair's defection to the Tories". Daily Gazette. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
^ "Council minutes". Colchester Borough Council. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
^ Baggs, A. P.; Board, Beryl; Crummy, Philip; Dove, Claude; Durgan, Shirley; Goose, N. R.; Pugh, R. B.; Studd, Pamela; Thornton, C. C. (1994). "'Municipal buildings', in A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester, ed. Janet Cooper and C R Elrington". London: British History Online. pp. 274–277. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
^ "The Colchester (Electoral Changes) Order 2015", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 2015/1859, retrieved 4 June 2023
^ Colchester Resident Population ONS. Retrieved on 2010-03-07.
^ Colchester Life Expectancy ONS. Retrieved on 2010-03-07.
^ "Neighbourhood Statistics". Office for National Statistics (ONS). Retrieved 2012-12-22.
^ "2011 Census: Religion, local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics (ONS). Retrieved 2012-12-22.
^ "Election Maps". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ "Parish and Town Councils". Colchester City Council. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
vteHuman settlements of the City of Colchester in Essex, England
Abberton
Aldham
Barrow Hill
Birch
Boxted
Colchester
Fingringhoe
Fordstreet
Marks Tey
Myland
Old Heath
Stanway
Tiptree
West Mersea
Wivenhoe
West Bergholt
Islands
Mersea Island
List of places in Essex
vte Ceremonial county of EssexUnitary authorities
Southend-on-Sea
Thurrock
Boroughs or districts
Basildon
Braintree
Brentwood
Castle Point
Chelmsford
Colchester
Epping Forest
Harlow
Maldon
Rochford
Tendring
Uttlesford
Major settlements(cities in italics)
Aveley
Basildon
Billericay
Braintree
Brentwood
Brightlingsea
Buckhurst Hill
Burnham-on-Crouch
Canvey Island
Chadwell St Mary
Chelmsford
Chigwell
Chipping Ongar
Clacton-on-Sea
Coggeshall
Colchester
Corringham
Dovercourt
Epping
Frinton-on-Sea
Grays
Great Dunmow
Hadleigh
Halstead
Harlow
Harwich
Leigh-on-Sea
Loughton
Maldon
Manningtree
Pitsea
Purfleet
Rayleigh
Rochford
Saffron Walden
Shoeburyness
South Benfleet
South Ockendon
Southend-on-Sea
South Woodham Ferrers
Stanford-le-Hope
Thaxted
Thundersley
Tilbury
Waltham Abbey
Walton-on-the-Naze
West Mersea
West Thurrock
Wickford
Witham
WivenhoeSee also: List of civil parishes in Essex
Rivers
Blackwater
Brain
Cam
Can
Chelmer
Ching
Cobbins Brook
Colne
Crouch
River Lea
River Lee Flood Relief Channel
Mardyke
Pincey Brook
Prittle Brook
Roach
Roding
Roman
Stort
Stour
Stour Brook
Ter
Category
vteDistricts of the East of EnglandBedfordshire
Bedford
Central Bedfordshire
Luton
Cambridgeshire
Cambridge
East Cambridgeshire
Fenland
Huntingdonshire
Peterborough
South Cambridgeshire
Essex
Basildon
Braintree
Brentwood
Castle Point
Chelmsford
Colchester
Epping Forest
Harlow
Maldon
Rochford
Southend-on-Sea
Tendring
Thurrock
Uttlesford
Hertfordshire
Broxbourne
Dacorum
East Hertfordshire
Hertsmere
North Hertfordshire
St Albans
Stevenage
Three Rivers
Watford
Welwyn Hatfield
Norfolk
Breckland
Broadland
Great Yarmouth
King's Lynn and West Norfolk
North Norfolk
Norwich
South Norfolk
Suffolk
Babergh
East Suffolk
Ipswich
Mid Suffolk
West Suffolk
Authority control databases
VIAF
51°53′19″N 0°54′13″E / 51.88861°N 0.90361°E / 51.88861; 0.90361 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester"},{"link_name":"Colchester (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"local government district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district"},{"link_name":"city status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Colchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester"},{"link_name":"West Mersea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Mersea"},{"link_name":"Wivenhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wivenhoe"},{"link_name":"Dedham Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedham_Vale_National_Landscape"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Mersea Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersea_Island"},{"link_name":"Colne Estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Colne,_Essex"},{"link_name":"Tendring District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendring_District"},{"link_name":"Maldon District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldon_District"},{"link_name":"Braintree District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braintree_District"},{"link_name":"Babergh District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babergh_District"}],"text":"This article is about the local government district. For the urban settlement, see Colchester. For other places, see Colchester (disambiguation).Place in EnglandThe City of Colchester is a local government district with city status in Essex, England, named after its main settlement, Colchester. The district also includes the towns of West Mersea and Wivenhoe and the surrounding rural areas stretching from Dedham Vale on the Suffolk border in the north to Mersea Island in the Colne Estuary in the south.The district borders Tendring District to the east, Maldon District to the south, Braintree District to the west, and Babergh District in Suffolk to the north.","title":"City of Colchester"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camulodunum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camulodunum"},{"link_name":"Trinovantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinovantes"},{"link_name":"Catuvellauni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catuvellauni"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Roman conquest of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"province of Britannia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Londinium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londinium"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"end of Roman rule in Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ancient borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_borough"},{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon"},{"link_name":"Burgesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_(title)"},{"link_name":"Domesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"municipal borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_borough"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Colchester Municipal Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester_Municipal_Borough"},{"link_name":"Lexden and Winstree Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lexden_and_Winstree_Rural_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Mersea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Mersea"},{"link_name":"Urban District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_district_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Wivenhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wivenhoe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"borough status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hans74-7"},{"link_name":"Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"city status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"Colchester stands on the site of Camulodunum, which had been an important stronghold of the Trinovantes and Catuvellauni tribes in the Iron Age prior to the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD. The Romans subsequently developed Camulodunum into the first capital of their province of Britannia. They later moved their capital to Londinium (London). Following the end of Roman rule in Britain in the early 5th century, the area was settled by Anglo-Saxons, and the town on the site of Camulodunum became known as Colchester.[2]Colchester was an ancient borough with urban forms of local government from Saxon times. Burgesses were already established by the time of the Domesday survey of 1086. The earliest known borough charter dates from 1189, but that charter appears to confirm pre-existing borough rights rather than being the foundation of a new borough.[3] The borough was reformed in 1836 to become a municipal borough.[4]The current district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, covering four former districts which were abolished at the same time:[5]Colchester Municipal Borough\nLexden and Winstree Rural District\nWest Mersea Urban District\nWivenhoe Urban DistrictThe new district was named Colchester after its largest settlement.[6] The new district was awarded borough status from its creation, allowing the chair of the council to take the title of mayor, continuing Colchester's series of mayors.[7]As part of the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II celebrations in 2022, the borough of Colchester was granted city status, confirmed by Letters Patent dated 5 September 2022, allowing the council to change its name to \"Colchester City Council\".[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district-level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district"},{"link_name":"County-level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county"},{"link_name":"Essex County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County_Council"},{"link_name":"civil parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Colchester City Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Essex County Council. Parts of the district are also covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government.[11]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"no overall control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_overall_control"},{"link_name":"2023 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Colchester_City_Council_election"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electionscentre-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lose-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-furious-16"}],"sub_title":"Political control","text":"The council has been under no overall control since 2008. Since the 2023 election it has been controlled by a Liberal Democrat minority administration with the support of the Labour Party and the Green Party on a case-by-case basis.[12]The first election to the borough council following the reforms of the Local Government Act 1972 was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new arrangements came into effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows:[13][14][15]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of mayors of Colchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Colchester"},{"link_name":"leader of the council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_council"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Leadership","text":"See also: List of mayors of ColchesterThe role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Colchester. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 2000 have been:[16]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MayorResigns-9"}],"sub_title":"Composition","text":"Following the 2024 council elections and subsequent party-resignations[9], the composition of the council is:The next election is due 7 May 2026.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colchester Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-18"}],"sub_title":"Premises","text":"The council is based at Colchester Town Hall on the High Street. The current building was completed in 1902 on a site which had been occupied by Colchester's main civic buildings since 1277.[17]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colchester City Council elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester_City_Council_elections"},{"link_name":"councillors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councillor"},{"link_name":"wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"See also: Colchester City Council electionsSince the last boundary changes in 2016 the council has comprised 51 councillors representing 17 wards, with each ward electing three councillors. Elections are held three years out of every four, choosing one councillor for each ward at a time to serve a four year term. In the fourth year of the cycle when there are no elections to the city council, elections for Essex County Council are held instead.[18]","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Anchor_PH,_Station_Road,_Tiptree,_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2016697.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tiptree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiptree"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_Saints_church,_Great_Horkesley,_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_164123.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Horkesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Horkesley"},{"link_name":"Office for National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_British"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_migration_to_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Other White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_White"},{"link_name":"Asians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Asian"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Pakistanis"},{"link_name":"Bangladeshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Bangladeshi"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Black people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_British"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_community"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Arabs"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_UK_census"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"in Colchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester_churches"},{"link_name":"Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"}],"text":"Tiptree, one of the outlying settlements of the City of Colchester DistrictGreat Horkesley, one of the many outlying villages of the City of Colchester DistrictAccording to the Office for National Statistics as of 2008, Colchester had a population of approximately 181,000.[19] Average life expectancy was 78.7 for males. and 83.3 for females.[20]Based on ethnic groups, predominantly of 92% of the population is White (87.5% British, 0.7% Irish and 3.8% Other White), Asians were the second largest making up 3.6% (0.8% Indian, 0.2% Pakistani, 0.2% Bangladeshi and 1% Chinese, other 1.4%), Black people constituted 1.4% (0.3% Caribbean, 1% African, 0.1% other), those of mixed race made up 1.8%, 0.6% were Arab and there were 0.4% from other ethnic groups.[21]In the 2011 census, 57.7% identified themselves as Christian, while 31.4% had no affiliation to a religion. Of other religions, 1.6% identified as Muslim, 0.7% Hindu, 0.6% Buddhist, 0.2% Jewish, 0.1% Sikh, 0.5% others, and 7.3% did not answer.[22] There are more than 100 churches located in Colchester: other religious places of worship include the Colchester Islamic Cultural Association and the Jewish Community Synagogue.","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"unparished area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unparished_area"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"parish meetings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_meeting"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Abberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abberton,_Essex"},{"link_name":"Aldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldham,_Essex"},{"link_name":"Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch,_Essex"},{"link_name":"Boxted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxted,_Essex"},{"link_name":"Chappel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chappel"},{"link_name":"Copford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copford"},{"link_name":"Dedham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedham,_Essex"},{"link_name":"East Donyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Donyland"},{"link_name":"East Mersea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Mersea"},{"link_name":"Eight Ash Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Ash_Green"},{"link_name":"Fingringhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingringhoe"},{"link_name":"Fordham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham,_Essex"},{"link_name":"Great and Little Wigborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_and_Little_Wigborough"},{"link_name":"Great Horkesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Horkesley"},{"link_name":"Great Tey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Tey"},{"link_name":"Langenhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langenhoe"},{"link_name":"Langham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langham,_Essex"},{"link_name":"Layer Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer_Breton"},{"link_name":"Layer de la Haye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer_de_la_Haye"},{"link_name":"Layer Marney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer_Marney"},{"link_name":"Little Horkesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Horkesley"},{"link_name":"Marks Tey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_Tey"},{"link_name":"Messing-cum-Inworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messing-cum-Inworth"},{"link_name":"Mount Bures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bures"},{"link_name":"Myland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myland"},{"link_name":"Peldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peldon"},{"link_name":"Salcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salcott"},{"link_name":"Stanway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanway,_Essex"},{"link_name":"Tiptree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiptree"},{"link_name":"Virley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virley"},{"link_name":"Wakes Colne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakes_Colne"},{"link_name":"West Bergholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bergholt"},{"link_name":"West Mersea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Mersea"},{"link_name":"Wivenhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wivenhoe"},{"link_name":"Wormingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormingford"}],"text":"There are 35 civil parishes in the district. The former Colchester Municipal Borough is an unparished area (subject to some adjustments since 1974 to that area's boundaries with neighbouring parishes).[23] The parish councils of Wivenhoe and West Mersea take the style \"town council\". Some of the smaller parishes are grouped together to share a parish council: Abberton and Langenhoe Parish Council covers those two parishes, and the Winstred Hundred Parish Council covers the four parishes of Great and Little Wigborough, Peldon, Salcott, and Virley. The two parishes of Layer Breton and Layer Marney have parish meetings rather than parish councils due to their small populations.[24]Abberton\nAldham\nBirch\nBoxted\nChappel\nCopford\nDedham\nEast Donyland\nEast Mersea\nEight Ash Green\nFingringhoe\nFordham\nGreat and Little Wigborough\nGreat Horkesley\nGreat Tey\nLangenhoe\nLangham\nLayer Breton\nLayer de la Haye\nLayer Marney\nLittle Horkesley\nMarks Tey\nMessing-cum-Inworth\nMount Bures\nMyland\nPeldon\nSalcott\nStanway\nTiptree\nVirley\nWakes Colne\nWest Bergholt\nWest Mersea (town)\nWivenhoe (town)\nWormingford","title":"Parishes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-coop_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-coop_11-1"},{"link_name":"Labour Co-op","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Co-op"}],"text":"^ a b Including 5 Labour Co-op councillors.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Tiptree, one of the outlying settlements of the City of Colchester District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Anchor_PH%2C_Station_Road%2C_Tiptree%2C_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2016697.jpg/220px-The_Anchor_PH%2C_Station_Road%2C_Tiptree%2C_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2016697.jpg"},{"image_text":"Great Horkesley, one of the many outlying villages of the City of Colchester District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/All_Saints_church%2C_Great_Horkesley%2C_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_164123.jpg/220px-All_Saints_church%2C_Great_Horkesley%2C_Essex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_164123.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"UK Census (2021). \"2021 Census Area Profile – Colchester Local Authority (E07000071)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 5 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census","url_text":"UK Census"},{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E07000071","url_text":"\"2021 Census Area Profile – Colchester Local Authority (E07000071)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Janet; Elrington, C. R., eds. (1994). \"Late Iron-Age and Roman Colchester\". A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester. London: Victoria County History. pp. 2–18. Retrieved 4 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/essex/vol9/pp2-18","url_text":"A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Janet; Elrington, C. R., eds. (1994). \"Medieval Colchester: Borough government\". A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester. London: Victoria County History. pp. 48–57. Retrieved 4 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/essex/vol9/pp48-57","url_text":"A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester"}]},{"reference":"\"Colchester Municipal Borough\". A Vision of Britain through Time. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 4 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10166767","url_text":"\"Colchester Municipal Borough\""}]},{"reference":"\"The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972\", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1972/2039, retrieved 31 May 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1972/2039/made","url_text":"\"The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk","url_text":"legislation.gov.uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Names) Order 1973\", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1973/551, retrieved 31 May 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1973/551/made","url_text":"\"The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Names) Order 1973\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk","url_text":"legislation.gov.uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"District Councils and Boroughs\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 28 March 1974. Retrieved 16 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1974/mar/28/district-councils-and-boroughs#S5CV0871P0_19740328_CWA_145","url_text":"\"District Councils and Boroughs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"Crown Office - The Gazette\". 29 September 2022. The Late QUEEN was pleased by Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the Realm dated 5 September 2022 to ordain that the Borough of Colchester shall have the status of a City.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/4171582","url_text":"\"Crown Office - The Gazette\""}]},{"reference":"Deady, Elliot (30 May 2024). \"Colchester councillor Lesley Scott-Boutell quits Lib Dems\". Daily Gazette (Colchester). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/24355492.colchester-councillor-lesley-scott-boutell-quits-lib-dems/","url_text":"\"Colchester councillor Lesley Scott-Boutell quits Lib Dems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Gazette_(Colchester)","url_text":"Daily Gazette (Colchester)"}]},{"reference":"\"Colchester Borough Council appoints new Chief Executive\". BBC News. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-59741855","url_text":"\"Colchester Borough Council appoints new Chief Executive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Government Act 1972\", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1972 c. 70, retrieved 31 May 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/70/","url_text":"\"Local Government Act 1972\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk","url_text":"legislation.gov.uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"Dedman, Simon (24 May 2023). \"Colchester: Power-sharing ends between Labour and Lib Dems\". BBC News. Retrieved 4 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-65693352","url_text":"\"Colchester: Power-sharing ends between Labour and Lib Dems\""}]},{"reference":"\"Compositions calculator\". The Elections Centre. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electionscentre.co.uk/?page_id=3825","url_text":"\"Compositions calculator\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colchester\". BBC News Online. 19 April 2008. Retrieved 2010-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/elections/local_council/08/html/22ug.stm","url_text":"\"Colchester\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"}]},{"reference":"Wilkin, Chris (11 July 2007). \"Colchester: Lib Dems furious at pair's defection to the Tories\". Daily Gazette. Retrieved 30 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/1535697.Colchester__Lib_Dems_furious_at_pair___s_defection_to_the_Tories/","url_text":"\"Colchester: Lib Dems furious at pair's defection to the Tories\""}]},{"reference":"\"Council minutes\". Colchester Borough Council. Retrieved 10 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://colchester.cmis.uk.com/colchester/Committees.aspx","url_text":"\"Council minutes\""}]},{"reference":"Baggs, A. P.; Board, Beryl; Crummy, Philip; Dove, Claude; Durgan, Shirley; Goose, N. R.; Pugh, R. B.; Studd, Pamela; Thornton, C. C. (1994). \"'Municipal buildings', in A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester, ed. Janet Cooper and C R Elrington\". London: British History Online. pp. 274–277. Retrieved 11 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/essex/vol9/pp274-277","url_text":"\"'Municipal buildings', in A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester, ed. Janet Cooper and C R Elrington\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Colchester (Electoral Changes) Order 2015\", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 2015/1859, retrieved 4 June 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2015/1859/made","url_text":"\"The Colchester (Electoral Changes) Order 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk","url_text":"legislation.gov.uk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Neighbourhood Statistics\". Office for National Statistics (ONS). Retrieved 2012-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls","url_text":"\"Neighbourhood Statistics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Census: Religion, local authorities in England and Wales\". Office for National Statistics (ONS). Retrieved 2012-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks209ew.xls","url_text":"\"2011 Census: Religion, local authorities in England and Wales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Maps\". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 5 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/","url_text":"\"Election Maps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parish and Town Councils\". Colchester City Council. Retrieved 5 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.colchester.gov.uk/parish-and-town-councils/?id=&page=abberton--and--langenhoe--parish--c","url_text":"\"Parish and Town Councils\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=City_of_Colchester¶ms=51_53_19_N_0_54_13_E_source:nlwiki_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"51°53′19″N 0°54′13″E / 51.88861°N 0.90361°E / 51.88861; 0.90361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=City_of_Colchester¶ms=51.891309_N_0.900719_E_region:GB_scale:25000","external_links_name":"TL997254"},{"Link":"http://www.colchester.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"www.colchester.gov.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E07000071","external_links_name":"\"2021 Census Area Profile – Colchester Local Authority (E07000071)\""},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/essex/vol9/pp2-18","external_links_name":"A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester"},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/essex/vol9/pp48-57","external_links_name":"A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester"},{"Link":"https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10166767","external_links_name":"\"Colchester Municipal Borough\""},{"Link":"https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1972/2039/made","external_links_name":"\"The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972\""},{"Link":"https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1973/551/made","external_links_name":"\"The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Names) Order 1973\""},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1974/mar/28/district-councils-and-boroughs#S5CV0871P0_19740328_CWA_145","external_links_name":"\"District Councils and Boroughs\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/4171582","external_links_name":"\"Crown Office - The Gazette\""},{"Link":"https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/24355492.colchester-councillor-lesley-scott-boutell-quits-lib-dems/","external_links_name":"\"Colchester councillor Lesley Scott-Boutell quits Lib Dems\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-59741855","external_links_name":"\"Colchester Borough Council appoints new Chief Executive\""},{"Link":"https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/70/","external_links_name":"\"Local Government Act 1972\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-65693352","external_links_name":"\"Colchester: Power-sharing ends between Labour and Lib Dems\""},{"Link":"https://www.electionscentre.co.uk/?page_id=3825","external_links_name":"\"Compositions calculator\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/elections/local_council/08/html/22ug.stm","external_links_name":"\"Colchester\""},{"Link":"http://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/1535697.Colchester__Lib_Dems_furious_at_pair___s_defection_to_the_Tories/","external_links_name":"\"Colchester: Lib Dems furious at pair's defection to the Tories\""},{"Link":"https://colchester.cmis.uk.com/colchester/Committees.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Council minutes\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/essex/vol9/pp274-277","external_links_name":"\"'Municipal buildings', in A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester, ed. Janet Cooper and C R Elrington\""},{"Link":"https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2015/1859/made","external_links_name":"\"The Colchester (Electoral Changes) Order 2015\""},{"Link":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=276961&c=CO4+9PU&d=13&e=13&g=445088&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1267928831714&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1818","external_links_name":"Colchester Resident Population"},{"Link":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=276961&c=CO4+9PU&d=13&e=13&g=445088&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1267928831714&enc=1&dsFamilyId=937","external_links_name":"Colchester Life Expectancy"},{"Link":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls","external_links_name":"\"Neighbourhood Statistics\""},{"Link":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks209ew.xls","external_links_name":"\"2011 Census: Religion, local authorities in England and Wales\""},{"Link":"https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/","external_links_name":"\"Election Maps\""},{"Link":"https://www.colchester.gov.uk/parish-and-town-councils/?id=&page=abberton--and--langenhoe--parish--c","external_links_name":"\"Parish and Town Councils\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/146579883","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=City_of_Colchester¶ms=51_53_19_N_0_54_13_E_source:nlwiki_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"51°53′19″N 0°54′13″E / 51.88861°N 0.90361°E / 51.88861; 0.90361"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus_group | Torus | ["1 Etymology","2 Geometry","3 Topology","4 Two-sheeted cover","5 n-dimensional torus","5.1 Configuration space","6 Flat torus","6.1 Conformal classification of flat tori","7 Genus g surface","8 Toroidal polyhedra","9 Automorphisms","10 Coloring a torus","11 de Bruijn torus","12 Cutting a torus","13 See also","14 Notes","15 References","16 External links"] | Doughnut-shaped surface of revolution
Not to be confused with Taurus.
This article is about the mathematical surface. For the volume, see Solid torus. For other uses, see Torus (disambiguation).
A ring torus with a selection of circles on its surface
As the distance from the axis of revolution decreases, the ring torus becomes a horn torus, then a spindle torus, and finally degenerates into a double-covered sphere.
A ring torus with aspect ratio 3, the ratio between the diameters of the larger (magenta) circle and the smaller (red) circle.
In geometry, a torus (pl.: tori or toruses) is a surface of revolution generated by revolving a circle in three-dimensional space one full revolution about an axis that is coplanar with the circle. The main types of toruses include ring toruses, horn toruses, and spindle toruses. A ring torus is sometimes colloquially referred to as a donut or doughnut.
If the axis of revolution does not touch the circle, the surface has a ring shape and is called a torus of revolution, also known as a ring torus. If the axis of revolution is tangent to the circle, the surface is a horn torus. If the axis of revolution passes twice through the circle, the surface is a spindle torus (or self-crossing torus or self-intersecting torus). If the axis of revolution passes through the center of the circle, the surface is a degenerate torus, a double-covered sphere. If the revolved curve is not a circle, the surface is called a toroid, as in a square toroid.
Real-world objects that approximate a torus of revolution include swim rings, inner tubes and ringette rings.
A torus should not be confused with a solid torus, which is formed by rotating a disk, rather than a circle, around an axis. A solid torus is a torus plus the volume inside the torus. Real-world objects that approximate a solid torus include O-rings, non-inflatable lifebuoys, ring doughnuts, and bagels.
In topology, a ring torus is homeomorphic to the Cartesian product of two circles:
S
1
×
S
1
{\displaystyle S^{1}\times S^{1}}
, and the latter is taken to be the definition in that context. It is a compact 2-manifold of genus 1. The ring torus is one way to embed this space into Euclidean space, but another way to do this is the Cartesian product of the embedding of
S
1
{\displaystyle S^{1}}
in the plane with itself. This produces a geometric object called the Clifford torus, a surface in 4-space.
In the field of topology, a torus is any topological space that is homeomorphic to a torus. The surface of a coffee cup and a doughnut are both topological tori with genus one.
An example of a torus can be constructed by taking a rectangular strip of flexible material such as rubber, and joining the top edge to the bottom edge, and the left edge to the right edge, without any half-twists (compare Klein bottle).
Etymology
Torus is a Latin word for "a round, swelling, elevation, protuberance".
Geometry
Bottom-halves andvertical cross-sectionsR > r: ring torus or anchor ringR=r: horn torusR < r: self-intersecting spindle torus
Poloidal direction (red arrow) and toroidal direction (blue arrow)
A torus can be parametrized as:
x
(
θ
,
φ
)
=
(
R
+
r
cos
θ
)
cos
φ
y
(
θ
,
φ
)
=
(
R
+
r
cos
θ
)
sin
φ
z
(
θ
,
φ
)
=
r
sin
θ
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x(\theta ,\varphi )&=(R+r\cos \theta )\cos {\varphi }\\y(\theta ,\varphi )&=(R+r\cos \theta )\sin {\varphi }\\z(\theta ,\varphi )&=r\sin \theta \\\end{aligned}}}
using angular coordinates
θ
,
φ
∈
[
0
,
2
π
)
,
{\displaystyle \theta ,\varphi \in [0,2\pi ),}
representing rotation around the tube and rotation around the torus' axis of revolution, respectively, where the major radius
R
{\displaystyle R}
is the distance from the center of the tube to the center of the torus and the minor radius
r
{\displaystyle r}
is the radius of the tube.
The ratio
R
/
r
{\displaystyle R/r}
is called the aspect ratio of the torus. The typical doughnut confectionery has an aspect ratio of about 3 to 2.
An implicit equation in Cartesian coordinates for a torus radially symmetric about the
z
{\displaystyle z}
-axis is
(
x
2
+
y
2
−
R
)
2
+
z
2
=
r
2
.
{\displaystyle {\textstyle {\bigl (}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}-R{\bigr )}^{2}}+z^{2}=r^{2}.}
Algebraically eliminating the square root gives a quartic equation,
(
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
+
R
2
−
r
2
)
2
=
4
R
2
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
.
{\displaystyle \left(x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+R^{2}-r^{2}\right)^{2}=4R^{2}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right).}
The three classes of standard tori correspond to the three possible aspect ratios between R and r:
When R > r, the surface will be the familiar ring torus or anchor ring.
R = r corresponds to the horn torus, which in effect is a torus with no "hole".
R < r describes the self-intersecting spindle torus; its inner shell is a lemon and its outer shell is an apple
When R = 0, the torus degenerates to the sphere.
When R ≥ r, the interior
(
x
2
+
y
2
−
R
)
2
+
z
2
<
r
2
{\displaystyle {\textstyle {\bigl (}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}-R{\bigr )}^{2}}+z^{2}<r^{2}}
of this torus is diffeomorphic (and, hence, homeomorphic) to a product of a Euclidean open disk and a circle. The volume of this solid torus and the surface area of its torus are easily computed using Pappus's centroid theorem, giving:
A
=
(
2
π
r
)
(
2
π
R
)
=
4
π
2
R
r
,
V
=
(
π
r
2
)
(
2
π
R
)
=
2
π
2
R
r
2
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A&=\left(2\pi r\right)\left(2\pi R\right)=4\pi ^{2}Rr,\\V&=\left(\pi r^{2}\right)\left(2\pi R\right)=2\pi ^{2}Rr^{2}.\end{aligned}}}
These formulas are the same as for a cylinder of length 2πR and radius r, obtained from cutting the tube along the plane of a small circle, and unrolling it by straightening out (rectifying) the line running around the center of the tube. The losses in surface area and volume on the inner side of the tube exactly cancel out the gains on the outer side.
Expressing the surface area and the volume by the distance p of an outermost point on the surface of the torus to the center, and the distance q of an innermost point to the center (so that R = p + q/2 and r = p − q/2), yields
A
=
4
π
2
(
p
+
q
2
)
(
p
−
q
2
)
=
π
2
(
p
+
q
)
(
p
−
q
)
,
V
=
2
π
2
(
p
+
q
2
)
(
p
−
q
2
)
2
=
1
4
π
2
(
p
+
q
)
(
p
−
q
)
2
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A&=4\pi ^{2}\left({\frac {p+q}{2}}\right)\left({\frac {p-q}{2}}\right)=\pi ^{2}(p+q)(p-q),\\V&=2\pi ^{2}\left({\frac {p+q}{2}}\right)\left({\frac {p-q}{2}}\right)^{2}={\tfrac {1}{4}}\pi ^{2}(p+q)(p-q)^{2}.\end{aligned}}}
As a torus is the product of two circles, a modified version of the spherical coordinate system is sometimes used.
In traditional spherical coordinates there are three measures, R, the distance from the center of the coordinate system, and θ and φ, angles measured from the center point.
As a torus has, effectively, two center points, the centerpoints of the angles are moved; φ measures the same angle as it does in the spherical system, but is known as the "toroidal" direction. The center point of θ is moved to the center of r, and is known as the "poloidal" direction. These terms were first used in a discussion of the Earth's magnetic field, where "poloidal" was used to denote "the direction toward the poles".
In modern use, toroidal and poloidal are more commonly used to discuss magnetic confinement fusion devices.
Topology
This section includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Topologically, a torus is a closed surface defined as the product of two circles: S1 × S1. This can be viewed as lying in C2 and is a subset of the 3-sphere S3 of radius √2. This topological torus is also often called the Clifford torus. In fact, S3 is filled out by a family of nested tori in this manner (with two degenerate circles), a fact which is important in the study of S3 as a fiber bundle over S2 (the Hopf bundle).
The surface described above, given the relative topology from
R
3
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}
, is homeomorphic to a topological torus as long as it does not intersect its own axis. A particular homeomorphism is given by stereographically projecting the topological torus into
R
3
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}
from the north pole of S3.
The torus can also be described as a quotient of the Cartesian plane under the identifications
(
x
,
y
)
∼
(
x
+
1
,
y
)
∼
(
x
,
y
+
1
)
,
{\displaystyle (x,y)\sim (x+1,y)\sim (x,y+1),\,}
or, equivalently, as the quotient of the unit square by pasting the opposite edges together, described as a fundamental polygon ABA−1B−1.
Turning a punctured torus inside-out
The fundamental group of the torus is just the direct product of the fundamental group of the circle with itself:
π
1
(
T
2
)
=
π
1
(
S
1
)
×
π
1
(
S
1
)
≅
Z
×
Z
.
{\displaystyle \pi _{1}(\mathbb {T} ^{2})=\pi _{1}(\mathbb {S} ^{1})\times \pi _{1}(\mathbb {S} ^{1})\cong \mathbb {Z} \times \mathbb {Z} .}
Intuitively speaking, this means that a closed path that circles the torus' "hole" (say, a circle that traces out a particular latitude) and then circles the torus' "body" (say, a circle that traces out a particular longitude) can be deformed to a path that circles the body and then the hole. So, strictly 'latitudinal' and strictly 'longitudinal' paths commute. An equivalent statement may be imagined as two shoelaces passing through each other, then unwinding, then rewinding.
If a torus is punctured and turned inside out then another torus results, with lines of latitude and longitude interchanged. This is equivalent to building a torus from a cylinder, by joining the circular ends together, in two ways: around the outside like joining two ends of a garden hose, or through the inside like rolling a sock (with the toe cut off). Additionally, if the cylinder was made by gluing two opposite sides of a rectangle together, choosing the other two sides instead will cause the same reversal of orientation.
The first homology group of the torus is isomorphic to the fundamental group (this follows from Hurewicz theorem since the fundamental group is abelian).
Two-sheeted cover
The 2-torus double-covers the 2-sphere, with four ramification points. Every conformal structure on the 2-torus can be represented as a two-sheeted cover of the 2-sphere. The points on the torus corresponding to the ramification points are the Weierstrass points. In fact, the conformal type of the torus is determined by the cross-ratio of the four points.
n-dimensional torus
A stereographic projection of a Clifford torus in four dimensions performing a simple rotation through the xz-plane
The torus has a generalization to higher dimensions, the n-dimensional torus, often called the n-torus or hypertorus for short. (This is the more typical meaning of the term "n-torus", the other referring to n holes or of genus n.) Recalling that the torus is the product space of two circles, the n-dimensional torus is the product of n circles. That is:
T
n
=
S
1
×
⋯
×
S
1
⏟
n
.
{\displaystyle \mathbb {T} ^{n}=\underbrace {\mathbb {S} ^{1}\times \cdots \times \mathbb {S} ^{1}} _{n}.}
The standard 1-torus is just the circle:
T
1
=
S
1
{\displaystyle \mathbb {T} ^{1}=\mathbb {S} ^{1}}
. The torus discussed above is the standard 2-torus,
T
2
{\displaystyle \mathbb {T} ^{2}}
. And similar to the 2-torus, the n-torus,
T
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {T} ^{n}}
can be described as a quotient of
R
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}
under integral shifts in any coordinate. That is, the n-torus is
R
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}
modulo the action of the integer lattice
Z
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{n}}
(with the action being taken as vector addition). Equivalently, the n-torus is obtained from the n-dimensional hypercube by gluing the opposite faces together.
An n-torus in this sense is an example of an n-dimensional compact manifold. It is also an example of a compact abelian Lie group. This follows from the fact that the unit circle is a compact abelian Lie group (when identified with the unit complex numbers with multiplication). Group multiplication on the torus is then defined by coordinate-wise multiplication.
Toroidal groups play an important part in the theory of compact Lie groups. This is due in part to the fact that in any compact Lie group G one can always find a maximal torus; that is, a closed subgroup which is a torus of the largest possible dimension. Such maximal tori T have a controlling role to play in theory of connected G. Toroidal groups are examples of protori, which (like tori) are compact connected abelian groups, which are not required to be manifolds.
Automorphisms of T are easily constructed from automorphisms of the lattice
Z
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{n}}
, which are classified by invertible integral matrices of size n with an integral inverse; these are just the integral matrices with determinant ±1. Making them act on
R
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}
in the usual way, one has the typical toral automorphism on the quotient.
The fundamental group of an n-torus is a free abelian group of rank n. The k-th homology group of an n-torus is a free abelian group of rank n choose k. It follows that the Euler characteristic of the n-torus is 0 for all n. The cohomology ring H•(
T
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {T} ^{n}}
, Z) can be identified with the exterior algebra over the Z-module
Z
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{n}}
whose generators are the duals of the n nontrivial cycles.
See also: Quasitoric manifold
Configuration space
The configuration space of 2 not necessarily distinct points on the circle is the orbifold quotient of the 2-torus, T2/S2, which is the Möbius strip.
The Tonnetz is an example of a torus in music theory.The Tonnetz is only truly a torus if enharmonic equivalence is assumed, so that the (F♯-A♯) segment of the right edge of the repeated parallelogram is identified with the (G♭-B♭) segment of the left edge.
As the n-torus is the n-fold product of the circle, the n-torus is the configuration space of n ordered, not necessarily distinct points on the circle. Symbolically,
T
n
=
(
S
1
)
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {T} ^{n}=(\mathbb {S} ^{1})^{n}}
. The configuration space of unordered, not necessarily distinct points is accordingly the orbifold
T
n
/
S
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {T} ^{n}/\mathbb {S} _{n}}
, which is the quotient of the torus by the symmetric group on n letters (by permuting the coordinates).
For n = 2, the quotient is the Möbius strip, the edge corresponding to the orbifold points where the two coordinates coincide. For n = 3 this quotient may be described as a solid torus with cross-section an equilateral triangle, with a twist; equivalently, as a triangular prism whose top and bottom faces are connected with a 1/3 twist (120°): the 3-dimensional interior corresponds to the points on the 3-torus where all 3 coordinates are distinct, the 2-dimensional face corresponds to points with 2 coordinates equal and the 3rd different, while the 1-dimensional edge corresponds to points with all 3 coordinates identical.
These orbifolds have found significant applications to music theory in the work of Dmitri Tymoczko and collaborators (Felipe Posada, Michael Kolinas, et al.), being used to model musical triads.
Flat torus
In three dimensions, one can bend a rectangle into a torus, but doing this typically stretches the surface, as seen by the distortion of the checkered pattern.
Seen in stereographic projection, a 4D flat torus can be projected into 3-dimensions and rotated on a fixed axis.
The simplest tiling of a flat torus is {4,4}1,0, constructed on the surface of a duocylinder with 1 vertex, 2 orthogonal edges, and one square face. It is seen here stereographically projected into 3-space as a torus.
A flat torus is a torus with the metric inherited from its representation as the quotient,
R
2
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}}
/L, where L is a discrete subgroup of
R
2
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}}
isomorphic to
Z
2
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{2}}
. This gives the quotient the structure of a Riemannian manifold. Perhaps the simplest example of this is when L =
Z
2
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{2}}
:
R
2
/
Z
2
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}/\mathbb {Z} ^{2}}
, which can also be described as the Cartesian plane under the identifications (x, y) ~ (x + 1, y) ~ (x, y + 1). This particular flat torus (and any uniformly scaled version of it) is known as the "square" flat torus.
This metric of the square flat torus can also be realised by specific embeddings of the familiar 2-torus into Euclidean 4-space or higher dimensions. Its surface has zero Gaussian curvature everywhere. Its surface is flat in the same sense that the surface of a cylinder is flat. In 3 dimensions, one can bend a flat sheet of paper into a cylinder without stretching the paper, but this cylinder cannot be bent into a torus without stretching the paper (unless some regularity and differentiability conditions are given up, see below).
A simple 4-dimensional Euclidean embedding of a rectangular flat torus (more general than the square one) is as follows:
(
x
,
y
,
z
,
w
)
=
(
R
cos
u
,
R
sin
u
,
P
cos
v
,
P
sin
v
)
{\displaystyle (x,y,z,w)=(R\cos u,R\sin u,P\cos v,P\sin v)}
where R and P are positive constants determining the aspect ratio. It is diffeomorphic to a regular torus but not isometric. It can not be analytically embedded (smooth of class Ck, 2 ≤ k ≤ ∞) into Euclidean 3-space. Mapping it into 3-space requires one to stretch it, in which case it looks like a regular torus. For example, in the following map:
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
=
(
(
R
+
P
sin
v
)
cos
u
,
(
R
+
P
sin
v
)
sin
u
,
P
cos
v
)
.
{\displaystyle (x,y,z)=((R+P\sin v)\cos u,(R+P\sin v)\sin u,P\cos v).}
If R and P in the above flat torus parametrization form a unit vector (R, P) = (cos(η), sin(η)) then u, v, and 0 < η < π/2 parameterize the unit 3-sphere as Hopf coordinates. In particular, for certain very specific choices of a square flat torus in the 3-sphere S3, where η = π/4 above, the torus will partition the 3-sphere into two congruent solid tori subsets with the aforesaid flat torus surface as their common boundary. One example is the torus T defined by
T
=
{
(
x
,
y
,
z
,
w
)
∈
S
3
∣
x
2
+
y
2
=
1
2
,
z
2
+
w
2
=
1
2
}
.
{\displaystyle T=\left\{(x,y,z,w)\in \mathbb {S} ^{3}\mid x^{2}+y^{2}={\frac {1}{2}},\ z^{2}+w^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}\right\}.}
Other tori in S3 having this partitioning property include the square tori of the form Q⋅T, where Q is a rotation of 4-dimensional space
R
4
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{4}}
, or in other words Q is a member of the Lie group SO(4).
It is known that there exists no C2 (twice continuously differentiable) embedding of a flat torus into 3-space. (The idea of the proof is to take a large sphere containing such a flat torus in its interior, and shrink the radius of the sphere until it just touches the torus for the first time. Such a point of contact must be a tangency. But that would imply that part of the torus, since it has zero curvature everywhere, must lie strictly outside the sphere, which is a contradiction.) On the other hand, according to the Nash-Kuiper theorem, which was proven in the 1950s, an isometric C1 embedding exists. This is solely an existence proof and does not provide explicit equations for such an embedding.
In April 2012, an explicit C1 (continuously differentiable) embedding of a flat torus into 3-dimensional Euclidean space
R
3
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}
was found. It is a flat torus in the sense that as metric spaces, it is isometric to a flat square torus. It is similar in structure to a fractal as it is constructed by repeatedly corrugating an ordinary torus. Like fractals, it has no defined Gaussian curvature. However, unlike fractals, it does have defined surface normals, yielding a so-called "smooth fractal". The key to obtain the smoothness of this corrugated torus is to have the amplitudes of successive corrugations decreasing faster than their "wavelengths". (These infinitely recursive corrugations are used only for embedding into three dimensions; they are not an intrinsic feature of the flat torus.) This is the first time that any such embedding was defined by explicit equations or depicted by computer graphics.
Conformal classification of flat tori
In the study of Riemann surfaces, one says that any two smooth compact geometric surfaces are "conformally equivalent" when there exists a smooth homeomorphism between them that is both angle-preserving and orientation-preserving. The uniformization theorem guarantees that every Riemann surface is conformally equivalent to one that has constant Gaussian curvature. In the case of a torus, the constant curvature must be zero. Then one defines the "moduli space" of the torus to contain one point for each conformal equivalence class, with the appropriate topology. It turns out that this moduli space M may be identified with a punctured sphere that is smooth except for two points that have less angle than 2π (radians) around them: One has π and the other has 2π/3.
M may be turned into a compact space M* by adding one additional point that represents the limiting case as a rectangular torus approaches an aspect ratio of 0 in the limit. The result is that this compactified moduli space is a sphere with three points each having less than 2π angle around them. (Such points are termed "cusps".) This additional point will have zero angle around it. Due to symmetry, M* may be constructed by glueing together two congruent geodesic triangles in the hyperbolic plane along their (identical) boundaries, where each triangle has angles of π/2, π/3, and 0. As a result the area of each triangle can be calculated as π - (π/2 + π/3 + 0) = π/6, so it follows that the compactified moduli space M* has area equal to π/3.
The other two cusps occur at the points corresponding in M* to a) the square torus (π) and b) the hexagonal torus (2π/3). These are the only conformal equivalence classes of flat tori that have any conformal automorphisms other than those generated by translations and negation.
Genus g surface
Main article: Genus g surface
In the theory of surfaces there is a more general family of objects, the "genus" g surfaces. A genus g surface is the connected sum of g two-tori. (And so the torus itself is the surface of genus 1.) To form a connected sum of two surfaces, remove from each the interior of a disk and "glue" the surfaces together along the boundary circles. (That is, merge the two boundary circles so they become just one circle.) To form the connected sum of more than two surfaces, successively take the connected sum of two of them at a time until they are all connected. In this sense, a genus g surface resembles the surface of g doughnuts stuck together side by side, or a 2-sphere with g handles attached.
As examples, a genus zero surface (without boundary) is the two-sphere while a genus one surface (without boundary) is the ordinary torus. The surfaces of higher genus are sometimes called n-holed tori (or, rarely, n-fold tori). The terms double torus and triple torus are also occasionally used.
The classification theorem for surfaces states that every compact connected surface is topologically equivalent to either the sphere or the connect sum of some number of tori, disks, and real projective planes.
genus two
genus three
Toroidal polyhedra
Further information: Toroidal polyhedron
A toroidal polyhedron with 6 × 4 = 24 quadrilateral faces
Polyhedra with the topological type of a torus are called toroidal polyhedra, and have Euler characteristic V − E + F = 0. For any number of holes, the formula generalizes to V − E + F = 2 − 2N, where N is the number of holes.
The term "toroidal polyhedron" is also used for higher-genus polyhedra and for immersions of toroidal polyhedra.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2010)
Automorphisms
The homeomorphism group (or the subgroup of diffeomorphisms) of the torus is studied in geometric topology. Its mapping class group (the connected components of the homeomorphism group) is surjective onto the group
GL
(
n
,
Z
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {GL} (n,\mathbb {Z} )}
of invertible integer matrices, which can be realized as linear maps on the universal covering space
R
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}
that preserve the standard lattice
Z
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{n}}
(this corresponds to integer coefficients) and thus descend to the quotient.
At the level of homotopy and homology, the mapping class group can be identified as the action on the first homology (or equivalently, first cohomology, or on the fundamental group, as these are all naturally isomorphic; also the first cohomology group generates the cohomology algebra:
MCG
Ho
(
T
n
)
=
Aut
(
π
1
(
X
)
)
=
Aut
(
Z
n
)
=
GL
(
n
,
Z
)
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {MCG} _{\operatorname {Ho} }(\mathbb {T} ^{n})=\operatorname {Aut} (\pi _{1}(X))=\operatorname {Aut} (\mathbb {Z} ^{n})=\operatorname {GL} (n,\mathbb {Z} ).}
Since the torus is an Eilenberg–MacLane space K(G, 1), its homotopy equivalences, up to homotopy, can be identified with automorphisms of the fundamental group); all homotopy equivalences of the torus can be realized by homeomorphisms – every homotopy equivalence is homotopic to a homeomorphism.
Thus the short exact sequence of the mapping class group splits (an identification of the torus as the quotient of
R
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}
gives a splitting, via the linear maps, as above):
1
→
Homeo
0
(
T
n
)
→
Homeo
(
T
n
)
→
MCG
TOP
(
T
n
)
→
1.
{\displaystyle 1\to \operatorname {Homeo} _{0}(\mathbb {T} ^{n})\to \operatorname {Homeo} (\mathbb {T} ^{n})\to \operatorname {MCG} _{\operatorname {TOP} }(\mathbb {T} ^{n})\to 1.}
The mapping class group of higher genus surfaces is much more complicated, and an area of active research.
Coloring a torus
The torus's Heawood number is seven, meaning every graph that can be embedded on the torus has a chromatic number of at most seven. (Since the complete graph
K
7
{\displaystyle {\mathsf {K_{7}}}}
can be embedded on the torus, and
χ
(
K
7
)
=
7
{\displaystyle \chi ({\mathsf {K_{7}}})=7}
, the upper bound is tight.) Equivalently, in a torus divided into regions, it is always possible to color the regions using no more than seven colors so that no neighboring regions are the same color. (Contrast with the four color theorem for the plane.)
This construction shows the torus divided into seven regions, every one of which touches every other, meaning each must be assigned a unique color.
de Bruijn torus
Main article: de Bruijn torus
STL model of de Bruijn torus (16,32;3,3)2 with 1s as panels and 0s as holes in the mesh – with consistent orientation, every 3×3 matrix appears exactly once
In combinatorial mathematics, a de Bruijn torus is an array of symbols from an alphabet (often just 0 and 1) that contains every m-by-n matrix exactly once. It is a torus because the edges are considered wraparound for the purpose of finding matrices. Its name comes from the De Bruijn sequence, which can be considered a special case where n is 1 (one dimension).
Cutting a torus
A solid torus of revolution can be cut by n (> 0) planes into at most
(
n
+
2
n
−
1
)
+
(
n
n
−
1
)
=
1
6
(
n
3
+
3
n
2
+
8
n
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}n+2\\n-1\end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}n\\n-1\end{pmatrix}}={\tfrac {1}{6}}(n^{3}+3n^{2}+8n)}
parts. (This assumes the pieces may not be rearranged but must remain in place for all cuts.)
The first 11 numbers of parts, for 0 ≤ n ≤ 10 (including the case of n = 0, not covered by the above formulas), are as follows:
1, 2, 6, 13, 24, 40, 62, 91, 128, 174, 230, ... (sequence A003600 in the OEIS).
See also
Mathematics portal
3-torus
Algebraic torus
Angenent torus
Annulus (geometry)
Clifford torus
Complex torus
Dupin cyclide
Elliptic curve
Irrational winding of a torus
Joint European Torus
Klein bottle
Loewner's torus inequality
Maximal torus
Period lattice
Real projective plane
Sphere
Spiric section
Surface (topology)
Toric lens
Toric section
Toric variety
Toroid
Toroidal and poloidal
Torus-based cryptography
Torus knot
Umbilic torus
Villarceau circles
Notes
Nociones de Geometría Analítica y Álgebra Lineal, ISBN 978-970-10-6596-9, Author: Kozak Ana Maria, Pompeya Pastorelli Sonia, Verdanega Pedro Emilio, Editorial: McGraw-Hill, Edition 2007, 744 pages, language: Spanish
Allen Hatcher. Algebraic Topology. Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-79540-0.
V. V. Nikulin, I. R. Shafarevich. Geometries and Groups. Springer, 1987. ISBN 3-540-15281-4, ISBN 978-3-540-15281-1.
"Tore (notion géométrique)" at Encyclopédie des Formes Mathématiques Remarquables
References
^ Gallier, Jean; Xu, Dianna (2013). A Guide to the Classification Theorem for Compact Surfaces. Geometry and Computing. Vol. 9. Springer, Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-34364-3. ISBN 978-3-642-34363-6. MR 3026641.
^ "Equations for the Standard Torus". Geom.uiuc.edu. 6 July 1995. Archived from the original on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
^ "Torus". Spatial Corp. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Torus". MathWorld.
^ "poloidal". Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Torus". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
^ Tymoczko, Dmitri (7 July 2006). "The Geometry of Musical Chords" (PDF). Science. 313 (5783): 72–74. Bibcode:2006Sci...313...72T. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.215.7449. doi:10.1126/science.1126287. PMID 16825563. S2CID 2877171. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2011.
^ Phillips, Tony (October 2006). "Take on Math in the Media". American Mathematical Society. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008.
^ Filippelli, Gianluigi (27 April 2012). "Doc Madhattan: A flat torus in three dimensional space". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (19): 7218–7223. doi:10.1073/pnas.1118478109. PMC 3358891. PMID 22523238. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
^ Enrico de Lazaro (18 April 2012). "Mathematicians Produce First-Ever Image of Flat Torus in 3D | Mathematics". Sci-News.com. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
^ "Mathematics: first-ever image of a flat torus in 3D – CNRS Web site – CNRS". Archived from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
^ "Flat tori finally visualized!". Math.univ-lyon1.fr. 18 April 2012. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
^ Hoang, Lê Nguyên (2016). "The Tortuous Geometry of the Flat Torus". Science4All. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Torus Cutting". MathWorld.
External links
Look up torus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Torus (category)
Creation of a torus at cut-the-knot
"4D torus" Fly-through cross-sections of a four-dimensional torus
"Relational Perspective Map" Visualizing high dimensional data with flat torus
Polydoes, doughnut-shaped polygons
Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Séquin, Carlo H (27 January 2014). "Topology of a Twisted Torus – Numberphile" (video). Brady Haran.
Anders Sandberg (4 February 2014). "Torus Earth". Retrieved 24 July 2019.
vteCompact topological surfaces and their immersions in 3DWithout boundaryOrientable
Sphere (genus 0)
Torus (genus 1)
Number 8 (genus 2)
Pretzel (genus 3) ...
Non-orientable
Real projective plane
genus 1; Boy's surface
Roman surface
Klein bottle (genus 2)
Dyck's surface (genus 3) ...
With boundary
Disk
Semisphere
Ribbon
Annulus
Cylinder
Möbius strip
Cross-cap
Sphere with three holes ...
RelatednotionsProperties
Connectedness
Compactness
Triangulatedness or smoothness
Orientability
Characteristics
Number of boundary components
Genus
Euler characteristic
Operations
Connected sum
Making a hole
Gluing a handle
Gluing a cross-cap
Immersion
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Poland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Solid torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_torus"},{"link_name":"Torus (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tesseract_torus.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ring_Torus_to_Degenerate_Torus_(Short).gif"},{"link_name":"degenerates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degeneracy_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torus_cycles.svg"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"surface of revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_of_revolution"},{"link_name":"circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle"},{"link_name":"three-dimensional space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_space"},{"link_name":"coplanar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coplanarity"},{"link_name":"axis of revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_revolution"},{"link_name":"tangent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent"},{"link_name":"spindle torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere"},{"link_name":"toroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroid"},{"link_name":"swim rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swim_ring"},{"link_name":"inner tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_tube"},{"link_name":"ringette rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringette_ring"},{"link_name":"solid torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_torus"},{"link_name":"disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume"},{"link_name":"O-rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-ring"},{"link_name":"lifebuoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifebuoy"},{"link_name":"doughnuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doughnut"},{"link_name":"bagels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagel"},{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"homeomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphism"},{"link_name":"Cartesian product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_topology"},{"link_name":"circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle"},{"link_name":"Euclidean space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space"},{"link_name":"embedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedding"},{"link_name":"Clifford torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_torus"},{"link_name":"4-space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-dimensional_space"},{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Klein bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein_bottle"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Taurus.This article is about the mathematical surface. For the volume, see Solid torus. For other uses, see Torus (disambiguation).A ring torus with a selection of circles on its surfaceAs the distance from the axis of revolution decreases, the ring torus becomes a horn torus, then a spindle torus, and finally degenerates into a double-covered sphere.A ring torus with aspect ratio 3, the ratio between the diameters of the larger (magenta) circle and the smaller (red) circle.In geometry, a torus (pl.: tori or toruses) is a surface of revolution generated by revolving a circle in three-dimensional space one full revolution about an axis that is coplanar with the circle. The main types of toruses include ring toruses, horn toruses, and spindle toruses. A ring torus is sometimes colloquially referred to as a donut or doughnut.If the axis of revolution does not touch the circle, the surface has a ring shape and is called a torus of revolution, also known as a ring torus. If the axis of revolution is tangent to the circle, the surface is a horn torus. If the axis of revolution passes twice through the circle, the surface is a spindle torus (or self-crossing torus or self-intersecting torus). If the axis of revolution passes through the center of the circle, the surface is a degenerate torus, a double-covered sphere. If the revolved curve is not a circle, the surface is called a toroid, as in a square toroid.Real-world objects that approximate a torus of revolution include swim rings, inner tubes and ringette rings.A torus should not be confused with a solid torus, which is formed by rotating a disk, rather than a circle, around an axis. A solid torus is a torus plus the volume inside the torus. Real-world objects that approximate a solid torus include O-rings, non-inflatable lifebuoys, ring doughnuts, and bagels.In topology, a ring torus is homeomorphic to the Cartesian product of two circles: \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n \n S\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{1}\\times S^{1}}\n \n, and the latter is taken to be the definition in that context. It is a compact 2-manifold of genus 1. The ring torus is one way to embed this space into Euclidean space, but another way to do this is the Cartesian product of the embedding of \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{1}}\n \n in the plane with itself. This produces a geometric object called the Clifford torus, a surface in 4-space.In the field of topology, a torus is any topological space that is homeomorphic to a torus.[1] The surface of a coffee cup and a doughnut are both topological tori with genus one.An example of a torus can be constructed by taking a rectangular strip of flexible material such as rubber, and joining the top edge to the bottom edge, and the left edge to the right edge, without any half-twists (compare Klein bottle).","title":"Torus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/torus"},{"link_name":"protuberance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protuberance"}],"text":"Torus is a Latin word for \"a round, swelling, elevation, protuberance\".","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_torus-ring.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_torus-horn.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_torus-spindle.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toroidal_coord.png"},{"link_name":"parametrized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_equation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio"},{"link_name":"implicit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_function"},{"link_name":"Cartesian coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinates"},{"link_name":"axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_axis"},{"link_name":"square root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root"},{"link_name":"quartic equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic_equation"},{"link_name":"lemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_(topology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"spherical coordinate system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"toroidal and poloidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_and_poloidal"},{"link_name":"magnetic confinement fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion"}],"text":"Bottom-halves andvertical cross-sectionsR > r: ring torus or anchor ringR=r: horn torusR < r: self-intersecting spindle torusPoloidal direction (red arrow) and toroidal direction (blue arrow)A torus can be parametrized as:[2]x\n (\n θ\n ,\n φ\n )\n \n \n \n =\n (\n R\n +\n r\n cos\n \n θ\n )\n cos\n \n \n φ\n \n \n \n \n \n y\n (\n θ\n ,\n φ\n )\n \n \n \n =\n (\n R\n +\n r\n cos\n \n θ\n )\n sin\n \n \n φ\n \n \n \n \n \n z\n (\n θ\n ,\n φ\n )\n \n \n \n =\n r\n sin\n \n θ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}x(\\theta ,\\varphi )&=(R+r\\cos \\theta )\\cos {\\varphi }\\\\y(\\theta ,\\varphi )&=(R+r\\cos \\theta )\\sin {\\varphi }\\\\z(\\theta ,\\varphi )&=r\\sin \\theta \\\\\\end{aligned}}}using angular coordinates \n \n \n \n θ\n ,\n φ\n ∈\n [\n 0\n ,\n 2\n π\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta ,\\varphi \\in [0,2\\pi ),}\n \n representing rotation around the tube and rotation around the torus' axis of revolution, respectively, where the major radius \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n is the distance from the center of the tube to the center of the torus and the minor radius \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n is the radius of the tube.[3]The ratio \n \n \n \n R\n \n /\n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R/r}\n \n is called the aspect ratio of the torus. The typical doughnut confectionery has an aspect ratio of about 3 to 2.An implicit equation in Cartesian coordinates for a torus radially symmetric about the \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z}\n \n-axis is(\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n −\n R\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n z\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n r\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\textstyle {\\bigl (}{\\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}-R{\\bigr )}^{2}}+z^{2}=r^{2}.}Algebraically eliminating the square root gives a quartic equation,(\n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n z\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n R\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n r\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 4\n \n R\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+R^{2}-r^{2}\\right)^{2}=4R^{2}\\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\\right).}The three classes of standard tori correspond to the three possible aspect ratios between R and r:When R > r, the surface will be the familiar ring torus or anchor ring.\nR = r corresponds to the horn torus, which in effect is a torus with no \"hole\".\nR < r describes the self-intersecting spindle torus; its inner shell is a lemon and its outer shell is an apple\nWhen R = 0, the torus degenerates to the sphere.When R ≥ r, the interior(\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n −\n R\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n z\n \n 2\n \n \n <\n \n r\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\textstyle {\\bigl (}{\\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}-R{\\bigr )}^{2}}+z^{2}<r^{2}}diffeomorphicproductEuclidean open diskvolumesurface areaPappus's centroid theorem[4]A\n \n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n 2\n π\n r\n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n 2\n π\n R\n \n )\n \n =\n 4\n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n R\n r\n ,\n \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n π\n \n r\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n 2\n π\n R\n \n )\n \n =\n 2\n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n R\n \n r\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}A&=\\left(2\\pi r\\right)\\left(2\\pi R\\right)=4\\pi ^{2}Rr,\\\\[5mu]V&=\\left(\\pi r^{2}\\right)\\left(2\\pi R\\right)=2\\pi ^{2}Rr^{2}.\\end{aligned}}}These formulas are the same as for a cylinder of length 2πR and radius r, obtained from cutting the tube along the plane of a small circle, and unrolling it by straightening out (rectifying) the line running around the center of the tube. The losses in surface area and volume on the inner side of the tube exactly cancel out the gains on the outer side.Expressing the surface area and the volume by the distance p of an outermost point on the surface of the torus to the center, and the distance q of an innermost point to the center (so that R = p + q/2 and r = p − q/2), yieldsA\n \n \n \n =\n 4\n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n p\n +\n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n p\n −\n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n p\n +\n q\n )\n (\n p\n −\n q\n )\n ,\n \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n \n =\n 2\n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n p\n +\n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n p\n −\n q\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 1\n 4\n \n \n \n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n p\n +\n q\n )\n (\n p\n −\n q\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}A&=4\\pi ^{2}\\left({\\frac {p+q}{2}}\\right)\\left({\\frac {p-q}{2}}\\right)=\\pi ^{2}(p+q)(p-q),\\\\[5mu]V&=2\\pi ^{2}\\left({\\frac {p+q}{2}}\\right)\\left({\\frac {p-q}{2}}\\right)^{2}={\\tfrac {1}{4}}\\pi ^{2}(p+q)(p-q)^{2}.\\end{aligned}}}As a torus is the product of two circles, a modified version of the spherical coordinate system is sometimes used.\nIn traditional spherical coordinates there are three measures, R, the distance from the center of the coordinate system, and θ and φ, angles measured from the center point.As a torus has, effectively, two center points, the centerpoints of the angles are moved; φ measures the same angle as it does in the spherical system, but is known as the \"toroidal\" direction. The center point of θ is moved to the center of r, and is known as the \"poloidal\" direction. These terms were first used in a discussion of the Earth's magnetic field, where \"poloidal\" was used to denote \"the direction toward the poles\".[5]In modern use, toroidal and poloidal are more commonly used to discuss magnetic confinement fusion devices.","title":"Geometry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Topologically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"link_name":"closed surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_surface"},{"link_name":"product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_topology"},{"link_name":"circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle"},{"link_name":"C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_coordinate_space"},{"link_name":"3-sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-sphere"},{"link_name":"Clifford torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_torus"},{"link_name":"filled out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliation"},{"link_name":"fiber bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_bundle"},{"link_name":"Hopf bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopf_bundle"},{"link_name":"relative topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_topology"},{"link_name":"R\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_coordinate_space"},{"link_name":"homeomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphic"},{"link_name":"stereographically projecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereographic_projection"},{"link_name":"quotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_space_(topology)"},{"link_name":"Cartesian plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_plane"},{"link_name":"unit square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_square"},{"link_name":"fundamental polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_polygon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside-out_torus_(animated,_small).gif"},{"link_name":"fundamental group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_group"},{"link_name":"direct product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_product_of_groups"},{"link_name":"closed path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_(topology)"},{"link_name":"homology group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_group"},{"link_name":"isomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism"},{"link_name":"Hurewicz theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurewicz_theorem"},{"link_name":"abelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group"}],"text":"Topologically, a torus is a closed surface defined as the product of two circles: S1 × S1. This can be viewed as lying in C2 and is a subset of the 3-sphere S3 of radius √2. This topological torus is also often called the Clifford torus. In fact, S3 is filled out by a family of nested tori in this manner (with two degenerate circles), a fact which is important in the study of S3 as a fiber bundle over S2 (the Hopf bundle).The surface described above, given the relative topology from \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}\n \n, is homeomorphic to a topological torus as long as it does not intersect its own axis. A particular homeomorphism is given by stereographically projecting the topological torus into \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}\n \n from the north pole of S3.The torus can also be described as a quotient of the Cartesian plane under the identifications(\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∼\n (\n x\n +\n 1\n ,\n y\n )\n ∼\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n +\n 1\n )\n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x,y)\\sim (x+1,y)\\sim (x,y+1),\\,}or, equivalently, as the quotient of the unit square by pasting the opposite edges together, described as a fundamental polygon ABA−1B−1.Turning a punctured torus inside-outThe fundamental group of the torus is just the direct product of the fundamental group of the circle with itself:π\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n \n T\n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n =\n \n π\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n \n S\n \n \n 1\n \n \n )\n ×\n \n π\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n \n S\n \n \n 1\n \n \n )\n ≅\n \n Z\n \n ×\n \n Z\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{1}(\\mathbb {T} ^{2})=\\pi _{1}(\\mathbb {S} ^{1})\\times \\pi _{1}(\\mathbb {S} ^{1})\\cong \\mathbb {Z} \\times \\mathbb {Z} .}Intuitively speaking, this means that a closed path that circles the torus' \"hole\" (say, a circle that traces out a particular latitude) and then circles the torus' \"body\" (say, a circle that traces out a particular longitude) can be deformed to a path that circles the body and then the hole. So, strictly 'latitudinal' and strictly 'longitudinal' paths commute. An equivalent statement may be imagined as two shoelaces passing through each other, then unwinding, then rewinding.If a torus is punctured and turned inside out then another torus results, with lines of latitude and longitude interchanged. This is equivalent to building a torus from a cylinder, by joining the circular ends together, in two ways: around the outside like joining two ends of a garden hose, or through the inside like rolling a sock (with the toe cut off). Additionally, if the cylinder was made by gluing two opposite sides of a rectangle together, choosing the other two sides instead will cause the same reversal of orientation.The first homology group of the torus is isomorphic to the fundamental group (this follows from Hurewicz theorem since the fundamental group is abelian).","title":"Topology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ramification points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramification_point"},{"link_name":"conformal structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_structure"},{"link_name":"Weierstrass points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weierstrass_point"},{"link_name":"cross-ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-ratio"}],"text":"The 2-torus double-covers the 2-sphere, with four ramification points. Every conformal structure on the 2-torus can be represented as a two-sheeted cover of the 2-sphere. The points on the torus corresponding to the ramification points are the Weierstrass points. In fact, the conformal type of the torus is determined by the cross-ratio of the four points.","title":"Two-sheeted cover"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clifford-torus.gif"},{"link_name":"Clifford torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_torus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_action_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(group)"},{"link_name":"hypercube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercube"},{"link_name":"compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_space"},{"link_name":"manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold"},{"link_name":"abelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group"},{"link_name":"Lie group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group"},{"link_name":"unit circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_circle"},{"link_name":"complex numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"compact Lie groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Lie_group"},{"link_name":"maximal torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_torus"},{"link_name":"subgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgroup"},{"link_name":"protori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protorus"},{"link_name":"manifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold"},{"link_name":"Automorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphism"},{"link_name":"invertible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertible_matrix"},{"link_name":"integral matrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_matrices"},{"link_name":"fundamental group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_group"},{"link_name":"free abelian group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_abelian_group"},{"link_name":"homology group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_group"},{"link_name":"choose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_coefficient"},{"link_name":"Euler characteristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_characteristic"},{"link_name":"cohomology ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohomology_ring"},{"link_name":"exterior algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterior_algebra"},{"link_name":"module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Quasitoric manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasitoric_manifold"}],"text":"A stereographic projection of a Clifford torus in four dimensions performing a simple rotation through the xz-planeThe torus has a generalization to higher dimensions, the n-dimensional torus, often called the n-torus or hypertorus for short. (This is the more typical meaning of the term \"n-torus\", the other referring to n holes or of genus n.[6]) Recalling that the torus is the product space of two circles, the n-dimensional torus is the product of n circles. That is:T\n \n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n ⋯\n ×\n \n \n S\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n ⏟\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {T} ^{n}=\\underbrace {\\mathbb {S} ^{1}\\times \\cdots \\times \\mathbb {S} ^{1}} _{n}.}The standard 1-torus is just the circle: \n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n \n S\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {T} ^{1}=\\mathbb {S} ^{1}}\n \n. The torus discussed above is the standard 2-torus, \n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {T} ^{2}}\n \n. And similar to the 2-torus, the n-torus, \n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {T} ^{n}}\n \n can be described as a quotient of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n under integral shifts in any coordinate. That is, the n-torus is \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n modulo the action of the integer lattice \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} ^{n}}\n \n (with the action being taken as vector addition). Equivalently, the n-torus is obtained from the n-dimensional hypercube by gluing the opposite faces together.An n-torus in this sense is an example of an n-dimensional compact manifold. It is also an example of a compact abelian Lie group. This follows from the fact that the unit circle is a compact abelian Lie group (when identified with the unit complex numbers with multiplication). Group multiplication on the torus is then defined by coordinate-wise multiplication.Toroidal groups play an important part in the theory of compact Lie groups. This is due in part to the fact that in any compact Lie group G one can always find a maximal torus; that is, a closed subgroup which is a torus of the largest possible dimension. Such maximal tori T have a controlling role to play in theory of connected G. Toroidal groups are examples of protori, which (like tori) are compact connected abelian groups, which are not required to be manifolds.Automorphisms of T are easily constructed from automorphisms of the lattice \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} ^{n}}\n \n, which are classified by invertible integral matrices of size n with an integral inverse; these are just the integral matrices with determinant ±1. Making them act on \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n in the usual way, one has the typical toral automorphism on the quotient.The fundamental group of an n-torus is a free abelian group of rank n. The k-th homology group of an n-torus is a free abelian group of rank n choose k. It follows that the Euler characteristic of the n-torus is 0 for all n. The cohomology ring H•(\n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {T} ^{n}}\n \n, Z) can be identified with the exterior algebra over the Z-module \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} ^{n}}\n \n whose generators are the duals of the n nontrivial cycles.See also: Quasitoric manifold","title":"n-dimensional torus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moebius_Surface_1_Display_Small.png"},{"link_name":"orbifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbifold"},{"link_name":"Möbius strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_strip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neo-Riemannian_Tonnetz.svg"},{"link_name":"Tonnetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnetz"},{"link_name":"enharmonic equivalence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enharmonic_equivalence"},{"link_name":"configuration space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_space_(physics)"},{"link_name":"orbifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbifold"},{"link_name":"symmetric group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_group"},{"link_name":"Möbius strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_strip"},{"link_name":"equilateral triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilateral_triangle"},{"link_name":"twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twist_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"triangular prism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_prism"},{"link_name":"applications to music theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbifold#Music_theory"},{"link_name":"musical triads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_(music)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Configuration space","text":"The configuration space of 2 not necessarily distinct points on the circle is the orbifold quotient of the 2-torus, T2/S2, which is the Möbius strip.The Tonnetz is an example of a torus in music theory.The Tonnetz is only truly a torus if enharmonic equivalence is assumed, so that the (F♯-A♯) segment of the right edge of the repeated parallelogram is identified with the (G♭-B♭) segment of the left edge.As the n-torus is the n-fold product of the circle, the n-torus is the configuration space of n ordered, not necessarily distinct points on the circle. Symbolically, \n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n n\n \n \n =\n (\n \n \n S\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {T} ^{n}=(\\mathbb {S} ^{1})^{n}}\n \n. The configuration space of unordered, not necessarily distinct points is accordingly the orbifold \n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n S\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {T} ^{n}/\\mathbb {S} _{n}}\n \n, which is the quotient of the torus by the symmetric group on n letters (by permuting the coordinates).For n = 2, the quotient is the Möbius strip, the edge corresponding to the orbifold points where the two coordinates coincide. For n = 3 this quotient may be described as a solid torus with cross-section an equilateral triangle, with a twist; equivalently, as a triangular prism whose top and bottom faces are connected with a 1/3 twist (120°): the 3-dimensional interior corresponds to the points on the 3-torus where all 3 coordinates are distinct, the 2-dimensional face corresponds to points with 2 coordinates equal and the 3rd different, while the 1-dimensional edge corresponds to points with all 3 coordinates identical.These orbifolds have found significant applications to music theory in the work of Dmitri Tymoczko and collaborators (Felipe Posada, Michael Kolinas, et al.), being used to model musical triads.[7][8]","title":"n-dimensional torus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torus_from_rectangle.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duocylinder_ridge_animated.gif"},{"link_name":"stereographic projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereographic_projection"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toroidal_monohedron.png"},{"link_name":"{4,4}1,0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_map_(graph_theory)#Toroidal_polyhedra"},{"link_name":"duocylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duocylinder"},{"link_name":"quotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_space_(topology)"},{"link_name":"Riemannian manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_manifold"},{"link_name":"Cartesian plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_plane"},{"link_name":"Gaussian curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_curvature"},{"link_name":"diffeomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeomorphism"},{"link_name":"isometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometry"},{"link_name":"analytically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_function"},{"link_name":"smooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_function"},{"link_name":"Mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Hopf coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-sphere#Hopf_coordinates"},{"link_name":"3-sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-sphere"},{"link_name":"congruent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruence_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_(topology)"},{"link_name":"Nash-Kuiper theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_embedding_theorem"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"fractal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal"},{"link_name":"surface normals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In three dimensions, one can bend a rectangle into a torus, but doing this typically stretches the surface, as seen by the distortion of the checkered pattern.Seen in stereographic projection, a 4D flat torus can be projected into 3-dimensions and rotated on a fixed axis.The simplest tiling of a flat torus is {4,4}1,0, constructed on the surface of a duocylinder with 1 vertex, 2 orthogonal edges, and one square face. It is seen here stereographically projected into 3-space as a torus.A flat torus is a torus with the metric inherited from its representation as the quotient, \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{2}}\n \n/L, where L is a discrete subgroup of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{2}}\n \n isomorphic to \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} ^{2}}\n \n. This gives the quotient the structure of a Riemannian manifold. Perhaps the simplest example of this is when L = \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} ^{2}}\n \n: \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{2}/\\mathbb {Z} ^{2}}\n \n, which can also be described as the Cartesian plane under the identifications (x, y) ~ (x + 1, y) ~ (x, y + 1). This particular flat torus (and any uniformly scaled version of it) is known as the \"square\" flat torus.This metric of the square flat torus can also be realised by specific embeddings of the familiar 2-torus into Euclidean 4-space or higher dimensions. Its surface has zero Gaussian curvature everywhere. Its surface is flat in the same sense that the surface of a cylinder is flat. In 3 dimensions, one can bend a flat sheet of paper into a cylinder without stretching the paper, but this cylinder cannot be bent into a torus without stretching the paper (unless some regularity and differentiability conditions are given up, see below).A simple 4-dimensional Euclidean embedding of a rectangular flat torus (more general than the square one) is as follows:(\n x\n ,\n y\n ,\n z\n ,\n w\n )\n =\n (\n R\n cos\n \n u\n ,\n R\n sin\n \n u\n ,\n P\n cos\n \n v\n ,\n P\n sin\n \n v\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x,y,z,w)=(R\\cos u,R\\sin u,P\\cos v,P\\sin v)}where R and P are positive constants determining the aspect ratio. It is diffeomorphic to a regular torus but not isometric. It can not be analytically embedded (smooth of class Ck, 2 ≤ k ≤ ∞) into Euclidean 3-space. Mapping it into 3-space requires one to stretch it, in which case it looks like a regular torus. For example, in the following map:(\n x\n ,\n y\n ,\n z\n )\n =\n (\n (\n R\n +\n P\n sin\n \n v\n )\n cos\n \n u\n ,\n (\n R\n +\n P\n sin\n \n v\n )\n sin\n \n u\n ,\n P\n cos\n \n v\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x,y,z)=((R+P\\sin v)\\cos u,(R+P\\sin v)\\sin u,P\\cos v).}If R and P in the above flat torus parametrization form a unit vector (R, P) = (cos(η), sin(η)) then u, v, and 0 < η < π/2 parameterize the unit 3-sphere as Hopf coordinates. In particular, for certain very specific choices of a square flat torus in the 3-sphere S3, where η = π/4 above, the torus will partition the 3-sphere into two congruent solid tori subsets with the aforesaid flat torus surface as their common boundary. One example is the torus T defined byT\n =\n \n {\n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n ,\n z\n ,\n w\n )\n ∈\n \n \n S\n \n \n 3\n \n \n ∣\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n z\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n }\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T=\\left\\{(x,y,z,w)\\in \\mathbb {S} ^{3}\\mid x^{2}+y^{2}={\\frac {1}{2}},\\ z^{2}+w^{2}={\\frac {1}{2}}\\right\\}.}Other tori in S3 having this partitioning property include the square tori of the form Q⋅T, where Q is a rotation of 4-dimensional space \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{4}}\n \n, or in other words Q is a member of the Lie group SO(4).It is known that there exists no C2 (twice continuously differentiable) embedding of a flat torus into 3-space. (The idea of the proof is to take a large sphere containing such a flat torus in its interior, and shrink the radius of the sphere until it just touches the torus for the first time. Such a point of contact must be a tangency. But that would imply that part of the torus, since it has zero curvature everywhere, must lie strictly outside the sphere, which is a contradiction.) On the other hand, according to the Nash-Kuiper theorem, which was proven in the 1950s, an isometric C1 embedding exists. This is solely an existence proof and does not provide explicit equations for such an embedding.In April 2012, an explicit C1 (continuously differentiable) embedding of a flat torus into 3-dimensional Euclidean space \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{3}}\n \n was found.[9][10][11][12] It is a flat torus in the sense that as metric spaces, it is isometric to a flat square torus. It is similar in structure to a fractal as it is constructed by repeatedly corrugating an ordinary torus. Like fractals, it has no defined Gaussian curvature. However, unlike fractals, it does have defined surface normals, yielding a so-called \"smooth fractal\". The key to obtain the smoothness of this corrugated torus is to have the amplitudes of successive corrugations decreasing faster than their \"wavelengths\".[13] (These infinitely recursive corrugations are used only for embedding into three dimensions; they are not an intrinsic feature of the flat torus.) This is the first time that any such embedding was defined by explicit equations or depicted by computer graphics.","title":"Flat torus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riemann surfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_surface"}],"sub_title":"Conformal classification of flat tori","text":"In the study of Riemann surfaces, one says that any two smooth compact geometric surfaces are \"conformally equivalent\" when there exists a smooth homeomorphism between them that is both angle-preserving and orientation-preserving. The uniformization theorem guarantees that every Riemann surface is conformally equivalent to one that has constant Gaussian curvature. In the case of a torus, the constant curvature must be zero. Then one defines the \"moduli space\" of the torus to contain one point for each conformal equivalence class, with the appropriate topology. It turns out that this moduli space M may be identified with a punctured sphere that is smooth except for two points that have less angle than 2π (radians) around them: One has π and the other has 2π/3.M may be turned into a compact space M* by adding one additional point that represents the limiting case as a rectangular torus approaches an aspect ratio of 0 in the limit. The result is that this compactified moduli space is a sphere with three points each having less than 2π angle around them. (Such points are termed \"cusps\".) This additional point will have zero angle around it. Due to symmetry, M* may be constructed by glueing together two congruent geodesic triangles in the hyperbolic plane along their (identical) boundaries, where each triangle has angles of π/2, π/3, and 0. As a result the area of each triangle can be calculated as π - (π/2 + π/3 + 0) = π/6, so it follows that the compactified moduli space M* has area equal to π/3.The other two cusps occur at the points corresponding in M* to a) the square torus (π) and b) the hexagonal torus (2π/3). These are the only conformal equivalence classes of flat tori that have any conformal automorphisms other than those generated by translations and negation.","title":"Flat torus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_(topology)"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"connected sum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_sum"},{"link_name":"2-sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere"},{"link_name":"two-sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere"},{"link_name":"double torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_torus"},{"link_name":"triple torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_torus"},{"link_name":"classification theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_theorem"},{"link_name":"compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_space"},{"link_name":"connected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_space"},{"link_name":"projective planes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_plane"}],"text":"In the theory of surfaces there is a more general family of objects, the \"genus\" g surfaces. A genus g surface is the connected sum of g two-tori. (And so the torus itself is the surface of genus 1.) To form a connected sum of two surfaces, remove from each the interior of a disk and \"glue\" the surfaces together along the boundary circles. (That is, merge the two boundary circles so they become just one circle.) To form the connected sum of more than two surfaces, successively take the connected sum of two of them at a time until they are all connected. In this sense, a genus g surface resembles the surface of g doughnuts stuck together side by side, or a 2-sphere with g handles attached.As examples, a genus zero surface (without boundary) is the two-sphere while a genus one surface (without boundary) is the ordinary torus. The surfaces of higher genus are sometimes called n-holed tori (or, rarely, n-fold tori). The terms double torus and triple torus are also occasionally used.The classification theorem for surfaces states that every compact connected surface is topologically equivalent to either the sphere or the connect sum of some number of tori, disks, and real projective planes.","title":"Genus g surface"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toroidal polyhedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_polyhedron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hexagonal_torus.svg"},{"link_name":"toroidal polyhedron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_polyhedron"},{"link_name":"quadrilateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrilateral"},{"link_name":"Polyhedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedron"},{"link_name":"Euler characteristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_characteristic"},{"link_name":"immersions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion_(mathematics)"}],"text":"Further information: Toroidal polyhedronA toroidal polyhedron with 6 × 4 = 24 quadrilateral facesPolyhedra with the topological type of a torus are called toroidal polyhedra, and have Euler characteristic V − E + F = 0. For any number of holes, the formula generalizes to V − E + F = 2 − 2N, where N is the number of holes.The term \"toroidal polyhedron\" is also used for higher-genus polyhedra and for immersions of toroidal polyhedra.","title":"Toroidal polyhedra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homeomorphism group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphism_group"},{"link_name":"geometric topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_topology"},{"link_name":"mapping class group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapping_class_group"},{"link_name":"homotopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy"},{"link_name":"homology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"fundamental group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_group"},{"link_name":"cohomology group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohomology_group"},{"link_name":"cohomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohomology"},{"link_name":"Eilenberg–MacLane space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilenberg%E2%80%93MacLane_space"},{"link_name":"short exact sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_exact_sequence"}],"text":"The homeomorphism group (or the subgroup of diffeomorphisms) of the torus is studied in geometric topology. Its mapping class group (the connected components of the homeomorphism group) is surjective onto the group \n \n \n \n GL\n \n (\n n\n ,\n \n Z\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {GL} (n,\\mathbb {Z} )}\n \n of invertible integer matrices, which can be realized as linear maps on the universal covering space \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n that preserve the standard lattice \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} ^{n}}\n \n (this corresponds to integer coefficients) and thus descend to the quotient.At the level of homotopy and homology, the mapping class group can be identified as the action on the first homology (or equivalently, first cohomology, or on the fundamental group, as these are all naturally isomorphic; also the first cohomology group generates the cohomology algebra:MCG\n \n Ho\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n T\n \n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n Aut\n \n (\n \n π\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n X\n )\n )\n =\n Aut\n \n (\n \n \n Z\n \n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n GL\n \n (\n n\n ,\n \n Z\n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {MCG} _{\\operatorname {Ho} }(\\mathbb {T} ^{n})=\\operatorname {Aut} (\\pi _{1}(X))=\\operatorname {Aut} (\\mathbb {Z} ^{n})=\\operatorname {GL} (n,\\mathbb {Z} ).}Since the torus is an Eilenberg–MacLane space K(G, 1), its homotopy equivalences, up to homotopy, can be identified with automorphisms of the fundamental group); all homotopy equivalences of the torus can be realized by homeomorphisms – every homotopy equivalence is homotopic to a homeomorphism.Thus the short exact sequence of the mapping class group splits (an identification of the torus as the quotient of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n gives a splitting, via the linear maps, as above):1\n →\n \n Homeo\n \n 0\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n T\n \n \n n\n \n \n )\n →\n Homeo\n \n (\n \n \n T\n \n \n n\n \n \n )\n →\n \n MCG\n \n TOP\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n T\n \n \n n\n \n \n )\n →\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1\\to \\operatorname {Homeo} _{0}(\\mathbb {T} ^{n})\\to \\operatorname {Homeo} (\\mathbb {T} ^{n})\\to \\operatorname {MCG} _{\\operatorname {TOP} }(\\mathbb {T} ^{n})\\to 1.}The mapping class group of higher genus surfaces is much more complicated, and an area of active research.","title":"Automorphisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heawood number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heawood_number"},{"link_name":"embedded on the torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_graph"},{"link_name":"chromatic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_number"},{"link_name":"complete graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_graph"},{"link_name":"four color theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_color_theorem"},{"link_name":"plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Projection_color_torus.png"}],"text":"The torus's Heawood number is seven, meaning every graph that can be embedded on the torus has a chromatic number of at most seven. (Since the complete graph \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n 7\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathsf {K_{7}}}}\n \n can be embedded on the torus, and \n \n \n \n χ\n (\n \n \n \n K\n \n 7\n \n \n \n \n )\n =\n 7\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi ({\\mathsf {K_{7}}})=7}\n \n, the upper bound is tight.) Equivalently, in a torus divided into regions, it is always possible to color the regions using no more than seven colors so that no neighboring regions are the same color. (Contrast with the four color theorem for the plane.)This construction shows the torus divided into seven regions, every one of which touches every other, meaning each must be assigned a unique color.","title":"Coloring a torus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//viewstl.com/classic/?embedded&url=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/De_bruijn_torus_3x3.stl&bgcolor=black"},{"link_name":"STL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STL_(file_format)"},{"link_name":"combinatorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics"},{"link_name":"array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"De Bruijn sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bruijn_sequence"}],"text":"STL model of de Bruijn torus (16,32;3,3)2 with 1s as panels and 0s as holes in the mesh – with consistent orientation, every 3×3 matrix appears exactly onceIn combinatorial mathematics, a de Bruijn torus is an array of symbols from an alphabet (often just 0 and 1) that contains every m-by-n matrix exactly once. It is a torus because the edges are considered wraparound for the purpose of finding matrices. Its name comes from the De Bruijn sequence, which can be considered a special case where n is 1 (one dimension).","title":"de Bruijn torus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"A003600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A003600"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"}],"text":"A solid torus of revolution can be cut by n (> 0) planes into at most(\n \n \n \n n\n +\n 2\n \n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n +\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 1\n 6\n \n \n \n (\n \n n\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 3\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 8\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{pmatrix}n+2\\\\n-1\\end{pmatrix}}+{\\begin{pmatrix}n\\\\n-1\\end{pmatrix}}={\\tfrac {1}{6}}(n^{3}+3n^{2}+8n)}parts.[14] (This assumes the pieces may not be rearranged but must remain in place for all cuts.)The first 11 numbers of parts, for 0 ≤ n ≤ 10 (including the case of n = 0, not covered by the above formulas), are as follows:1, 2, 6, 13, 24, 40, 62, 91, 128, 174, 230, ... (sequence A003600 in the OEIS).","title":"Cutting a torus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-970-10-6596-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-970-10-6596-9"},{"link_name":"Algebraic Topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.math.cornell.edu/~hatcher/AT/ATpage.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-79540-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79540-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-540-15281-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-15281-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-15281-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-15281-1"},{"link_name":"\"Tore (notion géométrique)\" at Encyclopédie des Formes Mathématiques Remarquables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mathcurve.com/surfaces/tore/tore.shtml"}],"text":"Nociones de Geometría Analítica y Álgebra Lineal, ISBN 978-970-10-6596-9, Author: Kozak Ana Maria, Pompeya Pastorelli Sonia, Verdanega Pedro Emilio, Editorial: McGraw-Hill, Edition 2007, 744 pages, language: Spanish\nAllen Hatcher. Algebraic Topology. Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-79540-0.\nV. V. Nikulin, I. R. Shafarevich. Geometries and Groups. Springer, 1987. ISBN 3-540-15281-4, ISBN 978-3-540-15281-1.\n\"Tore (notion géométrique)\" at Encyclopédie des Formes Mathématiques Remarquables","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"A ring torus with a selection of circles on its surface","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tesseract_torus.png/220px-Tesseract_torus.png"},{"image_text":"As the distance from the axis of revolution decreases, the ring torus becomes a horn torus, then a spindle torus, and finally degenerates into a double-covered sphere.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ring_Torus_to_Degenerate_Torus_%28Short%29.gif/220px-Ring_Torus_to_Degenerate_Torus_%28Short%29.gif"},{"image_text":"A ring torus with aspect ratio 3, the ratio between the diameters of the larger (magenta) circle and the smaller (red) circle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Torus_cycles.svg/220px-Torus_cycles.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Poloidal direction (red arrow) and toroidal direction (blue arrow)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Toroidal_coord.png/220px-Toroidal_coord.png"},{"image_text":"Turning a punctured torus inside-out","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Inside-out_torus_%28animated%2C_small%29.gif"},{"image_text":"A stereographic projection of a Clifford torus in four dimensions performing a simple rotation through the xz-plane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Clifford-torus.gif/220px-Clifford-torus.gif"},{"image_text":"The configuration space of 2 not necessarily distinct points on the circle is the orbifold quotient of the 2-torus, T2/S2, which is the Möbius strip.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Moebius_Surface_1_Display_Small.png"},{"image_text":"The Tonnetz is an example of a torus in music theory.The Tonnetz is only truly a torus if enharmonic equivalence is assumed, so that the (F♯-A♯) segment of the right edge of the repeated parallelogram is identified with the (G♭-B♭) segment of the left edge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Neo-Riemannian_Tonnetz.svg/220px-Neo-Riemannian_Tonnetz.svg.png"},{"image_text":"In three dimensions, one can bend a rectangle into a torus, but doing this typically stretches the surface, as seen by the distortion of the checkered pattern.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Torus_from_rectangle.gif/220px-Torus_from_rectangle.gif"},{"image_text":"Seen in stereographic projection, a 4D flat torus can be projected into 3-dimensions and rotated on a fixed axis.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Duocylinder_ridge_animated.gif"},{"image_text":"The simplest tiling of a flat torus is {4,4}1,0, constructed on the surface of a duocylinder with 1 vertex, 2 orthogonal edges, and one square face. It is seen here stereographically projected into 3-space as a torus.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Toroidal_monohedron.png/220px-Toroidal_monohedron.png"},{"image_text":"A toroidal polyhedron with 6 × 4 = 24 quadrilateral faces","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hexagonal_torus.svg/220px-Hexagonal_torus.svg.png"},{"image_text":"This construction shows the torus divided into seven regions, every one of which touches every other, meaning each must be assigned a unique color.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Projection_color_torus.png/480px-Projection_color_torus.png"},{"image_text":"STL model of de Bruijn torus (16,32;3,3)2 with 1s as panels and 0s as holes in the mesh – with consistent orientation, every 3×3 matrix appears exactly once","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/De_bruijn_torus_3x3.stl/250px-De_bruijn_torus_3x3.stl.png"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg"},{"title":"Mathematics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mathematics"},{"title":"3-torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-torus"},{"title":"Algebraic torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_torus"},{"title":"Angenent torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angenent_torus"},{"title":"Annulus (geometry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulus_(geometry)"},{"title":"Clifford torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_torus"},{"title":"Complex torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_torus"},{"title":"Dupin cyclide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupin_cyclide"},{"title":"Elliptic curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve"},{"title":"Irrational winding of a torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_winding_of_a_torus"},{"title":"Joint European Torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_European_Torus"},{"title":"Klein bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein_bottle"},{"title":"Loewner's torus inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loewner%27s_torus_inequality"},{"title":"Maximal torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_torus"},{"title":"Period lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_lattice"},{"title":"Real projective plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_projective_plane"},{"title":"Sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere"},{"title":"Spiric section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiric_section"},{"title":"Surface (topology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_(topology)"},{"title":"Toric lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toric_lens"},{"title":"Toric section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toric_section"},{"title":"Toric variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toric_variety"},{"title":"Toroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroid"},{"title":"Toroidal and poloidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_and_poloidal"},{"title":"Torus-based cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus-based_cryptography"},{"title":"Torus knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus_knot"},{"title":"Umbilic torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilic_torus"},{"title":"Villarceau circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villarceau_circles"}] | [{"reference":"Gallier, Jean; Xu, Dianna (2013). A Guide to the Classification Theorem for Compact Surfaces. Geometry and Computing. Vol. 9. Springer, Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-34364-3. ISBN 978-3-642-34363-6. MR 3026641.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gallier","url_text":"Gallier, Jean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianna_Xu","url_text":"Xu, Dianna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guide_to_the_Classification_Theorem_for_Compact_Surfaces","url_text":"A Guide to the Classification Theorem for Compact Surfaces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-34364-3","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-34364-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-34363-6","url_text":"978-3-642-34363-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=3026641","url_text":"3026641"}]},{"reference":"\"Equations for the Standard Torus\". Geom.uiuc.edu. 6 July 1995. Archived from the original on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/zoo/toptype/torus/standard/eqns.html","url_text":"\"Equations for the Standard Torus\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120429011957/http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/zoo/toptype/torus/standard/eqns.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Torus\". Spatial Corp. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://doc.spatial.com/index.php/Torus","url_text":"\"Torus\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141213210422/http://doc.spatial.com/index.php/Torus","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Torus\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Torus.html","url_text":"\"Torus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]},{"reference":"\"poloidal\". Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 10 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50183023?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=poloidal&first=1&max_to_show=10","url_text":"\"poloidal\""}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Torus\". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Torus.html","url_text":"\"Torus\""}]},{"reference":"Tymoczko, Dmitri (7 July 2006). \"The Geometry of Musical Chords\" (PDF). Science. 313 (5783): 72–74. Bibcode:2006Sci...313...72T. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.215.7449. doi:10.1126/science.1126287. PMID 16825563. S2CID 2877171. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brainmusic.org/EducationalActivitiesFolder/Tymoczko_chords2006.pdf","url_text":"\"The Geometry of Musical Chords\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)","url_text":"Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...313...72T","url_text":"2006Sci...313...72T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.215.7449","url_text":"10.1.1.215.7449"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1126287","url_text":"10.1126/science.1126287"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16825563","url_text":"16825563"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2877171","url_text":"2877171"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725100537/http://www.brainmusic.org/EducationalActivitiesFolder/Tymoczko_chords2006.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Tony (October 2006). \"Take on Math in the Media\". American Mathematical Society. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081005194933/http://www.ams.org/mathmedia/archive/10-2006-media.html","url_text":"\"Take on Math in the Media\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"http://www.ams.org/mathmedia/archive/10-2006-media.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Filippelli, Gianluigi (27 April 2012). \"Doc Madhattan: A flat torus in three dimensional space\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (19): 7218–7223. doi:10.1073/pnas.1118478109. PMC 3358891. PMID 22523238. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://docmadhattan.fieldofscience.com/2012/04/flat-torus-in-three-dimensional-space.html","url_text":"\"Doc Madhattan: A flat torus in three dimensional space\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1118478109","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.1118478109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3358891","url_text":"3358891"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22523238","url_text":"22523238"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120625222341/http://docmadhattan.fieldofscience.com/2012/04/flat-torus-in-three-dimensional-space.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Enrico de Lazaro (18 April 2012). \"Mathematicians Produce First-Ever Image of Flat Torus in 3D | Mathematics\". Sci-News.com. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sci-news.com/othersciences/mathematics/article00279.html","url_text":"\"Mathematicians Produce First-Ever Image of Flat Torus in 3D | Mathematics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120601021059/http://www.sci-news.com/othersciences/mathematics/article00279.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mathematics: first-ever image of a flat torus in 3D – CNRS Web site – CNRS\". Archived from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120705120058/http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/2027.htm","url_text":"\"Mathematics: first-ever image of a flat torus in 3D – CNRS Web site – CNRS\""},{"url":"http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/2027.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Flat tori finally visualized!\". Math.univ-lyon1.fr. 18 April 2012. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120618084643/http://math.univ-lyon1.fr/~borrelli/Hevea/Presse/index-en.html","url_text":"\"Flat tori finally visualized!\""},{"url":"http://math.univ-lyon1.fr/~borrelli/Hevea/Presse/index-en.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hoang, Lê Nguyên (2016). \"The Tortuous Geometry of the Flat Torus\". Science4All. Retrieved 1 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.science4all.org/article/flat-torus/","url_text":"\"The Tortuous Geometry of the Flat Torus\""}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Torus Cutting\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/TorusCutting.html","url_text":"\"Torus Cutting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]},{"reference":"Séquin, Carlo H (27 January 2014). \"Topology of a Twisted Torus – Numberphile\" (video). Brady Haran.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_H._S%C3%A9quin","url_text":"Séquin, Carlo H"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_VydFQmtZ8","url_text":"\"Topology of a Twisted Torus – Numberphile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady_Haran","url_text":"Brady Haran"}]},{"reference":"Anders Sandberg (4 February 2014). \"Torus Earth\". Retrieved 24 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aleph.se/andart/archives/2014/02/torusearth.html","url_text":"\"Torus Earth\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torus&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.math.cornell.edu/~hatcher/AT/ATpage.html","external_links_name":"Algebraic Topology"},{"Link":"http://www.mathcurve.com/surfaces/tore/tore.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Tore (notion géométrique)\" at Encyclopédie des Formes Mathématiques Remarquables"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-34364-3","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-642-34364-3"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=3026641","external_links_name":"3026641"},{"Link":"http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/zoo/toptype/torus/standard/eqns.html","external_links_name":"\"Equations for the Standard Torus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120429011957/http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/zoo/toptype/torus/standard/eqns.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://doc.spatial.com/index.php/Torus","external_links_name":"\"Torus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141213210422/http://doc.spatial.com/index.php/Torus","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Torus.html","external_links_name":"\"Torus\""},{"Link":"http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50183023?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=poloidal&first=1&max_to_show=10","external_links_name":"\"poloidal\""},{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Torus.html","external_links_name":"\"Torus\""},{"Link":"http://www.brainmusic.org/EducationalActivitiesFolder/Tymoczko_chords2006.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Geometry of Musical Chords\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...313...72T","external_links_name":"2006Sci...313...72T"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.215.7449","external_links_name":"10.1.1.215.7449"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1126287","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.1126287"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16825563","external_links_name":"16825563"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2877171","external_links_name":"2877171"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725100537/http://www.brainmusic.org/EducationalActivitiesFolder/Tymoczko_chords2006.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081005194933/http://www.ams.org/mathmedia/archive/10-2006-media.html","external_links_name":"\"Take on Math in the Media\""},{"Link":"http://www.ams.org/mathmedia/archive/10-2006-media.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://docmadhattan.fieldofscience.com/2012/04/flat-torus-in-three-dimensional-space.html","external_links_name":"\"Doc Madhattan: A flat torus in three dimensional space\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1118478109","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.1118478109"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3358891","external_links_name":"3358891"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22523238","external_links_name":"22523238"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120625222341/http://docmadhattan.fieldofscience.com/2012/04/flat-torus-in-three-dimensional-space.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sci-news.com/othersciences/mathematics/article00279.html","external_links_name":"\"Mathematicians Produce First-Ever Image of Flat Torus in 3D | Mathematics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120601021059/http://www.sci-news.com/othersciences/mathematics/article00279.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120705120058/http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/2027.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mathematics: first-ever image of a flat torus in 3D – CNRS Web site – CNRS\""},{"Link":"http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/2027.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120618084643/http://math.univ-lyon1.fr/~borrelli/Hevea/Presse/index-en.html","external_links_name":"\"Flat tori finally visualized!\""},{"Link":"http://math.univ-lyon1.fr/~borrelli/Hevea/Presse/index-en.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.science4all.org/article/flat-torus/","external_links_name":"\"The Tortuous Geometry of the Flat Torus\""},{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/TorusCutting.html","external_links_name":"\"Torus Cutting\""},{"Link":"http://www.cut-the-knot.org/shortcut.shtml","external_links_name":"Creation of a torus"},{"Link":"http://www.dr-mikes-maths.com/4d-torus.html","external_links_name":"\"4D torus\""},{"Link":"http://www.visumap.net/index.aspx?p=Resources/RpmOverview","external_links_name":"\"Relational Perspective Map\""},{"Link":"http://tofique.fatehi.us/Mathematics/Polydoes/polydoes.html","external_links_name":"Polydoes, doughnut-shaped polygons"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/3_VydFQmtZ8","external_links_name":"Ghostarchive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140128170125/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_VydFQmtZ8&gl=US&hl=en","external_links_name":"Wayback Machine"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_VydFQmtZ8","external_links_name":"\"Topology of a Twisted Torus – Numberphile\""},{"Link":"http://www.aleph.se/andart/archives/2014/02/torusearth.html","external_links_name":"\"Torus Earth\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4185738-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810673128305606","external_links_name":"Poland"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lottery_Act_2006 | National Lottery Act 2006 | ["1 Section 16 - Dissolution","2 Section 22 - Commencement","3 References","4 External links"] | United Kingdom legislationNational Lottery Act 2006Parliament of the United KingdomLong titleAn Act to make provision about the National Lottery.Citation2006 c 23DatesRoyal assent11 July 2006History of passage through ParliamentText of statute as originally enactedRevised text of statute as amended
The National Lottery Act 2006 (c 23) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It implemented those decisions contained in the National Lottery Licensing and Regulation and National Lottery Funding Decision Documents published on 3 July 2003, and in the Review Decision Document published on 26 November 2004, which required legislation.
Section 16 - Dissolution
Section 16(1) reads:
The Secretary of State may by order provide that one or more of the following shall cease to exist-
(a) the National Lottery Charities Board,
(b) the Millennium Commission, and
(c) the New Opportunities Fund.
"Secretary of State"
This means one of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State.
Order made under this section
The National Lottery Distributors Dissolution Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2915)
Section 22 - Commencement
The following orders have been made under this section:
The National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2177 (C.73))
The National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2630 (C.89))
The National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3201 (C.113))
The National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2007 (S.I. 2007/539 (C.22))
The National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2010 (S.I. 2010/2 (C.1))
References
Halsbury's Statutes
^ The citation of this Act by this short title is authorised by section 24 of this Act.
^ Explanatory notes, paragraph 5
^ Digital copy of section 16 from Legislation.gov.uk
^ The Interpretation Act 1978, section 5 and Schedule 1
External links
The National Lottery Act 2006, as amended from the National Archives.
The National Lottery Act 2006, as originally enacted from the National Archives.
Explanatory notes to the National Lottery Act 2006.
vteUK legislationPre-parliamentary legislation
List of English statutes
Charter of Liberties
Magna Carta
Acts of parliaments of states precedingthe Kingdom of Great BritainParliament of England
1225–1267
1275–1307
1308–1325
Temp. incert.
1327–1376
1377–1397
1399–1411
1413–1421
1422–1460
1461
1463
1464
1467
1468
1472
1474
1477
1482
1483
1485–1503
1509–1535
1536
1539–1540
1541
1542
1543
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1551
1553
1554
1555
1557
1558–1575
1580
1584
1586
1588
1592
1597
1601
1603
1605
1606
1609
1620
1623
1625
1627
Petition of Right
1640
Interregnum (1642–1660)
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1670
1672
1675
1677
1678
1679
Habeas Corpus Act
1680
1685
1688
1689
Bill of Rights
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
Parliament of Scotland
to 1707
Acts of Parliament of theKingdom of Great Britain
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715–1719
1720–1724
1725–1729
1730–1734
1735–1739
1740–1744
1745–1749
1750–1754
1755–1759
1760–1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
Acts of the Parliament of Ireland
to 1700
1701–1750
1751–1800
Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom ofGreat Britain and Ireland and the UnitedKingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Halsbury's Statutes
Legislation.gov.uk
Short titles
relating to the European Union (formerly European Communities)
1972 to date
Church of England measures
List
Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919
Legislation of devolved institutions
Acts of the Scottish Parliament
List
Acts of Senedd Cymru and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
List
Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly
Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland
Orders in Council
1994 to date
for Northern Ireland
1972–2009/2015–16
Secondary legislation
United Kingdom statutory instruments
Scottish statutory instruments
Acts of Sederunt
Acts of Adjournal
Church of England instruments
Authority control databases: People
UK Parliament
This legislation in the United Kingdom, or its constituent jurisdictions, article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"United Kingdom legislationThe National Lottery Act 2006 (c 23) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It implemented those decisions contained in the National Lottery Licensing and Regulation and National Lottery Funding Decision Documents published on 3 July 2003, and in the Review Decision Document published on 26 November 2004, which required legislation.[2]","title":"National Lottery Act 2006"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Lottery Charities Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lottery_Charities_Board"},{"link_name":"Millennium Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Commission"},{"link_name":"New Opportunities Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Opportunities_Fund"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The National Lottery Distributors Dissolution Order 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/2915/contents/made"}],"text":"Section 16(1) reads:The Secretary of State may by order provide that one or more of the following shall cease to exist-\n(a) the National Lottery Charities Board,\n(b) the Millennium Commission, and\n(c) the New Opportunities Fund.[3]\"Secretary of State\"This means one of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State.[4]Order made under this sectionThe National Lottery Distributors Dissolution Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2915)","title":"Section 16 - Dissolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/2177/contents/made"},{"link_name":"The National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/2630/contents/made"},{"link_name":"The National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/3201/contents/made"},{"link_name":"The National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/539/contents/made"},{"link_name":"The National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/2/contents/made"}],"text":"The following orders have been made under this section:The National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2177 (C.73))\nThe National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2630 (C.89))\nThe National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3201 (C.113))\nThe National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2007 (S.I. 2007/539 (C.22))\nThe National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2010 (S.I. 2010/2 (C.1))","title":"Section 22 - Commencement"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/pabills/200506/national_lottery.htm","external_links_name":"History of passage through Parliament"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/23/contents/enacted","external_links_name":"Text of statute as originally enacted"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/23/contents","external_links_name":"Revised text of statute as amended"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/2915/contents/made","external_links_name":"The National Lottery Distributors Dissolution Order 2006"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/2177/contents/made","external_links_name":"The National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/2630/contents/made","external_links_name":"The National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2006"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/3201/contents/made","external_links_name":"The National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2006"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/539/contents/made","external_links_name":"The National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2007"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/2/contents/made","external_links_name":"The National Lottery Act 2006 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2010"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/23/section/24","external_links_name":"section 24"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/23/notes/division/3","external_links_name":"paragraph 5"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/23/section/16","external_links_name":"Digital copy of section 16"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/23/contents","external_links_name":"The National Lottery Act 2006"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/23/contents/enacted","external_links_name":"The National Lottery Act 2006"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/23/notes/contents","external_links_name":"Explanatory notes"},{"Link":"https://id.parliament.uk/1uSvDZOe","external_links_name":"UK Parliament"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Lottery_Act_2006&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_pepper | Piper guineense | ["1 Use in cuisine","2 As a preservative","3 References"] | Species of flowering plant
"Guinea cubeb pepper" redirects here. For Guinea pepper, see Grains of Selim. For Guinea grains, see Melegueta pepper.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Piper guineense" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Piper guineense
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Magnoliids
Order:
Piperales
Family:
Piperaceae
Genus:
Piper
Species:
P. guineense
Binomial name
Piper guineenseSchumach.
Synonyms
Piper clusii C.DC.
Samples of "Piper clusii" imported into Belgium from the Congo in 1895.
Piper guineense is a West African species of Piper; the spice derived from its dried fruit is known as Ashanti pepper, Benin pepper, Edo pepper, false cubeb, Guinea cubeb, and called locally kale, kukauabe, masoro, etiñkeni, sasema, soro wisa, eyendo, eshasha by the Urhobo people, and oziza and uziza by the Igbo people of Nigeria. It is a close relative of cubeb pepper and a relative of black pepper and long pepper. Unlike cubeb, which is large and spherical in shape, Ashanti pepper grains are prolate spheroids, smaller and smoother than Cubeb pepper in appearance and generally bear a reddish tinge. The stalks of Ashanti pepper berries are also distinctly curved whilst those of cubeb pepper are completely straight. The terms West African pepper and Guinea pepper have also been used, but are ambiguous and may refer to grains of Selim or grains of paradise.
The plants that provide Ashanti pepper are vines that can grow up to 20 m in length, climbing up boles of trees by means of adventitious roots. These are native to topical regions of Central and Western Africa and are semi-cultivated in countries such as Nigeria where the leaves, known as uziza, are used as a flavouring for stews. Like other members of the pepper family, Ashanti pepper contains 5–8% of the chemical piperine which gives them their piquant taste. They contain large amounts of beta-caryophyllene, which is being investigated as an anti-inflammatory agent. It also contains significant proportions (up to around 10%) of myristicin, elemicin, safrole, and dillapiol, as well as some apiole (around 1.4%).
In terms of flavour, Ashanti pepper is very similar to cubeb pepper but is less bitter and has a fresher, more herbaceous flavour and aroma than cubeb's more pine-like scent. Though known in Europe during the Middle Ages (it was a common spice in Rouen and Dieppe in 14th-century France), these days, its use is largely marginalized to West and Central Africa.
Use in cuisine
Ashanti pepper (dried fruits)
It is used in West African cuisine where it imparts spiciness and a pungent aroma to stews. Even in West Africa, Ashanti pepper is an expensive spice and is used sparingly. Often, a few grains are ground in a pestle and mortar before being added (along with black pepper) to soups or to boiled rice. The spice can also be substituted in any recipe calling for cubeb pepper, where Ashanti imparts a less bitter flavour. The pepper is also sometimes one of the ingredients in the Berbere spice mix used in the cuisines of Ethiopia and of Eritrea. However, West African Pepper is a highly esteemed spice in its region of origin and may be hard to get abroad; thus, long pepper is more often used in Berbere.
As a preservative
Research shows that Ashanti peppers have preservative and anti-oxidant properties. In a comparison study of three native West African peppers on the preservation of catfish, Ashanti peppers were discovered to be the most effective.
References
^ a b Katzer, Gernot. "Cubeb pepper (Piper cubeba, cubebs)". Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
^ Younis, Nancy S.; Mohamed, Maged E. (2019-05-19). "β-Caryophyllene as a Potential Protective Agent Against Myocardial Injury: The Role of Toll-Like Receptors". Molecules. 24 (10): 1929. doi:10.3390/molecules24101929. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 6572120. PMID 31109132.
^ Kiin-Kabari, D. B.; Barimalaa, I. S.; Achinewhu, S. C.; Adeniji, T. A. (2011). "Effects of extracts from three indigenous spices on the chemical stability of smoke-dried catfish (Clarias lezera) during storage". African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 11 (6). Retrieved 11 November 2012.
vteCulinary herbs and spicesHerbs
Angelica
Basil
Holy
Thai
Lemon
Bay leaf
Indian bay leaf (tejpat)
Boldo
Borage
Chervil
Chives
garlic / Chinese
Cicely
Coriander leaf / Cilantro
Bolivian
Vietnamese (rau răm)
Culantro
Cress
Curry leaf
Dill
Epazote
Hemp
Hoja santa
Houttuynia cordata (giấp cá)
Hyssop
Jimbu
Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)
Kkaennip
Lavender
Lemon balm
Lemon grass
Lemon myrtle
Lemon verbena
Limnophila aromatica (rice-paddy herb)
Lovage
Marjoram
Mint
Mugwort
Mitsuba
Oregano
Parsley
Perilla
Rosemary
Rue
Sage
Savory
Sanshō leaf
Shiso
Sorrel
Tarragon
Thyme
Woodruff
Spices
Aonori
Ajwain
Alligator pepper
Allspice
Amchoor
Anise
star
Asafoetida
Peppercorn (black/green/white)
Brazilian pepper
Camphor
Caraway
Cardamom
black
Cassia
Celery powder
Celery seed
Charoli
Chenpi
Chili
Chili powder
Cayenne
Chipotle
Crushed red pepper
Jalapeño
New Mexico
Tabasco
Cultivars
Cinnamon
Clove
Coriander seed
Cubeb
Cumin
Nigella sativa
Bunium persicum
Deulkkae
Dill / Dill seed
Fennel
Fenugreek
blue
Fingerroot
Galangal
greater
lesser
Garlic
Ginger
Aromatic ginger
Golpar
Grains of paradise
Grains of Selim
Horseradish
Japanese pricklyash
Juniper berry
Kokum
Korarima
Dried lime
Liquorice
Litsea cubeba
Long pepper
Mango-ginger
Mastic
Mahleb
Mustard
black
brown
white
Nigella
Njangsa
Nutmeg
Onion powder
Paprika
Peruvian pepper
Pomegranate seed
Poppy seed
Radhuni
Rose
Saffron
Sarsaparilla
Sassafras
Sesame
Shiso
Sichuan pepper (huājiāo)
Sumac
Tamarind
Tasmanian pepper
Tonka bean
Turmeric
Uzazi
Vanilla
Voatsiperifery
Wasabi
Yuzu zest
Zedoary
Zereshk
Zest
Blends
Adjika
Advieh
Baharat
Beau monde seasoning
Berbere
Bouquet garni
Buknu
Chaat masala
Chaunk
Cinnamon sugar
Crab boil
Curry powder
Doubanjiang
Douchi
Duqqa
Fines herbes
Five-spice powder
Garam masala
Garlic powder
Garlic salt
Gochujang
Harissa
Hawaij
Herbes de Provence
Húng lìu
Idli podi
Italian seasoning
Jamaican jerk spice
Khmeli suneli
Lemon pepper
Mitmita
Mixed spice
Montreal steak seasoning
Mulling spices
Old Bay Seasoning
Panch phoron
Persillade
Powder-douce
Pumpkin pie spice
Qâlat daqqa
Quatre épices
Ras el hanout
Recado rojo
Sharena sol
Shichimi
Tabil
Tajin
Tandoori masala
Thuna paha
Vadouvan
Yuzu koshō
Za'atar
Lists
Culinary
By region
Australian
Bangladeshi
Indian
Pakistani
Related topics
Chinese herbology
Herbal tea
Marination
Seasoning
Spice rub
vteAfrican cuisineNational cuisines
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini (Swaziland)
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Republic of the Congo
Rwanda
Saint Helena
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Ethnic and regional cuisines
Arab
Berber
Jewish
Ethiopian
Mizrahi
Sephardi
Maghrebi
Mediterranean
West African
Zanzibar
Lists
List of African cuisines
List of African dishes
Category
Taxon identifiersPiper guineense
Wikidata: Q5687643
Wikispecies: Piper guineense
APDB: 114944
BioLib: 216723
BOLD: 473996
CoL: 4J49W
EoL: 402261
EPPO: PIPGU
GBIF: 3086326
GRIN: 28582
IPNI: 681598-1
IRMNG: 11370220
ITIS: 506522
IUCN: 135815636
NCBI: 511543
Open Tree of Life: 233005
Plant List: kew-2558170
PLANTS: PIGU3
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:681598-1
Tropicos: 25003931
uBio: 477295
WFO: wfo-0000479019
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grains of Selim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grains_of_Selim"},{"link_name":"Melegueta pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melegueta_pepper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piper_clusii_samples.png"},{"link_name":"West African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_(genus)"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"Ashanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_people"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Urhobo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhobo_people"},{"link_name":"cubeb pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubeb"},{"link_name":"black pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper"},{"link_name":"long pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_pepper"},{"link_name":"prolate spheroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolate_spheroid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katzer-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katzer-1"},{"link_name":"grains of Selim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grains_of_Selim"},{"link_name":"grains of paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grains_of_paradise"},{"link_name":"pepper family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperaceae"},{"link_name":"piperine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperine"},{"link_name":"piquant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piquancy"},{"link_name":"beta-caryophyllene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryophyllene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"myristicin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristicin"},{"link_name":"elemicin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemicin"},{"link_name":"safrole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safrole"},{"link_name":"dillapiol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillapiol"},{"link_name":"apiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiole"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"Dieppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe,_Seine-Maritime"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Central Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa"}],"text":"\"Guinea cubeb pepper\" redirects here. For Guinea pepper, see Grains of Selim. For Guinea grains, see Melegueta pepper.Samples of \"Piper clusii\" imported into Belgium from the Congo in 1895.Piper guineense is a West African species of Piper; the spice derived from its dried fruit is known as Ashanti pepper, Benin pepper, Edo pepper, false cubeb, Guinea cubeb, and called locally kale, kukauabe, masoro, etiñkeni, sasema, soro wisa, eyendo, eshasha by the Urhobo people, and oziza and uziza by the Igbo people of Nigeria. It is a close relative of cubeb pepper and a relative of black pepper and long pepper. Unlike cubeb, which is large and spherical in shape, Ashanti pepper grains are prolate spheroids, smaller and smoother than Cubeb pepper in appearance and generally bear a reddish tinge.[1] The stalks of Ashanti pepper berries are also distinctly curved whilst those of cubeb pepper are completely straight.[1] The terms West African pepper and Guinea pepper have also been used, but are ambiguous and may refer to grains of Selim or grains of paradise.The plants that provide Ashanti pepper are vines that can grow up to 20 m in length, climbing up boles of trees by means of adventitious roots. These are native to topical regions of Central and Western Africa and are semi-cultivated in countries such as Nigeria where the leaves, known as uziza, are used as a flavouring for stews. Like other members of the pepper family, Ashanti pepper contains 5–8% of the chemical piperine which gives them their piquant taste. They contain large amounts of beta-caryophyllene, which is being investigated as an anti-inflammatory agent.[2] It also contains significant proportions (up to around 10%) of myristicin, elemicin, safrole, and dillapiol, as well as some apiole (around 1.4%).[citation needed]In terms of flavour, Ashanti pepper is very similar to cubeb pepper but is less bitter and has a fresher, more herbaceous flavour and aroma than cubeb's more pine-like scent. Though known in Europe during the Middle Ages (it was a common spice in Rouen and Dieppe in 14th-century France), these days, its use is largely marginalized to West and Central Africa.","title":"Piper guineense"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashanti_pepper_dried_fruit.jpg"},{"link_name":"pungent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pungency"},{"link_name":"Berbere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbere"},{"link_name":"of Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"of Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eritrea"}],"text":"Ashanti pepper (dried fruits)It is used in West African cuisine where it imparts spiciness and a pungent aroma to stews. Even in West Africa, Ashanti pepper is an expensive spice and is used sparingly. Often, a few grains are ground in a pestle and mortar before being added (along with black pepper) to soups or to boiled rice. The spice can also be substituted in any recipe calling for cubeb pepper, where Ashanti imparts a less bitter flavour. The pepper is also sometimes one of the ingredients in the Berbere spice mix used in the cuisines of Ethiopia and of Eritrea. However, West African Pepper is a highly esteemed spice in its region of origin and may be hard to get abroad; thus, long pepper is more often used in Berbere.","title":"Use in cuisine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"catfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Research shows that Ashanti peppers have preservative and anti-oxidant properties. In a comparison study of three native West African peppers on the preservation of catfish, Ashanti peppers were discovered to be the most effective.[3]","title":"As a preservative"}] | [{"image_text":"Samples of \"Piper clusii\" imported into Belgium from the Congo in 1895.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Piper_clusii_samples.png/170px-Piper_clusii_samples.png"},{"image_text":"Ashanti pepper (dried fruits)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ashanti_pepper_dried_fruit.jpg/220px-Ashanti_pepper_dried_fruit.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Katzer, Gernot. \"Cubeb pepper (Piper cubeba, cubebs)\". Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages. Retrieved 26 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Pipe_cub.html","url_text":"\"Cubeb pepper (Piper cubeba, cubebs)\""}]},{"reference":"Younis, Nancy S.; Mohamed, Maged E. (2019-05-19). \"β-Caryophyllene as a Potential Protective Agent Against Myocardial Injury: The Role of Toll-Like Receptors\". Molecules. 24 (10): 1929. doi:10.3390/molecules24101929. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 6572120. PMID 31109132.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6572120","url_text":"\"β-Caryophyllene as a Potential Protective Agent Against Myocardial Injury: The Role of Toll-Like Receptors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules24101929","url_text":"10.3390/molecules24101929"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1420-3049","url_text":"1420-3049"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6572120","url_text":"6572120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31109132","url_text":"31109132"}]},{"reference":"Kiin-Kabari, D. B.; Barimalaa, I. S.; Achinewhu, S. C.; Adeniji, T. A. (2011). \"Effects of extracts from three indigenous spices on the chemical stability of smoke-dried catfish (Clarias lezera) during storage\". African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 11 (6). Retrieved 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bioline.org.br/request?nd11076","url_text":"\"Effects of extracts from three indigenous spices on the chemical stability of smoke-dried catfish (Clarias lezera) during storage\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Piper+guineense%22","external_links_name":"\"Piper guineense\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Piper+guineense%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Piper+guineense%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Piper+guineense%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Piper+guineense%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Piper+guineense%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Pipe_cub.html","external_links_name":"\"Cubeb pepper (Piper cubeba, cubebs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6572120","external_links_name":"\"β-Caryophyllene as a Potential Protective Agent Against Myocardial Injury: The Role of Toll-Like Receptors\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules24101929","external_links_name":"10.3390/molecules24101929"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1420-3049","external_links_name":"1420-3049"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6572120","external_links_name":"6572120"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31109132","external_links_name":"31109132"},{"Link":"http://www.bioline.org.br/request?nd11076","external_links_name":"\"Effects of extracts from three indigenous spices on the chemical stability of smoke-dried catfish (Clarias lezera) during storage\""},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/114944","external_links_name":"114944"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id216723","external_links_name":"216723"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=473996","external_links_name":"473996"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4J49W","external_links_name":"4J49W"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/402261","external_links_name":"402261"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PIPGU","external_links_name":"PIPGU"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3086326","external_links_name":"3086326"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28582","external_links_name":"28582"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/681598-1","external_links_name":"681598-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11370220","external_links_name":"11370220"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=506522","external_links_name":"506522"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/135815636","external_links_name":"135815636"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=511543","external_links_name":"511543"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=233005","external_links_name":"233005"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2558170","external_links_name":"kew-2558170"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PIGU3","external_links_name":"PIGU3"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A681598-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:681598-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/25003931","external_links_name":"25003931"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=477295","external_links_name":"477295"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000479019","external_links_name":"wfo-0000479019"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1063818&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Days_(1940_film) | Pioneer Days (1940 film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"] | 1940 film
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Pioneer Days" 1940 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022)
Pioneer DaysDirected byHarry S. WebbWritten byBennett CohenProduced byHarry S. WebbStarringJack Randall June Wilkins Frank YaconelliCinematographyEdward A. KullEdited byRobert GoldenMusic byLew PorterProductioncompanyMonogram PicturesDistributed byMonogram PicturesRelease date
January 25, 1940 (1940-01-25)
Running time54 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Pioneer Days is a 1940 American western film directed by Harry S. Webb and starring Jack Randall, June Wilkins and Frank Yaconelli.
Plot
A private detective employed by a stagecoach company investigating a series of hold-ups on the route goes undercover to try and catch the guilty party. He comes to suspect it may be Slater, a man who has cheated the attractive Mary Leeds out of her half-share of a saloon bar.
Cast
Jack Randall as Jack Dunham
June Wilkins as Mary Leeds
Frank Yaconelli as Manuel Gonzales Julian Ramariez
Nelson McDowell as Judge Tobias Tarryton
Ted Adams as Slater
Bud Osborne as Saunders - Henchman
Robert Walker as Trigger - Henchman
George Chesebro as Roper - Henchman
Glenn Strange as Sheriff
Jimmy Aubrey as Stagecoach Guard
Lafe McKee as Sam - Express Agent
Richard Cramer as Jim - Bartender
Victor Adamson as Henchman
References
^ Pitts p.250
Bibliography
Pitts, Michael R. Western Movies: A Guide to 5,105 Feature Films. McFarland, 2012.
External links
Pioneer Days at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Harry S. Webb
Border Vengeance (1925)
The Empty Saddle (1925)
Winning a Woman (1925)
Santa Fe Pete (1925)
The Man from Oklahoma (1926)
Heroes of the Wild (1927)
Isle of Sunken Gold (1927)
The Golden Stallion (1927)
Dark Skies (1929)
The Phantom of the North (1929)
Untamed Justice (1929)
Beyond the Rio Grande (1930)
The Phantom of the Desert (1930)
Westward Bound (1930)
West of Cheyenne (1931)
The Lone Trail (1932)
Riot Squad (1933)
Fighting Hero (1934)
Terror of the Plains (1934)
Ridin' Thru (1934)
The Laramie Kid (1935)
North of Arizona (1935)
Tracy Rides (1935)
Trigger Tom (1935)
Wolf Riders (1935)
Unconquered Bandit (1935)
The Cactus Kid (1935)
Fast Bullets (1936)
Step on It (1936)
Pinto Rustlers (1936)
Feud of the Range (1939)
Mesquite Buckaroo (1939)
Port of Hate (1939)
Riders of the Sage (1939)
The Pal from Texas (1939)
Pioneer Days (1940)
This 1940s Western film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"western film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_film"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Webb"},{"link_name":"Jack Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Randall_(actor)"},{"link_name":"June Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_Wilkins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frank Yaconelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Yaconelli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Pioneer Days is a 1940 American western film directed by Harry S. Webb and starring Jack Randall, June Wilkins and Frank Yaconelli.[1]","title":"Pioneer Days (1940 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_detective"},{"link_name":"stagecoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach"},{"link_name":"saloon bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saloon_bar"}],"text":"A private detective employed by a stagecoach company investigating a series of hold-ups on the route goes undercover to try and catch the guilty party. He comes to suspect it may be Slater, a man who has cheated the attractive Mary Leeds out of her half-share of a saloon bar.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Randall_(actor)"},{"link_name":"June Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_Wilkins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frank Yaconelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Yaconelli"},{"link_name":"Nelson McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_McDowell"},{"link_name":"Ted Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Adams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Bud Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Robert Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walker_(actor,_born_1888)"},{"link_name":"George Chesebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Chesebro"},{"link_name":"Glenn Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Strange"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Aubrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Aubrey"},{"link_name":"Lafe McKee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafe_McKee"},{"link_name":"Richard Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Victor Adamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Adamson"}],"text":"Jack Randall as Jack Dunham\nJune Wilkins as \tMary Leeds\nFrank Yaconelli as \tManuel Gonzales Julian Ramariez\nNelson McDowell as \tJudge Tobias Tarryton\nTed Adams as Slater\nBud Osborne as Saunders - Henchman\nRobert Walker as\tTrigger - Henchman\nGeorge Chesebro as \tRoper - Henchman\nGlenn Strange as \tSheriff\nJimmy Aubrey as Stagecoach Guard\nLafe McKee as Sam - Express Agent\nRichard Cramer as Jim - Bartender\nVictor Adamson as \tHenchman","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Pitts, Michael R. Western Movies: A Guide to 5,105 Feature Films. McFarland, 2012.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Days_(1940_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pioneer+Days%22+1940+film","external_links_name":"\"Pioneer Days\" 1940 film"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pioneer+Days%22+1940+film+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pioneer+Days%22+1940+film&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pioneer+Days%22+1940+film+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pioneer+Days%22+1940+film","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pioneer+Days%22+1940+film&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032912/","external_links_name":"Pioneer Days"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Days_(1940_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldas_de_Monchique | Caldas de Monchique | ["1 Gallery"] | Coordinates: 37°17′N 8°33′W / 37.283°N 8.550°W / 37.283; -8.550You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (May 2020) Click for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|pt|Caldas de Monchique}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
A view of the town
Caldas de Monchique is a spa town in the Monchique Mountains in the Algarve region of Portugal. It has been famous since Roman times for its waters, which supposedly have healing properties. It was also used as a seasonal retreat for Portuguese royalty. It has recently gained more international recognition, particularly for health tourism, but also for its landscape and architecture.
Gallery
General view
A resting place in the town
Old house
Town
A dirt path
Detail of an old house
A view of the main part of town
A park in Caldas de Monchique
37°17′N 8°33′W / 37.283°N 8.550°W / 37.283; -8.550
This Faro location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CaldasdeMonchique1.jpg"},{"link_name":"spa town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_town"},{"link_name":"Monchique Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monchique_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Algarve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarve"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"health tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_tourism"}],"text":"A view of the townCaldas de Monchique is a spa town in the Monchique Mountains in the Algarve region of Portugal. It has been famous since Roman times for its waters, which supposedly have healing properties. It was also used as a seasonal retreat for Portuguese royalty. It has recently gained more international recognition, particularly for health tourism, but also for its landscape and architecture.","title":"Caldas de Monchique"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caldas_de_Monchique2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CaldasdeMonchique8.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caldas_de_Monchique_-_casa_antiga.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CaldasdeMonchique3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CaldasdeMonchique5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CaldasdeMonchique4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CaldasdeMonchique6.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CaldasdeMonchique7.jpg"},{"link_name":"37°17′N 8°33′W / 37.283°N 8.550°W / 37.283; -8.550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caldas_de_Monchique¶ms=37_17_N_8_33_W_region:PT_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_map_of_Portugal.svg"},{"link_name":"Faro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro_District"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caldas_de_Monchique&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Faro-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Faro-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Faro-geo-stub"}],"text":"General view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA resting place in the town\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld house\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA dirt path\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDetail of an old house\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA view of the main part of town\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA park in Caldas de Monchique37°17′N 8°33′W / 37.283°N 8.550°W / 37.283; -8.550This Faro location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"A view of the town","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/CaldasdeMonchique1.jpg/400px-CaldasdeMonchique1.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caldas_de_Monchique¶ms=37_17_N_8_33_W_region:PT_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"37°17′N 8°33′W / 37.283°N 8.550°W / 37.283; -8.550"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCaldas_de_Monchique&sl=pt&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caldas_de_Monchique¶ms=37_17_N_8_33_W_region:PT_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"37°17′N 8°33′W / 37.283°N 8.550°W / 37.283; -8.550"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caldas_de_Monchique&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_probability | Probability of kill | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Computer games, simulations, models, and operations research programs often require a mechanism to determine statistically how likely the engagement between a weapon and a target will result in a satisfactory outcome (i.e. "kill"), known as the probability of kill. Performance auditing and statistical decisions are required when all of the variables that must be considered are not incorporated into the current model, similar to the actuarial methods used by insurance companies to deal with large numbers of customers and huge numbers of variables. Likewise, military planners rely on such calculations to determine the quantity of weapons necessary to destroy an enemy force.
The probability of kill, or "Pk", is usually based on a uniform random number generator. This algorithm creates a number between 0 and 1 that is approximately uniformly distributed in that space. If the Pk of a weapon/target engagement is 30% (or 0.30), then every random number generated that is less than 0.3 is considered a "kill"; every number greater than 0.3 is considered a "no kill". When used many times in a simulation, the average result will be that 30% of the weapon/target engagements will be a kill and 70% will not be a kill.
This measure may also be used to express the accuracy of a weapon system, known as the probability of hit or "Phit". For example, if a weapon is expected to hit a target nine times out of ten with a representative set of ten engagements, one could say that this weapon has a Phit of 0.9. If the chance of hits is nine out of ten, but the probability of a kill with a hit is 0.5, then the Pk becomes 0.45 or 45%. This reflects the fact that even modern guided warheads may not always destroy a hit target such as an aircraft, missile or main battle tank.
Additional factors include the probability of detection (Pd), reliability of the targeting system (Rsys), and reliability of the weapon (Rw), to name a few. For example, if a missile operates properly e.g. 90% of the time (assuming a good shot), the targeting system operates properly 85% of the time, and enemy targets are detected at 50%, accuracy of the Pk estimation can be increased:
Pk = Phit * Pd * Rsys * Rw
For example:
Pk = 0.9 * 0.5 * 0.85 * 0.90 = 0.344
Users can also specify a probability according to a class of targets, for example, it has been stated that the SA-10 surface-to-air missile system has a Pk of 0.9 against highly maneuvering targets, whereas its Pk against non-maneuvering targets is much higher.
See also
Dense inert metal explosive
References
A.M. Law and W.D. Kelton, Simulation Modeling and Analysis, McGraw Hill, 1991.
J. Banks (editor), Handbook of Simulation: Principles, Methodology, Advances, Applications, and Practice, John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
R. Smith and D. Stoner, "Fingers of Death: Algorithms for Combat Killing", Game Programming Gems 4, Charles River Media, 2004. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"random number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_number_generation"},{"link_name":"accuracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy"},{"link_name":"weapon system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_system"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile"},{"link_name":"main battle tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battle_tank"},{"link_name":"SA-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-10_Grumble"},{"link_name":"surface-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"}],"text":"The probability of kill, or \"Pk\", is usually based on a uniform random number generator. This algorithm creates a number between 0 and 1 that is approximately uniformly distributed in that space. If the Pk of a weapon/target engagement is 30% (or 0.30), then every random number generated that is less than 0.3 is considered a \"kill\"; every number greater than 0.3 is considered a \"no kill\". When used many times in a simulation, the average result will be that 30% of the weapon/target engagements will be a kill and 70% will not be a kill.This measure may also be used to express the accuracy of a weapon system, known as the probability of hit or \"Phit\". For example, if a weapon is expected to hit a target nine times out of ten with a representative set of ten engagements, one could say that this weapon has a Phit of 0.9. If the chance of hits is nine out of ten, but the probability of a kill with a hit is 0.5, then the Pk becomes 0.45 or 45%. This reflects the fact that even modern guided warheads may not always destroy a hit target such as an aircraft, missile or main battle tank.Additional factors include the probability of detection (Pd), reliability of the targeting system (Rsys), and reliability of the weapon (Rw), to name a few. For example, if a missile operates properly e.g. 90% of the time (assuming a good shot), the targeting system operates properly 85% of the time, and enemy targets are detected at 50%, accuracy of the Pk estimation can be increased:Pk = Phit * Pd * Rsys * RwFor example:Pk = 0.9 * 0.5 * 0.85 * 0.90 = 0.344Users can also specify a probability according to a class of targets, for example, it has been stated that the SA-10 surface-to-air missile system has a Pk of 0.9 against highly maneuvering targets, whereas its Pk against non-maneuvering targets is much higher.","title":"Probability of kill"}] | [] | [{"title":"Dense inert metal explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_inert_metal_explosive"}] | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_onion_router | Wireless onion router | ["1 Applications","2 Weaknesses","2.1 Anonymous System (Eavesdropping)","2.2 Traffic Analysis","2.3 IP Exposing Protocols","3 References","4 External links"] | Router that uses Tor to connect securely to a network
A wireless onion router is a router that uses Tor to connect securely to a network. The onion router allows the user to connect to the internet anonymously creating an anonymous connection. Tor works using an overlaid network which is free throughout the world, this overlay network is created by using numerous relay points created using volunteer which helps the user hide personal information behind layers of encrypted data like layers of an onion. Routers are being created using Raspberry Pi adding a wireless module or using its own inbuilt wireless module in the later versions.
It has transparent encryption for the application, the user does not have to think about how the data will be sent or received. The encrypted data includes the destination and origin IP address of the data and the current relay point only knows the previous and the next hop of the encrypted packet. These relay points are selected in a random order and can only decrypt a single layer before forwarding it to the next hop where is the procedure is followed unless it is the destination point.
Applications
A wireless router which can use the onion router network can be used to keep the user safe from hackers or network sniffers. The data captured by them won't make any sense as it will only look like messed up text. These are small and handy which will give the user a freedom to carry this tool and connect to the network from anywhere. This setup does not require installation of Tor browser on the work station. Whistle blowers and NGO workers use this network to pass information or to talk to their family without disclosing any information. The applications of wireless onion router are common to a normal router, it provides access that allows it to be placed at a site and users can get connected.
Tor can be used in security focused Operating Systems, messengers, browsers. These can be anonymised using Tor network.
Weaknesses
A wireless onion router works on the Tor network and shares the same weaknesses, as mentioned in the Tor page. The University of Michigan has created a scanner capable of scanning almost 90% of bridges that are live in a single scan. The packets that transferred using Tor also are slow because of the increased amount of hops with encryption and decryption.
Anonymous System (Eavesdropping)
Anonymous systems if exists on both ends of the network, exit relay and entry relay can sniff the packets and statistically correlate the traffic which can point out the destination or the source address of the packet. This also includes eavesdropping at the exit nodes of the network. The data that is between the exit node and the destination server is not encrypted. These data packets can be captured easily. This captured data can reveal the source information, and as suggested by Egersta these nodes are costly to run and require a lot of bandwidth which could suggest that some intelligence agencies might be running them. There have been tested techniques with one third of control nodes to compromise the Tor network.
Traffic Analysis
Articles have been proposed which with some partial knowledge of the network give away which nodes are being used to relay the packets which reduces the anonymity provided by the network. Another techniques which shows relations between streams and then can be linked back to the initiator are available, this technique however does not reveal the source.
IP Exposing Protocols
Some protocols can be used to expose the IP address using tor dissimulation procedures. Some of the examples are Inspection of control messages of BitTorrent, Hijacking responses of the trackers, exploitation of distributed hash tables.
References
^ Traffic monitoring and analysis : third international workshop, TMA 2011, Vienna, Austria, April 27, 2011 : proceedings. Domingo-Pascual, J. (Jordi), 1958-, Shavitt, Yuval., Uhlig, Steve. Berlin: Springer. 2011. ISBN 9783642203046. OCLC 728101720.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "Torstatus".
^ "torproject".
^ "Zmap Internet Scan Zero Day". 2013-08-20.
^ Proceedings, 2012 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, S & P 2012 : 21-23 May 2012, San Francisco, California, USA. IEEE Computer Society. Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Society. 2012. ISBN 9780769546810. OCLC 812608077.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Zetter, Kim. "Rogue Nodes Turn Tor Anonymizer Into Eavesdropper's Paradise". WIRED. Retrieved 2017-10-13.
^ "The hack of the year - Security - Technology - smh.com.au". www.smh.com.au. 2007-11-13. Retrieved 2017-10-13.
^ "Tor anonymizing network Compromised by French researchers". The Hacker News. Retrieved 2017-10-13.
^ a b Murdoch, S. J.; Danezis, G. (May 2005). "Low-Cost Traffic Analysis of Tor". 2005 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P'05). pp. 183–195. doi:10.1109/sp.2005.12. ISBN 978-0-7695-2339-2. S2CID 14029551.
^ a b c "Download Limit Exceeded". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.167.5679. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
External links
Dark Web Markets | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"router","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Tor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"anonymous connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymity_on_the_internet"},{"link_name":"overlaid network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlay_network"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Raspberry Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi"},{"link_name":"wireless module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_module"},{"link_name":"IP address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address"},{"link_name":"hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop_(networking)"},{"link_name":"packet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_packet"}],"text":"A wireless onion router is a router that uses Tor to connect securely to a network. The onion router[1] allows the user to connect to the internet anonymously creating an anonymous connection. Tor works using an overlaid network which is free throughout the world, this overlay network is created by using numerous relay[2] points created using volunteer which helps the user hide personal information behind layers of encrypted data like layers of an onion. Routers are being created using Raspberry Pi adding a wireless module or using its own inbuilt wireless module in the later versions.It has transparent encryption for the application, the user does not have to think about how the data will be sent or received. The encrypted data includes the destination and origin IP address of the data and the current relay point only knows the previous and the next hop of the encrypted packet. These relay points are selected in a random order and can only decrypt a single layer before forwarding it to the next hop where is the procedure is followed unless it is the destination point.","title":"Wireless onion router"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker"},{"link_name":"network sniffers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_sniffers"},{"link_name":"Whistle blowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower"},{"link_name":"NGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_router"}],"text":"A wireless router which can use the onion router network can be used to keep the user safe from hackers or network sniffers. The data captured by them won't make any sense as it will only look like messed up text. These are small and handy which will give the user a freedom to carry this tool and connect to the network from anywhere. This setup does not require installation of Tor browser on the work station. Whistle blowers and NGO workers use this network to pass information or to talk to their family without disclosing any information.[3] The applications of wireless onion router are common to a normal router, it provides access that allows it to be placed at a site and users can get connected.Tor can be used in security focused Operating Systems, messengers, browsers. These can be anonymised using Tor network.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A wireless onion router works on the Tor network and shares the same weaknesses, as mentioned in the Tor page. The University of Michigan has created a scanner capable of scanning almost 90% of bridges that are live in a single scan.[4] The packets that transferred using Tor also are slow because of the increased amount of hops with encryption and decryption.","title":"Weaknesses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Anonymous System (Eavesdropping)","text":"Anonymous systems if exists on both ends of the network, exit relay and entry relay can sniff the packets and statistically correlate the traffic which can point out the destination or the source address of the packet.[5] This also includes eavesdropping at the exit nodes of the network. The data that is between the exit node and the destination server is not encrypted. These data packets can be captured easily.[6] This captured data can reveal the source information, and as suggested by Egersta these nodes are costly to run and require a lot of bandwidth which could suggest that some intelligence agencies might be running them.[7] There have been tested techniques with one third of control nodes to compromise the Tor network.[8]","title":"Weaknesses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"sub_title":"Traffic Analysis","text":"Articles have been proposed which with some partial knowledge of the network give away which nodes are being used to relay the packets which reduces the anonymity provided by the network.[9] Another techniques which shows relations between streams and then can be linked back to the initiator are available, this technique however does not reveal the source.[9]","title":"Weaknesses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"distributed hash tables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_hash_table"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"sub_title":"IP Exposing Protocols","text":"Some protocols can be used to expose the IP address using tor dissimulation procedures. Some of the examples are Inspection of control messages of BitTorrent,[10] Hijacking responses of the trackers,[10] exploitation of distributed hash tables.[10]","title":"Weaknesses"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Traffic monitoring and analysis : third international workshop, TMA 2011, Vienna, Austria, April 27, 2011 : proceedings. Domingo-Pascual, J. (Jordi), 1958-, Shavitt, Yuval., Uhlig, Steve. Berlin: Springer. 2011. ISBN 9783642203046. OCLC 728101720.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642203046","url_text":"9783642203046"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/728101720","url_text":"728101720"}]},{"reference":"\"Torstatus\".","urls":[{"url":"http://torstatus.blutmagie.de/","url_text":"\"Torstatus\""}]},{"reference":"\"torproject\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.torproject.org/about/overview.html.en","url_text":"\"torproject\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zmap Internet Scan Zero Day\". 2013-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.silicon.co.uk/workspace/zmap-internet-scan-zero-day-125374","url_text":"\"Zmap Internet Scan Zero Day\""}]},{"reference":"Proceedings, 2012 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, S & P 2012 : 21-23 May 2012, San Francisco, California, USA. IEEE Computer Society. Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Society. 2012. ISBN 9780769546810. OCLC 812608077.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780769546810","url_text":"9780769546810"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/812608077","url_text":"812608077"}]},{"reference":"Zetter, Kim. \"Rogue Nodes Turn Tor Anonymizer Into Eavesdropper's Paradise\". WIRED. Retrieved 2017-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2007/09/rogue-nodes-turn-tor-anonymizer-into-eavesdroppers-paradise/?currentPage=all","url_text":"\"Rogue Nodes Turn Tor Anonymizer Into Eavesdropper's Paradise\""}]},{"reference":"\"The hack of the year - Security - Technology - smh.com.au\". www.smh.com.au. 2007-11-13. Retrieved 2017-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/security/the-hack-of-the-year/2007/11/12/1194766589522.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2","url_text":"\"The hack of the year - Security - Technology - smh.com.au\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tor anonymizing network Compromised by French researchers\". The Hacker News. Retrieved 2017-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehackernews.com/2011/10/tor-anonymizing-network-compromised-by.html","url_text":"\"Tor anonymizing network Compromised by French researchers\""}]},{"reference":"Murdoch, S. J.; Danezis, G. (May 2005). \"Low-Cost Traffic Analysis of Tor\". 2005 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P'05). pp. 183–195. doi:10.1109/sp.2005.12. ISBN 978-0-7695-2339-2. S2CID 14029551.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fsp.2005.12","url_text":"10.1109/sp.2005.12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-2339-2","url_text":"978-0-7695-2339-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14029551","url_text":"14029551"}]},{"reference":"\"Download Limit Exceeded\". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.167.5679.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.167.5679","url_text":"10.1.1.167.5679"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/728101720","external_links_name":"728101720"},{"Link":"http://torstatus.blutmagie.de/","external_links_name":"\"Torstatus\""},{"Link":"https://www.torproject.org/about/overview.html.en","external_links_name":"\"torproject\""},{"Link":"http://www.silicon.co.uk/workspace/zmap-internet-scan-zero-day-125374","external_links_name":"\"Zmap Internet Scan Zero Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/812608077","external_links_name":"812608077"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2007/09/rogue-nodes-turn-tor-anonymizer-into-eavesdroppers-paradise/?currentPage=all","external_links_name":"\"Rogue Nodes Turn Tor Anonymizer Into Eavesdropper's Paradise\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/security/the-hack-of-the-year/2007/11/12/1194766589522.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2","external_links_name":"\"The hack of the year - Security - Technology - smh.com.au\""},{"Link":"https://thehackernews.com/2011/10/tor-anonymizing-network-compromised-by.html","external_links_name":"\"Tor anonymizing network Compromised by French researchers\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fsp.2005.12","external_links_name":"10.1109/sp.2005.12"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14029551","external_links_name":"14029551"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.167.5679","external_links_name":"10.1.1.167.5679"},{"Link":"https://darkwebmarket.net/","external_links_name":"Dark Web Markets"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_of_Goods_(Implied_Terms)_Act_1973 | Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973 | ["1 Background","2 Act","3 Impact","4 References","5 Bibliography"] | United Kingdom legislationSupply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973Act of ParliamentParliament of the United KingdomLong titleAn Act to amend the law with respect to the terms to be implied in contracts of sale of goods and hire-purchase agreements and on the exchange of goods for trading stamps, and with respect to the terms of conditional sale agreements; and for connected purposes.Citation1973 c. 13Territorial extent England and WalesScotlandNorthern IrelandDatesRoyal assent18 April 1973Commencement18 May 1973Other legislationAmended bySale of Goods Act 1979Status: AmendedText of statute as originally enactedText of the Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.
The Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973 (c. 13) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that provided implied terms in contracts for the supply of goods and for hire-purchase agreements, and limited the use of exclusion clauses. The result of a joint report by the England and Wales Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission, First Report on Exemption Clauses, the Act was granted royal assent on 18 April 1973 and came into force a month later. It met with a mixed reaction from academics, who praised the additional protection it offered while at the same time questioning whether it was enough; several aspects of the Act's draftsmanship and implementation were also called into question. Much of the Act was repealed by the Sale of Goods Act 1979, which included many of the 1973 Act's provisions.
Background
Under earlier contractual theory a contract was an "empty form" that the two parties, as equal partners, could use to create such obligations and rights as they saw fit. Once a contract was signed, ways to get out of it were limited to whether it had been signed under duress, misrepresentation, or fraud. The general theory was freedom of contract; a contract can include almost any terms, as long as both parties agree to them. But in reality this doctrine was problematic. Firstly, while the idea that a person should be held to those terms he agrees to and signs works well with individually negotiated contracts, it does not with "standard form" contracts – printed, non-specific contracts drawn up in advance by one party, such as those used by banks. Such contracts can include clauses that severely restrict the rights of one party (exclusion clauses). Secondly, while the idea that signing a contract indicates consent worked well when there was little disparity between the parties, when the parties are a small business or individual and a major corporation, the smaller party may have to "take or leave" the contract, which can be a problem if all other corporations in the industry use similar terms. Although it had long been argued that "unfair" clauses should be struck down, the courts were obliged by the doctrine of freedom of contract to uphold them.
In Karsales (Harrow) Ltd v Wallis 1 W.L.R. 936 the courts developed the doctrine of fundamental breach; if one party had breached the contract in such a way that, if there was no exclusion clause, it would void the contract, such a contract could be set aside. Although a step forward, this doctrine was problematic, as pointed out by Lord Reid in Suisse Atlantique Societe d'Armament SA v NV Rotterdamsche Kolen Centrale 1 AC 361; it failed to discriminate between exclusion clauses that were the result of unequal bargaining and those that were not. In 1970 the England and Wales Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission produced their First Report on Exemption Clauses, designed to reform this area of law. The Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973 was partially based on that report, but it went further in some respects. It was given royal assent on 18 April 1973, and came into force a month later.
Act
The Act extends the reach of implied conditions first laid out in the Sale of Goods Act 1893. Section 1 replaced Section 12 of the 1893 Act, containing three types of implied undertakings to title; a condition that the seller has the right to sell, or will when the property has passed to him, a warranty that the goods have no additional costs that the buyer has not been informed of, and a warranty of quiet possession. These provisions cannot be excluded, although if there is, in the original contract, a provision that the seller can only transfer what title he has, there is no condition that the seller has the right to sell. The Act also regulated sale by description, where products are sold based on a description given of them. Section 2 provides that "a sale of goods shall not be prevented from being a sale by description by reason only that, being exposed for sale or hire, they are selected by the buyer". This is to ensure that a sale in a self-service store is considered sale by description, and that the sale is therefore covered by other provisions.
Section 3 covers the "merchantable quality" of goods. With the exception of defects that are pointed out to the consumer, or which the consumer should easily have been able to see, sellers are expected to provide goods of "merchantable quality". This is defined as goods "fit for the purpose or purposes for which goods of that kind are commonly bought as it is reasonable to expect having regard to any description applied to them, the price (if relevant) and all the other circumstances". Unlike the 1893 Act, the goods must be fit for purpose only if sold "in the course of a business". Previously, those provisions did not extend to goods sold by an agent; under the new Act all implied terms were extended to sales by agents, unless it was clear that the goods were not being sold in the course of a business.
The Act is designed to prevent the avoidance of implied terms through exclusion clauses. It provides (in Section 4) that any attempt to exclude a seller in consumer sales from Sections 2 and 3 is void. In non-consumer sales an exclusion clause is void "to the extent that it is shown that it would not be fair or reasonable to allow reliance on the term". The burden of proof in such situations is on the party seeking to avoid liability through the exclusion clause. For determining whether it is "fair or reasonable" to allow the exclusion clause, five tests are used;
whether the parties were of equal bargaining strength,
whether the buyer was induced to agree to the clause,
whether the buyer knew, or ought to have known of the exclusion clause,
where the liability is conditional, if the condition is reasonable and
whether the goods were supplied as part of a special order.
These basic tests were later extended into the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977.
Hire-purchase agreements are also regulated by this Act. The provisions are very similar to those for sale of goods agreements, with the section on exclusion clauses identical. Under the 1893 Act, conditional sale agreements (where the buyer takes possession of the goods, but the seller retains the right to repossess them) were treated as hire-purchase agreements, despite being fundamentally sales. With the unification of provisions for hire-purchase and sale of goods agreements, conditional sale agreements are now treated as sales.
Impact
Christopher Carr, an academic and practising lawyer, called the implementation of Section 1 "slightly awkward", suggesting that in some ways it was more limited than the provisions contained in the Sale of Goods Act 1893 from the seller's point of view. Unlike with the 1893 Act, a seller cannot exclude the provisions, and while the right to sell can be excluded it is not clear how this might be done. Turpin complimented the section on hire-purchase agreements, although noting some flaws in draftsmanship; he also questioned whether or not the protection given to consumers would be sufficient. Prior to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, the Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973 was one of the few limitations on clauses in consumer contracts. Most of it was eventually superseded by the Sale of Goods Act 1979, which included many of the Act's provisions.
References
^ Beale (1978) p.114
^ Beale (1978) p.115
^ Beale (1978) p.116
^ Diamond (1970) p.877
^ Carr (1973) p.518
^ Carr (1973), p. 519.
^ Carr (1973), p. 523.
^ Carr (1973), p. 524.
^ Carr (1973), p. 525.
^ Carr (1973), p. 526.
^ Carr (1973), p. 527.
^ Carr (1973), p. 528.
^ Carr (1973) p.521
^ Turpin (1973) p.208
^ Beale (1978) p.116
Bibliography
Beale, Hugh (1978). "Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977". Journal of Law and Society. 5 (1): 114–121. ISSN 1467-6478. JSTOR 1409853.
Carr, Christopher (1973). "An Optimistic Look at the Contract Provisions of Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977". Modern Law Review. 36 (5): 703–706. ISSN 0026-7961. JSTOR 1095682.
Diamond, Aubrey (1970). "The Law Commissions' First Report on Exemption Clauses". Modern Law Review. 33 (1): 77–80. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1970.tb01254.x. ISSN 0026-7961. JSTOR 1094691.
Turpin, Colin (1973). "The Unfair Contract Terms Act: Wider Still and Wider?". Cambridge Law Journal. 32 (2): 418–420. ISSN 0008-1973. JSTOR 4507707. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"England and Wales Law Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Commission_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Scottish Law Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Law_Commission"},{"link_name":"royal assent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_assent"},{"link_name":"Sale of Goods Act 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1979"}],"text":"United Kingdom legislationThe Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973 (c. 13) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that provided implied terms in contracts for the supply of goods and for hire-purchase agreements, and limited the use of exclusion clauses. The result of a joint report by the England and Wales Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission, First Report on Exemption Clauses, the Act was granted royal assent on 18 April 1973 and came into force a month later. It met with a mixed reaction from academics, who praised the additional protection it offered while at the same time questioning whether it was enough; several aspects of the Act's draftsmanship and implementation were also called into question. Much of the Act was repealed by the Sale of Goods Act 1979, which included many of the 1973 Act's provisions.","title":"Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freedom of contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_contract"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Karsales (Harrow) Ltd v Wallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsales_(Harrow)_Ltd_v_Wallis"},{"link_name":"1 W.L.R. 936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation"},{"link_name":"Lord Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Reid,_Baron_Reid"},{"link_name":"Suisse Atlantique Societe d'Armament SA v NV Rotterdamsche Kolen Centrale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisse_Atlantique_Societe_d%27Armament_SA_v_NV_Rotterdamsche_Kolen_Centrale"},{"link_name":"1 AC 361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"England and Wales Law Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Commission_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Scottish Law Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Law_Commission"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"royal assent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_assent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Under earlier contractual theory a contract was an \"empty form\" that the two parties, as equal partners, could use to create such obligations and rights as they saw fit. Once a contract was signed, ways to get out of it were limited to whether it had been signed under duress, misrepresentation, or fraud. The general theory was freedom of contract; a contract can include almost any terms, as long as both parties agree to them.[1] But in reality this doctrine was problematic. Firstly, while the idea that a person should be held to those terms he agrees to and signs works well with individually negotiated contracts, it does not with \"standard form\" contracts – printed, non-specific contracts drawn up in advance by one party, such as those used by banks. Such contracts can include clauses that severely restrict the rights of one party (exclusion clauses). Secondly, while the idea that signing a contract indicates consent worked well when there was little disparity between the parties, when the parties are a small business or individual and a major corporation, the smaller party may have to \"take or leave\" the contract, which can be a problem if all other corporations in the industry use similar terms. Although it had long been argued that \"unfair\" clauses should be struck down, the courts were obliged by the doctrine of freedom of contract to uphold them.[2]In Karsales (Harrow) Ltd v Wallis [1956] 1 W.L.R. 936 the courts developed the doctrine of fundamental breach; if one party had breached the contract in such a way that, if there was no exclusion clause, it would void the contract, such a contract could be set aside. Although a step forward, this doctrine was problematic, as pointed out by Lord Reid in Suisse Atlantique Societe d'Armament SA v NV Rotterdamsche Kolen Centrale [1967] 1 AC 361; it failed to discriminate between exclusion clauses that were the result of unequal bargaining and those that were not.[3] In 1970 the England and Wales Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission produced their First Report on Exemption Clauses, designed to reform this area of law.[4] The Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973 was partially based on that report, but it went further in some respects. It was given royal assent on 18 April 1973, and came into force a month later.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sale of Goods Act 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1893"},{"link_name":"title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_(property)"},{"link_name":"quiet possession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quiet_possession&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr1973519-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr1973523-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr1973524-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr1973525-9"},{"link_name":"Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_Contract_Terms_Act_1977"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr1973526-10"},{"link_name":"Hire-purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hire-purchase"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr1973527-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr1973528-12"}],"text":"The Act extends the reach of implied conditions first laid out in the Sale of Goods Act 1893. Section 1 replaced Section 12 of the 1893 Act, containing three types of implied undertakings to title; a condition that the seller has the right to sell, or will when the property has passed to him, a warranty that the goods have no additional costs that the buyer has not been informed of, and a warranty of quiet possession. These provisions cannot be excluded, although if there is, in the original contract, a provision that the seller can only transfer what title he has, there is no condition that the seller has the right to sell.[6] The Act also regulated sale by description, where products are sold based on a description given of them. Section 2 provides that \"a sale of goods shall not be prevented from being a sale by description by reason only that, being exposed for sale or hire, they are selected by the buyer\". This is to ensure that a sale in a self-service store is considered sale by description, and that the sale is therefore covered by other provisions.[7]Section 3 covers the \"merchantable quality\" of goods. With the exception of defects that are pointed out to the consumer, or which the consumer should easily have been able to see, sellers are expected to provide goods of \"merchantable quality\". This is defined as goods \"fit for the purpose or purposes for which goods of that kind are commonly bought as it is reasonable to expect having regard to any description applied to them, the price (if relevant) and all the other circumstances\".[8] Unlike the 1893 Act, the goods must be fit for purpose only if sold \"in the course of a business\". Previously, those provisions did not extend to goods sold by an agent; under the new Act all implied terms were extended to sales by agents, unless it was clear that the goods were not being sold in the course of a business.[9]The Act is designed to prevent the avoidance of implied terms through exclusion clauses. It provides (in Section 4) that any attempt to exclude a seller in consumer sales from Sections 2 and 3 is void. In non-consumer sales an exclusion clause is void \"to the extent that it is shown that it would not be fair or reasonable to allow reliance on the term\". The burden of proof in such situations is on the party seeking to avoid liability through the exclusion clause. For determining whether it is \"fair or reasonable\" to allow the exclusion clause, five tests are used;whether the parties were of equal bargaining strength,\nwhether the buyer was induced to agree to the clause,\nwhether the buyer knew, or ought to have known of the exclusion clause,\nwhere the liability is conditional, if the condition is reasonable and\nwhether the goods were supplied as part of a special order.These basic tests were later extended into the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977.[10]Hire-purchase agreements are also regulated by this Act. The provisions are very similar to those for sale of goods agreements, with the section on exclusion clauses identical.[11] Under the 1893 Act, conditional sale agreements (where the buyer takes possession of the goods, but the seller retains the right to repossess them) were treated as hire-purchase agreements, despite being fundamentally sales. With the unification of provisions for hire-purchase and sale of goods agreements, conditional sale agreements are now treated as sales.[12]","title":"Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christopher Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Carr_(barrister)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sale of Goods Act 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1893"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"hire-purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hire-purchase"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_Contract_Terms_Act_1977"},{"link_name":"Sale of Goods Act 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1979"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Christopher Carr, an academic and practising lawyer, called the implementation of Section 1 \"slightly awkward\", suggesting that in some ways it was more limited than the provisions contained in the Sale of Goods Act 1893 from the seller's point of view. Unlike with the 1893 Act, a seller cannot exclude the provisions, and while the right to sell can be excluded it is not clear how this might be done.[13] Turpin complimented the section on hire-purchase agreements, although noting some flaws in draftsmanship; he also questioned whether or not the protection given to consumers would be sufficient.[14] Prior to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, the Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973 was one of the few limitations on clauses in consumer contracts. Most of it was eventually superseded by the Sale of Goods Act 1979, which included many of the Act's provisions.[15]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1467-6478","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1467-6478"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1409853","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1409853"},{"link_name":"Modern Law Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Law_Review"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0026-7961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-7961"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1095682","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1095682"},{"link_name":"\"The Law Commissions' First Report on Exemption Clauses\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2230.1970.tb01254.x"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1468-2230.1970.tb01254.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2230.1970.tb01254.x"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0026-7961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-7961"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1094691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1094691"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0008-1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-1973"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4507707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4507707"}],"text":"Beale, Hugh (1978). \"Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977\". Journal of Law and Society. 5 (1): 114–121. ISSN 1467-6478. JSTOR 1409853.\nCarr, Christopher (1973). \"An Optimistic Look at the Contract Provisions of Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977\". Modern Law Review. 36 (5): 703–706. ISSN 0026-7961. JSTOR 1095682.\nDiamond, Aubrey (1970). \"The Law Commissions' First Report on Exemption Clauses\". Modern Law Review. 33 (1): 77–80. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1970.tb01254.x. ISSN 0026-7961. JSTOR 1094691.\nTurpin, Colin (1973). \"The Unfair Contract Terms Act: Wider Still and Wider?\". Cambridge Law Journal. 32 (2): 418–420. ISSN 0008-1973. JSTOR 4507707.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Beale, Hugh (1978). \"Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977\". Journal of Law and Society. 5 (1): 114–121. ISSN 1467-6478. JSTOR 1409853.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1467-6478","url_text":"1467-6478"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1409853","url_text":"1409853"}]},{"reference":"Carr, Christopher (1973). \"An Optimistic Look at the Contract Provisions of Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977\". Modern Law Review. 36 (5): 703–706. ISSN 0026-7961. JSTOR 1095682.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Law_Review","url_text":"Modern Law Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-7961","url_text":"0026-7961"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1095682","url_text":"1095682"}]},{"reference":"Diamond, Aubrey (1970). \"The Law Commissions' First Report on Exemption Clauses\". Modern Law Review. 33 (1): 77–80. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1970.tb01254.x. ISSN 0026-7961. JSTOR 1094691.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2230.1970.tb01254.x","url_text":"\"The Law Commissions' First Report on Exemption Clauses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2230.1970.tb01254.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1468-2230.1970.tb01254.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-7961","url_text":"0026-7961"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1094691","url_text":"1094691"}]},{"reference":"Turpin, Colin (1973). \"The Unfair Contract Terms Act: Wider Still and Wider?\". Cambridge Law Journal. 32 (2): 418–420. ISSN 0008-1973. JSTOR 4507707.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-1973","url_text":"0008-1973"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4507707","url_text":"4507707"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1973/13/pdfs/ukpga_19730013_en.pdf","external_links_name":"Text of statute as originally enacted"},{"Link":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/id?title=Supply+of+Goods+%28Implied+Terms%29+Act+1973","external_links_name":"Text of the Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1467-6478","external_links_name":"1467-6478"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1409853","external_links_name":"1409853"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-7961","external_links_name":"0026-7961"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1095682","external_links_name":"1095682"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2230.1970.tb01254.x","external_links_name":"\"The Law Commissions' First Report on Exemption Clauses\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2230.1970.tb01254.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1468-2230.1970.tb01254.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-7961","external_links_name":"0026-7961"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1094691","external_links_name":"1094691"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-1973","external_links_name":"0008-1973"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4507707","external_links_name":"4507707"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians | Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians | ["1 Government","2 History","3 Enrollment","4 Economic development","5 Services","6 Notes","7 External links"] | ReservationSault Ste. Marie Tribeof Chippewa Indians of MichiganReservation
FlagFederally recognizedSeptember 7, 1972HeadquartersSault Ste. MarieSubdivisions5 UnitsGovernment • BodyBoard of Directors • ChairpersonAustin LowesPopulation (2010)Enrolled members • Total40,000 Time zoneET/EDTWebsitewww.saulttribe.com
The Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians (pronounced "Soo Saint Marie", Ojibwe: Baawiting Anishinaabeg), commonly shortened to Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians or the more colloquial Soo Tribe, is a federally recognized Native American tribe in what is now known as Michigan's Upper Peninsula. The tribal headquarters is located within Sault Ste. Marie, the major city in the region, which is located on the St. Marys River.
Originally a part of the homelands of the Oc̣eṭi Ṡakowiƞ (Dakota, Lakota, Nakoda, or Sioux), who were pushed westward by the Anishinaabe Migration from the east coast, this location became known as Bawating by the Anishinaabe (the Ojibwe or Chippewa), who arrived there shortly before Europeans showed up in the mid-to-late 16th century. Bawating, sometimes seen written as Baawiting or Bahweting, is an Ojibwe word meaning "The Gathering Place." The Chippewa participated in trading with other tribes, and later with the French, British and American traders here in turn.
The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians is the largest federally recognized tribe in Michigan, outnumbering the next largest tribe, the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, by a scale of about 10 to one. It was recognized in 1972 with five units in seven counties. In 1979 the tribal council included the Mackinac Band as members, nearly doubling its enrollment. The tribe's revenues from its Kewadin Casinos has enabled it to establish health centers and invest in education for its members.
Government
The Sault Tribe operates its own government, with regular elections for chairperson and council members. Council members represent the tribe's five units throughout seven counties in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Over one half of the tribe's enrolled members reside outside the five units, but vote within those established units. They vote in a unit where they have significant ancestral or historic ties.
In 2012 the current chairman Aaron A. Payment was elected by the largest majority in the tribe's modern history. He had first been elected to the Tribal Council in 1996. He was elected as chairman in 2004, defeating a 17-year incumbent. In 2008 he lost his race for re-election to Joe Eitrem, but was re-elected in 2012, 2016 and 2020.
The tribe operates its own police department and tribal court.
History
For hundreds of years preceding modern European contact, the Sault (Soo) Band ancestors were part of the large Lake Superior Band of Chippewa Indians. The Ojibwe (known as Chippewa in the United States) were known to have migrated over centuries from the Atlantic Coast. They historically spoke the Ojibwe language, one of numerous Algonquian languages.
Chiefs whose signatories identified them as members of the Sault (Soo) Band and other bands were among those in the region signing treaties with the United States in 1820. Ancestors of the tribe are believed to have lived in the Great Lakes region since about 1200CE. They were part of a wide trading network.
The modern Sault Tribe is descended from Ojibwe ancestors who lived on Sugar Island in the St. Mary's River between the U.S. state of Michigan and the Canadian province of Ontario, and in the area.
The Sault Tribe gained federal recognition by the United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs on September 7, 1972. The tribe did not have a historic reservation from a previous treaty. As part of the process, the federal government took land in trust for the tribe by deed dated May 17, 1973, and approved by the Bureau of Indian Affairs on March 7, 1974.
The Commissioner of Indian Affairs formally declared the trust land to be a reservation for the tribe on February 20, 1975, with notice published in the Federal Register on February 27, 1975. The reservation land is located in both the city of Sault Ste. Marie and in Sugar Island Township, on Sugar Island (Sugar Island part at 46°28′19″N 84°12′44″W / 46.47194°N 84.21222°W / 46.47194; -84.21222) east of the city.
Enrollment
Since formal recognition in 1972, the tribe has increased in number of members. It has approximately 40,000 members on its rolls. In the 21st century, many Sault Tribe members live off-reservation in the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of Michigan, about one third live throughout the United States and Canada, and on other continents. At any given time, significant numbers are serving in the military.
In 1979 the Tribal Council passed a resolution allowing Mackinac Band members to enroll in the tribe, which doubled the number of enrolled members. In the 21st century, the Sault Tribe consists of more than 20 bands. There is also a significant and historic relation with Garden River First Nation, also known as Ketegaunseebee (Gitigaan-ziibi Anishinaabe in the Ojibwe language), an Ojibwa band located at Garden River 14 near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada.
Several thousand Mackinac Band members continue to work to gain independent federal recognition. They have formed the Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians, which is state recognized.
Economic development
Based on a 1993 compact with the state, the tribe operates five casinos under the Kewadin Casinos name in Sault Ste. Marie, St. Ignace, Manistique, Christmas and Hessel. The tribe also owns and manages hotels at the Christmas, Sault Ste. Marie and St. Ignace casino sites. These tribal enterprises operate at a profit, generating revenues for the tribe.
The tribe formerly operated Detroit's Greektown Casino, where they held a majority interest. They filed for bankruptcy protection in 2008, during the Great Recession. In June 2010 the Michigan Gaming Control Board voted 4–0 at a special meeting to transfer ownership from the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians to new investors. The tribe's participation in the Greektown Casino created state support for authorization of three casinos in Detroit. These have provided the region and state with employment and income.
In 2011 the tribe said it was considering development of additional downstate casinos in Romulus and the state capital of Lansing. These were proposed to be built on land the tribe owned but which had not yet been put in trust by the federal government.
Both projects were challenged in court cases. Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette contended that the Lansing project violated the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act and the 1993 compact which the tribe had made with Gov. John Engler when it established its first casinos. In September 2015 a judge dismissed the state's lawsuit seeking to block a casino in downtown Lansing. The mayor of Lansing has publicly supported the project, saying that the casino "would bring thousands of good-paying jobs to Lansing and fully fund the Lansing Promise to provide college scholarships for graduates of the city's schools." The casino is proposed to be built next to the Lansing Center, blocks from the state capitol building. The Department of Interior will take the land into trust which the Sault Tribe bought from Lansing.
Services
The tribe has reinvested revenues from the casino/hotel operations to build infrastructure for the welfare and education of its people. It operates six health centers for its members, with locations in Sault Ste. Marie, St. Ignace, Manistique, Munising, Newberry, and Hessel. The tribe also has emphasized education for its youth, offering several college scholarships for members.
The tribe helped found the Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnaabe Public School Academy in Sault Ste. Marie. This is operated independently as both a Bureau of Indian Affairs school and a Michigan charter school. It was founded to offer an alternative to Sault Ste. Marie Area Schools, from which "Chippewa County" Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians</ref> students had a high drop-out rate. The school was renamed in 1998 to honor Lumsden, a late tribal leader who helped develop the tribe's first housing, education, and health programs.
Open to all students in the community, Bahweting has achieved progress. It offers an introduction to the Anishnaabe language, culture and values. The school was awarded the Governor of Michigan's Gold Apple Award for outstanding student performance in the ‘Most Improved’ category on the Michigan Education Assessment Program (MEAP) tests. The U.S. Department of Education gave it a Title I Distinguished School Award; it was one of 95 schools honored among the 48,000 Title I schools nationwide.
Other tribal endeavors include building the Chi Mukwa (Big Bear) Recreation Center in Sault Ste. Marie. It offers Olympic and NHL-size ice rinks, a basketball court, a volleyball court, aerobics room, and fitness areas.
The Tribe publishes a monthly newspaper, Win Awenen Nisitotung, which in Ojibwe means "he/she/or one, who well or fully understands." The newspaper is commonly referred to as the WAN.
The tribe operates two Midjim convenience stores, one in Sault Ste. Marie and the other located in St. Ignace. These offer discounted gasoline and cigarettes for tribal members.
Notes
^ a b "Web Links". www.saulttribe.com.
^ "Tribal Enrollment", Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians. 2013. Retrieved 25 Feb 2013.
^ a b "Legislative - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site". www.saulttribe.com.
^ a b Melissa Anders, "2013 Michiganders to Watch: Aaron Payment, Sault Tribe chairman handling casino expansions", Mlive.com, December 2012, accessed 24 December 2015
^ "The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site". www.saulttribe.com.
^ "The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site". www.saulttribe.com.
^ Pritzker, Barry (2000). A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford University Press. p. 406. ISBN 978-0195138771. anishinabe.
^ a b c "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-04-16. Retrieved 2011-04-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site". www.saulttribe.com.
^ "Michigan Historic Tribes", STATE OF MICHIGAN COMMUNITY SERVICES BLOCK GRANT (CSBG); STATE PLAN FOR FISCAL YEARS 2015 -2016, Draft 2014, p. 67
^ "Sault Tribe loses grip on Greektown Casino" Archived 2012-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, Soo Evening News
^ , The News Herald, 12 March 2011
^ a b c John Agar, "Casino in downtown Lansing closer after judge rejects state's lawsuit, backers say", Mlive.com, 16 September 2015, accessed 24 December 2015
^ , Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians
^ "Scholarships".
^ "Joseph K. Lumsden School", School Wires
^ JKL Bahweting, Sault Tribe official website
^ "Chi Mukwa Arena (Big Bear)". andrusarchitecture.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-07.
^ "The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site". www.saulttribe.com. Archived from the original on 2006-10-28.
^ "Sault Tribe Board of Directors holds regular meeting Aug. 9 in Sault Ste. Marie - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site". www.saulttribe.com.
External links
SaultTribe.com: Official Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians website
SaultTribe.com: Tribal Code
SaultTribe.com: History of the Sault Tribe
"Compact between the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians and the State of Michigan for the Conduct of Class III Gaming Casinos", 1993, State of Michigan documents, also published in the Federal Register
Native Americans in Michigan Databases, Mainly Michigan website, includes "Durant Roll of 1908" and "Mt. Pleasant Indian School Register (1893 to 1932)"
Official Garden River First Nation website — Ojibwe tribe based in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada.
vte Native American tribes in MichiganFederally recognized
Bay Mills
Grand Traverse
Hannahville
L'Anse
Lac Vieux Desert
Little River
Little Traverse
Match-e-be-nash-she-wish
Nottawaseppi Huron
Pokagon
Saginaw Chippewa
Sault
State recognized
Burt Lake
Grand River Band of Ottawa Indians
Mackinac (L'Arbre Croche)
Swan Creek Black River Confederated Ojibwa Tribes of Michigan
vteAnishinaabe cultureFamily
Clan system
Religion, myth and stories
Aayaase
Baykok
Deer Woman
Dreamcatcher
Drumkeeper
Elbow witch
Gitche Manitou
Grand Medicine Society
Jiibayaabooz
Jingle dress
Little people
Manitou
Medicine wheel
Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")
Mudjekeewis
Nanabozho
Nokomis
Powwow
Pukwudgie
Seven fires prophecy
Shingebis
Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
Turtle Island
Traditional beliefs
Underwater panther
Wendigo
Languages
Algonquian
Birch bark scrolls
Ojibwe
Ottawa dialect
Potawatomi
Art
Birchbark biting
Quillwork
Ribbon work
Wampum
Education
Anishinabek Educational Institute
Canadian residential schools
Hannahville Indian School
Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School
U.S. residential schools
Housing
Wigwam
vteRights of Native Americans in the United StatesCase law
Johnson v. McIntosh (1823)
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Fellows v. Blacksmith (1857)
New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble (1858)
Standing Bear v. Crook (D. Neb. 1879)
Ex parte Crow Dog (1883)
Elk v. Wilkins (1884)
Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy (1896)
Talton v. Mayes (1896)
Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903)
United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. (1941)
Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States (1955)
Williams v. Lee (1959)
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation (1960)
Menominee Tribe v. United States (1968)
McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission (1973)
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida (1974)
Bryan v. Itasca County (1976)
United States v. Antelope (1977)
Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez (1978)
Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe (1982)
Solem v. Bartlett (1984)
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State (1985)
South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc. (1986)
Hodel v. Irving (1987)
Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield (1989)
Duro v. Reina (1990)
South Dakota v. Bourland (1993)
Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho (1997)
Idaho v. United States (2001)
United States v. Lara (2004)
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York (2005)
Cobell v. Salazar (D.C. Cir. 2009)
Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl (2013)
Sharp v. Murphy and McGirt v. Oklahoma (2020)
Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta (2022)
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
Legislation
Blood quantum laws (1705 onwards)
Nonintercourse Act (1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
Civilization Act (1819)
Indian Removal Act (1830)
Dawes Act (1887)
Curtis Act (1898)
Burke Act (1906)
Indian Citizenship Act (1924)
Indian Reorganization Act (1934)
Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act (1936)
Nationality Act (1940)
Public Law 280 (1953)
Indian Relocation Act (1956)
Indian Civil Rights Act (1968)
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971)
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975)
American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978)
Indian Child Welfare Act (1978)
Diminishment (1984)
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988)
Native American Languages Act (1990)
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990)
Indian Arts and Crafts Act (1990)
Federal andState recognition
Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
Legal status of Hawaii
Federally recognized tribes
State recognized tribes
Related
Aboriginal title
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Cherokee Commission
Dawes Rolls
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Eagle feather law
Eagle-bone whistle
Hunting license
In the Courts of the Conqueror
Indian reservations
Long Walk of the Navajo
National Indian Gaming Commission
Native American civil rights
Native American gaming
Native American Rights Fund
Recognition of sacred sites
Seminole Wars
Survivance
Trail of Tears
Treaty rights
Tribal sovereignty
Self-determination
United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
Links to related articles
vteMunicipalities and communities of Alger County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: MunisingCity
Munising
Map of Michigan highlighting Alger County.svgVillage
Chatham
Civil townships
Au Train
Burt
Grand Island
Limestone
Mathias
Munising
Onota
Rock River
CDP
Grand Marais
Othercommunities
Au Train
Christmas
Coalwood
Deerton
Diffin
Dixon
Dorsey
Doty
Eben Junction
Evelyn
Forest Lake
Green Haven
Indian Town
Juniper
Kentucky
Kiva
Ladoga
Limestone
Mantila Camp
Melstrand
Munising Junction
Myren
Onota
Rock River
Rumely
Sand River
Shingleton
Slapneck
Star
Stillman
Sullivans Landing
Sundell
Sunrise Landing
Traunik
Trenary
Vail
Van Meer
Wetmore
Williams Crossing
Williams Landing
Indian reservation
Sault Ste. Marie Reservation‡
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Michigan portal
United States portal
vteMunicipalities and communities of Chippewa County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: Sault Ste. MarieCity
Sault Ste. Marie
Map of Michigan highlighting Chippewa County.svgVillage
DeTour Village
Charter township
Kinross
Civil townships
Bay Mills
Bruce
Chippewa
Dafter
DeTour
Drummond
Hulbert
Pickford
Raber
Rudyard
Soo
Sugar Island
Superior
Trout Lake
Whitefish
CDPs
Brimley
Kincheloe
Othercommunities
Baie de Wasai
Barbeau
Bay Mills
Brassar
Churchville
Cordell
Dafter
Dick
Dollar Settlement
Donaldson
Dorgans Crossing
Drummond
Dryburg
Eckerman
Eckerman Corner
Emerson
Fibre
Gardenville
Goetzville
Homestead
Hulbert
Johnswood
Kelden
Kinross
Lincoln
Maxton
McCarron
Mission
Munuscong
Oak Ridge
Paradise
Payment
Pickford‡
Raber
Raco
Rockview‡
Rosedale
Rudyard
Seewhy
Shelldrake
Snug Harbor
Stalwart
Stirlingville
Strongs
Strongs Corner
Timberlost
Trout Lake
Vermilion
Westons Iroquois Beach
Whitefish Point
Whitehouse Landing
Indian reservations
Bay Mills Indian Community
Sault Ste. Marie Reservation‡
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties.
Michigan portal
United States portal
vteMunicipalities and communities of Luce County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: NewberryVillage
Newberry
Map of Michigan highlighting Luce County.svgCivil townships
Columbus
Lakefield
McMillan
Pentland
Unincorporated communities
Betty B Landing
Carpenter Landing
Danaher
Deer Park
Dollarville
Eightmile Corner
Fourmile Corner
Helmer
Laketon
Lencel
Marks
McLeods Corner
McMillan
McMillan Corner
McPhees Landing
Natalie
Pine Stump Junction
Roberts Corner
Soo Junction
Indian reservation
Sault Ste. Marie Reservation‡
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Michigan portal
United States portal
vteMunicipalities and communities of Mackinac County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: St. IgnaceCities
Mackinac Island
St. Ignace
Map of Michigan highlighting Mackinac County.svgCivil townships
Bois Blanc
Brevort
Clark
Garfield
Hendricks
Holmes (defunct)
Hudson
Marquette
Moran
Newton
Portage
St. Ignace
CDP
Naubinway
Othercommunities
Allenville
Brevort
Caffey
Caffey Corner
Cedarville
Charles
Corinne
Curtis
Engadine
Epoufette
Evergreen Shores
Garnet
Gilchrist
Gould City
Gros Cap
Hessel
Huntspur
Kenneth
Millecoquins
Moran
Ozark
Patrick Landing
Pickford‡
Pointe Aux Pins
Pontchartrain Shores
Port Dolomite
Port Inland‡
Rexton
Rockview
Simmons
Indianreservations
Mackinac Indian Reservation‡
Sault Ste. Marie Reservation‡
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Michigan portal
United States portal
vteMunicipalities and communities of Marquette County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: MarquetteCities
Ishpeming
Marquette
Negaunee
Map of Michigan highlighting Marquette County.svgCharter townships
Chocolay
Marquette
Civil townships
Champion
Ely
Ewing
Forsyth
Humboldt
Ishpeming
Michigamme
Negaunee
Powell
Republic
Richmond
Sands
Skandia
Tilden
Turin
Wells
West Branch
CDPs
Big Bay
Gwinn
Harvey
K. I. Sawyer
Michigamme
Palmer
Republic
Trowbridge Park
West Ishpeming
Othercommunities
Arnold
Austin
Cascade
Champion
Clowry
Diorite
Gentian
Helena
Little Lake
National Mine
New Swanzy
Plains
Sands
Swanzy
Wobic
Indian reservations
L'Anse Indian Reservation‡
Sault Ste. Marie Reservation‡
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Michigan portal
United States portal
vteMunicipalities and communities of Schoolcraft County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: ManistiqueCity
Manistique
Map of Michigan highlighting Schoolcraft County.svgCivil townships
Cusino (defunct)
Doyle
Germfask
Hiawatha
Inwood
Manistique
Mueller
Seney
Thompson
Unincorporated communities
Blaney Park
Cooks
Germfask
Gulliver
Seney
Steuben
Thompson
Indian reservation
Sault Ste. Marie Reservation‡
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Michigan portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ojibwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe_language"},{"link_name":"federally recognized Native American tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Upper Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Sault Ste. Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Ojibwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saulttribe.com-3"},{"link_name":"Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokagon_Band_of_Potawatomi_Indians"},{"link_name":"Mackinac Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackinac_Bands_of_Chippewa_and_Ottawa_Indians"},{"link_name":"Kewadin Casinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewadin_Casinos"}],"text":"The Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians (pronounced \"Soo Saint Marie\", Ojibwe: Baawiting Anishinaabeg), commonly shortened to Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians or the more colloquial Soo Tribe, is a federally recognized Native American tribe in what is now known as Michigan's Upper Peninsula. The tribal headquarters is located within Sault Ste. Marie, the major city in the region, which is located on the St. Marys River.Originally a part of the homelands of the Oc̣eṭi Ṡakowiƞ (Dakota, Lakota, Nakoda, or Sioux), who were pushed westward by the Anishinaabe Migration from the east coast, this location became known as Bawating by the Anishinaabe (the Ojibwe or Chippewa), who arrived there shortly before Europeans showed up in the mid-to-late 16th century. Bawating, sometimes seen written as Baawiting or Bahweting, is an Ojibwe word meaning \"The Gathering Place.\"[3] The Chippewa participated in trading with other tribes, and later with the French, British and American traders here in turn.The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians is the largest federally recognized tribe in Michigan, outnumbering the next largest tribe, the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, by a scale of about 10 to one. It was recognized in 1972 with five units in seven counties. In 1979 the tribal council included the Mackinac Band as members, nearly doubling its enrollment. The tribe's revenues from its Kewadin Casinos has enabled it to establish health centers and invest in education for its members.","title":"Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Aaron A. Payment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaron_A._Payment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-payment-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Sault Tribe operates its own government, with regular elections for chairperson and council members. Council members represent the tribe's five units throughout seven counties in Michigan's Upper Peninsula.[1] Over one half of the tribe's enrolled members reside outside the five units, but vote within those established units. They vote in a unit where they have significant ancestral or historic ties.In 2012 the current chairman Aaron A. Payment was elected by the largest majority in the tribe's modern history. He had first been elected to the Tribal Council in 1996. He was elected as chairman in 2004, defeating a 17-year incumbent. In 2008 he lost his race for re-election to Joe Eitrem, but was re-elected in 2012, 2016 and 2020.[4]The tribe operates its own police department [5] and tribal court.[6]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Superior Band of Chippewa Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior_Band_of_Chippewa_Indians"},{"link_name":"Ojibwe language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe_language"},{"link_name":"Algonquian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian_languages"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sugar Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Island_(Michigan)"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"federal recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_recognition"},{"link_name":"Commissioner of Indian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_Indian_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Indian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"Federal Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Register"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"Sugar Island Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Island_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"46°28′19″N 84°12′44″W / 46.47194°N 84.21222°W / 46.47194; -84.21222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sault_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians¶ms=46_28_19_N_84_12_44_W_scale:50000_source:GNIS"}],"text":"For hundreds of years preceding modern European contact, the Sault (Soo) Band ancestors were part of the large Lake Superior Band of Chippewa Indians. The Ojibwe (known as Chippewa in the United States) were known to have migrated over centuries from the Atlantic Coast. They historically spoke the Ojibwe language, one of numerous Algonquian languages.Chiefs whose signatories identified them as members of the Sault (Soo) Band and other bands were among those in the region signing treaties with the United States in 1820. Ancestors of the tribe are believed to have lived in the Great Lakes region since about 1200CE.[7] They were part of a wide trading network.The modern Sault Tribe is descended from Ojibwe ancestors who lived on Sugar Island in the St. Mary's River between the U.S. state of Michigan and the Canadian province of Ontario, and in the area.The Sault Tribe gained federal recognition by the United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs on September 7, 1972.[8] The tribe did not have a historic reservation from a previous treaty. As part of the process, the federal government took land in trust for the tribe by deed dated May 17, 1973, and approved by the Bureau of Indian Affairs on March 7, 1974.[8]The Commissioner of Indian Affairs formally declared the trust land to be a reservation for the tribe on February 20, 1975, with notice published in the Federal Register on February 27, 1975.[8] The reservation land is located in both the city of Sault Ste. Marie and in Sugar Island Township, on Sugar Island (Sugar Island part at 46°28′19″N 84°12′44″W / 46.47194°N 84.21222°W / 46.47194; -84.21222) east of the city.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mackinac Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackinac_Bands_of_Chippewa_and_Ottawa_Indians"},{"link_name":"First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackinac_Bands_of_Chippewa_and_Ottawa_Indians"},{"link_name":"state recognized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_recognized_tribe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%88%92blockgrant-10"}],"text":"Since formal recognition in 1972, the tribe has increased in number of members. It has approximately 40,000 members on its rolls.[9] In the 21st century, many Sault Tribe members live off-reservation in the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of Michigan, about one third live throughout the United States and Canada, and on other continents. At any given time, significant numbers are serving in the military.In 1979 the Tribal Council passed a resolution allowing Mackinac Band members to enroll in the tribe, which doubled the number of enrolled members. In the 21st century, the Sault Tribe consists of more than 20 bands. There is also a significant and historic relation with Garden River First Nation, also known as Ketegaunseebee (Gitigaan-ziibi Anishinaabe in the Ojibwe language), an Ojibwa band located at Garden River 14 near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada.Several thousand Mackinac Band members continue to work to gain independent federal recognition. They have formed the Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians, which is state recognized.[10]","title":"Enrollment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Ignace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Ignace,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Manistique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manistique,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Hessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessel,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Greektown Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greektown_Casino_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Great Recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession"},{"link_name":"Michigan Gaming Control Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Gaming_Control_Board"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Indian Gaming Regulatory Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Gaming_Regulatory_Act"},{"link_name":"John Engler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Engler"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-payment-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lansing-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lansing-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lansing-13"}],"text":"Based on a 1993 compact with the state, the tribe operates five casinos under the Kewadin Casinos name in Sault Ste. Marie, St. Ignace, Manistique, Christmas and Hessel. The tribe also owns and manages hotels at the Christmas, Sault Ste. Marie and St. Ignace casino sites. These tribal enterprises operate at a profit, generating revenues for the tribe.The tribe formerly operated Detroit's Greektown Casino, where they held a majority interest. They filed for bankruptcy protection in 2008, during the Great Recession. In June 2010 the Michigan Gaming Control Board voted 4–0 at a special meeting to transfer ownership from the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians to new investors.[11] The tribe's participation in the Greektown Casino created state support for authorization of three casinos in Detroit. These have provided the region and state with employment and income.In 2011 the tribe said it was considering development of additional downstate casinos in Romulus and the state capital of Lansing.[12] These were proposed to be built on land the tribe owned but which had not yet been put in trust by the federal government.Both projects were challenged in court cases. Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette contended that the Lansing project violated the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act and the 1993 compact which the tribe had made with Gov. John Engler when it established its first casinos.[4] In September 2015 a judge dismissed the state's lawsuit seeking to block a casino in downtown Lansing.[13] The mayor of Lansing has publicly supported the project, saying that the casino \"would bring thousands of good-paying jobs to Lansing and fully fund the Lansing Promise to provide college scholarships for graduates of the city's schools.\"[13] The casino is proposed to be built next to the Lansing Center, blocks from the state capitol building.[13] The Department of Interior will take the land into trust which the Sault Tribe bought from Lansing.","title":"Economic development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Indian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Sault Ste. Marie Area Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie_Area_Schools"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saulttribe.com-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_games"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The tribe has reinvested revenues from the casino/hotel operations to build infrastructure for the welfare and education of its people. It operates six health centers for its members, with locations in Sault Ste. Marie, St. Ignace, Manistique, Munising, Newberry, and Hessel.[14] The tribe also has emphasized education for its youth, offering several college scholarships for members.[15]The tribe helped found the Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnaabe Public School Academy in Sault Ste. Marie.[16] This is operated independently as both a Bureau of Indian Affairs school and a Michigan charter school. It was founded to offer an alternative to Sault Ste. Marie Area Schools, from which \"Chippewa County\" Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians</ref> students had a high drop-out rate. The school was renamed in 1998 to honor Lumsden, a late tribal leader who helped develop the tribe's first housing, education, and health programs.[3]Open to all students in the community, Bahweting has achieved progress. It offers an introduction to the Anishnaabe language, culture and values. The school was awarded the Governor of Michigan's Gold Apple Award for outstanding student performance in the ‘Most Improved’ category on the Michigan Education Assessment Program (MEAP) tests. The U.S. Department of Education gave it a Title I Distinguished School Award; it was one of 95 schools honored among the 48,000 Title I schools nationwide.[17]Other tribal endeavors include building the Chi Mukwa (Big Bear) Recreation Center in Sault Ste. Marie. It offers Olympic and NHL-size ice rinks, a basketball court, a volleyball court, aerobics room, and fitness areas.[18]The Tribe publishes a monthly newspaper, Win Awenen Nisitotung, which in Ojibwe means \"he/she/or one, who well or fully understands.\"[19] The newspaper is commonly referred to as the WAN.The tribe operates two Midjim convenience stores, one in Sault Ste. Marie and the other located in St. Ignace. These offer discounted gasoline and cigarettes for tribal members.[20]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Web Links\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=318&Itemid=309"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Tribal Enrollment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.saulttribe.com/membership-services/tribal-enrollment"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-saulttribe.com_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-saulttribe.com_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Legislative - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29&Itemid=135"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-payment_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-payment_4-1"},{"link_name":"Melissa Anders, \"2013 Michiganders to Watch: Aaron Payment, Sault Tribe chairman handling casino expansions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/2012/12/2013_michiganders_to_watch_aar.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=72&Itemid=192"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55&Itemid=179"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit"},{"link_name":"406","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit/page/406"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0195138771","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195138771"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-2"},{"link_name":"\"Archived copy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110416164220/http://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=2&Itemid=169"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=2&Itemid=169"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=151"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-%E2%88%92blockgrant_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"Michigan Historic Tribes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.michigan.gov/documents/dhs/8aaffDraft_CSBG_State_Plan_FY15_4.2.14_460696_7.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Sault Tribe loses grip on Greektown Casino\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sooeveningnews.com/news/x1609340497/Sault-Tribe-loses-grip-on-Greektown-Casino"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120225075342/http://www.sooeveningnews.com/news/x1609340497/Sault-Tribe-loses-grip-on-Greektown-Casino"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thenewsherald.com/articles/2011/03/12/news/doc4d7aa22244e8c935517648.txt"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lansing_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lansing_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lansing_13-2"},{"link_name":"John Agar, \"Casino in downtown Lansing closer after judge rejects state's lawsuit, backers say\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2015/09/casino_in_downtown_lansing_clo.html#incart_related_stories"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.saulttribe.com/index.php?Itemid=195&catid=112&option=com_contact"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Scholarships\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=77&Itemid=169"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Joseph K. Lumsden School\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jklschool.schoolwires.com/70931010891854383/site/default.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"JKL Bahweting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.saulttribe.com/membership-services/education/15-membership-services/education/45-jkl-bahweting-school"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Chi Mukwa Arena (Big Bear)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110207064418/http://www.andrusarchitecture.com/SLIDESHOWS/BIG%20BEAR/BIG%20BEAR.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//andrusarchitecture.com/SLIDESHOWS/BIG%20BEAR/BIG%20BEAR.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061028205752/http://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=67&Itemid=169"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=67&Itemid=169"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Sault Tribe Board of Directors holds regular meeting Aug. 9 in Sault Ste. Marie - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.saulttribe.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=352"}],"text":"^ a b \"Web Links\". www.saulttribe.com.\n\n^ \"Tribal Enrollment\", Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians. 2013. Retrieved 25 Feb 2013.\n\n^ a b \"Legislative - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\". www.saulttribe.com.\n\n^ a b Melissa Anders, \"2013 Michiganders to Watch: Aaron Payment, Sault Tribe chairman handling casino expansions\", Mlive.com, December 2012, accessed 24 December 2015\n\n^ \"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\". www.saulttribe.com.\n\n^ \"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\". www.saulttribe.com.\n\n^ Pritzker, Barry (2000). A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford University Press. p. 406. ISBN 978-0195138771. anishinabe.\n\n^ a b c \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2011-04-16. Retrieved 2011-04-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n\n^ \"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\". www.saulttribe.com.\n\n^ \"Michigan Historic Tribes\", STATE OF MICHIGAN COMMUNITY SERVICES BLOCK GRANT (CSBG); STATE PLAN FOR FISCAL YEARS 2015 -2016, Draft 2014, p. 67\n\n^ \"Sault Tribe loses grip on Greektown Casino\" Archived 2012-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, Soo Evening News\n\n^ [1], The News Herald, 12 March 2011\n\n^ a b c John Agar, \"Casino in downtown Lansing closer after judge rejects state's lawsuit, backers say\", Mlive.com, 16 September 2015, accessed 24 December 2015\n\n^ [2], Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians\n\n^ \"Scholarships\".\n\n^ \"Joseph K. Lumsden School\", School Wires\n\n^ JKL Bahweting, Sault Tribe official website\n\n^ \"Chi Mukwa Arena (Big Bear)\". andrusarchitecture.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-07.\n\n^ \"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\". www.saulttribe.com. Archived from the original on 2006-10-28.\n\n^ \"Sault Tribe Board of Directors holds regular meeting Aug. 9 in Sault Ste. Marie - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\". www.saulttribe.com.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Michigan highlighting Alger County.svg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Alger_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Alger_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Michigan highlighting Chippewa County.svg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Chippewa_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Chippewa_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Michigan highlighting Luce County.svg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Luce_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Luce_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Michigan highlighting Mackinac County.svg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Mackinac_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Mackinac_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Michigan highlighting Marquette County.svg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Marquette_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Marquette_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Michigan highlighting Schoolcraft County.svg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Schoolcraft_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Schoolcraft_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Web Links\". www.saulttribe.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=318&Itemid=309","url_text":"\"Web Links\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legislative - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\". www.saulttribe.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29&Itemid=135","url_text":"\"Legislative - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\". www.saulttribe.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=72&Itemid=192","url_text":"\"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\". www.saulttribe.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55&Itemid=179","url_text":"\"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\""}]},{"reference":"Pritzker, Barry (2000). A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford University Press. p. 406. ISBN 978-0195138771. anishinabe.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit","url_text":"A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit/page/406","url_text":"406"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195138771","url_text":"978-0195138771"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2011-04-16. Retrieved 2011-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110416164220/http://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=2&Itemid=169","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=2&Itemid=169","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\". www.saulttribe.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=151","url_text":"\"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scholarships\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=77&Itemid=169","url_text":"\"Scholarships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chi Mukwa Arena (Big Bear)\". andrusarchitecture.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110207064418/http://www.andrusarchitecture.com/SLIDESHOWS/BIG%20BEAR/BIG%20BEAR.html","url_text":"\"Chi Mukwa Arena (Big Bear)\""},{"url":"http://andrusarchitecture.com/SLIDESHOWS/BIG%20BEAR/BIG%20BEAR.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\". www.saulttribe.com. Archived from the original on 2006-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061028205752/http://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=67&Itemid=169","url_text":"\"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\""},{"url":"http://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=67&Itemid=169","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sault Tribe Board of Directors holds regular meeting Aug. 9 in Sault Ste. Marie - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\". www.saulttribe.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saulttribe.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=352","url_text":"\"Sault Tribe Board of Directors holds regular meeting Aug. 9 in Sault Ste. Marie - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.saulttribe.com/","external_links_name":"www.saulttribe.com"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sault_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians¶ms=46_28_19_N_84_12_44_W_scale:50000_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"46°28′19″N 84°12′44″W / 46.47194°N 84.21222°W / 46.47194; -84.21222"},{"Link":"https://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=318&Itemid=309","external_links_name":"\"Web Links\""},{"Link":"http://www.saulttribe.com/membership-services/tribal-enrollment","external_links_name":"\"Tribal Enrollment\""},{"Link":"https://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29&Itemid=135","external_links_name":"\"Legislative - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\""},{"Link":"http://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/2012/12/2013_michiganders_to_watch_aar.html","external_links_name":"Melissa Anders, \"2013 Michiganders to Watch: Aaron Payment, Sault Tribe chairman handling casino expansions\""},{"Link":"https://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=72&Itemid=192","external_links_name":"\"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\""},{"Link":"https://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55&Itemid=179","external_links_name":"\"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit","external_links_name":"A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit/page/406","external_links_name":"406"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110416164220/http://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=2&Itemid=169","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=2&Itemid=169","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=151","external_links_name":"\"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\""},{"Link":"http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dhs/8aaffDraft_CSBG_State_Plan_FY15_4.2.14_460696_7.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Michigan Historic Tribes\""},{"Link":"http://www.sooeveningnews.com/news/x1609340497/Sault-Tribe-loses-grip-on-Greektown-Casino","external_links_name":"\"Sault Tribe loses grip on Greektown Casino\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120225075342/http://www.sooeveningnews.com/news/x1609340497/Sault-Tribe-loses-grip-on-Greektown-Casino","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thenewsherald.com/articles/2011/03/12/news/doc4d7aa22244e8c935517648.txt","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2015/09/casino_in_downtown_lansing_clo.html#incart_related_stories","external_links_name":"John Agar, \"Casino in downtown Lansing closer after judge rejects state's lawsuit, backers say\""},{"Link":"http://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?Itemid=195&catid=112&option=com_contact","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=77&Itemid=169","external_links_name":"\"Scholarships\""},{"Link":"http://jklschool.schoolwires.com/70931010891854383/site/default.asp","external_links_name":"\"Joseph K. Lumsden School\""},{"Link":"http://www.saulttribe.com/membership-services/education/15-membership-services/education/45-jkl-bahweting-school","external_links_name":"JKL Bahweting"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110207064418/http://www.andrusarchitecture.com/SLIDESHOWS/BIG%20BEAR/BIG%20BEAR.html","external_links_name":"\"Chi Mukwa Arena (Big Bear)\""},{"Link":"http://andrusarchitecture.com/SLIDESHOWS/BIG%20BEAR/BIG%20BEAR.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061028205752/http://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=67&Itemid=169","external_links_name":"\"The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\""},{"Link":"http://www.saulttribe.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=67&Itemid=169","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.saulttribe.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=352","external_links_name":"\"Sault Tribe Board of Directors holds regular meeting Aug. 9 in Sault Ste. Marie - The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Official Web Site\""},{"Link":"http://www.saulttribe.com/","external_links_name":"SaultTribe.com: Official Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians website"},{"Link":"http://www.saulttribe.com/government/tribal-code","external_links_name":"SaultTribe.com: Tribal Code"},{"Link":"http://www.saulttribe.com/history-a-culture/story-of-our-people","external_links_name":"SaultTribe.com: History of the Sault Tribe"},{"Link":"https://www.michigan.gov/documents/SSM_Compact_70618_7.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Compact between the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians and the State of Michigan for the Conduct of Class III Gaming Casinos\""},{"Link":"http://www.mainlymichigan.com/nativedata/","external_links_name":"Native Americans in Michigan Databases"},{"Link":"http://www.gardenriver.org/","external_links_name":"Official Garden River First Nation website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Women%E2%80%99s_World_University_Games_Team | United States women's World University Games basketball team | ["1 Record","2 1973","3 1977","4 1979","5 1981","6 1983","7 1985","8 1987","9 1989","10 1991","11 1993","12 1995","13 1997","14 1999","15 2001","16 2003","17 2005","18 2007","19 2009","19.1 2009 roster","19.2 2009 games","19.3 2009 statistics","20 2011","21 2013","21.1 2013 pool play","21.2 2013 medal rounds","22 2015","22.1 2015 pool play","22.2 2015 medal rounds","23 See also","24 Notes","25 External links"] | United StatesFIBA ranking1 FIBA zoneFIBA AmericasNational federationUSA BasketballCoachSherri Coale
The USA Women’s World University Games Team is one of the teams under the auspices of the USA Basketball organization. The Universiade is an international, multi-sport event for university students, generally held every other year since 1959. It is second only to the Olympics in number of participants. The United States has participated in women's basketball since their first participation in 1973 at the VII Summer Universiade. USA Basketball has organized the participation except for 2003 and 2007. In 2003 an All-Star team selected from the Big 12 Conference represented the US in Daegu, South Korea. In 2007, the Charlotte 49ers, the basketball team at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, represented the USA in Bangkok, Thailand.
The 2015 World University Games were held in Seoul, South Korea July 5–13, 2015. The head coach of the USA team was Joe McKeown, while Holly Warlick and Tanya Warren were the assistant coaches. The USA won the gold medal.
Record
1973 5-3 2nd
1975 Not Held
1977 6-2 2nd
1979 7-0 1st
1981 6-1 2nd
1983 5-1 1st
1985 5-1 2nd
1987 4-1 5th
1991 8-0 1st
1993 6-2 3rd
1995 6-1 2nd
1997 6-0 1st
1999 4-2 2nd
2001 7-1 1st
2003 3-4 6th †
2005 7-0 1st
2007 4-3 6th ‡
2009 7-0 1st
2011 5–0 1st
2013 6–0 1st
2015 6–0 1st
†USA represented by Big-12 All-Star team
‡USA Represented by UNC Charlotte
1973
See also: Basketball at the 1973 Summer Universiade
Jill Upton was named the head coach, and Billie Jean Moore the assistant coach of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Moscow, Soviet Union in August 1973. The event, also called the Universiade, is the eighth event to have women's basketball, but the first in which the USA participated. The USA team was assigned to the same preliminary round group as the Soviet team, and drew them as their first opponent. The game was not close, as the USSR defeated the USA 92–43. The USA went on to defeat France and Mexico. Their 2–1 record qualified them for the medal round, but the rules of the competition carried the preliminary round results into the medal round, so they could not afford another loss. They won their next three games, all by single digit margins, against Bulgaria, Romania and Cuba. That performance qualified the USA team for the gold medal game, but it matched them up against undefeated USSR. While the game was closer, the Soviets were much too strong and won 82–44 to claim the gold. The USA team earned a silver medal in their first ever World University Games competition.
1977
See also: Basketball at the 1977 Summer Universiade
Lucille Kyvallos was named the head coach and Dixie Woodall the assistant coach of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Sofia, Bulgaria in August 1977. The event is also called the Universiade. The team started out strongly, winning their first three games against West German, Mexico, and China, by more than 30 points each. The fourth game, against Hungary was closer, but led by Carol Blazejowski's 31 points, the USA won by ten points. Moving on to the medal rounds, the USA drew Romania. That game was quite close, butt he USA won the game 76–73. The next opponent was the USSR, who had defeated the US in the prior University Games. The beginning was reasonably close, with the USA down by seven points at halftime, but despite getting 25 points from Ann Meyers, the USSR opened up the lead and won 103–78. The next opponent was Bulgaria, which stayed close, but the USA team won by three points. That set up a rematch with the Soviets for the gold medal. This time, the Soviets started out strong and had a 24-point lead at the half. Although the USA team would outscore USSR in the second half, they did not close the gap enough, and fell 107–90. The USSR defended their gold medal, and the USA team again won the silver medal. Blazejowski led the team in scoring with over 20 points per game. Charlotte Lewis led the team in rebounding with over nine per game.
1979
See also: Basketball at the 1979 Summer Universiade
Frances Garmon was named head coach and Kay Yow the assistant coach of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Mexico City, Mexico in August 1979. The opening game was against Costa Rica, and the USA almost outscored them by triple digits, falling just shy at 132–34. The next three games were closer, but all margins were in double digits. The fifth game was against the USSR, who had won the event in 1973 and 1977. The Soviet team led at halftime, but the USA team outscored the USSR by three points in the second half to win 83–81, the first win by the USA over the USSR in a major competition in two decades. The next game was a rematch against Canada, them team they had beaten by 14 points a few days earlier. This time the Canadian team would take a nine-point lead at halftime, but the USA team came back and won 68–60. The final game of the competition was against Cuba, which the USA won 73–60 to claim their first gold medal in a World University Games event.
1981
See also: Basketball at the 1979 Summer Universiade
Kay Yow was the head coach while Lorene Ramsey was the assistant coach of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Bucharest, Romania in July 1981. The team started with a game against Finland and won easily, 68–49. They trailed at halftime in their next game against China, but came back to win a close game 76–74. After beating Poland, they played Czechoslovakia in a game that was close at the half, but the USA team went on to win 86–67. In the following game against Canada, the USA team was again behind at the half, but played a close match in the second half and pulled ahead to win 79–76. Despite being undefeated, they needed a win against Romania to advance to the gold medal came. They had only a one-point lead at halftime, but went on to win 75–64 to meet the undefeated USSR for the gold medal. The USA fell behind by sixteen and could not close the gap—the USSR team won 98–79 to claim the gold medal, leaving the US with the silver. Denise Curry was the leading scorer for the USA team with 18.1 points per game. Anne Donovan led the team in rebounds with 6.7 per game.
1983
See also: Basketball at the 1983 Summer Universiade
Jill Hutchison was the head coach and Sylvia Hatchell was the assistant coach of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Edmonton, Canada in July 1983. The first game against Hong Kong was a mismatch—the USA team would outscore their opponents by triple digits, 134–23. Joyce Walker's 26 points alone were more than the entire Hong Kong team. The next two games against France and West Germany were closer, but the USA still won by 16 and 15 points respectively. The USA team faced Romania and lost by 14 points 85–71. The next opponent was Yugoslavia, which the USA needed to win to stay in medal contention. The game was close, but the USA won by a single point 86–85 to head to a rematch with Romania for the gold medal. The Romanian team started out strong, and held a six-point lead at halftime. The USA team came back, out scoring their opponents 47–19 in the second half, and won the game, earning the gold medal as a result. Walker was the leading scorer for the US with 13.8 points per game, but Deborah Temple Lee was close behind with 13.5 points per game.
1985
See also: Basketball at the 1985 Summer Universiade
C. Vivian Stringer was named the head coach while Hatchell repeated as the assistant coach of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Kobe, Japan in July 1985. The team won their three preliminary games with ease, beating the People's Republic of Korea, Yugoslavia and Great Britain by more than 25 points each. Their next game, against China, was much closer, but the USA team had balanced scoring, with five players in double figures for points, and won 83–78. The USA team played Canada in the semifinal, and again had five players with double-digit scoring, winning 85–61 to advance to the gold medal game against the USSR. The USA fell behind by as much as 18 points in the second half. They attempted a comeback, and cut the margin, but the USSR hit almost 55% of their shots and went on to claim the gold medal 87–81. The USA received the silver medal. Katrina McClain was the leading scorer and rebounder for the USA team with 17.3 points and 7.7 rebounds per game.
1987
See also: Basketball at the 1987 Summer Universiade
Linda Sharp was the head coach, with Colleen Riley serving as the assistant coach of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Zagreb, Yugoslavia in July 1987. The team started out with a 35-point victory over Poland and followed that with a 41-point victory over Finland. In the third game, the USA faced the host team Yugoslavia. The USA hit a high percentage of their shots from the free throw line, 16 of 19, but the Yugoslav team earned 43 shots from the line, of which they made 34. With a home crowd behind them, the game came down to the wire, and was tied at the end of regulation. In overtime, Yugoslavia outscored the US and won the game 93–89. The USA still had a chance to make it to the medal round, but to do so had to win their next game against China, and do so by at least five points. The USA fell behind, and were down 16 points at halftime. They fell behind by 20 at one point, but made up the deficit and more in the second half. They went on to win the game, but by only a single point 84–83. They won their final game against Canada, but this left them in fifth place, the first time ever the USA team did not win a medal at the World University Games.
1989
The 1989 event did not include women's basketball.
1991
See also: Basketball at the 1991 Summer Universiade
Tara VanDerveer was the head coach, with Charlene Curtis and Nancy Darsch serving as the assistant coaches of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Sheffield, England in July 1991. The USA team started out with a very strong offense, scoring over 100 points in each of the first four games. The fourth game was against the USSR, a team often challenging the US for the top spot, but the USA won 106–80 this time. The team fell short of 100 points in the game against Canada, but still won by 18 points. In the quarterfinal game, the USA won easily against Romania 135–53, with Ruthie Bolton scoring 40 points. The game against China was more of a challenge. The USA team shot poorly, hitting only 36% of their shots, but the defense held China to 35% shooting, and won a three-point game, 79–76. The gold medal match was against Spain, but the USA had a 13-point lead at halftime and won 88–62. Bolton was the highest scorer for the USA team with 14 points per game, but Lisa Leslie and Carolyn Jones were close behind with 13 points per game.
1993
See also: Basketball at the 1993 Summer Universiade
Joan Bonvicini was the head coach, with Dianne Nolan and Jane Albright serving as assistant coaches of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Buffalo, New York in July 1993. The USA opened with double-digit margin victories over Israel, Taiwan, and the Ukraine. Their next game was against Russia, and they held a single-point lead with just over ten minutes to go ant he game, but they finished strong, and won 72–55. The next game was against Cuba, which included sixth players from their 1992 Olympic team. The USA pulled out to a 15-point lead at halftime, and extended to an 18-point lead at one time, but Cuba proved to be too strong, and came back to defeat the USA 88–80. After beating Japan, the USA faced China, whose team also featured many members of their silver medal-winning Olympic team. The USA fell behind; their comeback attempt fell two points shy of tying the game. The final score in favor of China was 75–73. The opponent in the bronze medal game was Lithuania. The USA team won 83–73 to earn the bronze medal.
1995
See also: Basketball at the 1995 Summer Universiade
Sylvia Hatchell was the head coach, with assistants Jim Lewis, Kay James, and Clemette Haskins, of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Fukuoka, Japan in August and September 1995. The USA team won their first five games with ease, with only the 18-point victory over Yugoslavia in a quarterfinal match falling short of a 20-point margin of victory. In the semifinal against Russia, the team was behind for much of the first half and held only a two-point lead with under ten minutes to go, but then went on a 25–4 run to take control of the game. The final game, for the gold medal, was against Italy. The Italians started with a 12–2 run to open the game. The USA cut the lead, but were behind by nine points at the half. The USA took a lead in the second half, but the Italians responded with ten consecutive points and then held on to win the gold medal, leaving the US with the silver medal.
1997
See also: Basketball at the 1997 Summer Universiade
Jim Foster was named the head coach, with Ed Baldwin and Deb Patterson named assistant coaches of the USA representative to the World University Games, held in Marsala, Sicily, Italy. The USA team had not won gold in this biennial event since 1991. This year, the USA team would be dominant, with easy victories in all but one contest. After winning their first three contests by no fewer than 38 points, the USA team faced Russia. The game had five ties and 13 lead changes. Connecticut's Nykesha Sales led the scoring of the USA team with 17 points, hitting connective baskets in the second half to give the USA a lead it would not give up. The USA went on to win the game 78–70. The USA went on to win the two medal rounds games, with a 100–82 victory over Cuba to give the USA team the gold medal. Sales was the overall scoring leader of the team, with 18.3 points per game, while Kara Wolters led the team in rebounds, with 7.8 per game.
1999
See also: Basketball at the 1999 Summer Universiade
Rene Portland served as the head coach, with Bonnie Henrickson and Britt King as an assistant coaches, of the USA representative to the 1999 World University Games. The event was held in Palma de Mallorca, Spain. The USA team won their opening two games easily, including a mismatch against South Africa with a final score of 140–32, but lost against Ukraine, 81–70. They earned a position in the medal rounds and defeated Lithuania in the quarterfinals. USA then took on undefeated Russia and won a close game 87–79, setting up the championship game between the US and host Spain. After falling behind early, the USA team kept the game close, and got within five points with under two minutes to go, but Spain held on to win the gold medal. The USA team received the silver medal. Katie Douglas was the leading scorer for the USA team, with 17.6 points per game, while Brooke Wyckoff was the leading rebounder, with seven rebounds per game.
2001
See also: Basketball at the 2001 Summer Universiade
Debbie Ryan served as the head coach, while Lisa Bluder and Dee Stokes served as the assistant coaches of the USA representative to the 1999 World University Games. The event was held in Palma de Mallorca, Spain. The USA team opened with a 134–37 win over South Africa. The second game was against Canada, which the USA team lost in a close match 68–67. The USA could not afford to lose another game if they wished to win a medal, and won the next game against Japan 106–66. The USA next faced undefeated Russia, and fell behind by twelve points at halftime, but came back and won the game 79–68. The USA fell behind in their next game against undefeated China, but rallied and went on to win 89–78. The USA then beat Brazil to advance to the semi-final, where they faced Lithuania. The game was not close, with the USA winning 70–49. That set up a rematch with China, on their home court with 18,000 spectators. The USA only had a four-point lead at halftime, but did better in the second half, and won 87–69 to claim the gold medal. Ayana Walker set a World University Games record with 19 rebounds in the game. Walker was the leading scorer and rebounder for the USA team with 15.4 points and 8.6 rebounds per game.
2003
See also: Basketball at the 2003 Summer Universiade
The USA Basketball organization did not assemble a team themselves, but decided to send a team of All-Stars from the Big 12 Conference. The team record was 4–4, with wins over Canada, Hungary, Thailand, the Czech Republic and losses to China, Italy and two losses to Serbia and Montenegro
2005
See also: Basketball at the 2005 Summer Universiade
Kathy Delaney-Smith served as the head coach, with Pokey Chatman and Cathy Inglese as assistant coaches of the USA representative to the World University Games held in Izmir, Turkey in August 2005. The team won their first game against the Czech Republic 88–64; the 24-point margin in that contest would be the closest any team would come to beating the USA until the gold-medal final. After defeating South Africa, China, and Poland to move on to the quarterfinals, they then beat Taiwan and Russia – each by more than 50 points. This set up the championship game with Serbia & Montenegro which the USA won 79–63 to complete a 7–0 record and win the gold medal. Sylvia Fowles would lead the USA team in both points and rebounds, with fifteen points and 7.3 rebounds per game.
2007
See also: Basketball at the 2007 Summer Universiade
The USA Basketball organization did not assemble a team themselves, but decided to send UNC Charlotte to represent the USA. The Charlotte 49ers finished 4–3, in sixth place.
2009
See also: Basketball at the 2009 Summer Universiade
2009 roster
Number
Name
Pos
Height
Weight
Date of birth
Grad.
School
Hometown
12
Tina Charles
C
6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
193
December 5, 1988
2010
Connecticut
Jamaica, NY
5
Alexis Gray-Lawson
G
5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)
160
April 21, 1987
2010
California
Oakland, CA
8
Tiffany Hayes
G
5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
140
September 20, 1989
2012
Connecticut
Lakeland, FL
4
Ashley Houts
G
5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)
144
December 31, 1987
2010
Georgia
Trenton, GA
14
Jantel Lavender
C
6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
210
November 12, 1988
2011
Ohio State
Cleveland, OH
6
Danielle McCray
G/F
5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
169
October 8, 1987
2010
Kansas
Olathe, KS
13
Jacinta Monroe
F/C
6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
166
September 4, 1988
2010
Florida State
Ft. Lauderdale, FL
9
Maya Moore
F
6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)
170
June 11, 1989
2011
Connecticut
Lawrenceville, GA
11
Kayla Pedersen
G/F
6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
195
April 14, 1989
2011
Stanford
FountainHills, AZ
15
Ta’Shia Phillips
C
6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
225
January 24, 1989
2011
Xavier
Indianapolis, IN
10
Jeanette Pohlen
G
5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
168
May 2, 1989
2011
Stanford
Brea, CA
7
Danielle Robinson
G
5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)
130
May 10, 1989
2011
Oklahoma
SanJose, CA
Charli Turner Thorne, head coach of 2009 USA World University Games team
Coaching Staff
Position
Name
School or location
Head coach
Charli Turner Thorne
Arizona State University
Assistant coach
Suzy Merchant
Michigan State University
Assistant coach
Julie Rousseau
Pepperdine University
Team Doctor
Mark Hutchinson
University of Illinois–Chicago
Athletic Trainer
Kelley Etheridge
Hiram, Georgia
Eligibility – The participants must be born between January 1, 1985, and December 31, 1991
2009 games
The twelve-player squad started the official games in Belgrade, Serbia one player down. Maya Moore, the consensus player of the year, sprained a knee in a scrimmage with Australia. She was listed as day-to-day, but was never cleared to play. The first official game was against France. The USA won easily 115–30, behind double-digit scoring from five players – Tina Charles (18), Jantel Lavender (16), Jacinta Monroe (16), Tiffany Hayes(15), and Alexis Gray-Lawson (14).
On July 2, 2009, the USA team played Great Britain. As with the previous game against France, this game was not in much doubt after the first few minutes; USA prevailed 93–59. The USA team's offense was led by three double-digit scorers – Jantel Lavender (17), Danielle McCray (15) and Ta'Shia Phillips (11) – but USA coach Charli Turner Thorne credited the win to defense. The third game was against the hosts, Serbia. The USA led at the end of the first quarter 20–14, the smallest lead at that point of the first three games. The USA team increased its lead, and ended with an 84–50 win.
After a day off, USA would resume against Poland. The USA won 75–67 in their closest match so far. Tina Charles had double-digit scoring and double-digit rebounding (12 and 10), and Danielle McCray also scored 12 points. After defeating Poland by nine, the USA team faced the Czech Republic, undefeated, with a 13-point win over Poland. But the USA did not have any difficulty in dispatching the Czech team, winning 115–78. The USA team had five players in double figures, led by Tina Charles with 20 points. USA head coach Charli Turner Thorne credited the rebounding, noting that the USA team out-rebounded the Czech team by 30. Tiffany Hayes (16), Danielle McCray (15), Ashley Houts (13), and Jantel Lavender (10) were the other double-digit scorers.
Early in the semifinal game against Australia, the USA team found itself behind 13–9. They went on a 25–0 run to open up a large lead, and went on to win 81–66 and headed to the gold medal game. In the gold medal game, the USA team faced a Russian team that had played together for years. The first quarter would be close, with the Russian team leading 22–20 at the end of the first quarter, the first time in the tournament the USA team had been behind at the end of any quarter. Russia continued to build upon its lead, scoring six straight points to open the second quarter, but the USA team would follow with a 19–3 run to recapture the lead. The USA team went into halftime with an eight-point lead, and started the third quarter with a 9–0 run. The team was led by Tina Charles, scoring 28 points with 18 rebounds, characterized as a "monster performance" by sportswriters. Jantel Lavender and Kayla Petersen also contributed double-digit scoring.
2009 statistics
USA World University Games Team Statistics
#
Player
GP
GS
Min
Avg
Tot FG
Tot FGA
Tot Pct
3FG
3FGA
3Pct
FT
FTA
Pct
Off R
Def R
Tot R
Avg R
PF
FO
A
TO
Blk
Stl
Pts
Avg
12
CHARLES, Tina
7
5
133
19.0
47
94
0.500
0
0
0.000
19
29
0.655
22
35
57
8.1
10
0
5
18
1
8
113
16.1
6
McCRAY, Danielle
7
5
122
17.4
32
57
0.561
7
15
0.467
13
16
0.813
14
12
26
3.7
15
0
11
16
1
8
84
12.0
14
LAVENDER, Jantel
7
4
114
16.3
24
51
0.471
0
0
0.000
25
29
0.862
15
35
50
7.1
6
1
10
7
0
4
73
10.4
8
HAYES, Tiffany
7
0
132
18.9
20
49
0.408
9
22
0.409
12
20
0.600
4
16
20
2.9
16
0
13
13
2
12
61
8.7
4
HOUTS, Ashley
7
3
135
19.3
20
38
0.526
8
17
0.471
10
11
0.909
5
8
13
1.9
10
0
11
14
0
12
58
8.3
5
GRAY-LAWSON, Alexis
7
3
141
20.1
18
45
0.400
8
17
0.471
11
12
0.917
20
10
30
4.3
13
0
9
7
0
10
55
7.9
13
MONROE, Jacinta
7
1
108
15.4
19
33
0.576
0
0
0.000
13
17
0.765
11
23
34
4.9
7
0
4
8
2
9
51
7.3
11
PEDERSEN, Kayla
7
4
141
20.1
16
36
0.444
1
3
0.333
17
19
0.895
13
32
45
6.4
8
0
3
6
0
5
50
7.1
10
POHLEN, Jeanette
7
6
161
23.0
11
26
0.423
7
19
0.368
6
6
1.000
12
11
23
3.3
11
0
21
9
1
11
35
5.0
15
PHILLIPS, Ta'Shia
7
0
66
9.4
13
29
0.448
0
0
0.000
8
19
0.421
15
14
29
4.1
9
0
3
9
3
2
34
4.9
7
ROBINSON, Danielle
7
4
147
21.0
12
34
0.353
0
0
0.000
8
15
0.533
3
9
12
1.7
13
0
23
9
2
16
32
4.6
TEAM
0
0
0
0
1
0
Total
7
1400
232
492
0.472
40
93
0.430
142
193
0.736
134
205
339
48.4
119
1
113
116
12
97
646
(92.3)
Opponents
7
1400
152
400
0.380
23
95
0.242
87
116
0.750
58
135
193
27.6
152
-
71
155
11
56
414
(59.1)
2011
See also: Basketball at the 2011 Summer Universiade
Although the USA representatives to the World University games had seven gold medals in prior events, no team had successfully defended a gold medal. The 2011 team went to China, following a 2009 gold medal performance, with a mission to be the first team to defend the title. The head coach was Bill Fennelly, the head coach of Iowa State, assisted by Suzie McConnell-Serio of Duquesne University and Terri Williams-Flournoy head coach of Georgetown University.
The first game was against Brazil. The USA team opened strong, and led the game 25–6 by the end of the first quarter. Although Brazil tried to come back in the second quarter, the USA scored 17 consecutive points to put the game out of reach. Elena Delle Donne, playing in her first USA game, led all scorers with 17 points. Four other players scored in double digits, as the team rolled to a 112–53 victory.
In the second game, against Slovakia, the USA team also shattered the 100 point mark, with six players in double-figures, led by Skylar Diggins, Nnemkadi Ogwumike and Devereaux Peters with 14 points each. The Slovakia team kept the game close through the first quarter, but the USA team started the second quarter on a 7–0 run and later went on a 15–0 run to extend the margin. The USA ended with a 114–63 win.
The third game was the last game in the pool play, leading up to the medal round. The USA opponent was Great Britain. While the Great Britain team held the US to under 100 points for the first time in the competition, they only managed 33 points. Bill Fennelly felt it was the team's best defensive effort. The score was reasonably close early in the second quarter with the USA team only up by ten, but the team extended the lead to a 53–17 halftime score. The USA team held their opponents to 18% field goal shooting. The final score, in favor of the USA was 85–33.
In the quarter-final game against Finland, the result was never really in doubt. The USA team scored 21 points before the team from Finland scored. Both Elena Delle Donne and Devereaux Peters scored 17 points to help lead the USA team to a 96–30 victory.
The USA team faced Australia in the semi-final game. After not being seriously challenged in their first four games, the Australians put up a strong fight. They took the initial lead. The USA team came back, but held only a slim three-point lead at the end of the first quarter. The second quarter was close, with the USA extending the lead by one more point to lead 31–27 at the half. The USA started out the second half on a 9–0 run, but the Aussies did not quit. They responded with an 11–3 run of their own, and cut the lead to five points late in the third quarter. The USA lead was only seven points at the beginning of the final quarter, but Nnemkadi Ogwumike started a 9–0 run which put the USA into a more comfortable lead. The final score was 79–67, and the USA team would head to the gold medal game.
The gold medal game was anticlimactic after their reasonably close call against Australia. Their opponent was Taiwan, who had never before won a medal at the World University Games. Elena Delle Donne scored 18 points, added 11 rebounds and had eight assists, while Nnemkadi Ogwumike poured in 24 points. The USA team had a nine-point lead at the end of the first quarter, quickly extended it to a double-digit lead, and won easily 101–66 to win the gold medal. Elena Delle Donne was the leading scorer and rebounder for the USA team, averaging almost 16 points per game and over 8 rebounds per game.
2013
See also: Basketball at the 2013 Summer Universiade
The twelve players selected to represent the US at the 2013 World University Games have been named:
Crystal Bradford—Central Michigan University
Aaryn Ellenberg—University of Oklahoma
Reshanda Gray—University of California
Cassie Harberts—University of Southern California
Bria Hartley—University of Connecticut
Jordan Hooper—University of Nebraska
Tricia Liston—Duke University
Ariel Massengale—University of Tennessee
Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis—University of Connecticut
Theresa Plaisance—Louisiana State University
Shoni Schimmel—University of Louisville
Odyssey Sims—Baylor University
The coaches were:
Head coach: Sherri Coale, University of Oklahoma
Assistant coach: Brian Giorgis, Marist College
Assistant coach: Coquese Washington, Penn State University
2013 pool play
The USA's first opponent in pool play was Mali, in an opening round game held on July 8, 2013. The game started with runs by each team. Mali scored five points before the USA team got on the board, but the USA responded with an 18–0 run. Mali then had a 7–0 run of their own, and the USA team ended the quarter with a 10–0 run. The USA would go on a 25–0 run, starting near the end of the half and extending into the third period. Despite a large lead, the USA was even more dominant in the fourth period, holding the opponents to just four points. Overall, the USA shot well, hitting almost two-thirds of their shot attempts. Six USA players scored in double digits, led by Bria Hartley with 17. Shoni Schimmel had nine assists as part of a team total of 34 assists, setting a USA basketball WUG record, previously 27 assist in a game.
The second game of the pool play was against the Czech Republic. The USA team started out scoring the first eight points, a layup by Theresa Plaisance followed by three-pointers by Aaryn Ellenberg and Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis before the Czech team scored. The USA team had a 13-point lead when Mosqueda-Lewis went on a 10–0 run of her own, scoring the last eight points of the first half and the first two points of the second half. Mosqueda-Lewis ended up as the team scoring leader with 19 points. The USA team went on to win by 40 points, 101–61.
In the final game of pool play, the USA was matched against Brazil. The USA team jumped out to a 10–0 lead, and extended the lead to 24 points by halftime. Aaryn Ellenberg hit five of her nine three-point attempts, and scored 19 points, all in the first half. Odyssey Sims recorded ten assists, tying the World University Games record by a USA player set by Kamie Ethridge in 1985. The USA continued to shoot well, hitting almost 49% of their shots, but allowed Brazil to nit 47% of the shots, the highest percentage allowed by the US to date. The USA won the game 105–75 to advance to the quarter finals.
2013 medal rounds
The USA faced Sweden in the quarterfinals. The USA team scored the first seven points of the game, but Sweden fought back to within two points at the end of the first quarter. The USA team extended the lead to double digits by halftime, then expanded the lead, winning the game 103–72. Odyssey Sims hit all nine of her free throw attempts and scored a total of 20 points to lead the USA team in scoring. The win advanced the USA team to the semifinals.
The USA team faced Australia in the semifinals. The Australian team started strong, opening up a lead as large as nine points in the first half. The USA team fought back, and were within a single point 33–32 at halftime. The USA team appeared to cruise in the second half, opening up a 13-point lead by the end of the third quarter, and extending the lead to 17 points with just over seven minutes to go in the game. Then the Australian team scored ten consecutive points to cut the lead to seven. Bria Hartley made a three-point lead to push the lead back to double digits, but the team from Australia, led by Marianna Tolo, continued to chip away, and scored 14 of the next 16 points to take a two-point lead with just over a minute remaining. After hitting a free throw to cut the lead to a single point, the USA team forced a 24-second violation and got the ball back. Crystal Bradford missed a shot but put back her own rebound to give the USA a slim one-point lead. Tolo missed a shot which would have given the Aussies the lead, and Odyssey Sims wrested the rebound away from the Australians, but the refs signaled a held ball. The possession arrow was in favor of the Australians, so they had one more shot at a basket. Tolo missed, and this time Sims secured the rebound cleanly, and ran out the clock for a 79–78 win for the USA team.
The win set up the gold medal match between the US and the host team, Russia. The Russians had a significant height advantage with a cumulative 2.5 feet of height over the USA team, led by 6' 7" center Natalia Vieru. The two teams had played each other on July 5 in an informal scrimmage, in which the Russian team had won 83–78. After trading opening baskets, the USA team pulled out to a ten-point lead after four minutes of play. The Russians cut the lead down to five points, but a three-pointer by Mosqueda-Lewis at the end of the quarter pushed the lead back to nine points. In the second period, the Russians cut the lead to as little as four points, but the USA responded, and extended the lead to 14 points at the half. The second half started even, but the Russians cut the lead back to single digits 50–42. Then Hartley, who would end up with a game-high 17 points, hit the next five points to extend the lead. The USA team closed the period with an 8–0 run to push the lead up to 21 points. After seeing the Australians eliminate a 17-point lead, even a 21-point lead did not seem secure, but this time the USA team held strong, and played roughly even though the period. The final score would be 90–71 in favor of the US, giving the USA team the gold medal. Odyssey Sims, along with Russia’s Tatiana Grigorveya, shared the MYP honors.
2015
See also: Basketball at the 2015 Summer Universiade
Courtney Williams driving in the World University gold medal game against Canada
The 2015 World University Games were held in Seoul, South Korea July 5–13, 2015.
The twelve players selected to represent the US at the 2015 World University Games are:
Jordin Canada—UCLA
Nina Davis—Baylor
Diamond DeShields—Tennessee
Katie Hempen—Arizona State
Chanise Jenkins—DePaul
Brionna Jones—Maryland
Erica McCall—Stanford
Aerial Powers—Michigan State
Courtney Range—University of California
Mercedes Russell—Tennessee
Sydney Wiese—Oregon State
Courtney M. Williams—South Florida
The coaching staff:
Head coach: Joe McKeown—Northwestern University
Assistant coach: Holly Warlick—University of Tennessee
Assistant coach: Tanya Warren—University of Northern Iowa
Team Physician: Bill Kuprevich
Trainer: Nicole Alexander—University of North Carolina
2015 pool play
Mercedes Russell with coach Holly Warlick after the World University gold medal game in South Korea
The USA team played Italy in the opening game. After the USA team took an initial lead, the Italian team started making three-pointers, and led by as many as six points. The lead was cut to a single point at the end of the first quarter. In the second quarter, led by Powers, the USA team retook the lead and led by nine points at halftime. In the third period, Italy outscored the US by a single point. The lead was cut to six points in the final period, but the USA held on, led by 22 points each from Powers and McCall, and won 80–68. In the second game the USA faced China. The Chinese team open strong, with a 9–2 lead early, but the USA put together a 14–0 run to take the lead. The score was tied at 23 all at the end of the first quarter. USA had a five-point lead at the half an increase that by points at the third quarter mark. The USA won the game with a score of 90–75. Williams was a high scorer with 18 points, while four other players also scored in double digits. Russell was the team leader in rebounds with 15.
The USA team faced the Czech Republic in the final game of pool play. Both teams were undefeated going into the game. The game started out strongly in favor of the USA. The team hit 14 of the 15 field-goal attempts to open up a 30–15 lead at the end of the first quarter. The USA was successful in the post with Russell going nine for 11 and Jones going six for 11. Powers also had a solid game heading seven of her nine shots. Jones and Russell each had double doubles for the game. The USA won 92–54.
2015 medal rounds
Team accepting gold medal at the 2015 World University Games in South Korea
The USA faced Hungary in the quarterfinals. The USA started out slowly, with only a three-point lead on occasion in the first quarter. Wiese came in off the bench and hit a pair of three-pointers to help spark the US team, but they were only up by five at the end of the first quarter. The lead extended to double digits by the first half but the US a team really get going in the third quarter with both offense and defense. Hungary would only score 7 points in the third quarter, while the USA scored 16 consecutive points in five minutes. Jones was the leading scorer with 15 points, one of four USA players with double digit points. The team held Hungary to 27% field-goal shooting for the game. USA team won the game 84–43 to advance to the semifinal.
The semifinal game featured USA versus Japan. In the first quarter Japan seemed unable to miss as they raced out to a 30–16 first-quarter lead, and led by as many as 15 points. The USA cut into the lead in the second, but Japan still held a seven-point lead at halftime. The USA even the score in the second half in the teens traded leads in the fourth quarter. The USA had a narrow lead late but Japan tied up the game with just over ten seconds to go in regulation. The USA had the ball and a play was set up for Russell but the shot was missed in the game went to overtime.
The USA opened up a small five-point lead in overtime and held a four-point lead with 80 seconds left on the clock but they were unable to score again in the period. With the game tied Russell secured a rebound, missed a shot when McCall went for the rebound. She was fouled attempting to get the rebound and went to the line with no time left on the clock. She had two shots, either of which would end the game. Unfortunately, she missed both, and the game went to a second overtime. In the second overtime the USA scored early and built the lead to eight points but Japan did not quit, and cut the lead to two points with 10 seconds to go in the game. They were forced to foul; Williams hit two free throws to secure a 102–98 victory and a trip to the gold-medal game.
Canada faced the US in the gold-medal game. The first three quarters the game were quite close with four ties and four lead changes. In the fourth quarter the USA exploded for 34 points to pull out to a large lead, and won the gold-medal with a score of 82–63. Powers was the scoring star for the US with 27 points. Williams recorded a double double with 15 points and 10 rebounds.
See also
USA Basketball
Women's Basketball at the World University Games
USA Women’s R. William Jones Cup Team
USA Women's Pan American Team
Notes
^ "World University Games attract seven McGill athletes". Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ "USA Women's World University Games Team History". Archived from the original on October 7, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
^ a b "Big 12 Conference Women To Represent USA At The 2003 World University Games". Big 12 Conference. June 23, 2003. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
^ "49ers To Represent USA Women's Basketball at 2007 Summer Universiade in Bangkok". Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ a b "USA Defeats Canada, 82-63, To Capture Gold At the World University Games". USA Basketball. July 13, 2015. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
^ The 1975 competition included only Track and field
^ "2005 World University Games Team USA Media Gui" (PDF). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2006. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
^ "Team USA Tops Hungary in World University Games Opener". Retrieved June 28, 2009.
^ "Team USA Women's Basketball Falls to Italy at World University Games". Retrieved June 28, 2009.
^ "Team USA Offense Sparks 104-63 Win Over Thailand". Retrieved June 28, 2009.
^ "China Offensive Attack Tops USA 97-54". Retrieved June 28, 2009.
^ "The Big 12 All-Stars' Second-Half Scoring Drought Gives Serbia-Montenegro 74-61 Win". Retrieved June 28, 2009.
^ "Big 12 All-Stars Earn 72-56 Win Over Czech Republic For The USA". Retrieved June 28, 2009.
^ "Big 12 All-Stars Edged 72-70 In Serbia-Montenegro Rematch". Retrieved June 28, 2009.
^ "Team USA Pounds Turkey, 81-62". Atlantic10 Conference. August 15, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
^ a b "Team USA Finishes Sixth With Loss To Chinese Taipei". The University of North Carolina at Charlotte. August 17, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
^ "Eighth World University Games -- 1973". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
^ "Ninth World University Games -- 1977". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
^ "Tenth World University Games -- 1979". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
^ "Eleventh World University Games -- 1981". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
^ "Twelfth World University Games -- 1983". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
^ "Thirteenth World University Games -- 1985". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
^ "Fourteenth World University Games -- 1987". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
^ The XV Games in Duisburg, West Germany included only four sports, not including women's basketball
^ "Fifteenth World University Games -- 1991". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
^ "Sixteenth World University Games -- 1993". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
^ "Seventeenth World University Games -- 1995". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
^ "Eighteenth World University Games -- 1997". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
^ "Nineteenth World University Games -- 1999". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
^ "Twentieth World University Games -- 2001". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
^ "Twenty-Second World University Games -- 2005". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
^ "Basketball". Retrieved July 12, 2009.
^ "UConn's Maya Moore Sitting Out Tournament With Knee Injury". Retrieved July 12, 2009.
^ "USA Women Cruise To Easy 115-30 Win". Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
^ "USA Women's World University Games Team Downs Great Britain 93-59". Archived from the original on July 6, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
^ "USA Women Power Past Host Serbia 84-50". Archived from the original on July 6, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
^ "USA Women Fight Off Poland, Remain Undefeated With 75-67 Win". Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
^ "Basketball Daily Competition Schedule". Retrieved July 12, 2009.
^ "USA Women Crush Czech Republic 115-78". Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
^ "USA Women Advance Undefeated". Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
^ "Tina Charles leads USA to World Games championship". Retrieved July 12, 2009.
^ "USA Women Capture 2009 World University Games Gold Medal". Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
^ Archived 2016-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
^ "2011 USA Women's World University Games Team Rolls To 112-53 Opening Victory Over South American Rival Brazil". USA Basketball. August 14, 2011. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
^ "Balanced Scoring Leads USA Women To 114-63 Victory Over Slovakia". USA Basketball. August 15, 2011. Archived from the original on September 1, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
^ "USA Women Break From Great Britain 85-33, Advance To Medal Quarterfinals". USA Basketball. August 16, 2011. Archived from the original on September 1, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
^ "USA Women Advance To Medal Semifinals After Flying Past Finland 96-30". USA Basketball. August 18, 2011. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
^ "USA Women Advance Past Australia 79-67 And Into Gold Medal Game". USA Basketball. August 19, 2011. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
^ "USA Women Claim Gold With 101-66 Victory Over Taiwan". USA Basketball. August 21, 2011. Archived from the original on September 1, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
^ "Twenty-Sixth World University Games -- 2011". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 28, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
^ Robinson, M (May 19, 2013). "USA Women's World University Games team roster set". Swish Appeal. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
^ "USA Basketball Women's World University Games Team Roster". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on October 7, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
^ "Sherri Coale Tabbed Head Coach Of 2013 USA Women's World University Games Team". USA Basketball. March 12, 2013. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
^ "Selfless Offense Carries USA Women's World University Games Team To 120-32 Victory Over Mali". USA Basketball. July 8, 2013. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
^ "USA Women's World University Games Team Starts Fast, Doesn't Look Back In 101-61 Win Over Czech Republic". USA Basketball. July 9, 2013. Archived from the original on July 10, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
^ "USA Women's World University Games Team Closes Preliminary Round Play Undefeated With 105-75 Win Against Brazil". USA Basketball. July 10, 2013. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
^ "Hooper Helps USA Women Advance to World University Games Semifinals". North Platte Post. July 12, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
^ Adamec, Carl (July 13, 2013). "USA survives to reach WUG gold-medal game". SNY.TV. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
^ Michaelson, Lee (July 16, 2013). "U.S. women storm to World University Games gold". FullCourt.com. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
^ "USA Women's World University Games Team Ready For South Korea". USA Basketball. June 27, 2015. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
^ a b "2015 USA Basketball Women's World University Games Team". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
^ "USA Women's World University Games Team Muscles Past Italy, 80-68". USA Basketball. July 4, 2015. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
^ "USA Women's World University Games Team Wins Second Straight, Topples China, 90-75". USA Basketball. July 6, 2015. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
^ "USA Women's World University Games Team Remains Unbeaten, Routs Czech Republic 92-54". USA Basketball. July 7, 2015. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
^ "USA Women's World University Games Team Uses Dominant Defense To Knock Off Hungary In Quarterfinals, 84-43". USA Basketball. July 9, 2015. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
^ "USA Women's World University Games Team Survives Double-Overtime Thriller Against Japan, 102-98". USA Basketball. July 11, 2015. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
External links
Official website
Quotes from coach and players | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USA Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Basketball"},{"link_name":"Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"VII Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUG_history-2"},{"link_name":"Big 12 Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12_Conference"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Big_12-3"},{"link_name":"Charlotte 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_49ers"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Seoul, South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul,_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Joe McKeown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_McKeown"},{"link_name":"Holly Warlick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Warlick"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_WUG_Canada-5"}],"text":"The USA Women’s World University Games Team is one of the teams under the auspices of the USA Basketball organization. The Universiade is an international, multi-sport event for university students, generally held every other year since 1959. It is second only to the Olympics in number of participants.[1] The United States has participated in women's basketball since their first participation in 1973 at the VII Summer Universiade. USA Basketball has organized the participation except for 2003 and 2007.[2] In 2003 an All-Star team selected from the Big 12 Conference represented the US in Daegu, South Korea.[3] In 2007, the Charlotte 49ers, the basketball team at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, represented the USA[4] in Bangkok, Thailand.The 2015 World University Games were held in Seoul, South Korea July 5–13, 2015. The head coach of the USA team was Joe McKeown, while Holly Warlick and Tanya Warren were the assistant coaches. The USA won the gold medal.[5]","title":"United States women's World University Games basketball team"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_Turkey_2007-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taipei_2007-16"}],"text":"1973 5-3 2nd \n1975 Not Held[6][7]\n1977 6-2 2nd \n1979 7-0 1st \n1981 6-1 2nd \n1983 5-1 1st \n1985 5-1 2nd \n1987 4-1 5th\n1991 8-0 1st \n1993 6-2 3rd \n1995 6-1 2nd \n1997 6-0 1st \n1999 4-2 2nd \n2001 7-1 1st \n2003 3-4 6th †\n2005 7-0 1st \n2007 4-3 6th ‡\n2009 7-0 1st \n2011 5–0 1st \n2013 6–0 1st \n2015 6–0 1st†USA represented by Big-12 All-Star team[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]\n‡USA Represented by UNC Charlotte[15][16]","title":"Record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 1973 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1973_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"Billie Jean Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Jean_Moore"},{"link_name":"Moscow, Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow,_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiade"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUG_1973-17"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 1973 Summer UniversiadeJill Upton was named the head coach, and Billie Jean Moore the assistant coach of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Moscow, Soviet Union in August 1973. The event, also called the Universiade, is the eighth event to have women's basketball, but the first in which the USA participated. The USA team was assigned to the same preliminary round group as the Soviet team, and drew them as their first opponent. The game was not close, as the USSR defeated the USA 92–43. The USA went on to defeat France and Mexico. Their 2–1 record qualified them for the medal round, but the rules of the competition carried the preliminary round results into the medal round, so they could not afford another loss. They won their next three games, all by single digit margins, against Bulgaria, Romania and Cuba. That performance qualified the USA team for the gold medal game, but it matched them up against undefeated USSR. While the game was closer, the Soviets were much too strong and won 82–44 to claim the gold. The USA team earned a silver medal in their first ever World University Games competition.[17]","title":"1973"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 1977 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1977_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"Lucille Kyvallos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_Kyvallos"},{"link_name":"Sofia, Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiade"},{"link_name":"Carol Blazejowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Blazejowski"},{"link_name":"Ann Meyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Meyers"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Lewis_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUG_1977-18"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 1977 Summer UniversiadeLucille Kyvallos was named the head coach and Dixie Woodall the assistant coach of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Sofia, Bulgaria in August 1977. The event is also called the Universiade. The team started out strongly, winning their first three games against West German, Mexico, and China, by more than 30 points each. The fourth game, against Hungary was closer, but led by Carol Blazejowski's 31 points, the USA won by ten points. Moving on to the medal rounds, the USA drew Romania. That game was quite close, butt he USA won the game 76–73. The next opponent was the USSR, who had defeated the US in the prior University Games. The beginning was reasonably close, with the USA down by seven points at halftime, but despite getting 25 points from Ann Meyers, the USSR opened up the lead and won 103–78. The next opponent was Bulgaria, which stayed close, but the USA team won by three points. That set up a rematch with the Soviets for the gold medal. This time, the Soviets started out strong and had a 24-point lead at the half. Although the USA team would outscore USSR in the second half, they did not close the gap enough, and fell 107–90. The USSR defended their gold medal, and the USA team again won the silver medal. Blazejowski led the team in scoring with over 20 points per game. Charlotte Lewis led the team in rebounding with over nine per game.[18]","title":"1977"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 1979 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1979_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"Kay Yow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Yow"},{"link_name":"Mexico City, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City,_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUG_1979-19"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 1979 Summer UniversiadeFrances Garmon was named head coach and Kay Yow the assistant coach of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Mexico City, Mexico in August 1979. The opening game was against Costa Rica, and the USA almost outscored them by triple digits, falling just shy at 132–34. The next three games were closer, but all margins were in double digits. The fifth game was against the USSR, who had won the event in 1973 and 1977. The Soviet team led at halftime, but the USA team outscored the USSR by three points in the second half to win 83–81, the first win by the USA over the USSR in a major competition in two decades. The next game was a rematch against Canada, them team they had beaten by 14 points a few days earlier. This time the Canadian team would take a nine-point lead at halftime, but the USA team came back and won 68–60. The final game of the competition was against Cuba, which the USA won 73–60 to claim their first gold medal in a World University Games event.[19]","title":"1979"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 1979 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1979_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"Kay Yow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Yow"},{"link_name":"Lorene Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorene_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"Bucharest, Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest,_Romania"},{"link_name":"Denise Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Curry"},{"link_name":"Anne Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Donovan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUG_1981-20"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 1979 Summer UniversiadeKay Yow was the head coach while Lorene Ramsey was the assistant coach of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Bucharest, Romania in July 1981. The team started with a game against Finland and won easily, 68–49. They trailed at halftime in their next game against China, but came back to win a close game 76–74. After beating Poland, they played Czechoslovakia in a game that was close at the half, but the USA team went on to win 86–67. In the following game against Canada, the USA team was again behind at the half, but played a close match in the second half and pulled ahead to win 79–76. Despite being undefeated, they needed a win against Romania to advance to the gold medal came. They had only a one-point lead at halftime, but went on to win 75–64 to meet the undefeated USSR for the gold medal. The USA fell behind by sixteen and could not close the gap—the USSR team won 98–79 to claim the gold medal, leaving the US with the silver. Denise Curry was the leading scorer for the USA team with 18.1 points per game. Anne Donovan led the team in rebounds with 6.7 per game.[20]","title":"1981"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 1983 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1983_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"Jill Hutchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Hutchison"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Hatchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Hatchell"},{"link_name":"Edmonton, Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton,_Canada"},{"link_name":"Joyce Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Walker"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUG_1983-21"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 1983 Summer UniversiadeJill Hutchison was the head coach and Sylvia Hatchell was the assistant coach of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Edmonton, Canada in July 1983. The first game against Hong Kong was a mismatch—the USA team would outscore their opponents by triple digits, 134–23. Joyce Walker's 26 points alone were more than the entire Hong Kong team. The next two games against France and West Germany were closer, but the USA still won by 16 and 15 points respectively. The USA team faced Romania and lost by 14 points 85–71. The next opponent was Yugoslavia, which the USA needed to win to stay in medal contention. The game was close, but the USA won by a single point 86–85 to head to a rematch with Romania for the gold medal. The Romanian team started out strong, and held a six-point lead at halftime. The USA team came back, out scoring their opponents 47–19 in the second half, and won the game, earning the gold medal as a result. Walker was the leading scorer for the US with 13.8 points per game, but Deborah Temple Lee was close behind with 13.5 points per game.[21]","title":"1983"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 1985 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1985_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"C. Vivian Stringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Vivian_Stringer"},{"link_name":"Kobe, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe,_Japan"},{"link_name":"Katrina McClain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_McClain"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUG_1985-22"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 1985 Summer UniversiadeC. Vivian Stringer was named the head coach while Hatchell repeated as the assistant coach of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Kobe, Japan in July 1985. The team won their three preliminary games with ease, beating the People's Republic of Korea, Yugoslavia and Great Britain by more than 25 points each. Their next game, against China, was much closer, but the USA team had balanced scoring, with five players in double figures for points, and won 83–78. The USA team played Canada in the semifinal, and again had five players with double-digit scoring, winning 85–61 to advance to the gold medal game against the USSR. The USA fell behind by as much as 18 points in the second half. They attempted a comeback, and cut the margin, but the USSR hit almost 55% of their shots and went on to claim the gold medal 87–81. The USA received the silver medal. Katrina McClain was the leading scorer and rebounder for the USA team with 17.3 points and 7.7 rebounds per game.[22]","title":"1985"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 1987 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1987_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"Linda Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Sharp"},{"link_name":"Zagreb, Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb,_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUG_1987-23"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 1987 Summer UniversiadeLinda Sharp was the head coach, with Colleen Riley serving as the assistant coach of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Zagreb, Yugoslavia in July 1987. The team started out with a 35-point victory over Poland and followed that with a 41-point victory over Finland. In the third game, the USA faced the host team Yugoslavia. The USA hit a high percentage of their shots from the free throw line, 16 of 19, but the Yugoslav team earned 43 shots from the line, of which they made 34. With a home crowd behind them, the game came down to the wire, and was tied at the end of regulation. In overtime, Yugoslavia outscored the US and won the game 93–89. The USA still had a chance to make it to the medal round, but to do so had to win their next game against China, and do so by at least five points. The USA fell behind, and were down 16 points at halftime. They fell behind by 20 at one point, but made up the deficit and more in the second half. They went on to win the game, but by only a single point 84–83. They won their final game against Canada, but this left them in fifth place, the first time ever the USA team did not win a medal at the World University Games.[23]","title":"1987"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1989_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The 1989 event did not include women's basketball.[24]","title":"1989"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 1991 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1991_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"Tara VanDerveer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_VanDerveer"},{"link_name":"Nancy Darsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Darsch"},{"link_name":"Sheffield, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield,_England"},{"link_name":"Ruthie Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthie_Bolton"},{"link_name":"Lisa Leslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Leslie"},{"link_name":"Carolyn Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Jones-Young"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUG_1991-25"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 1991 Summer UniversiadeTara VanDerveer was the head coach, with Charlene Curtis and Nancy Darsch serving as the assistant coaches of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Sheffield, England in July 1991. The USA team started out with a very strong offense, scoring over 100 points in each of the first four games. The fourth game was against the USSR, a team often challenging the US for the top spot, but the USA won 106–80 this time. The team fell short of 100 points in the game against Canada, but still won by 18 points. In the quarterfinal game, the USA won easily against Romania 135–53, with Ruthie Bolton scoring 40 points. The game against China was more of a challenge. The USA team shot poorly, hitting only 36% of their shots, but the defense held China to 35% shooting, and won a three-point game, 79–76. The gold medal match was against Spain, but the USA had a 13-point lead at halftime and won 88–62. Bolton was the highest scorer for the USA team with 14 points per game, but Lisa Leslie and Carolyn Jones were close behind with 13 points per game.[25]","title":"1991"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 1993 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1993_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"Joan Bonvicini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Bonvicini"},{"link_name":"Jane Albright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Albright"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUG_1993-26"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 1993 Summer UniversiadeJoan Bonvicini was the head coach, with Dianne Nolan and Jane Albright serving as assistant coaches of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Buffalo, New York in July 1993. The USA opened with double-digit margin victories over Israel, Taiwan, and the Ukraine. Their next game was against Russia, and they held a single-point lead with just over ten minutes to go ant he game, but they finished strong, and won 72–55. The next game was against Cuba, which included sixth players from their 1992 Olympic team. The USA pulled out to a 15-point lead at halftime, and extended to an 18-point lead at one time, but Cuba proved to be too strong, and came back to defeat the USA 88–80. After beating Japan, the USA faced China, whose team also featured many members of their silver medal-winning Olympic team. The USA fell behind; their comeback attempt fell two points shy of tying the game. The final score in favor of China was 75–73. The opponent in the bronze medal game was Lithuania. The USA team won 83–73 to earn the bronze medal.[26]","title":"1993"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 1995 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1995_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Hatchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Hatchell"},{"link_name":"Kay James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_James_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka,_Japan"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUG_1995-27"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 1995 Summer UniversiadeSylvia Hatchell was the head coach, with assistants Jim Lewis, Kay James, and Clemette Haskins, of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Fukuoka, Japan in August and September 1995. The USA team won their first five games with ease, with only the 18-point victory over Yugoslavia in a quarterfinal match falling short of a 20-point margin of victory. In the semifinal against Russia, the team was behind for much of the first half and held only a two-point lead with under ten minutes to go, but then went on a 25–4 run to take control of the game. The final game, for the gold medal, was against Italy. The Italians started with a 12–2 run to open the game. The USA cut the lead, but were behind by nine points at the half. The USA took a lead in the second half, but the Italians responded with ten consecutive points and then held on to win the gold medal, leaving the US with the silver medal.[27]","title":"1995"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 1997 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1997_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"Jim Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Foster_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Deb Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deb_Patterson"},{"link_name":"Marsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsala"},{"link_name":"Nykesha Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nykesha_Sales"},{"link_name":"Kara Wolters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Wolters"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUG_1997-28"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 1997 Summer UniversiadeJim Foster was named the head coach, with Ed Baldwin and Deb Patterson named assistant coaches of the USA representative to the World University Games, held in Marsala, Sicily, Italy. The USA team had not won gold in this biennial event since 1991. This year, the USA team would be dominant, with easy victories in all but one contest. After winning their first three contests by no fewer than 38 points, the USA team faced Russia. The game had five ties and 13 lead changes. Connecticut's Nykesha Sales led the scoring of the USA team with 17 points, hitting connective baskets in the second half to give the USA a lead it would not give up. The USA went on to win the game 78–70. The USA went on to win the two medal rounds games, with a 100–82 victory over Cuba to give the USA team the gold medal. Sales was the overall scoring leader of the team, with 18.3 points per game, while Kara Wolters led the team in rebounds, with 7.8 per game.[28]","title":"1997"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 1999 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1999_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"Rene Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Portland"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Henrickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Henrickson"},{"link_name":"Palma de Mallorca, Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Katie Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Douglas_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Brooke Wyckoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Wyckoff"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUG_1999-29"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 1999 Summer UniversiadeRene Portland served as the head coach, with Bonnie Henrickson and Britt King as an assistant coaches, of the USA representative to the 1999 World University Games. The event was held in Palma de Mallorca, Spain. The USA team won their opening two games easily, including a mismatch against South Africa with a final score of 140–32, but lost against Ukraine, 81–70. They earned a position in the medal rounds and defeated Lithuania in the quarterfinals. USA then took on undefeated Russia and won a close game 87–79, setting up the championship game between the US and host Spain. After falling behind early, the USA team kept the game close, and got within five points with under two minutes to go, but Spain held on to win the gold medal. The USA team received the silver medal. Katie Douglas was the leading scorer for the USA team, with 17.6 points per game, while Brooke Wyckoff was the leading rebounder, with seven rebounds per game.[29]","title":"1999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 2001 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2001_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"Debbie Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Lisa Bluder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Bluder"},{"link_name":"Palma de Mallorca, Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Ayana Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayana_Walker"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUG_2001-30"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 2001 Summer UniversiadeDebbie Ryan served as the head coach, while Lisa Bluder and Dee Stokes served as the assistant coaches of the USA representative to the 1999 World University Games. The event was held in Palma de Mallorca, Spain. The USA team opened with a 134–37 win over South Africa. The second game was against Canada, which the USA team lost in a close match 68–67. The USA could not afford to lose another game if they wished to win a medal, and won the next game against Japan 106–66. The USA next faced undefeated Russia, and fell behind by twelve points at halftime, but came back and won the game 79–68. The USA fell behind in their next game against undefeated China, but rallied and went on to win 89–78. The USA then beat Brazil to advance to the semi-final, where they faced Lithuania. The game was not close, with the USA winning 70–49. That set up a rematch with China, on their home court with 18,000 spectators. The USA only had a four-point lead at halftime, but did better in the second half, and won 87–69 to claim the gold medal. Ayana Walker set a World University Games record with 19 rebounds in the game. Walker was the leading scorer and rebounder for the USA team with 15.4 points and 8.6 rebounds per game.[30]","title":"2001"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 2003 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2003_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"Big 12 Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12_Conference"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Big_12-3"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 2003 Summer UniversiadeThe USA Basketball organization did not assemble a team themselves, but decided to send a team of All-Stars from the Big 12 Conference. The team record was 4–4, with wins over Canada, Hungary, Thailand, the Czech Republic and losses to China, Italy and two losses to Serbia and Montenegro[3]","title":"2003"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 2005 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2005_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"Pokey Chatman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokey_Chatman"},{"link_name":"Cathy Inglese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Inglese"},{"link_name":"Izmir, Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izmir,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Fowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Fowles"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUG_2005-31"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 2005 Summer UniversiadeKathy Delaney-Smith served as the head coach, with Pokey Chatman and Cathy Inglese as assistant coaches of the USA representative to the World University Games held in Izmir, Turkey in August 2005. The team won their first game against the Czech Republic 88–64; the 24-point margin in that contest would be the closest any team would come to beating the USA until the gold-medal final. After defeating South Africa, China, and Poland to move on to the quarterfinals, they then beat Taiwan and Russia – each by more than 50 points. This set up the championship game with Serbia & Montenegro which the USA won 79–63 to complete a 7–0 record and win the gold medal. Sylvia Fowles would lead the USA team in both points and rebounds, with fifteen points and 7.3 rebounds per game.[31]","title":"2005"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 2007 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2007_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"UNC Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_49ers"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taipei_2007-16"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 2007 Summer UniversiadeThe USA Basketball organization did not assemble a team themselves, but decided to send UNC Charlotte to represent the USA. The Charlotte 49ers finished 4–3, in sixth place.[16]","title":"2007"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 2009 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2009_Summer_Universiade"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 2009 Summer Universiade","title":"2009"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charli_Turner_Thorne_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"2009 roster","text":"Charli Turner Thorne, head coach of 2009 USA World University Games teamEligibility – The participants must be born between January 1, 1985, and December 31, 1991[32]","title":"2009"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"2009 games","text":"The twelve-player squad started the official games in Belgrade, Serbia one player down. Maya Moore, the consensus player of the year, sprained a knee in a scrimmage with Australia. She was listed as day-to-day, but was never cleared to play.[33] The first official game was against France. The USA won easily 115–30, behind double-digit scoring from five players – Tina Charles (18), Jantel Lavender (16), Jacinta Monroe (16), Tiffany Hayes(15), and Alexis Gray-Lawson (14).[34]On July 2, 2009, the USA team played Great Britain. As with the previous game against France, this game was not in much doubt after the first few minutes; USA prevailed 93–59. The USA team's offense was led by three double-digit scorers – Jantel Lavender (17), Danielle McCray (15) and Ta'Shia Phillips (11) – but USA coach Charli Turner Thorne credited the win to defense.[35] The third game was against the hosts, Serbia. The USA led at the end of the first quarter 20–14, the smallest lead at that point of the first three games. The USA team increased its lead, and ended with an 84–50 win.[36]After a day off, USA would resume against Poland. The USA won 75–67 in their closest match so far. Tina Charles had double-digit scoring and double-digit rebounding (12 and 10), and Danielle McCray also scored 12 points.[37] After defeating Poland by nine, the USA team faced the Czech Republic, undefeated, with a 13-point win over Poland.[38] But the USA did not have any difficulty in dispatching the Czech team, winning 115–78. The USA team had five players in double figures, led by Tina Charles with 20 points. USA head coach Charli Turner Thorne credited the rebounding, noting that the USA team out-rebounded the Czech team by 30. Tiffany Hayes (16), Danielle McCray (15), Ashley Houts (13), and Jantel Lavender (10) were the other double-digit scorers.[39]Early in the semifinal game against Australia, the USA team found itself behind 13–9. They went on a 25–0 run to open up a large lead, and went on to win 81–66 and headed to the gold medal game.[40] In the gold medal game, the USA team faced a Russian team that had played together for years. The first quarter would be close, with the Russian team leading 22–20 at the end of the first quarter, the first time in the tournament the USA team had been behind at the end of any quarter. Russia continued to build upon its lead, scoring six straight points to open the second quarter, but the USA team would follow with a 19–3 run to recapture the lead. The USA team went into halftime with an eight-point lead, and started the third quarter with a 9–0 run. The team was led by Tina Charles, scoring 28 points with 18 rebounds, characterized as a \"monster performance\" by sportswriters.[41] Jantel Lavender and Kayla Petersen also contributed double-digit scoring.[42]","title":"2009"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"2009 statistics","text":"USA World University Games Team Statistics[43]","title":"2009"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 2011 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2011_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"Bill Fennelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Fennelly"},{"link_name":"Suzie McConnell-Serio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzie_McConnell-Serio"},{"link_name":"Duquesne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duquesne_University"},{"link_name":"Terri Williams-Flournoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terri_Williams-Flournoy"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"Elena Delle Donne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Delle_Donne"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_WUG_China-44"},{"link_name":"Skylar Diggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylar_Diggins-Smith"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_WUG_Slovakia-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_WUG_Great_Britain-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_WUG_Finland-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_WUG_Australia-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_WUG_Taiwan-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_WUG-50"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 2011 Summer UniversiadeAlthough the USA representatives to the World University games had seven gold medals in prior events, no team had successfully defended a gold medal. The 2011 team went to China, following a 2009 gold medal performance, with a mission to be the first team to defend the title. The head coach was Bill Fennelly, the head coach of Iowa State, assisted by Suzie McConnell-Serio of Duquesne University and Terri Williams-Flournoy head coach of Georgetown University.The first game was against Brazil. The USA team opened strong, and led the game 25–6 by the end of the first quarter. Although Brazil tried to come back in the second quarter, the USA scored 17 consecutive points to put the game out of reach. Elena Delle Donne, playing in her first USA game, led all scorers with 17 points. Four other players scored in double digits, as the team rolled to a 112–53 victory.[44]In the second game, against Slovakia, the USA team also shattered the 100 point mark, with six players in double-figures, led by Skylar Diggins, Nnemkadi Ogwumike and Devereaux Peters with 14 points each. The Slovakia team kept the game close through the first quarter, but the USA team started the second quarter on a 7–0 run and later went on a 15–0 run to extend the margin. The USA ended with a 114–63 win.[45]The third game was the last game in the pool play, leading up to the medal round. The USA opponent was Great Britain. While the Great Britain team held the US to under 100 points for the first time in the competition, they only managed 33 points. Bill Fennelly felt it was the team's best defensive effort. The score was reasonably close early in the second quarter with the USA team only up by ten, but the team extended the lead to a 53–17 halftime score. The USA team held their opponents to 18% field goal shooting. The final score, in favor of the USA was 85–33.[46]In the quarter-final game against Finland, the result was never really in doubt. The USA team scored 21 points before the team from Finland scored. Both Elena Delle Donne and Devereaux Peters scored 17 points to help lead the USA team to a 96–30 victory.[47]The USA team faced Australia in the semi-final game. After not being seriously challenged in their first four games, the Australians put up a strong fight. They took the initial lead. The USA team came back, but held only a slim three-point lead at the end of the first quarter. The second quarter was close, with the USA extending the lead by one more point to lead 31–27 at the half. The USA started out the second half on a 9–0 run, but the Aussies did not quit. They responded with an 11–3 run of their own, and cut the lead to five points late in the third quarter. The USA lead was only seven points at the beginning of the final quarter, but Nnemkadi Ogwumike started a 9–0 run which put the USA into a more comfortable lead. The final score was 79–67, and the USA team would head to the gold medal game.[48]The gold medal game was anticlimactic after their reasonably close call against Australia. Their opponent was Taiwan, who had never before won a medal at the World University Games. Elena Delle Donne scored 18 points, added 11 rebounds and had eight assists, while Nnemkadi Ogwumike poured in 24 points. The USA team had a nine-point lead at the end of the first quarter, quickly extended it to a double-digit lead, and won easily 101–66 to win the gold medal.[49] Elena Delle Donne was the leading scorer and rebounder for the USA team, averaging almost 16 points per game and over 8 rebounds per game.[50]","title":"2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 2013 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013_WUG_roster-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_WUG_roster-52"},{"link_name":"Reshanda Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reshanda_Gray"},{"link_name":"Bria Hartley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bria_Hartley"},{"link_name":"Jordan Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Hooper"},{"link_name":"Tricia Liston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricia_Liston"},{"link_name":"Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleena_Mosqueda-Lewis"},{"link_name":"Shoni Schimmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoni_Schimmel"},{"link_name":"Odyssey Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_Sims"},{"link_name":"Sherri Coale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherri_Coale"},{"link_name":"Brian Giorgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Giorgis"},{"link_name":"Coquese Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquese_Washington"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUG_2013-53"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 2013 Summer UniversiadeThe twelve players selected to represent the US at the 2013 World University Games have been named:[51][52]Crystal Bradford—Central Michigan University\nAaryn Ellenberg—University of Oklahoma\nReshanda Gray—University of California\nCassie Harberts—University of Southern California\nBria Hartley—University of Connecticut\nJordan Hooper—University of Nebraska\nTricia Liston—Duke University\nAriel Massengale—University of Tennessee\nKaleena Mosqueda-Lewis—University of Connecticut\nTheresa Plaisance—Louisiana State University\nShoni Schimmel—University of Louisville\nOdyssey Sims—Baylor UniversityThe coaches were:Head coach: Sherri Coale, University of Oklahoma\nAssistant coach: Brian Giorgis, Marist College\nAssistant coach: Coquese Washington, Penn State University[53]","title":"2013"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bria Hartley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bria_Hartley"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2103_WUG_Mali-54"},{"link_name":"Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleena_Mosqueda-Lewis"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013_WUG_Czech-55"},{"link_name":"Kamie Ethridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamie_Ethridge"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013_WUG_Brazil-56"}],"sub_title":"2013 pool play","text":"The USA's first opponent in pool play was Mali, in an opening round game held on July 8, 2013. The game started with runs by each team. Mali scored five points before the USA team got on the board, but the USA responded with an 18–0 run. Mali then had a 7–0 run of their own, and the USA team ended the quarter with a 10–0 run. The USA would go on a 25–0 run, starting near the end of the half and extending into the third period. Despite a large lead, the USA was even more dominant in the fourth period, holding the opponents to just four points. Overall, the USA shot well, hitting almost two-thirds of their shot attempts. Six USA players scored in double digits, led by Bria Hartley with 17. Shoni Schimmel had nine assists as part of a team total of 34 assists, setting a USA basketball WUG record, previously 27 assist in a game.[54]The second game of the pool play was against the Czech Republic. The USA team started out scoring the first eight points, a layup by Theresa Plaisance followed by three-pointers by Aaryn Ellenberg and Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis before the Czech team scored. The USA team had a 13-point lead when Mosqueda-Lewis went on a 10–0 run of her own, scoring the last eight points of the first half and the first two points of the second half. Mosqueda-Lewis ended up as the team scoring leader with 19 points. The USA team went on to win by 40 points, 101–61.[55]In the final game of pool play, the USA was matched against Brazil. The USA team jumped out to a 10–0 lead, and extended the lead to 24 points by halftime. Aaryn Ellenberg hit five of her nine three-point attempts, and scored 19 points, all in the first half. Odyssey Sims recorded ten assists, tying the World University Games record by a USA player set by Kamie Ethridge in 1985. The USA continued to shoot well, hitting almost 49% of their shots, but allowed Brazil to nit 47% of the shots, the highest percentage allowed by the US to date. The USA won the game 105–75 to advance to the quarter finals.[56]","title":"2013"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odyssey Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_Sims"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013_WUG_Sweden-57"},{"link_name":"Bria Hartley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bria_Hartley"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013_WUG_Australia-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUG_2013_Russia-59"}],"sub_title":"2013 medal rounds","text":"The USA faced Sweden in the quarterfinals. The USA team scored the first seven points of the game, but Sweden fought back to within two points at the end of the first quarter. The USA team extended the lead to double digits by halftime, then expanded the lead, winning the game 103–72. Odyssey Sims hit all nine of her free throw attempts and scored a total of 20 points to lead the USA team in scoring. The win advanced the USA team to the semifinals.[57]The USA team faced Australia in the semifinals. The Australian team started strong, opening up a lead as large as nine points in the first half. The USA team fought back, and were within a single point 33–32 at halftime. The USA team appeared to cruise in the second half, opening up a 13-point lead by the end of the third quarter, and extending the lead to 17 points with just over seven minutes to go in the game. Then the Australian team scored ten consecutive points to cut the lead to seven. Bria Hartley made a three-point lead to push the lead back to double digits, but the team from Australia, led by Marianna Tolo, continued to chip away, and scored 14 of the next 16 points to take a two-point lead with just over a minute remaining. After hitting a free throw to cut the lead to a single point, the USA team forced a 24-second violation and got the ball back. Crystal Bradford missed a shot but put back her own rebound to give the USA a slim one-point lead. Tolo missed a shot which would have given the Aussies the lead, and Odyssey Sims wrested the rebound away from the Australians, but the refs signaled a held ball. The possession arrow was in favor of the Australians, so they had one more shot at a basket. Tolo missed, and this time Sims secured the rebound cleanly, and ran out the clock for a 79–78 win for the USA team.[58]The win set up the gold medal match between the US and the host team, Russia. The Russians had a significant height advantage with a cumulative 2.5 feet of height over the USA team, led by 6' 7\" center Natalia Vieru. The two teams had played each other on July 5 in an informal scrimmage, in which the Russian team had won 83–78. After trading opening baskets, the USA team pulled out to a ten-point lead after four minutes of play. The Russians cut the lead down to five points, but a three-pointer by Mosqueda-Lewis at the end of the quarter pushed the lead back to nine points. In the second period, the Russians cut the lead to as little as four points, but the USA responded, and extended the lead to 14 points at the half. The second half started even, but the Russians cut the lead back to single digits 50–42. Then Hartley, who would end up with a game-high 17 points, hit the next five points to extend the lead. The USA team closed the period with an 8–0 run to push the lead up to 21 points. After seeing the Australians eliminate a 17-point lead, even a 21-point lead did not seem secure, but this time the USA team held strong, and played roughly even though the period. The final score would be 90–71 in favor of the US, giving the USA team the gold medal. Odyssey Sims, along with Russia’s Tatiana Grigorveya, shared the MYP honors.[59]","title":"2013"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 2015 Summer Universiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2015_Summer_Universiade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2015_WUG_South_Korea_Aerial_Powers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seoul, South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul,_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_WUG_location-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_WUG_roster-61"},{"link_name":"Jordin Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordin_Canada"},{"link_name":"Nina Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Davis_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Diamond DeShields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_DeShields"},{"link_name":"Katie Hempen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katie_Hempen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chanise Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chanise_Jenkins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brionna Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brionna_Jones"},{"link_name":"Erica McCall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_McCall"},{"link_name":"Aerial Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_Powers"},{"link_name":"Courtney Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Courtney_Range&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mercedes Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_Russell"},{"link_name":"Sydney Wiese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Wiese"},{"link_name":"Courtney M. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_M._Williams"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_WUG_roster-61"},{"link_name":"Joe McKeown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_McKeown"},{"link_name":"Holly Warlick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Warlick"},{"link_name":"Tanya Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_Warren"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 2015 Summer UniversiadeCourtney Williams driving in the World University gold medal game against CanadaThe 2015 World University Games were held in Seoul, South Korea July 5–13, 2015.[60]The twelve players selected to represent the US at the 2015 World University Games are:[61]Jordin Canada—UCLA\nNina Davis—Baylor\nDiamond DeShields—Tennessee\nKatie Hempen—Arizona State\nChanise Jenkins—DePaul\nBrionna Jones—Maryland\nErica McCall—Stanford\nAerial Powers—Michigan State\nCourtney Range—University of California\nMercedes Russell—Tennessee\nSydney Wiese—Oregon State\nCourtney M. Williams—South FloridaThe coaching staff:[61]Head coach: Joe McKeown—Northwestern University\nAssistant coach: Holly Warlick—University of Tennessee\nAssistant coach: Tanya Warren—University of Northern Iowa\nTeam Physician: Bill Kuprevich\nTrainer: Nicole Alexander—University of North Carolina","title":"2015"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2015_WUG_South_Korea_Russell_and_Warlick.jpg"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_WUG_Italy-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_WUG_China-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_WUG_Czech-64"}],"sub_title":"2015 pool play","text":"Mercedes Russell with coach Holly Warlick after the World University gold medal game in South KoreaThe USA team played Italy in the opening game. After the USA team took an initial lead, the Italian team started making three-pointers, and led by as many as six points. The lead was cut to a single point at the end of the first quarter. In the second quarter, led by Powers, the USA team retook the lead and led by nine points at halftime. In the third period, Italy outscored the US by a single point. The lead was cut to six points in the final period, but the USA held on, led by 22 points each from Powers and McCall, and won 80–68.[62] In the second game the USA faced China. The Chinese team open strong, with a 9–2 lead early, but the USA put together a 14–0 run to take the lead. The score was tied at 23 all at the end of the first quarter. USA had a five-point lead at the half an increase that by points at the third quarter mark. The USA won the game with a score of 90–75. Williams was a high scorer with 18 points, while four other players also scored in double digits. Russell was the team leader in rebounds with 15.[63]The USA team faced the Czech Republic in the final game of pool play. Both teams were undefeated going into the game. The game started out strongly in favor of the USA. The team hit 14 of the 15 field-goal attempts to open up a 30–15 lead at the end of the first quarter. The USA was successful in the post with Russell going nine for 11 and Jones going six for 11. Powers also had a solid game heading seven of her nine shots. Jones and Russell each had double doubles for the game. The USA won 92–54.[64]","title":"2015"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2015_WUG_South_Korea_Gold_Medal_presentation.jpg"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_WUG_Hungary-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_WUG_Japan-66"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_WUG_Canada-5"}],"sub_title":"2015 medal rounds","text":"Team accepting gold medal at the 2015 World University Games in South KoreaThe USA faced Hungary in the quarterfinals. The USA started out slowly, with only a three-point lead on occasion in the first quarter. Wiese came in off the bench and hit a pair of three-pointers to help spark the US team, but they were only up by five at the end of the first quarter. The lead extended to double digits by the first half but the US a team really get going in the third quarter with both offense and defense. Hungary would only score 7 points in the third quarter, while the USA scored 16 consecutive points in five minutes. Jones was the leading scorer with 15 points, one of four USA players with double digit points. The team held Hungary to 27% field-goal shooting for the game. USA team won the game 84–43 to advance to the semifinal.[65]The semifinal game featured USA versus Japan. In the first quarter Japan seemed unable to miss as they raced out to a 30–16 first-quarter lead, and led by as many as 15 points. The USA cut into the lead in the second, but Japan still held a seven-point lead at halftime. The USA even the score in the second half in the teens traded leads in the fourth quarter. The USA had a narrow lead late but Japan tied up the game with just over ten seconds to go in regulation. The USA had the ball and a play was set up for Russell but the shot was missed in the game went to overtime.The USA opened up a small five-point lead in overtime and held a four-point lead with 80 seconds left on the clock but they were unable to score again in the period. With the game tied Russell secured a rebound, missed a shot when McCall went for the rebound. She was fouled attempting to get the rebound and went to the line with no time left on the clock. She had two shots, either of which would end the game. Unfortunately, she missed both, and the game went to a second overtime. In the second overtime the USA scored early and built the lead to eight points but Japan did not quit, and cut the lead to two points with 10 seconds to go in the game. They were forced to foul; Williams hit two free throws to secure a 102–98 victory and a trip to the gold-medal game.[66]Canada faced the US in the gold-medal game. The first three quarters the game were quite close with four ties and four lead changes. In the fourth quarter the USA exploded for 34 points to pull out to a large lead, and won the gold-medal with a score of 82–63. Powers was the scoring star for the US with 27 points. Williams recorded a double double with 15 points and 10 rebounds.[5]","title":"2015"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"World University Games attract seven McGill athletes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//media.www.mcgilltribune.com/media/storage/paper234/news/2003/09/03/Sports/World.University.Games.Attract.Seven.Mcgill.Athletes-456568.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WUG_history_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101007055152/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/history.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/history.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Big_12_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Big_12_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Big 12 Conference Women To Represent USA At The 2003 World University Games\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518851"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"49ers To Represent USA Women's Basketball at 2007 Summer Universiade in Bangkok\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fisu.net/en/News-070507-MA-News-49ers-To-Represent-USA-Womens-Basketball-at-2007-SU-1786.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2015_WUG_Canada_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2015_WUG_Canada_5-1"},{"link_name":"\"USA Defeats Canada, 82-63, To Capture Gold At the World University Games\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150713233327/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-wins-gold-at-wugs.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-wins-gold-at-wugs.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"2005 World University Games Team USA Media Gui\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060518162422/http://usocpressbox.org/usoc/pressbox.nsf/(staticreports)/2005SWUG/$File/Summer+World+University+Games+History.pdf?Open"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//usocpressbox.org/usoc/pressbox.nsf/(staticreports)/2005SWUG/$File/Summer+World+University+Games+History.pdf?Open"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Team USA Tops Hungary in World University Games Opener\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518948"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Team USA Women's Basketball Falls to Italy at World University Games\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518953"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Team USA Offense Sparks 104-63 Win Over Thailand\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518955"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"China Offensive Attack Tops USA 97-54\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518964"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"The Big 12 All-Stars' Second-Half Scoring Drought Gives Serbia-Montenegro 74-61 Win\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Big 12 All-Stars Earn 72-56 Win Over Czech Republic For The USA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518970"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Big 12 All-Stars Edged 72-70 In Serbia-Montenegro Rematch\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518974"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-USA_Turkey_2007_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"Team USA Pounds Turkey, 81-62\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.atlantic10.com/sports/w-baskbl/spec-rel/081507aab.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taipei_2007_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taipei_2007_16-1"},{"link_name":"\"Team USA Finishes Sixth With Loss To Chinese Taipei\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//publicrelations.uncc.edu/news-events/news-releases/team-usa-finishes-sixth-loss-chinese-taipei"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WUG_1973_17-0"},{"link_name":"\"Eighth World University Games -- 1973\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130429105526/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1973.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1973.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WUG_1977_18-0"},{"link_name":"\"Ninth World University Games -- 1977\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110728115202/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1977.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1977.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WUG_1979_19-0"},{"link_name":"\"Tenth World University Games -- 1979\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130429104811/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1979.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1979.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WUG_1981_20-0"},{"link_name":"\"Eleventh World University Games -- 1981\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130429104817/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1981.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1981.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WUG_1983_21-0"},{"link_name":"\"Twelfth World University Games -- 1983\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130429111213/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1983.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1983.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WUG_1985_22-0"},{"link_name":"\"Thirteenth World University Games -- 1985\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110608124244/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1985.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1985.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WUG_1987_23-0"},{"link_name":"\"Fourteenth World University Games -- 1987\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130429111620/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1987.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1987.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WUG_1991_25-0"},{"link_name":"\"Fifteenth World University Games -- 1991\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110515184057/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1991.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1991.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WUG_1993_26-0"},{"link_name":"\"Sixteenth World University Games -- 1993\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130429111218/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1993.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1993.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WUG_1995_27-0"},{"link_name":"\"Seventeenth World University Games -- 1995\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130429111231/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1995.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1995.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WUG_1997_28-0"},{"link_name":"\"Eighteenth World University Games -- 1997\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130429111626/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1997.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1997.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WUG_1999_29-0"},{"link_name":"\"Nineteenth World University Games -- 1999\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130429111301/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1999.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1999.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WUG_2001_30-0"},{"link_name":"\"Twentieth World University Games -- 2001\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130429111636/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2001.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2001.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WUG_2005_31-0"},{"link_name":"\"Twenty-Second World University Games -- 2005\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130429105537/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2005.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2005.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"Basketball\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ub2009.org/eng/Contents/ContentTitleText.aspx?sid=53&cid=355"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"UConn's Maya Moore Sitting Out Tournament With Knee Injury\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.courant.com/sports/uconn-women/hc-ucwomen0706.artjul06,0,7911720.story"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women Cruise To Easy 115-30 Win\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090709024612/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_01"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_01"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Downs Great Britain 93-59\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090706042200/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_02"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_02"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women Power Past Host Serbia 84-50\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090706042155/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_03"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_03"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women Fight Off Poland, Remain Undefeated With 75-67 Win\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090709024500/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_04"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_04"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"Basketball Daily Competition Schedule\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//results.ub2009.org/results/ENG/BK/BKS158A_BKXXXXXXXXXXXXENG_date=2009-07-03.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women Crush Czech Republic 115-78\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090709024505/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_05"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_05"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women Advance Undefeated\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100103161818/http://usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_06"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_06"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"\"Tina Charles leads USA to World Games championship\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blogs.courant.com/uconn_womens_basketball/2009/07/tina-charles-leads-usa-to-worl.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women Capture 2009 World University Games Gold Medal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120919153200/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_07"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_07"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160115181601/http://www.usab.com/women/2009/09_wwug_stats/usa.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2011_WUG_China_44-0"},{"link_name":"\"2011 USA Women's World University Games Team Rolls To 112-53 Opening Victory Over South American Rival Brazil\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110831184924/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_01.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_01.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2011_WUG_Slovakia_45-0"},{"link_name":"\"Balanced Scoring Leads USA Women To 114-63 Victory Over Slovakia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110901061217/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_02.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_02.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2011_WUG_Great_Britain_46-0"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women Break From Great Britain 85-33, Advance To Medal Quarterfinals\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110901004900/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_03.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_03.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2011_WUG_Finland_47-0"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women Advance To Medal Semifinals After Flying Past Finland 96-30\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110831173029/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_04.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_04.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2011_WUG_Australia_48-0"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women Advance Past Australia 79-67 And Into Gold Medal Game\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110831233457/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_05.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_05.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2011_WUG_Taiwan_49-0"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women Claim Gold With 101-66 Victory Over Taiwan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110901031326/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_06.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_06.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2011_WUG_50-0"},{"link_name":"\"Twenty-Sixth World University Games -- 2011\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130428094512/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2011.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2011.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2013_WUG_roster_51-0"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games team roster set\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.swishappeal.com/2013/5/19/4345766/USA-Womens-World-University-Games-Team-roster-set"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-USA_WUG_roster_52-0"},{"link_name":"\"USA Basketball Women's World University Games Team Roster\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101007221648/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/roster.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/roster.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WUG_2013_53-0"},{"link_name":"\"Sherri Coale Tabbed Head Coach Of 2013 USA Women's World University Games Team\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130429030840/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/12_wwug_coaches.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/12_wwug_coaches.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2103_WUG_Mali_54-0"},{"link_name":"\"Selfless Offense Carries USA Women's World University Games Team To 120-32 Victory Over Mali\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130713081055/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_01.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_01.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2013_WUG_Czech_55-0"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Starts Fast, Doesn't Look Back In 101-61 Win Over Czech Republic\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130710142033/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_02.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_02.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2013_WUG_Brazil_56-0"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Closes Preliminary Round Play Undefeated With 105-75 Win Against Brazil\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150915005753/http://archive.usab.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_03.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.usab.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_03.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2013_WUG_Sweden_57-0"},{"link_name":"\"Hooper Helps USA Women Advance to World University Games Semifinals\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.northplattepost.com/2013/07/12/hooper-helps-usa-women-advance-to-world-university-games-semifinals/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2013_WUG_Australia_58-0"},{"link_name":"\"USA survives to reach WUG gold-medal game\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//snyuconn.com/uconn/usa-survives-to-reach-wug-gold-medal-game/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WUG_2013_Russia_59-0"},{"link_name":"\"U.S. women storm to World University Games gold\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fullcourt.com/ncaa/23531/us-women-storm-world-university-games-gold"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2015_WUG_location_60-0"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Ready For South Korea\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150629225404/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/06/usa-world-university-games-team-ready-for-south-korea.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/06/usa-world-university-games-team-ready-for-south-korea.aspx"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2015_WUG_roster_61-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2015_WUG_roster_61-1"},{"link_name":"\"2015 USA Basketball Women's World University Games Team\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140724030805/http://www.usab.com/womens/world-university-games/roster.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usab.com/womens/world-university-games/roster.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2015_WUG_Italy_62-0"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Muscles Past Italy, 80-68\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150706163528/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-wwug-vs-italy.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-wwug-vs-italy.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2015_WUG_China_63-0"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Wins Second Straight, Topples China, 90-75\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150706230040/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-usa-defeats-china.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-usa-defeats-china.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2015_WUG_Czech_64-0"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Remains Unbeaten, Routs Czech Republic 92-54\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150708192513/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-usa-czech.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-usa-czech.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2015_WUG_Hungary_65-0"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Uses Dominant Defense To Knock Off Hungary In Quarterfinals, 84-43\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150710220128/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-quarterfinal-usa-defeats-hungary.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-quarterfinal-usa-defeats-hungary.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2015_WUG_Japan_66-0"},{"link_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Survives Double-Overtime Thriller Against Japan, 102-98\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150713234457/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-defeats-japan-in-wwugs-semifinal.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-defeats-japan-in-wwugs-semifinal.aspx"}],"text":"^ \"World University Games attract seven McGill athletes\". Retrieved June 27, 2009.\n\n^ \"USA Women's World University Games Team History\". Archived from the original on October 7, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2013.\n\n^ a b \"Big 12 Conference Women To Represent USA At The 2003 World University Games\". Big 12 Conference. June 23, 2003. Retrieved May 22, 2013.\n\n^ \"49ers To Represent USA Women's Basketball at 2007 Summer Universiade in Bangkok\". Retrieved June 27, 2009.\n\n^ a b \"USA Defeats Canada, 82-63, To Capture Gold At the World University Games\". USA Basketball. July 13, 2015. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2015.\n\n^ The 1975 competition included only Track and field\n\n^ \"2005 World University Games Team USA Media Gui\" (PDF). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2006. Retrieved June 28, 2009.\n\n^ \"Team USA Tops Hungary in World University Games Opener\". Retrieved June 28, 2009.\n\n^ \"Team USA Women's Basketball Falls to Italy at World University Games\". Retrieved June 28, 2009.\n\n^ \"Team USA Offense Sparks 104-63 Win Over Thailand\". Retrieved June 28, 2009.\n\n^ \"China Offensive Attack Tops USA 97-54\". Retrieved June 28, 2009.\n\n^ \"The Big 12 All-Stars' Second-Half Scoring Drought Gives Serbia-Montenegro 74-61 Win\". Retrieved June 28, 2009.\n\n^ \"Big 12 All-Stars Earn 72-56 Win Over Czech Republic For The USA\". Retrieved June 28, 2009.\n\n^ \"Big 12 All-Stars Edged 72-70 In Serbia-Montenegro Rematch\". Retrieved June 28, 2009.\n\n^ \"Team USA Pounds Turkey, 81-62\". Atlantic10 Conference. August 15, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2013.\n\n^ a b \"Team USA Finishes Sixth With Loss To Chinese Taipei\". The University of North Carolina at Charlotte. August 17, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2013.\n\n^ \"Eighth World University Games -- 1973\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2013.\n\n^ \"Ninth World University Games -- 1977\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved May 20, 2013.\n\n^ \"Tenth World University Games -- 1979\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2013.\n\n^ \"Eleventh World University Games -- 1981\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2013.\n\n^ \"Twelfth World University Games -- 1983\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2013.\n\n^ \"Thirteenth World University Games -- 1985\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2013.\n\n^ \"Fourteenth World University Games -- 1987\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013.\n\n^ The XV Games in Duisburg, West Germany included only four sports, not including women's basketball\n\n^ \"Fifteenth World University Games -- 1991\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2013.\n\n^ \"Sixteenth World University Games -- 1993\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.\n\n^ \"Seventeenth World University Games -- 1995\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.\n\n^ \"Eighteenth World University Games -- 1997\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2013.\n\n^ \"Nineteenth World University Games -- 1999\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2013.\n\n^ \"Twentieth World University Games -- 2001\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.\n\n^ \"Twenty-Second World University Games -- 2005\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.\n\n^ \"Basketball\". Retrieved July 12, 2009.\n\n^ \"UConn's Maya Moore Sitting Out Tournament With Knee Injury\". Retrieved July 12, 2009.\n\n^ \"USA Women Cruise To Easy 115-30 Win\". Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.\n\n^ \"USA Women's World University Games Team Downs Great Britain 93-59\". Archived from the original on July 6, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.\n\n^ \"USA Women Power Past Host Serbia 84-50\". Archived from the original on July 6, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.\n\n^ \"USA Women Fight Off Poland, Remain Undefeated With 75-67 Win\". Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.\n\n^ \"Basketball Daily Competition Schedule\". Retrieved July 12, 2009.\n\n^ \"USA Women Crush Czech Republic 115-78\". Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.\n\n^ \"USA Women Advance Undefeated\". Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved July 12, 2009.\n\n^ \"Tina Charles leads USA to World Games championship\". Retrieved July 12, 2009.\n\n^ \"USA Women Capture 2009 World University Games Gold Medal\". Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2009.\n\n^ Archived 2016-01-15 at the Wayback Machine[dead link]\n\n^ \"2011 USA Women's World University Games Team Rolls To 112-53 Opening Victory Over South American Rival Brazil\". USA Basketball. August 14, 2011. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.\n\n^ \"Balanced Scoring Leads USA Women To 114-63 Victory Over Slovakia\". USA Basketball. August 15, 2011. Archived from the original on September 1, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.\n\n^ \"USA Women Break From Great Britain 85-33, Advance To Medal Quarterfinals\". USA Basketball. August 16, 2011. Archived from the original on September 1, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.\n\n^ \"USA Women Advance To Medal Semifinals After Flying Past Finland 96-30\". USA Basketball. August 18, 2011. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.\n\n^ \"USA Women Advance Past Australia 79-67 And Into Gold Medal Game\". USA Basketball. August 19, 2011. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.\n\n^ \"USA Women Claim Gold With 101-66 Victory Over Taiwan\". USA Basketball. August 21, 2011. Archived from the original on September 1, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.\n\n^ \"Twenty-Sixth World University Games -- 2011\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 28, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2013.\n\n^ Robinson, M (May 19, 2013). \"USA Women's World University Games team roster set\". Swish Appeal. Retrieved May 19, 2013.\n\n^ \"USA Basketball Women's World University Games Team Roster\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on October 7, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2013.\n\n^ \"Sherri Coale Tabbed Head Coach Of 2013 USA Women's World University Games Team\". USA Basketball. March 12, 2013. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013.\n\n^ \"Selfless Offense Carries USA Women's World University Games Team To 120-32 Victory Over Mali\". USA Basketball. July 8, 2013. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013.\n\n^ \"USA Women's World University Games Team Starts Fast, Doesn't Look Back In 101-61 Win Over Czech Republic\". USA Basketball. July 9, 2013. Archived from the original on July 10, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013.\n\n^ \"USA Women's World University Games Team Closes Preliminary Round Play Undefeated With 105-75 Win Against Brazil\". USA Basketball. July 10, 2013. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2015.\n\n^ \"Hooper Helps USA Women Advance to World University Games Semifinals\". North Platte Post. July 12, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2013.\n\n^ Adamec, Carl (July 13, 2013). \"USA survives to reach WUG gold-medal game\". SNY.TV. Retrieved July 15, 2013.\n\n^ Michaelson, Lee (July 16, 2013). \"U.S. women storm to World University Games gold\". FullCourt.com. Retrieved July 20, 2013.\n\n^ \"USA Women's World University Games Team Ready For South Korea\". USA Basketball. June 27, 2015. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2015.\n\n^ a b \"2015 USA Basketball Women's World University Games Team\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2015.\n\n^ \"USA Women's World University Games Team Muscles Past Italy, 80-68\". USA Basketball. July 4, 2015. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2015.\n\n^ \"USA Women's World University Games Team Wins Second Straight, Topples China, 90-75\". USA Basketball. July 6, 2015. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015.\n\n^ \"USA Women's World University Games Team Remains Unbeaten, Routs Czech Republic 92-54\". USA Basketball. July 7, 2015. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.\n\n^ \"USA Women's World University Games Team Uses Dominant Defense To Knock Off Hungary In Quarterfinals, 84-43\". USA Basketball. July 9, 2015. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2015.\n\n^ \"USA Women's World University Games Team Survives Double-Overtime Thriller Against Japan, 102-98\". USA Basketball. July 11, 2015. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2015.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Charli Turner Thorne, head coach of 2009 USA World University Games team","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Charli_Turner_Thorne_cropped.jpg/220px-Charli_Turner_Thorne_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Courtney Williams driving in the World University gold medal game against Canada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2015_WUG_South_Korea_Aerial_Powers.jpg/220px-2015_WUG_South_Korea_Aerial_Powers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mercedes Russell with coach Holly Warlick after the World University gold medal game in South Korea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2015_WUG_South_Korea_Russell_and_Warlick.jpg/220px-2015_WUG_South_Korea_Russell_and_Warlick.jpg"},{"image_text":"Team accepting gold medal at the 2015 World University Games in South Korea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/2015_WUG_South_Korea_Gold_Medal_presentation.jpg/250px-2015_WUG_South_Korea_Gold_Medal_presentation.jpg"}] | [{"title":"USA Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Basketball"},{"title":"Women's Basketball at the World University Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2009_Summer_Universiade#Basketball_%E2%80%93_Women"},{"title":"USA Women’s R. William Jones Cup Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Women%E2%80%99s_R._William_Jones_Cup_Team"},{"title":"USA Women's Pan American Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Women%27s_Pan_American_Team"}] | [{"reference":"\"World University Games attract seven McGill athletes\". Retrieved June 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.www.mcgilltribune.com/media/storage/paper234/news/2003/09/03/Sports/World.University.Games.Attract.Seven.Mcgill.Athletes-456568.shtml","url_text":"\"World University Games attract seven McGill athletes\""}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team History\". Archived from the original on October 7, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007055152/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/history.html","url_text":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team History\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Big 12 Conference Women To Represent USA At The 2003 World University Games\". Big 12 Conference. June 23, 2003. Retrieved May 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518851","url_text":"\"Big 12 Conference Women To Represent USA At The 2003 World University Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"49ers To Represent USA Women's Basketball at 2007 Summer Universiade in Bangkok\". Retrieved June 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fisu.net/en/News-070507-MA-News-49ers-To-Represent-USA-Womens-Basketball-at-2007-SU-1786.html","url_text":"\"49ers To Represent USA Women's Basketball at 2007 Summer Universiade in Bangkok\""}]},{"reference":"\"USA Defeats Canada, 82-63, To Capture Gold At the World University Games\". USA Basketball. July 13, 2015. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150713233327/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-wins-gold-at-wugs.aspx","url_text":"\"USA Defeats Canada, 82-63, To Capture Gold At the World University Games\""},{"url":"http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-wins-gold-at-wugs.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2005 World University Games Team USA Media Gui\" (PDF). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2006. Retrieved June 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060518162422/http://usocpressbox.org/usoc/pressbox.nsf/(staticreports)/2005SWUG/$File/Summer+World+University+Games+History.pdf?Open","url_text":"\"2005 World University Games Team USA Media Gui\""},{"url":"http://usocpressbox.org/usoc/pressbox.nsf/(staticreports)/2005SWUG/$File/Summer+World+University+Games+History.pdf?Open","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Team USA Tops Hungary in World University Games Opener\". Retrieved June 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518948","url_text":"\"Team USA Tops Hungary in World University Games Opener\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team USA Women's Basketball Falls to Italy at World University Games\". Retrieved June 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518953","url_text":"\"Team USA Women's Basketball Falls to Italy at World University Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team USA Offense Sparks 104-63 Win Over Thailand\". Retrieved June 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518955","url_text":"\"Team USA Offense Sparks 104-63 Win Over Thailand\""}]},{"reference":"\"China Offensive Attack Tops USA 97-54\". Retrieved June 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518964","url_text":"\"China Offensive Attack Tops USA 97-54\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Big 12 All-Stars' Second-Half Scoring Drought Gives Serbia-Montenegro 74-61 Win\". Retrieved June 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518965","url_text":"\"The Big 12 All-Stars' Second-Half Scoring Drought Gives Serbia-Montenegro 74-61 Win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big 12 All-Stars Earn 72-56 Win Over Czech Republic For The USA\". Retrieved June 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518970","url_text":"\"Big 12 All-Stars Earn 72-56 Win Over Czech Republic For The USA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big 12 All-Stars Edged 72-70 In Serbia-Montenegro Rematch\". Retrieved June 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518974","url_text":"\"Big 12 All-Stars Edged 72-70 In Serbia-Montenegro Rematch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team USA Pounds Turkey, 81-62\". Atlantic10 Conference. August 15, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atlantic10.com/sports/w-baskbl/spec-rel/081507aab.html","url_text":"\"Team USA Pounds Turkey, 81-62\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team USA Finishes Sixth With Loss To Chinese Taipei\". The University of North Carolina at Charlotte. August 17, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://publicrelations.uncc.edu/news-events/news-releases/team-usa-finishes-sixth-loss-chinese-taipei","url_text":"\"Team USA Finishes Sixth With Loss To Chinese Taipei\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eighth World University Games -- 1973\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429105526/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1973.html","url_text":"\"Eighth World University Games -- 1973\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1973.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ninth World University Games -- 1977\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved May 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728115202/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1977.html","url_text":"\"Ninth World University Games -- 1977\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1977.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tenth World University Games -- 1979\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429104811/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1979.html","url_text":"\"Tenth World University Games -- 1979\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1979.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eleventh World University Games -- 1981\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429104817/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1981.html","url_text":"\"Eleventh World University Games -- 1981\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1981.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Twelfth World University Games -- 1983\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429111213/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1983.html","url_text":"\"Twelfth World University Games -- 1983\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1983.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Thirteenth World University Games -- 1985\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608124244/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1985.html","url_text":"\"Thirteenth World University Games -- 1985\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1985.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fourteenth World University Games -- 1987\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429111620/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1987.html","url_text":"\"Fourteenth World University Games -- 1987\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1987.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fifteenth World University Games -- 1991\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515184057/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1991.html","url_text":"\"Fifteenth World University Games -- 1991\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1991.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sixteenth World University Games -- 1993\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429111218/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1993.html","url_text":"\"Sixteenth World University Games -- 1993\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1993.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Seventeenth World University Games -- 1995\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429111231/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1995.html","url_text":"\"Seventeenth World University Games -- 1995\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1995.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eighteenth World University Games -- 1997\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429111626/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1997.html","url_text":"\"Eighteenth World University Games -- 1997\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1997.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nineteenth World University Games -- 1999\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429111301/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1999.html","url_text":"\"Nineteenth World University Games -- 1999\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1999.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Twentieth World University Games -- 2001\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429111636/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2001.html","url_text":"\"Twentieth World University Games -- 2001\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2001.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Twenty-Second World University Games -- 2005\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429105537/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2005.html","url_text":"\"Twenty-Second World University Games -- 2005\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2005.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Basketball\". Retrieved July 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ub2009.org/eng/Contents/ContentTitleText.aspx?sid=53&cid=355","url_text":"\"Basketball\""}]},{"reference":"\"UConn's Maya Moore Sitting Out Tournament With Knee Injury\". Retrieved July 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.courant.com/sports/uconn-women/hc-ucwomen0706.artjul06,0,7911720.story","url_text":"\"UConn's Maya Moore Sitting Out Tournament With Knee Injury\""}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women Cruise To Easy 115-30 Win\". Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090709024612/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_01","url_text":"\"USA Women Cruise To Easy 115-30 Win\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_01","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Downs Great Britain 93-59\". Archived from the original on July 6, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090706042200/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_02","url_text":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Downs Great Britain 93-59\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_02","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women Power Past Host Serbia 84-50\". Archived from the original on July 6, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090706042155/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_03","url_text":"\"USA Women Power Past Host Serbia 84-50\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_03","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women Fight Off Poland, Remain Undefeated With 75-67 Win\". Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090709024500/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_04","url_text":"\"USA Women Fight Off Poland, Remain Undefeated With 75-67 Win\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_04","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Basketball Daily Competition Schedule\". Retrieved July 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://results.ub2009.org/results/ENG/BK/BKS158A_BKXXXXXXXXXXXXENG_date=2009-07-03.htm","url_text":"\"Basketball Daily Competition Schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women Crush Czech Republic 115-78\". Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090709024505/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_05","url_text":"\"USA Women Crush Czech Republic 115-78\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_05","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women Advance Undefeated\". Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved July 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100103161818/http://usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_06","url_text":"\"USA Women Advance Undefeated\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_06","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tina Charles leads USA to World Games championship\". Retrieved July 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.courant.com/uconn_womens_basketball/2009/07/tina-charles-leads-usa-to-worl.html","url_text":"\"Tina Charles leads USA to World Games championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women Capture 2009 World University Games Gold Medal\". Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120919153200/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_07","url_text":"\"USA Women Capture 2009 World University Games Gold Medal\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_07","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 USA Women's World University Games Team Rolls To 112-53 Opening Victory Over South American Rival Brazil\". USA Basketball. August 14, 2011. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831184924/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_01.html","url_text":"\"2011 USA Women's World University Games Team Rolls To 112-53 Opening Victory Over South American Rival Brazil\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_01.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Balanced Scoring Leads USA Women To 114-63 Victory Over Slovakia\". USA Basketball. August 15, 2011. Archived from the original on September 1, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110901061217/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_02.html","url_text":"\"Balanced Scoring Leads USA Women To 114-63 Victory Over Slovakia\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_02.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women Break From Great Britain 85-33, Advance To Medal Quarterfinals\". USA Basketball. August 16, 2011. Archived from the original on September 1, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110901004900/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_03.html","url_text":"\"USA Women Break From Great Britain 85-33, Advance To Medal Quarterfinals\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_03.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women Advance To Medal Semifinals After Flying Past Finland 96-30\". USA Basketball. August 18, 2011. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831173029/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_04.html","url_text":"\"USA Women Advance To Medal Semifinals After Flying Past Finland 96-30\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_04.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women Advance Past Australia 79-67 And Into Gold Medal Game\". USA Basketball. August 19, 2011. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831233457/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_05.html","url_text":"\"USA Women Advance Past Australia 79-67 And Into Gold Medal Game\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_05.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women Claim Gold With 101-66 Victory Over Taiwan\". USA Basketball. August 21, 2011. Archived from the original on September 1, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110901031326/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_06.html","url_text":"\"USA Women Claim Gold With 101-66 Victory Over Taiwan\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_06.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Twenty-Sixth World University Games -- 2011\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on April 28, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130428094512/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2011.html","url_text":"\"Twenty-Sixth World University Games -- 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2011.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, M (May 19, 2013). \"USA Women's World University Games team roster set\". Swish Appeal. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swishappeal.com/2013/5/19/4345766/USA-Womens-World-University-Games-Team-roster-set","url_text":"\"USA Women's World University Games team roster set\""}]},{"reference":"\"USA Basketball Women's World University Games Team Roster\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on October 7, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221648/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/roster.html","url_text":"\"USA Basketball Women's World University Games Team Roster\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/roster.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sherri Coale Tabbed Head Coach Of 2013 USA Women's World University Games Team\". USA Basketball. March 12, 2013. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429030840/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/12_wwug_coaches.html","url_text":"\"Sherri Coale Tabbed Head Coach Of 2013 USA Women's World University Games Team\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/12_wwug_coaches.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Selfless Offense Carries USA Women's World University Games Team To 120-32 Victory Over Mali\". USA Basketball. July 8, 2013. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130713081055/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_01.html","url_text":"\"Selfless Offense Carries USA Women's World University Games Team To 120-32 Victory Over Mali\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_01.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Starts Fast, Doesn't Look Back In 101-61 Win Over Czech Republic\". USA Basketball. July 9, 2013. Archived from the original on July 10, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130710142033/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_02.html","url_text":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Starts Fast, Doesn't Look Back In 101-61 Win Over Czech Republic\""},{"url":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_02.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Closes Preliminary Round Play Undefeated With 105-75 Win Against Brazil\". USA Basketball. July 10, 2013. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150915005753/http://archive.usab.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_03.html","url_text":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Closes Preliminary Round Play Undefeated With 105-75 Win Against Brazil\""},{"url":"http://archive.usab.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_03.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hooper Helps USA Women Advance to World University Games Semifinals\". North Platte Post. July 12, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northplattepost.com/2013/07/12/hooper-helps-usa-women-advance-to-world-university-games-semifinals/","url_text":"\"Hooper Helps USA Women Advance to World University Games Semifinals\""}]},{"reference":"Adamec, Carl (July 13, 2013). \"USA survives to reach WUG gold-medal game\". SNY.TV. Retrieved July 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://snyuconn.com/uconn/usa-survives-to-reach-wug-gold-medal-game/","url_text":"\"USA survives to reach WUG gold-medal game\""}]},{"reference":"Michaelson, Lee (July 16, 2013). \"U.S. women storm to World University Games gold\". FullCourt.com. Retrieved July 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fullcourt.com/ncaa/23531/us-women-storm-world-university-games-gold","url_text":"\"U.S. women storm to World University Games gold\""}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Ready For South Korea\". USA Basketball. June 27, 2015. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150629225404/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/06/usa-world-university-games-team-ready-for-south-korea.aspx","url_text":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Ready For South Korea\""},{"url":"http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/06/usa-world-university-games-team-ready-for-south-korea.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2015 USA Basketball Women's World University Games Team\". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140724030805/http://www.usab.com/womens/world-university-games/roster.aspx","url_text":"\"2015 USA Basketball Women's World University Games Team\""},{"url":"http://www.usab.com/womens/world-university-games/roster.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Muscles Past Italy, 80-68\". USA Basketball. July 4, 2015. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150706163528/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-wwug-vs-italy.aspx","url_text":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Muscles Past Italy, 80-68\""},{"url":"http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-wwug-vs-italy.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Wins Second Straight, Topples China, 90-75\". USA Basketball. July 6, 2015. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150706230040/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-usa-defeats-china.aspx","url_text":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Wins Second Straight, Topples China, 90-75\""},{"url":"http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-usa-defeats-china.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Remains Unbeaten, Routs Czech Republic 92-54\". USA Basketball. July 7, 2015. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150708192513/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-usa-czech.aspx","url_text":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Remains Unbeaten, Routs Czech Republic 92-54\""},{"url":"http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-usa-czech.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Uses Dominant Defense To Knock Off Hungary In Quarterfinals, 84-43\". USA Basketball. July 9, 2015. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150710220128/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-quarterfinal-usa-defeats-hungary.aspx","url_text":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Uses Dominant Defense To Knock Off Hungary In Quarterfinals, 84-43\""},{"url":"http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-quarterfinal-usa-defeats-hungary.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Survives Double-Overtime Thriller Against Japan, 102-98\". USA Basketball. July 11, 2015. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150713234457/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-defeats-japan-in-wwugs-semifinal.aspx","url_text":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Survives Double-Overtime Thriller Against Japan, 102-98\""},{"url":"http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-defeats-japan-in-wwugs-semifinal.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://media.www.mcgilltribune.com/media/storage/paper234/news/2003/09/03/Sports/World.University.Games.Attract.Seven.Mcgill.Athletes-456568.shtml","external_links_name":"\"World University Games attract seven McGill athletes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007055152/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/history.html","external_links_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team History\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/history.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518851","external_links_name":"\"Big 12 Conference Women To Represent USA At The 2003 World University Games\""},{"Link":"http://www.fisu.net/en/News-070507-MA-News-49ers-To-Represent-USA-Womens-Basketball-at-2007-SU-1786.html","external_links_name":"\"49ers To Represent USA Women's Basketball at 2007 Summer Universiade in Bangkok\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150713233327/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-wins-gold-at-wugs.aspx","external_links_name":"\"USA Defeats Canada, 82-63, To Capture Gold At the World University Games\""},{"Link":"http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-wins-gold-at-wugs.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060518162422/http://usocpressbox.org/usoc/pressbox.nsf/(staticreports)/2005SWUG/$File/Summer+World+University+Games+History.pdf?Open","external_links_name":"\"2005 World University Games Team USA Media Gui\""},{"Link":"http://usocpressbox.org/usoc/pressbox.nsf/(staticreports)/2005SWUG/$File/Summer+World+University+Games+History.pdf?Open","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518948","external_links_name":"\"Team USA Tops Hungary in World University Games Opener\""},{"Link":"http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518953","external_links_name":"\"Team USA Women's Basketball Falls to Italy at World University Games\""},{"Link":"http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518955","external_links_name":"\"Team USA Offense Sparks 104-63 Win Over Thailand\""},{"Link":"http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518964","external_links_name":"\"China Offensive Attack Tops USA 97-54\""},{"Link":"http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518965","external_links_name":"\"The Big 12 All-Stars' Second-Half Scoring Drought Gives Serbia-Montenegro 74-61 Win\""},{"Link":"http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518970","external_links_name":"\"Big 12 All-Stars Earn 72-56 Win Over Czech Republic For The USA\""},{"Link":"http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=106116&SPID=13135&DB_OEM_ID=10410&ATCLID=1518974","external_links_name":"\"Big 12 All-Stars Edged 72-70 In Serbia-Montenegro Rematch\""},{"Link":"http://www.atlantic10.com/sports/w-baskbl/spec-rel/081507aab.html","external_links_name":"\"Team USA Pounds Turkey, 81-62\""},{"Link":"http://publicrelations.uncc.edu/news-events/news-releases/team-usa-finishes-sixth-loss-chinese-taipei","external_links_name":"\"Team USA Finishes Sixth With Loss To Chinese Taipei\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429105526/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1973.html","external_links_name":"\"Eighth World University Games -- 1973\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1973.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728115202/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1977.html","external_links_name":"\"Ninth World University Games -- 1977\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1977.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429104811/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1979.html","external_links_name":"\"Tenth World University Games -- 1979\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1979.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429104817/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1981.html","external_links_name":"\"Eleventh World University Games -- 1981\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1981.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429111213/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1983.html","external_links_name":"\"Twelfth World University Games -- 1983\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1983.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608124244/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1985.html","external_links_name":"\"Thirteenth World University Games -- 1985\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1985.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429111620/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1987.html","external_links_name":"\"Fourteenth World University Games -- 1987\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1987.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515184057/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1991.html","external_links_name":"\"Fifteenth World University Games -- 1991\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1991.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429111218/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1993.html","external_links_name":"\"Sixteenth World University Games -- 1993\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1993.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429111231/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1995.html","external_links_name":"\"Seventeenth World University Games -- 1995\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1995.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429111626/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1997.html","external_links_name":"\"Eighteenth World University Games -- 1997\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1997.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429111301/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1999.html","external_links_name":"\"Nineteenth World University Games -- 1999\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_1999.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429111636/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2001.html","external_links_name":"\"Twentieth World University Games -- 2001\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2001.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429105537/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2005.html","external_links_name":"\"Twenty-Second World University Games -- 2005\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2005.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ub2009.org/eng/Contents/ContentTitleText.aspx?sid=53&cid=355","external_links_name":"\"Basketball\""},{"Link":"http://www.courant.com/sports/uconn-women/hc-ucwomen0706.artjul06,0,7911720.story","external_links_name":"\"UConn's Maya Moore Sitting Out Tournament With Knee Injury\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090709024612/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_01","external_links_name":"\"USA Women Cruise To Easy 115-30 Win\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_01","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090706042200/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_02","external_links_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Downs Great Britain 93-59\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_02","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090706042155/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_03","external_links_name":"\"USA Women Power Past Host Serbia 84-50\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_03","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090709024500/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_04","external_links_name":"\"USA Women Fight Off Poland, Remain Undefeated With 75-67 Win\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_04","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://results.ub2009.org/results/ENG/BK/BKS158A_BKXXXXXXXXXXXXENG_date=2009-07-03.htm","external_links_name":"\"Basketball Daily Competition Schedule\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090709024505/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_05","external_links_name":"\"USA Women Crush Czech Republic 115-78\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_05","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100103161818/http://usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_06","external_links_name":"\"USA Women Advance Undefeated\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_06","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://blogs.courant.com/uconn_womens_basketball/2009/07/tina-charles-leads-usa-to-worl.html","external_links_name":"\"Tina Charles leads USA to World Games championship\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120919153200/http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_07","external_links_name":"\"USA Women Capture 2009 World University Games Gold Medal\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_07","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160115181601/http://www.usab.com/women/2009/09_wwug_stats/usa.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831184924/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_01.html","external_links_name":"\"2011 USA Women's World University Games Team Rolls To 112-53 Opening Victory Over South American Rival Brazil\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_01.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110901061217/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_02.html","external_links_name":"\"Balanced Scoring Leads USA Women To 114-63 Victory Over Slovakia\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_02.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110901004900/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_03.html","external_links_name":"\"USA Women Break From Great Britain 85-33, Advance To Medal Quarterfinals\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_03.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831173029/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_04.html","external_links_name":"\"USA Women Advance To Medal Semifinals After Flying Past Finland 96-30\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_04.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831233457/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_05.html","external_links_name":"\"USA Women Advance Past Australia 79-67 And Into Gold Medal Game\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_05.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110901031326/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_06.html","external_links_name":"\"USA Women Claim Gold With 101-66 Victory Over Taiwan\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/11_wwug_game_06.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130428094512/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2011.html","external_links_name":"\"Twenty-Sixth World University Games -- 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/wwug_2011.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.swishappeal.com/2013/5/19/4345766/USA-Womens-World-University-Games-Team-roster-set","external_links_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games team roster set\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221648/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/roster.html","external_links_name":"\"USA Basketball Women's World University Games Team Roster\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/roster.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429030840/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/12_wwug_coaches.html","external_links_name":"\"Sherri Coale Tabbed Head Coach Of 2013 USA Women's World University Games Team\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/12_wwug_coaches.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130713081055/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_01.html","external_links_name":"\"Selfless Offense Carries USA Women's World University Games Team To 120-32 Victory Over Mali\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_01.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130710142033/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_02.html","external_links_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Starts Fast, Doesn't Look Back In 101-61 Win Over Czech Republic\""},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_02.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150915005753/http://archive.usab.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_03.html","external_links_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Closes Preliminary Round Play Undefeated With 105-75 Win Against Brazil\""},{"Link":"http://archive.usab.com/womens/worlduniversity/13_wwug_game_03.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.northplattepost.com/2013/07/12/hooper-helps-usa-women-advance-to-world-university-games-semifinals/","external_links_name":"\"Hooper Helps USA Women Advance to World University Games Semifinals\""},{"Link":"http://snyuconn.com/uconn/usa-survives-to-reach-wug-gold-medal-game/","external_links_name":"\"USA survives to reach WUG gold-medal game\""},{"Link":"http://www.fullcourt.com/ncaa/23531/us-women-storm-world-university-games-gold","external_links_name":"\"U.S. women storm to World University Games gold\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150629225404/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/06/usa-world-university-games-team-ready-for-south-korea.aspx","external_links_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Ready For South Korea\""},{"Link":"http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/06/usa-world-university-games-team-ready-for-south-korea.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140724030805/http://www.usab.com/womens/world-university-games/roster.aspx","external_links_name":"\"2015 USA Basketball Women's World University Games Team\""},{"Link":"http://www.usab.com/womens/world-university-games/roster.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150706163528/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-wwug-vs-italy.aspx","external_links_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Muscles Past Italy, 80-68\""},{"Link":"http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-wwug-vs-italy.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150706230040/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-usa-defeats-china.aspx","external_links_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Wins Second Straight, Topples China, 90-75\""},{"Link":"http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-usa-defeats-china.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150708192513/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-usa-czech.aspx","external_links_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Remains Unbeaten, Routs Czech Republic 92-54\""},{"Link":"http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-usa-czech.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150710220128/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-quarterfinal-usa-defeats-hungary.aspx","external_links_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Uses Dominant Defense To Knock Off Hungary In Quarterfinals, 84-43\""},{"Link":"http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/wwug-quarterfinal-usa-defeats-hungary.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150713234457/http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-defeats-japan-in-wwugs-semifinal.aspx","external_links_name":"\"USA Women's World University Games Team Survives Double-Overtime Thriller Against Japan, 102-98\""},{"Link":"http://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2015/07/usa-defeats-japan-in-wwugs-semifinal.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/worlduniversity/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100103173430/http://usabasketball.com/news.php?news_page=09_wwug_game_07_quotes","external_links_name":"Quotes from coach and players"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Mills_(economist) | Edwin Mills (economist) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | American economist (born 1928)
Edwin S. MillsBorn(1928-06-25)June 25, 1928Collingswood, New JerseyDiedOctober 29, 2021(2021-10-29) (aged 93)Chicago, IllinoisNationalityAmericanAcademic careerInstitutionsJohns Hopkins University, Princeton University,
Northwestern UniversityFieldUrban economicsAlma materUniversity of BirminghamBrown UniversityDoctoraladvisorFrank HahnW. M. GormanDoctoralstudentsRyuzo SatoRobert HiggsHerschel GrossmanPaul Courant
Edwin Smith Mills III (June 25, 1928 – October 29, 2021) was an American economist known for his contributions to urban economics. Mills was a long-time faculty member at Johns Hopkins University (1957–1970), Princeton University (1970–1987), and Northwestern University (1987–1996). He was the founding editor of the Journal of Urban Economics.
A native of Collingswood, New Jersey, Mills graduated from Collingswood High School in 1946 and then served for two years as an officer with the United States Army Corps of Engineers.
He received an A.B. in Economics from Brown University in 1951 and a PhD in Economics from the University of Birmingham in 1956.
References
^ "Edwin S. Mills : CV". Faculty.kellogg.northweestern.edu. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
^ a b c Helsley, Robert; Strange, William (2023). "In remembrance Edwin S. Mills (1928-2021)". Journal of Urban Economics. 133. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2022.103531. ISSN 0094-1190.
^ Mills, Edwin 1928-, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Accessed August 7, 2019. "Edwin Smith Mills is an emeritus professor of real estate and finance at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. He was born on June 25, 1928, in Collingswood, New Jersey. After graduating from Collingswood High School in 1946, he served two years in the U.S. Army and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers."
External links
Website at Kellogg School of Business
Mention of Edwin Mills' death
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Korea
Netherlands
Academics
MathSciNet
Mathematics Genealogy Project
Other
IdRef
This biography of an American economist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist"},{"link_name":"urban economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_economics"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Journal of Urban Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Urban_Economics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Collingswood, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingswood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Collingswood High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingswood_High_School"},{"link_name":"United States Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"University of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Edwin Smith Mills III (June 25, 1928 – October 29, 2021) was an American economist known for his contributions to urban economics. Mills was a long-time faculty member at Johns Hopkins University (1957–1970), Princeton University (1970–1987), and Northwestern University (1987–1996).[1][2] He was the founding editor of the Journal of Urban Economics.[2]A native of Collingswood, New Jersey, Mills graduated from Collingswood High School in 1946 and then served for two years as an officer with the United States Army Corps of Engineers.He received an A.B. in Economics from Brown University in 1951 and a PhD in Economics from the University of Birmingham in 1956.[2][3]","title":"Edwin Mills (economist)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Edwin S. Mills : CV\". Faculty.kellogg.northweestern.edu. Retrieved February 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://faculty.kellogg.northwestern.edu/fac_cv_download.php?fac_id=2310","url_text":"\"Edwin S. Mills : CV\""}]},{"reference":"Helsley, Robert; Strange, William (2023). \"In remembrance Edwin S. Mills (1928-2021)\". Journal of Urban Economics. 133. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2022.103531. ISSN 0094-1190.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094119022001073","url_text":"\"In remembrance Edwin S. Mills (1928-2021)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jue.2022.103531","url_text":"10.1016/j.jue.2022.103531"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-1190","url_text":"0094-1190"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://faculty.kellogg.northwestern.edu/fac_cv_download.php?fac_id=2310","external_links_name":"\"Edwin S. Mills : CV\""},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094119022001073","external_links_name":"\"In remembrance Edwin S. Mills (1928-2021)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jue.2022.103531","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jue.2022.103531"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-1190","external_links_name":"0094-1190"},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/mills-edwin","external_links_name":"Mills, Edwin 1928-"},{"Link":"https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/Faculty/Directory/Mills_Edwin.aspx","external_links_name":"Website at Kellogg School of Business"},{"Link":"https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.northwestern.edu/dist/f/2328/files/2023/06/The-Emeriti-News-31-Summer-2023.pdf","external_links_name":"Mention of Edwin Mills' death"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/43804/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110758534","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/88575085","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJghmhyt8W3yJ9TWjx8wG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90171300","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123053360","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123053360","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058595995106706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/130492787","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275572305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79115933","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2009515419&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018H6172","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067627056","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/285193","external_links_name":"MathSciNet"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=201547","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/03192848X","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Mills_(economist)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaminaw%C3%A1_people | Yaminawá | ["1 Name","2 Language","3 Current affairs","4 References","5 Further reading"] | South American indigenous people
For the language, see Yaminawa language.
Ethnic group
YaminawáTotal population2,684 (Funasa, 2010)Regions with significant populationsBrazil (Acre), Peru, BoliviaLanguagesYaminawá, Panoan language family
Patchwork from the 9th Festival of Yawanawa Culture. Brazil-Acre-Amazon-Rio Gregório
Mariri Yawanawá festivity exposes an active culture in the Brazilian Amazon
Patchwork from the 9th Festival of Yawanawa Culture. Brazil-Acre-Amazon-Rio Gregório
The Yaminawá (Iaminaua, Jaminawa, Yawanawa) are an indigenous people who live in Acre (Brazil), Madre de Dios (Peru) and Pando (Bolivia). Their homeland is Acre, Brazil.
Name
The Yaminawá translated to "people of the axe." They are also called the Iaminaua, Jaminawa, Yaminawá (in Brazil), and Yaminahua (in Peru and Bolívia), as well as Yuminahua, Yabinahua, Yambinahua, Yamanawa, and other variants. The Yaminawá name was given to them by outsiders. They have several autonyms including Bashonawá (basho = "opossum"), Marinawá (mari = "cutia", an agouti), Xixinawá (xixi = "white coati"), or Yawanawá (yawa = "wild boar").
Language
The Yaminawá language belongs to the Panoan language family. Linguists estimate that less than 1600 people speak the language. Its ISO 639-3 code is YAA. Very few Yaminawá people speak Spanish or Portuguese, and their literacy rate is extremely low.
Current affairs
The Yawanawa community is currently led by Tashka and Laura Yawanawa. Tashka Yawanawa had served as Chief of the Yananawa since 2001. In just a few years, Tashka and his wife Laura (Mixteca-Zapoteca) have worked to increase Yawanawa territory, reinvigorate Yawanawa culture, and establish economically and socially empowering relationships with the outside world.
The Yawanawa community and their allies are developing a new model of sustainability that allows the Yawanawa to protect the rainforest and engage with the outside world on their own terms, without losing their cultural and spiritual identity.
References
^ a b c "Yaminawá: Introduction." Povos Indigenous do Brasil. (retrieved 12 May 2017)
^ "Yaminawá: Name." Povos Indigenous do Brasil. (retrieved 25 June 2011)
^ Yaminawa Language Documentation Project
^ "Yaminahua." Ethnologue. (retrieved 25 June 2011)
Further reading
Yaminawá in the Encyclopedia of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil
Video of Yaminawa mourning songs
vte Indigenous peoples of BrazilIndigenous peoples of the North RegionAcre
Apurinã
Asháninka
Kaxinawá
Kulina
Machinere
Yaminawá
Amapá
Aparai
Kalina
Karipuna
Palikur
Wayampi
Amazonas
Amahuaca
Apurinã
Banawá
Baniwa
Barasana
Bora
Cambeba
Cubeo
Dâw
Hupda
Jamamadi
Juma
Korubo
Kulina
Macuna
Mawé
Matis
Matsés
Munduruku
Mura
Parintintín
Pirahã
Pira-tapuya
Siriano
Tariana
Tembé
Tenharim
Ticuna
Tiriyó
Tucano
Turiwára
Wai-wai
Wayampi
Wayana
White Indians
Witoto
Yanomami
Zuruahã
Pará
Amanayé
Anambé
Aparai
Apiacá
Arara (Pará)
Araweté
Atikum
Karajá
Kayapo
Kỳikatêjê
Munduruku
Parkatêjê
Parakanã
Suruí (Pará)
Tembé
Tiriyó
Turiwára
Wai-wai
Wayampi
Wayana
Zo'é
Rondônia
Aikanã
Akuntsu
Arara (Rondônia)
Cinta Larga
Gavião (Rondônia)
Kanoê
Karitiana
Kwaza
Paiter
Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau
Wari’
Roraima
Akawaio
Macushi
Patamona
Pemon
Wapishana
Yanomami
Ye'kuana
Tocantins
Apinajé
Karajá
Krahô
Tapirapé
Xambioá
Xerente
Indigenous peoples of the Northeast RegionBahia
Pataxó
Ceará
Kiriri
Tabajara
Tapeba
Maranhão
Awá-Guajá
Canela
Guajajara
Ka'apor
Krĩkatí
Gavião-Pykobjê
Paraíba
Potiguara
Pernambuco
Xukuru
Indigenous peoples of the Central-West RegionGoiás
Avá-Canoeiro
Karajá
Mato Grosso
Aimoré
Apiacá
Aweti
Bakairi
Bororo
Chiquitano
Cinta Larga
Enawene Nawe
Guató
Ikpeng
Kaiabi
Kalapalo
Kamayurá
Karajá
Kayapo
Kuikuro
Matipu
Munduruku
Nahukuá
Nambikwara
Paiter
Panará
Paresi
Rikbaktsa
Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)
Tapayúna
Tapirapé
Terena
Trumai
Umutina
Wauja
Xavante
Yawalapiti
Yudjá
Mato Grosso do Sul
Chamacoco
Guarani-Kaiowá
Guató
Kadiweu
Mbayá
Ofayé
Terena
Indigenous peoples of the South and Southeast RegionsEspírito Santo
Tupiniquim
Minas Gerais
Aimoré
Kaxixó
Xakriabá
Santa Catarina
Xokleng
São Paulo
Aimoré
Kaingang
Terena
Widespread
Kaingang
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
This article related to an ethnic group in Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yaminawa language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaminawa_language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uni%C3%A3o_(5291256228).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mariri_Yawanaw%C3%A1_festividade_exp%C3%B5e_uma_cultura_ativa_na_Amaz%C3%B4nia_brasileira_(9398700511).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chefes_(5290620439).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peixe_Boi_(5291260468).jpg"},{"link_name":"Yawanawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lastchancetopaint.com/1-amazon-spirit-of-the-rainforest"},{"link_name":"indigenous people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre_(state)"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Madre de Dios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madre_de_Dios_Region"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Pando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pando_Department"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pib-1"}],"text":"For the language, see Yaminawa language.Ethnic groupPatchwork from the 9th Festival of Yawanawa Culture. Brazil-Acre-Amazon-Rio GregórioMariri Yawanawá festivity exposes an active culture in the Brazilian AmazonPatchwork from the 9th Festival of Yawanawa Culture. Brazil-Acre-Amazon-Rio GregórioThe Yaminawá (Iaminaua, Jaminawa, Yawanawa) are an indigenous people who live in Acre (Brazil), Madre de Dios (Peru) and Pando (Bolivia). Their homeland is Acre, Brazil.[1]","title":"Yaminawá"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"autonyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonym"},{"link_name":"agouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti"},{"link_name":"coati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coati"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Yaminawá translated to \"people of the axe.\" They are also called the Iaminaua, Jaminawa, Yaminawá (in Brazil), and Yaminahua (in Peru and Bolívia), as well as Yuminahua, Yabinahua, Yambinahua, Yamanawa, and other variants. The Yaminawá name was given to them by outsiders. They have several autonyms including Bashonawá (basho = \"opossum\"), Marinawá (mari = \"cutia\", an agouti), Xixinawá (xixi = \"white coati\"), or Yawanawá (yawa = \"wild boar\").[2]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yaminawá language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaminaw%C3%A1_language"},{"link_name":"Panoan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoan_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ISO 639-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Yaminawá language belongs to the Panoan language family. Linguists estimate that less than 1600 people speak the language.[3] Its ISO 639-3 code is YAA. Very few Yaminawá people speak Spanish or Portuguese, and their literacy rate is extremely low.[4]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mixteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixteca"},{"link_name":"Zapoteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_peoples"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Yawanawa community is currently led by Tashka and Laura Yawanawa. Tashka Yawanawa had served as Chief of the Yananawa since 2001.[citation needed] In just a few years, Tashka and his wife Laura (Mixteca-Zapoteca) have worked to increase Yawanawa territory, reinvigorate Yawanawa culture, and establish economically and socially empowering relationships with the outside world.[citation needed]The Yawanawa community and their allies are developing a new model of sustainability that allows the Yawanawa to protect the rainforest and engage with the outside world on their own terms, without losing their cultural and spiritual identity.[citation needed]","title":"Current affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yaminawá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/yaminawa"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indigenous_Peoples_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Video of Yaminawa mourning songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=BziR_LY8dqI"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Brazil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Indigenous peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"North Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre_(state)"},{"link_name":"Apurinã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apurin%C3%A3"},{"link_name":"Asháninka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%C3%A1ninka"},{"link_name":"Kaxinawá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaxinaw%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Kulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulina_people"},{"link_name":"Machinere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinere"},{"link_name":"Yaminawá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Amapá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amap%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Aparai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparai_people"},{"link_name":"Kalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalina_people"},{"link_name":"Karipuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karipuna_do_Amap%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Palikur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palikur"},{"link_name":"Wayampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayampi"},{"link_name":"Amazonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)"},{"link_name":"Amahuaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amahuaca"},{"link_name":"Apurinã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apurin%C3%A3"},{"link_name":"Banawá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaw%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Baniwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baniwa"},{"link_name":"Barasana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barasana"},{"link_name":"Bora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora_people"},{"link_name":"Cambeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambeba"},{"link_name":"Cubeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubeo_people"},{"link_name":"Dâw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2w_people"},{"link_name":"Hupda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupda_people"},{"link_name":"Jamamadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamamadi"},{"link_name":"Juma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juma_people"},{"link_name":"Korubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korubo"},{"link_name":"Kulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulina_people"},{"link_name":"Macuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macuna"},{"link_name":"Mawé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maw%C3%A9_people"},{"link_name":"Matis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matis"},{"link_name":"Matsés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mats%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Munduruku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munduruku"},{"link_name":"Mura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mura_people"},{"link_name":"Parintintín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parintint%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Pirahã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirah%C3%A3_people"},{"link_name":"Pira-tapuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pira-tapuya"},{"link_name":"Siriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siriano"},{"link_name":"Tariana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariana_people"},{"link_name":"Tembé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temb%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Tenharim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenharim"},{"link_name":"Ticuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticuna"},{"link_name":"Tiriyó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiriy%C3%B3_people"},{"link_name":"Tucano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucano_people"},{"link_name":"Turiwára","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turiw%C3%A1ra"},{"link_name":"Wai-wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai-wai_people"},{"link_name":"Wayampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayampi"},{"link_name":"Wayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayana"},{"link_name":"White Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Amazonian_Indians"},{"link_name":"Witoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witoto_people"},{"link_name":"Yanomami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanomami"},{"link_name":"Zuruahã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuruah%C3%A3"},{"link_name":"Pará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Amanayé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanay%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Anambé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamb%C3%A9_people"},{"link_name":"Aparai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparai_people"},{"link_name":"Apiacá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiac%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Arara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arara_(Par%C3%A1)"},{"link_name":"Araweté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawet%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Atikum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atikum"},{"link_name":"Karajá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Kayapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayapo"},{"link_name":"Kỳikatêjê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%B3ikat%C3%AAj%C3%AA_people"},{"link_name":"Munduruku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munduruku"},{"link_name":"Parkatêjê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkat%C3%AAj%C3%AA_people"},{"link_name":"Parakanã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakan%C3%A3_people"},{"link_name":"Suruí (Pará)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suru%C3%AD_(Par%C3%A1)"},{"link_name":"Tembé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temb%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Tiriyó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiriy%C3%B3_people"},{"link_name":"Turiwára","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turiw%C3%A1ra"},{"link_name":"Wai-wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai-wai_people"},{"link_name":"Wayampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayampi"},{"link_name":"Wayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayana"},{"link_name":"Zo'é","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zo%27%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Rondônia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia"},{"link_name":"Aikanã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_people"},{"link_name":"Akuntsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuntsu"},{"link_name":"Arara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arara_(Rond%C3%B4nia)"},{"link_name":"Cinta Larga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinta_Larga"},{"link_name":"Gavião","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavi%C3%A3o_(Rond%C3%B4nia)"},{"link_name":"Kanoê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano%C3%AA"},{"link_name":"Karitiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karitiana"},{"link_name":"Kwaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaza_people"},{"link_name":"Paiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiter"},{"link_name":"Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau"},{"link_name":"Wari’","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wari%E2%80%99"},{"link_name":"Roraima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roraima"},{"link_name":"Akawaio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akawaio_people"},{"link_name":"Macushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macushi"},{"link_name":"Patamona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patamona_people"},{"link_name":"Pemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemon"},{"link_name":"Wapishana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapishana"},{"link_name":"Yanomami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanomami"},{"link_name":"Ye'kuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%27kuana"},{"link_name":"Tocantins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocantins"},{"link_name":"Apinajé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apinaj%C3%A9_people"},{"link_name":"Karajá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Krahô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krah%C3%B4"},{"link_name":"Tapirapé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapirap%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Xambioá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xambio%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Xerente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerente"},{"link_name":"Northeast Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia"},{"link_name":"Pataxó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patax%C3%B3_people"},{"link_name":"Ceará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cear%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Kiriri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiriri_people"},{"link_name":"Tabajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabajara_people"},{"link_name":"Tapeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapeba_people"},{"link_name":"Maranhão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Awá-Guajá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aw%C3%A1-Guaj%C3%A1_people"},{"link_name":"Canela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canela_people"},{"link_name":"Guajajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guajajara"},{"link_name":"Ka'apor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27apor_people"},{"link_name":"Krĩkatí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krikati&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gavião-Pykobjê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pykobj%C3%AA_people"},{"link_name":"Paraíba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%C3%ADba"},{"link_name":"Potiguara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potiguara_people"},{"link_name":"Pernambuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernambuco"},{"link_name":"Xukuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xukuru_people"},{"link_name":"Central-West Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central-West_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Goiás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"Avá-Canoeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av%C3%A1-Canoeiro"},{"link_name":"Karajá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Mato Grosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso"},{"link_name":"Aimoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimor%C3%A9_people"},{"link_name":"Apiacá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiac%C3%A1_people"},{"link_name":"Aweti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aweti"},{"link_name":"Bakairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakairi_people"},{"link_name":"Bororo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bororo"},{"link_name":"Chiquitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquitano_people"},{"link_name":"Cinta Larga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinta_Larga_people"},{"link_name":"Enawene Nawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enawene_Nawe_people"},{"link_name":"Guató","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_people"},{"link_name":"Ikpeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikpeng_people"},{"link_name":"Kaiabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiabi_people"},{"link_name":"Kalapalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalapalo_people"},{"link_name":"Kamayurá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamayur%C3%A1_people"},{"link_name":"Karajá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Kayapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayapo"},{"link_name":"Kuikuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuikuro_people"},{"link_name":"Matipu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matipu_people"},{"link_name":"Munduruku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munduruku_people"},{"link_name":"Nahukuá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuku%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Nambikwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambikwara_people"},{"link_name":"Paiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiter_people"},{"link_name":"Panará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panar%C3%A1_people"},{"link_name":"Paresi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresi_language"},{"link_name":"Rikbaktsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikbaktsa_people"},{"link_name":"Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suy%C3%A1_people"},{"link_name":"Tapayúna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tapay%C3%BAna_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tapirapé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapirap%C3%A9_people"},{"link_name":"Terena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terena_people"},{"link_name":"Trumai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumai_people"},{"link_name":"Umutina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umutina"},{"link_name":"Wauja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wauja_people"},{"link_name":"Xavante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavante_people"},{"link_name":"Yawalapiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawalapiti"},{"link_name":"Yudjá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudj%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Mato Grosso do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Chamacoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamacoco"},{"link_name":"Guarani-Kaiowá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani-Kaiow%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Guató","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_people"},{"link_name":"Kadiweu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadiweu_people"},{"link_name":"Mbayá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbay%C3%A1_people"},{"link_name":"Ofayé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_people"},{"link_name":"Terena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terena_people"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Southeast Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Espírito Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo"},{"link_name":"Tupiniquim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupiniquim_people"},{"link_name":"Minas Gerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais"},{"link_name":"Aimoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimor%C3%A9_people"},{"link_name":"Kaxixó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaxix%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Xakriabá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xakriab%C3%A1_people"},{"link_name":"Santa Catarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)"},{"link_name":"Xokleng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xokleng"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)"},{"link_name":"Aimoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimor%C3%A9_people"},{"link_name":"Kaingang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaingang_people"},{"link_name":"Terena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terena_people"},{"link_name":"Kaingang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaingang_people"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q572484#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566525305171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2007004710"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indians_of_northeastern_of_Brazil_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"ethnic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yaminaw%C3%A1&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Brazil-ethno-group-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Brazil-ethno-group-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brazil-ethno-group-stub"}],"text":"Yaminawá in the Encyclopedia of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil\nVideo of Yaminawa mourning songsvte Indigenous peoples of BrazilIndigenous peoples of the North RegionAcre\nApurinã\nAsháninka\nKaxinawá\nKulina\nMachinere\nYaminawá\nAmapá\nAparai\nKalina\nKaripuna\nPalikur\nWayampi\nAmazonas\nAmahuaca\nApurinã\nBanawá\nBaniwa\nBarasana\nBora\nCambeba\nCubeo\nDâw\nHupda\nJamamadi\nJuma\nKorubo\nKulina\nMacuna\nMawé\nMatis\nMatsés\nMunduruku\nMura\nParintintín\nPirahã\nPira-tapuya\nSiriano\nTariana\nTembé\nTenharim\nTicuna\nTiriyó\nTucano\nTuriwára\nWai-wai\nWayampi\nWayana\nWhite Indians\nWitoto\nYanomami\nZuruahã\nPará\nAmanayé\nAnambé\nAparai\nApiacá\nArara (Pará)\nAraweté\nAtikum\nKarajá\nKayapo\nKỳikatêjê\nMunduruku\nParkatêjê\nParakanã\nSuruí (Pará)\nTembé\nTiriyó\nTuriwára\nWai-wai\nWayampi\nWayana\nZo'é\nRondônia\nAikanã\nAkuntsu\nArara (Rondônia)\nCinta Larga\nGavião (Rondônia)\nKanoê\nKaritiana\nKwaza\nPaiter\nUru-Eu-Wau-Wau\nWari’\nRoraima\nAkawaio\nMacushi\nPatamona\nPemon\nWapishana\nYanomami\nYe'kuana\nTocantins\nApinajé\nKarajá\nKrahô\nTapirapé\nXambioá\nXerente\nIndigenous peoples of the Northeast RegionBahia\nPataxó\nCeará\nKiriri\nTabajara\nTapeba\nMaranhão\nAwá-Guajá\nCanela\nGuajajara\nKa'apor\nKrĩkatí\nGavião-Pykobjê\nParaíba\nPotiguara\nPernambuco\nXukuru\nIndigenous peoples of the Central-West RegionGoiás\nAvá-Canoeiro\nKarajá\nMato Grosso\nAimoré\nApiacá\nAweti\nBakairi\nBororo\nChiquitano\nCinta Larga\nEnawene Nawe\nGuató\nIkpeng\nKaiabi\nKalapalo\nKamayurá\nKarajá\nKayapo\nKuikuro\nMatipu\nMunduruku\nNahukuá\nNambikwara\nPaiter\nPanará\nParesi\nRikbaktsa\nKĩsêdjê (Suyá)\nTapayúna\nTapirapé\nTerena\nTrumai\nUmutina\nWauja\nXavante\nYawalapiti\nYudjá\nMato Grosso do Sul\nChamacoco\nGuarani-Kaiowá\nGuató\nKadiweu\nMbayá\nOfayé\nTerena\nIndigenous peoples of the South and Southeast RegionsEspírito Santo\nTupiniquim\nMinas Gerais\nAimoré\nKaxixó\nXakriabá\nSanta Catarina\nXokleng\nSão Paulo\nAimoré\nKaingang\nTerena\nWidespread\nKaingangAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited StatesThis article related to an ethnic group in Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Patchwork from the 9th Festival of Yawanawa Culture. Brazil-Acre-Amazon-Rio Gregório","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Uni%C3%A3o_%285291256228%29.jpg/220px-Uni%C3%A3o_%285291256228%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mariri Yawanawá festivity exposes an active culture in the Brazilian Amazon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mariri_Yawanaw%C3%A1_festividade_exp%C3%B5e_uma_cultura_ativa_na_Amaz%C3%B4nia_brasileira_%289398700511%29.jpg/220px-Mariri_Yawanaw%C3%A1_festividade_exp%C3%B5e_uma_cultura_ativa_na_Amaz%C3%B4nia_brasileira_%289398700511%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Patchwork from the 9th Festival of Yawanawa Culture. Brazil-Acre-Amazon-Rio Gregório","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chefes_%285290620439%29.jpg/220px-Chefes_%285290620439%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Peixe_Boi_%285291260468%29.jpg/220px-Peixe_Boi_%285291260468%29.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.lastchancetopaint.com/1-amazon-spirit-of-the-rainforest","external_links_name":"Yawanawa"},{"Link":"http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/yaminawa","external_links_name":"\"Yaminawá: Introduction.\""},{"Link":"http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/yaminawa/1183","external_links_name":"\"Yaminawá: Name.\""},{"Link":"http://clas.berkeley.edu/research/yaminawa-language-documentation-project","external_links_name":"Yaminawa Language Documentation Project"},{"Link":"http://www.ethnologue.com/%5C/15/show_language.asp?code=yaa","external_links_name":"\"Yaminahua.\""},{"Link":"http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/yaminawa","external_links_name":"Yaminawá"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BziR_LY8dqI","external_links_name":"Video of Yaminawa mourning songs"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566525305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2007004710","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yaminaw%C3%A1&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_elder | Elder (administrative title) | ["1 Elder systems","1.1 Informal elderhoods","1.2 Formal elderhoods","1.3 Elders in online communities","2 Titles in different cultures","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"] | For other uses, see Elder (disambiguation).
The term Elder, or its equivalent in another language, is used in several countries and organizations to indicate a position of authority. This usage is usually derived from the notion that the oldest members of any given group are the wisest, and are thus the most qualified to rule, provide counsel or serve the said group in some other capacity.
Elder systems
Elder is a role played in the organised community that is most common in tribal subsistence cultures, Elderhood being the condition or quality of being an elder. It is essentially the state of being in the latter portion of one's life and being looked to for leadership of either a passive or active nature by your peers and\or subordinates due almost exclusively to this fact. Sometimes it involves a ceremonial investiture of some kind, and other times it does not. Sometimes it involves a definite chronological milestone which must be surpassed, while at other times the required age is simply relative to the ages of all of the other members of the group in question. Once having met the peculiar requirements of their individual groups, however, all elders are generally expected to mentor, share their experience, create a sense of oneness for their followings and, most especially, act as the spiritual embodiments of their communities.
Informal elderhoods
An example of informal elderhood is the role of the matriarchal grandmother as it appears in many parts of the global South. In the absence of viable male alternatives or even in the presence of them, grandmothers in these areas tend to serve as both the de facto heads of their groups of descendants and the catalysts of their periodic reunions and meetings. By doing so they provide their families with a cohesion that would probably be absent if they weren't present. Another example is that of the vocational mentor who guides his or her apprentices with tools of sponsorship, advocacy and the demonstration of skills. He or she serves to facilitate creativity in his or her charges by teaching the methods of the past as they pertain to their various occupations.
Formal elderhoods
In more formal examples of elderhood, elders serve as the members of the governing and/or advisory bodies of higher personages such as kings and presidents in the form of a council of elders. This often gives them a prestige amongst their peoples that's comparable to that of the classical nobility of ancient Europe. Due to this, elderhood of this variety is generally considered to be something worthy of aspiring to in the communities where it exists.
Elders in online communities
There are long established conceptualisations of elders on the Internet. In such online communities elders are typically thought of as established members who are outbound, often due to unwanted changes they can't prevent.
Titles in different cultures
Alderman in systems with Anglo-Saxon origins is synonymous with what in other systems might be known as a city councilman. It derives from the term ealdorman, meaning "elder man".
American Indian elder
Aqsaqal, "white beard" in Turkic languages.
Auncient, deriving from the Norman French noun ancien, signifying "an elder", has a restricted use in English ceremonial orders of precedence, especially in the legal profession.
Australian Aboriginal elders are widely respected men and women of authority who have a deep knowledge of traditional lore. They are consulted on any important aspect of Aboriginal life.
Gerousia was the Spartan equivalent of a council. The term means Council of Elders.
Hor Chan, from Mayan language, meaning "Chief of Chan". Chan was a term some Maya used to refer to themselves.
Kaumātua are the tribal elders in Māori society.
Oday is the term for elder in the Somali language. Elders hold an important position in Somali society, particularly within the Somali customary law or Xeer, where they serve as judges.
Oloye is the title of an elder of aristocratic rank amongst the Yoruba people of West Africa, though they usually translate it as chieftain.
Onyishi is a gerontocratic form of government in some parts of Igboland, Nigeria.
Senator: in the Senate of Rome, the senators were men. Senator comes from the Latin root sen- "old" (senex "old man", compare "senior"), and the senators were actually called patres (fathers).
Seniūnas, the ruler of Eldership, (seniūnija in Lithuanian), Lithuania's smallest administrative division.
Sheikh means "old man" in Arabic. The word has specific cultural and religious connotations as well.
Starosta, derived from Slavic word stary (old), is a title for an official or unofficial position of leadership that has been used in various contexts through most of Slavic history (see also Starets).
Vanem, ancient ruler of an Estonian parish and county. From 1920–1937, Estonian head of state and head of government was called Riigivanem, meaning "State Elder". Today, county governors are called maavanem and parish mayors vallavanem.
Witan in Anglo-Saxon and other Germanic traditions was a wise man although usually just a noble. The term is most often used to describe those who attended the Witenagemot.
See also
Big man (anthropology)
Religious elder
Village head
References
^ Kim, A. (2000). Community building on the Web: Secret strategies for successful online communities. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press.
Further reading
Bolen, Jean Shinoda Crones Don't Whine. Conari Press. Boston. 2003.
Gutmann, David. Reclaimed Powers. Northwestern U. Press. Evanston, Ill.1994
Dass, Ram. Still Here.Embracing Aging, Changing, and Dying .Riverhead Books.New York. 2001.
Jones, Terry. Elder: A spiritual alternative to being elderly. Elderhood Institute. 2006.
Jones, Terry. The Elder Within: Source of Mature Masculinity. Elderhood Institute. 2001.
Leder, Drew. Spiritual Passages. Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam. New York. 1997.
Levinson, Daniel J. The Seasons of a Man's Life. Ballantine Books. NY. 1978.
Raines, Robert. A Time to Live. Seven Steps in Creative Aging. A Plume Book. New York. 1997.
Schachter-Shalomi, Zalman. Ageing to Sageing. Warner Books. N.Y. 1995. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elder (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority"},{"link_name":"most qualified to rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontocracy"}],"text":"For other uses, see Elder (disambiguation).The term Elder, or its equivalent in another language, is used in several countries and organizations to indicate a position of authority. This usage is usually derived from the notion that the oldest members of any given group are the wisest, and are thus the most qualified to rule, provide counsel or serve the said group in some other capacity.","title":"Elder (administrative title)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community"},{"link_name":"tribal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal"}],"text":"Elder is a role played in the organised community that is most common in tribal subsistence cultures, Elderhood being the condition or quality of being an elder. It is essentially the state of being in the latter portion of one's life and being looked to for leadership of either a passive or active nature by your peers and\\or subordinates due almost exclusively to this fact. Sometimes it involves a ceremonial investiture of some kind, and other times it does not. Sometimes it involves a definite chronological milestone which must be surpassed, while at other times the required age is simply relative to the ages of all of the other members of the group in question. Once having met the peculiar requirements of their individual groups, however, all elders are generally expected to mentor, share their experience, create a sense of oneness for their followings and, most especially, act as the spiritual embodiments of their communities.","title":"Elder systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grandmother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmother"},{"link_name":"global South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_South"}],"sub_title":"Informal elderhoods","text":"An example of informal elderhood is the role of the matriarchal grandmother as it appears in many parts of the global South. In the absence of viable male alternatives or even in the presence of them, grandmothers in these areas tend to serve as both the de facto heads of their groups of descendants and the catalysts of their periodic reunions and meetings. By doing so they provide their families with a cohesion that would probably be absent if they weren't present. Another example is that of the vocational mentor who guides his or her apprentices with tools of sponsorship, advocacy and the demonstration of skills. He or she serves to facilitate creativity in his or her charges by teaching the methods of the past as they pertain to their various occupations.","title":"Elder systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King"},{"link_name":"presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(government_title)"},{"link_name":"council of elders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Elders_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility"}],"sub_title":"Formal elderhoods","text":"In more formal examples of elderhood, elders serve as the members of the governing and/or advisory bodies of higher personages such as kings and presidents in the form of a council of elders. This often gives them a prestige amongst their peoples that's comparable to that of the classical nobility of ancient Europe. Due to this, elderhood of this variety is generally considered to be something worthy of aspiring to in the communities where it exists.","title":"Elder systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Elders in online communities","text":"There are long established conceptualisations of elders on the Internet. In such online communities elders are typically thought of as established members who are outbound, often due to unwanted changes they can't prevent.[1]","title":"Elder systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderman"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon"},{"link_name":"ealdorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealdorman"},{"link_name":"American Indian elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_elder"},{"link_name":"Aqsaqal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqsaqal"},{"link_name":"Turkic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages"},{"link_name":"Auncient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auncienty"},{"link_name":"orders of precedence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_precedence"},{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal elders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_elder"},{"link_name":"Gerousia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerousia"},{"link_name":"Mayan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayan_language"},{"link_name":"Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_peoples"},{"link_name":"Kaumātua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaum%C4%81tua"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"Somali language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people"},{"link_name":"customary law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_law"},{"link_name":"Xeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeer"},{"link_name":"Oloye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oba_(ruler)#Oloye"},{"link_name":"Yoruba people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"chieftain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chieftain"},{"link_name":"Onyishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onyishi"},{"link_name":"gerontocratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontocratic"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Eldership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elderships_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"seniūnija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni%C5%ABnija"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Starosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starosta"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages"},{"link_name":"Slavic history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_people"},{"link_name":"Starets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starets"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_State_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"head of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples"},{"link_name":"noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility"},{"link_name":"Witenagemot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witenagemot"}],"text":"Alderman in systems with Anglo-Saxon origins is synonymous with what in other systems might be known as a city councilman. It derives from the term ealdorman, meaning \"elder man\".\nAmerican Indian elder\nAqsaqal, \"white beard\" in Turkic languages.\nAuncient, deriving from the Norman French noun ancien, signifying \"an elder\", has a restricted use in English ceremonial orders of precedence, especially in the legal profession.\nAustralian Aboriginal elders are widely respected men and women of authority who have a deep knowledge of traditional lore. They are consulted on any important aspect of Aboriginal life.\nGerousia was the Spartan equivalent of a council. The term means Council of Elders.\nHor Chan, from Mayan language, meaning \"Chief of Chan\". Chan was a term some Maya used to refer to themselves.\nKaumātua are the tribal elders in Māori society.\nOday is the term for elder in the Somali language. Elders hold an important position in Somali society, particularly within the Somali customary law or Xeer, where they serve as judges.\nOloye is the title of an elder of aristocratic rank amongst the Yoruba people of West Africa, though they usually translate it as chieftain.\nOnyishi is a gerontocratic form of government in some parts of Igboland, Nigeria.\nSenator: in the Senate of Rome, the senators were men. Senator comes from the Latin root sen- \"old\" (senex \"old man\", compare \"senior\"), and the senators were actually called patres (fathers).\nSeniūnas, the ruler of Eldership, (seniūnija in Lithuanian), Lithuania's smallest administrative division.\nSheikh means \"old man\" in Arabic. The word has specific cultural and religious connotations as well.\nStarosta, derived from Slavic word stary (old), is a title for an official or unofficial position of leadership that has been used in various contexts through most of Slavic history (see also Starets).\nVanem, ancient ruler of an Estonian parish and county. From 1920–1937, Estonian head of state and head of government was called Riigivanem, meaning \"State Elder\". Today, county governors are called maavanem and parish mayors vallavanem.\nWitan in Anglo-Saxon and other Germanic traditions was a wise man although usually just a noble. The term is most often used to describe those who attended the Witenagemot.","title":"Titles in different cultures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bolen, Jean Shinoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Shinoda_Bolen"}],"text":"Bolen, Jean Shinoda Crones Don't Whine. Conari Press. Boston. 2003.\nGutmann, David. Reclaimed Powers. Northwestern U. Press. Evanston, Ill.1994\nDass, Ram. Still Here.Embracing Aging, Changing, and Dying .Riverhead Books.New York. 2001.\nJones, Terry. Elder: A spiritual alternative to being elderly. Elderhood Institute. 2006.\nJones, Terry. The Elder Within: Source of Mature Masculinity. Elderhood Institute. 2001.\nLeder, Drew. Spiritual Passages. Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam. New York. 1997.\nLevinson, Daniel J. The Seasons of a Man's Life. Ballantine Books. NY. 1978.\nRaines, Robert. A Time to Live. Seven Steps in Creative Aging. A Plume Book. New York. 1997.\nSchachter-Shalomi, Zalman. Ageing to Sageing. Warner Books. N.Y. 1995.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Big man (anthropology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_man_(anthropology)"},{"title":"Religious elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_elder"},{"title":"Village head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_head"}] | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovisi_(family) | Ludovisi (family) | ["1 Origins","2 Ludovisi treasures","3 References","4 External links"] | Prominent family in Rome, Venetian patrician family
For the Roman district, see Ludovisi (rione of Rome).
LudovisiCoat of arms of Ludovisi familyCountry Papal States Principality of Piombino Crown of Aragon Kingdom of SardiniaFounded15th centuryFounderBertrando di MonterenziTitles
Pope (non-hereditary)
Prince of Piombino
Viceroy of Aragon
Viceroy of Sardinia
Prince of Gallicano
Prince of Venosa
Duke of Fiano
Duke of Zagarolo
Marquis of Populonia
Senator of Bologna
Deposition1700 (male line) 1733 (female line)Cadet branchesBoncompagni-Ludovisi
The House of Ludovisi was an Italian noble family, originating from Bologna. They had close ties with the Papacy and were influential in the Papal States. Alessandro Ludovisi became a cardinal and later Pope Gregory XV. His cardinal-nephew was Ludovico Ludovisi.
Beginning in 1634 with Niccolò I Ludovisi, one branch of the family ruled the Principality of Piombino. They owned the Villa Ludovisi in Rome. In 1894, they sold their art collection to the state. Alberico Boncompagni Ludovisi, prince of Venosa, was a winemaker at his estate Fiorano from the late 1940s to 1995.
Origins
Villa Ludovisi in the 1880s
The Ludovisi were an ancient noble family originally from Bologna. It originated from a certain Bertrando di Monterenzio, also called Bertrando di Monterenzoli (the name derived from that of a Bolognese castle), who was adopted by his maternal uncle Giovanni Ludovisi, without descendants and with whom the family would have died out. Bertrando then inherited the surname and the coat of arms of the Ludovisi, and, through his descendants, began a new dynasty. During his political career, he was a member of the Council of the Elders of Bologna from 1458 to 1465. His son, Girolamo Ludovisi, was a senator and gonfalonier of Bologna, only to be deposed by the Bentivoglio family in 1511 and murdered. Girolamo's son, Niccolò Ludovisi, was count of Samoggia and Tiola and again a senator. But it was from Ludovico Ludovisi, brother of Niccolò, and from his son, Pompeo Ludovisi, that the one who gave the real beginning to the fortunes of the dynasty was born: Alessandro Ludovisi, future Pope Gregory XV.
Ludovisi treasures
Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
Ludovisi Gaul
Ludovisi Dionysus
Ludovisi Throne
References
^ Asimov, Eric, The New York Times (December 22, 2004). An Italian Prince and His Magic Cellar
^ "LUDOVISI in "Enciclopedia Italiana"". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-10-23.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Ludovisi. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ludovisi (rione of Rome)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovisi_(rione_of_Rome)"},{"link_name":"Italian noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_nobility"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"Papacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papacy"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(catholicism)"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV"},{"link_name":"cardinal-nephew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal-nephew"},{"link_name":"Ludovico Ludovisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ludovisi"},{"link_name":"Niccolò I Ludovisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_I_Ludovisi"},{"link_name":"Principality of Piombino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino"},{"link_name":"Villa Ludovisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Ludovisi"},{"link_name":"Venosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venosa"},{"link_name":"winemaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemaking"},{"link_name":"Fiorano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorano_(wine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-ea04-1"}],"text":"For the Roman district, see Ludovisi (rione of Rome).The House of Ludovisi was an Italian noble family, originating from Bologna. They had close ties with the Papacy and were influential in the Papal States. Alessandro Ludovisi became a cardinal and later Pope Gregory XV. His cardinal-nephew was Ludovico Ludovisi.Beginning in 1634 with Niccolò I Ludovisi, one branch of the family ruled the Principality of Piombino. They owned the Villa Ludovisi in Rome. In 1894, they sold their art collection to the state. Alberico Boncompagni Ludovisi, prince of Venosa, was a winemaker at his estate Fiorano from the late 1940s to 1995.[1]","title":"Ludovisi (family)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VillaLudovisiByRoeslerFranz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bentivoglio family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentivoglio_family"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Villa Ludovisi in the 1880sThe Ludovisi were an ancient noble family originally from Bologna. It originated from a certain Bertrando di Monterenzio, also called Bertrando di Monterenzoli (the name derived from that of a Bolognese castle), who was adopted by his maternal uncle Giovanni Ludovisi, without descendants and with whom the family would have died out. Bertrando then inherited the surname and the coat of arms of the Ludovisi, and, through his descendants, began a new dynasty. During his political career, he was a member of the Council of the Elders of Bologna from 1458 to 1465. His son, Girolamo Ludovisi, was a senator and gonfalonier of Bologna, only to be deposed by the Bentivoglio family in 1511 and murdered. Girolamo's son, Niccolò Ludovisi, was count of Samoggia and Tiola and again a senator. But it was from Ludovico Ludovisi, brother of Niccolò, and from his son, Pompeo Ludovisi, that the one who gave the real beginning to the fortunes of the dynasty was born: Alessandro Ludovisi, future Pope Gregory XV.[2]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovisi_Battle_sarcophagus"},{"link_name":"Ludovisi Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovisi_Gaul"},{"link_name":"Ludovisi Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovisi_Dionysus"},{"link_name":"Ludovisi Throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovisi_Throne"}],"text":"Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus\nLudovisi Gaul\nLudovisi Dionysus\nLudovisi Throne","title":"Ludovisi treasures"}] | [{"image_text":"Villa Ludovisi in the 1880s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/VillaLudovisiByRoeslerFranz.jpg/220px-VillaLudovisiByRoeslerFranz.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"LUDOVISI in \"Enciclopedia Italiana\"\". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ludovisi_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)","url_text":"\"LUDOVISI in \"Enciclopedia Italiana\"\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E2D81330F931A15751C1A9629C8B63&pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"An Italian Prince and His Magic Cellar"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ludovisi_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)","external_links_name":"\"LUDOVISI in \"Enciclopedia Italiana\"\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Department_of_Transportation | Illinois Department of Transportation | ["1 Organization","2 History","3 Notes and references","4 External links"] | Government agency in Illinois, United States
Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT)Agency overviewFormedFebruary 29, 1972; 52 years ago (1972-02-29)Preceding agencyIllinois Department of Public Works and BuildingsJurisdictionIllinoisHeadquartersHanley Building, 2300 S. Dirksen Parkway, Springfield, IllinoisAnnual budget$9.7 billion (FY 2019)Agency executiveOmer Osman, SecretaryParent agencyState of IllinoisWebsitewww.dot.il.gov
The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) is a state agency in charge of state-maintained public roadways of the U.S. state of Illinois. In addition, IDOT provides funding for rail, public transit and airport projects and administers fuel tax and federal funding to local jurisdictions in the state. The Secretary of Transportation reports to the Governor of Illinois. IDOT is headquartered in unincorporated Sangamon County, located near the state capital, Springfield. In addition, the IDOT Division of Highways has offices in nine locations throughout the state.
The mission of IDOT is to provide safe, cost-effective transportation for Illinois in ways that enhance quality of life, promote economic prosperity and demonstrate respect for the environment.
Organization
As of February 2009, the Illinois Department of Transportation was divided into the following offices and divisions:
Offices
The Office of Business and Workforce Diversity oversees the implementation of directives, policies and strategies for departmental business diversity efforts.
The Office of Chief Counsel provides legal counsel to the department on policy issues and proposed actions affecting any of its operating divisions or staff offices. The Office is responsible for the prosecution and defense of all litigation involving the department in cooperation with the Illinois Attorney General. The Office of Chief Counsel administers tort liability claims, property damage claims and uncollectable receivables as well as processes lien and bond claims against contractors. The Office coordinates the purchase and service of all insurance policies and administers the department's self-insurance program.
The Office of Finance and Administration develops and administers the department's budget; manages the department's personnel system; provides accounting and auditing functions; provides centralized business services functions and facilities management; and provides management information capabilities.
The Office of Communications was created in 2009 by combining the Office of Governmental Affairs and the Office of External Affairs. The Office of Communications develops and implements the department's public affairs policies, plans and programs. This includes developing the department's policy goals and positions; prepares and implements state legislative programs and strategies; analyzes issues of special interest to the Secretary; and represents the Secretary before various state and national organizations. Its primary objectives are to ensure adequate information toward increasing public involvement in the transportation planning process; assist the news media in the coverage of agency activities; increase the department's sensitivity to its public and interpret public opinion so that agency programs and regulations will be realistic and acceptable; and to mobilize support for the department and its programs.
The Office of Planning and Programming develops programs to improve the state transportation system. This includes working with metropolitan planning organizations in ten of the state's urbanized areas to develop programs relating to urban transportation; coordinating a surveillance program to monitor the physical condition of the transportation system, the level of service provided and the need for improvement; evaluating proposals for major investments in the transportation system and overall benefits to be gained. The Office ensures the continuation of state rail services where the potential for efficiency and economy are most favorable and minimizing the expenditure of public funds for rail subsidies. The Office works closely with the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning (CMAP), which serves as a forum for transportation decision making by local elected officials in northeastern Illinois. The Office develops and implements Federal legislative initiatives as well as the initiation and coordination of policy statement and papers which serve as guides for departmental actions on a broad spectrum of transportation issues.
The Office of Quality Compliance and Review independently tests the department's internal control systems to further ensure to the Secretary and to the public the adequacy of the policies, regulations and procedures and to recommend improvements.
Divisions
The Division of Aeronautics coordinates and implements programs concerning air safety, airport construction and other aeronautical related issues in Illinois.
The Division of Highways develops, maintains and operates the state highway system. The central bureaus of the Division developing policies, procedures, standards and guidelines to accomplish the department's highway system improvement objectives. The central bureaus monitor the nine district programs to ensure statewide uniformity of policy interpretation and compliance and to ensure program coordination with federal, state and local agencies.
IDOT districts map
District Offices
District 1 – Schaumburg (covers Chicago Metropolitan Area)
District 2 – Dixon
District 3 – Ottawa
District 4 – Peoria
District 5 – Paris
District 6 – Springfield
District 7 – Effingham
District 8 – Collinsville (covers St. Louis Metropolitan Area)
District 9 – Carbondale
The Division of Public and Intermodal Transportation promotes and assures safe and efficient mass transportation systems and services in the State of Illinois by developing and recommending policies and programs; developing, implementing and administering operating, capital and technical program projects and grants; and coordinating and participating in local and statewide planning and programming activities.
The Division of Traffic Safety providing Illinois motorists, cyclists and pedestrians with a safe environment by promoting the reduction of traffic fatalities, injuries and accidents. The Division develops and promulgates regulations in areas of accident reporting, hazardous materials transportation, vehicle inspection, safety responsibility, cycle rider training and highway safety Federal Section 402, 408 and 410 Grants.
History
The Illinois Department of Transportation was created by the 77th Illinois General Assembly in January 1972. The department absorbed the functions of the former Department of Public Works and Buildings, acquired some planning and safety inspection functions of other state agencies, and received responsibility for state assistance to local mass transportation agencies such as the Chicago-area Regional Transportation Authority, which was in the process of being formed at this time. The Division of Aeronautics was added in 1973.
On June 18, 2005, IDOT became the first state transportation agency to achieve ISO 9001:2000 certification for 23 key processes located in the Central Administrative Office and regional District Six. On July 6, 2006, that certification was expanded to encompass all processes involved in the planning, design, and construction of road and bridge improvements, maintenance of roads and bridges, and administrative oversight in the Central Administrative Office and District Six.
In the spring of 2014, it was reported that IDOT had engaged in patronage hiring of numerous staff assistants – Ann Schneider resigning following this scandal. Schneider claimed that the improper hires were "recommended to me or my staff by the governor's office," specifically Chief of Staff Jack Lavin.
Notes and references
^ "Error" (PDF).
^ "IDOT Directory". Retrieved September 23, 2008.
^ "Ward Map Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine." City of Springfield. Retrieved on March 24, 2009.
^ "IDOT chief resigns after patronage questions raised". Early & Often.
^ Chicago Tribune (October 29, 2014). "Quinn's IDOT scandal will cost taxpayers". chicagotribune.com.
^ "Ex-IDOT boss blames gov's office for majority of improper hires". Early & Often.
External links
IDOT Website
IDOT on Facebook
IDOT on Twitter
IDOT on YouTube
Illinois Transportation History
vteIllinois state agenciesCode departments
Aging
Agriculture
Central Management Services
Children and Family Services
Commerce and Economic Opportunity
Corrections
Emergency Management
Employment Security
Financial and Professional Regulation
Gambling
Healthcare and Family Services
Human Rights
Human Services
Insurance
Juvenile Justice
Labor
Lottery
Natural Resources
Public Health
Revenue
State Police
Transportation
Veterans' Affairs
vteState, territory, and insular area departments of transportation in the United StatesStates
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Other areas
District of Columbia
Puerto Rico
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"fuel tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_tax"},{"link_name":"jurisdictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"Governor of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"unincorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Sangamon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangamon_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) is a state agency in charge of state-maintained public roadways of the U.S. state of Illinois. In addition, IDOT provides funding for rail, public transit and airport projects and administers fuel tax and federal funding to local jurisdictions in the state. The Secretary of Transportation reports to the Governor of Illinois. IDOT is headquartered in unincorporated Sangamon County, located near the state capital, Springfield. In addition, the IDOT Division of Highways has offices in nine locations throughout the state.[2][3]The mission of IDOT is to provide safe, cost-effective transportation for Illinois in ways that enhance quality of life, promote economic prosperity and demonstrate respect for the environment.[citation needed]","title":"Illinois Department of Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illinois Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"tort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort"},{"link_name":"Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Metropolitan_Agency_for_Planning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IDOT_districts.png"},{"link_name":"Schaumburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaumburg,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chicago Metropolitan Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Metropolitan_Area"},{"link_name":"Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Peoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Effingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effingham,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Collinsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collinsville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Metropolitan Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Carbondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbondale,_Illinois"}],"text":"As of February 2009, the Illinois Department of Transportation was divided into the following offices and divisions:OfficesThe Office of Business and Workforce Diversity oversees the implementation of directives, policies and strategies for departmental business diversity efforts.\nThe Office of Chief Counsel provides legal counsel to the department on policy issues and proposed actions affecting any of its operating divisions or staff offices. The Office is responsible for the prosecution and defense of all litigation involving the department in cooperation with the Illinois Attorney General. The Office of Chief Counsel administers tort liability claims, property damage claims and uncollectable receivables as well as processes lien and bond claims against contractors. The Office coordinates the purchase and service of all insurance policies and administers the department's self-insurance program.\nThe Office of Finance and Administration develops and administers the department's budget; manages the department's personnel system; provides accounting and auditing functions; provides centralized business services functions and facilities management; and provides management information capabilities.\nThe Office of Communications was created in 2009 by combining the Office of Governmental Affairs and the Office of External Affairs. The Office of Communications develops and implements the department's public affairs policies, plans and programs. This includes developing the department's policy goals and positions; prepares and implements state legislative programs and strategies; analyzes issues of special interest to the Secretary; and represents the Secretary before various state and national organizations. Its primary objectives are to ensure adequate information toward increasing public involvement in the transportation planning process; assist the news media in the coverage of agency activities; increase the department's sensitivity to its public and interpret public opinion so that agency programs and regulations will be realistic and acceptable; and to mobilize support for the department and its programs.\nThe Office of Planning and Programming develops programs to improve the state transportation system. This includes working with metropolitan planning organizations in ten of the state's urbanized areas to develop programs relating to urban transportation; coordinating a surveillance program to monitor the physical condition of the transportation system, the level of service provided and the need for improvement; evaluating proposals for major investments in the transportation system and overall benefits to be gained. The Office ensures the continuation of state rail services where the potential for efficiency and economy are most favorable and minimizing the expenditure of public funds for rail subsidies. The Office works closely with the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning (CMAP), which serves as a forum for transportation decision making by local elected officials in northeastern Illinois. The Office develops and implements Federal legislative initiatives as well as the initiation and coordination of policy statement and papers which serve as guides for departmental actions on a broad spectrum of transportation issues.\nThe Office of Quality Compliance and Review independently tests the department's internal control systems to further ensure to the Secretary and to the public the adequacy of the policies, regulations and procedures and to recommend improvements.DivisionsThe Division of Aeronautics coordinates and implements programs concerning air safety, airport construction and other aeronautical related issues in Illinois.\nThe Division of Highways develops, maintains and operates the state highway system. The central bureaus of the Division developing policies, procedures, standards and guidelines to accomplish the department's highway system improvement objectives. The central bureaus monitor the nine district programs to ensure statewide uniformity of policy interpretation and compliance and to ensure program coordination with federal, state and local agencies.IDOT districts mapDistrict Offices\nDistrict 1 – Schaumburg (covers Chicago Metropolitan Area)\nDistrict 2 – Dixon\nDistrict 3 – Ottawa\nDistrict 4 – Peoria\nDistrict 5 – Paris\nDistrict 6 – Springfield\nDistrict 7 – Effingham\nDistrict 8 – Collinsville (covers St. Louis Metropolitan Area)\nDistrict 9 – Carbondale\nThe Division of Public and Intermodal Transportation promotes and assures safe and efficient mass transportation systems and services in the State of Illinois by developing and recommending policies and programs; developing, implementing and administering operating, capital and technical program projects and grants; and coordinating and participating in local and statewide planning and programming activities.\nThe Division of Traffic Safety providing Illinois motorists, cyclists and pedestrians with a safe environment by promoting the reduction of traffic fatalities, injuries and accidents. The Division develops and promulgates regulations in areas of accident reporting, hazardous materials transportation, vehicle inspection, safety responsibility, cycle rider training and highway safety Federal Section 402, 408 and 410 Grants.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illinois General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Regional Transportation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Transportation_Authority_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"ISO 9001:2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9001:2000"},{"link_name":"patronage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronage"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Illinois Department of Transportation was created by the 77th Illinois General Assembly in January 1972. The department absorbed the functions of the former Department of Public Works and Buildings, acquired some planning and safety inspection functions of other state agencies, and received responsibility for state assistance to local mass transportation agencies such as the Chicago-area Regional Transportation Authority, which was in the process of being formed at this time. The Division of Aeronautics was added in 1973.On June 18, 2005, IDOT became the first state transportation agency to achieve ISO 9001:2000 certification for 23 key processes located in the Central Administrative Office and regional District Six. On July 6, 2006, that certification was expanded to encompass all processes involved in the planning, design, and construction of road and bridge improvements, maintenance of roads and bridges, and administrative oversight in the Central Administrative Office and District Six.In the spring of 2014, it was reported that IDOT had engaged in patronage hiring of numerous staff assistants – Ann Schneider resigning following this scandal.[4] Schneider claimed that the improper hires were \"recommended to me or my staff by the governor's office,\" specifically Chief of Staff Jack Lavin.[5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Error\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www2.illinois.gov/sites/budget/Documents/Budget%20Book/FY%202019/Fiscal-Year-2019-Capital-Budget.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"IDOT Directory\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dot.state.il.us/directory.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Ward Map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.springfield.il.us/NewGraphics/WardMap.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110930143204/http://www.springfield.il.us/NewGraphics/WardMap.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"IDOT chief resigns after patronage questions raised\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//politics.suntimes.com/article/springfield/idot-chief-resigns-after-patronage-questions-raised/tue-07012014-234am"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Quinn's IDOT scandal will cost taxpayers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-illinois-patronage-scandal-edit-1030-20141029-story.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Ex-IDOT boss blames gov's office for majority of improper hires\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//politics.suntimes.com/article/springfield/ex-idot-boss-blames-govs-office-majority-improper-hires/fri-08222014-204pm"}],"text":"^ \"Error\" (PDF).\n\n^ \"IDOT Directory\". Retrieved September 23, 2008.\n\n^ \"Ward Map Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine.\" City of Springfield. Retrieved on March 24, 2009.\n\n^ \"IDOT chief resigns after patronage questions raised\". Early & Often.\n\n^ Chicago Tribune (October 29, 2014). \"Quinn's IDOT scandal will cost taxpayers\". chicagotribune.com.\n\n^ \"Ex-IDOT boss blames gov's office for majority of improper hires\". Early & Often.","title":"Notes and references"}] | [{"image_text":"IDOT districts map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/IDOT_districts.png/220px-IDOT_districts.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Error\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.illinois.gov/sites/budget/Documents/Budget%20Book/FY%202019/Fiscal-Year-2019-Capital-Budget.pdf","url_text":"\"Error\""}]},{"reference":"\"IDOT Directory\". Retrieved September 23, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.il.us/directory.html","url_text":"\"IDOT Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"IDOT chief resigns after patronage questions raised\". Early & Often.","urls":[{"url":"http://politics.suntimes.com/article/springfield/idot-chief-resigns-after-patronage-questions-raised/tue-07012014-234am","url_text":"\"IDOT chief resigns after patronage questions raised\""}]},{"reference":"Chicago Tribune (October 29, 2014). \"Quinn's IDOT scandal will cost taxpayers\". chicagotribune.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-illinois-patronage-scandal-edit-1030-20141029-story.html","url_text":"\"Quinn's IDOT scandal will cost taxpayers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-IDOT boss blames gov's office for majority of improper hires\". Early & Often.","urls":[{"url":"http://politics.suntimes.com/article/springfield/ex-idot-boss-blames-govs-office-majority-improper-hires/fri-08222014-204pm","url_text":"\"Ex-IDOT boss blames gov's office for majority of improper hires\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.dot.il.gov/","external_links_name":"www.dot.il.gov"},{"Link":"https://www2.illinois.gov/sites/budget/Documents/Budget%20Book/FY%202019/Fiscal-Year-2019-Capital-Budget.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Error\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.il.us/directory.html","external_links_name":"\"IDOT Directory\""},{"Link":"http://www.springfield.il.us/NewGraphics/WardMap.pdf","external_links_name":"Ward Map"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930143204/http://www.springfield.il.us/NewGraphics/WardMap.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://politics.suntimes.com/article/springfield/idot-chief-resigns-after-patronage-questions-raised/tue-07012014-234am","external_links_name":"\"IDOT chief resigns after patronage questions raised\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-illinois-patronage-scandal-edit-1030-20141029-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Quinn's IDOT scandal will cost taxpayers\""},{"Link":"http://politics.suntimes.com/article/springfield/ex-idot-boss-blames-govs-office-majority-improper-hires/fri-08222014-204pm","external_links_name":"\"Ex-IDOT boss blames gov's office for majority of improper hires\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.il.gov/","external_links_name":"IDOT Website"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/IllinoisDepartmentofTransportation/","external_links_name":"IDOT on Facebook"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/IDOT_Illinois/","external_links_name":"IDOT on Twitter"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/IllinoisDOT/","external_links_name":"IDOT on YouTube"},{"Link":"http://illinoistransportationhistory.wordpress.com/","external_links_name":"Illinois Transportation History"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000403703350","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/127160697","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81063224","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2007393468&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Jeremiah_Armstrong | Frank Jeremiah Armstrong | ["1 Personal life and career","2 Death","3 Legacy","4 References"] | Physician and first African-American graduate of Cornell
Frank Jeremiah ArmstrongArmstrong as photographed by Cornell CollegeBorn(1877-04-15)April 15, 1877Marion, Iowa, USDiedNovember 2, 1946 (aged 69)Chicago, Illinois, USAlma materCornell College (BA)College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago (MD)OccupationsAssistantphysicianKnown forBeing the first African American to graduate from Cornell College
Frank Jeremiah Armstrong (April 15, 1877 – November 2, 1946) was an American physician who was the first African-American graduate of Cornell College. He was the assistant of Booker T. Washington and later became a physician. He was murdered in his office in 1946, possibly by a burglar after a hospital's narcotics.
Personal life and career
Armstrong graduated in 1900 from Cornell College as the first African American to do so. His nickname at Cornell was "Buck". He began playing baseball as a part of the Marion Ravens when he was 13 years old, and he played during the 1890s. Armstrong was a part of the college's Adelphian Literary Society and was a secretary of the society for one spring. In 1900, his final year in college, he was the captain of the baseball team. Booker T. Washington was announced as a speaker by Armstrong during the commencement ceremony, leading to Washington hiring Armstrong as his assistant. He received a medical degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1912 (which became the University of Illinois College of Medicine in 1913). Armstrong became a physician in Chicago. He was a part of the Chicago Medical Society, the American Medical Association, and the National Medical Association.
Armstrong married Jessie Marie Lucas in Chicago, on December 22, 1915. They had no children.
His college commencement address is in the 1905 book A Record of the Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the College, published by Cornell College.
Death
Armstrong was murdered in his office by gunshot on November 2, 1946, when he was 69 years old by a suspected burglar, but nothing was stolen. His body was found by a patient who called for help. He was survived by his wife Jessie Marie Armstrong and a $1,000 reward was offered by the police. It was later suspected that the murderer was part of a group after a narcotics safe at Providence hospital.
Legacy
A student residential house and community center on the campus of Cornell College was named in his honor in 2010.
References
^ a b Jones, Jae (August 12, 2021). "Frank Armstrong: First Black Graduate At Cornell University & Captain Of School's Baseball Team". Black Then. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ "Baseball: The Cornellian Reports". Cornell College. May 27, 1899. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ a b c "J. F Armstrong, Doctor, Slain". The Chicago Defender. November 9, 1946. p. 3. ProQuest 492747665. Retrieved October 10, 2021 – via Cornell College.
^ A Record of the Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the College. Cornell College. 1905. p. 217.
^ "Slain In Chicago". The Cornellian. November 8, 1946. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
^ "Deaths". JAMA. 133 (1): 53. 1947. doi:10.1001/jama.1947.02880010055016. ISSN 0098-7484.
^ "Link Narcotics Raid to Chicago Doctor's Murder". The Chicago Defender. November 23, 1947. p. 7. ProQuest 492714600. Retrieved October 10, 2021 – via Cornell College.
^ "Armstrong House". Cornell College. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
^ "First African-American enrolled in 1870". Cornell College. October 30, 2011. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornell College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_College"},{"link_name":"Booker T. Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Washington"}],"text":"Physician and first African-American graduate of CornellFrank Jeremiah Armstrong (April 15, 1877 – November 2, 1946) was an American physician who was the first African-American graduate of Cornell College. He was the assistant of Booker T. Washington and later became a physician. He was murdered in his office in 1946, possibly by a burglar after a hospital's narcotics.","title":"Frank Jeremiah Armstrong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Then-1"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Then-1"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois College of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_College_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Chicago Medical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Medical_Society"},{"link_name":"American Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"National Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defender-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Armstrong graduated in 1900 from Cornell College as the first African American to do so.[1] His nickname at Cornell was \"Buck\". He began playing baseball as a part of the Marion Ravens when he was 13 years old, and he played during the 1890s.[2] Armstrong was a part of the college's Adelphian Literary Society and was a secretary of the society for one spring. In 1900, his final year in college, he was the captain of the baseball team. Booker T. Washington was announced as a speaker by Armstrong during the commencement ceremony, leading to Washington hiring Armstrong as his assistant.[1] He received a medical degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1912 (which became the University of Illinois College of Medicine in 1913). Armstrong became a physician in Chicago. He was a part of the Chicago Medical Society, the American Medical Association, and the National Medical Association.[3]Armstrong married Jessie Marie Lucas in Chicago, on December 22, 1915. They had no children.His college commencement address is in the 1905 book A Record of the Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the College, published by Cornell College.[4]","title":"Personal life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defender-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defender-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Armstrong was murdered in his office by gunshot on November 2, 1946, when he was 69 years old by a suspected burglar, but nothing was stolen.[3] His body was found by a patient who called for help.[5][6] He was survived by his wife Jessie Marie Armstrong and a $1,000 reward was offered by the police.[3] It was later suspected that the murderer was part of a group after a narcotics safe at Providence hospital.[7]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"A student residential house and community center on the campus of Cornell College was named in his honor in 2010.[8][9]","title":"Legacy"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Jones, Jae (August 12, 2021). \"Frank Armstrong: First Black Graduate At Cornell University & Captain Of School's Baseball Team\". Black Then. Retrieved October 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://blackthen.com/frank-armstrong-first-black-graduate-cornell-university-captain-schools-baseball-team/","url_text":"\"Frank Armstrong: First Black Graduate At Cornell University & Captain Of School's Baseball Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baseball: The Cornellian Reports\". Cornell College. May 27, 1899. Retrieved October 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://omeka.cornellcollege.edu/exhibits/show/frank-armstrong/baseball","url_text":"\"Baseball: The Cornellian Reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"J. F Armstrong, Doctor, Slain\". The Chicago Defender. November 9, 1946. p. 3. ProQuest 492747665. Retrieved October 10, 2021 – via Cornell College.","urls":[{"url":"http://omeka.cornellcollege.edu/exhibits/show/frank-armstrong/item/51","url_text":"\"J. F Armstrong, Doctor, Slain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Defender","url_text":"The Chicago Defender"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/492747665","url_text":"492747665"}]},{"reference":"A Record of the Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the College. Cornell College. 1905. p. 217.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bj1OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA217","url_text":"A Record of the Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the College"}]},{"reference":"\"Slain In Chicago\". The Cornellian. November 8, 1946. Retrieved October 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://omeka.cornellcollege.edu/exhibits/show/frank-armstrong/slain-in-chicago","url_text":"\"Slain In Chicago\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deaths\". JAMA. 133 (1): 53. 1947. doi:10.1001/jama.1947.02880010055016. ISSN 0098-7484.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAMA","url_text":"JAMA"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1947-01-04_133_1/page/53/mode/1up","url_text":"53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1947.02880010055016","url_text":"10.1001/jama.1947.02880010055016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7484","url_text":"0098-7484"}]},{"reference":"\"Link Narcotics Raid to Chicago Doctor's Murder\". The Chicago Defender. November 23, 1947. p. 7. ProQuest 492714600. Retrieved October 10, 2021 – via Cornell College.","urls":[{"url":"http://omeka.cornellcollege.edu/exhibits/show/frank-armstrong/item/53","url_text":"\"Link Narcotics Raid to Chicago Doctor's Murder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Defender","url_text":"The Chicago Defender"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/492714600","url_text":"492714600"}]},{"reference":"\"Armstrong House\". Cornell College. Retrieved November 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cornellcollege.edu/residence-life/housing/halls/armstrong/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Armstrong House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_College","url_text":"Cornell College"}]},{"reference":"\"First African-American enrolled in 1870\". Cornell College. October 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.cornellcollege.edu/2011/10/first-african-american-enrolled-in-1870/","url_text":"\"First African-American enrolled in 1870\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_College","url_text":"Cornell College"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://blackthen.com/frank-armstrong-first-black-graduate-cornell-university-captain-schools-baseball-team/","external_links_name":"\"Frank Armstrong: First Black Graduate At Cornell University & Captain Of School's Baseball Team\""},{"Link":"https://omeka.cornellcollege.edu/exhibits/show/frank-armstrong/baseball","external_links_name":"\"Baseball: The Cornellian Reports\""},{"Link":"http://omeka.cornellcollege.edu/exhibits/show/frank-armstrong/item/51","external_links_name":"\"J. F Armstrong, Doctor, Slain\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/492747665","external_links_name":"492747665"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bj1OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA217","external_links_name":"A Record of the Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the College"},{"Link":"https://omeka.cornellcollege.edu/exhibits/show/frank-armstrong/slain-in-chicago","external_links_name":"\"Slain In Chicago\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1947.02880010055016","external_links_name":"10.1001/jama.1947.02880010055016"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7484","external_links_name":"0098-7484"},{"Link":"http://omeka.cornellcollege.edu/exhibits/show/frank-armstrong/item/53","external_links_name":"\"Link Narcotics Raid to Chicago Doctor's Murder\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/492714600","external_links_name":"492714600"},{"Link":"https://www.cornellcollege.edu/residence-life/housing/halls/armstrong/index.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Armstrong House\""},{"Link":"https://news.cornellcollege.edu/2011/10/first-african-american-enrolled-in-1870/","external_links_name":"\"First African-American enrolled in 1870\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek_War | TekWar | ["1 Premise","2 Background","3 Novels","4 Comic book series","4.1 Trading cards","5 Television films and series","5.1 Adult animated adaptation","6 Video game","7 References"] | Series of science fiction novels by William Shatner and Ron Goulart
TekWarCreated byWilliam ShatnerOriginal workTekWarPrint publicationsComicsTekWorldFilms and televisionTelevision seriesTekWarGamesVideo game(s)William Shatner's TekWar
TekWar is a series of science fiction novels created by Canadian actor William Shatner, ghost-written by American writer Ron Goulart, and published by Putnam beginning in October 1989. The novels gave rise to a comic book series, video game, and later TV movies and a series, both of the latter featuring Shatner.
Premise
The 22nd century universe is centered on "Tek"—an illegal, addictive, mind-altering digital drug in the form of a microchip. The drug creates a simulated reality (and in the films and TV series taps into "the matrix" hyperspace). In the later novels, a new version called "SuperTek" has improved efficiency, is less likely to cause brain damage in users, and features a shared reality, similar to the TV version's "matrix". The protagonist, Jake Cardigan, is a former police officer framed for dealing the drug four years prior to the start of the first novel. Having been sentenced to 15 years' cryo-imprisonment, his release is brought forward by Walt Bascom, the head of private investigation agency Cosmos, who has uncovered the framed charges and exonerates him. In return Bascom wishes to employ him as an expert in a series of Tek-related crimes, mostly in Greater Los Angeles, referred to as "GLA". In the first few novels Cardigan is portrayed as a recovering Tek-user with several lapses, but this aspect diminishes as the novels progress - it is implied in later novels that to break the addiction for even a light user is impossible.
Partnered with the good-natured and charismatic Mexican Sid Gomez, the two make up a good cop/bad cop partnership with Cardigan's past continually being brought up as a foil for his new career - most honest people he meets distrust him, and most dishonest people attempt to kill him for perceived slights in the drug trade. However, the two prove an effective team and stay a core duo throughout the series, with input from a comprehensive list of informants, employees of both Cosmos, other detective agencies and Cardigan's son Dan and his girlfriend Molly - both of whom are enrolled in the GLA police academy and as such have access through their own informant to police files.
The 22nd century is populated with artificial intelligence such as integrated computer systems and "andies" which range from obvious metal robots to highly sophisticated simulacra, some of which are accurate enough to deceive an observer into thinking they are human.
Each novel covers a specific case, all are Tek-related, but most include sub-plots which involve non-Tek issues and travel out of the GLA, occasionally to other countries or as far as orbiting satellites. A shadowy government agency known as OCO - the Office of Clandestine Operations - is a frequent antagonist in the novels, albeit usually keeping to the background and supporting the particular novel's villain.
Background
Shatner began to write notes that would become the novels on the set of Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, and has been quoted as saying that the original book was an attempt to blend elements from Star Trek and T. J. Hooker.
Novels
TekWar (1989) ISBN 0-399-13495-6
TekLords (1991) ISBN 0-399-13616-9
TekLab (1991) ISBN 0-399-13736-X
Tek Vengeance (1993) ISBN 0-399-13788-2
Tek Secret (1993) ISBN 0-399-13892-7
Tek Power (1994) ISBN 0-399-13997-4
Tek Money (1995) ISBN 0-399-14109-X
Tek Kill (1996) ISBN 0-399-14202-9
Tek Net (1997) ISBN 0-399-14339-4
Comic book series
Main article: TekWorld
In 1992, Tekwar was adapted in to a comic book series.
A new Tekwar comic book adaptation, entitled The Tek War Chronicles, by Shatner and comic book writer Scott Davis with art by Erich Owen and colors by Michelle Davies, was released by Bluewater Productions on June 24, 2009. As of 2010, Tek War Chronicles is available digitally exclusively through Devil's Due Digital.
Trading cards
Trading cards with comic book artwork were published by Cardz in 1993.
Television films and series
Main articles: TekWar (TV series) and TekLords
The TekWar novels became a television franchise with TV films in 1994, then a series.
TV movies
Title
Original airdate
Runtime
TekWar
January 17, 1994
97 minutes
TekLords
February 20, 1994
96 minutes
TekWar: TekLab
February 27, 1994
105 minutes
TekWar: TekJustice
May 14, 1994
100 minutes
The first three were adaptations of the books, while TekJustice was an original movie.
TekWar TV series
Episode no.
Episode title
Original airdate
1
"Sellout"
December 22, 1994
2
"Unknown Soldier"
December 29, 1994
3
"Tek Posse"
January 5, 1995
4
"Promises to Keep"
January 12, 1995
5
"Stay of Execution"
January 19, 1995
6
"Alter Ego"
March 2, 1995
7
"Killer Instinct"
March 9, 1995
8
"Chill Factor"
March 30, 1995
9
"Deadline"
April 6, 1995
10
"Carlotta's Room"
April 13, 1995
11
"Deep Cover"
June 10, 1995
12
"Cyberhunt"
June 17, 1995
13
"Zero Tolerance"
June 24, 1995
14
"Forget Me Not"
July 1, 1995
15
"The Gate"
January 20, 1996
16
"Skin Deep"
January 27, 1996
17
"Redemption"
February 2, 1996
18
"Betrayal"
February 19, 1996
Adult animated adaptation
An adult animated adaptation/reboot of TekWar was announced in September 2021. The project will be developed and written by Matt Michnovetz and produced by Pure Imagination Studios with Shatner's Shatner Universe.
Video game
Main article: William Shatner's TekWar
Tekwar was also made into a 1995 computer game by Capstone Software using the Build engine.
References
^ Shatner, William; Fisher, David. (2008). Up Till Now: The Autobiography. Thomas Dunne. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-312-37265-1.
^ "Chemicals, Drugs & Potions > Tek (TekWar)". Tv Acres. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
^ "Tek Headz". Net.saipan.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
^ Archived June 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ "www.retrovisionmag.com". www.retrovisionmag.com. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
^ "Tekheadz". Net.saipan.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-23. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
^ ""Tekwar Chronicles" Hits Stores This Week". Sliceofscifi.com. 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
^ "LEE SULLIVAN ART comics". Leesullivanart.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
^ "William Shatner's Tek World Trading Cards". Shatner-store.stores.yahoo.net. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
^ Benson, Jim (January 20, 1994). "'Action' packs wallop, gives markets a boost". Variety. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
^ Garcia, Frank; Phillips, Mark (March 28, 2012). Science Fiction Television Series, 1990–2004: Histories, Casts and Credits for 58 Shows. McFarland. p. 326. ISBN 9780786491834. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
^ Petski, Denise (September 28, 2021). "William Shatner's 'TekWar' In Works As Adult Animated Series With Pure Imagination Studios". Deadline Hollywood.
vteWilliam Shatner
Filmography
Discography
James T. Kirk
Awards and nominations
Films directed
Star Trek V: The Final Frontier
Groom Lake
The Captains
BooksStar Trek novels
The Ashes of Eden
The Return
Avenger
Spectre
Dark Victory
Preserver
Captain's Peril
Captain's Blood
Captain's Glory
Other novels
TekWar (comic, film, TV series, video game)
Other books
Star Trek Memories
Star Trek Movie Memories
Up Till Now
Albums
The Transformed Man
William Shatner Live
Has Been
Exodus: An Oratorio in Three Parts
Seeking Major Tom
Ponder the Mystery
Other works
William Shatner's Gonzo Ballet
William Shatner: You Can Call Me Bill
Weird or What?
Invasion Iowa
Free Enterprise
How William Shatner Changed the World
Aftermath with William Shatner
Shatner's Raw Nerve
Spaceflight
Blue Origin NS-18
Related
Melanie Shatner (daughter) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"William Shatner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shatner"},{"link_name":"ghost-written","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter"},{"link_name":"Ron Goulart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Goulart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons"},{"link_name":"comic book series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TekWorld"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shatner%27s_TekWar"},{"link_name":"series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TekWar_(TV_series)"}],"text":"TekWar is a series of science fiction novels created by Canadian actor William Shatner, ghost-written by American writer Ron Goulart,[1] and published by Putnam beginning in October 1989. The novels gave rise to a comic book series, video game, and later TV movies and a series, both of the latter featuring Shatner.","title":"TekWar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug"},{"link_name":"microchip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"simulated reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulated_reality"},{"link_name":"protagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist"},{"link_name":"framed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frameup"},{"link_name":"Greater Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"good cop/bad cop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_cop/bad_cop"}],"text":"The 22nd century universe is centered on \"Tek\"—an illegal, addictive, mind-altering digital drug in the form of a microchip.[2][3] The drug creates a simulated reality (and in the films and TV series taps into \"the matrix\" hyperspace). In the later novels, a new version called \"SuperTek\" has improved efficiency, is less likely to cause brain damage in users, and features a shared reality, similar to the TV version's \"matrix\". The protagonist, Jake Cardigan, is a former police officer framed for dealing the drug four years prior to the start of the first novel. Having been sentenced to 15 years' cryo-imprisonment, his release is brought forward by Walt Bascom, the head of private investigation agency Cosmos, who has uncovered the framed charges and exonerates him. In return Bascom wishes to employ him as an expert in a series of Tek-related crimes, mostly in Greater Los Angeles, referred to as \"GLA\". In the first few novels Cardigan is portrayed as a recovering Tek-user with several lapses, but this aspect diminishes as the novels progress - it is implied in later novels that to break the addiction for even a light user is impossible.Partnered with the good-natured and charismatic Mexican Sid Gomez, the two make up a good cop/bad cop partnership with Cardigan's past continually being brought up as a foil for his new career - most honest people he meets distrust him, and most dishonest people attempt to kill him for perceived slights in the drug trade. However, the two prove an effective team and stay a core duo throughout the series, with input from a comprehensive list of informants, employees of both Cosmos, other detective agencies and Cardigan's son Dan and his girlfriend Molly - both of whom are enrolled in the GLA police academy and as such have access through their own informant to police files.The 22nd century is populated with artificial intelligence such as integrated computer systems and \"andies\" which range from obvious metal robots to highly sophisticated simulacra, some of which are accurate enough to deceive an observer into thinking they are human.Each novel covers a specific case, all are Tek-related, but most include sub-plots which involve non-Tek issues and travel out of the GLA, occasionally to other countries or as far as orbiting satellites. A shadowy government agency known as OCO - the Office of Clandestine Operations - is a frequent antagonist in the novels, albeit usually keeping to the background and supporting the particular novel's villain.","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Trek V: The Final Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_V:_The_Final_Frontier"},{"link_name":"Star Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek"},{"link_name":"T. J. Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._J._Hooker"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Shatner began to write notes that would become the novels on the set of Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, and has been quoted as saying that the original book was an attempt to blend elements from Star Trek and T. J. Hooker.[4][5][6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TekWar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TekWar_(novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-399-13495-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-13495-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-399-13616-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-13616-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-399-13736-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-13736-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-399-13788-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-13788-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-399-13892-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-13892-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-399-13997-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-13997-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-399-14109-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-14109-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-399-14202-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-14202-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-399-14339-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-14339-4"}],"text":"TekWar (1989) ISBN 0-399-13495-6\nTekLords (1991) ISBN 0-399-13616-9\nTekLab (1991) ISBN 0-399-13736-X\nTek Vengeance (1993) ISBN 0-399-13788-2\nTek Secret (1993) ISBN 0-399-13892-7\nTek Power (1994) ISBN 0-399-13997-4\nTek Money (1995) ISBN 0-399-14109-X\nTek Kill (1996) ISBN 0-399-14202-9\nTek Net (1997) ISBN 0-399-14339-4","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"Bluewater Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TidalWave_Productions"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1992, Tekwar was adapted in to a comic book series.A new Tekwar comic book adaptation, entitled The Tek War Chronicles, by Shatner and comic book writer Scott Davis with art by Erich Owen and colors by Michelle Davies, was released by Bluewater Productions on June 24, 2009.[7] As of 2010, Tek War Chronicles is available digitally exclusively through Devil's Due Digital.","title":"Comic book series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trading cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_card"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Trading cards","text":"Trading cards with comic book artwork were published by Cardz in 1993.[8][9]","title":"Comic book series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_franchise"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfts-11"}],"text":"The TekWar novels became a television franchise with TV films in 1994, then a series.The first three were adaptations of the books, while TekJustice was an original movie.[11]","title":"Television films and series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adult animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_animation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Adult animated adaptation","text":"An adult animated adaptation/reboot of TekWar was announced in September 2021. The project will be developed and written by Matt Michnovetz and produced by Pure Imagination Studios with Shatner's Shatner Universe.[12]","title":"Television films and series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1995 computer game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shatner%27s_TekWar"},{"link_name":"Capstone Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capstone_Software"},{"link_name":"Build engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_engine"}],"text":"Tekwar was also made into a 1995 computer game by Capstone Software using the Build engine.","title":"Video game"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Shatner, William; Fisher, David. (2008). Up Till Now: The Autobiography. Thomas Dunne. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-312-37265-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/uptillnowautobio00shat/page/246","url_text":"Up Till Now: The Autobiography"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/uptillnowautobio00shat/page/246","url_text":"246"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37265-1","url_text":"978-0-312-37265-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Chemicals, Drugs & Potions > Tek (TekWar)\". Tv Acres. Retrieved 2011-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvacres.com/chemicals_tek.htm","url_text":"\"Chemicals, Drugs & Potions > Tek (TekWar)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tek Headz\". Net.saipan.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2011-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715225416/http://net.saipan.com/personal/mac/all4.html","url_text":"\"Tek Headz\""},{"url":"http://net.saipan.com/personal/mac/all4.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"www.retrovisionmag.com\". www.retrovisionmag.com. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2011-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090227121114/http://www.retrovisionmag.com/tekworld.htm","url_text":"\"www.retrovisionmag.com\""},{"url":"http://www.retrovisionmag.com/tekworld.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tekheadz\". Net.saipan.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-23. Retrieved 2011-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111023194339/http://net.saipan.com/personal/mac/book1st.html","url_text":"\"Tekheadz\""},{"url":"http://net.saipan.com/personal/mac/book1st.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Tekwar Chronicles\" Hits Stores This Week\". Sliceofscifi.com. 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2011-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sliceofscifi.com/2009/06/22/Tekwar-chronicles-hits-stores-this-week","url_text":"\"\"Tekwar Chronicles\" Hits Stores This Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"LEE SULLIVAN ART comics\". Leesullivanart.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://leesullivanart.co.uk/LEE/tek.htm","url_text":"\"LEE SULLIVAN ART comics\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Shatner's Tek World Trading Cards\". Shatner-store.stores.yahoo.net. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2011-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724135452/http://shatner-store.stores.yahoo.net/wilshattekwo.html","url_text":"\"William Shatner's Tek World Trading Cards\""},{"url":"http://shatner-store.stores.yahoo.net/wilshattekwo.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Benson, Jim (January 20, 1994). \"'Action' packs wallop, gives markets a boost\". Variety. Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1994/tv/news/action-packs-wallop-gives-markets-a-boost-117597/","url_text":"\"'Action' packs wallop, gives markets a boost\""}]},{"reference":"Garcia, Frank; Phillips, Mark (March 28, 2012). Science Fiction Television Series, 1990–2004: Histories, Casts and Credits for 58 Shows. McFarland. p. 326. ISBN 9780786491834. Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pQIDAQAAQBAJ&q=%22Captain+Zoom%22+%22Action+Pack%22&pg=PA326","url_text":"Science Fiction Television Series, 1990–2004: Histories, Casts and Credits for 58 Shows"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786491834","url_text":"9780786491834"}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (September 28, 2021). \"William Shatner's 'TekWar' In Works As Adult Animated Series With Pure Imagination Studios\". Deadline Hollywood.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/09/william-shatner-tekwar-adult-animated-series-pure-imagination-studios-1234845103/","url_text":"\"William Shatner's 'TekWar' In Works As Adult Animated Series With Pure Imagination Studios\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/uptillnowautobio00shat/page/246","external_links_name":"Up Till Now: The Autobiography"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/uptillnowautobio00shat/page/246","external_links_name":"246"},{"Link":"http://www.tvacres.com/chemicals_tek.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chemicals, Drugs & Potions > Tek (TekWar)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715225416/http://net.saipan.com/personal/mac/all4.html","external_links_name":"\"Tek Headz\""},{"Link":"http://net.saipan.com/personal/mac/all4.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.space.com/sciencefiction/tv/Tekwar_guide.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090624062753/http://www.space.com/sciencefiction/tv/Tekwar_guide.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090227121114/http://www.retrovisionmag.com/tekworld.htm","external_links_name":"\"www.retrovisionmag.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.retrovisionmag.com/tekworld.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111023194339/http://net.saipan.com/personal/mac/book1st.html","external_links_name":"\"Tekheadz\""},{"Link":"http://net.saipan.com/personal/mac/book1st.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sliceofscifi.com/2009/06/22/Tekwar-chronicles-hits-stores-this-week","external_links_name":"\"\"Tekwar Chronicles\" Hits Stores This Week\""},{"Link":"http://leesullivanart.co.uk/LEE/tek.htm","external_links_name":"\"LEE SULLIVAN ART comics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724135452/http://shatner-store.stores.yahoo.net/wilshattekwo.html","external_links_name":"\"William Shatner's Tek World Trading Cards\""},{"Link":"http://shatner-store.stores.yahoo.net/wilshattekwo.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/1994/tv/news/action-packs-wallop-gives-markets-a-boost-117597/","external_links_name":"\"'Action' packs wallop, gives markets a boost\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pQIDAQAAQBAJ&q=%22Captain+Zoom%22+%22Action+Pack%22&pg=PA326","external_links_name":"Science Fiction Television Series, 1990–2004: Histories, Casts and Credits for 58 Shows"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/09/william-shatner-tekwar-adult-animated-series-pure-imagination-studios-1234845103/","external_links_name":"\"William Shatner's 'TekWar' In Works As Adult Animated Series With Pure Imagination Studios\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenticeras | Placenticeras | ["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Species","4 References"] | Genus of molluscs (fossil)
PlacenticerasTemporal range: Late Cretaceous
Placenticeras meeki
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Cephalopoda
Subclass:
†Ammonoidea
Order:
†Ammonitida
Family:
†Placenticeratidae
Genus:
†PlacenticerasMeek, 1870
Synonyms
Diplacmoceras
Placenticeras is a genus of ammonites from the Late Cretaceous. Its fossils have been found in Asia, Europe, North and South America.
Taxonomy
Placenticeras, named by Fielding Bradford Meek, 1870, is the type genus for the Placenticeratidae, a family that is part of the Hoplitoidea, a superfamily of the Ammonitida.
Description
Placenticeras sp. ammolite, Bearpaw Formation. At the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology.
Placenticeras has a very involute shell with slightly convex sides and a very narrow venter. Side are smooth or with faint sinuous ribs. Early whorls have umbilical tubercles that in later whorls appear higher on the sides. Earlier whorls normally have lower and fine upper ventrolateral clavi. Ornament weakens in the adult and the last whorl may be smooth. The suture is with numerous adventitious and auxiliary elements, with saddles and lobes that are much frilled.
Species
Species list according to :
Placenticeras bidorsatum
Placenticeras costatum
Placenticeras cumminsi
Placenticeras fritschi
Placenticeras grossouvrei
Placenticeras intercalare
Placenticeras kolbajense
Placenticeras maherndli
Placenticeras mediasiaticum
Placenticeras memoriaschloenbachi
Placenticeras meeki
Placenticeras orbignyanum
Placenticeras paraplanum
Placenticeras placenta
Placenticeras polyopsis
Placenticeras pseudoplacenta
Placenticeras semiornatum
Placenticeras syrtale (syn. Stantonoceras pseudocostatum)
Placenticeras tamulicum
Placenticeras vredenburgi
Placenticeras whitfieldi
P. costatum, Pierre Shale Formation, South Dakota
P. placenta with mosasaur bite marks
P. meeki showing sutures
P. intercalare ammolite, Bearpaw Formation, Alberta, Canada
P. whitfieldi with mosasaur bite marks
Placenticeras sp. showing sutures. Pierre Shale, Upper Cretaceous; Meade County, South Dakota (USA)
References
Arkell et al., 1957, Mesozoic Ammonoidea, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part L. Geological Soc. of America, Univ of Kansas Press. R.C. Moore, (Ed)
W. A. Cobban and Hook, S. C. 1983 Mid-Cretaceous (Turonian) ammonite fauna from Fence Lake area of west-central New Mexico. Memoir 41, New Mexico Bureau of Mines&Mineral Resources, Socorro NM.
W. A. Cobban and Hook, S. C. 1979, Collignoniceras woollgari wooollgari (Mantell) ammonite fauna from Upper Cretaceous of Western Interior, United States. Memoir 37, New Mexico Bureau of Mines&Mineral Resources, Socorro NM.
Discovering Fossils: How to Find and Identify Remains of the Prehistoric Past (Fossils & Dinosaurs) by Frank A. Garcia, Donald S. Miller, and Jasper Burns
Placenticeras in the Paleobiology Database
Taxon identifiersPlacenticeras
Wikidata: Q3906120
CoL: 6R3V
GBIF: 4626178
IRMNG: 1101811
Open Tree of Life: 4154023
Paleobiology Database: 15403
This Ammonitina-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ammonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonite"},{"link_name":"Late Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"}],"text":"Placenticeras is a genus of ammonites from the Late Cretaceous. Its fossils have been found in Asia, Europe, North and South America.","title":"Placenticeras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fielding Bradford Meek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_Bradford_Meek"},{"link_name":"Placenticeratidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenticeratidae"},{"link_name":"Hoplitoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplitoidea"},{"link_name":"Ammonitida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonitida"}],"text":"Placenticeras, named by Fielding Bradford Meek, 1870, is the type genus for the Placenticeratidae, a family that is part of the Hoplitoidea, a superfamily of the Ammonitida.","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Placenticeras_sp._2.jpg"},{"link_name":"ammolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammolite"},{"link_name":"Bearpaw Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearpaw_Formation"},{"link_name":"Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tyrrell_Museum_of_Palaeontology"}],"text":"Placenticeras sp. ammolite, Bearpaw Formation. At the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology.Placenticeras has a very involute shell with slightly convex sides and a very narrow venter. Side are smooth or with faint sinuous ribs. Early whorls have umbilical tubercles that in later whorls appear higher on the sides. Earlier whorls normally have lower and fine upper ventrolateral clavi. Ornament weakens in the adult and the last whorl may be smooth. The suture is with numerous adventitious and auxiliary elements, with saddles and lobes that are much frilled.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=taxonInfo&taxon_no=15403%7Cfossliworks"},{"link_name":"Placenticeras meeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenticeras_meeki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Placenticeras_costatum,_Cretaceous,_Pierre_Shale_Formation,_Cheyenne_River,_Pennington_County,_South_Dakota,_USA_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC02011.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pierre Shale Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Shale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Placenticeras_placenta_(fossil_ammonite)_(Upper_Cretaceous;_western_North_America)_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Placenticeras_meeki,_Late_Cretaceous,_Pierre_Shale_Formation,_Rosebud_County,_Montana,_USA_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01924.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Placenticeras_intercalare_at_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bearpaw Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearpaw_Formation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Placenticeratidae_-_Placenticeras_whitfieldi.jpg"},{"link_name":"mosasaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Placenticeras_sp._(fossil_ammonite)_(Pierre_Shale,_Upper_Cretaceous;_Meade_County,_South_Dakota,_USA)_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pierre Shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Shale"},{"link_name":"Upper Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Meade County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meade_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA"}],"text":"Species list according to [1]:Placenticeras bidorsatum\nPlacenticeras costatum\nPlacenticeras cumminsi\nPlacenticeras fritschi\nPlacenticeras grossouvrei\nPlacenticeras intercalare\nPlacenticeras kolbajense\nPlacenticeras maherndli\nPlacenticeras mediasiaticum\nPlacenticeras memoriaschloenbachi\nPlacenticeras meeki\nPlacenticeras orbignyanum\nPlacenticeras paraplanum\nPlacenticeras placenta\nPlacenticeras polyopsis\nPlacenticeras pseudoplacenta\nPlacenticeras semiornatum\nPlacenticeras syrtale (syn. Stantonoceras pseudocostatum)\nPlacenticeras tamulicum\nPlacenticeras vredenburgi\nPlacenticeras whitfieldi\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tP. costatum, Pierre Shale Formation, South Dakota\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tP. placenta with mosasaur bite marks\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tP. meeki showing sutures\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tP. intercalare ammolite, Bearpaw Formation, Alberta, Canada\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tP. whitfieldi with mosasaur bite marks\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlacenticeras sp. showing sutures. Pierre Shale, Upper Cretaceous; Meade County, South Dakota (USA)","title":"Species"}] | [{"image_text":"Placenticeras sp. ammolite, Bearpaw Formation. At the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Placenticeras_sp._2.jpg/220px-Placenticeras_sp._2.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=taxonInfo&taxon_no=15403%7Cfossliworks","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=15403","external_links_name":"Placenticeras"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6R3V","external_links_name":"6R3V"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4626178","external_links_name":"4626178"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1101811","external_links_name":"1101811"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4154023","external_links_name":"4154023"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=15403","external_links_name":"15403"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Placenticeras&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Springfield | Lake Springfield | ["1 Location","2 History","3 Fishing","4 Recreation","4.1 Boating","4.2 Parks","4.3 Events","5 References","6 External links","7 Further reading"] | Coordinates: 39°45′34″N 089°36′01″W / 39.75944°N 89.60028°W / 39.75944; -89.60028Reservoir in Springfield, IllinoisLake SpringfieldBay Island on Island Bay in Lake SpringfieldLake SpringfieldShow map of IllinoisLake SpringfieldShow map of the United StatesLocationSpringfield, IllinoisCoordinates39°45′34″N 089°36′01″W / 39.75944°N 89.60028°W / 39.75944; -89.60028TypereservoirPrimary inflowsLick Creek, Sugar CreekPrimary outflowsSugar CreekCatchment area265 sq mi (690 km2)Basin countriesUnited StatesSurface area3,965 acres (16.05 km2)Max. depth27 feet (8.2 m)Water volume17,500,000,000 US gal (0.066 km3)Shore length157 mi (92 km)Surface elevation560 ft (170 m)SettlementsSpringfield1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.
Lake Springfield is a 3,965-acre (16.05 km2) reservoir on the southeast edge of the city of Springfield, Illinois. It is 560 ft (170 m) above sea level. The lake was formed by building Spaulding Dam across Sugar Creek, a tributary of the Sangamon River. It is the largest municipally-owned body of water in Illinois. The lake and the lands adjoining it are all owned by City Water, Light & Power, the municipal utility for the city of Springfield, which operates the Dallman Power Plant at the lake's north end. Multiple city parks border its shores.
The lake is crossed by several bridges, including the Interstate 55 bridge. Its principal tributaries are Sugar Creek and Lick Creek, and its waters discharge through Spaulding Dam to the lower Sugar Creek valley, which flows into the Sangamon River.
The lake was created in the 1930s as a source of water for Springfield and to provide cooling water for the City Water, Light & Power coal-fired electrical generating plant. It has also served as a focus of local recreation. High-powered motor boats are allowed on much of the lake, and the lake is known for warm-water fish.
Location
Lake Springfield can be seen from Interstate 55. The limited-access highway crosses the lake on two bridges between mileposts 88 and 89. The lake is accessible from exit 88 (East Lake Shore Drive), exit 90 (Toronto Road), and exit 94 (Stevenson Drive).
Lake Springfield is close to the campus of the University of Illinois Springfield. It also borders Abraham Lincoln Memorial Garden, a local arboretum, and the Henson Robinson Zoo. There are eight city parks around the lake. Lake Park, just north of the zoo, has preserved ruts of the Edwards Trace pioneer trail; a historical marker was posted near the trace in 2002.
Lake Springfield tributaries include Lick Creek and Sugar Creek. Water discharged from these watercourses into Lake Springfield fluctuates with the seasons and with changes in local precipitation, and City Water, Light & Power has asked for permission to build a buffer lake, Hunter Lake, nearby.
History
Lake Springfield, 1936
Lake Springfield, 1936
The first historically documented settlement of the valleys of Sugar and Lick Creeks, now part of Lake Springfield, took place in the 1810s. The Edwards Trace, an ancient road between Kaskaskia and Peoria, ran along the eastern side of the valley. The town of Cotton Hill took shape around a mill near the junction of the two creeks. Also known as "Crow's Mill", the town was the site of a quarry that produced the limestone for the Old State Capitol in Springfield. Route 66 passed through the valley and the town of Cotton Hill until it was rerouted to the east to the present-day alignment of Interstate 55.
Initial discussions of constructing a lake in Springfield began in 1925. Three water sources originally were considered for construction of the lake — the Sangamon River, the South Fork of the Sangamon and the Sugar Creek Valley. Engineers determined that Sugar Creek was the most economical option.
The effort to build the lake was led by longtime city Utilities Commissioner Willis J. Spaulding. Voters approved a bond referendum in 1930 to pay for part of the lake. Spaulding Dam is named after the commissioner, who oversaw Springfield’s electric and water departments from 1909 until 1943. In the end, however, federal relief programs such as the Works Progress Administration paid much of the lake’s $5.64 million cost. 110 properties were purchased in order to build the lake. Most of those who owned land needed for the lake were willing sellers, thanks partly to the Great Depression, but not all. Leander Shoup had to be “escorted from his land by the sheriff and ten deputies,” according to a City Water, Light and Power history of the lake.
The lake has undergone both drought and flood over the past 80 years. The worst drought, which lasted from 1952 to 1955, drew the lake down more than 12 feet below full pool, reducing its water storage to 7.4 billion gallons and threatening operations of both the power plant complex and the water treatment plant. That prompted construction of an emergency connection to the South Fork to supplement the lake.
The 1950s drought also led to plans to build a second lake as a long-term backup water source. Nearly all the land for Lake II (later named Hunter Lake, after former utilities commissioner John Hunter) had been purchased by the early 21st century. However, bureaucratic hurdles and continuing public doubt about the need for the new lake left it unbuilt as of 2022.
Fishing
Lake Springfield is a highly ranked fishing lake. Species that are doing well, as of 2016, include:
Species Name
Notes
Bluegill
6–8 inches is common
Channel catfish
Maximum length 27.5 in (70 cm), maximum weight 13.5 lb (6.1 kg)
Flathead catfish
Weight can reach 60 lb (27 kg)
Largemouth bass
Maximum length 22 in (56 cm), Mmximum weight 6.5 lb (2.9 kg)
White bass
Length to 15 in (38 cm) is common
White crappie
Maximum length 15 in (38 cm), weight can reach 2 lb (0.91 kg)
Other fish found in the lake include blue catfish, black crappie, green sunfish, green sunfish x bluegill hybrid, freshwater drum, redear sunfish, carp, walleye, saugeye, black bullhead and yellow bullhead.
Recreation
Boating
Recreational boating is popular on Lake Springfield, especially in the summer months. Some activities include skiing, wakeboarding, windsurfing, sailing, tubing, kayaking, paddle boarding. There are coves located around the lake where boaters are allowed to tie up away from the main boating areas. A private Marina located at the south end of the lake provides boat rentals, kayak rentals, a restaurant, and other various boating amenities.
Parks
There are numerous parks located around Lake Springfield. Most parks have pavilions that are available to the public, and many have docks with fishing access. Lincoln Memorial Gardens is located on the east side of the lake, and offers trails and other exhibits. The public beach closed in the 2000’s and never re-opened. The historic Beach House building located on the beach is still available to rent by reservation.
Events
There are fish fries, slo-pitch softball tournaments, and other various activities that take place at the clubs located on Lake Springfield. There is an annual triathlon that takes place during the summer months. There have been boat races during various stretches since the 1980's. The last boat races on the lake were in 2019. There is a large firework show located on the south end of the lake every year around 4th of July. There is another firework show on Labor Day Weekend that happens on the north end of the lake.
References
^ a b c "Lakes and Parks". City Water Light & Power. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
^ Illinois Atlas and Gazetteer. Freeport, Maine: DeLorme Mapping. 1991. ISBN 0-89933-213-7.
^ "City getting impatient for Hunter Lake answer". (Springfield, IL) State Journal-Register. 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
^ a b Mazrim & Mann 2021, p. 9.
^ Mazrim & Mann 2021, p. 43.
^ Crook, Alja Robinson (1912). Geology of Sangamon County. p. 17.
^ Mazrim & Mann 2021, p. 7.
^ a b c Mazrim & Mann 2021, p. 18.
^ a b Mazrim & Mann 2021, p. 86.
^ a b "IDNR - Fisheries: 2016 lake status summary" (PDF). Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
^ "Fishing - City Water, Light, and Power". www.cwlp.com. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
External links
Official website
Media related to Lake Springfield (Illinois) at Wikimedia Commons
Depression-Era History of Lake Springfield
Further reading
Mazrim, Robert; Mann, Curtis (2021). Lake Springfield in Illinois: Public Works and Community Design in the Mid-Twentieth Century. Mount Pleasant, S.C.: America Through Time/Arcadia. ISBN 9781634992930. A pictorial history of Lake Springfield.
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwlp-lakes-1"},{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"},{"link_name":"the city of Springfield, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Sugar Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Creek_(Sangamon_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Sangamon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangamon_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwlp-lakes-1"},{"link_name":"City Water, Light & Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Water,_Light_%26_Power"},{"link_name":"Dallman Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallman_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"Interstate 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_55_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"motor boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_boat"}],"text":"Reservoir in Springfield, IllinoisLake Springfield is a 3,965-acre (16.05 km2)[1] reservoir on the southeast edge of the city of Springfield, Illinois. It is 560 ft (170 m) above sea level. The lake was formed by building Spaulding Dam across Sugar Creek, a tributary of the Sangamon River. It is the largest municipally-owned body of water in Illinois.[1] The lake and the lands adjoining it are all owned by City Water, Light & Power, the municipal utility for the city of Springfield, which operates the Dallman Power Plant at the lake's north end. Multiple city parks border its shores.The lake is crossed by several bridges, including the Interstate 55 bridge. Its principal tributaries are Sugar Creek and Lick Creek, and its waters discharge through Spaulding Dam to the lower Sugar Creek valley, which flows into the Sangamon River.The lake was created in the 1930s as a source of water for Springfield and to provide cooling water for the City Water, Light & Power coal-fired electrical generating plant. It has also served as a focus of local recreation. High-powered motor boats are allowed on much of the lake, and the lake is known for warm-water fish.","title":"Lake Springfield"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLorme-2"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Springfield"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln Memorial Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Memorial_Garden"},{"link_name":"Henson Robinson Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henson_Robinson_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwlp-lakes-1"},{"link_name":"Edwards Trace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Trace"},{"link_name":"Lick Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lick_Creek_(Sangamon_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Hunter Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Lake"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poole-3"}],"text":"Lake Springfield can be seen from Interstate 55. The limited-access highway crosses the lake on two bridges between mileposts 88 and 89. The lake is accessible from exit 88 (East Lake Shore Drive), exit 90 (Toronto Road), and exit 94 (Stevenson Drive).[2]Lake Springfield is close to the campus of the University of Illinois Springfield. It also borders Abraham Lincoln Memorial Garden, a local arboretum, and the Henson Robinson Zoo. There are eight city parks around the lake.[1] Lake Park, just north of the zoo, has preserved ruts of the Edwards Trace pioneer trail; a historical marker was posted near the trace in 2002.Lake Springfield tributaries include Lick Creek and Sugar Creek. Water discharged from these watercourses into Lake Springfield fluctuates with the seasons and with changes in local precipitation, and City Water, Light & Power has asked for permission to build a buffer lake, Hunter Lake, nearby.[3]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_-_Springfield_-_NARA_-_23939951_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illinois_-_Springfield_-_NARA_-_23939953_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazrimMann20219-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazrimMann202143-5"},{"link_name":"Cotton Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Hill,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazrimMann20219-4"},{"link_name":"Old State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_State_Capitol_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Route 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_66_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Interstate 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_55"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazrimMann20217-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazrimMann202118-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazrimMann202118-8"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazrimMann202118-8"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazrimMann202186-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazrimMann202186-9"}],"text":"Lake Springfield, 1936Lake Springfield, 1936The first historically documented settlement of the valleys of Sugar and Lick Creeks, now part of Lake Springfield, took place in the 1810s.[4] The Edwards Trace, an ancient road between Kaskaskia and Peoria, ran along the eastern side of the valley.[5] The town of Cotton Hill took shape around a mill near the junction of the two creeks.[4] Also known as \"Crow's Mill\", the town was the site of a quarry that produced the limestone for the Old State Capitol in Springfield.[6] Route 66 passed through the valley and the town of Cotton Hill until it was rerouted to the east to the present-day alignment of Interstate 55.Initial discussions of constructing a lake in Springfield began in 1925.[7] Three water sources originally were considered for construction of the lake — the Sangamon River, the South Fork of the Sangamon and the Sugar Creek Valley. Engineers determined that Sugar Creek was the most economical option.[8]The effort to build the lake was led by longtime city Utilities Commissioner Willis J. Spaulding.[8] Voters approved a bond referendum in 1930 to pay for part of the lake. Spaulding Dam is named after the commissioner, who oversaw Springfield’s electric and water departments from 1909 until 1943. In the end, however, federal relief programs such as the Works Progress Administration paid much of the lake’s $5.64 million cost. 110 properties were purchased in order to build the lake.[8] Most of those who owned land needed for the lake were willing sellers, thanks partly to the Great Depression, but not all. Leander Shoup had to be “escorted from his land by the sheriff and ten deputies,” according to a City Water, Light and Power history of the lake.The lake has undergone both drought and flood over the past 80 years. The worst drought, which lasted from 1952 to 1955, drew the lake down more than 12 feet below full pool,[9] reducing its water storage to 7.4 billion gallons and threatening operations of both the power plant complex and the water treatment plant. That prompted construction of an emergency connection to the South Fork to supplement the lake.[9]The 1950s drought also led to plans to build a second lake as a long-term backup water source. Nearly all the land for Lake II (later named Hunter Lake, after former utilities commissioner John Hunter) had been purchased by the early 21st century. However, bureaucratic hurdles and continuing public doubt about the need for the new lake left it unbuilt as of 2022.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnr-10"},{"link_name":"blue catfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_catfish"},{"link_name":"black crappie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_crappie"},{"link_name":"green sunfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_sunfish"},{"link_name":"freshwater drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_drum"},{"link_name":"redear sunfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redear_sunfish"},{"link_name":"carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp"},{"link_name":"walleye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walleye"},{"link_name":"saugeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saugeye"},{"link_name":"black bullhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_bullhead"},{"link_name":"yellow bullhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_bullhead"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnr-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Lake Springfield is a highly ranked fishing lake. Species that are doing well, as of 2016, include:[10]Other fish found in the lake include blue catfish, black crappie, green sunfish, green sunfish x bluegill hybrid, freshwater drum, redear sunfish, carp, walleye, saugeye, black bullhead and yellow bullhead.[10][11]","title":"Fishing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_skiing"},{"link_name":"wakeboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakeboarding"},{"link_name":"windsurfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsurfing"},{"link_name":"sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing"},{"link_name":"tubing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubing_(recreation)"},{"link_name":"kayaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayaking"},{"link_name":"paddle boarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddleboarding"},{"link_name":"coves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cove"},{"link_name":"Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina"}],"sub_title":"Boating","text":"Recreational boating is popular on Lake Springfield, especially in the summer months. Some activities include skiing, wakeboarding, windsurfing, sailing, tubing, kayaking, paddle boarding. There are coves located around the lake where boaters are allowed to tie up away from the main boating areas. A private Marina located at the south end of the lake provides boat rentals, kayak rentals, a restaurant, and other various boating amenities.","title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincoln Memorial Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Memorial_Garden"}],"sub_title":"Parks","text":"There are numerous parks located around Lake Springfield. Most parks have pavilions that are available to the public, and many have docks with fishing access. Lincoln Memorial Gardens is located on the east side of the lake, and offers trails and other exhibits. The public beach closed in the 2000’s and never re-opened. The historic Beach House building located on the beach is still available to rent by reservation.","title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon"},{"link_name":"boat races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_racing"},{"link_name":"4th of July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Labor Day Weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day"}],"sub_title":"Events","text":"There are fish fries, slo-pitch softball tournaments, and other various activities that take place at the clubs located on Lake Springfield. There is an annual triathlon that takes place during the summer months. There have been boat races during various stretches since the 1980's. The last boat races on the lake were in 2019. There is a large firework show located on the south end of the lake every year around 4th of July. There is another firework show on Labor Day Weekend that happens on the north end of the lake.","title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781634992930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781634992930"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6477811#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/315530300"}],"text":"Mazrim, Robert; Mann, Curtis (2021). Lake Springfield in Illinois: Public Works and Community Design in the Mid-Twentieth Century. Mount Pleasant, S.C.: America Through Time/Arcadia. ISBN 9781634992930. A pictorial history of Lake Springfield.Authority control databases \nVIAF","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Lake Springfield, 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Illinois_-_Springfield_-_NARA_-_23939951_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Illinois_-_Springfield_-_NARA_-_23939951_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lake Springfield, 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Illinois_-_Springfield_-_NARA_-_23939953_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Illinois_-_Springfield_-_NARA_-_23939953_%28cropped%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Lakes and Parks\". City Water Light & Power. Retrieved 2023-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cwlp.com/LakesParksHome/LakesParksHome.aspx","url_text":"\"Lakes and Parks\""}]},{"reference":"Illinois Atlas and Gazetteer. Freeport, Maine: DeLorme Mapping. 1991. ISBN 0-89933-213-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89933-213-7","url_text":"0-89933-213-7"}]},{"reference":"\"City getting impatient for Hunter Lake answer\". (Springfield, IL) State Journal-Register. 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2010-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sj-r.com/local/x1158538731/City-getting-impatient-for-Hunter-Lake-answer","url_text":"\"City getting impatient for Hunter Lake answer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Journal-Register","url_text":"State Journal-Register"}]},{"reference":"Crook, Alja Robinson (1912). Geology of Sangamon County. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Crook","url_text":"Crook, Alja Robinson"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G0Uxp3R3lEAC&pg=PA17","url_text":"Geology of Sangamon County"}]},{"reference":"\"IDNR - Fisheries: 2016 lake status summary\" (PDF). Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ifishillinois.org/ssr/00172.pdf","url_text":"\"IDNR - Fisheries: 2016 lake status summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fishing - City Water, Light, and Power\". www.cwlp.com. Retrieved May 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cwlp.com/LakesParksHome/LakesParksInformation/Fishing.aspx","url_text":"\"Fishing - City Water, Light, and Power\""}]},{"reference":"Mazrim, Robert; Mann, Curtis (2021). Lake Springfield in Illinois: Public Works and Community Design in the Mid-Twentieth Century. Mount Pleasant, S.C.: America Through Time/Arcadia. ISBN 9781634992930.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781634992930","url_text":"9781634992930"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Springfield¶ms=39_45_34_N_089_36_01_W_region:US-IL_type:waterbody_source:gnis","external_links_name":"39°45′34″N 089°36′01″W / 39.75944°N 89.60028°W / 39.75944; -89.60028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Springfield¶ms=39_45_34_N_089_36_01_W_region:US-IL_type:waterbody_source:gnis","external_links_name":"39°45′34″N 089°36′01″W / 39.75944°N 89.60028°W / 39.75944; -89.60028"},{"Link":"https://www.cwlp.com/LakesParksHome/LakesParksHome.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Lakes and Parks\""},{"Link":"http://www.sj-r.com/local/x1158538731/City-getting-impatient-for-Hunter-Lake-answer","external_links_name":"\"City getting impatient for Hunter Lake answer\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G0Uxp3R3lEAC&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"Geology of Sangamon County"},{"Link":"https://www.ifishillinois.org/ssr/00172.pdf","external_links_name":"\"IDNR - Fisheries: 2016 lake status summary\""},{"Link":"https://www.cwlp.com/LakesParksHome/LakesParksInformation/Fishing.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Fishing - City Water, Light, and Power\""},{"Link":"https://www.cwlp.com/LakesParksHome/LakesParksHome.aspx","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060519184340/http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/1993/ihy930571b.html","external_links_name":"Depression-Era History of Lake Springfield"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315530300","external_links_name":"VIAF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_Valley | Wye Valley | ["1 Geology","2 Ecology","3 Archaeology","4 The medieval period","5 The development of industry","6 The origins of British tourism","7 Transport","8 Management of the area","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in England and Wales
This article is about the river valley along the Anglo-Welsh border. For river valley in Derbyshire, see Wye Valley, Derbyshire.
The River Wye viewed from Yat Rock
Wye Valley AONB locator map
The Wye Valley National Landscape (formerly Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty; Welsh: Dyffryn Gwy) is an internationally important protected landscape straddling the border between England and Wales.
The River Wye (Welsh: Afon Gwy) is the fourth-longest river in the United Kingdom. The upper part passes through Rhayader, Builth Wells and Hay-on-Wye, but the area designated as a National Landscape covers 326 square kilometres (126 sq mi) surrounding a 72-kilometre (45 mi) stretch lower down the river, from just south of Hereford to Chepstow.
This area covers parts of the counties of Gloucestershire, Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, and is recognised in particular for its limestone gorge scenery and dense native woodlands, as well as its wildlife, archaeological and industrial remains. It is also historically important as one of the birthplaces of the modern tourism industry. The area is predominantly rural, and many people make a living from tourism, agriculture or forestry. Ross-on-Wye is the only town within the National Landscape itself, but Hereford, Monmouth, Coleford and Chepstow lie just outside its boundaries.
Geology
The varied landscapes of the Wye Valley can be explained by underlying rocks and structures, and how ice and then the river and tributary streams have acted upon them through time.
Close to Hereford, the geology of the area around the village of Woolhope is largely made up of Silurian limestones, shales and sandstones. To the south of this, the Herefordshire lowlands are largely underlain by red mudstones and sandstones, producing a redder soil. These rocks are softer than the limestones elsewhere, so the river created more meanders, a wider floodplain, and a gentler and more rolling landscape. Around Symonds Yat, limestones and red sandstones meet. This leads to a landscape of hills and plains, as well as substantial meanders which have formed impressive river cliffs.
The Lower Wye landscape was formed by the river acting on a series of layers of rock that dip towards the Forest of Dean. Here the river has incised into the margins of the Old Red Sandstone plateau to form a gorge with substantial river cliffs. The steepest parts of the Wye gorge are cut through the Carboniferous Limestone. Here the combined action of the river, natural joints in the rocks and quarrying have exposed many vertical faces, particularly between Tintern and Chepstow.
Geological interest extends underground, and there are many rock shelters and solution caves in the area. These include King Arthur's Cave and many others in the area of Symonds Yat and Slaughter Stream Cave near Berry Hill. At St Arvans, near Chepstow, the underground watercourses have carved out long cave systems, which exit at Otter Hole at the base of Piercefield cliffs – the only cave system in England or Wales which can only be reached through a tidal sump, making it a mecca for experienced cavers.
Ecology
Lancaut and Ban-y-Gor are Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust nature reserves. They both have SSSI status being part of the nationally important Lower Wye Gorge SSSI and within the Wye Valley National Landscape. The Wye Valley is important for its rich wildlife habitats including ancient gorge woodland, saltmarsh and limestone cliffs.
The area has three sites of international importance, designated as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) under the European Union's Habitats Directive. These are the River Wye (Afon Gwy), the Wye Valley and Forest of Dean Bat Sites (Safleoedd Ystlumod Dyffryn Gwy a Fforest y Ddena) and the Wye Valley Woodlands (Coetiroedd Dyffryn Gwy). It supports a population of lesser horseshoe bats, a growing population of peregrine falcons, goshawks, ravens, rare whitebeam, nightjar and lesser known fish like the shad and twaite. The main Welsh populations of the small but colourful moth Oecophora bractella are found here.
In September 2006 it was reported that one colony of lesser horseshoe bats in the area had reached record numbers, with some 890 bats in a small stone barn (599 adults and 291 pups).
River Wye at Lancaut looking towards Wintour's Leap
Archaeology
The valley has been inhabited for at least 12,000 years. Caves near Symonds Yat and Chepstow provide evidence of settlement dating from Palaeolithic times, and finds from later stone ages such as the Neolithic have also been found. These have yielded evidence of how prehistoric human populations lived as nomadic hunters and traders.
Standing stones at Huntsham, Staunton, and Trellech all have origins dating back to the Bronze Age. Later, Iron Age forts along the lower Wye Valley, and in the Woolhope area, took advantage of the natural hilltops and promontories to form well-defended settlements. It is likely that many of these marked the edges of disputed tribal pre-Roman territories.
Watling Street ran through the Roman settlements of Ariconium (just north of modern Ross-on-Wye) and Blestium (Monmouth), and a number of other small Roman settlements are known. The first evidence of the exploitation of iron and coal in the valley is found in the Roman period, with iron working known from sites at Monmouth, Trellech and elsewhere, as well as in the adjoining Forest of Dean. The medieval boroughs of Goodrich and Chepstow, at each end of the Wye Gorge, may have originally been established at this time.
Closely following the River Wye, Offa's Dyke was built in the 8th century under King Offa to mark out the boundary between England and Wales and is, today, the longest archaeological monument in Britain. Offa's Dyke Path long distance footpath today traces the route through the Wye valley on the English bank, while the Wye Valley Walk follows the Welsh bank.
The medieval period
When the Normans conquered the region in the 11th century they immediately built major castles at Chepstow and Monmouth to defend the territory. Smaller castles were built at St Briavels, Ruardean, Goodrich and Wilton Castle.
Tintern Abbey was founded in 1131 by Cistercian monks, and largely rebuilt in the 13th century. It is the best-preserved medieval abbey in Wales and an outstanding example of Gothic architecture.
Many of the smaller villages in the area probably date from the Middle Ages, and much of this expansion was probably associated with the early iron industry. The medieval iron industry consumed large quantities of charcoal and much of the woodland was coppiced for this purpose. Trellech was one of the largest communities in Wales during this period.
The development of industry
Ruins of an 18th-century limekiln at Tintern
Iron has been made in the Wye Valley since Roman times, using the ready supply of timber, good quality ore and abundant charcoal from the Forest of Dean. The river provided transport for the raw materials and finished product, and with the introduction of the blast furnace in the 16th century, its tributaries began to be used for water power.
The first brass made in Britain was founded at Tintern in 1566. Wire-making followed, with water mills situated on all the tributaries of the lower Wye. The area resounded to the noise and smoke of heavy industry for the next 400 years and gave rise to many pioneering industries. For instance, Whitebrook became famous for paper milling, when wallpaper became a fashionable way to decorate houses. At Redbrook, copper works were established by 1691, and a century later the village became one of the world's major tinplate manufacturing centres. This industry survived until the 1960s and was renowned for producing the thinnest, highest quality plate in the world. The Lydbrook valley was also a thriving centre for metal industries, such as the manufacture of telegraph cables.
The valley woodlands were carefully managed to produce mature trees for shipbuilding, or by coppicing for charcoal, and to provide bark for tanning. The valley industries were also massive consumers of timber. A ship of 150 tons, for example, required 3,000 wagonloads of timber to complete – and in 1824, 13 ships were launched at Brockweir alone.
The river was the economic backbone of the region, providing an important means of transport, trade and communication. In late medieval times, salmon weirs hindered free passage on the river, but the Wye Navigation Act in 1662 enabled the river's potential to be developed. By 1727 shallow draught boats could get upstream beyond Hereford, and a significant shipbuilding industry developed at Monmouth, Llandogo, Brockweir and Chepstow. However, by 1835 it was stated that the Wye "can scarcely be considered a commercial highway" above Monmouth, and by the 1880s Brockweir bridge was the effective upper limit of navigation.
As the 19th century progressed, the valley's industries gradually declined, and management of the woodlands lessened when there was no longer a ready market for their products.
The origins of British tourism
Main article: Wye Tour
The Chancel and Crossing of Tintern Abbey, Looking towards the East Window by J. M. W. Turner, 1794
The Wye Valley witnessed the birth of British tourism in the 18th century. The earliest known appreciation of the area's spectacular beauty can be dated to the beginning of the century, when John Kyrle developed the 'Prospect' at Ross-on-Wye, and it was later mentioned in verse by Alexander Pope.
In 1745, John Egerton, later Bishop of Durham, started taking friends on boat trips down the valley from the rectory at Ross. The area became more widely known following the publication of works by the poet Thomas Gray, and, in particular, Observations on the River Wye by the Reverend William Gilpin, published in 1782. The first illustrated tour guide to be published in Britain, it helped travellers locate and enjoy the most "Picturesque" aspects of the countryside. Regular excursions began to be established from Ross, the boat journey to Chepstow taking two days.
Some of the most famous poets, writers and artists of the day made the pilgrimage to the great sights of Goodrich, Tintern and Chepstow – among them Coleridge, Thackeray and Turner. Wordsworth was also captivated by the area, writing Lines written a few miles above Tintern Abbey in 1798. Poetic influence continued to be felt in the next century, as in 1811, popular 'peasant poet', Robert Bloomfield wrote 'The Banks of Wye; a Poem in Four Books' providing account of an 1807 trip made by him and a party of friends down the River Wye and surrounding areas.
The first of Britain's great landscapes to be 'discovered', the Wye Valley's particular attraction was its river scenery, and the many guidebooks, engravings and paintings ensured a continuing steady stream of visitors. Viewpoints were specially constructed, including the Kymin above Monmouth, with its round house giving panoramic views across the town. Another highlight for travellers was the cliff ascent and walks at Piercefield. However, most of the truly 'Picturesque' scenes were sketched from river level, with the shimmering water as the foreground for the forests and cliffs behind, and the castle and abbey ruins.
Transport
Missing rail links in Monmouth, foreground Wye Valley Railway and background Ross and Monmouth Railway linked to missing Hereford, Ross and Gloucester Railway in Ross-on-Wye.
In 1813 the Monmouth Tramroad linked Coalway (near Coleford), Redbrook and Monmouth. This was the world's first railed-way to make specific powers in its Act of Parliament to allow for the charging of fares to passengers.
The standard gauge Wye Valley Railway line between Chepstow, Monmouth and Ross opened much later, in 1876. This made the valley more accessible and popular to tourists. In the early 20th century, crowds of up to 1300 would travel on a special train journey to see Tintern Abbey on the night of the harvest moon. The line closed to passengers in 1959, although sections remain as bridleways and footbridges. There are now main line railway stations at Hereford and Chepstow.
The road network in the lower Wye valley remained essentially undeveloped during the rise of the Valley's industrialisation, until a series of Turnpike trusts were authorised during the 18th century. It was not until 1828 that the current Wye Valley road, the A466, was first constructed. The area became more accessible by road to much of the country with the building of the M50 between the M5 and Ross-on-Wye, and the opening of the Severn Bridge (now part of the M48) in 1966.
Management of the area
A film about natural resource management of the Wye Valley Woodlands Special Area of Conservation and Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
The Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) was designated in 1971. The designation indicates the importance of recognising and preserving the area's distinctive qualities, for the benefit of present and future generations.
Administratively the area is very complex, being the only protected landscape to straddle the border between England and Wales. The counties of Herefordshire, Monmouthshire and Gloucestershire are each in a different government region.
Co-ordination of conservation across these political boundaries is undertaken by an AONB unit and Joint Advisory Committee. A Management Plan for the AONB enlists a range of partners in conserving and enhancing its beauty for the benefit of present and future generations.
In 2023, all AONBs in the UK were rebranded as National Landscapes, though still keep their designation as Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
The navigation of the tidal part of the Wye (below Bigsweir) comes under the control of the Gloucester Harbour Trustees as Competent Harbour Authority.
See also
Kingstone Brewery, Meadow Farm, Tintern
Wye Valley Brewery
Wye Valley Walk
List of places in the Wye Valley
References
^ "Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty - Management Plan 2004-2009" (PDF). Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
^ a b "Lancaut | Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust". www.gloucestershirewildlifetrust.co.uk.
^ "Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust nature reserves information for Ban-y-Gor SSSI".
^ Natural England unit information for Lower Wye Gorge
^ "Plants - The Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Beauty". Wye Valley AONB. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
^ Kelham, A, Sanderson, J, Doe, J, Edgeley-Smith, M, et al, 1979, 1990, 2002 editions, 'Nature Reserves of the Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation/Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust'
^ "Wye Habitats - Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty". Wye Valley AONB. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
^ "Joint Nature Conservation Committee Listing of Special Areas of Conservation". DEFRA. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
^ "Bat colony reaches record numbers". 19 September 2006 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
^ 'The Banks of Wye; A Poem in Four Books' – Robert Bloomfield, published at London, 1811 for the Author, Vernor, Hood and Sharpe etc
^ "History of the railways around Monmouth and the Wye Valley branch line, Monmouthshire, Wales". urban75.org.
^ "National Landscapes - Welcome to National Landscapes". National Landscapes. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
External links
Media related to Bigsweir Woods at Wikimedia Commons
Official site for the Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB)
The Picturesque Wye Tour
Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust
Natural England
Bat Conservation Trust
Tourist information on the Wye Valley
Wye Valley & Vale of Usk Visitor Guide 2010
Wye Valley Railway – history and photos
The Wye Valley: Riverside of the Romantics (by Nigel Richardson), article from the travel section of the Daily Telegraph, pub. 23 Sep 2008
vteNational Landscapes in EnglandEast of England
Chilterns
Dedham Vale
Norfolk Coast
Suffolk & Essex Coast & Heaths
East Midlands
Lincolnshire Wolds
North East
Northumberland Coast
North Pennines
North West
Arnside and Silverdale
Forest of Bowland
North Pennines
Solway Coast
South East
Chichester Harbour
Chilterns
Cotswolds
Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs
High Weald
Isle of Wight
Kent Downs
North Wessex Downs
Surrey Hills
Former: East Hampshire1
South Hampshire Coast2
Sussex Downs1
South West
Blackdown Hills
Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs
Cornwall
Cotswolds
Dorset
East Devon
Isles of Scilly
Mendip Hills
North Devon Coast
North Wessex Downs
Quantock Hills
South Devon
Tamar Valley
Wye Valley3
West Midlands
Cannock Chase
Cotswolds
Malvern Hills
Shropshire Hills
Wye Valley3
Yorkshire andthe Humber
Forest of Bowland
Howardian Hills
Nidderdale
North Pennines
1 Now part of South Downs National Park
2 Now part of New Forest National Park
3 Partly in Wales
vteAreas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in WalesArea of Outstanding Natural Beauty
Anglesey
Clwydian Range and Dee Valley1
Gower
Llŷn
Wye Valley2
1 Proposed to be replaced by a North East Wales National Park, 2 Partly in England
Geography United Kingdom Wales
vteProtected areas of Wales
Geography of Wales
Protected areas of the United Kingdom
National parks
Brecon Beacons (Bannau Brycheiniog)
Snowdonia (Eryri)
Pembrokeshire Coast National Park
Proposed
Cambrian Mountains
North East Wales
Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty
Anglesey
Clwydian Range and Dee Valley
Gower
Llŷn
Wye Valley (partly in England)
Proposed
Cambrian Mountains
Ceiriog Valley and Y Berwyn
Gower expansion
Gwent Levels
Heritage coasts
Glamorgan Heritage Coast
Nature reserves
Local nature reserves
list
National nature reserves
list
Site of Special Scientific Interest
Lists
by former counties
Blaenau Gwent
Bridgend
Caerphilly
Cardiff
Carmarthenshire
Ceredigion
Conwy
Denbighshire
Flintshire
Gwynedd
Isle of Anglesey
Merthyr Tydfil
Monmouthshire
Neath Port Talbot
Newport
Pembrokeshire
Powys
Rhondda Cynon Taf
Swansea
Torfaen
Vale of Glamorgan
Wrexham
Brecon Beacons NP
European designations (–2020)
Special Area of Conservation
list
Special Protection Areas
list
Other designations
Cadw properties
Scheduled monuments
National Trust properties
Listed buildings
Registered historic parks and gardens
Geography
Wales
Category
Commons
vteCeremonial county of GloucestershireUnitary authoritiesSouth GloucestershireBoroughs or districts
Cheltenham
Cotswold
Forest of Dean
Gloucester
Stroud
Tewkesbury
Major settlements(cities in italics)
Berkeley
Bishop's Cleeve
Bradley Stoke
Cheltenham
Chipping Campden
Chipping Sodbury
Churchdown
Cinderford
Cirencester
Coleford
Dursley
Fairford
Filton
Gloucester
Kingswood
Lechlade
Lydney
Minchinhampton
Mitcheldean
Moreton-in-Marsh
Nailsworth
Newent
Northleach
Painswick
Patchway
Quedgeley
Stonehouse
Stow-on-the-Wold
Stroud
Tetbury
Tewkesbury
Thornbury
Winchcombe
Wotton-under-Edge
YateSee also: List of civil parishes in Gloucestershire
Rivers
Bristol Avon
Warwickshire Avon
Bybrook
Boyd
Cam
Chelt
Churn
Coln
Evenlode
Eye
Bristol Frome
Stroud Frome
Hazel Brook
Leach
Little Avon
Lyd
Severn
Swilgate
Thames
Trym
Windrush
Wye
Topics
Flag
Places
Population of major settlements
Parliamentary constituencies
Schools
SSSIs
Country houses
Grade I listed buildings
Grade II* listed buildings
Scheduled monuments
History
Lord Lieutenants
High Sheriffs
Museums
vteCeremonial county of HerefordshireUnitary authoritiesCounty of HerefordshireMajor settlements(cities in italics)
Bromyard
Hereford
Kington
Ledbury
Leominster
Ross-on-WyeSee also: List of civil parishes in Herefordshire
Rivers
Arrow
Frome
Kenwater
Leadon
Lugg
Monnow
Wye
Topics
Flag
Places
Population of major settlements
Parliamentary constituencies
Agriculture
Education
SSSIs
Country houses
Grade I listed buildings
Grade II* listed buildings
Scheduled monuments
History
Lord Lieutenants
High Sheriffs
Museums
Windmills
Transport
vteMonmouthshire principal areaPrincipal settlements
Abergavenny
Caldicot
Chepstow
Monmouth
Usk
Towns and villages
Bedwellty
Betws Newydd
Black Rock
Blaenawey
The Bryn
Bryngwyn
Buckholt
Botany Bay
Catbrook
Caer Llan
Caerwent
Chapel Hill
Clydach
Coed Morgan
Coed-y-paen
Crick
Croes y pant
Croes Hywel
Cross Ash
Crossway
Cwmcarvan
Cwmyoy
Devauden
Dingestow
Dixton
Earlswood
Gaerllwyd
Gilwern
Glascoed
Goetre
Govilon
Great Oak
Grosmont
Gwehelog
Gwernesney
Highmoor Hill
Hoaldalbert
Itton
Kemeys Commander
Kilgwrrwg Common
Kingcoed
Little Mill
Llanarth
Llanbadoc
Llancayo
Llanddewi Rhydderch
Llandewi Skirrid
Llandegveth
Llandenny
Llandevenny
Llandogo
Llanellen
Llanelly
Llanfair Kilgeddin
Llanfihangel Rogiet
Llanfihangel Crucorney
Llanfoist
Llangattock-Lingoed
Llangattock-Vibon-Avel
Llangovan
Llangua
Llangwm-isaf
Llangybi
Llanhennock
Llanishen
Llanllowell
Llanover
Llansoy
Llanthony
Llantilio Crossenny
Llantilio Pertholey
Llantrisant
Llanvair-Discoed
Llanvapley
Llanvetherine
Llanwenarth
Llanvihangel-Ystern-Llewern
Llanvihangel Gobion
Magor
Mamhilad
Mardy
Maryland
Mathern
Maypole
Mitchel Troy
Mitcheltroy Common
Monkswood
Mounton
Mynydd-bach
Mynyddislwyn
Nant-y-derry
The Narth
New Inn
New Mills
Newbridge-on-Usk
Newcastle
Newchurch
Oldcastle
Pandy
Parkhouse
Pen-croes-oped
Pen-how
Pen-yr-hoel
Pen-y-cae-mawr
Pen-y-clawdd
Pen-twyn
Penallt
Penpergwm
Penperlleni
Penrhos
Portskewett
Pwllmeyric
Raglan
Redbrook
Redwick
Rockfield
Rogiet
St Arvans
St Brides Netherwent
St Maughans
Shirenewton
Skenfrith
Sudbrook
Tintern
Tredunnock
Tregagle
Tregare
Trelleck Grange
Trelleck
Twyn-y-Sheriff
Undy
Upper Green
Wernyrheolydd
Whitebrook
Whitson
Wilcrick
Wolvesnewton
Wonastow
Wyesham
Castles
Abergavenny Castle
Betws newydd
Caerleon
Caldicot Castle
Castell Arnold
Chepstow Castle
Dingestow
Grosmont Castle
Llangibby
Llanfair Kilgeddin
Llantrisant
Llanvair Discoed
Monmouth
Newport Castle
Newcastle
Penhow
Pencoed Castle
Pen y Clawdd Castle
Penrhos
Raglan Castle
Skenfrith Castle
Trellech
Usk Castle
White Castle
Topics
Parliamentary constituencies
Places
Schools
SSSIs
Listed buildings
Grade I
Grade II*
Scheduled Monuments
Registered parks and gardens
Country houses
Lord Lieutenants
High Sheriffs
Museums
Cuisine
Geography
Wales | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wye Valley, Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_Valley,_Derbyshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:River_Wye_viewed_from_Yat_Rock.jpg"},{"link_name":"River Wye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wye"},{"link_name":"Yat Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yat_Rock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wye_Valley_AONB_locator_map.svg"},{"link_name":"National Landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Landscape"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England-Wales_border"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"River Wye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wye"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"fourth-longest river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_of_Great_Britain#Longest_rivers_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Rhayader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhayader"},{"link_name":"Builth Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Builth_Wells"},{"link_name":"Hay-on-Wye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay-on-Wye"},{"link_name":"Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford"},{"link_name":"Chepstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepstow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordshire"},{"link_name":"Monmouthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouthshire"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorge"},{"link_name":"Ross-on-Wye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross-on-Wye"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth"},{"link_name":"Coleford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleford,_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Chepstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepstow"}],"text":"This article is about the river valley along the Anglo-Welsh border. For river valley in Derbyshire, see Wye Valley, Derbyshire.The River Wye viewed from Yat RockWye Valley AONB locator mapThe Wye Valley National Landscape (formerly Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty; Welsh: Dyffryn Gwy) is an internationally important protected landscape straddling the border between England and Wales.The River Wye (Welsh: Afon Gwy) is the fourth-longest river in the United Kingdom. The upper part passes through Rhayader, Builth Wells and Hay-on-Wye, but the area designated as a National Landscape covers 326 square kilometres (126 sq mi) surrounding a 72-kilometre (45 mi) stretch lower down the river, from just south of Hereford to Chepstow.[1]This area covers parts of the counties of Gloucestershire, Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, and is recognised in particular for its limestone gorge scenery and dense native woodlands, as well as its wildlife, archaeological and industrial remains. It is also historically important as one of the birthplaces of the modern tourism industry. The area is predominantly rural, and many people make a living from tourism, agriculture or forestry. Ross-on-Wye is the only town within the National Landscape itself, but Hereford, Monmouth, Coleford and Chepstow lie just outside its boundaries.","title":"Wye Valley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woolhope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolhope"},{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"},{"link_name":"limestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"shales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale"},{"link_name":"sandstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"mudstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudstone"},{"link_name":"sandstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"meanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander"},{"link_name":"floodplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain"},{"link_name":"Symonds Yat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symonds_Yat"},{"link_name":"Forest of Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_of_Dean"},{"link_name":"Old Red Sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Red_Sandstone"},{"link_name":"Carboniferous Limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous_Limestone"},{"link_name":"Tintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintern"},{"link_name":"rock shelters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_shelters"},{"link_name":"caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caves"},{"link_name":"Slaughter Stream Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughter_Stream_Cave"},{"link_name":"St Arvans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Arvans"},{"link_name":"Otter Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter_Hole"},{"link_name":"mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"}],"text":"The varied landscapes of the Wye Valley can be explained by underlying rocks and structures, and how ice and then the river and tributary streams have acted upon them through time.Close to Hereford, the geology of the area around the village of Woolhope is largely made up of Silurian limestones, shales and sandstones. To the south of this, the Herefordshire lowlands are largely underlain by red mudstones and sandstones, producing a redder soil. These rocks are softer than the limestones elsewhere, so the river created more meanders, a wider floodplain, and a gentler and more rolling landscape. Around Symonds Yat, limestones and red sandstones meet. This leads to a landscape of hills and plains, as well as substantial meanders which have formed impressive river cliffs.The Lower Wye landscape was formed by the river acting on a series of layers of rock that dip towards the Forest of Dean. Here the river has incised into the margins of the Old Red Sandstone plateau to form a gorge with substantial river cliffs. The steepest parts of the Wye gorge are cut through the Carboniferous Limestone. Here the combined action of the river, natural joints in the rocks and quarrying have exposed many vertical faces, particularly between Tintern and Chepstow.Geological interest extends underground, and there are many rock shelters and solution caves in the area. These include King Arthur's Cave and many others in the area of Symonds Yat and Slaughter Stream Cave near Berry Hill. At St Arvans, near Chepstow, the underground watercourses have carved out long cave systems, which exit at Otter Hole at the base of Piercefield cliffs – the only cave system in England or Wales which can only be reached through a tidal sump, making it a mecca for experienced cavers.","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lancaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaut"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_Wildlife_Trust"},{"link_name":"SSSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSI"},{"link_name":"Lower Wye Gorge SSSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Wye_Gorge_SSSI"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AONB"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Special Areas of Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Areas_of_Conservation"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Habitats Directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitats_Directive"},{"link_name":"River Wye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wye"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"lesser horseshoe bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_horseshoe_bat"},{"link_name":"peregrine falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_falcons"},{"link_name":"goshawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Goshawk"},{"link_name":"ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven"},{"link_name":"whitebeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitebeam"},{"link_name":"nightjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightjar"},{"link_name":"shad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shad"},{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"Oecophora bractella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecophora_bractella"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:River_Wye_Lancat_and_Ban_y_Gore_Nature_Reserve.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:River_Wye_Lancat_and_Ban_y_Gore_Nature_Reserve.jpg"}],"text":"Lancaut[2] and Ban-y-Gor[3] are Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust nature reserves. They both have SSSI status being part of the nationally important Lower Wye Gorge SSSI[4] and within the Wye Valley National Landscape. The Wye Valley is important for its rich wildlife habitats including ancient gorge woodland, saltmarsh and limestone cliffs.[2][5][6][7]The area has three sites of international importance, designated as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) under the European Union's Habitats Directive. These are the River Wye (Afon Gwy), the Wye Valley and Forest of Dean Bat Sites (Safleoedd Ystlumod Dyffryn Gwy a Fforest y Ddena) and the Wye Valley Woodlands (Coetiroedd Dyffryn Gwy).[8] It supports a population of lesser horseshoe bats, a growing population of peregrine falcons, goshawks, ravens, rare whitebeam, nightjar and lesser known fish like the shad and twaite. The main Welsh populations of the small but colourful moth Oecophora bractella are found here.In September 2006 it was reported that one colony of lesser horseshoe bats in the area had reached record numbers, with some 890 bats in a small stone barn (599 adults and 291 pups).[9]River Wye at Lancaut looking towards Wintour's Leap","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Symonds Yat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symonds_Yat"},{"link_name":"Chepstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepstow"},{"link_name":"Palaeolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeolithic"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"prehistoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric"},{"link_name":"Standing stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_stones"},{"link_name":"Staunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staunton,_near_Coleford,_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Trellech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trellech"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"tribal pre-Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Watling Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watling_Street"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Ariconium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariconium"},{"link_name":"Ross-on-Wye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross-on-Wye"},{"link_name":"Blestium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blestium"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth"},{"link_name":"Forest of Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_of_Dean"},{"link_name":"Goodrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodrich,_Herefordshire"},{"link_name":"Offa's Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke"},{"link_name":"King Offa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Offa"},{"link_name":"Offa's Dyke Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke_Path"},{"link_name":"long distance footpath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_distance_footpath"},{"link_name":"Wye Valley Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_Valley_Walk"}],"text":"The valley has been inhabited for at least 12,000 years. Caves near Symonds Yat and Chepstow provide evidence of settlement dating from Palaeolithic times, and finds from later stone ages such as the Neolithic have also been found. These have yielded evidence of how prehistoric human populations lived as nomadic hunters and traders.Standing stones at Huntsham, Staunton, and Trellech all have origins dating back to the Bronze Age. Later, Iron Age forts along the lower Wye Valley, and in the Woolhope area, took advantage of the natural hilltops and promontories to form well-defended settlements. It is likely that many of these marked the edges of disputed tribal pre-Roman territories.Watling Street ran through the Roman settlements of Ariconium (just north of modern Ross-on-Wye) and Blestium (Monmouth), and a number of other small Roman settlements are known. The first evidence of the exploitation of iron and coal in the valley is found in the Roman period, with iron working known from sites at Monmouth, Trellech and elsewhere, as well as in the adjoining Forest of Dean. The medieval boroughs of Goodrich and Chepstow, at each end of the Wye Gorge, may have originally been established at this time.Closely following the River Wye, Offa's Dyke was built in the 8th century under King Offa to mark out the boundary between England and Wales and is, today, the longest archaeological monument in Britain. Offa's Dyke Path long distance footpath today traces the route through the Wye valley on the English bank, while the Wye Valley Walk follows the Welsh bank.","title":"Archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Normans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"castles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"Chepstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepstow_Castle"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth"},{"link_name":"St Briavels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Briavels"},{"link_name":"Ruardean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruardean"},{"link_name":"Goodrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodrich_Castle"},{"link_name":"Wilton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton_Castle"},{"link_name":"Tintern Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintern_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey"},{"link_name":"Gothic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"charcoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal"},{"link_name":"coppiced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppice"}],"text":"When the Normans conquered the region in the 11th century they immediately built major castles at Chepstow and Monmouth to defend the territory. Smaller castles were built at St Briavels, Ruardean, Goodrich and Wilton Castle.Tintern Abbey was founded in 1131 by Cistercian monks, and largely rebuilt in the 13th century. It is the best-preserved medieval abbey in Wales and an outstanding example of Gothic architecture.Many of the smaller villages in the area probably date from the Middle Ages, and much of this expansion was probably associated with the early iron industry. The medieval iron industry consumed large quantities of charcoal and much of the woodland was coppiced for this purpose. Trellech was one of the largest communities in Wales during this period.","title":"The medieval period"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tintern_Limekiln.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintern"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"charcoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal"},{"link_name":"Forest of Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_of_Dean"},{"link_name":"blast furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace"},{"link_name":"brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass"},{"link_name":"Tintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintern"},{"link_name":"Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire"},{"link_name":"Whitebrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitebrook"},{"link_name":"wallpaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper"},{"link_name":"Redbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redbrook"},{"link_name":"tinplate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinplate"},{"link_name":"Lydbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydbrook"},{"link_name":"shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"charcoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal"},{"link_name":"tanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning_(leather)"},{"link_name":"Brockweir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockweir"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"Llandogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandogo"}],"text":"Ruins of an 18th-century limekiln at TinternIron has been made in the Wye Valley since Roman times, using the ready supply of timber, good quality ore and abundant charcoal from the Forest of Dean. The river provided transport for the raw materials and finished product, and with the introduction of the blast furnace in the 16th century, its tributaries began to be used for water power.The first brass made in Britain was founded at Tintern in 1566. Wire-making followed, with water mills situated on all the tributaries of the lower Wye. The area resounded to the noise and smoke of heavy industry for the next 400 years and gave rise to many pioneering industries. For instance, Whitebrook became famous for paper milling, when wallpaper became a fashionable way to decorate houses. At Redbrook, copper works were established by 1691, and a century later the village became one of the world's major tinplate manufacturing centres. This industry survived until the 1960s and was renowned for producing the thinnest, highest quality plate in the world. The Lydbrook valley was also a thriving centre for metal industries, such as the manufacture of telegraph cables.The valley woodlands were carefully managed to produce mature trees for shipbuilding, or by coppicing for charcoal, and to provide bark for tanning. The valley industries were also massive consumers of timber. A ship of 150 tons, for example, required 3,000 wagonloads of timber to complete – and in 1824, 13 ships were launched at Brockweir alone.The river was the economic backbone of the region, providing an important means of transport, trade and communication. In late medieval times, salmon weirs hindered free passage on the river, but the Wye Navigation Act in 1662 enabled the river's potential to be developed. By 1727 shallow draught boats could get upstream beyond Hereford, and a significant shipbuilding industry developed at Monmouth, Llandogo, Brockweir and Chepstow. However, by 1835 it was stated that the Wye \"can scarcely be considered a commercial highway\" above Monmouth, and by the 1880s Brockweir bridge was the effective upper limit of navigation.As the 19th century progressed, the valley's industries gradually declined, and management of the woodlands lessened when there was no longer a ready market for their products.","title":"The development of industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turner_Tintern1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tintern Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintern_Abbey"},{"link_name":"J. M. W. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner"},{"link_name":"John Kyrle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kyrle"},{"link_name":"Ross-on-Wye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross-on-Wye"},{"link_name":"Alexander Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope"},{"link_name":"John Egerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Egerton_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gray"},{"link_name":"William Gilpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gilpin_(clergyman)"},{"link_name":"Picturesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picturesque"},{"link_name":"Chepstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepstow"},{"link_name":"Tintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintern"},{"link_name":"Chepstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepstow"},{"link_name":"Coleridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge"},{"link_name":"Thackeray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray"},{"link_name":"Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner"},{"link_name":"Wordsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth"},{"link_name":"Lines written a few miles above Tintern Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lines_written_a_few_miles_above_Tintern_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Robert Bloomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bloomfield"},{"link_name":"River Wye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wye"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"the Kymin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kymin"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth"},{"link_name":"Piercefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piercefield_House"}],"text":"The Chancel and Crossing of Tintern Abbey, Looking towards the East Window by J. M. W. Turner, 1794The Wye Valley witnessed the birth of British tourism in the 18th century. The earliest known appreciation of the area's spectacular beauty can be dated to the beginning of the century, when John Kyrle developed the 'Prospect' at Ross-on-Wye, and it was later mentioned in verse by Alexander Pope.In 1745, John Egerton, later Bishop of Durham, started taking friends on boat trips down the valley from the rectory at Ross. The area became more widely known following the publication of works by the poet Thomas Gray, and, in particular, Observations on the River Wye by the Reverend William Gilpin, published in 1782. The first illustrated tour guide to be published in Britain, it helped travellers locate and enjoy the most \"Picturesque\" aspects of the countryside. Regular excursions began to be established from Ross, the boat journey to Chepstow taking two days.Some of the most famous poets, writers and artists of the day made the pilgrimage to the great sights of Goodrich, Tintern and Chepstow – among them Coleridge, Thackeray and Turner. Wordsworth was also captivated by the area, writing Lines written a few miles above Tintern Abbey in 1798. Poetic influence continued to be felt in the next century, as in 1811, popular 'peasant poet', Robert Bloomfield wrote 'The Banks of Wye; a Poem in Four Books' providing account of an 1807 trip made by him and a party of friends down the River Wye and surrounding areas.[10]The first of Britain's great landscapes to be 'discovered', the Wye Valley's particular attraction was its river scenery, and the many guidebooks, engravings and paintings ensured a continuing steady stream of visitors. Viewpoints were specially constructed, including the Kymin above Monmouth, with its round house giving panoramic views across the town. Another highlight for travellers was the cliff ascent and walks at Piercefield. However, most of the truly 'Picturesque' scenes were sketched from river level, with the shimmering water as the foreground for the forests and cliffs behind, and the castle and abbey ruins.","title":"The origins of British tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monmouth_from_Livox_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_203771.jpg"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth"},{"link_name":"Wye Valley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_Valley_Railway"},{"link_name":"Ross and Monmouth Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_and_Monmouth_Railway"},{"link_name":"Hereford, Ross and Gloucester Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford,_Ross_and_Gloucester_Railway"},{"link_name":"Ross-on-Wye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross-on-Wye"},{"link_name":"Coalway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalway"},{"link_name":"Coleford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleford,_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Redbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redbrook"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth"},{"link_name":"Wye Valley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_Valley_Railway"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Chepstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepstow_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Turnpike trusts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnpike_trust"},{"link_name":"A466","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A466_road"},{"link_name":"M50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M50_motorway_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"M5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M5_motorway"},{"link_name":"Severn Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Bridge"},{"link_name":"M48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_motorway"}],"text":"Missing rail links in Monmouth, foreground Wye Valley Railway and background Ross and Monmouth Railway linked to missing Hereford, Ross and Gloucester Railway in Ross-on-Wye.In 1813 the Monmouth Tramroad linked Coalway (near Coleford), Redbrook and Monmouth. This was the world's first railed-way to make specific powers in its Act of Parliament to allow for the charging of fares to passengers.The standard gauge Wye Valley Railway line between Chepstow, Monmouth and Ross opened much later, in 1876. This made the valley more accessible and popular to tourists. In the early 20th century, crowds of up to 1300 would travel on a special train journey to see Tintern Abbey on the night of the harvest moon. The line closed to passengers in 1959, although sections remain as bridleways and footbridges.[11] There are now main line railway stations at Hereford and Chepstow.The road network in the lower Wye valley remained essentially undeveloped during the rise of the Valley's industrialisation, until a series of Turnpike trusts were authorised during the 18th century. It was not until 1828 that the current Wye Valley road, the A466, was first constructed. The area became more accessible by road to much of the country with the building of the M50 between the M5 and Ross-on-Wye, and the opening of the Severn Bridge (now part of the M48) in 1966.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Bigsweir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigsweir_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Gloucester Harbour Trustees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Harbour_Trustees"}],"text":"A film about natural resource management of the Wye Valley Woodlands Special Area of Conservation and Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.The Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) was designated in 1971. The designation indicates the importance of recognising and preserving the area's distinctive qualities, for the benefit of present and future generations.\nAdministratively the area is very complex, being the only protected landscape to straddle the border between England and Wales. The counties of Herefordshire, Monmouthshire and Gloucestershire are each in a different government region.\nCo-ordination of conservation across these political boundaries is undertaken by an AONB unit and Joint Advisory Committee. A Management Plan for the AONB enlists a range of partners in conserving and enhancing its beauty for the benefit of present and future generations.In 2023, all AONBs in the UK were rebranded as National Landscapes, though still keep their designation as Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty.[12]The navigation of the tidal part of the Wye (below Bigsweir) comes under the control of the Gloucester Harbour Trustees as Competent Harbour Authority.","title":"Management of the area"}] | [{"image_text":"The River Wye viewed from Yat Rock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/River_Wye_viewed_from_Yat_Rock.jpg/220px-River_Wye_viewed_from_Yat_Rock.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wye Valley AONB locator map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Wye_Valley_AONB_locator_map.svg/220px-Wye_Valley_AONB_locator_map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Ruins of an 18th-century limekiln at Tintern","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tintern_Limekiln.jpg/220px-Tintern_Limekiln.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Chancel and Crossing of Tintern Abbey, Looking towards the East Window by J. M. W. Turner, 1794","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Turner_Tintern1.jpg/250px-Turner_Tintern1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Missing rail links in Monmouth, foreground Wye Valley Railway and background Ross and Monmouth Railway linked to missing Hereford, Ross and Gloucester Railway in Ross-on-Wye.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Monmouth_from_Livox_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_203771.jpg/220px-Monmouth_from_Livox_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_203771.jpg"},{"image_text":"A film about natural resource management of the Wye Valley Woodlands Special Area of Conservation and Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty."}] | [{"title":"Kingstone Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_Wales"},{"title":"Wye Valley Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_Valley_Brewery"},{"title":"Wye Valley Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_Valley_Walk"},{"title":"List of places in the Wye Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_the_Wye_Valley"}] | [{"reference":"\"Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty - Management Plan 2004-2009\" (PDF). Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://wyevalleyaonb.org.uk/images/uploads/general/section1.pdf","url_text":"\"Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty - Management Plan 2004-2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lancaut | Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust\". www.gloucestershirewildlifetrust.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gloucestershirewildlifetrust.co.uk/nature-reserves/lancaut","url_text":"\"Lancaut | Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust nature reserves information for Ban-y-Gor SSSI\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gloucestershirewildlifetrust.co.uk/reserves/Ban-y-Gor-Woods-SSSI","url_text":"\"Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust nature reserves information for Ban-y-Gor SSSI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plants - The Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Beauty\". Wye Valley AONB. Retrieved 28 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wyevalley-nl.org.uk/the-river-wye/plants/","url_text":"\"Plants - The Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Beauty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wye Habitats - Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty\". Wye Valley AONB. Retrieved 28 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wyevalley-nl.org.uk/exploring-wye-valley-aonb/wildlife/wye-habitats/","url_text":"\"Wye Habitats - Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joint Nature Conservation Committee Listing of Special Areas of Conservation\". DEFRA. Retrieved 23 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/ProtectedSites/SACselection/SAC_list.asp","url_text":"\"Joint Nature Conservation Committee Listing of Special Areas of Conservation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bat colony reaches record numbers\". 19 September 2006 – via news.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/gloucestershire/5359348.stm","url_text":"\"Bat colony reaches record numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the railways around Monmouth and the Wye Valley branch line, Monmouthshire, Wales\". urban75.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://urban75.org/photos/wales/wye_history.html","url_text":"\"History of the railways around Monmouth and the Wye Valley branch line, Monmouthshire, Wales\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Landscapes - Welcome to National Landscapes\". National Landscapes. Retrieved 27 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://national-landscapes.org.uk/news/welcome-to-national-landscapes","url_text":"\"National Landscapes - Welcome to National Landscapes\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://wyevalleyaonb.org.uk/images/uploads/general/section1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty - Management Plan 2004-2009\""},{"Link":"https://www.gloucestershirewildlifetrust.co.uk/nature-reserves/lancaut","external_links_name":"\"Lancaut | Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust\""},{"Link":"http://www.gloucestershirewildlifetrust.co.uk/reserves/Ban-y-Gor-Woods-SSSI","external_links_name":"\"Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust nature reserves information for Ban-y-Gor SSSI\""},{"Link":"http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/Special/sssi/unitlist.cfm?sssi_id=1003607","external_links_name":"Natural England unit information for Lower Wye Gorge"},{"Link":"https://www.wyevalley-nl.org.uk/the-river-wye/plants/","external_links_name":"\"Plants - The Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Beauty\""},{"Link":"https://www.wyevalley-nl.org.uk/exploring-wye-valley-aonb/wildlife/wye-habitats/","external_links_name":"\"Wye Habitats - Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty\""},{"Link":"http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/ProtectedSites/SACselection/SAC_list.asp","external_links_name":"\"Joint Nature Conservation Committee Listing of Special Areas of Conservation\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/gloucestershire/5359348.stm","external_links_name":"\"Bat colony reaches record numbers\""},{"Link":"http://urban75.org/photos/wales/wye_history.html","external_links_name":"\"History of the railways around Monmouth and the Wye Valley branch line, Monmouthshire, Wales\""},{"Link":"https://national-landscapes.org.uk/news/welcome-to-national-landscapes","external_links_name":"\"National Landscapes - Welcome to National Landscapes\""},{"Link":"http://www.wyevalleyaonb.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Official site for the Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB)"},{"Link":"http://www.wyevalleyaonb.org.uk/wyetour/index.php","external_links_name":"The Picturesque Wye Tour"},{"Link":"http://www.gloucestershirewildlifetrust.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust"},{"Link":"http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Natural England"},{"Link":"http://www.bats.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Bat Conservation Trust"},{"Link":"http://www.visitwyevalley.com/","external_links_name":"Tourist information on the Wye Valley"},{"Link":"http://www.selectbrochure.com/pub/56","external_links_name":"Wye Valley & Vale of Usk Visitor Guide 2010"},{"Link":"http://urban75.org/photos/wales/wye.html","external_links_name":"Wye Valley Railway – history and photos"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/artsandculture/3066900/The-Wye-Valley-Riverside-of-the-Romantics.html","external_links_name":"The Wye Valley: Riverside of the Romantics (by Nigel Richardson), article from the travel section of the Daily Telegraph, pub. 23 Sep 2008"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwik-Fit_(GB)_Ltd_v_Lineham | Kwik-Fit (GB) Ltd v Lineham | ["1 Facts","2 Judgment","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"] | Kwik-Fit (GB) Ltd v LinehamCourtEmployment Appeal TribunalCitation ICR 183KeywordsUnfair dismissal
Kwik-Fit (GB) Ltd v Lineham ICR 183 is a UK labour law case, concerning unfair dismissal, now governed by the Employment Rights Act 1996.
Facts
On returning from the pub, an employee Mr Lineham used the toilet after hours at the depot where he worked. The employer publicly rebuked him, and gave him a final written warning. Lineham threw down his keys and drove off and phoned the company the day after, asked for his wages and told Mr Kattner, the boss, he was going to tribunal.
Judgment
Wood J held that the employer was not entitled to assume that the phone call was a resignation. He stated that the employer should accept a resignation within a reasonable time, but this was not that.
See also
vteUnfair dismissal casesILO Termination of Employment Convention, 1982 C 158Employment Rights Act 1996 ss 94-132R (Seymour-Smith) v SS for Employment UKHL 12Gisda Cyf v Barratt UKSC 41Kwik-Fit (GB) Ltd v Lineham ICR 183Western Excavating (ECC) Ltd v Sharp EWCA Civ 2Buckland v Bournemouth University EWCA Civ 121Adamas Ltd v Cheung UKPC 32Notcutt v Universal Equipment Co Ltd EWCA Civ 3Ford v Warwickshire CC 2 AC 71British Home Stores Ltd v Burchell ICR 303Iceland Frozen Foods Ltd v Jones ICR 17Williams v Compair Maxam Ltd ICR 156British Leyland UK Ltd v Swift IRLR 91HSBC Bank plc v Madden EWCA Civ 3030Polkey v AE Dayton Services Ltd UKHL 8Port of London Authority v Payne EWCA Civ 26Norton Tool Co Ltd v Tewson EW Misc 1Dunnachie v Kingston-upon-Hull City Council UKHL 36Nelson v British Broadcasting Corporation (No 2) ICR 110see UK labour law and unfair dismissal
UK labour law
Notes
^ "Employment - 1992". Retrieved 11 January 2012.
References | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK labour law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_labour_law"},{"link_name":"unfair dismissal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_dismissal"},{"link_name":"Employment Rights Act 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_Rights_Act_1996"}],"text":"Kwik-Fit (GB) Ltd v Lineham [1992] ICR 183 is a UK labour law case, concerning unfair dismissal, now governed by the Employment Rights Act 1996.","title":"Kwik-Fit (GB) Ltd v Lineham"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"On returning from the pub, an employee Mr Lineham used the toilet after hours at the depot where he worked. The employer publicly rebuked him, and gave him a final written warning. Lineham threw down his keys and drove off and phoned the company the day after, asked for his wages and told Mr Kattner, the boss, he was going to tribunal.","title":"Facts"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Wood J held that the employer was not entitled to assume that the phone call was a resignation. He stated that the employer should accept a resignation within a reasonable time, but this was not that.","title":"Judgment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Employment - 1992\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.swarb.co.uk/lisc/Emplm19921992.php"}],"text":"^ \"Employment - 1992\". Retrieved 11 January 2012.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Clist_unfair_dismissal"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Clist_unfair_dismissal"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clist_unfair_dismissal"},{"title":"ILO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Labour_Organization_Conventions"},{"title":"Termination of Employment Convention, 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termination_of_Employment_Convention,_1982"},{"title":"C 158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_ILO_CODE:C158"},{"title":"Employment Rights Act 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_Rights_Act_1996"},{"title":"94-132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/18/part/X"},{"title":"R (Seymour-Smith) v SS for Employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(Seymour-Smith)_v_SS_for_Employment"},{"title":"UKHL 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2000/12.html"},{"title":"Gisda Cyf v Barratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisda_Cyf_v_Barratt"},{"title":"UKSC 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2010/41.html"},{"title":"Kwik-Fit (GB) Ltd v Lineham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Western Excavating (ECC) Ltd v Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Excavating_(ECC)_Ltd_v_Sharp"},{"title":"EWCA Civ 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1977/2.html"},{"title":"Buckland v Bournemouth University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckland_v_Bournemouth_University"},{"title":"EWCA Civ 121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2010/121.html"},{"title":"Adamas Ltd v Cheung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adamas_Ltd_v_Cheung&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Notcutt v Universal Equipment Co Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notcutt_v_Universal_Equipment_Co_Ltd"},{"title":"EWCA Civ 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1986/3.html"},{"title":"Ford v Warwickshire CC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_v_Warwickshire_CC"},{"title":"British Home Stores Ltd v Burchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Home_Stores_Ltd_v_Burchell"},{"title":"ICR 303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKEAT/1978/108_78_2007.html"},{"title":"Iceland Frozen Foods Ltd v Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_Frozen_Foods_Ltd_v_Jones"},{"title":"ICR 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKEAT/1982/62_82_2907.html"},{"title":"Williams v Compair Maxam Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_v_Compair_Maxam_Ltd"},{"title":"ICR 156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKEAT/1982/372_81_2201.html"},{"title":"British Leyland UK Ltd v Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leyland_UK_Ltd_v_Swift"},{"title":"HSBC Bank plc v Madden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC_Bank_plc_v_Madden"},{"title":"EWCA Civ 3030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2000/3030.html"},{"title":"Polkey v AE Dayton Services Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polkey_v_AE_Dayton_Services_Ltd"},{"title":"UKHL 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1987/8.html"},{"title":"Port of London Authority v Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_London_Authority_v_Payne"},{"title":"EWCA Civ 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1993/26.html"},{"title":"Norton Tool Co Ltd v Tewson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Tool_Co_Ltd_v_Tewson"},{"title":"EW Misc 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bailii.org/ew/cases/Misc/1972/1.html"},{"title":"Dunnachie v Kingston-upon-Hull City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnachie_v_Kingston-upon-Hull_City_Council"},{"title":"UKHL 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2004/36.html"},{"title":"Nelson v British Broadcasting Corporation (No 2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_v_British_Broadcasting_Corporation_(No_2)"},{"title":"UK labour law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_labour_law"},{"title":"unfair dismissal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_dismissal"},{"title":"UK labour law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_labour_law"}] | [{"reference":"\"Employment - 1992\". Retrieved 11 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swarb.co.uk/lisc/Emplm19921992.php","url_text":"\"Employment - 1992\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_ILO_CODE:C158","external_links_name":"C 158"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/18/part/X","external_links_name":"94-132"},{"Link":"http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2000/12.html","external_links_name":"UKHL 12"},{"Link":"http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2010/41.html","external_links_name":"UKSC 41"},{"Link":"http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1977/2.html","external_links_name":"EWCA Civ 2"},{"Link":"http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2010/121.html","external_links_name":"EWCA Civ 121"},{"Link":"http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1986/3.html","external_links_name":"EWCA Civ 3"},{"Link":"http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKEAT/1978/108_78_2007.html","external_links_name":"ICR 303"},{"Link":"http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKEAT/1982/62_82_2907.html","external_links_name":"ICR 17"},{"Link":"http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKEAT/1982/372_81_2201.html","external_links_name":"ICR 156"},{"Link":"http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2000/3030.html","external_links_name":"EWCA Civ 3030"},{"Link":"http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1987/8.html","external_links_name":"UKHL 8"},{"Link":"http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1993/26.html","external_links_name":"EWCA Civ 26"},{"Link":"http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/Misc/1972/1.html","external_links_name":"EW Misc 1"},{"Link":"http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2004/36.html","external_links_name":"UKHL 36"},{"Link":"http://www.swarb.co.uk/lisc/Emplm19921992.php","external_links_name":"\"Employment - 1992\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_La_Grange | Jean de La Grange | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 Notes","4 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jean de La Grange" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Statue of Jean de La Grange, 19th century drawing.
Jean de La Grange (a.k.a. Jean de Lagrange; c.1325 – April 25, 1402) was a French prelate and politician, active during the reigns of Charles V and Charles VI, and an important member of the papal curia at Avignon, at the time of the Western Schism. He was the brother of Étienne de La Grange, an advisor to the king and president of Parlement.
Biography
A Benedictine monk, he was successively Prior of Élancourt, then of Gigny, and ultimately procurator of the Cluniac Order. He became abbot of Fécamp in 1358 and joined the Council of King Charles V after having been in the entourage of Charles the Bad. Within the Council, he was in charge of ecclesiastical affairs but also was involved in financial and fiscal issues. In 1370, the king named him president of the Cour des Aides. He was named bishop of Amiens (1373), then cardinal-bishop with the title of Saint-Marcel (1375).
La Grange became a counsellor of Gregory XI (c 1336-78), the French-born pope who ended the period during which the papacy was located in Avignon, France (the so-called Babylonian Captivity) by returning to Rome in 1376. When Gregory died the following year, however, La Grange arrived in Rome too late to take part in the Conclave that elected his successor, Pope Urban VI, an Italian. In protest at the election of a non-French pope, La Grange joined other French Cardinals in re-convening the Conclave in Fondi and elected a rival pope, Clement VII, the first of the so-called Antipopes.
He then convinced Charles V to support the new pope. In 1394 he was named cardinal-bishop of Frascati. He was then cast aside by Pope Benedict XIII, successor to Clement VII, who then lost the French support from which his predecessor had benefitted. He then joined the party of those calling for his abdication and organizing the withdrawal of obedience of 1398. Jean de La Grange thus entered into conflict with Louis of Orléans, but died before the end of the process.
Jean de La Grange, circa 1375.
In his will, he desired to have two gravesites; one to have his flesh, and to be kept in Avignon, and his bones to be put into a casket at the Amiens Cathedral. Two sites are identified as his tomb: a monument in Amiens Cathedral, and his actual tomb in Avignon, which is an early example of a transi or cadaver tomb.
References
Anne McGee Morganstern, The La Grange Tomb and Choir: A Monument of the Great Schism of the West, Speculum, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Jan., 1973), pp. 52–69
Notes
^ "Untitled Document". Archived from the original on September 15, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2007.
^ La Grange is depicted on the Beau Pilier d'Amiens, "Localisation du Beau Pilier". Archived from the original on 2010-02-25. Retrieved 2007-06-18.
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022050/http://www.ateliermuseal.net/fiche-collection.php?c=1116. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2007. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
External links
(in French) Family tree and biographical details (PDF)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
2
National
Germany
Artists
ULAN
People
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue.cardinal.de.la.Grange.png"},{"link_name":"prelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelate"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"},{"link_name":"Western Schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Schism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Étienne de La Grange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Grange"},{"link_name":"Parlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement"}],"text":"Statue of Jean de La Grange, 19th century drawing.Jean de La Grange (a.k.a. Jean de Lagrange; c.1325 – April 25, 1402) was a French prelate and politician, active during the reigns of Charles V and Charles VI, and an important member of the papal curia at Avignon, at the time of the Western Schism.[1] He was the brother of Étienne de La Grange, an advisor to the king and president of Parlement.","title":"Jean de La Grange"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"Élancourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lancourt"},{"link_name":"Gigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigny,_Jura"},{"link_name":"Cluniac Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluniac_Order"},{"link_name":"Fécamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9camp_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Charles the Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bad"},{"link_name":"Cour des Aides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_des_Aides"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Amiens"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"},{"link_name":"Gregory XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI"},{"link_name":"Babylonian Captivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_Captivity"},{"link_name":"Conclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1378"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI"},{"link_name":"Clement VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Clement_VII"},{"link_name":"Antipopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipopes"},{"link_name":"cardinal-bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Frascati"},{"link_name":"Frascati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frascati"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII"},{"link_name":"Louis of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_of_Valois,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_de_La_Grange.jpg"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"},{"link_name":"Amiens Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Amiens Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"},{"link_name":"cadaver tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadaver_tomb"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A Benedictine monk, he was successively Prior of Élancourt, then of Gigny, and ultimately procurator of the Cluniac Order. He became abbot of Fécamp in 1358 and joined the Council of King Charles V after having been in the entourage of Charles the Bad. Within the Council, he was in charge of ecclesiastical affairs but also was involved in financial and fiscal issues. In 1370, the king named him president of the Cour des Aides. He was named bishop of Amiens (1373), then cardinal-bishop with the title of Saint-Marcel (1375).La Grange became a counsellor of Gregory XI (c 1336-78), the French-born pope who ended the period during which the papacy was located in Avignon, France (the so-called Babylonian Captivity) by returning to Rome in 1376. When Gregory died the following year, however, La Grange arrived in Rome too late to take part in the Conclave that elected his successor, Pope Urban VI, an Italian. In protest at the election of a non-French pope, La Grange joined other French Cardinals in re-convening the Conclave in Fondi and elected a rival pope, Clement VII, the first of the so-called Antipopes.He then convinced Charles V to support the new pope. In 1394 he was named cardinal-bishop of Frascati. He was then cast aside by Pope Benedict XIII, successor to Clement VII, who then lost the French support from which his predecessor had benefitted. He then joined the party of those calling for his abdication and organizing the withdrawal of obedience of 1398. Jean de La Grange thus entered into conflict with Louis of Orléans, but died before the end of the process.Jean de La Grange, circa 1375.In his will, he desired to have two gravesites; one to have his flesh, and to be kept in Avignon, and his bones to be put into a casket at the Amiens Cathedral. Two sites are identified as his tomb: a monument in Amiens Cathedral,[2] and his actual tomb in Avignon, which is an early example of a transi or cadaver tomb.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Untitled Document\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070915042730/http://catholique-amiens.cef.fr/firmin/html/Histoire/54-de-la-grange.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catholique-amiens.cef.fr/firmin/html/Histoire/54-de-la-grange.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Localisation du Beau Pilier\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100225004134/http://www.culture.gouv.fr/picardie/sitesmh/beaupilier/localisation.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.culture.gouv.fr/picardie/sitesmh/beaupilier/localisation.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022050/http://www.ateliermuseal.net/fiche-collection.php?c=1116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070928022050/http://www.ateliermuseal.net/fiche-collection.php?c=1116"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ateliermuseal.net/fiche-collection.php?c%3D1116"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title"}],"text":"^ \"Untitled Document\". Archived from the original on September 15, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2007.\n\n^ La Grange is depicted on the Beau Pilier d'Amiens, \"Localisation du Beau Pilier\". Archived from the original on 2010-02-25. Retrieved 2007-06-18.\n\n^ https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022050/http://www.ateliermuseal.net/fiche-collection.php?c=1116. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2007. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Statue of Jean de La Grange, 19th century drawing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Statue.cardinal.de.la.Grange.png/160px-Statue.cardinal.de.la.Grange.png"},{"image_text":"Jean de La Grange, circa 1375.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jean_de_La_Grange.jpg/220px-Jean_de_La_Grange.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Untitled Document\". Archived from the original on September 15, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070915042730/http://catholique-amiens.cef.fr/firmin/html/Histoire/54-de-la-grange.htm","url_text":"\"Untitled Document\""},{"url":"http://catholique-amiens.cef.fr/firmin/html/Histoire/54-de-la-grange.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Localisation du Beau Pilier\". Archived from the original on 2010-02-25. Retrieved 2007-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100225004134/http://www.culture.gouv.fr/picardie/sitesmh/beaupilier/localisation.html","url_text":"\"Localisation du Beau Pilier\""},{"url":"http://www.culture.gouv.fr/picardie/sitesmh/beaupilier/localisation.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022050/http://www.ateliermuseal.net/fiche-collection.php?c=1116. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022050/http://www.ateliermuseal.net/fiche-collection.php?c=1116","url_text":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022050/http://www.ateliermuseal.net/fiche-collection.php?c=1116"},{"url":"http://www.ateliermuseal.net/fiche-collection.php?c%3D1116","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jean+de+La+Grange%22","external_links_name":"\"Jean de La Grange\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jean+de+La+Grange%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jean+de+La+Grange%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jean+de+La+Grange%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jean+de+La+Grange%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jean+de+La+Grange%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070915042730/http://catholique-amiens.cef.fr/firmin/html/Histoire/54-de-la-grange.htm","external_links_name":"\"Untitled Document\""},{"Link":"http://catholique-amiens.cef.fr/firmin/html/Histoire/54-de-la-grange.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100225004134/http://www.culture.gouv.fr/picardie/sitesmh/beaupilier/localisation.html","external_links_name":"\"Localisation du Beau Pilier\""},{"Link":"http://www.culture.gouv.fr/picardie/sitesmh/beaupilier/localisation.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022050/http://www.ateliermuseal.net/fiche-collection.php?c=1116","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022050/http://www.ateliermuseal.net/fiche-collection.php?c=1116"},{"Link":"http://www.ateliermuseal.net/fiche-collection.php?c%3D1116","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://racineshistoire.free.fr/LGN/PDF/De-La-Grange.pdf","external_links_name":"Family tree and biographical details (PDF)"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/228409461","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/173735965","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/101935917X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500320961","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd101935917X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_4th_Infantry_Division | 4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom) | ["1 Napoleonic Wars","1.1 Peninsular War order of battle","1.2 Waterloo","1.3 Waterloo order of battle","2 Crimean War","2.1 Crimean War order of battle","3 Second Boer War","3.1 Order of Battle","3.2 Service","4 First World War","4.1 Order of battle","5 Second World War","5.1 France and Belgium","5.2 North Africa","5.3 Italy","5.4 Greece","5.5 Order of battle","6 Post War and Cold War","7 Armoured division","8 Final decades","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References"] | British Army formation
4th Division4th Infantry Division4th Armoured DivisionShoulder sleeve insignia of the 4th Division, 1995 onwardsActive1809–2012Country United KingdomBranch British ArmyEngagements
Napoleonic Wars
Battle of Talavera
Battle of Albuera
Battle of Badajoz
Battle of Salamanca
Battle of Roncesvalles
Battle of Vittoria
Battle of the Pyrenees
Battle of Orthez
Battle of Toulouse
Battle of Waterloo
Crimean War
Battle of Alma
Battle of Inkerman
Battle of Balaclava
Second Boer War
Siege of Ladysmith
Battle of Bergendal
First World War
Western Front
Battle of Le Cateau
Battle of the Marne
Retreat from Mons
First Battle of the Aisne
First Battle of Ypres
Battle of Messines
Capture of Hill 60
Second Battle of Ypres
Battle of Albert
Battle of Le Transloy
Battle of the Somme
Battle of Arras
First Battle of the Scarpe
Second Battle of the Scarpe
Battle of Polygon Wood
Battle of Broodseinde
Battle of Poelcapelle
Battle of Passchendaele
Second Battle of the Somme
Battle of the Lys
Battle of the Scarpe
Battle of Drocourt-Quéant Line
Battle of the Canal du Nord
Battle of the Selle
Battle of Valenciennes
Second World War
Western Front
Battle of France
Italian campaign
Trasimene Line
Gothic Line
Battle of Monte Cassino
InsigniaFirst World Warc. 1939–1990sMilitary unit
The 4th Infantry Division was a regular infantry division of the British Army with a very long history, seeing active service in the Peninsular War and Waterloo Campaign, the Crimean and Boer Wars and both World Wars. It was disbanded after the Second World War and reformed in the 1950s as an armoured formation before being disbanded and reformed again and finally disbanded on 1 January 2012.
Napoleonic Wars
The 4th Division was originally formed in 1809 by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, as part of the Anglo-Portuguese Army, for service in the Peninsular War. It fought in the Battles of Talavera, Salamanca, Roncesvalles, Vitoria, the Pyrenees, Orthez, and Toulouse, and the siege of Badajoz.
Peninsular War order of battle
The order of battle from January 1812 was as follows:
Major General Sir Charles Colville (to April 1812)
Major General Lowry Cole (from June 1812)
1st Brigade: Major General James Kemmis
3/27th (Inniskilling) Regiment of Foot
1/40th (2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot
1/48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot (from October 1812)
2nd Provisional Battalion (2nd & 1/53rd Regiments of Foot) (from December 1812)
1 Coy., 5/60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot
2nd Brigade: Major General Sir Edward Pakenham
1/7th Regiment of Foot (Royal Fusiliers)
2/7th Regiment of Foot (Royal Fusiliers) (November 1810 to May 1811)
20th (East Devonshire) Regiment of Foot (from November 1812)
1/23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fusiliers)
1/48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot (to October 1812)
1/82nd Regiment of Foot (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) (October to November 1812)
1 Coy., Brunswick-Oels Jaegers
3rd Brigade: Major General Skerrett (October to December 1812)
3/1st Foot Guards
2/47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot
2/87th (Prince of Wales's Irish) Regiment of Foot
2 Cos., 2/95th Regiment of Foot (Rifles)
Portuguese Brigade: Major General Collins
1/11th Line Infantry of the Portuguese Army
2/11th Line Infantry of the Portuguese Army
1/23rd Line Infantry of the Portuguese Army
2/23rd Line Infantry of the Portuguese Army
7th Caçadores of the Portuguese Army
Waterloo
At the Battle of Waterloo it was tasked with holding Wellington's right flank and, with the exception of its 4th brigade, took no active part in the fighting, but did capture the town of Cambrai afterwards. The commanding general at this time was Charles Colville. In his novel Les Misérables Victor Hugo credits Colville with asking for the surrender of the Imperial Guard at Waterloo and receiving General Cambronne's reply of "Merde".
Waterloo order of battle
Commanding General Major-General Sir Charles Colville
4th Brigade – Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh Henry Mitchell
3/14th (Buckinghamshire) Regiment of Foot
1/23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welch Fusiliers)
51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry)
6th Brigade – Major-General George Johnstone
2/35th (Sussex) Regiment of Foot
54th (West Norfolk) Regiment of Foot
59th (2nd Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot
1/91st (Argyllshire) Regiment of Foot
6th Hanoverian Brigade – Major-General Sir James Lyon
Field Battalion Calenberg
Field Battalion Lauenburg
Landwehr Battalion Bentheim
Landwehr Battalion Hoya
Landwehr Battalion Nienburg
Crimean War
The Division was also called for service during the Crimean War fought between the allied forces of the United Kingdom, French Empire and the Ottoman Empire on one side and Russia on the other. It saw action in the Battle of Alma the Battle of Inkerman and the Battle of Balaclava, fought on 25 October 1854 (famous for the Charge of the Light Brigade and the Thin Red Line).
Crimean War order of battle
Commanding General: Major General Sir George Cathcart
7th Brigade: Brigadier General Torrens
20th (East Devonshire) Regiment of Foot
21st Royal Scots Fusiliers
68th (Durham) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry)
8th Brigade
46th (South Devonshire) Regiment of Foot
57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot
one field battery royal Artillery
Second Boer War
The Army Corps sent from Britain on the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899 comprised three divisions (six brigades) while the troops already in South Africa were intended to constitute a 4th Division of three brigades. However, the troops intended to form the 7th and 8th Brigades became caught up in the Siege of Ladysmith. (The 9th Brigade fought at the Battle of Modder River under Lord Methuen and later joined his 1st Division.) It was only after the Relief of Ladysmith in March 1900 that the 4th Division under the command of Lieutenant-General the Hon Neville Lyttelton was formed from the garrison and joined the Natal Field Force. It was sometimes known as the 'Ladysmith Division'.
'4th Division'. Caricature of Lt-Gen Neville Lyttelton by 'Spy', published in Vanity Fair in 1901.
Order of Battle
The division was constituted as follows:
7th Brigade
Brigadier-General Walter Kitchener
1st Battalion, Devonshire Regiment
1st Battalion, Manchester Regiment
2nd Battalion, Gordon Highlanders
2nd Battalion, Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)
8th Brigade
Major-General Francis Howard
1st Battalion, King's (Liverpool Regiment)
1st Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment
1st Battalion, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers – not from the Ladysmith Garrison
1st Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps
Divisional troops
2nd Brigade-Division, Royal Field Artillery
21st, 42nd and 53rd Batteries
2 x Naval 12-pounder guns
23rd Company, Royal Engineers
Service
The troops of 4th Division were still sickly after the Siege of Ladysmith, and it played little part in Sir Redvers Buller's operations to clear the Boers out of Natal in May and June. It was then left to defend Natal when Buller advanced into Transvaal in July. The division was not complete until 5 August when Walter Kitchener's 7th Brigade caught up. It marched out next day with Buller towards Balmoral to link up with Lord Roberts's Army. The division fought an engagement with the Boers on the way to Amersfoort on 7 August, then carried out a 10-day march via Ermelo, skirmishing every day, with the opposition increasing as the column advanced. On 22 August Walter Kitchener was detached with part of his brigade to clear some troublesome Kopjes on the flank, and next day section of 21st Battery, RFA, was heavily engaged with Boer guns. The division joined up with Roberts on 27 August, when 7th Brigade assaulted an entrenched position on the Berg-en-dal kopje.
The Battle of Bergendal was the last set-piece action of the war, but was followed by a long period of Guerrilla warfare. British forces were increasingly dispersed into ad hoc columns pursuing small Boer forces. Lyttelton's division was reduced to five-and-a-half battalions and a Mounted infantry detachment for Buller's advance to Lydenburg in September. On 5 September 7 Brigade's camp came under long range artillery fire, but Howard and the artillery cleared the Boers away. The column entered Lydenburg on 7 September, then attacked Paardeplaats next day, when Lyttelton with his four remaining battalions attacked the Boer right. Buller's column then marched into the rugged country of North East Transvaal through the 'Devil's Knuckles' and 'Hell's Gate' before returning to Lydenburg on 2 October, capturing a large Boer supply column on the way.
Roberts and Buller returned to the UK In early October and Lyttelton took over command of Buller's forces scattered in small garrisons guarding the Natal–Delagoa Bay Railway. The brigade and divisional organisation was abandoned for the rest of the war.
First World War
Troops of the 1st Battalion, King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) in the front trench at St. Marguerite, 22 September 1914. The officer is Second Lieutenant R. C. Matthews, probably the Officer Commanding "A" Company.
As a permanently established Regular Army division it was amongst the first to be sent to France as part of the British Expeditionary Force at the outbreak of the First World War. It served on the Western Front for the duration of the war and was present during all the major offensives including the Battle of the Marne, Battle of Ypres, Battle of the Somme and the Battle of Passchendaele.
Order of battle
The order of battle of 4th Division during the First World War was as follows:
10th Brigade
1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment
2nd Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders
1st Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers (left August 1917)
2nd Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers (left November 1916)
10th Machine Gun Company, Machine Gun Corps (formed 22 December 1915, moved to 4th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps 26 February 1918)
10th Trench Mortar Battery (formed June 1916)
1/7th Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (from January 1915 until March 1916)
1/9th Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (from May to July 1915)
Household Battalion (from November 1916 until February 1918)
3/10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment (from August 1917 until February 1918)
2nd Battalion, Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment) (from February 1918)
11th Brigade
1st Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry
1st Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment (left February 1918)
1st Battalion, Hampshire Regiment
1st Battalion, Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)
1/5th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (London Rifle Brigade) (from November 1914 until May 1915)
2nd Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment (from July 1915 until May 1916)
11th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps (formed 23 December 1915, moved to 4th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps 26 February 1918)
11th Trench Mortar Battery (formed June 1916)
Map of the Western Front, 1915–16
12th Brigade
1st Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)
2nd Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers
2nd Battalion, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers (left December 1914)
2nd Battalion, Essex Regiment
1/2nd Battalion, Monmouthshire Regiment (until January 1916)
1/5th Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment (from February 1915 until January 1916)
12th Machine Gun Company, Machine Gun Corps (formed 24 January 1916, moved to 4th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps 26 February 1918)
12th Trench Mortar Battery (formed 11 June 1916)
2nd Battalion, Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment) (from January 1916 to 10th Bde. February 1918)
2nd Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment (from March until July 1915)
From early November 1915 until February 1916 the 12th Brigade was swapped with the 107th Brigade of the 36th (Ulster) Division.
Artillery
XIV Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (until 14 January 1917)
XXIX Brigade, Royal Field Artillery
XXXII Brigade, Royal Field Artillery
XXXVII (Howitzer) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (until 17 February 1915)
CXXVII (Howitzer) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (from 6 August 1915 until 21 May 1916)
31st Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery (until 29 April 1915)
Engineers
7th Field Company, Royal Engineers (until 29 April 1915)
9th Field Company, Royal Engineers
1st West Lancashire Field Company, Royal Engineers (from 14 February 1915 until 28 February 1916)
1st Renfrew Field Company, Royal Engineers (joined 2 May 1916; became 406th (Renfrew) Field Company 3 February 1917)
1st Durham Field Company, Royal Engineers (joined 20 September 1916; became 526th (Durham) Field Company 3 February 1917)
Pioneers
21st (Service) Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment (from 21 June 1916)
Second World War
France and Belgium
Men of the 1st Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment in a section of trench named 'Pudding Lane', 4th Division near Roubaix, 3 April 1940. Note the hand grenades ready for use.
Shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 the 4th Division, under Major General Dudley Johnson, who had won the Victoria Cross (VC) in the Great War, was sent to the border between France and Belgium as part of Lieutenant-General Alan Brooke's II Corps of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). All three of the division's brigades were commanded by distinguished soldiers, the 10th by Brigadier Evelyn Barker, the 11th by Brigadier Kenneth Anderson and the 12th by Brigadier John Hawkesworth. After the disastrous Battle of France in May–June 1940, where the division sustained heavy losses, and the evacuation at Dunkirk, it spent the next two years in the United Kingdom on anti-invasion duties and training for its next deployment.
The Duke of Kent inspects Universal Carriers of the 1st Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment, at Camberley, Surrey, 16 March 1942.
In June 1942 the division, now under Major General John Hawkesworth, was selected to be converted into a 'mixed' division, consisting of two infantry brigades and one tank brigade. As a result of this change, the divisions' 11th Infantry Brigade left the division and was replaced by the 21st Army Tank Brigade.
North Africa
Men of the 6th Battalion, Black Watch crouch down in a landing craft as it approaches the shore, during combined operations training in Scotland, 17 November 1942.
The division departed for North Africa in early 1943, arriving in Tunisia in March, coming under Lieutenant-General John Crocker's IX Corps, part of the British First Army. During the Tunisian Campaign it was involved in Operation Vulcan, the final ground attack against Axis forces in North Africa which ended the North African Campaign, with the surrender of nearly 250,000 German and Italian soldiers. During the assault the division suffered heavy losses, with four battalions sustaining over 300 casualties. After the Axis defeat in North Africa, in May 1943, the division was to remain there for the next 9 months, during which time it was converted back into a standard infantry division, with the 28th Infantry Brigade, consisting mainly of Regular Army battalions who had served on garrison duties in Gibraltar, arriving to replace the 21st Tank Brigade.
Italy
The division arrived on the Italian Front in late February 1944, relieving the British 46th Infantry Division, initially coming under command of Lieutenant-General Richard McCreery's British X Corps, then serving under the U.S. Fifth Army. In March the division transferred to Lieutenant-General Sidney Kirkman's British XIII Corps, part of the British Eighth Army. The division, now under the command of Major-General Alfred Dudley Ward, fought with distinction at the fourth and final Battle of Monte Cassino in May 1944, and later in severe fighting in the battles for the Gothic Line. During the battle of Cassino Captain Richard Wakeford of the 2/4th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment was awarded the Victoria Cross.
Greece
However, in November 1944 it was dispatched, with the rest of III Corps, to Greece to provide assistance during the Greek Civil War, and was to remain there until the end of the war in Europe in May 1945.
Order of battle
The 4th Infantry Division was constituted as follows during the war
10th Infantry Brigade
2nd Battalion, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment
2nd Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry
1st Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment (left 3 May 1940)
10th Infantry Brigade Anti-Tank Company (joined 4th Battalion Reconnaissance Corps 1 January 1941 )
1/6th Battalion, East Surrey Regiment (from 4 May 1940)
11th Infantry Brigade (left 5 June 1942)
2nd Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers
1st Battalion, East Surrey Regiment
1st Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (left 29 January 1940)
11th Infantry Brigade Anti-Tank Company (joined 4th Battalion Reconnaissance Corps 1 January 1941)
5th (Huntingdonshire) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment (from 29 January 1940)
12th Infantry Brigade
2nd Battalion, Royal Fusiliers
1st Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment (left 13 June 1940)
1st Battalion, Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) (left 4 March 1940)
12th Infantry Brigade Anti-Tank Company (joined 4th Battalion Reconnaissance Corps 1 January 1941)
6th Battalion, Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) (from 4 March 1940)
1st Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment (from 5 September 1940)
21st Army Tank Brigade (from 6 June 1942, left 12 December 1943)
12th Royal Tank Regiment
48th Royal Tank Regiment
145th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps
28th Infantry Brigade (from 24 December 1943)
2nd Battalion, King's Regiment (Liverpool)
2nd Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry
1st Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (from 5 January, left 2 February 1944)
2/4th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment (from 24 March 1943)
Divisional Troops
5th Dragoon Guards (Reconnaissance Battalion, left 31 March 1940)
4th Battalion, Reconnaissance Corps (formed from 10th, 11th and 12th Brigade Anti-Tank Companies 1 January 1941, redesignated 4th Regiment 6 June 1942, became 4th Reconnaissance Regiment, Royal Armoured Corps 1 January 1944)
2nd Battalion, Royal Northumberland Fusiliers (joined as Machine Gun Battalion from 11 November 1941, left 20 May 1942, rejoined as Support Battalion 10 March 1944, became MG Battalion from 7 June 1944)
17th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (left 19 February 1940)
22nd Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
30th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (from 19 February 1940)
14th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery
91st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (from 26 January 1942, disbanded 6 November 1944)
7th Field Company, Royal Engineers
9th Field Company, Royal Engineers (left 16 February 1940)
59th Field Company, Royal Engineers
225th Field Company, Royal Engineers (from 16 February 1940)
18th Field Park Company, Royal Engineers
3rd Bridging Platoon, Royal Engineers (from 18 October 1943)
4th Divisional Signals, Royal Corps of Signals
Post War and Cold War
Further information: Cold War
The 4th Infantry Division remained in Greece, during the Greek Civil War. During its time in Greece, the division was deployed to Attica. In February 1946, it moved to the northern part of the country after the 4th Indian Division returned to India. It was relieved by the 13th Infantry Division in Attica. The following month, it was disbanded while still in Greece.
In Germany, on 1 April 1956, the 4th Infantry Division was reformed at Herford following the conversion and redesignation of the 11th Armoured Division (the latter division's 91st Lorried Infantry Brigade was reorganised as the 12th Infantry Brigade in the process of joining the 4th Infantry Division). The newly formed division, now part of the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), was also allocated the lorried infantry brigades of the 6th and the 7th Armoured Divisions. Two years later, following the disbanding of different BAOR formations and further restructuring, the division comprised the 4th (Guards), the 5th Infantry, and the 20th Armoured Brigades. Around this time period, the term "infantry" was dropped from the division's title so that it was known simply as the 4th Division. During February 1963, the division undertook Exercise Iron Bar, which trialed merging the divisional headquarters with the divisional signal regiment. It proved successful and became permanent in 1965, followed by Exercise Open Glove to further test the arrangement. By the 1970s, the division consisted of the 6th and 20th Armoured Brigades.
Armoured division
The 1975 Mason Review, a government white paper, outlined a new defence policy that restructured the BAOR. As a result, on 1 January 1978, the 4th Division was renamed the 4th Armoured Division. It then restructured to consist of two armoured regiments, three mechanised infantry battalions, and two artillery regiments, as the Mason Review had removed brigades and replaced them with a concept of task forces or battlegroups. It was intended that the division could form up to five battlegroups, with each commanded by either an armoured regiment or an infantry battalion. These groups were to be formed for a specific task and allocated the required forces needed. The divisional commander (general officer commanding (GOC)) would oversee these battlegroups, but early training showed this to be impractical. To compensate, the divisional headquarters was increased to 750 men (wartime strength) and included two brigadiers. Each officer would command a flexible task force, which consisted of the battlegroups the GOC had formed. The division's task forces were named Task Force Golf and Task Force Hotel. These were not a reintroduction of a brigade command structure and had no administrative responsibilities. The approach intended to provide greater flexibility in tailoring forces to meet unforeseen events and allow for an overall reduction in the size of a division by 700 men. The task force concept was dropped by the end of the decade, having been deemed to have not met expectations. With the reintroduction of brigades, the division consisted of the 11th Armoured Brigade (based at Minden) that comprised one armoured regiment and two mechanised infantry battalions, and the 20th Armoured Brigade (located in Detmold) that consisted of two armoured regiments and one mechanised infantry battalion.
By 1983, the division had been assigned the 19th Infantry Brigade, which was located in Colchester, England. This brigade was subsequently switched with the 3rd Armoured Division's 33rd Armoured Brigade (based at Paderborn), to bring the 4th Armoured Division up to a strength of three armoured brigades and with all its troops located in Germany. The end of the 1980s saw the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. In July 1990, the British government announced Options for Change. This framework sought to restructure the British military based on the new strategic situation, allow for further cost saving measures to be enacted, and to reduce the BAOR by half. In July 1993, this resulted in the division being redesignated and becoming the 1st (UK) Armoured Division, and the 4th Armoured Division ceased to exist.
Final decades
The Military Headquarters Building, where the division's headquarters was based, at Aldershot.
During the mid-1990s, the British Army further restructured. Various regional districts were replaced by several regionally based divisions, which included the reformed 4th Division. Alongside the 2nd and the 5th Divisions, the 4th was dubbed a "regenerative" formation; holding administrative and training responsibilities for all non-deployed forces located within its geographical boundaries (the south east and parts of eastern England, excluding the Greater London area). In the event of a major international crisis, the formation would be used as the core to form a combat-ready division around. On reformation (1 April 1995), the division was headquartered at Aldershot and adopted a tiger as its insignia. It comprised the 2nd Brigade (headquartered at Shorncliffe Army Camp), the 24th Airmobile Brigade (Colchester), and the 145th Infantry Brigade (Aldershot). At the time, it was between 13,400–14,400 strong and the largest British formation based in the UK. It also contained 26 Challenger I tanks, 154 artillery pieces, in addition to other weapon systems and vehicles.
The 1998 Strategic Defence Review resulted in several changes. The 24th (Airmobile) Brigade was merged with the 5th (Airborne) Brigade to form the 16 Air Assault Brigade in 1999. While this brigade was administered by the division, its operational command was held by Land Command. On 1 April 2000, the boundaries of the division were expanded so that it then over oversaw London District (for budgetary purposes) and it took command of the 49th (Eastern) Brigade. During 2007, the division's boundaries were again changed, resulting in the loss of Colchester Garrison (as well as administering the 16th Air Assault Brigade based there) and the 49th (Eastern) Brigade. In return the formation's region was expanded west, so that it gained the 43rd (Wessex) Brigade. The 145th Infantry Brigade was renamed the 145th (South) Brigade, and the division was given administrative control over the Brunei garrison and the British Gurkhas Nepal organisation.
The Strategic Defence and Security Review of 2010 identified that the army had had become optimised for operations in Afghanistan, but in order to meet potential future threats would need to be reorgnised to become more flexible. This restructure was called Army 2020 and resulted in the decision to disband the three regional regenerative divisions, to be replaced by Support Command, with the aim of making the home-based forces better able to support any deployed troops. During January 2012, the 4th Division was disbanded (followed by the 2nd and the 5th Divisions in April).
See also
United Kingdom portal
List of commanders of the British 4th Division
List of British divisions in World War I
List of British divisions in World War II
British Army Order of Battle (September 1939)
Notes
^ Lipscombe, Nick (2014). Bayonne and Toulouse 1813–14: Wellington invades France. Osprey. p. 23. ISBN 978-1472802774.
^ Fletcher, Ian. Men-at-Arms Campaign 48: Salamanca 1812. Great Britain: Osprey History, 1991. ISBN 1-84176-277-6.
^ Siborne 1993, p. 678.
^ "Chapter XIV. The Last Square". les miserables.
^ Pemberton 1962, p. 74.
^ Amery, Vol III, p. 152.
^ Amery, Vol II, p. 323.
^ a b Amery, Vol IV, Appendix to Chapters I-XIV, pp. 503–14.
^ Lyttelton 1927, pp. 232–233.
^ Amery, Vol IV, p. 168.
^ Amery, Vol IV, p. 437.
^ Frederick 1984, p. 496.
^ Lyttelton 1927, pp. 234–240.
^ Amery, Vol IV, pp. 175–80.
^ Amery, Vol IV, pp. 398–9.
^ Amery, Vol IV, pp. 438–56.
^ Lyttelton 1927, pp. 240–242.
^ Amery, Vol IV, pp. 460–8.
^ Lyttelton 1927, pp. 242, 245–249.
^ Amery, Vol V, pp. 47–50.
^ "4th Division: The history of 4th Division". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
^ Becke 2007, pp. 57–63.
^ "The 4th Division in 1914-1918: The history of 4th Division". Archived from the original on 5 May 2015.
^ Richard A. Rinaldi. "Royal Engineers, World War I" (PDF). Orbat.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2014.
^ a b c d e "Uniforms and Insignia – badge, formation, 4th Infantry Division (Show more)". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 19 April 2017. • "Uniforms and Insignia – badge, formation, 4th Infantry Division (Show more)". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
^ Blaxland, p. 79.
^ Medley, R. H. (1995). Cap Badge: The Story of Four Battalions of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment (T.A.), 1939-47. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-0850524345.
^ Blaxland, p. 289.
^ Blaxland, p. 80.
^ "Medal entitlement of: Major Richard Wakeford". Retrieved 26 February 2017.
^ Blaxland, p. 229.
^ Joslen 2003, pp. 45–46.
^ Joslen 2003, p. 248.
^ a b c d "4th Recce Regiment at the Reconnaissance Corps website". Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
^ Joslen 2003, p. 249.
^ Joslen 2003, p. 250.
^ Joslen 2003, p. 448.
^ "17 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45". Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
^ "22 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45". Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
^ "30 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45". Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
^ "77 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
^ Litchfield 1992, p. 304.
^ "14 A/T Rgt at RA 1939–45". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
^ "91 LAA Rgt at RA 1939–45". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
^ a b c d e Lord & Watson 2003, p. 33.
^ "Last Indian Troops To Leave Europe". The Times. No. 50374. London. 12 February 1946. p. 4.
^ Lord & Watson 2003, pp. 33, 36, 86–87.
^ a b c d "4th Division". Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
^ "No. 41326". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 February 1958. p. 1429. and "No. 41839". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 October 1959. p. 6415.
^ a b DeVore 2009, pp. 281–282.
^ Taylor 2010, pp. 6–7.
^ Mason 1975, p. 23.
^ Isby 1988, pp. 331–332.
^ Dodd 1977, p. 375.
^ Isby 1988, p. 332.
^ Stone 1998, p. 224.
^ Blume 2007, pp. 4–5.
^ Blume 2007, p. 5.
^ Taylor 2010, pp. 8–9.
^ Blume 2007, p. 7.
^ Tanner 2014, p. 13.
^ Heyman 1997, pp. 14, 22–23, 28.
^ a b Heyman 2007, p. 35.
^ Tanner 2014, pp. 7, 14.
References
Amery, L.S. (ed.). The Times History of the War in South Africa 1899-1902. London: Sampson Low, Marston. 7 Vols 1900–09.
Becke, A.F. (2007). History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 1: The Regular British Divisions. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 978-1-847347-38-1.
Blaxland, Gregory. Alexander's Generals, the Italian Campaign 1944–45.
Blume, Peter (2007). BAOR The Final Years: Vehicles of the British Army of the Rhine 1980 – 1994. Erlangen, Germany: Tankograd Publishing. OCLC 252418281.
Chappel M. (1986) British Battle Insignia (1). 1914–18 Osprey Publishing ISBN 9780850457278
Cole, Howard (1973). Formation Badges of World War 2. Britain, Commonwealth and Empire. London: Arms and Armour Press.
DeVore, Marc Ronald (2009). Armed Forces, States and Threats: Civil-Military Institutions and Military Power in Modern Democracies (PhD). Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/59797. OCLC 680546037. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
Dodd, Norman (August 1977). "British New Look Divisions Tested in Exercise Spearpoint" (PDF). Militaire Spectator. Breda and The Hague, Netherlands: Broese / Vrijens: 373–379. OCLC 781537634. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
Frederick, J.B.M. (1984). Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978. Vol. II. Wakefield: Microform Academic. ISBN 1-85117-009-X.
Heyman, Charles (1997). The British Army Pocket Guide 1997/1998. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-0-85052-539-7.
Heyman, Charles (2007). The British Army: A Pocket Guide 2008–2009. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-78340-811-5.
Isby, David C. (1988). "Developments in the Front-Line States: The United Kingdom". In Simon, Jeffrey (ed.). NATO-Warsaw Pact Force Mobilization. Washington D.C.: National Defense University Press. pp. 317–352. OCLC 18522267.
Joslen, H.F. (2003). Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-843424-74-6.
Litchfield, Norman E.H. (1992). The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges). Nottingham: Sherwood Press. ISBN 0-9508205-2-0.
Lord, Cliff; Watson, Graham (2003). The Royal Corps of Signals: Unit Histories of the Corps (1920–2001) and its Antecedents. West Midlands: Helion. ISBN 978-1-874622-07-9.
Lyttelton, Neville (1927). Eighty Years: Soldiering, Politics, Games. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
Mason, Roy (1975). "Chapter I: The Defence Review". CAB 129/181/21: C (75) 21 Statement on the Defence Estimates 1975. London: H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 1–38. OCLC 1141000943. Retrieved 28 October 2019 – via The National Archives.
Pemberton, W. Baring (1962). Battles of the Crimean War. Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-02181-8.
Siborne, H.T. (30 September 1993), Waterloo Letters, Frontline Books, p. 5, ISBN 978-1-85367-156-2
Stone, David (1998). Cold War Warriors: The Story of the Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment (Berkshire and Wiltshire). London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0-850-52618-9.
Tanner, James (2014). The British Army since 2000. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-593-3.
Taylor, Claire (2010). "A Brief Guide to Previous British Defence Reviews (SN/IA/5714)" (PDF). House of Commons Library: International Affairs and Defence Section. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
vteBritish 4th Division4th Division
Main article
List of commanding officers
vteDivisions of the British ArmyActiveAdministrative units
Guards and Parachute
Union
Queen's
Light
Combat units
1st (United Kingdom) Division
3rd (United Kingdom) Division
6th (United Kingdom) Division
Post-Cold War periodAdministrative units
Guards
King's
Light
Prince of Wales's
Queen's
Scottish
Scottish, Welsh and Irish
Combat units
1st (UK) Armoured
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Multi-National Division (South-West) (Bosnia)
Multi-National Division (South-East) (Iraq)
Cold WarAdministrative units
Guards
King's
Light
Prince of Wales's
Queen's
Scottish
Airborne
6th Airborne
16th Airborne
Armoured
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
6th
7th
11th
49th (West Riding)
56th (London)
Infantry
1st
2nd
3rd
5th
13th
40th
42nd (Lancashire)
43rd (Wessex)
44th (Home Counties)
50th (Northumbrian)
51st/52nd (Scottish)
53rd (Welsh)
Other
Artillery Division
1st Commonwealth Division
17th Gurkha Division
Second World War (list)Airborne
1st Airborne
6th Airborne
Armoured
Guards
1st
2nd
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
42nd
79th
Infantry
Guards
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th (Highland)
12th (Eastern)
15th (Scottish)
18th
23rd (Northumbrian)
36th
38th (Welsh)
42nd (East Lancashire)
43rd (Wessex)
44th (Home Counties)
45th
46th
47th (London)
48th (South Midland)
49th (West Riding)
50th (Northumbrian)
51st (Highland)
52nd (Lowland)
53rd (Welsh)
54th (East Anglian)
55th (West Lancashire)
56th (London)
59th (Staffordshire)
61st
66th
70th
76th
77th
78th
80th
Anti-Invasion "County Divisions"
Devon and Cornwall
Dorset
Durham and North Riding
Essex
Hampshire
Lincolnshire
Norfolk
Northumberland
West Sussex
Yorkshire
Anti-Aircraft
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Deception
See British deception formations in World War II
African
1st (African)
2nd (African)
11th (African)
11th (East Africa)
12th (SDF)
81st (West Africa)
82nd (West Africa)
Other
1st Cavalry
Beauman Division
Royal Marines
Y Division
British Army in India
First World War (list)Regular Army
Guards
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
27th
28th
29th
New Army1st New Army
9th (Scottish)
10th (Irish)
11th (Northern)
12th (Eastern)
13th (Western)
14th (Light)
2nd New Army
15th (Scottish)
16th (Irish)
17th (Northern)
18th (Eastern)
19th (Western)
20th (Light)
3rd New Army
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
4th New Army
30th
31st
32nd
33rd
34th
35th
5th New Army
36th (Ulster)
37th
38th (Welsh)
39th
40th
41st
Territorial Force1st Line
42nd (East Lancashire)
43rd (Wessex)
44th (Home Counties)
46th (North Midland)
47th (1/2nd London)
48th (South Midland)
49th (West Riding)
50th (Northumbrian)
51st (Highland)
52nd (Lowland)
53rd (Welsh)
54th (East Anglian)
55th (West Lancashire)
56th (1/1st London)
2nd Line
45th (2nd Wessex)
57th (2nd West Lancashire)
58th (2/1st London)
59th (2nd North Midland)
60th (2/2nd London)
61st (2nd South Midland)
62nd (2nd West Riding)
63rd (2nd Northumbrian)
64th (2nd Highland)
65th (2nd Lowland)
66th (2nd East Lancashire)
67th (2nd Home Counties)
68th (2nd Welsh)
69th (2nd East Anglian)
Other
63rd (Royal Naval)
71st
72nd
73rd
74th (Yeomanry)
75th
CavalryCavalry
1st
2nd
3rd
Mounted
1st
2nd
2/2nd (later 3rd)
4th
Yeomanry
Second Boer War (list)Infantry
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
Colonial
Cavalry
Cavalry
Mounted
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Crimean War (list)
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Cavalry
Highland
Light
Napoleonic Wars (list)
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Light | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_army"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Peninsular War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"Waterloo Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"Crimean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Boer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"armoured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"}],"text":"Military unitThe 4th Infantry Division was a regular infantry division of the British Army with a very long history, seeing active service in the Peninsular War and Waterloo Campaign, the Crimean and Boer Wars and both World Wars. It was disbanded after the Second World War and reformed in the 1950s as an armoured formation before being disbanded and reformed again and finally disbanded on 1 January 2012.","title":"4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Portuguese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Army"},{"link_name":"Peninsular War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"Battles of Talavera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera"},{"link_name":"Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca"},{"link_name":"Roncesvalles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Roncesvalles_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Vitoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria"},{"link_name":"the Pyrenees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees"},{"link_name":"Orthez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)"},{"link_name":"siege of Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lipscombe-1"}],"text":"The 4th Division was originally formed in 1809 by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, as part of the Anglo-Portuguese Army, for service in the Peninsular War. It fought in the Battles of Talavera, Salamanca, Roncesvalles, Vitoria, the Pyrenees, Orthez, and Toulouse, and the siege of Badajoz.[1]","title":"Napoleonic Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"James Kemmis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kemmis"},{"link_name":"Edward Pakenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Pakenham"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Army"},{"link_name":"Caçadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riflemen#Portugal"}],"sub_title":"Peninsular War order of battle","text":"The order of battle from January 1812 was as follows:[2]Major General Sir Charles Colville (to April 1812)\nMajor General Lowry Cole (from June 1812)1st Brigade: Major General James Kemmis\n3/27th (Inniskilling) Regiment of Foot\n1/40th (2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot\n1/48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot (from October 1812)\n2nd Provisional Battalion (2nd & 1/53rd Regiments of Foot) (from December 1812)\n1 Coy., 5/60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot\n2nd Brigade: Major General Sir Edward Pakenham\n1/7th Regiment of Foot (Royal Fusiliers)\n2/7th Regiment of Foot (Royal Fusiliers) (November 1810 to May 1811)\n20th (East Devonshire) Regiment of Foot (from November 1812)\n1/23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fusiliers)\n1/48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot (to October 1812)\n1/82nd Regiment of Foot (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) (October to November 1812)\n1 Coy., Brunswick-Oels Jaegers\n3rd Brigade: Major General Skerrett (October to December 1812)\n3/1st Foot Guards\n2/47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot\n2/87th (Prince of Wales's Irish) Regiment of Foot\n2 Cos., 2/95th Regiment of Foot (Rifles)\nPortuguese Brigade: Major General Collins\n1/11th Line Infantry of the Portuguese Army\n2/11th Line Infantry of the Portuguese Army\n1/23rd Line Infantry of the Portuguese Army\n2/23rd Line Infantry of the Portuguese Army\n7th Caçadores of the Portuguese Army","title":"Napoleonic Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1993678-3"},{"link_name":"Charles Colville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colville"},{"link_name":"Les Misérables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"Imperial Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_I)"},{"link_name":"Cambronne's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Cambronne"},{"link_name":"Merde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Waterloo","text":"At the Battle of Waterloo it was tasked with holding Wellington's right flank and, with the exception of its 4th brigade, took no active part in the fighting, but did capture the town of Cambrai afterwards.[3] The commanding general at this time was Charles Colville. In his novel Les Misérables Victor Hugo credits Colville with asking for the surrender of the Imperial Guard at Waterloo and receiving General Cambronne's reply of \"Merde\".[4]","title":"Napoleonic Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Colville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colville"},{"link_name":"Hugh Henry Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Henry_Mitchell_(1770%E2%80%931817)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3/14th (Buckinghamshire) Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"1/23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welch Fusiliers)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Welch_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"George Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Johnstone_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"2/35th (Sussex) Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"54th (West Norfolk) Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"59th (2nd Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59th_(2nd_Nottinghamshire)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"1/91st (Argyllshire) Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/91st_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"James Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Frederick_Lyon"}],"sub_title":"Waterloo order of battle","text":"Commanding General Major-General Sir Charles Colville\n4th Brigade – Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh Henry Mitchell\n3/14th (Buckinghamshire) Regiment of Foot\n1/23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welch Fusiliers)\n51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry)\n6th Brigade – Major-General George Johnstone\n2/35th (Sussex) Regiment of Foot\n54th (West Norfolk) Regiment of Foot\n59th (2nd Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot\n1/91st (Argyllshire) Regiment of Foot\n6th Hanoverian Brigade – Major-General Sir James Lyon\nField Battalion Calenberg\nField Battalion Lauenburg\nLandwehr Battalion Bentheim\nLandwehr Battalion Hoya\nLandwehr Battalion Nienburg","title":"Napoleonic Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Battle of Alma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alma"},{"link_name":"Battle of Inkerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Inkerman"},{"link_name":"Battle of Balaclava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Balaclava"},{"link_name":"Charge of the Light Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Thin Red Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thin_Red_Line_(1854_battle)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPemberton196274-5"}],"text":"The Division was also called for service during the Crimean War fought between the allied forces of the United Kingdom, French Empire and the Ottoman Empire on one side and Russia on the other. It saw action in the Battle of Alma the Battle of Inkerman and the Battle of Balaclava, fought on 25 October 1854 (famous for the Charge of the Light Brigade and the Thin Red Line).[5]","title":"Crimean War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Cathcart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cathcart"},{"link_name":"7th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Torrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley_Torrens"},{"link_name":"20th (East Devonshire) Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"21st Royal Scots Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scots_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"68th (Durham) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68th_(Durham)_Regiment_of_Foot_(Light_Infantry)"},{"link_name":"8th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"46th (South Devonshire) Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_(South_Devonshire)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_(West_Middlesex)_Regiment_of_Foot"}],"sub_title":"Crimean War order of battle","text":"Commanding General: Major General Sir George Cathcart7th Brigade: Brigadier General Torrens\n20th (East Devonshire) Regiment of Foot\n21st Royal Scots Fusiliers\n68th (Durham) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry)\n8th Brigade\n46th (South Devonshire) Regiment of Foot\n57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot\none field battery royal Artillery","title":"Crimean War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Siege of Ladysmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ladysmith"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Battle of Modder River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Modder_River"},{"link_name":"Lord Methuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Methuen,_3rd_Baron_Methuen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmeryOrbat-8"},{"link_name":"Relief of Ladysmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_of_Ladysmith"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Neville Lyttelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Lyttelton"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyttelton1927232%E2%80%93233-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neville_Gerald_Lyttelton,_Vanity_Fair,_1901-09-05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Ward"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine_1868-1914)"}],"text":"The Army Corps sent from Britain on the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899 comprised three divisions (six brigades) while the troops already in South Africa were intended to constitute a 4th Division of three brigades. However, the troops intended to form the 7th and 8th Brigades became caught up in the Siege of Ladysmith.[6] (The 9th Brigade fought at the Battle of Modder River under Lord Methuen and later joined his 1st Division.[7][8]) It was only after the Relief of Ladysmith in March 1900 that the 4th Division under the command of Lieutenant-General the Hon Neville Lyttelton was formed from the garrison and joined the Natal Field Force. It was sometimes known as the 'Ladysmith Division'.[9][10][11]'4th Division'. Caricature of Lt-Gen Neville Lyttelton by 'Spy', published in Vanity Fair in 1901.","title":"Second Boer War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmeryOrbat-8"},{"link_name":"7th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Brigadier-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)#Historical_rank_of_brigadier_general"},{"link_name":"Walter Kitchener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kitchener"},{"link_name":"Devonshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Manchester Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Gordon Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_Brigade_(Prince_Consort%27s_Own)"},{"link_name":"8th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Major-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Francis Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Howard_(British_Army_officer,_born_1848)"},{"link_name":"King's (Liverpool Regiment)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_(Liverpool_Regiment)"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Inniskilling_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"King's Royal Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Royal_Rifle_Corps"},{"link_name":"Royal Field Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrederick1984496-12"},{"link_name":"Naval 12-pounder guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_12-pounder_8_cwt_gun"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"}],"sub_title":"Order of Battle","text":"The division was constituted as follows:[8]7th BrigadeBrigadier-General Walter Kitchener\n1st Battalion, Devonshire Regiment\n1st Battalion, Manchester Regiment\n2nd Battalion, Gordon Highlanders\n2nd Battalion, Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)8th BrigadeMajor-General Francis Howard\n1st Battalion, King's (Liverpool Regiment)\n1st Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment\n1st Battalion, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers – not from the Ladysmith Garrison\n1st Battalion, King's Royal Rifle CorpsDivisional troops2nd Brigade-Division, Royal Field Artillery[12]\n21st, 42nd and 53rd Batteries\n2 x Naval 12-pounder guns\n23rd Company, Royal Engineers","title":"Second Boer War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Redvers Buller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redvers_Buller"},{"link_name":"Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Natal"},{"link_name":"Transvaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Balmoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmoral,_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Lord Roberts's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Amersfoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amersfoort,_Mpumalanga"},{"link_name":"Ermelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermelo,_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Kopjes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopje"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyttelton1927234%E2%80%93240-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bergendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bergendal"},{"link_name":"Guerrilla warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"Mounted infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounted_infantry"},{"link_name":"Lydenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydenburg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyttelton1927240%E2%80%93242-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Delagoa Bay Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delagoa_Bay_Railway"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyttelton1927242,_245%E2%80%93249-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Service","text":"The troops of 4th Division were still sickly after the Siege of Ladysmith, and it played little part in Sir Redvers Buller's operations to clear the Boers out of Natal in May and June. It was then left to defend Natal when Buller advanced into Transvaal in July. The division was not complete until 5 August when Walter Kitchener's 7th Brigade caught up. It marched out next day with Buller towards Balmoral to link up with Lord Roberts's Army. The division fought an engagement with the Boers on the way to Amersfoort on 7 August, then carried out a 10-day march via Ermelo, skirmishing every day, with the opposition increasing as the column advanced. On 22 August Walter Kitchener was detached with part of his brigade to clear some troublesome Kopjes on the flank, and next day section of 21st Battery, RFA, was heavily engaged with Boer guns. The division joined up with Roberts on 27 August, when 7th Brigade assaulted an entrenched position on the Berg-en-dal kopje.[13][14][15][16]The Battle of Bergendal was the last set-piece action of the war, but was followed by a long period of Guerrilla warfare. British forces were increasingly dispersed into ad hoc columns pursuing small Boer forces. Lyttelton's division was reduced to five-and-a-half battalions and a Mounted infantry detachment for Buller's advance to Lydenburg in September. On 5 September 7 Brigade's camp came under long range artillery fire, but Howard and the artillery cleared the Boers away. The column entered Lydenburg on 7 September, then attacked Paardeplaats next day, when Lyttelton with his four remaining battalions attacked the Boer right. Buller's column then marched into the rugged country of North East Transvaal through the 'Devil's Knuckles' and 'Hell's Gate' before returning to Lydenburg on 2 October, capturing a large Boer supply column on the way.[17][18]Roberts and Buller returned to the UK In early October and Lyttelton took over command of Buller's forces scattered in small garrisons guarding the Natal–Delagoa Bay Railway. The brigade and divisional organisation was abandoned for the rest of the war.[19][20]","title":"Second Boer War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_First_Battle_of_the_Aisne,_September_1914_Q51499.jpg"},{"link_name":"King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Own_Royal_Regiment_(Lancaster)"},{"link_name":"Regular Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_army"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"British Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"Battle of Passchendaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Troops of the 1st Battalion, King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) in the front trench at St. Marguerite, 22 September 1914. The officer is Second Lieutenant R. C. Matthews, probably the Officer Commanding \"A\" Company.As a permanently established Regular Army division it was amongst the first to be sent to France as part of the British Expeditionary Force at the outbreak of the First World War. It served on the Western Front for the duration of the war and was present during all the major offensives including the Battle of the Marne, Battle of Ypres, Battle of the Somme and the Battle of Passchendaele.[21]","title":"First World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecke200757%E2%80%9363-22"},{"link_name":"10th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Royal Warwickshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Warwickshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Seaforth Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaforth_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"Royal Irish Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"Royal Dublin Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"Machine Gun Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Gun_Corps"},{"link_name":"Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll_and_Sutherland_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"Household Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Battalion"},{"link_name":"3/10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Battalion,_Middlesex_Regiment#3/10th_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington%27s_(West_Riding_Regiment)"},{"link_name":"11th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Infantry_Brigade_and_Headquarters_South_East"},{"link_name":"Somerset Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"East Lancashire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lancashire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Hampshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_Brigade_(Prince_Consort%27s_Own)"},{"link_name":"London Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Regiment_(1908%E2%80%931938)"},{"link_name":"London Rifle Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Rifle_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Royal Irish Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_(1684%E2%80%931922)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Western_front_1915-16.jpg"},{"link_name":"12th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Armoured_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Own_Royal_Regiment_(Lancaster)"},{"link_name":"Lancashire Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Inniskilling_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"Essex Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Monmouthshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouthshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"1/5th Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Battalion,_South_Lancashire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"107th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/107th_(Ulster)_Brigade"},{"link_name":"36th (Ulster) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_(Ulster)_Division"},{"link_name":"Royal Field Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery"},{"link_name":"XXIX Brigade, Royal Field Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29th_Brigade_Royal_Field_Artillery"},{"link_name":"XXXII Brigade, Royal Field Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Brigade_Royal_Field_Artillery"},{"link_name":"XXXVII (Howitzer) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_(Howitzer)_Brigade_Royal_Field_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Royal Garrison Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Garrison_Artillery"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"9th Field Company, Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_Parachute_Squadron_RE"},{"link_name":"1st Renfrew Field Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshire_Fortress_Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"1st Durham Field Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Durham_Engineers"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Regiment"}],"sub_title":"Order of battle","text":"The order of battle of 4th Division during the First World War was as follows:[22]10th Brigade1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment\n2nd Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders\n1st Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers (left August 1917)\n2nd Battalion, Royal Dublin Fusiliers (left November 1916)\n10th Machine Gun Company, Machine Gun Corps (formed 22 December 1915, moved to 4th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps 26 February 1918)\n10th Trench Mortar Battery (formed June 1916)\n1/7th Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (from January 1915 until March 1916)\n1/9th Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (from May to July 1915)\nHousehold Battalion (from November 1916 until February 1918)\n3/10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment (from August 1917 until February 1918)\n2nd Battalion, Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment) (from February 1918)11th Brigade1st Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry\n1st Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment (left February 1918)\n1st Battalion, Hampshire Regiment\n1st Battalion, Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)\n1/5th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (London Rifle Brigade) (from November 1914 until May 1915)\n2nd Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment (from July 1915 until May 1916)\n11th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps (formed 23 December 1915, moved to 4th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps 26 February 1918)\n11th Trench Mortar Battery (formed June 1916)Map of the Western Front, 1915–1612th Brigade1st Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)\n2nd Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers\n2nd Battalion, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers (left December 1914)\n2nd Battalion, Essex Regiment\n1/2nd Battalion, Monmouthshire Regiment (until January 1916)\n1/5th Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment (from February 1915 until January 1916)\n12th Machine Gun Company, Machine Gun Corps (formed 24 January 1916, moved to 4th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps 26 February 1918)\n12th Trench Mortar Battery (formed 11 June 1916)\n2nd Battalion, Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment) (from January 1916 to 10th Bde. February 1918)\n2nd Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment (from March until July 1915)[23]From early November 1915 until February 1916 the 12th Brigade was swapped with the 107th Brigade of the 36th (Ulster) Division.ArtilleryXIV Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (until 14 January 1917)\nXXIX Brigade, Royal Field Artillery\nXXXII Brigade, Royal Field Artillery\nXXXVII (Howitzer) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (until 17 February 1915)\nCXXVII (Howitzer) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (from 6 August 1915 until 21 May 1916)\n31st Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery (until 29 April 1915)Engineers[24]7th Field Company, Royal Engineers (until 29 April 1915)\n9th Field Company, Royal Engineers\n1st West Lancashire Field Company, Royal Engineers (from 14 February 1915 until 28 February 1916)\n1st Renfrew Field Company, Royal Engineers (joined 2 May 1916; became 406th (Renfrew) Field Company 3 February 1917)\n1st Durham Field Company, Royal Engineers (joined 20 September 1916; became 526th (Durham) Field Company 3 February 1917)Pioneers21st (Service) Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment (from 21 June 1916)","title":"First World War"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_France_1940_F3552.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Royal_West_Kent_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Dudley Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Graham_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Alan Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke"},{"link_name":"II Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"British Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWM-25"},{"link_name":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Brigadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Barker"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Infantry_Brigade_and_Headquarters_South_East"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Anderson_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Armoured_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"John Hawkesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkesworth_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Battle of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"evacuation at Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation"},{"link_name":"anti-invasion duties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWM-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H17909.jpg"},{"link_name":"Duke of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Universal Carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Carrier"},{"link_name":"Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Royal_West_Kent_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Camberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberley"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"21st Army Tank Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Army_Tank_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWM-25"}],"sub_title":"France and Belgium","text":"Men of the 1st Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment in a section of trench named 'Pudding Lane', 4th Division near Roubaix, 3 April 1940. Note the hand grenades ready for use.Shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 the 4th Division, under Major General Dudley Johnson, who had won the Victoria Cross (VC) in the Great War, was sent to the border between France and Belgium as part of Lieutenant-General Alan Brooke's II Corps of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF).[25] All three of the division's brigades were commanded by distinguished soldiers, the 10th by Brigadier Evelyn Barker, the 11th by Brigadier Kenneth Anderson and the 12th by Brigadier John Hawkesworth. After the disastrous Battle of France in May–June 1940, where the division sustained heavy losses, and the evacuation at Dunkirk, it spent the next two years in the United Kingdom on anti-invasion duties and training for its next deployment.[25]The Duke of Kent inspects Universal Carriers of the 1st Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment, at Camberley, Surrey, 16 March 1942.In June 1942 the division, now under Major General John Hawkesworth, was selected to be converted into a 'mixed' division, consisting of two infantry brigades and one tank brigade. As a result of this change, the divisions' 11th Infantry Brigade left the division and was replaced by the 21st Army Tank Brigade.[25]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Men_of_6th_Battalion,_the_Black_Watch_crouch_down_in_a_landing_craft_as_it_approaches_the_shore,_during_combined_operations_training_in_Scotland,_17_November_1942._H25391.jpg"},{"link_name":"Black Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Watch"},{"link_name":"landing craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_craft"},{"link_name":"combined operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_operations"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"John Crocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crocker"},{"link_name":"IX Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"British First Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Tunisian Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Operation Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Vulcan"},{"link_name":"Axis forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"North African Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaxland79-26"},{"link_name":"28th Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Regular Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_army"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"North Africa","text":"Men of the 6th Battalion, Black Watch crouch down in a landing craft as it approaches the shore, during combined operations training in Scotland, 17 November 1942.The division departed for North Africa in early 1943, arriving in Tunisia in March, coming under Lieutenant-General John Crocker's IX Corps, part of the British First Army. During the Tunisian Campaign it was involved in Operation Vulcan, the final ground attack against Axis forces in North Africa which ended the North African Campaign, with the surrender of nearly 250,000 German and Italian soldiers. During the assault the division suffered heavy losses, with four battalions sustaining over 300 casualties.[26] After the Axis defeat in North Africa, in May 1943, the division was to remain there for the next 9 months, during which time it was converted back into a standard infantry division, with the 28th Infantry Brigade, consisting mainly of Regular Army battalions who had served on garrison duties in Gibraltar, arriving to replace the 21st Tank Brigade.[27]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"British 46th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Richard McCreery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_McCreery"},{"link_name":"British X Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Fifth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_North"},{"link_name":"Sidney Kirkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Kirkman"},{"link_name":"British XIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaxland289-28"},{"link_name":"British Eighth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Dudley Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dudley_Ward"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaxland80-29"},{"link_name":"Battle of Monte Cassino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino"},{"link_name":"battles for the Gothic Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Line"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"Richard Wakeford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wakeford"},{"link_name":"Hampshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hampshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"The division arrived on the Italian Front in late February 1944, relieving the British 46th Infantry Division, initially coming under command of Lieutenant-General Richard McCreery's British X Corps, then serving under the U.S. Fifth Army. In March the division transferred to Lieutenant-General Sidney Kirkman's British XIII Corps,[28] part of the British Eighth Army. The division, now under the command of Major-General Alfred Dudley Ward,[29] fought with distinction at the fourth and final Battle of Monte Cassino in May 1944, and later in severe fighting in the battles for the Gothic Line. During the battle of Cassino Captain Richard Wakeford of the 2/4th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment was awarded the Victoria Cross.[30]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"III Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Greek Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"end of the war in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaxland229-31"}],"sub_title":"Greece","text":"However, in November 1944 it was dispatched, with the rest of III Corps, to Greece to provide assistance during the Greek Civil War, and was to remain there until the end of the war in Europe in May 1945.[31]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoslen200345%E2%80%9346-32"},{"link_name":"10th Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoslen2003248-33"},{"link_name":"Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedfordshire_and_Hertfordshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall%27s_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Royal_West_Kent_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Recce-34"},{"link_name":"East Surrey Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Surrey_Regiment"},{"link_name":"11th Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Infantry_Brigade_and_Headquarters_South_East"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoslen2003249-35"},{"link_name":"Lancashire Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire_and_Buckinghamshire_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Recce-34"},{"link_name":"5th (Huntingdonshire) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_(Huntingdonshire)_Battalion,_Northamptonshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"12th Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Armoured_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoslen2003250-36"},{"link_name":"Royal Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"South Lancashire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lancashire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Watch"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Recce-34"},{"link_name":"21st Army Tank Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Army_Tank_Brigade"},{"link_name":"12th Royal Tank Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th_Royal_Tank_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"48th Royal Tank Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th_Royal_Tank_Regiment"},{"link_name":"145th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/145th_Regiment_Royal_Armoured_Corps"},{"link_name":"28th Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoslen2003448-37"},{"link_name":"King's Regiment (Liverpool)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Regiment_(Liverpool)"},{"link_name":"Somerset Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll_and_Sutherland_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"Hampshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hampshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"5th Dragoon Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Dragoon_Guards"},{"link_name":"Reconnaissance Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_Corps"},{"link_name":"4th Reconnaissance Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_Corps#Units"},{"link_name":"Royal Armoured Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Armoured_Corps"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Recce-34"},{"link_name":"2nd Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Royal_Northumberland_Fusiliers_battalions_in_World_War_II#2"},{"link_name":"Royal Northumberland Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Northumberland_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"77th (Highland) Field Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Renfrew_and_Dumbarton_Artillery_Volunteers#77th_(Highland)_Field_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitchfield1992304-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"91st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/91st_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Regiment,_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"9th Field Company, Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_Parachute_Squadron_RE"},{"link_name":"Royal Corps of Signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals"}],"sub_title":"Order of battle","text":"The 4th Infantry Division was constituted as follows during the war[32]10th Infantry Brigade[33]2nd Battalion, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment\n2nd Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry\n1st Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment (left 3 May 1940)\n10th Infantry Brigade Anti-Tank Company (joined 4th Battalion Reconnaissance Corps 1 January 1941[34] )\n1/6th Battalion, East Surrey Regiment (from 4 May 1940)11th Infantry Brigade (left 5 June 1942)[35]2nd Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers\n1st Battalion, East Surrey Regiment\n1st Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (left 29 January 1940)\n11th Infantry Brigade Anti-Tank Company (joined 4th Battalion Reconnaissance Corps 1 January 1941[34])\n5th (Huntingdonshire) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment (from 29 January 1940)12th Infantry Brigade[36]2nd Battalion, Royal Fusiliers\n1st Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment (left 13 June 1940)\n1st Battalion, Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) (left 4 March 1940)\n12th Infantry Brigade Anti-Tank Company (joined 4th Battalion Reconnaissance Corps 1 January 1941[34])\n6th Battalion, Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) (from 4 March 1940)\n1st Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment (from 5 September 1940)21st Army Tank Brigade (from 6 June 1942, left 12 December 1943)12th Royal Tank Regiment\n48th Royal Tank Regiment\n145th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps28th Infantry Brigade (from 24 December 1943)[37]2nd Battalion, King's Regiment (Liverpool)\n2nd Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry\n1st Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (from 5 January, left 2 February 1944)\n2/4th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment (from 24 March 1943)Divisional Troops5th Dragoon Guards (Reconnaissance Battalion, left 31 March 1940)\n4th Battalion, Reconnaissance Corps (formed from 10th, 11th and 12th Brigade Anti-Tank Companies 1 January 1941, redesignated 4th Regiment 6 June 1942, became 4th Reconnaissance Regiment, Royal Armoured Corps 1 January 1944)[34]\n2nd Battalion, Royal Northumberland Fusiliers (joined as Machine Gun Battalion from 11 November 1941, left 20 May 1942, rejoined as Support Battalion 10 March 1944, became MG Battalion from 7 June 1944)\n17th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (left 19 February 1940)[38]\n22nd Field Regiment, Royal Artillery[39]\n30th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery[40]\n77th (Highland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (from 19 February 1940)[41][42]\n14th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery[43]\n91st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (from 26 January 1942, disbanded 6 November 1944)[44]\n7th Field Company, Royal Engineers\n9th Field Company, Royal Engineers (left 16 February 1940)\n59th Field Company, Royal Engineers\n225th Field Company, Royal Engineers (from 16 February 1940)\n18th Field Park Company, Royal Engineers\n3rd Bridging Platoon, Royal Engineers (from 18 October 1943)\n4th Divisional Signals, Royal Corps of Signals","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Greek Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Attica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica"},{"link_name":"4th Indian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(India)"},{"link_name":"13th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWM-25"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELordWatson200333-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Herford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herford"},{"link_name":"11th Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"91st Lorried Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/91st_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"12th Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Armoured_Brigade_Combat_Team_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"British Army of the Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"lorried infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorized_infantry"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"7th Armoured Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"4th (Guards)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"5th Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"20th Armoured Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Armoured_Brigade_Combat_Team_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWM-25"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELordWatson200333,_36,_86%E2%80%9387-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOD-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Exercise Iron Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exercise_Iron_Bar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Exercise Open Glove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exercise_Open_Glove&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELordWatson200333-45"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVore2009281%E2%80%93282-50"}],"text":"Further information: Cold WarThe 4th Infantry Division remained in Greece, during the Greek Civil War. During its time in Greece, the division was deployed to Attica. In February 1946, it moved to the northern part of the country after the 4th Indian Division returned to India. It was relieved by the 13th Infantry Division in Attica. The following month, it was disbanded while still in Greece.[25][45][46]In Germany, on 1 April 1956, the 4th Infantry Division was reformed at Herford following the conversion and redesignation of the 11th Armoured Division (the latter division's 91st Lorried Infantry Brigade was reorganised as the 12th Infantry Brigade in the process of joining the 4th Infantry Division). The newly formed division, now part of the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), was also allocated the lorried infantry brigades of the 6th and the 7th Armoured Divisions. Two years later, following the disbanding of different BAOR formations and further restructuring, the division comprised the 4th (Guards), the 5th Infantry, and the 20th Armoured Brigades.[25][47][48] Around this time period, the term \"infantry\" was dropped from the division's title so that it was known simply as the 4th Division.[49] During February 1963, the division undertook Exercise Iron Bar, which trialed merging the divisional headquarters with the divisional signal regiment. It proved successful and became permanent in 1965, followed by Exercise Open Glove to further test the arrangement.[45] By the 1970s, the division consisted of the 6th and 20th Armoured Brigades.[50]","title":"Post War and Cold War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mason Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_Review"},{"link_name":"white paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_paper"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELordWatson200333-45"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor20106%E2%80%937-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason197523-52"},{"link_name":"general officer commanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer_commanding"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsby1988331%E2%80%93332-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodd1977375-54"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVore2009281%E2%80%93282-50"},{"link_name":"Minden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minden"},{"link_name":"Detmold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detmold"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsby1988332-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone1998224-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlume20074%E2%80%935-57"},{"link_name":"19th Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"3rd Armoured Division's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_(United_Kingdom)_Division"},{"link_name":"Paderborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paderborn"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlume20075-58"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Options for Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Options_for_Change"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor20108%E2%80%939-59"},{"link_name":"1st (UK) Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_(United_Kingdom)_Division"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELordWatson200333-45"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlume20077-60"}],"text":"The 1975 Mason Review, a government white paper, outlined a new defence policy that restructured the BAOR. As a result, on 1 January 1978, the 4th Division was renamed the 4th Armoured Division.[45][51][52] It then restructured to consist of two armoured regiments, three mechanised infantry battalions, and two artillery regiments, as the Mason Review had removed brigades and replaced them with a concept of task forces or battlegroups. It was intended that the division could form up to five battlegroups, with each commanded by either an armoured regiment or an infantry battalion. These groups were to be formed for a specific task and allocated the required forces needed. The divisional commander (general officer commanding (GOC)) would oversee these battlegroups, but early training showed this to be impractical. To compensate, the divisional headquarters was increased to 750 men (wartime strength) and included two brigadiers. Each officer would command a flexible task force, which consisted of the battlegroups the GOC had formed. The division's task forces were named Task Force Golf and Task Force Hotel. These were not a reintroduction of a brigade command structure and had no administrative responsibilities. The approach intended to provide greater flexibility in tailoring forces to meet unforeseen events and allow for an overall reduction in the size of a division by 700 men.[53][54][50] The task force concept was dropped by the end of the decade, having been deemed to have not met expectations. With the reintroduction of brigades, the division consisted of the 11th Armoured Brigade (based at Minden) that comprised one armoured regiment and two mechanised infantry battalions, and the 20th Armoured Brigade (located in Detmold) that consisted of two armoured regiments and one mechanised infantry battalion.[55][56][57]By 1983, the division had been assigned the 19th Infantry Brigade, which was located in Colchester, England. This brigade was subsequently switched with the 3rd Armoured Division's 33rd Armoured Brigade (based at Paderborn), to bring the 4th Armoured Division up to a strength of three armoured brigades and with all its troops located in Germany.[58] The end of the 1980s saw the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. In July 1990, the British government announced Options for Change. This framework sought to restructure the British military based on the new strategic situation, allow for further cost saving measures to be enacted, and to reduce the BAOR by half.[59] In July 1993, this resulted in the division being redesignated and becoming the 1st (UK) Armoured Division, and the 4th Armoured Division ceased to exist.[45][60]","title":"Armoured division"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aldershot_Command_Headquarters_Building.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Military Headquarters Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Headquarters_Building,_Aldershot"},{"link_name":"Aldershot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot"},{"link_name":"regional districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_district"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner201413-61"},{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"5th Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"south east","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England"},{"link_name":"eastern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_of_England"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"2nd Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Shorncliffe Army Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorncliffe_Army_Camp"},{"link_name":"24th Airmobile Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"145th Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/145th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Challenger I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_I"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOD-48"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyman199714,_22%E2%80%9323,_28-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyman200735-63"},{"link_name":"Strategic Defence Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defence_Review"},{"link_name":"5th (Airborne) Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"16 Air Assault Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Air_Assault_Brigade_Combat_Team"},{"link_name":"Land Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Command"},{"link_name":"London District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_District_(British_Army)"},{"link_name":"49th (Eastern) Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/49th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELordWatson200333-45"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOD-48"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyman200735-63"},{"link_name":"Colchester Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester_Garrison"},{"link_name":"43rd (Wessex) Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Brunei garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Forces_Brunei"},{"link_name":"British Gurkhas Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Gurkhas_Nepal"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOD-48"},{"link_name":"Strategic Defence and Security Review of 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review_2010"},{"link_name":"operations in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)"},{"link_name":"Army 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_2020"},{"link_name":"Support Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Command_(British_Army)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner20147,_14-64"}],"text":"The Military Headquarters Building, where the division's headquarters was based, at Aldershot.During the mid-1990s, the British Army further restructured. Various regional districts were replaced by several regionally based divisions, which included the reformed 4th Division.[61] Alongside the 2nd and the 5th Divisions, the 4th was dubbed a \"regenerative\" formation; holding administrative and training responsibilities for all non-deployed forces located within its geographical boundaries (the south east and parts of eastern England, excluding the Greater London area). In the event of a major international crisis, the formation would be used as the core to form a combat-ready division around. On reformation (1 April 1995), the division was headquartered at Aldershot and adopted a tiger as its insignia. It comprised the 2nd Brigade (headquartered at Shorncliffe Army Camp), the 24th Airmobile Brigade (Colchester), and the 145th Infantry Brigade (Aldershot). At the time, it was between 13,400–14,400 strong and the largest British formation based in the UK. It also contained 26 Challenger I tanks, 154 artillery pieces, in addition to other weapon systems and vehicles.[48][62][63]The 1998 Strategic Defence Review resulted in several changes. The 24th (Airmobile) Brigade was merged with the 5th (Airborne) Brigade to form the 16 Air Assault Brigade in 1999. While this brigade was administered by the division, its operational command was held by Land Command. On 1 April 2000, the boundaries of the division were expanded so that it then over oversaw London District (for budgetary purposes) and it took command of the 49th (Eastern) Brigade.[45][48][63] During 2007, the division's boundaries were again changed, resulting in the loss of Colchester Garrison (as well as administering the 16th Air Assault Brigade based there) and the 49th (Eastern) Brigade. In return the formation's region was expanded west, so that it gained the 43rd (Wessex) Brigade. The 145th Infantry Brigade was renamed the 145th (South) Brigade, and the division was given administrative control over the Brunei garrison and the British Gurkhas Nepal organisation.[48]The Strategic Defence and Security Review of 2010 identified that the army had had become optimised for operations in Afghanistan, but in order to meet potential future threats would need to be reorgnised to become more flexible. This restructure was called Army 2020 and resulted in the decision to disband the three regional regenerative divisions, to be replaced by Support Command, with the aim of making the home-based forces better able to support any deployed troops. During January 2012, the 4th Division was disbanded (followed by the 2nd and the 5th Divisions in April).[64]","title":"Final decades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lipscombe_1-0"},{"link_name":"Bayonne and Toulouse 1813–14: Wellington invades France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=09ydCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1472802774","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472802774"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84176-277-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-277-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1993678_3-0"},{"link_name":"Siborne 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSiborne1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"les miserables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/les_miserables/84/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPemberton196274_5-0"},{"link_name":"Pemberton 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPemberton1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Amery, Vol III, p. 152.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory03-07.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Amery, Vol II, p. 323.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory02-09.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AmeryOrbat_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AmeryOrbat_8-1"},{"link_name":"Amery, Vol IV, Appendix to Chapters I-XIV, pp. 503–14.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory04-15a.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyttelton1927232%E2%80%93233_9-0"},{"link_name":"Lyttelton 1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLyttelton1927"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Amery, Vol IV, p. 168.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory04-05.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Amery, Vol IV, p. 437.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory04-13.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrederick1984496_12-0"},{"link_name":"Frederick 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFrederick1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyttelton1927234%E2%80%93240_13-0"},{"link_name":"Lyttelton 1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLyttelton1927"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Amery, Vol IV, pp. 175–80.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory04-05.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Amery, Vol IV, pp. 398–9.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory04-11.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Amery, Vol IV, pp. 438–56.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory04-13.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyttelton1927240%E2%80%93242_17-0"},{"link_name":"Lyttelton 1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLyttelton1927"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Amery, Vol IV, pp. 460–8.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory04-13.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyttelton1927242,_245%E2%80%93249_19-0"},{"link_name":"Lyttelton 1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLyttelton1927"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Amery, Vol V, pp. 47–50.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-02.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"4th Division: The history of 4th Division\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/4th-division/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecke200757%E2%80%9363_22-0"},{"link_name":"Becke 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBecke2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"The 4th Division in 1914-1918: The history of 4th Division\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150505083155/http://www.1914-1918.net/4div.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.1914-1918.net/4div.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Royal Engineers, World War I\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140124134241/http://orbat.com/site/uk_orbats/files/6/RE%20World%20War%20I.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//orbat.com/site/uk_orbats/files/6/RE%20World%20War%20I.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IWM_25-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IWM_25-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IWM_25-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IWM_25-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IWM_25-4"},{"link_name":"\"Uniforms and Insignia – badge, formation, 4th Infantry Division (Show more)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30071728"},{"link_name":"Imperial War Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum"},{"link_name":"\"Uniforms and Insignia – badge, formation, 4th Infantry Division (Show more)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30071729"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaxland79_26-0"},{"link_name":"Blaxland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlaxland"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Cap Badge: The Story of Four Battalions of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment (T.A.), 1939-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=AgSSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0850524345","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850524345"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaxland289_28-0"},{"link_name":"Blaxland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlaxland"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaxland80_29-0"},{"link_name":"Blaxland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlaxland"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Medal entitlement of: Major Richard Wakeford\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.victoriacross.org.uk/puwakefo.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaxland229_31-0"},{"link_name":"Blaxland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlaxland"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoslen200345%E2%80%9346_32-0"},{"link_name":"Joslen 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoslen2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoslen2003248_33-0"},{"link_name":"Joslen 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoslen2003"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Recce_34-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Recce_34-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Recce_34-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Recce_34-3"},{"link_name":"\"4th Recce Regiment at the Reconnaissance Corps website\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20121223130346/http://www.recce.adsl24.co.uk/regts/4th.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.recce.adsl24.co.uk/regts/4th.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoslen2003249_35-0"},{"link_name":"Joslen 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoslen2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoslen2003250_36-0"},{"link_name":"Joslen 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoslen2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoslen2003448_37-0"},{"link_name":"Joslen 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoslen2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"17 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110928015648/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page17.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page17.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"\"22 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150112055704/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page22.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page22.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"\"30 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150208135837/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page30.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page30.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"\"77 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150924084028/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page77.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page77.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitchfield1992304_42-0"},{"link_name":"Litchfield 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLitchfield1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"\"14 A/T Rgt at RA 1939–45\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150924083854/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/atk/page2.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/atk/page2.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"\"91 LAA Rgt at RA 1939–45\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150924120454/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/laa/page85.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/laa/page85.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELordWatson200333_45-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELordWatson200333_45-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELordWatson200333_45-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELordWatson200333_45-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELordWatson200333_45-4"},{"link_name":"Lord & Watson 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLordWatson2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELordWatson200333,_36,_86%E2%80%9387_47-0"},{"link_name":"Lord & Watson 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLordWatson2003"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MOD_48-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MOD_48-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MOD_48-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MOD_48-3"},{"link_name":"\"4th Division\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100922091006/https://www.army.mod.uk/structure/2082.aspx"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.army.mod.uk/structure/2082.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"\"No. 41326\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41326/supplement/1429"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"\"No. 41839\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41839/supplement/6415"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVore2009281%E2%80%93282_50-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVore2009281%E2%80%93282_50-1"},{"link_name":"DeVore 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDeVore2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor20106%E2%80%937_51-0"},{"link_name":"Taylor 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTaylor2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason197523_52-0"},{"link_name":"Mason 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMason1975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsby1988331%E2%80%93332_53-0"},{"link_name":"Isby 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFIsby1988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodd1977375_54-0"},{"link_name":"Dodd 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDodd1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsby1988332_55-0"},{"link_name":"Isby 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFIsby1988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone1998224_56-0"},{"link_name":"Stone 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStone1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlume20074%E2%80%935_57-0"},{"link_name":"Blume 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlume2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlume20075_58-0"},{"link_name":"Blume 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlume2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor20108%E2%80%939_59-0"},{"link_name":"Taylor 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTaylor2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlume20077_60-0"},{"link_name":"Blume 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlume2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanner201413_61-0"},{"link_name":"Tanner 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTanner2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyman199714,_22%E2%80%9323,_28_62-0"},{"link_name":"Heyman 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHeyman1997"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyman200735_63-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyman200735_63-1"},{"link_name":"Heyman 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHeyman2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanner20147,_14_64-0"},{"link_name":"Tanner 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTanner2014"}],"text":"^ Lipscombe, Nick (2014). Bayonne and Toulouse 1813–14: Wellington invades France. Osprey. p. 23. ISBN 978-1472802774.\n\n^ Fletcher, Ian. Men-at-Arms Campaign 48: Salamanca 1812. Great Britain: Osprey History, 1991. ISBN 1-84176-277-6.\n\n^ Siborne 1993, p. 678.\n\n^ \"Chapter XIV. The Last Square\". les miserables.\n\n^ Pemberton 1962, p. 74.\n\n^ Amery, Vol III, p. 152.\n\n^ Amery, Vol II, p. 323.\n\n^ a b Amery, Vol IV, Appendix to Chapters I-XIV, pp. 503–14.\n\n^ Lyttelton 1927, pp. 232–233.\n\n^ Amery, Vol IV, p. 168.\n\n^ Amery, Vol IV, p. 437.\n\n^ Frederick 1984, p. 496.\n\n^ Lyttelton 1927, pp. 234–240.\n\n^ Amery, Vol IV, pp. 175–80.\n\n^ Amery, Vol IV, pp. 398–9.\n\n^ Amery, Vol IV, pp. 438–56.\n\n^ Lyttelton 1927, pp. 240–242.\n\n^ Amery, Vol IV, pp. 460–8.\n\n^ Lyttelton 1927, pp. 242, 245–249.\n\n^ Amery, Vol V, pp. 47–50.\n\n^ \"4th Division: The history of 4th Division\". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 20 May 2020.\n\n^ Becke 2007, pp. 57–63.\n\n^ \"The 4th Division in 1914-1918: The history of 4th Division\". Archived from the original on 5 May 2015.\n\n^ Richard A. Rinaldi. \"Royal Engineers, World War I\" (PDF). Orbat.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2014.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Uniforms and Insignia – badge, formation, 4th Infantry Division (Show more)\". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 19 April 2017. • \"Uniforms and Insignia – badge, formation, 4th Infantry Division (Show more)\". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n\n^ Blaxland, p. 79.\n\n^ Medley, R. H. (1995). Cap Badge: The Story of Four Battalions of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment (T.A.), 1939-47. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-0850524345.\n\n^ Blaxland, p. 289.\n\n^ Blaxland, p. 80.\n\n^ \"Medal entitlement of: Major Richard Wakeford\". Retrieved 26 February 2017.\n\n^ Blaxland, p. 229.\n\n^ Joslen 2003, pp. 45–46.\n\n^ Joslen 2003, p. 248.\n\n^ a b c d \"4th Recce Regiment at the Reconnaissance Corps website\". Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2023.\n\n^ Joslen 2003, p. 249.\n\n^ Joslen 2003, p. 250.\n\n^ Joslen 2003, p. 448.\n\n^ \"17 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\". Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2015.\n\n^ \"22 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\". Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.\n\n^ \"30 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\". Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.\n\n^ \"77 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.\n\n^ Litchfield 1992, p. 304.\n\n^ \"14 A/T Rgt at RA 1939–45\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.\n\n^ \"91 LAA Rgt at RA 1939–45\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.\n\n^ a b c d e Lord & Watson 2003, p. 33.\n\n^ \"Last Indian Troops To Leave Europe\". The Times. No. 50374. London. 12 February 1946. p. 4.\n\n^ Lord & Watson 2003, pp. 33, 36, 86–87.\n\n^ a b c d \"4th Division\". Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2023.\n\n^ \"No. 41326\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 February 1958. p. 1429. and \"No. 41839\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 October 1959. p. 6415.\n\n^ a b DeVore 2009, pp. 281–282.\n\n^ Taylor 2010, pp. 6–7.\n\n^ Mason 1975, p. 23.\n\n^ Isby 1988, pp. 331–332.\n\n^ Dodd 1977, p. 375.\n\n^ Isby 1988, p. 332.\n\n^ Stone 1998, p. 224.\n\n^ Blume 2007, pp. 4–5.\n\n^ Blume 2007, p. 5.\n\n^ Taylor 2010, pp. 8–9.\n\n^ Blume 2007, p. 7.\n\n^ Tanner 2014, p. 13.\n\n^ Heyman 1997, pp. 14, 22–23, 28.\n\n^ a b Heyman 2007, p. 35.\n\n^ Tanner 2014, pp. 7, 14.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"'4th Division'. Caricature of Lt-Gen Neville Lyttelton by 'Spy', published in Vanity Fair in 1901.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Neville_Gerald_Lyttelton%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1901-09-05.jpg/170px-Neville_Gerald_Lyttelton%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1901-09-05.jpg"},{"image_text":"Troops of the 1st Battalion, King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) in the front trench at St. Marguerite, 22 September 1914. The officer is Second Lieutenant R. C. Matthews, probably the Officer Commanding \"A\" Company.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_First_Battle_of_the_Aisne%2C_September_1914_Q51499.jpg/220px-The_First_Battle_of_the_Aisne%2C_September_1914_Q51499.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the Western Front, 1915–16","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Western_front_1915-16.jpg/220px-Western_front_1915-16.jpg"},{"image_text":"Men of the 1st Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment in a section of trench named 'Pudding Lane', 4th Division near Roubaix, 3 April 1940. Note the hand grenades ready for use.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_British_Army_in_France_1940_F3552.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_France_1940_F3552.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Duke of Kent inspects Universal Carriers of the 1st Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment, at Camberley, Surrey, 16 March 1942.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H17909.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H17909.jpg"},{"image_text":"Men of the 6th Battalion, Black Watch crouch down in a landing craft as it approaches the shore, during combined operations training in Scotland, 17 November 1942.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Men_of_6th_Battalion%2C_the_Black_Watch_crouch_down_in_a_landing_craft_as_it_approaches_the_shore%2C_during_combined_operations_training_in_Scotland%2C_17_November_1942._H25391.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Military Headquarters Building, where the division's headquarters was based, at Aldershot.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Aldershot_Command_Headquarters_Building.jpeg/220px-Aldershot_Command_Headquarters_Building.jpeg"}] | [{"title":"United Kingdom portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom"},{"title":"List of commanders of the British 4th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commanders_of_the_British_4th_Division"},{"title":"List of British divisions in World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_divisions_in_World_War_I"},{"title":"List of British divisions in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_divisions_in_World_War_II"},{"title":"British Army Order of Battle (September 1939)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army_Order_of_Battle_(September_1939)"}] | [{"reference":"Lipscombe, Nick (2014). Bayonne and Toulouse 1813–14: Wellington invades France. Osprey. p. 23. ISBN 978-1472802774.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=09ydCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23","url_text":"Bayonne and Toulouse 1813–14: Wellington invades France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472802774","url_text":"978-1472802774"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter XIV. The Last Square\". les miserables.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/les_miserables/84/","url_text":"les miserables"}]},{"reference":"\"4th Division: The history of 4th Division\". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 20 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/4th-division/","url_text":"\"4th Division: The history of 4th Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 4th Division in 1914-1918: The history of 4th Division\". Archived from the original on 5 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150505083155/http://www.1914-1918.net/4div.htm","url_text":"\"The 4th Division in 1914-1918: The history of 4th Division\""},{"url":"http://www.1914-1918.net/4div.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Richard A. Rinaldi. \"Royal Engineers, World War I\" (PDF). Orbat.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140124134241/http://orbat.com/site/uk_orbats/files/6/RE%20World%20War%20I.pdf","url_text":"\"Royal Engineers, World War I\""},{"url":"http://orbat.com/site/uk_orbats/files/6/RE%20World%20War%20I.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Uniforms and Insignia – badge, formation, 4th Infantry Division (Show more)\". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 19 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30071728","url_text":"\"Uniforms and Insignia – badge, formation, 4th Infantry Division (Show more)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum","url_text":"Imperial War Museum"}]},{"reference":"\"Uniforms and Insignia – badge, formation, 4th Infantry Division (Show more)\". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 28 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30071729","url_text":"\"Uniforms and Insignia – badge, formation, 4th Infantry Division (Show more)\""}]},{"reference":"Medley, R. H. (1995). Cap Badge: The Story of Four Battalions of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment (T.A.), 1939-47. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-0850524345.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AgSSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117","url_text":"Cap Badge: The Story of Four Battalions of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment (T.A.), 1939-47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850524345","url_text":"978-0850524345"}]},{"reference":"\"Medal entitlement of: Major Richard Wakeford\". Retrieved 26 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/puwakefo.htm","url_text":"\"Medal entitlement of: Major Richard Wakeford\""}]},{"reference":"\"4th Recce Regiment at the Reconnaissance Corps website\". Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121223130346/http://www.recce.adsl24.co.uk/regts/4th.htm","url_text":"\"4th Recce Regiment at the Reconnaissance Corps website\""},{"url":"http://www.recce.adsl24.co.uk/regts/4th.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"17 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\". Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928015648/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page17.html","url_text":"\"17 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\""},{"url":"http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page17.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"22 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\". Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150112055704/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page22.html","url_text":"\"22 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\""},{"url":"http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page22.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"30 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\". Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150208135837/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page30.html","url_text":"\"30 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\""},{"url":"http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page30.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"77 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084028/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page77.html","url_text":"\"77 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\""},{"url":"http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page77.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"14 A/T Rgt at RA 1939–45\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083854/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/atk/page2.html","url_text":"\"14 A/T Rgt at RA 1939–45\""},{"url":"http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/atk/page2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"91 LAA Rgt at RA 1939–45\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120454/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/laa/page85.html","url_text":"\"91 LAA Rgt at RA 1939–45\""},{"url":"http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/laa/page85.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Last Indian Troops To Leave Europe\". The Times. No. 50374. London. 12 February 1946. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"4th Division\". Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100922091006/https://www.army.mod.uk/structure/2082.aspx","url_text":"\"4th Division\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Ministry of Defence"},{"url":"https://www.army.mod.uk/structure/2082.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41326\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 February 1958. p. 1429.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41326/supplement/1429","url_text":"\"No. 41326\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41839\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 October 1959. p. 6415.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41839/supplement/6415","url_text":"\"No. 41839\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Amery, L.S. (ed.). The Times History of the War in South Africa 1899-1902. London: Sampson Low, Marston.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Amery","url_text":"Amery, L.S."},{"url":"https://www.angloboerwar.com/books/118-amery-times-history-of-the-war-pdf","url_text":"The Times History of the War in South Africa 1899-1902"}]},{"reference":"Becke, A.F. (2007). History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 1: The Regular British Divisions. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 978-1-847347-38-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-847347-38-1","url_text":"978-1-847347-38-1"}]},{"reference":"Blaxland, Gregory. Alexander's Generals, the Italian Campaign 1944–45.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Blume, Peter (2007). BAOR The Final Years: Vehicles of the British Army of the Rhine 1980 – 1994. Erlangen, Germany: Tankograd Publishing. OCLC 252418281.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/252418281","url_text":"252418281"}]},{"reference":"Cole, Howard (1973). Formation Badges of World War 2. Britain, Commonwealth and Empire. London: Arms and Armour Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"DeVore, Marc Ronald (2009). Armed Forces, States and Threats: Civil-Military Institutions and Military Power in Modern Democracies (PhD). Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/59797. OCLC 680546037. Retrieved 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/59797","url_text":"Armed Forces, States and Threats: Civil-Military Institutions and Military Power in Modern Democracies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology","url_text":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F59797","url_text":"1721.1/59797"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/680546037","url_text":"680546037"}]},{"reference":"Dodd, Norman (August 1977). \"British New Look Divisions Tested in Exercise Spearpoint\" (PDF). Militaire Spectator. Breda and The Hague, Netherlands: Broese / Vrijens: 373–379. OCLC 781537634. Retrieved 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.militairespectator.nl/sites/default/files/bestanden/uitgaven/1977/1977-0373-01-0093.PDF","url_text":"\"British New Look Divisions Tested in Exercise Spearpoint\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/781537634","url_text":"781537634"}]},{"reference":"Frederick, J.B.M. (1984). Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978. Vol. II. Wakefield: Microform Academic. ISBN 1-85117-009-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85117-009-X","url_text":"1-85117-009-X"}]},{"reference":"Heyman, Charles (1997). The British Army Pocket Guide 1997/1998. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-0-85052-539-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/britisharmypocke0000unse_q3g6/","url_text":"The British Army Pocket Guide 1997/1998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-539-7","url_text":"978-0-85052-539-7"}]},{"reference":"Heyman, Charles (2007). The British Army: A Pocket Guide 2008–2009. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-78340-811-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78340-811-5","url_text":"978-1-78340-811-5"}]},{"reference":"Isby, David C. (1988). \"Developments in the Front-Line States: The United Kingdom\". In Simon, Jeffrey (ed.). NATO-Warsaw Pact Force Mobilization. Washington D.C.: National Defense University Press. pp. 317–352. OCLC 18522267.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_University_Press","url_text":"National Defense University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18522267","url_text":"18522267"}]},{"reference":"Joslen, H.F. (2003). Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-843424-74-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-843424-74-6","url_text":"1-843424-74-6"}]},{"reference":"Litchfield, Norman E.H. (1992). The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges). Nottingham: Sherwood Press. ISBN 0-9508205-2-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9508205-2-0","url_text":"0-9508205-2-0"}]},{"reference":"Lord, Cliff; Watson, Graham (2003). The Royal Corps of Signals: Unit Histories of the Corps (1920–2001) and its Antecedents. West Midlands: Helion. ISBN 978-1-874622-07-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874622-07-9","url_text":"978-1-874622-07-9"}]},{"reference":"Lyttelton, Neville (1927). Eighty Years: Soldiering, Politics, Games. London: Hodder & Stoughton.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Lyttelton","url_text":"Lyttelton, Neville"}]},{"reference":"Mason, Roy (1975). \"Chapter I: The Defence Review\". CAB 129/181/21: C (75) 21 Statement on the Defence Estimates 1975. London: H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 1–38. OCLC 1141000943. Retrieved 28 October 2019 – via The National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C9298672","url_text":"CAB 129/181/21: C (75) 21 Statement on the Defence Estimates 1975"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141000943","url_text":"1141000943"}]},{"reference":"Pemberton, W. Baring (1962). Battles of the Crimean War. Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-02181-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-02181-8","url_text":"0-330-02181-8"}]},{"reference":"Siborne, H.T. (30 September 1993), Waterloo Letters, Frontline Books, p. 5, ISBN 978-1-85367-156-2","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FEWaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5","url_text":"Waterloo Letters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-156-2","url_text":"978-1-85367-156-2"}]},{"reference":"Stone, David (1998). Cold War Warriors: The Story of the Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment (Berkshire and Wiltshire). London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0-850-52618-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-850-52618-9","url_text":"978-0-850-52618-9"}]},{"reference":"Tanner, James (2014). The British Army since 2000. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-593-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-593-3","url_text":"978-1-78200-593-3"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Claire (2010). \"A Brief Guide to Previous British Defence Reviews (SN/IA/5714)\" (PDF). House of Commons Library: International Affairs and Defence Section. Retrieved 28 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05714/SN05714.pdf","url_text":"\"A Brief Guide to Previous British Defence Reviews (SN/IA/5714)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=09ydCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23","external_links_name":"Bayonne and Toulouse 1813–14: Wellington invades France"},{"Link":"http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/les_miserables/84/","external_links_name":"les miserables"},{"Link":"https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory03-07.pdf","external_links_name":"Amery, Vol III, p. 152."},{"Link":"https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory02-09.pdf","external_links_name":"Amery, Vol II, p. 323."},{"Link":"https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory04-15a.pdf","external_links_name":"Amery, Vol IV, Appendix to Chapters I-XIV, pp. 503–14."},{"Link":"https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory04-05.pdf","external_links_name":"Amery, Vol IV, p. 168."},{"Link":"https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory04-13.pdf","external_links_name":"Amery, Vol IV, p. 437."},{"Link":"https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory04-05.pdf","external_links_name":"Amery, Vol IV, pp. 175–80."},{"Link":"https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory04-11.pdf","external_links_name":"Amery, Vol IV, pp. 398–9."},{"Link":"https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory04-13.pdf","external_links_name":"Amery, Vol IV, pp. 438–56."},{"Link":"https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory04-13.pdf","external_links_name":"Amery, Vol IV, pp. 460–8."},{"Link":"https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/TimesHistory05-02.pdf","external_links_name":"Amery, Vol V, pp. 47–50."},{"Link":"https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/4th-division/","external_links_name":"\"4th Division: The history of 4th Division\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150505083155/http://www.1914-1918.net/4div.htm","external_links_name":"\"The 4th Division in 1914-1918: The history of 4th Division\""},{"Link":"http://www.1914-1918.net/4div.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140124134241/http://orbat.com/site/uk_orbats/files/6/RE%20World%20War%20I.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Royal Engineers, World War I\""},{"Link":"http://orbat.com/site/uk_orbats/files/6/RE%20World%20War%20I.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30071728","external_links_name":"\"Uniforms and Insignia – badge, formation, 4th Infantry Division (Show more)\""},{"Link":"https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30071729","external_links_name":"\"Uniforms and Insignia – badge, formation, 4th Infantry Division (Show more)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AgSSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117","external_links_name":"Cap Badge: The Story of Four Battalions of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment (T.A.), 1939-47"},{"Link":"http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/puwakefo.htm","external_links_name":"\"Medal entitlement of: Major Richard Wakeford\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121223130346/http://www.recce.adsl24.co.uk/regts/4th.htm","external_links_name":"\"4th Recce Regiment at the Reconnaissance Corps website\""},{"Link":"http://www.recce.adsl24.co.uk/regts/4th.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928015648/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page17.html","external_links_name":"\"17 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\""},{"Link":"http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page17.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150112055704/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page22.html","external_links_name":"\"22 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\""},{"Link":"http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page22.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150208135837/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page30.html","external_links_name":"\"30 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\""},{"Link":"http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page30.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084028/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page77.html","external_links_name":"\"77 Fd Rgt at RA 1939–45\""},{"Link":"http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/field/page77.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083854/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/atk/page2.html","external_links_name":"\"14 A/T Rgt at RA 1939–45\""},{"Link":"http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/atk/page2.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120454/http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/laa/page85.html","external_links_name":"\"91 LAA Rgt at RA 1939–45\""},{"Link":"http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/laa/page85.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100922091006/https://www.army.mod.uk/structure/2082.aspx","external_links_name":"\"4th Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.army.mod.uk/structure/2082.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41326/supplement/1429","external_links_name":"\"No. 41326\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41839/supplement/6415","external_links_name":"\"No. 41839\""},{"Link":"https://www.angloboerwar.com/books/118-amery-times-history-of-the-war-pdf","external_links_name":"The Times History of the War in South Africa 1899-1902"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/252418281","external_links_name":"252418281"},{"Link":"https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/59797","external_links_name":"Armed Forces, States and Threats: Civil-Military Institutions and Military Power in Modern Democracies"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F59797","external_links_name":"1721.1/59797"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/680546037","external_links_name":"680546037"},{"Link":"https://www.militairespectator.nl/sites/default/files/bestanden/uitgaven/1977/1977-0373-01-0093.PDF","external_links_name":"\"British New Look Divisions Tested in Exercise Spearpoint\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/781537634","external_links_name":"781537634"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/britisharmypocke0000unse_q3g6/","external_links_name":"The British Army Pocket Guide 1997/1998"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18522267","external_links_name":"18522267"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C9298672","external_links_name":"CAB 129/181/21: C (75) 21 Statement on the Defence Estimates 1975"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141000943","external_links_name":"1141000943"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FEWaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5","external_links_name":"Waterloo Letters"},{"Link":"https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05714/SN05714.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Brief Guide to Previous British Defence Reviews (SN/IA/5714)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_advertising | Bus advertising | ["1 History","2 Infrastructure","3 Tickets","4 Bus interiors","5 Bus exteriors","5.1 Panels","5.2 Partial and full adverts","6 Technologies","7 Campaign and promotion buses","8 Legal issues","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bus advertising" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A bus with a full side surface advert.
A bus with a rear advert.
In bus advertising, buses and their related infrastructure is a medium commonly used by advertisers to reach the public with their message. Usually, this takes the form of promoting commercial brands, but can also be used for public campaign messages. Buses may also be used as part of a political or promotional campaign, or as a tool in a commercial enterprise.
History
A mule-drawn streetcar at Lafayette Square along St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans in the early 1890s. The front apron of the streetcar displays an advertisement for a performance of Trovatore! at the French Opera House.
Bus advertising descends from similar methods used on streetcars in the early 20th century.
Infrastructure
Adverts are placed in bus shelters. These can be static posters, or back illuminated displays, or rolling displays allowing many messages on one shelter. Technology has also been used to create interactive adverts.
Adverts may also be installed on associated street furniture such as the backs of benches at stops. Sized at approximately 2.5 by 6.5 feet, bus bench ads tend to be cheaper per unit than other forms of outdoor mass advertising.
Tickets
Often, the paper bus ticket is used as an advertising space. The ticket rolls for the ticket machines are pre-printed on the rear with a particular company's advert.
Bus interiors
A common location for adverts is inside the bus. Adverts are attached to the corners between the walls and ceiling overhead to catch the eye of passengers, in the same manner as used in rapid transit systems.
Increasingly, companies are using interior television systems to advertise. The most common technology is the LCD-TFT systems in different resolutions: 18.5" (also side-by-side panels 18.5" + 18.5"), 21.5" and stretched monitors in 29.4".
The LCD-TFT were originally installed to show route information to passengers (next-stop, path, maps, intersection with other routes etc.), then additional public information (messages from bus company, the Public Administration, etc.) and entertainment, which is known with the neologism infotainment. It common to use this space for both public information and advertising, providing both a public service but also a regular income for the different players involved in the public transport.
Bus exteriors
A bus with a full rear surface advert, and a side panel advert fitted in special guides
A BEST Bus with advertisements on its body. The bus is supplied free of cost in exchange for advertising rights.
A bus in Singapore with an advertisement for Amazon, with 2D billboards and 3D boxes on the roof of the bus.
Panels
Adverts are often placed as basic rectangular motifs on the side or front of a bus. These may be applied directly to the bus. Additionally, adverts may be printed on placards known as boards, which are slotted into special guide fittings attached to the side of the bus.
Partial and full adverts
Occasionally, the entire surface of a bus is turned into an advertisement. This can be a whole side or rear of a bus, or a scheme applied to the entire exterior, known as an 'all-over advert' bus.
A variety of formats are available to marketeers, although the most commonly used media formats are:
T-sides
Supersides
Streetliners
Rears and Mega Rears (Bus backs)
Full Wraps
There are different options available to these formats in London because of the city's iconic, Double-decker bus.
Advertisers looking to promote a message can also make use of these formats which include:
London Gold Frame
Route Master
Depending on the size of the bus and its location, further creative can consist of:
Coving Panels and Bulk Heads
Super Squares
Upper Bus Rears
In some jurisdictions, such as Singapore, advertising agencies offer advertisements on 2D billboards which extend upwards from the bus, as well as 3D concept advertising on the roof of buses.
Technologies
Vinyl decals allowing use of windows, on a side and rear advert for alcohol on a Berlin bus
Some panel and full side and all-over adverts were traditionally painted on if the length of application warranted it. This would require a reasonable longevity and cost implication for advertisers, due to the requirement to take buses out of service to apply and remove paint schemes. Frequently changed panel adverts would use replaceable boards.
With the advent of adhesive vinyl technologies, this allowed adverts to be rapidly applied and removed over the top of the buses exterior paint as decals, reducing the cost and time.
The invention of see-through graphics, most commonly applied as a self-adhesive perforated window film, allowed the creation of more elaborate designs that could be applied over windows (although for safety reasons not the front window), moving away from the traditional square box design approach to adverts.
With the advent of partially transparent window coverage techniques, all over adverts have been applied as a full vehicle advertising wrap windows and all. The transition from screen printing to digital printing has seen an increase in the color range and complexity of advert designs.
The latest bus advertising campaign by Adidas for the Brazil World Cup 2014 made use of full wrap and window coverage techniques. Transport for London launched the new formats as part of its ‘year of the bus’ celebrations, which commemorates the 60th anniversary of the Routemaster bus and the 100th anniversary of the first mass-produced motorbus.
Campaign and promotion buses
A campaign bus
See also: Campaign bus
In addition to public transport buses, all-over advert buses are often privately hired specifically for a special promotional use, such as a political campaign or specific product promotions. These will often make use of open top buses to allow the interaction of the campaigners/promoters with the public.
Legal issues
In Norway, the use of wrap advertising on buses was prohibited by the road authorities. The reason behind the ban was that in an emergency the windows might need to serve as an emergency exit, and that the advertising would make the window harder to break with the emergency hammer. Gaia Trafikk argued against the ban, pointing out that their tests showed that the thin wrap had no impact on the breakability of the window, but did remove the advertising which covered the windows.
See also
Driven media
Fleet media
Mobile billboard
Out-of-home advertising
School bus advertising
Truckside advertisement
Wrap advertising
References
^ "Overview Of Bus Bench Ads". busbenchads.com. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
^ Deshmane, Akshay (28 November 2010). "BEST to induct Volvo buses in fleet on Monday". Daily News and Analysis. Mumbai. Retrieved Mar 19, 2015.
^ "Commercial Advertising on Bus Contracting Model Buses | Land Transport Guru - Part 2". 2016-09-29. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
^ Swift, James. "Adidas takes over London buses for World Cup campaign". Campaign Magazine. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
^ Macleod, Ishbel. "Adidas takes to streets of London with 32 painted buses by Exterion Media". The Drum. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
^ Livsfarlig reklame ("Life-threatening advertising") Dagbladet, 5 July 2001, retrieved 17 April 2007
External links
Media related to Advertisements on buses at Wikimedia Commons
Buses portal
vteBusesListChassis
Articulated
Bi-articulated
Bruck
Coach
Combination
Cutaway van chassis
Double-decker
Lowbridge double-deck
High-floor
Low-floor
Midi
Mini
Multi-axle
Open-top
Rigid
Single-decker
Snow coach
Trailer
Transit Elevated
Roadway
Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit
Bombardier Guided Light Transit
Guided
Rapid transit
Uses
Advert
Airport
Armoured
Campaign
Express
Mobile lounge
Party
Police
School
by country
Shuttle
Sleeper
Transit
Train replacement
Training
Tour
Tourist trolley
Power
Dual-mode
Electric
Battery electric bus
Capacitor electric bus
Charging
Ground-level
Inductive
Overhead
Fuel cell
Gyro
Hybrid electric bus
Solar
Trolleybus
Manufacturing
Electric bus
School bus
Trolleybus
Buses portal
Category
vtePublic transportBus service
Bus
driver
list
Bus rapid transit
Charabanc
Circle route
Cross-city route
Express bus
Guided bus
Intercity bus
driver
Marshrutka
Open top bus
Pesero
Public light bus
Rail replacement bus
Share taxi/Taxibus
Shuttle bus
Transit bus
Trolleybus
Rail
Passenger rail terminology
glossary
Airport rail link
Cable car
Commuter rail
Circle route
Cross-city route
Elevated railway
Funicular
Heavy rail
Heritage railway
Heritage streetcar
High-speed rail
Higher-speed rail
Horsecar
Inter-city rail
Interurban
Light rail
Maglev
Medium-capacity rail system
Monorail
Narrow-gauge railway
People mover
Platform screen doors
Railbus
Metro/Rapid Transit
Rubber-tyred metro
Regional rail
Street running
Suspension railway
Tram
Tram-train
Vehicles for hire
Auto rickshaw taxi
Boda boda
Combination bus
Cycle rickshaw
Demand-responsive transport
Microtransit
Paratransit
Dollar van
Dolmuş
Gondola
Hackney carriage
Jeepney
Limousine
Motorcycle taxi
Marshrutka
Nanny van
Personal rapid transit
Pesero
Public light bus
Pulled rickshaw
Share taxi
Songthaew
Taxi
Tuk tuk
Carpooling
Car jockey
Flexible carpooling
Real-time ridesharing
Slugging
Vanpool
Ship
Cable ferry
Ferry
Hovercraft
Hydrofoil
Ocean liner
Vaporetto
Water taxi
Cable
Aerial tramway
Cable ferry
Cable railway
Elevator
Funicular
Gondola lift
bicable
tricable
Inclined elevator
Building transport
Elevator
Escalator
Moving walkway
Inclined elevator
Othertransport
Airline
Airliner
Carsharing
Bicycle-sharing
Scooter-sharing
Elevator
Escalator
Horse-drawn vehicle
Hyperloop
Inclined elevator
Moving walkway
Personal transporter
Robotaxi
Shweeb
Slope car
Trackless train
Vactrain
Locations
Airport
Bus bulb
Bus garage
Bus lane
Bus stand
Bus station
Bus stop
Bus turnout (bus bay)
Dry dock
Ferry terminal
Hangar
Harbor
Interchange station
Kassel kerb
Layover
Metro station
Park and ride
Port
Queue jump
Taxicab stand
Train station
Tram stop
Transit mall
Transport hub
Ticketingand fares
Automated fare collection
Bus advertising
Contract of carriage
Dead mileage
Exit fare
Fare avoidance
Fare capping
Fare evasion
Farebox recovery ratio
Free public transport
Free travel pass
Integrated ticketing
Manual fare collection
Money train
Paid area
Penalty fare
Proof-of-payment
Reduced fare program
Smart cards (CIPURSE, Calypso)
Ticket machine
Transfer
Transit pass
Routing
Circle route
Cross-city route
Network length
Non-revenue track
Radial route
Transport network
Facilities
Checked baggage
First class
Sleeper
Standing passenger
Travel class
Scheduling
Bus bunching
Clock-face scheduling
Headway
Night (owl) service
On-time performance
Public transport timetable
Short turn
Politics
Airport security
Complete streets
Green transport hierarchy
Rail subsidies
Security
Street hierarchy
Transit district
Transit police
Transit-oriented development (TOD)
Transportation authority
Transportation demand management
Transportation planning
Technologyand signage
Destination sign
Passenger information system
Platform display
Timetable
Other topics
Boarding
Bus rapid transit creep
Crush load
Destination sign
Dwell time
Hail and ride
Land transport
Outline of transport
Passenger load factor
Public good
Request stop
Service
Sustainable transport
Timing point
Transit map
Transport economics
Micromobility
Transport portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pink_bus.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ECMB2008-BusAdCrppd.jpg"},{"link_name":"buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus"},{"link_name":"advertisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand"}],"text":"A bus with a full side surface advert.A bus with a rear advert.In bus advertising, buses and their related infrastructure is a medium commonly used by advertisers to reach the public with their message. Usually, this takes the form of promoting commercial brands, but can also be used for public campaign messages. Buses may also be used as part of a political or promotional campaign, or as a tool in a commercial enterprise.","title":"Bus advertising"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CanalRobinsonsMuseumTram.jpg"},{"link_name":"mule-drawn streetcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsecar"},{"link_name":"Lafayette Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"St. Charles Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Charles_Avenue"},{"link_name":"French Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"streetcars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A mule-drawn streetcar at Lafayette Square along St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans in the early 1890s. The front apron of the streetcar displays an advertisement for a performance of Trovatore! at the French Opera House.Bus advertising descends from similar methods used on streetcars in the early 20th century.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bus shelters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_shelter"},{"link_name":"interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive"},{"link_name":"benches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_(furniture)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Adverts are placed in bus shelters. These can be static posters, or back illuminated displays, or rolling displays allowing many messages on one shelter. Technology has also been used to create interactive adverts.Adverts may also be installed on associated street furniture such as the backs of benches at stops. Sized at approximately 2.5 by 6.5 feet, bus bench ads tend to be cheaper per unit than other forms of outdoor mass advertising.[1]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bus ticket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticket_(admission)"},{"link_name":"ticket machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticket_machine"}],"text":"Often, the paper bus ticket is used as an advertising space. The ticket rolls for the ticket machines are pre-printed on the rear with a particular company's advert.","title":"Tickets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"}],"text":"A common location for adverts is inside the bus. Adverts are attached to the corners between the walls and ceiling overhead to catch the eye of passengers, in the same manner as used in rapid transit systems.Increasingly, companies are using interior television systems to advertise. The most common technology is the LCD-TFT systems in different resolutions: 18.5\" (also side-by-side panels 18.5\" + 18.5\"), 21.5\" and stretched monitors in 29.4\".The LCD-TFT were originally installed to show route information to passengers (next-stop, path, maps, intersection with other routes etc.), then additional public information (messages from bus company, the Public Administration, etc.) and entertainment, which is known with the neologism infotainment. It common to use this space for both public information and advertising, providing both a public service but also a regular income for the different players involved in the public transport.","title":"Bus interiors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transdev_Yellow_Buses_114_rear.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BEST-Volvo-AS4-WTC.jpg"},{"link_name":"BEST Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEST_Bus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BESTvolvo-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SMB1412Z_167.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"}],"text":"A bus with a full rear surface advert, and a side panel advert fitted in special guidesA BEST Bus with advertisements on its body. The bus is supplied free of cost in exchange for advertising rights.[2]A bus in Singapore with an advertisement for Amazon, with 2D billboards and 3D boxes on the roof of the bus.","title":"Bus exteriors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Panels","text":"Adverts are often placed as basic rectangular motifs on the side or front of a bus. These may be applied directly to the bus. Additionally, adverts may be printed on placards known as boards, which are slotted into special guide fittings attached to the side of the bus.","title":"Bus exteriors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Double-decker bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-decker_bus"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Partial and full adverts","text":"Occasionally, the entire surface of a bus is turned into an advertisement. This can be a whole side or rear of a bus, or a scheme applied to the entire exterior, known as an 'all-over advert' bus.A variety of formats are available to marketeers, although the most commonly used media formats are:T-sides\nSupersides\nStreetliners\nRears and Mega Rears (Bus backs)\nFull WrapsThere are different options available to these formats in London because of the city's iconic, Double-decker bus.Advertisers looking to promote a message can also make use of these formats which include:London Gold Frame\nRoute MasterDepending on the size of the bus and its location, further creative can consist of:Coving Panels and Bulk Heads\nSuper Squares\nUpper Bus RearsIn some jurisdictions, such as Singapore, advertising agencies offer advertisements on 2D billboards which extend upwards from the bus, as well as 3D concept advertising on the roof of buses.[3]","title":"Bus exteriors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J%C3%A4germeister_Bus.jpg"},{"link_name":"painted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint"},{"link_name":"decals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decal"},{"link_name":"see-through graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See-through_graphics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"vehicle advertising wrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_advertising_wrap"},{"link_name":"screen printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_printing"},{"link_name":"digital printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_printing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Vinyl decals allowing use of windows, on a side and rear advert for alcohol on a Berlin busSome panel and full side and all-over adverts were traditionally painted on if the length of application warranted it. This would require a reasonable longevity and cost implication for advertisers, due to the requirement to take buses out of service to apply and remove paint schemes. Frequently changed panel adverts would use replaceable boards.With the advent of adhesive vinyl technologies, this allowed adverts to be rapidly applied and removed over the top of the buses exterior paint as decals, reducing the cost and time.The invention of see-through graphics, most commonly applied as a self-adhesive perforated window film, allowed the creation of more elaborate designs that could be applied over windows (although for safety reasons not the front window), moving away from the traditional square box design approach to adverts.[citation needed]With the advent of partially transparent window coverage techniques, all over adverts have been applied as a full vehicle advertising wrap windows and all. The transition from screen printing to digital printing has seen an increase in the color range and complexity of advert designs.The latest bus advertising campaign by Adidas for the Brazil World Cup 2014 made use of full wrap and window coverage techniques.[4] Transport for London launched the new formats as part of its ‘year of the bus’ celebrations, which commemorates the 60th anniversary of the Routemaster bus and the 100th anniversary of the first mass-produced motorbus.[5]","title":"Technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_XAP1_(9150413983).jpg"},{"link_name":"Campaign bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_bus"},{"link_name":"public transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport"},{"link_name":"political campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_campaign"},{"link_name":"open top buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_top_bus"}],"text":"A campaign busSee also: Campaign busIn addition to public transport buses, all-over advert buses are often privately hired specifically for a special promotional use, such as a political campaign or specific product promotions. These will often make use of open top buses to allow the interaction of the campaigners/promoters with the public.","title":"Campaign and promotion buses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"emergency exit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_exit"},{"link_name":"emergency hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_hammer"},{"link_name":"Gaia Trafikk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_Trafikk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In Norway, the use of wrap advertising on buses was prohibited by the road authorities. The reason behind the ban was that in an emergency the windows might need to serve as an emergency exit, and that the advertising would make the window harder to break with the emergency hammer. Gaia Trafikk argued against the ban, pointing out that their tests showed that the thin wrap had no impact on the breakability of the window, but did remove the advertising which covered the windows.[6]","title":"Legal issues"}] | [{"image_text":"A bus with a full side surface advert.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pink_bus.JPG/300px-Pink_bus.JPG"},{"image_text":"A bus with a rear advert.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/ECMB2008-BusAdCrppd.jpg/300px-ECMB2008-BusAdCrppd.jpg"},{"image_text":"A mule-drawn streetcar at Lafayette Square along St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans in the early 1890s. The front apron of the streetcar displays an advertisement for a performance of Trovatore! at the French Opera House.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CanalRobinsonsMuseumTram.jpg/300px-CanalRobinsonsMuseumTram.jpg"},{"image_text":"A bus with a full rear surface advert, and a side panel advert fitted in special guides","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Transdev_Yellow_Buses_114_rear.JPG/300px-Transdev_Yellow_Buses_114_rear.JPG"},{"image_text":"A BEST Bus with advertisements on its body. The bus is supplied free of cost in exchange for advertising rights.[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BEST-Volvo-AS4-WTC.jpg/300px-BEST-Volvo-AS4-WTC.jpg"},{"image_text":"A bus in Singapore with an advertisement for Amazon, with 2D billboards and 3D boxes on the roof of the bus.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SMB1412Z_167.jpg/300px-SMB1412Z_167.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vinyl decals allowing use of windows, on a side and rear advert for alcohol on a Berlin bus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/J%C3%A4germeister_Bus.jpg/300px-J%C3%A4germeister_Bus.jpg"},{"image_text":"A campaign bus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sony_XAP1_%289150413983%29.jpg/300px-Sony_XAP1_%289150413983%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Driven media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driven_media"},{"title":"Fleet media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_media"},{"title":"Mobile billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_billboard"},{"title":"Out-of-home advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-home_advertising"},{"title":"School bus advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_bus_advertising"},{"title":"Truckside advertisement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckside_advertisement"},{"title":"Wrap advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrap_advertising"}] | [{"reference":"\"Overview Of Bus Bench Ads\". busbenchads.com. Retrieved 26 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://busbenchads.com/","url_text":"\"Overview Of Bus Bench Ads\""}]},{"reference":"Deshmane, Akshay (28 November 2010). \"BEST to induct Volvo buses in fleet on Monday\". Daily News and Analysis. Mumbai. Retrieved Mar 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-best-to-induct-volvo-buses-in-fleet-on-monday-1473168","url_text":"\"BEST to induct Volvo buses in fleet on Monday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis","url_text":"Daily News and Analysis"}]},{"reference":"\"Commercial Advertising on Bus Contracting Model Buses | Land Transport Guru - Part 2\". 2016-09-29. Retrieved 2023-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://landtransportguru.net/commercial-advertising-on-bus-contracting-model-buses/2/","url_text":"\"Commercial Advertising on Bus Contracting Model Buses | Land Transport Guru - Part 2\""}]},{"reference":"Swift, James. \"Adidas takes over London buses for World Cup campaign\". Campaign Magazine. Retrieved 26 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/adidas-takes-london-buses-world-cup-campaign//1295922","url_text":"\"Adidas takes over London buses for World Cup campaign\""}]},{"reference":"Macleod, Ishbel. \"Adidas takes to streets of London with 32 painted buses by Exterion Media\". The Drum. Retrieved 26 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedrum.com/news/2014/05/27/adidas-takes-streets-london-32-painted-buses-exterion-media","url_text":"\"Adidas takes to streets of London with 32 painted buses by Exterion Media\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bus+advertising%22","external_links_name":"\"Bus advertising\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bus+advertising%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bus+advertising%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bus+advertising%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bus+advertising%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bus+advertising%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://busbenchads.com/","external_links_name":"\"Overview Of Bus Bench Ads\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-best-to-induct-volvo-buses-in-fleet-on-monday-1473168","external_links_name":"\"BEST to induct Volvo buses in fleet on Monday\""},{"Link":"https://landtransportguru.net/commercial-advertising-on-bus-contracting-model-buses/2/","external_links_name":"\"Commercial Advertising on Bus Contracting Model Buses | Land Transport Guru - Part 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/adidas-takes-london-buses-world-cup-campaign//1295922","external_links_name":"\"Adidas takes over London buses for World Cup campaign\""},{"Link":"http://www.thedrum.com/news/2014/05/27/adidas-takes-streets-london-32-painted-buses-exterion-media","external_links_name":"\"Adidas takes to streets of London with 32 painted buses by Exterion Media\""},{"Link":"http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2001/07/05/267660.html","external_links_name":"Livsfarlig reklame"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirs | Emir | ["1 Origins","2 Princely, ministerial and noble titles","3 Military ranks and titles","4 Other uses","5 See also","6 References"] | Title of high office in the Muslim world
For other uses, see Emir (disambiguation).
"Amir" redirects here. For the name, see Amir (name). For other uses, see Amir (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Emir" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The court of the Durrani Emirate of Afghanistan in 1839
Emir (/əˈmɪər, eɪˈmɪər, ˈeɪmɪər/; Arabic: أمير ʾamīr (listenⓘ), also transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or ceremonial authority. The title has a long history of use in the Arab World, East Africa, West Africa, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. In the modern era, when used as a formal monarchical title, it is roughly synonymous with "prince", applicable both to a son of a hereditary monarch, and to a reigning monarch of a sovereign principality, namely an emirate. The feminine form is emira (أميرة ʾamīrah), with the same meaning as "princess".
Prior to its use as a monarchical title, the term "emir" was historically used to denote a "commander", "general", or "leader" (for example, Amir al-Mu'min). In contemporary usage, "emir" is also sometimes used as either an honorary or formal title for the head of an Islamic, or Arab (regardless of religion) organisation or movement.
Qatar and Kuwait are the only independent countries which retain the title "emir" for their monarchs. In recent years, the title has been gradually replaced by "king" by contemporary hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of law. A notable example is Bahrain, whose monarch changed his title from emir to king in 2002.
Origins
Amir, meaning "lord" or "commander-in-chief", is derived from the Arabic root a-m-r, "command". Originally simply meaning "commander", it came to be used as a title of leaders, governors, or rulers of smaller states. In modern Arabic the word is analogous to the title "Prince". The word entered English in 1593, from the French émir. It was one of the titles or names of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Princely, ministerial and noble titles
Emir of Kano, Sanusi Lamido Sanusi
Mohammed Alim Khan, Emir of Bukhara, taken in 1911 by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky
The monarchs of Qatar and Kuwait are currently titled emir.
All members of the House of Saud have the title of emir (prince).
The caliphs first used the title Amir al-Muminin or "Commander of the Faithful", stressing their leadership over the Islamic empire, especially over the militia. The title has been assumed by various other Muslim rulers, including sultans and emirs. For Shia Muslims, they still give this title to the Caliph Ali as Amir al-Muminin.
The Abbasid (in theory still universal) Caliph Al-Radi created the post of Amir al-Umara ("Amir of the Amirs") for Ibn Raik; the title was used in various Islamic monarchies; see below for military use. In Iraq, the direct descendants of previous Emirs from the largest tribes who ruled the kingdoms before modern statehood, use the title of Sheikh or Prince as the progeny of royalty.
Formerly in Lebanon, the ruling emir formally used the style al-Amir al-Hakim, specifying it was still the ruler's title. The title was held by Druze and Christians as well.
The word emir is also used less formally for leaders in certain contexts. For example, the leader of a group of pilgrims to Mecca is called an emir hadji, a title sometimes used by ruling princes (as a mark of Muslim piety) which is sometimes awarded in their name. Where an adjectival form is necessary, "emiral" suffices.
Amirzade, the son (hence the Persian patronymic suffix -zade) of a prince, hence the Persian princely title mirza.
The traditional rulers of the predominantly Muslim northern regions of Nigeria are known as emirs, while the titular sovereign of their now defunct empire is formally styled as the Sultan of Sokoto, Amir-al-Muminin (or Sarkin Musulmi in the Hausa language).
The temporal leader of the Yazidi people is known as an emir or prince.
Afghanistan under the government of the Taliban is officially an emirate, with the leader of the Taliban bearing the title Amir al-Mu'minin.
Amīr al-Baḥr (أمير البحر, "commander of the sea"), a position in the Fatimid navy, is frequently mistaken as the etymological origin of the English admiral, the French amiral, and similar terms in other European languages. The titles actually derive solely from Medieval Latin forms of emir itself, originally in reference to the "amirs al-umara" of Norman Sicily.
Military ranks and titles
See also: Amir (Iranian Army)
From the start, emir has been a military title. In the 9th century the term was used to denote a ruler of a state i.e. Italy's Emirate of Sicily.
In certain decimally-organized Muslim armies, Amir was an officer rank. For example, in Mughal India, the Amirs commanded 1000 horsemen (divided into ten units, each under a sipah salar), ten of them under one malik. In the imperial army of Qajar Persia:
Amir-i-Nuyan
Amir Panj, "Commander of 5,000"
Amir-i-Tuman, "Commander of 10,000"
The following posts referred to "amir" under medieval Muslim states include:
Amir al-umara, "Amir of Amirs" (cfr. supra) or 'Commander of Commanders'
Amir al-hajj, "Commander of the Hajj "
Amir al-ʿarab, "Commander of the Arabs "
In the former Kingdom of Afghanistan, Amir-i-Kabir was a title meaning "great prince" or "great commander".
Muhammad Amin Bughra, Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra, and Abdullah Bughra declared themselves emirs of the First East Turkestan Republic.
Other uses
Amir is a masculine name in the Persian language and a prefix name for many masculine names such as Amir Ali, Amir Abbas.
Amir-i-Iel designates the head of an Il (tribe) in imperial Persia.
The masculine Amir and feminine Amira are Arabic-language names common among both Arabs regardless of religion and Muslims regardless of ethnicity, much as Latin Rex and Regina ("king" and "queen", respectively) are common in the Western world. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the female name Emira, often interpreted as "princess", is a derivative of the male name Emir.
The masculine Amir and feminine Amira are Hebrew-language names that are relatively common in Israel. In Hebrew the word can also mean "bundle of grain" or "treetop" depending on the spelling.
See also
Beg
Bey
Caliph
Hammira (disambiguation)
Imam
Mir
Mirza
Padishah
Pasha
Prince
Rana
Sayyid
Shah
Sheikh
Sultan
Vizier
Specific emirates of note
List of emirs of Harar
List of emirs of Kuwait
List of emirs of Qatar
List of emirs of Mosul
Emirate of Afghanistan
References
^ "Ruling Bahrain (Part I): The emir declares himself king". 14 March 2019. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
^ Harper, Douglas. "amir (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
^ "Emir of Kuwait wraps up Gulf mediation visits – Qatar News – Al Jazeera". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2017-06-07. Retrieved 2018-12-31.
^ "Gulf Ministers Hold Key Talks Before GCC Summit". MalaysianDigest.com. December 5, 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-01-15. Retrieved 2018-01-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Al Qasimi, Muhammad. "Sheikh Dr Sultan". Archived from the original on 2014-04-10. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
^ Amos, Deborah (1991). "Sheikh to Chic". Mother Jones. p. 28. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
^ "Saudi Arabia: HRH or HH? - American Bedu". 7 August 2016. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016.
^ "Family Tree". datarabia.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
^ Howell, Georgina (15 January 2015). Queen of The Desert: The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell. Pan Books. ISBN 9781447286264.
^ Batatu, Hanna (1978). The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists and Free Officers. Princeton University Press.
^ a b "admiral, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024.
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emir (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Amir (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_(name)"},{"link_name":"Amir (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg"},{"link_name":"Durrani Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_Empire"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"/əˈmɪər, eɪˈmɪər, ˈeɪmɪər/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[ʔæˈmiːr]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic"},{"link_name":"listen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Q166382-ar.oga/Q166382-ar.oga.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Q166382-ar.oga"},{"link_name":"transliterated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch"},{"link_name":"aristocrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocratic"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"},{"link_name":"Arab World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_World"},{"link_name":"East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince"},{"link_name":"principality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality"},{"link_name":"emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate"},{"link_name":"feminine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female"},{"link_name":"princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess"},{"link_name":"Amir al-Mu'min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27min"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Emir (disambiguation).\"Amir\" redirects here. For the name, see Amir (name). For other uses, see Amir (disambiguation).The court of the Durrani Emirate of Afghanistan in 1839Emir (/əˈmɪər, eɪˈmɪər, ˈeɪmɪər/; Arabic: أمير ʾamīr [ʔæˈmiːr] (listenⓘ), also transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or ceremonial authority. The title has a long history of use in the Arab World, East Africa, West Africa, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. In the modern era, when used as a formal monarchical title, it is roughly synonymous with \"prince\", applicable both to a son of a hereditary monarch, and to a reigning monarch of a sovereign principality, namely an emirate. The feminine form is emira (أميرة ʾamīrah), with the same meaning as \"princess\".Prior to its use as a monarchical title, the term \"emir\" was historically used to denote a \"commander\", \"general\", or \"leader\" (for example, Amir al-Mu'min). In contemporary usage, \"emir\" is also sometimes used as either an honorary or formal title for the head of an Islamic, or Arab (regardless of religion) organisation or movement.Qatar and Kuwait are the only independent countries which retain the title \"emir\" for their monarchs. In recent years, the title has been gradually replaced by \"king\" by contemporary hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of law. A notable example is Bahrain, whose monarch changed his title from emir to king in 2002.[1]","title":"Emir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commander-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triconsonantal"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Amir, meaning \"lord\" or \"commander-in-chief\", is derived from the Arabic root a-m-r, \"command\". Originally simply meaning \"commander\", it came to be used as a title of leaders, governors, or rulers of smaller states. In modern Arabic the word is analogous to the title \"Prince\". The word entered English in 1593, from the French émir.[2] It was one of the titles or names of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[citation needed]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emir_of_Kano_on_his_throne_092016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emir of Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_Emirate_Council"},{"link_name":"Sanusi Lamido Sanusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanusi_Lamido_Sanusi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorskii-19-v2.png"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Alim Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Alim_Khan"},{"link_name":"Bukhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara"},{"link_name":"Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"House of Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheikh_to_Chic-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web.archive.org-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Family_Tree_datarabia-8"},{"link_name":"caliphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph"},{"link_name":"Amir al-Muminin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_al-Muminin"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia"},{"link_name":"Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali"},{"link_name":"Abbasid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid"},{"link_name":"Al-Radi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Radi"},{"link_name":"Amir al-Umara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_al-Umara"},{"link_name":"Ibn Raik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Raik"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Hakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim_(title)"},{"link_name":"Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_(noble)"},{"link_name":"traditional rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_traditional_rulers"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Sokoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Sokoto"},{"link_name":"Hausa language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Yazidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Amir al-Mu'minin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin"},{"link_name":"Fatimid navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_navy"},{"link_name":"mistaken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_etymology"},{"link_name":"etymological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymological"},{"link_name":"admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"amiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiral"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oed-11"},{"link_name":"Medieval Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oed-11"},{"link_name":"amirs al-umara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_al-umara"},{"link_name":"Norman Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Sicily"}],"text":"Emir of Kano, Sanusi Lamido SanusiMohammed Alim Khan, Emir of Bukhara, taken in 1911 by Sergey Prokudin-GorskyThe monarchs of Qatar and Kuwait are currently titled emir.[3][4][5]\nAll members of the House of Saud have the title of emir (prince).[6][7][8]\nThe caliphs first used the title Amir al-Muminin or \"Commander of the Faithful\", stressing their leadership over the Islamic empire, especially over the militia. The title has been assumed by various other Muslim rulers, including sultans and emirs. For Shia Muslims, they still give this title to the Caliph Ali as Amir al-Muminin.\nThe Abbasid (in theory still universal) Caliph Al-Radi created the post of Amir al-Umara (\"Amir of the Amirs\") for Ibn Raik; the title was used in various Islamic monarchies; see below for military use. In Iraq, the direct descendants of previous Emirs from the largest tribes who ruled the kingdoms before modern statehood, use the title of Sheikh or Prince as the progeny of royalty.[9][10]\nFormerly in Lebanon, the ruling emir formally used the style al-Amir al-Hakim, specifying it was still the ruler's title. The title was held by Druze and Christians as well.[citation needed]\nThe word emir is also used less formally for leaders in certain contexts. For example, the leader of a group of pilgrims to Mecca is called an emir hadji, a title sometimes used by ruling princes (as a mark of Muslim piety) which is sometimes awarded in their name. Where an adjectival form is necessary, \"emiral\" suffices.[citation needed]\nAmirzade, the son (hence the Persian patronymic suffix -zade) of a prince, hence the Persian princely title mirza.\nThe traditional rulers of the predominantly Muslim northern regions of Nigeria are known as emirs, while the titular sovereign of their now defunct empire is formally styled as the Sultan of Sokoto, Amir-al-Muminin (or Sarkin Musulmi in the Hausa language).[citation needed]\nThe temporal leader of the Yazidi people is known as an emir or prince.[citation needed]\nAfghanistan under the government of the Taliban is officially an emirate, with the leader of the Taliban bearing the title Amir al-Mu'minin.\nAmīr al-Baḥr (أمير البحر, \"commander of the sea\"), a position in the Fatimid navy, is frequently mistaken as the etymological origin of the English admiral, the French amiral, and similar terms in other European languages.[11] The titles actually derive solely from Medieval Latin forms of emir itself,[11] originally in reference to the \"amirs al-umara\" of Norman Sicily.","title":"Princely, ministerial and noble titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amir (Iranian Army)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_(Iranian_Army)"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Mughal India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_India"},{"link_name":"sipah salar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipah_salar"},{"link_name":"malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik"},{"link_name":"Qajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar"},{"link_name":"Amir al-umara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_al-umara"},{"link_name":"Amir al-hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_al-hajj"},{"link_name":"Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"Amir al-ʿarab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_al-%CA%BFarab"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Amin Bughra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Amin_Bughra"},{"link_name":"Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Ahmad_Jan_Bughra"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Bughra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Bughra"},{"link_name":"First East Turkestan Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic"}],"text":"See also: Amir (Iranian Army)From the start, emir has been a military title. In the 9th century the term was used to denote a ruler of a state i.e. Italy's Emirate of Sicily.In certain decimally-organized Muslim armies, Amir was an officer rank. For example, in Mughal India, the Amirs commanded 1000 horsemen (divided into ten units, each under a sipah salar), ten of them under one malik. In the imperial army of Qajar Persia:Amir-i-Nuyan\nAmir Panj, \"Commander of 5,000\"\nAmir-i-Tuman, \"Commander of 10,000\"The following posts referred to \"amir\" under medieval Muslim states include:Amir al-umara, \"Amir of Amirs\" (cfr. supra) or 'Commander of Commanders'\nAmir al-hajj, \"Commander of the Hajj [caravan]\"\nAmir al-ʿarab, \"Commander of the Arabs [Bedouin tribes]\"In the former Kingdom of Afghanistan, Amir-i-Kabir was a title meaning \"great prince\" or \"great commander\".Muhammad Amin Bughra, Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra, and Abdullah Bughra declared themselves emirs of the First East Turkestan Republic.","title":"Military ranks and titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arabic-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Hebrew-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"}],"text":"Amir is a masculine name in the Persian language and a prefix name for many masculine names such as Amir Ali, Amir Abbas.\nAmir-i-Iel designates the head of an Il (tribe) in imperial Persia.\nThe masculine Amir and feminine Amira are Arabic-language names common among both Arabs regardless of religion and Muslims regardless of ethnicity, much as Latin Rex and Regina (\"king\" and \"queen\", respectively) are common in the Western world. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the female name Emira, often interpreted as \"princess\", is a derivative of the male name Emir.\nThe masculine Amir and feminine Amira are Hebrew-language names that are relatively common in Israel. In Hebrew the word can also mean \"bundle of grain\" or \"treetop\" depending on the spelling.","title":"Other uses"}] | [{"image_text":"The court of the Durrani Emirate of Afghanistan in 1839","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg/220px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg"},{"image_text":"Emir of Kano, Sanusi Lamido Sanusi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Emir_of_Kano_on_his_throne_092016.jpg/220px-Emir_of_Kano_on_his_throne_092016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mohammed Alim Khan, Emir of Bukhara, taken in 1911 by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Prokudin-Gorskii-19-v2.png/220px-Prokudin-Gorskii-19-v2.png"}] | [{"title":"Beg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baig"},{"title":"Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey"},{"title":"Caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph"},{"title":"Hammira (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammira_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam"},{"title":"Mir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(title)"},{"title":"Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_(noble)"},{"title":"Padishah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padishah"},{"title":"Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha"},{"title":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince"},{"title":"Rana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_(title)"},{"title":"Sayyid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid"},{"title":"Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah"},{"title":"Sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh"},{"title":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"title":"Vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier"},{"title":"List of emirs of Harar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emirs_of_Harar"},{"title":"List of emirs of Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emirs_of_Kuwait"},{"title":"List of emirs of Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emirs_of_Qatar"},{"title":"List of emirs of Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emirs_of_Mosul"},{"title":"Emirate of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan"}] | [{"reference":"\"Ruling Bahrain (Part I): The emir declares himself king\". 14 March 2019. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.alaraby.co.uk/opinion/ruling-bahrain-part-i-emir-declares-himself-king","url_text":"\"Ruling Bahrain (Part I): The emir declares himself king\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905141349/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/opinion/ruling-bahrain-part-i-emir-declares-himself-king","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harper, Douglas. \"amir (n.)\". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=amir&searchmode=none","url_text":"\"amir (n.)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170702133547/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=amir&searchmode=none","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Emir of Kuwait wraps up Gulf mediation visits – Qatar News – Al Jazeera\". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2017-06-07. Retrieved 2018-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/kuwait-emir-qatar-gcc-170607195623973.html","url_text":"\"Emir of Kuwait wraps up Gulf mediation visits – Qatar News – Al Jazeera\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170607210925/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/kuwait-emir-qatar-gcc-170607195623973.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gulf Ministers Hold Key Talks Before GCC Summit\". MalaysianDigest.com. December 5, 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-01-15. Retrieved 2018-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180115185351/http://www.malaysiandigest.com/frontpage/29-4-tile/711173-gulf-ministers-hold-key-talks-before-gcc-summit.html","url_text":"\"Gulf Ministers Hold Key Talks Before GCC Summit\""}]},{"reference":"Al Qasimi, Muhammad. \"Sheikh Dr Sultan\". Archived from the original on 2014-04-10. Retrieved 2020-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://sheikhdrsultan.ae/Portal/en/home.aspx","url_text":"\"Sheikh Dr Sultan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140410155806/https://sheikhdrsultan.ae/Portal/en/home.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Amos, Deborah (1991). \"Sheikh to Chic\". Mother Jones. p. 28. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H-cDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28","url_text":"\"Sheikh to Chic\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200803105920/https://books.google.com/books?id=H-cDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia: HRH or HH? - American Bedu\". 7 August 2016. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160807041830/https://americanbedu.com/2010/03/23/saudi-arabia-hrh-or-hh/","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia: HRH or HH? - American Bedu\""},{"url":"https://americanbedu.com/2010/03/23/saudi-arabia-hrh-or-hh/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Family Tree\". datarabia.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.datarabia.com/royals/familytree.do","url_text":"\"Family Tree\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171108031559/http://www.datarabia.com/royals/familytree.do","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Howell, Georgina (15 January 2015). Queen of The Desert: The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell. Pan Books. ISBN 9781447286264.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781447286264","url_text":"9781447286264"}]},{"reference":"Batatu, Hanna (1978). The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists and Free Officers. Princeton University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"admiral, n.\", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/dictionary/admiral_n","url_text":"\"admiral, n.\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Emir%22","external_links_name":"\"Emir\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Emir%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Emir%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Emir%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Emir%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Emir%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://english.alaraby.co.uk/opinion/ruling-bahrain-part-i-emir-declares-himself-king","external_links_name":"\"Ruling Bahrain (Part I): The emir declares himself king\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905141349/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/opinion/ruling-bahrain-part-i-emir-declares-himself-king","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=amir&searchmode=none","external_links_name":"\"amir (n.)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170702133547/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=amir&searchmode=none","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/kuwait-emir-qatar-gcc-170607195623973.html","external_links_name":"\"Emir of Kuwait wraps up Gulf mediation visits – Qatar News – Al Jazeera\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170607210925/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/kuwait-emir-qatar-gcc-170607195623973.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180115185351/http://www.malaysiandigest.com/frontpage/29-4-tile/711173-gulf-ministers-hold-key-talks-before-gcc-summit.html","external_links_name":"\"Gulf Ministers Hold Key Talks Before GCC Summit\""},{"Link":"https://sheikhdrsultan.ae/Portal/en/home.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Sheikh Dr Sultan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140410155806/https://sheikhdrsultan.ae/Portal/en/home.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H-cDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28","external_links_name":"\"Sheikh to Chic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200803105920/https://books.google.com/books?id=H-cDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160807041830/https://americanbedu.com/2010/03/23/saudi-arabia-hrh-or-hh/","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Arabia: HRH or HH? - American Bedu\""},{"Link":"https://americanbedu.com/2010/03/23/saudi-arabia-hrh-or-hh/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.datarabia.com/royals/familytree.do","external_links_name":"\"Family Tree\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171108031559/http://www.datarabia.com/royals/familytree.do","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/dictionary/admiral_n","external_links_name":"\"admiral, n.\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12485982n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12485982n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4463801-2","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82tek | Stanisław Żółtek | ["1 References"] | Polish politician
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Polish. (December 2020) Click for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the Polish article.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|pl|Stanisław Żółtek}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Stanisław ŻółtekMEPMember of the European Parliamentfor Lesser Poland and ŚwiętokrzyskieIn office1 July 2014 – 1 July 2019
Personal detailsBorn (1956-05-07) 7 May 1956 (age 68)Kraków, PolandPolitical partyCongress of the New Right
Stanisław Józef Żółtek (born 7 May 1956) is a Polish politician who is the current leader of the Congress of the New Right. He was a Member of the European Parliament representing Lesser Poland and Świętokrzyskie.
He was a candidate for president of Poland in the 2020 Polish presidential election.
References
^ "Stanisław ŻÓŁTEK". European Parliament. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
vteprevious ← Candidates in the 2020 Polish presidential election → followingWinner
Andrzej Duda
Lost in runoff
Rafał Trzaskowski
Other candidates
Robert Biedroń
Krzysztof Bosak
Szymon Hołownia
Marek Jakubiak
Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz
Mirosław Piotrowski
Paweł Tanajno
Waldemar Witkowski
Stanisław Żółtek
Withdrew
Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska
Rejected from race
Zbigniew Adamczyk
Piotr Bakun
Adam Bednarczyk
Marcin Bugajski
Roland Dubowski
Sławomir Grzywa
Wiesław Lewicki
Dariusz Łaska
Łukasz Malarczyk
Wojciech Mateńka
Marek Olszewski
Andrzej Dariusz Placzyński
Wojciech Podjacki
Jan Zbigniew Potocki
Kajetan Pyrzyński
Leszek Samborski
Grzegorz Sowa
Romuald Starosielec
Paweł Świtoń
Krzysztof Urbanowicz
Andrzej Voigt
Jerzy Walkowiak
Zbigniew Wesołowski
Piotr Wroński
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Poland
This article about a Member of the European Parliament from Poland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congress of the New Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_New_Right"},{"link_name":"Member of the European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Lesser Poland and Świętokrzyskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland_and_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"2020 Polish presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Polish_presidential_election"}],"text":"Stanisław Józef Żółtek (born 7 May 1956) is a Polish politician who is the current leader of the Congress of the New Right. He was a Member of the European Parliament representing Lesser Poland and Świętokrzyskie.[1]\nHe was a candidate for president of Poland in the 2020 Polish presidential election.","title":"Stanisław Żółtek"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Stanisław ŻÓŁTEK\". European Parliament. Retrieved 5 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/124902/STANISLAW_ZOLTEK_home.html","url_text":"\"Stanisław ŻÓŁTEK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament","url_text":"European Parliament"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82tek&sl=pl&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/124902/STANISLAW_ZOLTEK_home.html","external_links_name":"\"Stanisław ŻÓŁTEK\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/302092514","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810588799105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82tek&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_cities | List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia | ["1 Thracian and Dacian","1.1 Unknown names","2 Thraco-Illyrian","3 Thrace and Macedonia","3.1 Thrace, from Strymon to Nestos","3.2 Thrace, from Nestos to Hebros","3.3 Inland Thrace","3.4 Thracian Chersonesos","3.5 Propontic Thrace","3.6 West Pontic coast","3.7 Other","4 Persian","5 Roman","6 Celtic","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article may contain excessive or inappropriate references to self-published sources. Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources where they are used inappropriately. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
This is a list of ancient cities, towns, villages, and fortresses in and around Thrace and Dacia. A number of these settlements were Thracian and Dacian, but some were Celtic, Greek, Roman, Paeonian, or Persian.
A number of cities in Thrace and Dacia were built on or close to the sites of preexisting Dacian or Thracian settlements. Some settlements in this list may have a double entry, such as the Paeonian Astibo and Latin Astibus. It is believed that Thracians did not build true cities even if they were named as such; the largest Thracian settlements were large villages. The only known attempt to build a polis by the Thracians was Seuthopolis., although Strabo considered the Thracian cities with "bria" ending polises. Some of the Dacian settlements and fortresses employed the traditional Murus Dacicus construction technique.
Note: Throughout these lists, an asterisk indicates that the toponym is reconstructed.
Thracian and Dacian
This section may contain information not important or relevant to the article's subject. Please help improve this section. (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Dacian towns and fortresses in Dacia during Burebista
Onomastic range of some towns with the dava ending
Many city names were composed of an initial lexical element affixed to -dava, -daua, -deva, -deba, -daba, or -dova, which meant "city" or "town" Endings on more southern regions are exclusively -bria ("town, city"), -disza, -diza, -dizos ("fortress, walled settlement"), -para, -paron, -pera, -phara ("town, village"). Strabo translated -bria as polis, but that may not be accurate. Thracian -disza, -diza, and -dizos are derived from Proto-Indo-European *dheigh-, "to knead clay", hence to "make bricks", "build walls", "wall", "walls", and so on. These Thracian lexical items show a satemization of PIE *gh-. Cognates include Ancient Greek teichos ("wall, fort, fortified town", as in the town of Didymoteicho) and Avestan da?za ("wall").
It is suggested that the "dava" endings are from the Dacian language, while the rest from the Thracian language. However "dava" towns can be found as south as Sandanski and Plovdiv. Some "dava" toponyms contain the same linguistic features as "diza" toponyms, e.g. Pirodiza and Pirodava. The first written mention of the name "Dacians" is in Roman sources. Strabo specified that the Daci are the Getae, identified as a Thracian tribe. The Dacians, Getae and their kings were always considered as Thracians by the ancients (Dio Cassius, Trogus Pompeius, Appian, Strabo, Herodotus and Pliny the Elder) and were said to speak the same language. The Dacian language is considered a variety of the Thracian language. Such lexical differentiation -dava vs. para, would be hardly enough evidence to separate Dacian from Thracian, thus they are classified as dialects. It is also possible that '-dava' and '-bria' mean two different things in the same language, rather than meaning the same thing in two different languages. Thus bria could have been used for urbanized settlements, similar in scale and design to those of the "civilised" peoples like Greeks and Romans, whereas '-dava' could mean a settlement which is rural, being situated in the steppe-like part of the Thracian lands.
Abydos
Acidava (Acidaua), a fortress town close to the Danube, located in today's Piatra-Olt, Olt County, Romania
Acmonia or Agatapara
Abdera
Acatapara
Aedava (Aedeva, Aedabe, Aedeba or Aedadeba), placed by Procopius on the Danubian road between Augustae and Variana, in Moesia (the present Northern Bulgaria)
Aedeva, modern Pernik
Ahypara
Aiadava (Aiadaba or Aeadaba, Greek: Αἰάδαβα), a locality in the Remesiana region in present-day Bela Palanka, Serbia
Aizis (Aixis, Aixim, Airzis, Azizis, Azisis, Aizisis, Alzisis, Aigis, Aigizidava*, Zizis), mentioned by Emperor Trajan in Dacica
Alaaibria
Amutria (Amutrion, Amutrium, Ancient Greek: Ἀμούτριον), a Dacian town close to the Danube, possibly today's Motru, Gorj County, Romania
Apulon (Apoulon, Apula), a fortress city close to modern Alba-Iulia, Romania from which the Latin name of Apulum is derived
Arcina (Arcinna), a fortress town in Wallachia
Apsynthus, the Thracian name for Aenus
Arcobadara
Argedava (Argedauon, Sargedava, Sargedauon, Zargedava, Zargedauon, Ancient Greek: Αργεδαυον, Σαργεδαυον), mentioned in the Decree of Dionysopolis, potentially the dava discovered at Popești, a district in the town of Mihăilești, Giurgiu County, Romania and maybe Burebista's court or capital
Argidava (Argidaua, Arcidava, Arcidaua, Argedava, Argedauon, Sargedava, Sargedauon, Zargedava, Zargedauon, Ancient Greek: Ἀργίδαυα, Αργεδαυον, Σαργεδαυον), potentially Burebista's court or capital, located in today's Vărădia, Caraș-Severin County, Romania
Artanes, modern Lom
Arutela
Apulon, capital of the Apuli
Atipara
Authiparu
Bergula
Berzobis, ancient Bârzava, Romania
Bataldeua
Bazopara
Bediza
Belaidipara
Bendipara
Beodiza
Bergula, modern (Luleburgaz)
Beripara
Beroea, modern Stara Zagora
Bessapara of the Bessi tribe, today Sinitovo
Bizye, capital of the Odrysae
Bolbabria
Bortudiza
Bospara
Bregedava
Breierophara, near modern Komotini
Brentopara
Briparon
Buaipara
Buricodava
Buridava (Burridava), today's Ocnele Mari, Romania
Burtudiza
Busipara
Buteridava
Cabassus
Capidava (Kapidaua), a fortress town on the southern side of the lower Danube
Caria, modern Shabla
Carsidava or Karsidaua
Cedonia, near Sibiu
Chesdupara
Cleipadava
Crenides
Cumidava (Comidava, Komidaua), ancient Râșnov, Romania
Cumlideva
Cypasis
Danedebai,
Dausdava (Dausadava, Dausdavua), "The shrine of wolves", a fortress town close to the Danube
Debelt
Dentheletica, capital of the Dentheletae tribe, modern Kyustendil
Desudaba or Maedius of the Maedi tribe, modern Sandanski
Diacum
Dierna
Dinogetia, located above the Danube delta
Docidava or Dokidaua
Dodopara
Drabeskos
Drobeta, located on the left bank of the Danube at Turnu Severin
Drusipara
Egeta
Ergines
Eumolpias, later Pulpudeva translating Philippopolis, the name resulted in modern Plovdiv, prehistoric settlement
Gatae
Gazoros
Gellipara
Genucla, settlement located south of the Danube
Germania, "hot water", modern Sapareva Banya, site of the Dentheletae tribe
Germisara "hot water"
Gildova (Gildoba), located along the Vistula river
Giridava
Hesdupara
Iamphorynna, capital of the Maedi tribe
Itadeba (Itadava)
Isgipara
Ismara
Istria (Olbia)
Jidava, near Câmpulung Muscel, Romania
Jidova
Kabyle of the Kabileti tribe, capital of the Odrysae
Keliadeva
Keirpara
Keriparon
Kipsela, modern Ipsala
Kirpiza
Kistidiza
Klepidaua
Krabnopara
Krasalopara
Kuimedaba
Longinopara
Lygos, modern Istanbul
Malva, a Dacian settlement where Roman Romula was built
Marcodava (Dacia) (Markodaua)
Maskiobria
Melsambria, modern Nessebar
Melta, modern Lovech
Murideba
Mutzipara* Napoca, ancient Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Naulochas, modern Obzor
Nentinava (Netindaua), ancient Slobozia, Romania
Nentivava, ancient Olteniţa, Romania
Netindava
Nipsa near Panisus
Oescus of the Triballi tribe
Odryssa or Uscudama, modern Edirne, capital of the Odrysae or Bessi tribe
Onokarsis, capital residence of the Odrysae, possibly modern Starosel
Orsudisza
Ostudiza
Patridava (Patridaua)
Pelendava (Pelendova), ancient Craiova, Romania
Perburidava
Perperikon
Pinon
Piroboridava
Petra, fort of Maedi
Petrodava (Petrodaua), located in Piatra Neamț
Piroboridava (Piroboridaua)
Pizos
Polondava
Polymbria
Potaissa (Patavissa), ancient Turda, Romania, also named as Patruissa
Predava
Priskupera
Quemedava, mentioned by Procopius in Dardania
Ramidava (Rhamidaua)
Ratiaria
Recidava
Remesiana
Romboses
Rusidava (Rusidava)
Ruconium
Sacidava (Sacidaba)
Sagadava
Salmydessos, modern Kıyıköy, residence of the Odrysae
Sandava
Sangidaua
Sarmizegetusa (Sarmisegetuza), Decebalus's capital and holy place
Scaidava (Skedeba)
Scaptopara, of the Dentheletae tribe, modern Blagoevgrad
Scaripara
Scedabria
Scelabria
Scept
Selymbria, modern Silivri in European Turkey
Serdica of the Serdi tribe, modern Sofia
Setidava (Setidaua), mentioned by Ptolemy as a thriving settlement
Seuthopolis
Singidava (Singidaua)
Sintica of the Sintoi tribe
Skaripara
Skaskopara
Spinopara
Stratopara
Strupil
Subzupara
Sucidava (Suvidava, Sukidaua), located in Corabia, Olt County, Romania
Susudava, mentioned by Ptolemy as a thriving settlement
Sykidaba
Tamasidava (Tamasidaua)
Tarpodiza
Tapae, a Dacian outpost guarding Sarmisegetuza and the site of two major battles between Dacians and Romans
Teichos, residence of the Odryssae
Therma of the Mygdones tribe, modern Thessaloniki
Thermidava, placed by Ptolemy on the Lissus-Naissus route. The toponym is most probably a misreading of a settlement which most scholars in contemporary research locate near present-day Banat, Serbia.
Thynia, town of the Thyni
Tibiscum
Tirista (Tsirista)
Tranopara
Tranupara
Tsgipera
Tsierna (Dierna)
Tyrida
Tyrodiza
Urdoviza, modern Kiten
Utidava (Utidaua)
Zalcdaba
Zaldapa
Zargidava (Zargidaua)
Zburulus
Sarmicegetusa
Zeugma
Zesutera
Zidava
Zikideva
Zimnicea, site where Alexander the Great fought the Dacians
Ziridava (Ziridaua), identified archaeologically with Pecica, Arad, Romania
Zirmai
Zisnudeba
Zisnedeva (Zisnudeva, Zisnudeba), located in Dacian Moesia
Zucidaua
Zurobara
Zusidava
Map of Ancient Thrace made by Abraham Ortelius, at 1585
Unknown names
Aghireșu
Ardan
Ardeu
Arpașu de Sus
Augustin
Băile Tușnad
Băleni-Români
Bănița
Bâzdâna
Beidaud
Bocșa
Boroșneu Mic
Boșorod
Botfei
Breaza
Bretea Mureșană
Bucium
Căpâlna
Cernat
Cetățeni
Cioclovina
Clopotiva
"Costești-Blidaru"
"Costești-Cetățuie"
Cotnari
Coțofenii din Dos
Covasna
Cozia
Crăsanii de Jos
Crivești
Crizbav
Cuciulata
"Cucuiș - Dealul Golu"
"Cucuiș - Vârful Berianului"
Cugir
Cârlomănești
Dalboșeț
Densuș
Divici
Drajna de Sus
Dumitrița
Eliseni
Feldioara
"Fețele Albe"
Grădiștea de Munte
Iedera de Jos
Feleac
Jigodin
Liubcova
Mala Kopania
Marca
Mataraua
Merești
Moinești
Monariu
Monor
Moșna
Ocolișu Mic
Odorheiu Secuiesc
Olteni
Orăștie Mountains
Petrila
Petroșani
"Piatra Roșie"
Pietroasa Mică
Pinticu
Pisculești
Poiana cu Cetate
Polovragi
Ponor
Popești (Călărași)
Porumbenii Mari
Praid
Racoș
Racu
Radovanu - Gorgana I
Radovanu - Jidovescu
Roadeș
Rovinari
Rușor
Sacalasău
Satu Mare (Harghita)
Satu Nou
Sânzieni
Seimeni
Socol
Sprâncenata
Stâncești
Stoina
Șeica Mică
Tășad
Telița
Teliu
Tilișca
Timișu de Jos
Turia
Unip
Uroi
Valea Seacă
Viișoara Moșneni
Zemplín
Zetea
Thraco-Illyrian
Chesdupara
Daradapara
Scupi of the Dardani tribe
Sirmium
Thrace and Macedonia
See also: Second Greek colonisation, Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea, and Pontic Greeks
Thrace, from Strymon to Nestos
Amphipolis, founded by colonists from Athens
Akontisma
Antisara
Creston, modern Kilkis
Datos, founded by colonists from Thasos
Drabeskos
Eion, founded by colonists from Athens
Ennea Hodoi
Galepsus, founded by colonists from Thasos
Gasoros
Heraclea Sintica
Krenides, founded by colonists from Thasos
Mastira, mentioned by Demosthenes (341 BCE) in his "The Oration on the State of the Chersonesus". This town was unknown to the scholar Harpocration (100-200 CE), who suggests that instead of "Mastira" we should read "Bastira", a known Thracian town of that name.
Myrkinos, founded by colonists from Miletus in 497 BC
Neapolis, founded by colonists from Thasos, modern Kavala
Oesyme, founded by colonists from Thasos
Paroikopolis
Pergamos
Phagres, founded by colonists from Thasos
Philippi, founded by Philip II of Macedon, rebuilt Crenides
Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv)
Pistyros, founded by colonists from Thasos
Sirra, founded by Philip II of Macedon, rebuilt town of the Siriopeoni, modern Serres
Skapte Hyle
Skotoussa
Tristolos
Thrace, from Nestos to Hebros
Abdera, founded by colonists from Klazomenai
Ainos (Poltymbria) founded by colonists from Alopeke, Mytilene, and Kyme
Bergepolis, founded by colonists from Abdera
Doriskos
Drys, founded by colonists from Samothrace
Dikaia, founded by colonists from Samos
Kypsela
Larissa
Maroneia, founded by colonists from Chios
Menebria, founded by colonists from Samothrace on a town named Melsambria, modern Nessebar
Orthagoria
Sale, founded by colonists from Samothrace
Stryme, founded from colonists from Thasos
Zone, founded by colonists from Samothrace
Inland Thrace
Alexandropolis Maedica
Beroea, founded by Philip II of Macedon in 342 BC
Philippopolis| Pulpudeva (Philippopolis), today's city of Plovdiv in Bulgaria, founded by Philip II of Macedon in a town formerly called Eumolpias.
Stanimachos, founded by colonists from Istiaia, modern Asenovgrad
Pistiros, founded by Pistyrians from the coast
Thracian Chersonesos
Aegospotami (Aegospotamos)
Alokopennesos, founded by colonists from Aeolis
Araplos
Callipolis
Chersonesos (Agora), founded by colonists from Athens
Derris
Elaious, founded by colonists from Athens
Ide
Kardia, founded by colonists from Athens
Kressa
Krithotai, founded by colonists from Athens
Limnae, founded by colonists from Miletus
Madytos, founded by colonists from Lesbos
Pactya, founded by colonists from Athens
Paion
Sestos, founded by colonists from Lesbos
Propontic Thrace
Athyra
Byzantion, founded by colonists from Megara on a town called Lygos, modern Istanbul
Bisanthe, founded by colonists from Samos
Daminon Teichos
Ergiske
Heraclea (Perinthus)
Heraion, founded by colonists from Samos
Lysimachia
Neapolis (Thracian Chersonese), founded by colonists from Athens
Orestias, rebuilt
Perinthus, founded by colonists from Samos
Rhaedestus, founded by colonists from Samos
Serrion Teichos
Selymbria, modern Silivri in European Turkey, of Thracian etymology
Tyrodiza, of Thracian etymology
West Pontic coast
Aegyssos, modern Tulcea
Aquae Calidae
Ahtopol, founded by colonists from Athens
Anchialos, modern Pomorie, founded by colonists from Appolonia
Apollonia, modern Sozopol, founded by Ionians
Berga, founded by colonists from Thasos
Bizone, founded by colonists from Miletus, modern Kavarna
Krutoi, modern Balchik founded by Miletian colonists
Dionysopolis, modern Balchik, founded by colonists from Miletus
Heliopolis, modern Obzor
Histria, founded by colonists from Miletus
Kallatis (Callatis), founded from colonists from Herakleia Pontike, modern-day Mangalia, Romania
Mesembria, modern Nesebar, settled during the 6th century BC by Dorians from Megara
Odessos, modern Varna, founded by colonists from Miletus
Nikonion, founded by colonists from Istros
Salmydessos (from IE *salm-udes, "salty water"; cf. Greek álmē, "sea water, brine"; ýdos, "water")
Tomis, modern Constanta, rebuilt Scythian town
Other
Aison
Brea, founded by colonists from Athens,
Gazoros
Heraclea Sintica on a tribe of the Sintoi tribe
Kossaia
Persian
Boryza (city)
Doriscus
Roman
Cities during the Roman period
Abritus
Acumincum
Ad Medium
Agura Piatra (Regianum)
Appiaria
Apros
Aquis
Augustae
Augusta Traiana (formerly Beroe, later Stara Zagora)
Burgenae
Camistrum
Caenophrurium
Cypsella
Deultum, rebuilt Debelt
Deltum
Diocletianopolis (modern Hisarya)
Doracium
Durorstorum, modern Silistra
Drobeta
Gensis
Hadrianople, rebuild Uscudama
Justiniana Prima
Margus
Marcianopolis, modern Devnya
Maximianopolis
Morisena
Montana
Nicopolis ad Istrum
Nicopolis ad Nestum, rebuilt Alexandrupolis
Novae
Oescus
Pautalia, modern Kyustendil
Pescium, modern Peć
Plotinopolis, modern Hissarya,
Porolissum
Resculum (castra Remesiana)
Sexagnita Prista, modern Ruse
Sirmium
Theranda
Traianopolis
Transmarisca, modern Tutrakan
Tropaeum Traiani
Turres, modern Pirot
Ulmetum
Ulpiana
Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa
Valve, modern Vratsa
Vicianum, modern Vučitrn
Viminacium
Zaldapa
Zikideva
the rest after conquest
Celtic
Dunonia, modern Vidin
Malata
Naissus, modern Niš
Noviodunum
Serdica, modern Sofia
Singidunum, modern Belgrade
Taurunum
Tylis
See also
Poetry portal
List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia
List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia
List of ancient cities in Illyria
List of rulers of Illyria
Dacian Dava
Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains
Tabula Peutingeriana
Notitia Dignitatum
Notes
^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond ,ISBN 0-521-22717-8, 1992, page 612: "Thrace possessed only fortified areas and cities such as Cabassus would have been no more than large villages. In general the population lived in villages and hamlets..."
^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 888, "It was meant to be a polis but this was no reason to think that it was anything other than a native settlement."
^ a b The Thracians 700 BC-AD 46 by Christopher Webber, ISBN 1-84176-329-2, 2001, page 1, "...the city of Seuthopolis seems to be the only significant town in Thrace not built by Greeks..."
^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond, ISBN 0-521-22717-8, 1992, page 612: "According to Strabo (vii.6.1cf.st.Byz.446.15) the Thracian -bria word meant polis but it is an inaccurate translation."
^ Peregrine, Peter N.; Ember, Melvin (2001). Encyclopedia of Prehistory. 4 : Europe. Springer. ISBN 978-0-306-46258-0.
^ Polomé, Edgar Charles (1982). "20e". In Boardman, John. Balkan Languages (Illyrian, Thracian and Daco-Moesian). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C. (2nd ed.). London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Grumeza 2009, p. 13.
^ Velkov 1977, p. 92.
^ a b Olteanu.
^ *Procopii Caesariensis opera omnia. Edited by J. Haury; revised by G. Wirth. 3 vols. Leipzig: Teubner, 1976-64. Greek text.
^ TSR9, Proc. 123. 26
^ Schütte 1917, p. 96.
^ a b c d Grumeza 2009, p. 12.
^ Grumeza 2009, p. 88.
^ A History of the Byzantine State and Society by Warren Treadgold, 1997, page 419: "...Internal Reforms, 780-842 419 army, refounding Thracian Beroea under the name of Irenopolis, and reaching Philippopolis..."
^ "The Cambridge Ancient History 1992, page 612"
^ a b c d e f g h Grumeza 2009, p. 14.
^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 856, "A thracian settlement"
^ History of Rome, VII, Books 26-27 (Loeb Classical Library No. 367) by Livy and Frank Gardner Moore, 1943, page 96: "... waste the country and to besiege the city of Iamphorynna, the capital and citadel of Maedica..."
^ kabileti tribe
^ The History of Rome, Volume 4 by Theodor Mommsen, 2009, page 53: "... defeated the Bessi in their mountains, took their capital Uscudama (Adrianople), and compelled them to submit to the Roman supremacy."
^ Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Denver (15 June 2015). A Companion to Ancient Thrace. ISBN 9781444351040.
^ Ethnic continuity in the Carpatho-Danubian area by Elemér Illyés, 1988, ISBN 0-88033-146-1, page 223
^ "Heart of Bulgaria's Southeast". Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
^ a b An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 465: "Megara was principal or sole founder of...Kalchedo...Selymbria...Byzantion...Astakos...Herakleia pontike and possible Olbia..."
^ A New Classical Dictionary of Greek And Roman Biography, Mythology And Geography V2, 2006, ISBN 1-4286-4561-6, page 196, "Subzupara (now in Zarvi), a town in Thrace on the road from Phillipopolis to Hadrianopolis..."
^ Меч Мидас. "Мигдония - это... Что такое Мигдония?". Dictionary_of_ancient.academic.ru. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
^ "МИГДОНИЯ - В. Д. Гладкий. Древний мир. Энциклопедический словарь в 2-х томах - История".
^ "Беломорие". Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
^ Lepper, F. A. (1988). Trajan's Column: A New Edition of the Cichorius Plates. Alan Sutton. p. 138. ISBN 9780862994679. Stuart Jones noted the Dacian - sounding place - name ' Thermidava ' on the Lissus Naissus road : but see Miller col . 557, for the evidence on this. The place was most probably called ' Theranda ' and there is no evidence for any settlement there of pro-Roman Dacians now, nor is it very likely. (..) Most scholars, however, have supposed, as did Cichorius, that we are now north of the Danube, somewhere in the Banat area where the local inhabitants are frightened that they may lose their recently acquired 'liberty'.
^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L. Hammond, and E. Sollberger,1982, page 876: "... proper and the southern Danube borderland, e.g. in Bessapara, Keipenapa, Tranupara; of -dita 'fortified town', found only in Thracia proper; ..."
^ Taylor 2001, p. 214.
^ a b c d e An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 856
^ a b An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 855: "The Thasians... they founded Krenides and Daton"
^ Hatzfeld, Jean. History of Ancient Greece (trans. by Andre Aymard, 1968, W.W. Norton & Co., New York), pp. 34–35.
^ a b An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 782, "The Thasians are said to have colonised the Hedonian city of Myrkinos, Galepsos and Oisyme..."
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, Index
^ a b c d e An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 857
^ Readings in Greek History: Sources and Interpretations by D. Brendan Nagle and Stanley M. Burstein, 2006, page 232: A GREEK TRADING POST IN THRACE"... Maronea, Apollonia, and Thasos living in the trading post of Pistiros."
^ The Histories, by Herodotus, Carolyn Dewald, and Robin Waterfield, 2008, page 442: "... bed of the Lisus, Xerxes passed the Greek towns of Maronea, Dicaea, and Abdera. His route also took him past a..."
^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 870: "Colonists from Mytilene and Kyme founded Ainos"
^ a b The Histories by Herodotus, Carolyn Dewald, and Robin Waterfield, 2008, page 442: "... bed of the Lisus, Xerxes passed the Greek towns of Maronea, Dicaea, and Abdera. His route also took him past a ..."
^ Back Matter: "... sites identified solely by coins' location site Thessaly, Atrax, Kieron, Larissa, Thrace, Ainos, Bizye, Byzantium, Deultum, Maroneia, Mesembra, Pantalia..."
^ Hammond Concise Atlas of World History by Geoffrey Barraclough, 2001, Index, "Mesembria/Greek Colony"
^ The Histories, by Herodotus, John M. Marincola, and Aubery de Selincourt, 2003, page 451: "... most westerly of which is Mesembria; the next place is Stryme, a town belonging to the Thasians. ..."
^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 892
^ Women and slaves in Greco-Roman culture: differential equations, by Sandra Rae Joshel, Sheila Murnaghan, 1998, page 214: "Philip II founded cities at Beroe, Kabyle, and Philippopolis in 342/1, and Aegean-style urban life began to penetrate Thrace."
^ Late Roman villas in the Danube-Balkan region, by Lynda Mulvin, 2002, page 19: "Other roads went through Beroe (founded by Philip II of Macedon)"
^ Philip of Macedon, by Louïza D. Loukopoulou, 1980, page 98: "Upriver in the valley between the Rhodope and Haimos Philip founded Beroe (Stara Zagora) and Philippolis (Plovdiv)."
^ Velkov 1977, p. 128.
^ From Mycenae to Constantinople: Major Cities of the Greek and Roman World, by Richa Tomlinson, 1992, page 8: "...this means, a Macedonian city established in a non-Macedonian area (Philippopolis in Thrace, for example) becomes a means of establishing a..."
^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 895: "The emporion of Pistiros was an inland trading station originally founded by merchants coming from the polis of Pistiros a dependency of Thasos situated piston the Thracian coast"
^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 903: "Aigos potamoi is called a deserted polichne by Strabo and a polis by Steph.Byz."
^ a b An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 636: "In the archaic period Athens colonised Sigeion, Elaious, Chersonesus, Paktye, Sestus, Kardia..."
^ The Penguin Historical atlas of Ancient Greece by Robert Morkot, page 48
^ "Texas edu Colonies and Metropoleis". Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 910: "Sestos was colonised by Lesbians"
^ Ancient Greek Colonies in the Black Sea 2, Dēmētrios V. Grammenos, ISBN 1-4073-0110-1, 2007, page 1182
^ Velkov 1977, p. 124.
^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 914: "Bisanthe was a colony founded by the Samians"
^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 918
^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 913
^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 919: "Heraion Teichos was a colony of Samos"
^ a town near Perinthus, Xerxes' commissariat there: Hdt. 7.25
^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 912: "The European coast of Propontis was settled by Megarians and Samians.By 480 four colonies are recorded; viz from the east to the west, Megarian Byzantion and Selymbria and Samian Perinthos and Bisanthe along with two smaller and presumably dependant settlements, Tyrodiza and Heraion."
^ Grumeza 2009, p. 132.
^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 934: "Kallatis was colonized by Herakleia"
^ A Companion to Archaic Greece, by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees, 2009, page 337: "... On the western shore, Odessos was founded by the Milesians, and the expansion of existing Greek cities in the western ..."
^ Katičic', Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans, Part One. Paris: Mouton, 1976: 147
^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC, by D. M. Lewis, page 469: "Philip's new foundation at Heracle Sintica"
^ The Greek Wars: The Failure of Persia, by George Cawkwell, 2006, page 58: "... 'The lands beyond the sea' Persian city, Boryza' on the Black Sea coast (FGH t Fí66) but that ..."
^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 891, "Note that the only one which is explicitly called a polis by Hekataios is Boryza (fr.166) and here we learn that it is a polis inhabited by Persians i.e not by Greeks or Thracians."
References
Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. The shores of the Danube were well monitored from the Dacian fortresses Acidava, Buricodava, Dausadava (the shrine of the wolves), Diacum, Drobeta (Turnu Severin), Nentivava (Oltenia), Suvidava (Corabia), Tsirista, Tierna/Dierna (Orsova) and what is today Zimnicea. Downstream were also other fortresses: Axiopolis (Cernadova), Barbosi, Buteridava, Capidava(Topalu), Carsium(Harsova), Durostorum(Silistra), Sacidava/Sagadava (Dunareni) along with still others...
Olteanu, Sorin. "Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum - Toponyms Section". Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum (in Romanian and English). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
Schütte, Gudmund (1917). Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe: a reconstruction of the prototypes. Copenhagen: H. Hagerup.
Taylor, Timothy (2001). Northeastern European Iron Age. Springer Published in conjunction with the Human Relations Area Files. ISBN 978-0-306-46258-0.
Velkov, Velizar Iv (1977). The cities in Thrace and Dacia in late antiquity: (studies and materials). Hakkert. ISBN 90-256-0723-3.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Thrace and Ancient Thracians.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dacia and Dacians.
Durdinov, Ivan. "The Language of the Thracians".
Sorin Olteanu's Project: Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum - Toponyms Section
Duridanov's paper on Thracian toponyms
Placenames in the Compilation 'notitia dignitatum' (Cnd)
Lists of Dacian fortresses, towns and citadels Archived 20 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine
Dacia
Dacian Map
Thracians and Dacians
Thracians 700-46 BC Archived 30 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
vteAncient Dacian cities and/or fortresses
Acidava
Acmonia
Aedava
Aiadava
Aizis
Amutria
Apulon
Arcina
Arcobadara
Argedava
Argidava (Arcidava)
Arutela
Berzobis
Bregedava
Brucla
Buricodava
Buridava
Buteridava
Capidava
Carsidava
Clepidava
Cumidava
Danedevae
Dausdava
Desudaba
Diacum
Dierna
Dinogetia
Docidava
Drobeta
Egeta
Gatae
Genucla
Germisara
Gildava
Giridava
Itadava
Keiladeva
Klepidaua
Kuimedaba
Malva (Romula)
Marcodava
Murideva
Napoca
Nentidava
Oescus
Patridava
Patruissa
Pelendava
Perburidava
Petrodava
Pinon
Piroboridava
Polondava
Potaissa
Pulpudeva
Quemedava
Ramidava
Ratiaria
Recidava
Romboses
Rusidava
Sacidava
Sagadava
Sandava
Sangidaua
Sarmizegetusa Regia
Scaidava
Setidava
Singidava
Sucidava
Sucidava, Moesia
Susudava
Sykidaba
Tamasidava
Tapae
Thermidava
Tibiscum
Tirista
Tsierna
Tyrida
Utidava
Zaldapa
Zargidava
Zeugma
Zidava
Zikideva
Zimnicea
Ziridava
Zisnudeva
Zucidaua
Zurobara
Zusidava
Cities/fortresses with unknown names
Aghireșu
Ardan
Ardeu
Arpașu de Sus
Augustin
Băile Tușnad
Băleni-Români
Bănița
Bâzdâna
Beidaud
Bocșa
Boroșneu Mic
Boșorod
Botfei
Breaza
Bretea Mureșană
Bucium
Căpâlna
Cernat
Cetățeni
Cioclovina
Clopotiva
"Costești-Blidaru"
"Costești-Cetățuie"
Cotnari
Coțofenii din Dos
Covasna
Cozia
Crăsanii de Jos
Crivești
Crizbav
Cuciulata
"Cucuiș - Dealul Golu"
"Cucuiș - Vârful Berianului"
Cugir
Cârlomănești
Dalboșeț
Densuș
Divici
Drajna de Sus
Dumitrița
Eliseni
Feldioara
"Fețele Albe"
Grădiștea de Munte
Iedera de Jos
Feleac
Jigodin
Liubcova
Mala Kopania
Marca
Mataraua
Merești
Moinești
Monariu
Monor
Moșna
Ocolișu Mic
Odorheiu Secuiesc
Olteni
Orăștie Mountains
Petrila
Petroșani
"Piatra Roșie"
Pietroasa Mică
Pinticu
Pisculești
Poiana cu Cetate
Polovragi
Ponor
Popești (Călărași)
Porumbenii Mari
Praid
Racoș
Racu
Radovanu - Gorgana I
Radovanu - Jidovescu
Roadeș
Rovinari
Rușor
Sacalasău
Satu Mare (Harghita)
Satu Nou
Sânzieni
Seimeni
Socol
Sprâncenata
Stâncești
Stoina
Șeica Mică
Tășad
Telița
Teliu
Tilișca
Timișu de Jos
Turia
Unip
Uroi
Valea Seacă
Viișoara Moșneni
Zemplín
Zetea
Dacia Maps on Commons
Dacian fortresses, settlements, sanctuaries and tombs (Google Earth Community post)
vteDaciaTribes (List)
Aedi
Albocenses
Anartes
Apuli
Biephi
Bessi/Bessoi
Burs (Dacia)
Carpi
Ciaginsi
Clariae
Costoboci
Crobidae
Daci
Getae
Moesi
Peukini
Piephigi
Potulatenses
Predasenses
Rhadacenses
Saldenses
Scaugdae
Senses
Suci
Terizi
Teurisci
Trixae
Tyragetae
Troglodytae
Kings
Coson
Cothelas
Dromichaetes
Moskon
Oroles
Rhemaxos
Rubobostes
Zalmodegicus
Dacian nucleus in Transylvania1
Burebista (82/61–44 BC)
Deceneus (44 BC–???)
Comosicus (9 BC(?)–30s AD)
Scorilo (c. 30s–70 AD)
Duras (c. 69–87 AD)
Decebalus (87–106 AD)
Dacian kingdom of Banat and Oltenia1
Cotiso (c. 40–c. 9 BC)
Dacian kingdom of Dobruja1
Dapyx (1st-century BC)
Rholes
Zyraxes
Dacian kingdom of Wallachia andsouthern Moldavia and Transylvania1
Dicomes
Culture andcivilizationArtifacts
Coinage
Art, jewellery, treasures, tools
bracelets
Clothing
Language
Belagines
Words of possible Dacian origin
Dacian plant names
Dacian names
Dacian script
Sinaia lead plates
Daco-Thracian
Thracian language
Thraco-Illyrian
ReligionDeities
Bendis
Deceneus
Derzelas
Dionysus
Gebeleizis
Kotys
Pleistoros
Sabazios
Semele
Seirenes
Silenus
Zalmoxis
Dacian Draco
Kogaionon
Settlements andFortresses
Sarmizegetusa
Argidava
Buridava
Cumidava
Piroboridava
Sucidava
Davae
Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains
Murus Dacicus
Foreignrelations
Greeks
Celts
Germanic tribes
Romans
Warfare
Falx
Sica
Thracian warfare
Wars with theRoman EmpireDomitian
First Battle of Tapae
Trajan
First War
Second Battle of Tapae
Battle of Adamclisi
Second War
Battle of Sarmizegetusa
Roman Dacia / Free Dacians
Dacia Traiana
Moesia
Scythia Minor
Dacia Aureliana
Diocese of Dacia
Dacia Mediterranea
Dacia Ripensis
Trajan
Bridge
Column
Towns and cities
Castra
Limes
Alutanus
Moesiae
Porolissensis
Sarmatiae (Devil's Dykes)
Transalutanus
Trajan's Wall
Brazda lui Novac
Culture
Daco-Roman
Thraco-Roman
Eastern Romance substratum
Research
Archaeology
sites in Romania
Books
Dacianism
Dacology
Thracology
Category
Commons
WikiProject
1 Dacian kingdoms succeeding Burebista's state and preceding Decebalus' state | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thracian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian"},{"link_name":"Dacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacians"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Paeonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeonian"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Cambridge_Ancient_History_1992,_page_612-1"},{"link_name":"polis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polis"},{"link_name":"Seuthopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seuthopolis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"Murus Dacicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murus_Dacicus"},{"link_name":"toponym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponym"}],"text":"This is a list of ancient cities, towns, villages, and fortresses in and around Thrace and Dacia. A number of these settlements were Thracian and Dacian, but some were Celtic, Greek, Roman, Paeonian, or Persian.A number of cities in Thrace and Dacia were built on or close to the sites of preexisting Dacian or Thracian settlements. Some settlements in this list may have a double entry, such as the Paeonian Astibo and Latin Astibus. It is believed that Thracians did not build true cities even if they were named as such; the largest Thracian settlements were large villages.[1] The only known attempt to build a polis by the Thracians was Seuthopolis.,[2][3] although Strabo considered the Thracian cities with \"bria\" ending polises. Some of the Dacian settlements and fortresses employed the traditional Murus Dacicus construction technique.Note: Throughout these lists, an asterisk [*] indicates that the toponym is reconstructed.","title":"List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dacia_around_60-44_BC_during_Burebista,_including_campaigns_-_French.png"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"Burebista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burebista"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teritoriul_onomastic_al_elementului_dava_-_Sorin_Olteanu.jpg"},{"link_name":"lexical element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexeme"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Proto-Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language"},{"link_name":"satemization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satemization"},{"link_name":"PIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIE"},{"link_name":"Cognates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognates"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Didymoteicho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didymoteicho"},{"link_name":"Avestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestan"},{"link_name":"Dacian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_language"},{"link_name":"Thracian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_language"},{"link_name":"Sandanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandanski"},{"link_name":"Plovdiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plovdiv"},{"link_name":"Pirodiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirodiza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pirodava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirodava&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dacians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacians"},{"link_name":"Getae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getae"},{"link_name":"Dacian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_language"},{"link_name":"Thracian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Abydos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abydos_(Hellespont)"},{"link_name":"Acidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidava"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Piatra-Olt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piatra-Olt"},{"link_name":"Olt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olt_County"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Acmonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acmonia"},{"link_name":"Agatapara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agatapara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abdera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdera,_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Acatapara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acatapara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aedava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedava"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelkov197792-8"},{"link_name":"Procopius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius"},{"link_name":"Danubian road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danubian_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Augustae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augustae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Variana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Variana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlteanu-9"},{"link_name":"Moesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Aedeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedeva"},{"link_name":"Pernik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernik"},{"link_name":"Ahypara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahypara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aiadava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiadava"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlteanu-9"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Remesiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remesiana"},{"link_name":"Bela Palanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bela_Palanka"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Aizis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizis"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"Dacica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacica"},{"link_name":"Alaaibria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alaaibria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amutria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amutria"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Dacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacians"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Motru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motru"},{"link_name":"Gorj County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorj_County"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESch%C3%BCtte191796-12"},{"link_name":"Apulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulon"},{"link_name":"Alba-Iulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba-Iulia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Apulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulum_(castra)"},{"link_name":"Arcina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arcina_(Dacia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Arcinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arcinna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Apsynthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apsynthus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenus_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Arcobadara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcobadara"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200912-13"},{"link_name":"Argedava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argedava"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200988-14"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Decree of Dionysopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decree_of_Dionysopolis"},{"link_name":"dava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dava_(Dacian)"},{"link_name":"Popești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope%C8%99ti,_Giurgiu"},{"link_name":"Mihăilești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mih%C4%83ile%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Giurgiu County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giurgiu_County"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Burebista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burebista"},{"link_name":"Argidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argidava"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Burebista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burebista"},{"link_name":"Vărădia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83r%C4%83dia"},{"link_name":"Caraș-Severin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara%C8%99-Severin_County"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Artanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Lom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Arutela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arutela"},{"link_name":"Apulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulon"},{"link_name":"Apuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuli"},{"link_name":"Atipara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atipara"},{"link_name":"Authiparu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authiparu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bergula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergula"},{"link_name":"Berzobis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berzobis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Bârzava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2rzava,_Arad"},{"link_name":"Bataldeua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bataldeua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bazopara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bazopara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bediza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bediza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Belaidipara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belaidipara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bendipara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bendipara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beodiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beodiza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bergula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergula"},{"link_name":"Luleburgaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luleburgaz"},{"link_name":"Beripara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beripara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Stara Zagora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_Zagora"},{"link_name":"Bessapara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bessapara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bessi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessi"},{"link_name":"Sinitovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinitovo"},{"link_name":"Bizye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vize"},{"link_name":"Odrysae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odrysae"},{"link_name":"Bolbabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolbabria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bortudiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bortudiza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bospara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bospara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bregedava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregedava"},{"link_name":"Breierophara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breierophara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Komotini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komotini"},{"link_name":"Brentopara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brentopara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Briparon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Briparon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buaipara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buaipara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buricodava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buricodava"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Buridava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buridava"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200912-13"},{"link_name":"Burridava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burridava"},{"link_name":"Ocnele Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocnele_Mari"},{"link_name":"Burtudiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burtudiza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Busipara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Busipara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buteridava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buteridava"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Cabassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabassus"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Capidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capidava"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Kapidaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapidaua"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Caria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caria"},{"link_name":"Shabla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabla"},{"link_name":"Carsidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsidava"},{"link_name":"Karsidaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karsidaua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedonia"},{"link_name":"Sibiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu"},{"link_name":"Chesdupara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chesdupara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleipadava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleipadava&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Crenides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenides_(Macedonia)"},{"link_name":"Cumidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumidava"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Comidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comidava"},{"link_name":"Komidaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komidaua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Râșnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A2%C8%99nov"},{"link_name":"Cumlideva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cumlideva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cypasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypasis"},{"link_name":"Danedebai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danedebai"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200914-17"},{"link_name":"Dausdava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dausdava"},{"link_name":"Dausadava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dausadava&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dausdavua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dausdavua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Debelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debelt"},{"link_name":"Dentheletica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentheletica"},{"link_name":"Dentheletae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentheletae"},{"link_name":"Kyustendil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyustendil"},{"link_name":"Desudaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desudaba"},{"link_name":"Maedius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maedius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maedi"},{"link_name":"Sandanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandanski"},{"link_name":"Diacum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diacum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Dierna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierna_(castra)"},{"link_name":"Dinogetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinogetia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Docidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docidava"},{"link_name":"Dokidaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dokidaua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dodopara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dodopara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Drabeskos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drabeskos"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Drobeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drobeta_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Turnu Severin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnu_Severin"},{"link_name":"Drusipara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drusipara"},{"link_name":"Egeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egeta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200914-17"},{"link_name":"Ergines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ergines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eumolpias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eumolpias&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pulpudeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpudeva"},{"link_name":"Plovdiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plovdiv"},{"link_name":"Gatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gatae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gazoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazoros"},{"link_name":"Gellipara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gellipara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Genucla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genucla"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200914-17"},{"link_name":"Germania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_in_Dacia"},{"link_name":"Sapareva Banya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapareva_Banya"},{"link_name":"Dentheletae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentheletae"},{"link_name":"Germisara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germisara_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Gildova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildova"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200914-17"},{"link_name":"Gildoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildoba"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"Giridava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giridava"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200914-17"},{"link_name":"Hesdupara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hesdupara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iamphorynna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamphorynna"},{"link_name":"Maedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maedi"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Itadeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itadeba"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200914-17"},{"link_name":"Itadava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itadava"},{"link_name":"Isgipara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isgipara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ismara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismara"},{"link_name":"Istria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istria"},{"link_name":"Olbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbia"},{"link_name":"Jidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jidava"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Câmpulung Muscel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2mpulung"},{"link_name":"Jidova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jidova&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Kabyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabyle_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Kabileti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabileti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Odrysae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odrysae"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Keliadeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keliadeva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keirpara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keirpara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keriparon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keriparon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kipsela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kipsela&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ipsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsala"},{"link_name":"Kirpiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirpiza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kistidiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kistidiza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Klepidaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klepidaua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Krabnopara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krabnopara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Krasalopara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krasalopara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kuimedaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuimedaba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Longinopara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longinopara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygos"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Malva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malva,_(Dacia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Romula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romula"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Marcodava (Dacia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcodava_(Dacia)"},{"link_name":"Markodaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Markodaua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maskiobria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maskiobria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Melsambria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melsambria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nessebar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nessebar"},{"link_name":"Melta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lovech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovech"},{"link_name":"Murideba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murideba"},{"link_name":"Mutzipara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutzipara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Napoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoca_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Cluj-Napoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca"},{"link_name":"Naulochas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naulochas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Obzor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obzor"},{"link_name":"Nentinava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nentinava&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200912-13"},{"link_name":"Netindaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netindaua"},{"link_name":"Slobozia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobozia"},{"link_name":"Nentivava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nentivava&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Olteniţa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olteni%C5%A3a"},{"link_name":"Netindava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netindava"},{"link_name":"Panisus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchiya"},{"link_name":"Oescus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oescus"},{"link_name":"Triballi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triballi"},{"link_name":"Odryssa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odryssa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Uscudama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uscudama"},{"link_name":"Edirne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne"},{"link_name":"Odrysae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odrysae"},{"link_name":"Bessi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessi"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Onokarsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onokarsis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Odrysae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odrysae"},{"link_name":"Starosel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starosel"},{"link_name":"Orsudisza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orsudisza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ostudiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostudiza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Patridava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patridava_(city)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Patridaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patridaua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pelendava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelendava"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Pelendova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelendova&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Craiova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craiova"},{"link_name":"Perburidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perburidava"},{"link_name":"Perperikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perperikon"},{"link_name":"Pinon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinon,_Dacia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piroboridava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piroboridava"},{"link_name":"Petra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra"},{"link_name":"Maedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maedi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Petrodava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petrodava_(dava)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200912-13"},{"link_name":"Petrodaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petrodaua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piatra Neamț","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piatra_Neam%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Piroboridava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piroboridava"},{"link_name":"Pizos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pizos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polondava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polondava"},{"link_name":"Polymbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polymbria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Potaissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potaissa"},{"link_name":"Turda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turda"},{"link_name":"Patruissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patruissa"},{"link_name":"Predava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predava&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Priskupera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priskupera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quemedava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quemedava"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elem%C3%A9r_Illy%C3%A9s_1988,_page_223-23"},{"link_name":"Ramidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramidava"},{"link_name":"Ratiaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratiaria"},{"link_name":"Recidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recidava"},{"link_name":"Remesiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remesiana"},{"link_name":"Romboses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romboses&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rusidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusidava"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Rusidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusidava"},{"link_name":"Ruconium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruconium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sacidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacidava_(Dacia)"},{"link_name":"Sacidaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacidaba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sagadava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagadava"},{"link_name":"Salmydessos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmydessos"},{"link_name":"Kıyıköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"Odrysae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odrysae"},{"link_name":"Sandava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandava_(city)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sangidaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangidaua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sarmizegetusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_Regia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200914-17"},{"link_name":"Sarmisegetuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmisegetuza"},{"link_name":"Decebalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decebalus"},{"link_name":"Scaidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaidava"},{"link_name":"Skedeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skedeba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scaptopara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaptopara"},{"link_name":"Dentheletae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentheletae"},{"link_name":"Blagoevgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagoevgrad"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Scaripara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scaripara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scedabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scedabria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scelabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scelabria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scept&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Selymbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selymbria"},{"link_name":"Silivri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silivri"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classical_Poleis_2005,_page_465-25"},{"link_name":"Serdica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdica"},{"link_name":"Serdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdi"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Setidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setidava"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Setidaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Setidaua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Seuthopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seuthopolis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"},{"link_name":"Singidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singidava"},{"link_name":"Singidaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singidaua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sintica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_Sintica"},{"link_name":"Sintoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintoi"},{"link_name":"Skaripara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skaripara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Skaskopara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skaskopara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spinopara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spinopara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stratopara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratopara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Strupil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strupil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Subzupara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subzupara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Sucidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucidava"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Suvidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suvidava&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sukidaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukidaua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corabia"},{"link_name":"Susudava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susudava&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Sykidaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sykidaba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tamasidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamasidava"},{"link_name":"Tamasidaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamasidaua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tarpodiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarpodiza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tapae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapae"},{"link_name":"major battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tapae_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Teichos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teichos"},{"link_name":"Odryssae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odryssae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Therma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therma"},{"link_name":"Mygdones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mygdones"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Thermidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermidava"},{"link_name":"Lissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissus_(Illyria)"},{"link_name":"Naissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naissus"},{"link_name":"Banat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Thynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thynia"},{"link_name":"Thyni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyni"},{"link_name":"Tibiscum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibiscum"},{"link_name":"Tirista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirista"},{"link_name":"Tsirista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsirista&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Tranopara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tranopara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tranupara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tranupara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Tsgipera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsgipera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tsierna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsierna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dierna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierna_(castra)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Tyrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrida"},{"link_name":"Tyrodiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrodiza"},{"link_name":"Urdoviza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urdoviza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kiten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiten,_Burgas_Province"},{"link_name":"Utidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utidava_(city)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Utidaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utidaua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zalcdaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zalcdaba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zaldapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaldapa"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200914-17"},{"link_name":"Zargidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zargidava"},{"link_name":"Zargidaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zargidaua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zburulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zburulus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sarmicegetusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarmicegetusa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zeugma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeugma,_Dacia"},{"link_name":"Zesutera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zesutera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidava"},{"link_name":"Zikideva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zikideva"},{"link_name":"Zimnicea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimnicea"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Ziridava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziridava"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2001214-32"},{"link_name":"Zirmai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zirmai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zisnudeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zisnudeba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zisnedeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zisnedeva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913-7"},{"link_name":"Zisnudeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zisnudeva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zisnudeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zisnudeba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia"},{"link_name":"Zucidaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zucidaua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zurobara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurobara"},{"link_name":"Zusidava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zusidava_(Dacia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thraciae-veteris-typvs.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abraham Ortelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius"}],"text":"Dacian towns and fortresses in Dacia during BurebistaOnomastic range of some towns with the dava endingMany city names were composed of an initial lexical element affixed to -dava, -daua, -deva, -deba, -daba, or -dova, which meant \"city\" or \"town\" Endings on more southern regions are exclusively -bria (\"town, city\"), -disza, -diza, -dizos (\"fortress, walled settlement\"), -para, -paron, -pera, -phara (\"town, village\"). Strabo translated -bria as polis, but that may not be accurate.[4] Thracian -disza, -diza, and -dizos are derived from Proto-Indo-European *dheigh-, \"to knead clay\", hence to \"make bricks\", \"build walls\", \"wall\", \"walls\", and so on. These Thracian lexical items show a satemization of PIE *gh-. Cognates include Ancient Greek teichos (\"wall, fort, fortified town\", as in the town of Didymoteicho) and Avestan da?za (\"wall\").It is suggested that the \"dava\" endings are from the Dacian language, while the rest from the Thracian language. However \"dava\" towns can be found as south as Sandanski and Plovdiv. Some \"dava\" toponyms contain the same linguistic features as \"diza\" toponyms, e.g. Pirodiza and Pirodava. The first written mention of the name \"Dacians\" is in Roman sources. Strabo specified that the Daci are the Getae, identified as a Thracian tribe. The Dacians, Getae and their kings were always considered as Thracians by the ancients (Dio Cassius, Trogus Pompeius, Appian, Strabo, Herodotus and Pliny the Elder) and were said to speak the same language. The Dacian language is considered a variety of the Thracian language.[5] Such lexical differentiation -dava vs. para, would be hardly enough evidence to separate Dacian from Thracian, thus they are classified as dialects.[6] It is also possible that '-dava' and '-bria' mean two different things in the same language, rather than meaning the same thing in two different languages. Thus bria could have been used for urbanized settlements, similar in scale and design to those of the \"civilised\" peoples like Greeks and Romans, whereas '-dava' could mean a settlement which is rural, being situated in the steppe-like part of the Thracian lands.Abydos\nAcidava[7] (Acidaua), a fortress town close to the Danube, located in today's Piatra-Olt, Olt County, Romania\nAcmonia or Agatapara\nAbdera\nAcatapara\nAedava[8] (Aedeva, Aedabe, Aedeba or Aedadeba), placed by Procopius on the Danubian road between Augustae and Variana,[9] in Moesia (the present Northern Bulgaria)\nAedeva, modern Pernik\nAhypara\nAiadava[9] (Aiadaba or Aeadaba, Greek: Αἰάδαβα[10]), a locality in the Remesiana region in present-day Bela Palanka, Serbia[11]\nAizis (Aixis, Aixim, Airzis, Azizis, Azisis, Aizisis, Alzisis, Aigis, Aigizidava*, Zizis), mentioned by Emperor Trajan in Dacica\nAlaaibria\nAmutria (Amutrion, Amutrium, Ancient Greek: Ἀμούτριον), a Dacian town close to the Danube, possibly today's Motru, Gorj County, Romania [12]\nApulon (Apoulon, Apula), a fortress city close to modern Alba-Iulia, Romania from which the Latin name of Apulum is derived\nArcina[7] (Arcinna), a fortress town in Wallachia\nApsynthus, the Thracian name for Aenus\nArcobadara [13]\nArgedava[14] (Argedauon, Sargedava, Sargedauon, Zargedava, Zargedauon, Ancient Greek: Αργεδαυον, Σαργεδαυον), mentioned in the Decree of Dionysopolis, potentially the dava discovered at Popești, a district in the town of Mihăilești, Giurgiu County, Romania and maybe Burebista's court or capital\nArgidava (Argidaua, Arcidava, Arcidaua, Argedava, Argedauon, Sargedava, Sargedauon, Zargedava, Zargedauon, Ancient Greek: Ἀργίδαυα, Αργεδαυον, Σαργεδαυον), potentially Burebista's court or capital, located in today's Vărădia, Caraș-Severin County, Romania\nArtanes, modern Lom\nArutela\nApulon, capital of the Apuli\nAtipara\nAuthiparu\nBergula\nBerzobis,[7] ancient Bârzava, Romania\nBataldeua\nBazopara\nBediza\nBelaidipara\nBendipara\nBeodiza\nBergula, modern (Luleburgaz)\nBeripara\nBeroea,[15] modern Stara Zagora\nBessapara of the Bessi tribe, today Sinitovo\nBizye, capital of the Odrysae\nBolbabria\nBortudiza\nBospara\nBregedava\nBreierophara, near modern Komotini\nBrentopara\nBriparon\nBuaipara\nBuricodava[7]\nBuridava [13] (Burridava), today's Ocnele Mari, Romania\nBurtudiza\nBusipara\nButeridava [7]\nCabassus[16]\nCapidava[7] (Kapidaua), a fortress town on the southern side of the lower Danube\nCaria, modern Shabla\nCarsidava or Karsidaua\nCedonia, near Sibiu\nChesdupara\nCleipadava\nCrenides\nCumidava [7] (Comidava, Komidaua), ancient Râșnov, Romania\nCumlideva\nCypasis\nDanedebai, [17]\nDausdava (Dausadava, Dausdavua[7]), \"The shrine of wolves\", a fortress town close to the Danube\nDebelt\nDentheletica, capital of the Dentheletae tribe, modern Kyustendil\nDesudaba or Maedius of the Maedi tribe, modern Sandanski\nDiacum [7]\nDierna\nDinogetia, [7] located above the Danube delta\nDocidava or Dokidaua\nDodopara\nDrabeskos[18]\nDrobeta, [7] located on the left bank of the Danube at Turnu Severin\nDrusipara\nEgeta [17]\nErgines\nEumolpias, later Pulpudeva translating Philippopolis, the name resulted in modern Plovdiv, prehistoric settlement\nGatae\nGazoros\nGellipara\nGenucla, [17] settlement located south of the Danube\nGermania, \"hot water\", modern Sapareva Banya, site of the Dentheletae tribe\nGermisara \"hot water\"\nGildova[17] (Gildoba), located along the Vistula river\nGiridava[17]\nHesdupara\nIamphorynna, capital of the Maedi tribe[19]\nItadeba[17] (Itadava)\nIsgipara\nIsmara\nIstria (Olbia)\nJidava,[7] near Câmpulung Muscel, Romania\nJidova[7]\nKabyle of the Kabileti tribe, capital of the Odrysae[20]\nKeliadeva\nKeirpara\nKeriparon\nKipsela, modern Ipsala\nKirpiza\nKistidiza\nKlepidaua\nKrabnopara\nKrasalopara\nKuimedaba\nLonginopara\nLygos, modern Istanbul\nMalva, a Dacian settlement where Roman Romula was built[citation needed]\nMarcodava (Dacia) (Markodaua)\nMaskiobria\nMelsambria, modern Nessebar\nMelta, modern Lovech\nMurideba\nMutzipara* Napoca, ancient Cluj-Napoca, Romania\nNaulochas, modern Obzor\nNentinava[13] (Netindaua), ancient Slobozia, Romania\nNentivava,[7] ancient Olteniţa, Romania\nNetindava\nNipsa near Panisus\nOescus of the Triballi tribe\nOdryssa or Uscudama, modern Edirne, capital of the Odrysae or Bessi tribe[21]\nOnokarsis, capital residence of the Odrysae, possibly modern Starosel\nOrsudisza\nOstudiza\nPatridava (Patridaua)\nPelendava[7] (Pelendova), ancient Craiova, Romania\nPerburidava\nPerperikon\nPinon\nPiroboridava\nPetra, fort of Maedi[22]\nPetrodava[13] (Petrodaua), located in Piatra Neamț\nPiroboridava (Piroboridaua)\nPizos\nPolondava\nPolymbria\nPotaissa (Patavissa), ancient Turda, Romania, also named as Patruissa\nPredava\nPriskupera\nQuemedava, mentioned by Procopius in Dardania[23]\nRamidava (Rhamidaua)\nRatiaria\nRecidava\nRemesiana\nRomboses\nRusidava[7] (Rusidava)\nRuconium\nSacidava (Sacidaba)\nSagadava\nSalmydessos, modern Kıyıköy, residence of the Odrysae\nSandava\nSangidaua\nSarmizegetusa[17] (Sarmisegetuza), Decebalus's capital and holy place\nScaidava (Skedeba)\nScaptopara, of the Dentheletae tribe, modern Blagoevgrad[24]\nScaripara\nScedabria\nScelabria\nScept\nSelymbria, modern Silivri in European Turkey[25]\nSerdica of the Serdi tribe, modern Sofia\nSetidava[7] (Setidaua), mentioned by Ptolemy as a thriving settlement\nSeuthopolis[3]\nSingidava (Singidaua)\nSintica of the Sintoi tribe\nSkaripara\nSkaskopara\nSpinopara\nStratopara\nStrupil\nSubzupara[26]\nSucidava[7] (Suvidava, Sukidaua), located in Corabia, Olt County, Romania\nSusudava,[7] mentioned by Ptolemy as a thriving settlement\nSykidaba\nTamasidava (Tamasidaua)\nTarpodiza\nTapae, a Dacian outpost guarding Sarmisegetuza and the site of two major battles between Dacians and Romans\nTeichos, residence of the Odryssae\nTherma of the Mygdones tribe, modern Thessaloniki[27][28][29]\nThermidava, placed by Ptolemy on the Lissus-Naissus route. The toponym is most probably a misreading of a settlement which most scholars in contemporary research locate near present-day Banat, Serbia.[30]\nThynia, town of the Thyni\nTibiscum\nTirista (Tsirista[7])\nTranopara\nTranupara[31]\nTsgipera\nTsierna (Dierna[7])\nTyrida\nTyrodiza\nUrdoviza, modern Kiten\nUtidava (Utidaua)\nZalcdaba\nZaldapa[17]\nZargidava (Zargidaua)\nZburulus\nSarmicegetusa\nZeugma\nZesutera\nZidava\nZikideva\nZimnicea,[7] site where Alexander the Great fought the Dacians\nZiridava (Ziridaua), identified archaeologically with Pecica, Arad, Romania [32]\nZirmai\nZisnudeba\nZisnedeva[7] (Zisnudeva, Zisnudeba), located in Dacian Moesia\nZucidaua\nZurobara\nZusidavaMap of Ancient Thrace made by Abraham Ortelius, at 1585","title":"Thracian and Dacian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aghireșu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Aghire%C8%99u"},{"link_name":"Ardan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Ardan"},{"link_name":"Ardeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Ardeu"},{"link_name":"Arpașu de Sus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Arpa%C8%99u_de_Sus"},{"link_name":"Augustin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Augustin"},{"link_name":"Băile Tușnad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_B%C4%83ile_Tu%C8%99nad"},{"link_name":"Băleni-Români","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_B%C4%83leni-Rom%C3%A2ni"},{"link_name":"Bănița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_B%C4%83ni%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Bâzdâna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_B%C3%A2zd%C3%A2na"},{"link_name":"Beidaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Beidaud"},{"link_name":"Bocșa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Boc%C8%99a"},{"link_name":"Boroșneu Mic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Boro%C8%99neu_Mic"},{"link_name":"Boșorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Bo%C8%99orod"},{"link_name":"Botfei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Botfei"},{"link_name":"Breaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Breaza"},{"link_name":"Bretea Mureșană","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Bretea_Mure%C8%99an%C4%83"},{"link_name":"Bucium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Bucium"},{"link_name":"Căpâlna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_C%C4%83p%C3%A2lna"},{"link_name":"Cernat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Cernat"},{"link_name":"Cetățeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Cet%C4%83%C8%9Beni"},{"link_name":"Cioclovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Cioclovina"},{"link_name":"Clopotiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Clopotiva"},{"link_name":"\"Costești-Blidaru\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coste%C8%99ti-Blidaru_Dacian_fortress"},{"link_name":"\"Costești-Cetățuie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coste%C8%99ti-Cet%C4%83%C8%9Buie_Dacian_fortress"},{"link_name":"Cotnari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Cotnari"},{"link_name":"Coțofenii din Dos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Co%C8%9Bofenii_din_Dos"},{"link_name":"Covasna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Covasna"},{"link_name":"Cozia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Cozia"},{"link_name":"Crăsanii de Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Cr%C4%83sanii_de_Jos"},{"link_name":"Crivești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Crive%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Crizbav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Crizbav"},{"link_name":"Cuciulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Cuciulata"},{"link_name":"\"Cucuiș - Dealul Golu\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Cucui%C8%99_-_Dealul_Golu"},{"link_name":"\"Cucuiș - Vârful Berianului\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Cucui%C8%99_-_V%C3%A2rful_Berianului"},{"link_name":"Cugir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Cugir"},{"link_name":"Cârlomănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_C%C3%A2rlom%C4%83ne%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Dalboșeț","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Dalbo%C8%99e%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Densuș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Densu%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Divici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Divici"},{"link_name":"Drajna de Sus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Drajna_de_Sus"},{"link_name":"Dumitrița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Dumitri%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Eliseni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Eliseni"},{"link_name":"Feldioara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Feldioara"},{"link_name":"\"Fețele Albe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fe%C8%9Bele_Albe_Dacian_fortress"},{"link_name":"Grădiștea de Munte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Gr%C4%83di%C8%99tea_de_Munte"},{"link_name":"Iedera de Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Iedera_de_Jos"},{"link_name":"Feleac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Feleac"},{"link_name":"Jigodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Jigodin"},{"link_name":"Liubcova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Liubcova"},{"link_name":"Mala Kopania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Mala_Kopania"},{"link_name":"Marca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Marca"},{"link_name":"Mataraua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Mataraua"},{"link_name":"Merești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Mere%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Moinești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Moine%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Monariu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Monariu"},{"link_name":"Monor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Monor"},{"link_name":"Moșna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Mo%C8%99na"},{"link_name":"Ocolișu Mic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Ocoli%C8%99u_Mic"},{"link_name":"Odorheiu Secuiesc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Odorheiu_Secuiesc"},{"link_name":"Olteni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Olteni"},{"link_name":"Orăștie Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_Fortresses_of_the_Or%C4%83%C8%99tie_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Petrila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Petrila"},{"link_name":"Petroșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Petro%C8%99ani"},{"link_name":"\"Piatra Roșie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piatra_Ro%C8%99ie_Dacian_fortress"},{"link_name":"Pietroasa Mică","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Pietroasa_Mic%C4%83"},{"link_name":"Pinticu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Pinticu"},{"link_name":"Pisculești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Piscule%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Poiana cu Cetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Poiana_cu_Cetate"},{"link_name":"Polovragi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Polovragi"},{"link_name":"Ponor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Ponor"},{"link_name":"Popești (Călărași)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Pope%C8%99ti_(C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i)"},{"link_name":"Porumbenii Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Porumbenii_Mari"},{"link_name":"Praid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Praid"},{"link_name":"Racoș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Raco%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Racu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Racu"},{"link_name":"Radovanu - Gorgana I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Radovanu_-_Gorgana_I"},{"link_name":"Radovanu - Jidovescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Radovanu_-_Jidovescu"},{"link_name":"Roadeș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Roade%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Rovinari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Rovinari"},{"link_name":"Rușor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Ru%C8%99or"},{"link_name":"Sacalasău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Sacalas%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Satu Mare (Harghita)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Satu_Mare_(Harghita)"},{"link_name":"Satu Nou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Satu_Nou"},{"link_name":"Sânzieni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_S%C3%A2nzieni"},{"link_name":"Seimeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Seimeni"},{"link_name":"Socol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Socol"},{"link_name":"Sprâncenata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Spr%C3%A2ncenata"},{"link_name":"Stâncești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_St%C3%A2nce%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Stoina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Stoina"},{"link_name":"Șeica Mică","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_%C8%98eica_Mic%C4%83"},{"link_name":"Tășad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_T%C4%83%C8%99ad"},{"link_name":"Telița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Teli%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Teliu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Teliu"},{"link_name":"Tilișca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Tili%C8%99ca"},{"link_name":"Timișu de Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Timi%C8%99u_de_Jos"},{"link_name":"Turia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Turia"},{"link_name":"Unip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Unip"},{"link_name":"Uroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Uroi"},{"link_name":"Valea Seacă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Valea_Seac%C4%83"},{"link_name":"Viișoara Moșneni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Vii%C8%99oara_Mo%C8%99neni"},{"link_name":"Zemplín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Zempl%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Zetea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_fortress_of_Zetea"}],"sub_title":"Unknown names","text":"Aghireșu\nArdan\nArdeu\nArpașu de Sus\nAugustin\nBăile Tușnad\nBăleni-Români\nBănița\nBâzdâna\nBeidaud\nBocșa\nBoroșneu Mic\nBoșorod\nBotfei\nBreaza\nBretea Mureșană\nBucium\nCăpâlna\nCernat\nCetățeni\nCioclovina\nClopotiva\n\"Costești-Blidaru\"\n\"Costești-Cetățuie\"\nCotnari\nCoțofenii din Dos\nCovasna\nCozia\nCrăsanii de Jos\nCrivești\nCrizbav\nCuciulata\n\"Cucuiș - Dealul Golu\"\n\"Cucuiș - Vârful Berianului\"\nCugir\nCârlomănești\nDalboșeț\nDensuș\nDivici\nDrajna de Sus\nDumitrița\nEliseni\nFeldioara\n\"Fețele Albe\"\nGrădiștea de Munte\nIedera de Jos\nFeleac\nJigodin\nLiubcova\nMala Kopania\nMarca\nMataraua\nMerești\nMoinești\nMonariu\nMonor\nMoșna\nOcolișu Mic\nOdorheiu Secuiesc\nOlteni\nOrăștie Mountains\nPetrila\nPetroșani\n\"Piatra Roșie\"\nPietroasa Mică\nPinticu\nPisculești\nPoiana cu Cetate\nPolovragi\nPonor\nPopești (Călărași)\nPorumbenii Mari\nPraid\nRacoș\nRacu\nRadovanu - Gorgana I\nRadovanu - Jidovescu\nRoadeș\nRovinari\nRușor\nSacalasău\nSatu Mare (Harghita)\nSatu Nou\nSânzieni\nSeimeni\nSocol\nSprâncenata\nStâncești\nStoina\nȘeica Mică\nTășad\nTelița\nTeliu\nTilișca\nTimișu de Jos\nTuria\nUnip\nUroi\nValea Seacă\nViișoara Moșneni\nZemplín\nZetea","title":"Thracian and Dacian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chesdupara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chesdupara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Daradapara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daradapara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Dardani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardani"},{"link_name":"Sirmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmium"}],"text":"Chesdupara\nDaradapara\nScupi of the Dardani tribe\nSirmium","title":"Thraco-Illyrian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Greek colonisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Greek_colonisation"},{"link_name":"Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Crimea"},{"link_name":"Pontic Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Greeks"}],"text":"See also: Second Greek colonisation, Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea, and Pontic Greeks","title":"Thrace and Macedonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amphipolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphipolis"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Akontisma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akontisma"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poleis,856-33"},{"link_name":"Antisara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antisara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poleis,856-33"},{"link_name":"Creston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creston,_Crestonia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kilkis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkis"},{"link_name":"Datos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datos"},{"link_name":"Thasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thasos"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krenides,_Daton-34"},{"link_name":"Drabeskos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drabeskos"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poleis,856-33"},{"link_name":"Eion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eion"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Ennea Hodoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ennea_Hodoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poleis,856-33"},{"link_name":"Galepsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galepsus_(Edonis)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thasos"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Gasoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gasoros&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poleis,856-33"},{"link_name":"Heraclea Sintica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_Sintica"},{"link_name":"Krenides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenides_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Thasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thasos"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krenides,_Daton-34"},{"link_name":"Mastira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastira"},{"link_name":"Bastira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bastira&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Myrkinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrkinos"},{"link_name":"Miletus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classical_Poleis_2005,_page_782-36"},{"link_name":"Neapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolis_(Colony)"},{"link_name":"Thasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thasos"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Kavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavala"},{"link_name":"Oesyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesyme"},{"link_name":"Thasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thasos"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classical_Poleis_2005,_page_782-36"},{"link_name":"Paroikopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paroikopolis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poleis,857-38"},{"link_name":"Pergamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pergamos_(polis)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poleis,857-38"},{"link_name":"Phagres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagres"},{"link_name":"Thasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thasos"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Philippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippi"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Crenides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenides_(Macedonia)"},{"link_name":"Philippopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippopolis_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Plovdiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plovdiv"},{"link_name":"Pistyros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistyros"},{"link_name":"Thasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thasos"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Sirra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirra"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Siriopeoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siriopeoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Serres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serres"},{"link_name":"Skapte Hyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skapte_Hyle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poleis,857-38"},{"link_name":"Skotoussa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skotoussa_(polis)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poleis,857-38"},{"link_name":"Tristolos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristolos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poleis,857-38"}],"sub_title":"Thrace, from Strymon to Nestos","text":"Amphipolis, founded by colonists from Athens\nAkontisma[33]\nAntisara[33]\nCreston, modern Kilkis\nDatos, founded by colonists from Thasos[34]\nDrabeskos[33]\nEion, founded by colonists from Athens\nEnnea Hodoi[33]\nGalepsus, founded by colonists from Thasos[35]\nGasoros[33]\nHeraclea Sintica\nKrenides, founded by colonists from Thasos[34]\nMastira, mentioned by Demosthenes (341 BCE) in his \"The Oration on the State of the Chersonesus\". This town was unknown to the scholar Harpocration (100-200 CE), who suggests that instead of \"Mastira\" we should read \"Bastira\", a known Thracian town of that name.\nMyrkinos, founded by colonists from Miletus[36] in 497 BC\nNeapolis, founded by colonists from Thasos,[37] modern Kavala\nOesyme, founded by colonists from Thasos[36]\nParoikopolis[38]\nPergamos[38]\nPhagres, founded by colonists from Thasos[37]\nPhilippi, founded by Philip II of Macedon,[37] rebuilt Crenides\nPhilippopolis (modern Plovdiv)\nPistyros, founded by colonists from Thasos[39]\nSirra, founded by Philip II of Macedon,[37] rebuilt town of the Siriopeoni, modern Serres\nSkapte Hyle[38]\nSkotoussa[38]\nTristolos[38]","title":"Thrace and Macedonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdera,_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Klazomenai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klazomenai"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Ainos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enez"},{"link_name":"Poltymbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltymbria"},{"link_name":"Alopeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alopeke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilene"},{"link_name":"Kyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyme_(Aeolis)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Bergepolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergepolis"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Abdera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdera,_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Doriskos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doriskos"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Drys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drys_(Colony)"},{"link_name":"Samothrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samothrace"},{"link_name":"Dikaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikaia_(Colony)"},{"link_name":"Samos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herodotus,_Carolyn_Dewald,_2008,_page_442-42"},{"link_name":"Kypsela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypsela_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Larissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larissa_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Maroneia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroneia"},{"link_name":"Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herodotus,_Carolyn_Dewald,_2008,_page_442-42"},{"link_name":"Menebria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menebria"},{"link_name":"Samothrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samothrace"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Nessebar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nessebar"},{"link_name":"Orthagoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthagoria"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_(Colony)"},{"link_name":"Samothrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samothrace"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Stryme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryme_(Colony)"},{"link_name":"Thasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thasos"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_(Colony)"},{"link_name":"Samothrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samothrace"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"}],"sub_title":"Thrace, from Nestos to Hebros","text":"Abdera, founded by colonists from Klazomenai[40]\nAinos (Poltymbria) founded by colonists from Alopeke, Mytilene, and Kyme[41]\nBergepolis,[37] founded by colonists from Abdera\nDoriskos[37]\nDrys, founded by colonists from Samothrace\nDikaia, founded by colonists from Samos[42]\nKypsela[37]\nLarissa[43]\nMaroneia, founded by colonists from Chios[42]\nMenebria, founded by colonists from Samothrace[44] on a town named Melsambria, modern Nessebar\nOrthagoria[37]\nSale, founded by colonists from Samothrace[37]\nStryme, founded from colonists from Thasos[45]\nZone, founded by colonists from Samothrace[37]","title":"Thrace and Macedonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandropolis Maedica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandropolis_Maedica"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Beroea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beroea_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelkov1977128-50"},{"link_name":"Philippopolis| Pulpudeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plovdiv"},{"link_name":"Philippopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippopolis_(Thracia)"},{"link_name":"Plovdiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plovdiv"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Stanimachos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanimachos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Istiaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istiaia"},{"link_name":"Asenovgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenovgrad"},{"link_name":"Pistiros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistiros"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Inland Thrace","text":"Alexandropolis Maedica[46]\nBeroea, founded by Philip II of Macedon[47][48][49][50] in 342 BC\nPhilippopolis| Pulpudeva (Philippopolis), today's city of Plovdiv in Bulgaria, founded by Philip II of Macedon in a town formerly called Eumolpias.[51]\nStanimachos, founded by colonists from Istiaia, modern Asenovgrad\nPistiros,[52] founded by Pistyrians from the coast","title":"Thrace and Macedonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aegospotami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegospotami"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Alokopennesos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alokopennesos"},{"link_name":"Aeolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolis"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Araplos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araplos"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Callipolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli"},{"link_name":"Chersonesos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chersonesos_(Colony)"},{"link_name":"Agora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agora_(Colony)"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Derris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derris_(Colony)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Elaious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaious"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poleis,_page-636-54"},{"link_name":"Ide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ide_(Colony)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Kardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardia_(Colony)"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poleis,_page-636-54"},{"link_name":"Kressa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kressa_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Krithotai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krithotai"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Limnae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnae,_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Miletus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Madytos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madytos_(Colony)"},{"link_name":"Lesbos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbos"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Pactya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pactya"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Paion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paion_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Sestos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestos"},{"link_name":"Lesbos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbos"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Thracian Chersonesos","text":"Aegospotami (Aegospotamos)[53]\nAlokopennesos, founded by colonists from Aeolis[37]\nAraplos[37]\nCallipolis\nChersonesos (Agora), founded by colonists from Athens[37]\nDerris[37]\nElaious, founded by colonists from Athens[54]\nIde[37]\nKardia, founded by colonists from Athens[54]\nKressa[37]\nKrithotai, founded by colonists from Athens\nLimnae, founded by colonists from Miletus[55][56]\nMadytos, founded by colonists from Lesbos[37]\nPactya, founded by colonists from Athens[37]\nPaion[37]\nSestos, founded by colonists from Lesbos[57]","title":"Thrace and Macedonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athyra_(Colony)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelkov1977124-59"},{"link_name":"Byzantion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantion"},{"link_name":"Megara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megara"},{"link_name":"Lygos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygos"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Bisanthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisanthe"},{"link_name":"Samos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Daminon Teichos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daminon_Teichos"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Ergiske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergiske"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Heraclea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica"},{"link_name":"Perinthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinthus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Heraion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraion_(Colony)"},{"link_name":"Samos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Lysimachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysimachia_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Neapolis (Thracian Chersonese)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolis_(Thracian_Chersonese)"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Orestias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orestias"},{"link_name":"Perinthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinthus"},{"link_name":"Samos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Rhaedestus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaedestus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Samos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos"},{"link_name":"Serrion Teichos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serrion_Teichos"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Selymbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selymbria"},{"link_name":"Silivri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silivri"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classical_Poleis_2005,_page_465-25"},{"link_name":"Tyrodiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrodiza"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Propontic Thrace","text":"Athyra[58][59]\nByzantion, founded by colonists from Megara on a town called Lygos, modern Istanbul\nBisanthe, founded by colonists from Samos[60]\nDaminon Teichos[61]\nErgiske[62]\nHeraclea (Perinthus)[citation needed]\nHeraion, founded by colonists from Samos[63]\nLysimachia[citation needed]\nNeapolis (Thracian Chersonese), founded by colonists from Athens\nOrestias, rebuilt\nPerinthus, founded by colonists from Samos[37]\nRhaedestus[citation needed], founded by colonists from Samos\nSerrion Teichos[37]\nSelymbria, modern Silivri in European Turkey,[25] of Thracian etymology\nTyrodiza,[64][65] of Thracian etymology","title":"Thrace and Macedonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aegyssos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulcea"},{"link_name":"Tulcea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulcea"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrumeza2009132-66"},{"link_name":"Aquae Calidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquae_Calidae,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Ahtopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtopol"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Anchialos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomorie"},{"link_name":"Pomorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomorie"},{"link_name":"Apollonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia,_Thrace#History"},{"link_name":"Sozopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozopol"},{"link_name":"Ionians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionians"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Berga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berga_(Colony)"},{"link_name":"Thasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thasos"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Bizone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizone"},{"link_name":"Miletus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Kavarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavarna"},{"link_name":"Krutoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krutoi_(city)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Balchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balchik"},{"link_name":"Dionysopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysupolis"},{"link_name":"Balchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balchik"},{"link_name":"Miletus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Heliopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obzor"},{"link_name":"Obzor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obzor"},{"link_name":"Histria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histria_(Sinoe)"},{"link_name":"Miletus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Kallatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallatis"},{"link_name":"Callatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callatis"},{"link_name":"Herakleia Pontike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herakleia_Pontike"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Mangalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalia"},{"link_name":"Nesebar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesebar"},{"link_name":"Dorians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorians"},{"link_name":"Megara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megara"},{"link_name":"Odessos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Miletus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Nikonion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niconium"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Salmydessos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmydessos"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Tomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Constanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanta"},{"link_name":"Scythian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythia"}],"sub_title":"West Pontic coast","text":"Aegyssos, modern Tulcea[66]\nAquae Calidae\nAhtopol, founded by colonists from Athens\nAnchialos, modern Pomorie, founded by colonists from Appolonia\nApollonia, modern Sozopol, founded by Ionians[37]\nBerga, founded by colonists from Thasos[37]\nBizone, founded by colonists from Miletus,[37] modern Kavarna\nKrutoi, modern Balchik founded by Miletian colonists\nDionysopolis, modern Balchik, founded by colonists from Miletus[37]\nHeliopolis, modern Obzor\nHistria, founded by colonists from Miletus[37]\nKallatis (Callatis), founded from colonists from Herakleia Pontike,[67] modern-day Mangalia, Romania\nMesembria, modern Nesebar, settled during the 6th century BC by Dorians from Megara\nOdessos, modern Varna, founded by colonists from Miletus[68]\nNikonion, founded by colonists from Istros[37]\nSalmydessos (from IE *salm-udes, \"salty water\"; cf. Greek álmē, \"sea water, brine\"; ýdos, \"water\")[69]\nTomis, modern Constanta, rebuilt Scythian town","title":"Thrace and Macedonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aison_(Colony)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Brea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brea_(colony)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inventory-37"},{"link_name":"Gazoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazoros"},{"link_name":"Heraclea Sintica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_Sintica"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Sintoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintoi"},{"link_name":"Kossaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kossaia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Aison[citation needed]\nBrea, founded by colonists from Athens,[37]\nGazoros\nHeraclea Sintica[70] on a tribe of the Sintoi tribe\nKossaia[citation needed]","title":"Thrace and Macedonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boryza (city)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boryza_(city)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Doriscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doriscus"}],"text":"Boryza (city)[71][72]\nDoriscus","title":"Persian"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balkans_6th_century.svg"},{"link_name":"Abritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abritus"},{"link_name":"Acumincum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acumincum"},{"link_name":"Ad Medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ad_Medium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agura Piatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agura_Piatra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Regianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regianum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Appiaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appiaria"},{"link_name":"Apros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apros"},{"link_name":"Aquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Augustae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augustae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Augusta Traiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_Traiana"},{"link_name":"Burgenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgenae"},{"link_name":"Camistrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camistrum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caenophrurium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenophrurium"},{"link_name":"Cypsella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypsella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deultum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deultum"},{"link_name":"Debelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debelt"},{"link_name":"Deltum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deltum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Diocletianopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianopolis_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Hisarya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisarya,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Doracium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doclea_(town)"},{"link_name":"Durorstorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durorstorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Silistra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silistra"},{"link_name":"Drobeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drobeta_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Gensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gensis_(vicus)"},{"link_name":"Hadrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianople"},{"link_name":"Uscudama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uscudama"},{"link_name":"Justiniana Prima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiniana_Prima"},{"link_name":"Margus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margus_(city)"},{"link_name":"Marcianopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianopolis"},{"link_name":"Devnya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devnya"},{"link_name":"Maximianopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximianopolis_in_Rhodope"},{"link_name":"Morisena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisena_(castra)"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Nicopolis ad Istrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicopolis_ad_Istrum"},{"link_name":"Nicopolis ad Nestum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicopolis_ad_Nestum"},{"link_name":"Novae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novae_(fortress)"},{"link_name":"Oescus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oescus"},{"link_name":"Pautalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pautalia"},{"link_name":"Kyustendil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyustendil"},{"link_name":"Pescium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Peć","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Plotinopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotinopolis"},{"link_name":"Hissarya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hissarya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Porolissum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porolissum"},{"link_name":"Resculum (castra Remesiana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resculum_(castra_Remesiana)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sexagnita Prista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sexagnita_Prista&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruse,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Sirmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmium"},{"link_name":"Theranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theranda"},{"link_name":"Traianopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traianopolis_(Thrace)"},{"link_name":"Transmarisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmarisca"},{"link_name":"Tutrakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutrakan"},{"link_name":"Tropaeum Traiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropaeum_Traiani"},{"link_name":"Turres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirot"},{"link_name":"Pirot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirot"},{"link_name":"Ulmetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmetum_(castra)"},{"link_name":"Ulpiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulpiana"},{"link_name":"Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa"},{"link_name":"Vratsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vratsa"},{"link_name":"Vicianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicianum"},{"link_name":"Vučitrn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu%C4%8Ditrn"},{"link_name":"Viminacium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viminacium"},{"link_name":"Zaldapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaldapa"},{"link_name":"Zikideva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zikideva"}],"text":"Cities during the Roman periodAbritus\nAcumincum\nAd Medium\nAgura Piatra (Regianum)\nAppiaria\nApros\nAquis\nAugustae\nAugusta Traiana (formerly Beroe, later Stara Zagora)\nBurgenae\nCamistrum\nCaenophrurium\nCypsella\nDeultum, rebuilt Debelt\nDeltum\nDiocletianopolis (modern Hisarya)\nDoracium\nDurorstorum, modern Silistra\nDrobeta\nGensis\nHadrianople, rebuild Uscudama\nJustiniana Prima\nMargus\nMarcianopolis, modern Devnya\nMaximianopolis\nMorisena\nMontana\nNicopolis ad Istrum\nNicopolis ad Nestum, rebuilt Alexandrupolis\nNovae\nOescus\nPautalia, modern Kyustendil\nPescium, modern Peć\nPlotinopolis, modern Hissarya,\nPorolissum\nResculum (castra Remesiana)\nSexagnita Prista, modern Ruse\nSirmium\nTheranda\nTraianopolis\nTransmarisca, modern Tutrakan\nTropaeum Traiani\nTurres, modern Pirot\nUlmetum\nUlpiana\nUlpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa\nValve, modern Vratsa\nVicianum, modern Vučitrn\nViminacium\nZaldapa\nZikideva\nthe rest after conquest","title":"Roman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunonia"},{"link_name":"Vidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidin"},{"link_name":"Malata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malata"},{"link_name":"Naissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naissus"},{"link_name":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Noviodunum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noviodunum"},{"link_name":"Serdica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdica"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Singidunum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singidunum"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Taurunum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurunum"},{"link_name":"Tylis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylis"}],"text":"Dunonia, modern Vidin\nMalata\nNaissus, modern Niš\nNoviodunum\nSerdica, modern Sofia\nSingidunum, modern Belgrade\nTaurunum\nTylis","title":"Celtic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-The_Cambridge_Ancient_History_1992,_page_612_1-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-22717-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22717-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84176-329-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-329-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-22717-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22717-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-306-46258-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46258-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-22496-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22496-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-18"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-19"},{"link_name":"u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-20"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-21"},{"link_name":"w","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200913_7-22"},{"link_name":"Grumeza 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrumeza2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelkov197792_8-0"},{"link_name":"Velkov 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVelkov1977"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlteanu_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlteanu_9-1"},{"link_name":"Olteanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOlteanu"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Teubner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teubner"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESch%C3%BCtte191796_12-0"},{"link_name":"Schütte 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSch%C3%BCtte1917"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200912_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200912_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200912_13-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200912_13-3"},{"link_name":"Grumeza 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrumeza2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200988_14-0"},{"link_name":"Grumeza 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrumeza2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200914_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200914_17-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200914_17-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200914_17-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200914_17-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200914_17-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200914_17-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza200914_17-7"},{"link_name":"Grumeza 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrumeza2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"kabileti tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.novinite.com/articles/168495/Kabile%3A+When+One+Is+Curious,"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"A Companion to Ancient Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ueTuBgAAQBAJ&q=Dentheletae+tribe+town&pg=PA66"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781444351040","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444351040"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elem%C3%A9r_Illy%C3%A9s_1988,_page_223_23-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88033-146-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-146-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Heart of Bulgaria's Southeast\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160808095917/http://europost.bg/article?id=10445"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//europost.bg/article?id=10445"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Classical_Poleis_2005,_page_465_25-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Classical_Poleis_2005,_page_465_25-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4286-4561-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4286-4561-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"Мигдония - это... Что такое Мигдония?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dictionary_of_ancient.academic.ru/2520/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"МИГДОНИЯ - В. Д. Гладкий. Древний мир. Энциклопедический словарь в 2-х томах - История\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.istorypedia.com/23/204/1622008.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Беломорие\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150618171832/http://belomorie.eu/demi.php?order=dem&id=97"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//belomorie.eu/demi.php?order=dem&id=97"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Trajan's Column: A New Edition of the Cichorius Plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3pvpAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780862994679","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780862994679"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2001214_32-0"},{"link_name":"Taylor 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTaylor2001"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Poleis,856_33-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Poleis,856_33-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Poleis,856_33-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Poleis,856_33-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Poleis,856_33-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Krenides,_Daton_34-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Krenides,_Daton_34-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Classical_Poleis_2005,_page_782_36-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Classical_Poleis_2005,_page_782_36-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-18"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-19"},{"link_name":"u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-20"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-21"},{"link_name":"w","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-22"},{"link_name":"x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-23"},{"link_name":"y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-24"},{"link_name":"z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-25"},{"link_name":"aa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-26"},{"link_name":"ab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Inventory_37-27"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Poleis,857_38-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Poleis,857_38-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Poleis,857_38-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Poleis,857_38-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Poleis,857_38-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Herodotus,_Carolyn_Dewald,_2008,_page_442_42-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Herodotus,_Carolyn_Dewald,_2008,_page_442_42-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"Sheila Murnaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Murnaghan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelkov1977128_50-0"},{"link_name":"Velkov 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVelkov1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Poleis,_page-636_54-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Poleis,_page-636_54-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"\"Texas edu Colonies and Metropoleis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120125221629/http://www.utexas.edu/courses/greeksahoy!/colonies_and_metropoleis.jpg"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.utexas.edu/courses/greeksahoy!/colonies_and_metropoleis.jpg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4073-0110-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4073-0110-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelkov1977124_59-0"},{"link_name":"Velkov 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVelkov1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrumeza2009132_66-0"},{"link_name":"Grumeza 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrumeza2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"George Cawkwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cawkwell"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-72"}],"text":"^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond ,ISBN 0-521-22717-8, 1992, page 612: \"Thrace possessed only fortified areas and cities such as Cabassus would have been no more than large villages. In general the population lived in villages and hamlets...\"\n\n^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 888, \"It was meant to be a polis but this was no reason to think that it was anything other than a native settlement.\"\n\n^ a b The Thracians 700 BC-AD 46 by Christopher Webber, ISBN 1-84176-329-2, 2001, page 1, \"...the city of Seuthopolis seems to be the only significant town in Thrace not built by Greeks...\"\n\n^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond, ISBN 0-521-22717-8, 1992, page 612: \"According to Strabo (vii.6.1cf.st.Byz.446.15) the Thracian -bria word meant polis but it is an inaccurate translation.\"\n\n^ Peregrine, Peter N.; Ember, Melvin (2001). Encyclopedia of Prehistory. 4 : Europe. Springer. ISBN 978-0-306-46258-0.\n\n^ Polomé, Edgar Charles (1982). \"20e\". In Boardman, John. Balkan Languages (Illyrian, Thracian and Daco-Moesian). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C. (2nd ed.). London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Grumeza 2009, p. 13.\n\n^ Velkov 1977, p. 92.\n\n^ a b Olteanu.\n\n^ *Procopii Caesariensis opera omnia. Edited by J. Haury; revised by G. Wirth. 3 vols. Leipzig: Teubner, 1976-64. Greek text.\n\n^ TSR9, Proc. 123. 26\n\n^ Schütte 1917, p. 96.\n\n^ a b c d Grumeza 2009, p. 12.\n\n^ Grumeza 2009, p. 88.\n\n^ A History of the Byzantine State and Society by Warren Treadgold, 1997, page 419: \"...Internal Reforms, 780-842 419 army, refounding Thracian Beroea under the name of Irenopolis, and reaching Philippopolis...\"\n\n^ \"The Cambridge Ancient History 1992, page 612\"\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Grumeza 2009, p. 14.\n\n^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 856, \"A thracian settlement\"\n\n^ History of Rome, VII, Books 26-27 (Loeb Classical Library No. 367) by Livy and Frank Gardner Moore, 1943, page 96: \"... waste the country and to besiege the city of Iamphorynna, the capital and citadel of Maedica...\"\n\n^ kabileti tribe\n\n^ The History of Rome, Volume 4 by Theodor Mommsen, 2009, page 53: \"... defeated the Bessi in their mountains, took their capital Uscudama (Adrianople), and compelled them to submit to the Roman supremacy.\"\n\n^ Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Denver (15 June 2015). A Companion to Ancient Thrace. ISBN 9781444351040.\n\n^ Ethnic continuity in the Carpatho-Danubian area by Elemér Illyés, 1988, ISBN 0-88033-146-1, page 223\n\n^ \"Heart of Bulgaria's Southeast\". Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.\n\n^ a b An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 465: \"Megara was principal or sole founder of...Kalchedo...Selymbria...Byzantion...Astakos...Herakleia pontike and possible Olbia...\"\n\n^ A New Classical Dictionary of Greek And Roman Biography, Mythology And Geography V2, 2006, ISBN 1-4286-4561-6, page 196, \"Subzupara (now in Zarvi), a town in Thrace on the road from Phillipopolis to Hadrianopolis...\"\n\n^ Меч Мидас. \"Мигдония - это... Что такое Мигдония?\". Dictionary_of_ancient.academic.ru. Retrieved 12 April 2022.\n\n^ \"МИГДОНИЯ - В. Д. Гладкий. Древний мир. Энциклопедический словарь в 2-х томах - История\".\n\n^ \"Беломорие\". Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2016.\n\n^ Lepper, F. A. (1988). Trajan's Column: A New Edition of the Cichorius Plates. Alan Sutton. p. 138. ISBN 9780862994679. Stuart Jones noted the Dacian - sounding place - name ' Thermidava ' on the Lissus Naissus road : but see Miller col . 557, for the evidence on this. The place was most probably called ' Theranda ' and there is no evidence for any settlement there of pro-Roman Dacians now, nor is it very likely. (..) Most scholars, however, have supposed, as did Cichorius, that we are now north of the Danube, somewhere in the Banat area where the local inhabitants are frightened that they may lose their recently acquired 'liberty'.\n\n^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L. Hammond, and E. Sollberger,1982, page 876: \"... proper and the southern Danube borderland, e.g. in Bessapara, Keipenapa, Tranupara; of -dita 'fortified town', found only in Thracia proper; ...\"\n\n^ Taylor 2001, p. 214.\n\n^ a b c d e An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 856\n\n^ a b An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 855: \"The Thasians... they founded Krenides and Daton\"\n\n^ Hatzfeld, Jean. History of Ancient Greece (trans. by Andre Aymard, 1968, W.W. Norton & Co., New York), pp. 34–35.\n\n^ a b An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 782, \"The Thasians are said to have colonised the Hedonian city of Myrkinos, Galepsos and Oisyme...\"\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, Index\n\n^ a b c d e An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 857\n\n^ Readings in Greek History: Sources and Interpretations by D. Brendan Nagle and Stanley M. Burstein, 2006, page 232: A GREEK TRADING POST IN THRACE\"... Maronea, Apollonia, and Thasos living in the trading post of Pistiros.\"\n\n^ The Histories, by Herodotus, Carolyn Dewald, and Robin Waterfield, 2008, page 442: \"... bed of the Lisus, Xerxes passed the Greek towns of Maronea, Dicaea, and Abdera. His route also took him past a...\"\n\n^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 870: \"Colonists from Mytilene and Kyme founded Ainos\"\n\n^ a b The Histories by Herodotus, Carolyn Dewald, and Robin Waterfield, 2008, page 442: \"... bed of the Lisus, Xerxes passed the Greek towns of Maronea, Dicaea, and Abdera. His route also took him past a ...\"\n\n^ Back Matter: \"... sites identified solely by coins' location site Thessaly, Atrax, Kieron, Larissa, Thrace, Ainos, Bizye, Byzantium, Deultum, Maroneia, Mesembra, Pantalia...\"\n\n^ Hammond Concise Atlas of World History by Geoffrey Barraclough, 2001, Index, \"Mesembria/Greek Colony\"\n\n^ The Histories, by Herodotus, John M. Marincola, and Aubery de Selincourt, 2003, page 451: \"... most westerly of which is Mesembria; the next place is Stryme, a town belonging to the Thasians. ...\"\n\n^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 892\n\n^ Women and slaves in Greco-Roman culture: differential equations, by Sandra Rae Joshel, Sheila Murnaghan, 1998, page 214: \"Philip II founded cities at Beroe, Kabyle, and Philippopolis in 342/1, and Aegean-style urban life began to penetrate Thrace.\"\n\n^ Late Roman villas in the Danube-Balkan region, by Lynda Mulvin, 2002, page 19: \"Other roads went through Beroe (founded by Philip II of Macedon)\"\n\n^ Philip of Macedon, by Louïza D. Loukopoulou, 1980, page 98: \"Upriver in the valley between the Rhodope and Haimos Philip founded Beroe (Stara Zagora) and Philippolis (Plovdiv).\"\n\n^ Velkov 1977, p. 128.\n\n^ From Mycenae to Constantinople: Major Cities of the Greek and Roman World, by Richa Tomlinson, 1992, page 8: \"...this means, a Macedonian city established in a non-Macedonian area (Philippopolis in Thrace, for example) becomes a means of establishing a...\"\n\n^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 895: \"The emporion of Pistiros was an inland trading station originally founded by merchants coming from the polis of Pistiros a dependency of Thasos situated piston the Thracian coast\"\n\n^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 903: \"Aigos potamoi is called a deserted polichne by Strabo and a polis by Steph.Byz.\"\n\n^ a b An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 636: \"In the archaic period Athens colonised Sigeion, Elaious, Chersonesus, Paktye, Sestus, Kardia...\"\n\n^ The Penguin Historical atlas of Ancient Greece by Robert Morkot, page 48\n\n^ \"Texas edu Colonies and Metropoleis\". Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2009.\n\n^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 910: \"Sestos was colonised by Lesbians\"\n\n^ Ancient Greek Colonies in the Black Sea 2, Dēmētrios V. Grammenos, ISBN 1-4073-0110-1, 2007, page 1182\n\n^ Velkov 1977, p. 124.\n\n^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 914: \"Bisanthe was a colony founded by the Samians\"\n\n^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 918\n\n^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 913\n\n^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 919: \"Heraion Teichos was a colony of Samos\"\n\n^ a town near Perinthus, Xerxes' commissariat there: Hdt. 7.25\n\n^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 912: \"The European coast of Propontis was settled by Megarians and Samians.By 480 four colonies are recorded; viz from the east to the west, Megarian Byzantion and Selymbria and Samian Perinthos and Bisanthe along with two smaller and presumably dependant settlements, Tyrodiza and Heraion.\"\n\n^ Grumeza 2009, p. 132.\n\n^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 934: \"Kallatis was colonized by Herakleia\"\n\n^ A Companion to Archaic Greece, by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees, 2009, page 337: \"... On the western shore, Odessos was founded by the Milesians, and the expansion of existing Greek cities in the western ...\"\n\n^ Katičic', Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans, Part One. Paris: Mouton, 1976: 147\n\n^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC, by D. M. Lewis, page 469: \"Philip's new foundation at Heracle Sintica\"\n\n^ The Greek Wars: The Failure of Persia, by George Cawkwell, 2006, page 58: \"... 'The lands beyond the sea' Persian city, Boryza' on the Black Sea coast (FGH t Fí66) but that ...\"\n\n^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 891, \"Note that the only one which is explicitly called a polis by Hekataios is Boryza (fr.166) and here we learn that it is a polis inhabited by Persians i.e not by Greeks or Thracians.\"","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Dacian towns and fortresses in Dacia during Burebista","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dacia_around_60-44_BC_during_Burebista%2C_including_campaigns_-_French.png/220px-Dacia_around_60-44_BC_during_Burebista%2C_including_campaigns_-_French.png"},{"image_text":"Onomastic range of some towns with the dava ending","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Teritoriul_onomastic_al_elementului_dava_-_Sorin_Olteanu.jpg/330px-Teritoriul_onomastic_al_elementului_dava_-_Sorin_Olteanu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Ancient Thrace made by Abraham Ortelius, at 1585","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Thraciae-veteris-typvs.jpg/220px-Thraciae-veteris-typvs.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cities during the Roman period","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Balkans_6th_century.svg/220px-Balkans_6th_century.svg.png"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg"},{"title":"Poetry portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Poetry"},{"title":"List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Thrace_and_Dacia"},{"title":"List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia"},{"title":"List of ancient cities in Illyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Illyria"},{"title":"List of rulers of Illyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Illyria"},{"title":"Dacian Dava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dava_(Dacian)"},{"title":"Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_Fortresses_of_the_Or%C4%83%C5%9Ftie_Mountains"},{"title":"Tabula Peutingeriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana"},{"title":"Notitia Dignitatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum"}] | [{"reference":"Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Denver (15 June 2015). A Companion to Ancient Thrace. ISBN 9781444351040.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ueTuBgAAQBAJ&q=Dentheletae+tribe+town&pg=PA66","url_text":"A Companion to Ancient Thrace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444351040","url_text":"9781444351040"}]},{"reference":"\"Heart of Bulgaria's Southeast\". Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160808095917/http://europost.bg/article?id=10445","url_text":"\"Heart of Bulgaria's Southeast\""},{"url":"http://europost.bg/article?id=10445","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Меч Мидас. \"Мигдония - это... Что такое Мигдония?\". Dictionary_of_ancient.academic.ru. Retrieved 12 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary_of_ancient.academic.ru/2520/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F","url_text":"\"Мигдония - это... Что такое Мигдония?\""}]},{"reference":"\"МИГДОНИЯ - В. Д. Гладкий. Древний мир. Энциклопедический словарь в 2-х томах - История\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.istorypedia.com/23/204/1622008.html","url_text":"\"МИГДОНИЯ - В. Д. Гладкий. Древний мир. Энциклопедический словарь в 2-х томах - История\""}]},{"reference":"\"Беломорие\". Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150618171832/http://belomorie.eu/demi.php?order=dem&id=97","url_text":"\"Беломорие\""},{"url":"http://belomorie.eu/demi.php?order=dem&id=97","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lepper, F. A. (1988). Trajan's Column: A New Edition of the Cichorius Plates. Alan Sutton. p. 138. ISBN 9780862994679. Stuart Jones noted the Dacian - sounding place - name ' Thermidava ' on the Lissus Naissus road : but see Miller col . 557, for the evidence on this. The place was most probably called ' Theranda ' and there is no evidence for any settlement there of pro-Roman Dacians now, nor is it very likely. (..) Most scholars, however, have supposed, as did Cichorius, that we are now north of the Danube, somewhere in the Banat area where the local inhabitants are frightened that they may lose their recently acquired 'liberty'.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3pvpAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Trajan's Column: A New Edition of the Cichorius Plates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780862994679","url_text":"9780862994679"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas edu Colonies and Metropoleis\". Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125221629/http://www.utexas.edu/courses/greeksahoy!/colonies_and_metropoleis.jpg","url_text":"\"Texas edu Colonies and Metropoleis\""},{"url":"http://www.utexas.edu/courses/greeksahoy!/colonies_and_metropoleis.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. The shores of the Danube were well monitored from the Dacian fortresses Acidava, Buricodava, Dausadava (the shrine of the wolves), Diacum, Drobeta (Turnu Severin), Nentivava (Oltenia), Suvidava (Corabia), Tsirista, Tierna/Dierna (Orsova) and what is today Zimnicea. Downstream were also other fortresses: Axiopolis (Cernadova), Barbosi, Buteridava, Capidava(Topalu), Carsium(Harsova), Durostorum(Silistra), Sacidava/Sagadava (Dunareni) along with still others...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion_Grumeza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Grumeza, Ion"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C","url_text":"Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Books","url_text":"Hamilton Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-4465-5","url_text":"978-0-7618-4465-5"}]},{"reference":"Olteanu, Sorin. \"Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum - Toponyms Section\". Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum (in Romanian and English). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103139/http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm","url_text":"\"Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum - Toponyms Section\""},{"url":"http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schütte, Gudmund (1917). Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe: a reconstruction of the prototypes. Copenhagen: H. Hagerup.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudmund_Sch%C3%BCtte","url_text":"Schütte, Gudmund"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ptolemysmapsofno00schrich","url_text":"Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe: a reconstruction of the prototypes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._Hagerup&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"H. Hagerup"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Timothy (2001). Northeastern European Iron Age. Springer Published in conjunction with the Human Relations Area Files. ISBN 978-0-306-46258-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46258-0","url_text":"978-0-306-46258-0"}]},{"reference":"Velkov, Velizar Iv (1977). The cities in Thrace and Dacia in late antiquity: (studies and materials). Hakkert. ISBN 90-256-0723-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velizar_Iv_Velkov&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Velkov, Velizar Iv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hakkert&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Hakkert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-256-0723-3","url_text":"90-256-0723-3"}]},{"reference":"Durdinov, Ivan. \"The Language of the Thracians\".","urls":[{"url":"http://groznijat.tripod.com/thrac/thrac_8.html","url_text":"\"The Language of the Thracians\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this section"},{"Link":"http://www.novinite.com/articles/168495/Kabile%3A+When+One+Is+Curious,","external_links_name":"kabileti tribe"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ueTuBgAAQBAJ&q=Dentheletae+tribe+town&pg=PA66","external_links_name":"A Companion to Ancient Thrace"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160808095917/http://europost.bg/article?id=10445","external_links_name":"\"Heart of Bulgaria's Southeast\""},{"Link":"http://europost.bg/article?id=10445","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://dictionary_of_ancient.academic.ru/2520/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F","external_links_name":"\"Мигдония - это... Что такое Мигдония?\""},{"Link":"http://www.istorypedia.com/23/204/1622008.html","external_links_name":"\"МИГДОНИЯ - В. Д. Гладкий. Древний мир. Энциклопедический словарь в 2-х томах - История\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150618171832/http://belomorie.eu/demi.php?order=dem&id=97","external_links_name":"\"Беломорие\""},{"Link":"http://belomorie.eu/demi.php?order=dem&id=97","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3pvpAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Trajan's Column: A New Edition of the Cichorius Plates"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125221629/http://www.utexas.edu/courses/greeksahoy!/colonies_and_metropoleis.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Texas edu Colonies and Metropoleis\""},{"Link":"http://www.utexas.edu/courses/greeksahoy!/colonies_and_metropoleis.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C","external_links_name":"Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103139/http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm","external_links_name":"\"Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum - Toponyms Section\""},{"Link":"http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ptolemysmapsofno00schrich","external_links_name":"Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe: a reconstruction of the prototypes"},{"Link":"http://groznijat.tripod.com/thrac/thrac_8.html","external_links_name":"\"The Language of the Thracians\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103139/http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm","external_links_name":"Sorin Olteanu's Project: Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum - Toponyms Section"},{"Link":"http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/thrac/thrac_8.html","external_links_name":"Duridanov's paper on Thracian toponyms"},{"Link":"http://members.iinet.net.au/~igmaier/702-2pla.pdf","external_links_name":"Placenames in the Compilation 'notitia dignitatum' (Cnd)"},{"Link":"http://www.eliznik.org.uk/RomaniaHistory/dacia-places.htm","external_links_name":"Lists of Dacian fortresses, towns and citadels"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170420021451/http://www.eliznik.org.uk/RomaniaHistory/dacia-places.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091119012745/http://people.usd.edu/~clehmann/pir/dacia.htm","external_links_name":"Dacia"},{"Link":"http://www.maparchive.org/data/media/3/prov_dacia_III.jpg","external_links_name":"Dacian Map"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130105092517/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/thracians/","external_links_name":"Thracians and Dacians"},{"Link":"http://home.exetel.com.au/thrace/","external_links_name":"Thracians 700-46 BC"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930220610/http://home.exetel.com.au/thrace/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://gec-history-illustrated-a-googleproductforums-com.googlegroups.com/attach/a197e5f12f2b27e8/Dacia%20in%20Thracian%20Times.kmz?gda=XtCxF0cAAACndIc2c0hlbcD0028XoXw5IQjfmfVzefDtziJHSShT5YXWxsuO8mEw7leTDL6evM4bQwFxJw55cVwemAxM-EWmeV4duv6pDMGhhhZdjQlNAw&part=4","external_links_name":"Dacian fortresses, settlements, sanctuaries and tombs"},{"Link":"https://productforums.google.com/forum/#!topic/gec-history-illustrated/UP4ifrGWXao","external_links_name":"(Google Earth Community post)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Lipchenko | Oleg Lipchenko | ["1 Awards","2 References","3 External links"] | Canadian artist and illustrator (born 1957)
Oleg LipchenkoBorn (1957-07-13) 13 July 1957 (age 66)UkraineWebsitelipchenko.com
Oleg Yurievich Lipchenko (Ukrainian: Олег Юрійович Липченко; born 13 July 1957) is a Canadian artist and illustrator. He is a member of CANSCAIP.
He was born in Ukraine and moved to Toronto, Ontario in 1999. He studied Art at Art School in Poltava, Ukraine. He studied Art and Architecture at Poltava Technical University, gaining a Master of Architecture degree. Oleg Lipchenko currently lives in Toronto, Ontario.
Awards
Oleg Lipchenko won the 2009 Elizabeth Mrazik-Cleaver Canadian Picture Book Award for his illustrations to the edition of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, published by Studio Treasure and Tundra Books.
References
^ "Oleg Lipchenko". CANSCAIP Members. Canadian Society of Children's Authors, Illustrators, and Performers (canscaip.org). Retrieved 2015-07-30.
^ "Poltava's Art School". Archived from the original on 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
^ "Poltava Technical University". Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
^ "Studio Treasure". Archived from the original on 2011-02-27. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
^ Tundra Books
External links
Oleg Lipchenko at Library of Congress, with 3 library catalogue records
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Other
Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
This article about a Canadian artist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CANSCAIP-1"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Master of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Architecture"}],"text":"Oleg Yurievich Lipchenko (Ukrainian: Олег Юрійович Липченко; born 13 July 1957) is a Canadian artist and illustrator. He is a member of CANSCAIP.[1]He was born in Ukraine and moved to Toronto, Ontario in 1999. He studied Art at Art School in Poltava,[2] Ukraine. He studied Art and Architecture at Poltava Technical University,[3] gaining a Master of Architecture degree. Oleg Lipchenko currently lives in Toronto, Ontario.","title":"Oleg Lipchenko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Mrazik-Cleaver Canadian Picture Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Mrazik-Cleaver_Canadian_Picture_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Oleg Lipchenko won the 2009 Elizabeth Mrazik-Cleaver Canadian Picture Book Award for his illustrations to the edition of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, published by Studio Treasure[4] and Tundra Books.[5]","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Poltava's Art School\". Archived from the original on 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2011-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdhsh.narod.ru/","url_text":"\"Poltava's Art School\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110824044232/http://pdhsh.narod.ru/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Poltava Technical University\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2011-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pntu.edu.ua/","url_text":"\"Poltava Technical University\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713104655/http://www.pntu.edu.ua/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Studio Treasure\". Archived from the original on 2011-02-27. Retrieved 2011-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.studiotreasure.com/books.html","url_text":"\"Studio Treasure\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110227122526/http://www.studiotreasure.com/books.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.lipchenko.com/","external_links_name":"lipchenko.com"},{"Link":"http://www.canscaip.org/Sys/PublicProfile/5889719/1160952","external_links_name":"\"Oleg Lipchenko\""},{"Link":"http://pdhsh.narod.ru/","external_links_name":"\"Poltava's Art School\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110824044232/http://pdhsh.narod.ru/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pntu.edu.ua/","external_links_name":"\"Poltava Technical University\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713104655/http://www.pntu.edu.ua/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.studiotreasure.com/books.html","external_links_name":"\"Studio Treasure\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110227122526/http://www.studiotreasure.com/books.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/n2002013761","external_links_name":"Oleg Lipchenko"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/478831/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000082059997","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/21497136","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjMxm66QHPkxPHFCDyGHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/141698977","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2002013761","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=55600","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oleg_Lipchenko&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Hockey_Association | Philippine Hockey Association | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Larong Hockey sa PilipinasSportField hockeyAbbreviationLHPFounded2015HeadquartersPhilSports Complex, PasigPresidentJose S. CojuangcoSecretaryJonne Go
The Philippine Hockey Association, also known as Larong Hockey sa Pilipinas, Inc. (lit. 'Hockey Sport in the Philippines') is the national governing body for field hockey in the Philippines. It is recognized by the Asian Hockey Federation (AHF) and the International Hockey Federation (IHF).
POC President Jose Cojuangco, Jr. was appointed as the federation's chairman. In the POC general assembly held on January 27, 2016, the local Olympic body granted their recognition to LHP.
References
^ "Philippine Hockey Association". FIH. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
^ Mallare, Arriane (September 24, 2015). "POC, opisyal nang kinilala bilang bagong NSA ang Larong Hockey sa Pilipinas" . PTV Sports (in Tagalog). People's Television Network. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
External links
Philippine Hockey Association
vteSports governing bodies in the Philippines (PHI)Summer Olympic sports
Aquatics
Archery
Athletics
Badminton
Basketball
Boxing
Canoeing
Cycling
Equestrian
Fencing
Field hockey
Football
Golf
Gymnastics
Handball
Judo
Rugby sevens
Rowing
Sailing
Shooting
Surfing
Table tennis
Taekwondo
Tennis
Triathlon
Volleyball
Weightlifting
Wrestling
Winter Olympic sports
Ice hockey
Skating
Skiing and snowboarding
Other IOC recognized sports
American football
Baseball
Billiard sports
Bowling
Chess
Indoor hockey
Cricket
Floorball
Karate
Korfball
Lacrosse
Netball
Rugby union
Skateboarding and roller sports
Sports climbing
Squash
Underwater hockey
Wushu
Other sports
Arnis
Dragon boat
Esports
Ju-jitsu
Lawn bowling
Obstacle sports
Pencak silat
Polo
Rugby league
Sepaktakraw
Tchoukball
IOC-affiliated bodies
Philippine Olympic Committee
Paralympic Committee of the Philippines
Government
Philippine Sports Commission
Others
Phil Sports Federation of the Deaf
Federation of School Sports Association of the Philippines
vteNational members of the International Hockey FederationAfHF (Africa)
Algeria
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Ivory Coast
Egypt
Eswatini
The Gambia
Ghana
Kenya
Libya
Malawi
Mauritius
Morocco
Namibia
Nigeria
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
PAHF (Americas)
Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Bermuda
Brazil
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Guyana
Jamaica
Mexico
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
AsHF (Asia)
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Japan
Kazakhstan
Korea
DPR Korea
Macau
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Chinese Taipei
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
EHF (Europe)
Armenia
Austria
Arzeibaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
England
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Gibraltar
Great Britain
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Scotland
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Türkiye
Ukraine
Wales
Former members: Soviet Union
OHF (Oceania)
Australia
Fiji
Papua New Guinea
New Zealand
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Vanuatu
Former members: American Samoa
This article about sports in Philippines is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"governing body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_governing_body"},{"link_name":"field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Asian Hockey Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Hockey_Federation"},{"link_name":"International Hockey Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hockey_Federation"},{"link_name":"Jose Cojuangco, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peping_Cojuangco"}],"text":"The Philippine Hockey Association, also known as Larong Hockey sa Pilipinas, Inc. (lit. 'Hockey Sport in the Philippines') is the national governing body for field hockey in the Philippines.[1][2] It is recognized by the Asian Hockey Federation (AHF) and the International Hockey Federation (IHF).POC President Jose Cojuangco, Jr. was appointed as the federation's chairman. In the POC general assembly held on January 27, 2016, the local Olympic body granted their recognition to LHP.","title":"Philippine Hockey Association"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Philippine Hockey Association\". FIH. Retrieved 22 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fih.ch/inside-fih/our-members/philippineshf/","url_text":"\"Philippine Hockey Association\""}]},{"reference":"Mallare, Arriane (September 24, 2015). \"POC, opisyal nang kinilala bilang bagong NSA ang Larong Hockey sa Pilipinas\" [POC officially recognized Larong Hockey sa Pilipinas as the new NSA]. PTV Sports (in Tagalog). People's Television Network. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reCpnTE3FRQ","url_text":"\"POC, opisyal nang kinilala bilang bagong NSA ang Larong Hockey sa Pilipinas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Television_Network","url_text":"People's Television Network"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.fih.ch/inside-fih/our-members/philippineshf/","external_links_name":"\"Philippine Hockey Association\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reCpnTE3FRQ","external_links_name":"\"POC, opisyal nang kinilala bilang bagong NSA ang Larong Hockey sa Pilipinas\""},{"Link":"http://www.fih.ch/inside-fih/our-members/philippineshf/","external_links_name":"Philippine Hockey Association"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Hockey_Association&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikawa%27s_frog | Ishikawa's frog | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Species of amphibian
Ishikawa's frog
Ishikawa's frog
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Amphibia
Order:
Anura
Family:
Ranidae
Genus:
Odorrana
Species:
O. ishikawae
Binomial name
Odorrana ishikawae(Stejneger, 1901)
Synonyms
Buergeria ishikawae Stejneger, 1901
Rana ishikawae (Stejneger, 1901)
Huia ishikawae (Stejneger, 1901)
Ishikawa's frog (Odorrana ishikawae) is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is endemic to Okinawa Island, one of the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. It has been described as the most beautiful frog in Japan.
Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, and intermittent rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.
References
^ a b c IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2017) . "Odorrana ishikawae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T54308994A54315888. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T54308994A54315888.en.
^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2019). "Odorrana ishikawae (Stejneger, 1901)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
^ Igawa, Takeshi; et al. (2011). "Isolation and characterization of twelve microsatellite loci of endangered Ishikawa's frog (Odorrana ishikawae)". Conservation Genetics Resources. 3 (3): 421–424. doi:10.1007/s12686-010-9370-7. S2CID 38361940.
^ Sumida, Masayuki; et al. (2011). "Artificial production and natural breeding of the endangered frog species Odorrana ishikawae, with special reference to fauna conservation in the laboratory". Zoological Science. 28 (11): 834–839. doi:10.2108/zsj.28.834. PMID 22035306. S2CID 32718977.
External links
Data related to Odorrana ishikawae at Wikispecies
Media related to Odorrana ishikawae at Wikimedia Commons
vteFrogs in the Odorrana genus
Odorrana absita
Odorrana amamiensis
Odorrana andersonii
Odorrana anlungensis
Odorrana arunachalensis
Odorrana bacboensis
Odorrana banaorum
Odorrana bolavensis
Odorrana chapaensis
Odorrana chloronota
Odorrana exiliversabilis
Odorrana grahami
Odorrana graminea
Odorrana hainanensis
Odorrana hejiangensis
Odorrana hosii
Odorrana ishikawae
Odorrana jingdongensis
Odorrana junlianensis
Odorrana khalam
Odorrana kuangwuensis
Odorrana leporipes
Odorrana livida
Odorrana lungshengensis
Odorrana margaretae
Odorrana megatympanum
Odorrana monjerai
Odorrana morafkai
Odorrana mutschmanni
Odorrana narina
Odorrana nasica
Odorrana nasuta
Odorrana schmackeri
Odorrana sinica
Odorrana supranarina
Odorrana swinhoana
Odorrana tiannanensis
Odorrana tormota
Odorrana trankieni
Odorrana versabilis
Odorrana wuchuanensis
Frogs portal
Taxon identifiersOdorrana ishikawae
Wikidata: Q2212227
Wikispecies: Odorrana ishikawae
AmphibiaWeb: 5060
ARKive: odorrana-ishikawae
ASW: Odorrana-ishikawae
BOLD: 493817
CoL: 48SFW
EoL: 1019758
GBIF: 2427263
iNaturalist: 66245
ITIS: 775146
IUCN: 54308994
NCBI: 310659
Open Tree of Life: 485421
Buergeria ishikawae
Wikidata: Q109522235
CoL: 5WRZL
GBIF: 11054058
ITIS: 1101053
This true frog article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"},{"link_name":"Ranidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranidae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Island"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frost-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"},{"link_name":"habitat loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"}],"text":"Ishikawa's frog (Odorrana ishikawae) is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is endemic to Okinawa Island, one of the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.[1][2] It has been described as the most beautiful frog in Japan.[3][4]Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, and intermittent rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.[1]","title":"Ishikawa's frog"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. \"Odorrana ishikawae\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T54308994A54315888. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T54308994A54315888.en.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54308994/54315888","url_text":"\"Odorrana ishikawae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T54308994A54315888.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T54308994A54315888.en"}]},{"reference":"Frost, Darrel R. (2019). \"Odorrana ishikawae (Stejneger, 1901)\". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 30 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Ranidae/Odorrana/Odorrana-ishikawae","url_text":"\"Odorrana ishikawae (Stejneger, 1901)\""}]},{"reference":"Igawa, Takeshi; et al. (2011). \"Isolation and characterization of twelve microsatellite loci of endangered Ishikawa's frog (Odorrana ishikawae)\". Conservation Genetics Resources. 3 (3): 421–424. doi:10.1007/s12686-010-9370-7. S2CID 38361940.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12686-010-9370-7","url_text":"10.1007/s12686-010-9370-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38361940","url_text":"38361940"}]},{"reference":"Sumida, Masayuki; et al. (2011). \"Artificial production and natural breeding of the endangered frog species Odorrana ishikawae, with special reference to fauna conservation in the laboratory\". Zoological Science. 28 (11): 834–839. doi:10.2108/zsj.28.834. PMID 22035306. S2CID 32718977.","urls":[{"url":"http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/00033932","url_text":"\"Artificial production and natural breeding of the endangered frog species Odorrana ishikawae, with special reference to fauna conservation in the laboratory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2108%2Fzsj.28.834","url_text":"10.2108/zsj.28.834"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22035306","url_text":"22035306"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32718977","url_text":"32718977"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54308994/54315888","external_links_name":"\"Odorrana ishikawae\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T54308994A54315888.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T54308994A54315888.en"},{"Link":"http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Ranidae/Odorrana/Odorrana-ishikawae","external_links_name":"\"Odorrana ishikawae (Stejneger, 1901)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12686-010-9370-7","external_links_name":"10.1007/s12686-010-9370-7"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38361940","external_links_name":"38361940"},{"Link":"http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/00033932","external_links_name":"\"Artificial production and natural breeding of the endangered frog species Odorrana ishikawae, with special reference to fauna conservation in the laboratory\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2108%2Fzsj.28.834","external_links_name":"10.2108/zsj.28.834"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22035306","external_links_name":"22035306"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32718977","external_links_name":"32718977"},{"Link":"https://amphibiaweb.org/species/5060","external_links_name":"5060"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/odorrana-ishikawae/","external_links_name":"odorrana-ishikawae"},{"Link":"https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Ranidae/Odorrana/Odorrana-ishikawae","external_links_name":"Odorrana-ishikawae"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=493817","external_links_name":"493817"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/48SFW","external_links_name":"48SFW"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1019758","external_links_name":"1019758"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2427263","external_links_name":"2427263"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/66245","external_links_name":"66245"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=775146","external_links_name":"775146"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/54308994","external_links_name":"54308994"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=310659","external_links_name":"310659"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=485421","external_links_name":"485421"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5WRZL","external_links_name":"5WRZL"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/11054058","external_links_name":"11054058"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=1101053","external_links_name":"1101053"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishikawa%27s_frog&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Cruising_Club | Royal Cruising Club | ["1 Awards","2 Publications","3 History","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Yacht club founded in London
Royal Cruising ClubBurgeeBlue EnsignShort nameRCCFounded1880LocationUnited KingdomCommodoreNick Chavasse MBEWebsitehttps://www.rcc.org.uk/
The Royal Cruising Club (RCC) is a British yacht club founded in London in 1880 to support leisure sailing. It is most widely known for the series of pilotage books produces under the auspices of the Royal Cruising Club Pilotage Foundation, a registered charity. Membership of the RCC is restricted to no more than 400 and is by invitation only although some if its awards are open to all yachtspeople.
Notable members have included include Erskine Childers, Arthur Ransome, Hammond Innes, Peter and Anne Pye, Bill Tilman, Blondie Hasler, Adlard Coles, Miles and Beryl Smeeton and Eric and Susan Hiscock (Eric Hiscock was Vice-Commodore from 1959 to 1963), Paul Heiney
Awards
The RCC presents annual cups, medals and prizes some specifically for its members but also unrestricted awards for feats of outstanding exploration, seamanship and services to cruising.
The first award in 1896 was the members Challenge Cup, which was held by the winner for a year and was awarded to the member who during the past season had carried out the most novel, enterprising, skilful, and instructive cruise. Holders of this cup included Dr. Howard Sinclair, 1896-1898 ; Lieutenant-Colonel R. Barrington Baker, 1899, 1900, 1902; Philip Herbert, 1901; Colonel T. V. W. Phillips, R.A., 1903; C. E. Walker, 1904. The unrestricted awards include:
The Royal Cruising Club Medal for Seamanship awarded most years with recipients including Robin Knox-Johnston in 1969, Alec Rose in 1968, and Francis Chichester in 1967. More recently Jeanne Socrates was awarded the medal in 2013.
The Tilman Medal, medal is awarded in memory of Bill Tilman, an RCC member who combined cruising in high latitudes with mountaineering. It is awarded for an 'outstanding voyage in Arctic or Antarctic waters or in other remote places in high latitudes'. The 2015 recipient was Skip Novak.
The Medal for Services to Cruising
The Hiscocks won numerous awards from the RCC. They jointly received the Sir Lennon Goldsmith Exploration Award in 1973, and the Medal for Services to Cruising in 1975. Susan Hiscock twice won the Ladies' Cup.
Publications
An early commitment to navigation by the club's founders has been maintained. In the early part of the 20th century, portfolios of engraved colour charts were published. The club pioneered many things now taken for granted such as small charts of harbour approaches and sailing directions for small craft.
Since 1976 the Royal Cruising Club Pilotage Foundation has been endeavouring “to advance the education of the public in the science and practice of navigation”. The Pilotage Foundation publishes a wide range of pilotage information especially pilotage books for regions around the world, amounting to some 60 works, providing sailing information in many areas worldwide, in English and other languages.
The Royal Cruising Club Pilotage Foundation was incorporated as an independent company limited by guarantee in 2005 (RCC Pilotage Foundation Ltd) and is a registered charity in the UK. Its operations are run by a volunteer management team responsible to the Pilotage Foundation's trustees, whose appointment is approved by the RCC.
History
Cruising as a separate activity was not the main focus of yacht clubs in Victorian Britain but in 1880, Arthur Underhill, a Barrister from Wolverhampton, gathered together a small group of cruising enthusiasts to form what was then simply the Cruising Club. The sole objective was to further recreational boating summarized in the original club rules as
"to associate the owners of small yachts, boats and canoes used for cruising on sea, river or lake, and any other persons interested in aquatic amusements."
The club began to earn a reputation as being helpful and competent by circulating accounts of their cruising activities and an archive of these is now publicly available on the club's website. The club began to publish pilotage guides and other useful cruising information.
The cruising activity of the club's members expanded rapidly. The first transatlantic crossing, in 1892, was followed by more intrepid explorations culminating in the first complete circumnavigation in 1919. In 1902 a Royal Charter was granted and the club became The Royal Cruising Club. Many notable yachtspeople have been RCC members including Claud Worth, Miles and Beryl Smeeton and especially Eric and Susan Hiscock, whose lifetime of voyaging, and their accounts of these in books and films, inspired a generation of long distance sailors in modest yachts.
Unlike many yacht clubs the RCC does not operate from a fixed base, with a gathering 1894, the RCC was an early adopter of what are widely called 'Meets' (a term borrowed from hunting). In these the boats gather together at an agreed anchorage often rafting up. Most years a meet takes place in the lower reaches of the River Beaulieu in Hampshire, but they are spread worldwide. The practice was adopted by many other clubs including the sections of the Cruising Association and the Cruising Club of America and many other similar organizations worldwide.
During World War II a select group of superannuated yachtsmen, including several members of the Royal Cruising Club, were recruited to survey and study parts of the continental coastline that might be of strategic significance
.
See also
The Cruising Association is a larger UK organization representing the interests of small boat cruising and also active in providing pilotage information for small boat cruisers.
References
^ a b c d e Bernadette Brennan (July 1980). Cruising World. pp. 3–. ISSN 0098-3519.
^ a b c Underhill, Arthur (1930). A Short history of the first half-century of the Royal Cruising Club, 1880-1930. England.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ a b Bird, Dennis L. (30 June 1995). "Obituary: Susan Hiscock". The Independent. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
^ Heiney, Paul (October 2019). Ocean sailing : the offshore cruising experience with real-life practical advice. ISBN 9781472955395.
^ a b "Royal Cruising Club". Maritime News. National Maritime Museum. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
^ "Previous prize winners". rcc.org.uk. Royal Cruising Club. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ "Awards". rcc.org.uk. Royal Cruising Club. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
^ "Charity Commission Registered charity no 1109561". Retrieved 1 August 2020.
^ "About the RCC". rcc.org.uk. RCC. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
^ Brooks Richards (2004). Secret Flotillas: Clandestine sea operations to Brittany, 1940-1944. Psychology Press. pp. 96–. ISBN 978-0-7146-5316-7.
External links
RCC
RCCPF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yacht club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht_club"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Underhill-2"},{"link_name":"pilotage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilotage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Underhill-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary-1"},{"link_name":"Erskine Childers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erskine_Childers_(author)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Ransome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Ransome"},{"link_name":"Hammond Innes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_Innes"},{"link_name":"Peter and Anne Pye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pye"},{"link_name":"Bill Tilman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tilman"},{"link_name":"Blondie Hasler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondie_Hasler"},{"link_name":"Adlard Coles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlard_Coles"},{"link_name":"Miles and Beryl Smeeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_and_Beryl_Smeeton"},{"link_name":"Eric and Susan Hiscock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_and_Susan_Hiscock"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-susanhiscockobit-3"},{"link_name":"Paul Heiney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Heiney"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Royal Cruising Club (RCC) is a British yacht club founded in London in 1880 [1] to support leisure sailing.[2] It is most widely known for the series of pilotage books produces under the auspices of the Royal Cruising Club Pilotage Foundation, a registered charity. Membership of the RCC is restricted to no more than 400 [2][1] and is by invitation only although some if its awards are open to all yachtspeople.Notable members have included include Erskine Childers, Arthur Ransome, Hammond Innes, Peter and Anne Pye, Bill Tilman, Blondie Hasler, Adlard Coles, Miles and Beryl Smeeton and Eric and Susan Hiscock (Eric Hiscock was Vice-Commodore from 1959 to 1963),[3] Paul Heiney[4]","title":"Royal Cruising Club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maritimenews-5"},{"link_name":"Robin Knox-Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Knox-Johnston"},{"link_name":"Alec Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Rose"},{"link_name":"Francis Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Chichester"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Socrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Socrates"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awardspast-6"},{"link_name":"Bill Tilman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tilman"},{"link_name":"Skip Novak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skip_Novak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-susanhiscockobit-3"}],"text":"The RCC presents annual cups, medals and prizes some specifically for its members but also unrestricted awards for feats of outstanding exploration, seamanship and services to cruising.[1]\nThe first award in 1896 was the members Challenge Cup, which was held by the winner for a year and was awarded to the member who during the past season had carried out the most novel, enterprising, skilful, and instructive cruise. Holders of this cup included Dr. Howard Sinclair, 1896-1898 ; Lieutenant-Colonel R. Barrington Baker, 1899, 1900, 1902; Philip Herbert, 1901; Colonel T. V. W. Phillips, R.A., 1903; C. E. Walker, 1904.[5] The unrestricted awards include:The Royal Cruising Club Medal for Seamanship awarded most years with recipients including Robin Knox-Johnston in 1969, Alec Rose in 1968, and Francis Chichester in 1967. More recently Jeanne Socrates was awarded the medal in 2013.[6]\nThe Tilman Medal, medal is awarded in memory of Bill Tilman, an RCC member who combined cruising in high latitudes with mountaineering. It is awarded for an 'outstanding voyage in Arctic or Antarctic waters or in other remote places in high latitudes'. The 2015 recipient was Skip Novak.[7]\nThe Medal for Services to CruisingThe Hiscocks won numerous awards from the RCC. They jointly received the Sir Lennon Goldsmith Exploration Award in 1973, and the Medal for Services to Cruising in 1975. Susan Hiscock twice won the Ladies' Cup.[3]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary-1"},{"link_name":"registered charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_charity"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charitycommision-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-centenary-1"}],"text":"An early commitment to navigation by the club's founders has been maintained. In the early part of the 20th century, portfolios of engraved colour charts were published. The club pioneered many things now taken for granted such as small charts of harbour approaches and sailing directions for small craft.[1]Since 1976 the Royal Cruising Club Pilotage Foundation has been endeavouring “to advance the education of the public in the science and practice of navigation”. The Pilotage Foundation publishes a wide range of pilotage information especially pilotage books for regions around the world, amounting to some 60 works, providing sailing information in many areas worldwide, in English and other languages.The Royal Cruising Club Pilotage Foundation was incorporated as an independent company limited by guarantee in 2005 (RCC Pilotage Foundation Ltd) and is a registered charity in the UK.[8] Its operations are run by a volunteer management team responsible to the Pilotage Foundation's trustees, whose appointment is approved by the RCC. \n[1]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Underhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Underhill"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-webabout-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Underhill-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maritimenews-5"},{"link_name":"Claud Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claud_Worth"},{"link_name":"Eric and Susan Hiscock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_and_Susan_Hiscock"},{"link_name":"River Beaulieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Beaulieu"},{"link_name":"Cruising Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruising_Association"},{"link_name":"Cruising Club of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruising_Club_of_America"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richards2004-10"}],"text":"Cruising as a separate activity was not the main focus of yacht clubs in Victorian Britain but in 1880, Arthur Underhill, a Barrister from Wolverhampton, gathered together a small group of cruising enthusiasts to form what was then simply the Cruising Club. The sole objective was to further recreational boating summarized in the original club rules as\"to associate the owners of small yachts, boats and canoes used for cruising on sea, river or lake, and any other persons interested in aquatic amusements.\"[9][2]The club began to earn a reputation as being helpful and competent by circulating accounts of their cruising activities and an archive of these is now publicly available on the club's website. The club began to publish pilotage guides and other useful cruising information.The cruising activity of the club's members expanded rapidly. The first transatlantic crossing, in 1892, was followed by more intrepid explorations culminating in the first complete circumnavigation in 1919. In 1902 a Royal Charter was granted and the club became The Royal Cruising Club.[5] Many notable yachtspeople have been RCC members including Claud Worth, Miles and Beryl Smeeton and especially Eric and Susan Hiscock, whose lifetime of voyaging, and their accounts of these in books and films, inspired a generation of long distance sailors in modest yachts.Unlike many yacht clubs the RCC does not operate from a fixed base, with a gathering 1894, the RCC was an early adopter of what are widely called 'Meets' (a term borrowed from hunting). In these the boats gather together at an agreed anchorage often rafting up. Most years a meet takes place in the lower reaches of the River Beaulieu in Hampshire, but they are spread worldwide. The practice was adopted by many other clubs including the sections of the Cruising Association and the Cruising Club of America and many other similar organizations worldwide.During World War II a select group of superannuated yachtsmen, including several members of the Royal Cruising Club, were recruited to survey and study parts of the continental coastline that might be of strategic significance \n.[10]","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"Cruising Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruising_Association"}] | [{"reference":"Bernadette Brennan (July 1980). Cruising World. pp. 3–. ISSN 0098-3519.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aPLas6AazCgC&pg=RA3-PA119","url_text":"Cruising World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0098-3519","url_text":"0098-3519"}]},{"reference":"Underhill, Arthur (1930). A Short history of the first half-century of the Royal Cruising Club, 1880-1930. England.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rct.uk/collection/1074757/a-short-history-of-the-first-half-century-of-the-royal-cruising-club-1880-1930","url_text":"A Short history of the first half-century of the Royal Cruising Club, 1880-1930"}]},{"reference":"Bird, Dennis L. (30 June 1995). \"Obituary: Susan Hiscock\". The Independent. Retrieved 10 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-susan-hiscock-1589058.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: Susan Hiscock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Heiney, Paul (October 2019). Ocean sailing : the offshore cruising experience with real-life practical advice. ISBN 9781472955395.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472955395","url_text":"9781472955395"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Cruising Club\". Maritime News. National Maritime Museum. Retrieved 1 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maritimeviews.co.uk/yacht-clubs/royal-cruising-club/","url_text":"\"Royal Cruising Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Previous prize winners\". rcc.org.uk. Royal Cruising Club. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rcc.org.uk/previousprizewinners.aspx","url_text":"\"Previous prize winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Awards\". rcc.org.uk. Royal Cruising Club. Retrieved 1 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rcc.org.uk/awards.aspx","url_text":"\"Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charity Commission Registered charity no 1109561\". Retrieved 1 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithoutPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=1109561&SubsidiaryNumber=0","url_text":"\"Charity Commission Registered charity no 1109561\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the RCC\". rcc.org.uk. RCC. Retrieved 1 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rcc.org.uk/about.aspx","url_text":"\"About the RCC\""}]},{"reference":"Brooks Richards (2004). Secret Flotillas: Clandestine sea operations to Brittany, 1940-1944. Psychology Press. pp. 96–. ISBN 978-0-7146-5316-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3b3qTQh5XOwC&pg=PA96","url_text":"Secret Flotillas: Clandestine sea operations to Brittany, 1940-1944"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5316-7","url_text":"978-0-7146-5316-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.rcc.org.uk/","external_links_name":"https://www.rcc.org.uk/"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aPLas6AazCgC&pg=RA3-PA119","external_links_name":"Cruising World"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0098-3519","external_links_name":"0098-3519"},{"Link":"https://www.rct.uk/collection/1074757/a-short-history-of-the-first-half-century-of-the-royal-cruising-club-1880-1930","external_links_name":"A Short history of the first half-century of the Royal Cruising Club, 1880-1930"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-susan-hiscock-1589058.html","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Susan Hiscock\""},{"Link":"https://www.maritimeviews.co.uk/yacht-clubs/royal-cruising-club/","external_links_name":"\"Royal Cruising Club\""},{"Link":"https://www.rcc.org.uk/previousprizewinners.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Previous prize winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.rcc.org.uk/awards.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Awards\""},{"Link":"https://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithoutPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=1109561&SubsidiaryNumber=0","external_links_name":"\"Charity Commission Registered charity no 1109561\""},{"Link":"https://www.rcc.org.uk/about.aspx","external_links_name":"\"About the RCC\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3b3qTQh5XOwC&pg=PA96","external_links_name":"Secret Flotillas: Clandestine sea operations to Brittany, 1940-1944"},{"Link":"https://www.rcc.org.uk/","external_links_name":"RCC"},{"Link":"https://www.rccpf.org.uk/","external_links_name":"RCCPF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_C._Williams | Walter C. Williams | ["1 Biography","2 References"] | This article is about the NACA/NASA engineer and administrator. For other people named Walter Williams, see Walter Williams.
Walter C. Williams1954 portraitBornWalter Charles Williams(1919-07-30)July 30, 1919New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.DiedOctober 7, 1995(1995-10-07) (aged 76)Tarzana, California, U.S.NationalityAmericanOther namesWalt WilliamsAlma materLouisiana State University, B.S. 1939OccupationAerospace engineerYears active1939–1982AwardsNASA Distinguished Service Medal (1962, 1981)Sylvanus Albert Reed Award (1962)John J. Montgomery Award (1963)Haley Astronautics Award (1964)American Astronautical Society Space Flight Award (1978)Federal Engineer of the Year Award (1981)
Walter Charles Williams (July 30, 1919 – October 7, 1995) was an American engineer, leader of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) group at Edwards Air Force Base in the 1940s and 1950s, and a NASA deputy associate administrator during Project Mercury.
Biography
Walter Charles Williams was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, on July 30, 1919. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from Louisiana State University (LSU) in 1939, and worked for Glenn L. Martin Company in Baltimore, Maryland. He joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), in August 1940. During World War II he served as a project engineer on projects to improve the performance and handling of fighter aircraft such as the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, North American P-51 Mustang and Grumman F6F Hellcat.
In September 1946 Williams became the NACA project engineer on the Bell X-1, a rocket-propelled research aircraft. He assembled a team which moved from NACA's Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory in Hampton, Virginia, to the Muroc Army Air Base in California's Mojave Desert. His detachment at Muroc became the Dryden Flight Research Center in 1976, and the Armstrong Flight Research Center in 2014. He was involved in the testing of the X-1, the aircraft in which United States Air Force (USAF) Captain Chuck Yeager carried out the first piloted supersonic flight at Muroc on October 14, 1947.
Williams went on to direct test programs for the new generation of jet aircraft, including Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket, the first aircraft to fly at twice the speed of sound; the Bell X-5, which pioneered the variable-sweep wing; the Convair XF-92, which pioneered the delta wing, and the Century Series of supersonic aircraft which were the fruits of his research in supersonic flight. In January 1958, he became chairman of the Flight Test Steering Committee for the hypersonic North American X-15. He was the author of many NASA technical papers, including "The Comparison of Flight Measurement of High-Speed Airplane Stability and Control Characteristics", which he presented in Brussels in August 1956, and "The X-15 Research Airplane Program", which was presented at the American Rocket Society Space Exploration Regional Meeting in San Diego, California, in 1958.
Williams with a model of the Northrop X-4 Bantam with Brigadier General Albert Boyd in 1950
Along with other NACA facilities, Williams' research station at Muroc was absorbed into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) when it was formed on October 1, 1958. In September 1959, he returned to Langley, Virginia, as the Associate Director of the Space Task Group, which had been formed to carry out Project Mercury, the United States' first manned space program. He became the project Director of Operations at Cape Canaveral, and as such supervised all the Project Mercury missions, including Alan Shepard's first American spaceflight, Mercury-Redstone 3 in 1961, and John Glenn's first American orbital flight, Mercury-Atlas 6 in 1962.
In 1963, Williams became deputy associate administrator in the Office of Manned Space Flight at NASA Headquarters. He left NASA in April 1964, and became vice president and general manager of the Vehicle Systems Division at The Aerospace Corporation, in which capacity he was responsible for systems engineering and technical direction of the Project Gemini Titan II launch and Atlas-Agena target vehicles, the Titan III launch vehicles, and the USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory, along with Aerospace Corporation activities at both the Eastern and Western Test Ranges. He returned to NASA Headquarters as chief engineer in 1975, a position he held until he retired in July 1982.
Williams was twice a recipient of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, and received the Sylvanus Albert Reed Award in 1962, the John J. Montgomery Award in 1963. Haley Astronautics Award in 1964, the American Astronautical Society Space Flight Award in 1978, and the Federal Engineer of the Year Award from the National Society of Professional Engineers in 1981. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree by LSU in 1963. In 1997 he was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame.
Williams died at his home in Tarzana, California, on October 7, 1995. He was survived by his wife Helen Manning Williams; sons Charles M. Williams and Howard L. Williams; and daughter, Elizabeth Ann Powell. On November 17, 1995, Kenneth J. Szalai, the director of the Dryden Flight Research Center renamed the Integrated Test Facility (ITF) there the Walter C. Williams Research Aircraft Integration Facility in his honor.
References
^ a b Saxon, Walter (October 14, 1995). "Walter Williams, 76, a Pioneer In Rocket and Jet Engineering". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h "NASA Pioneer Walter C. Williams Dies". NASA. October 10, 1995. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
^ a b c d e f Gibbs, Yvonne, ed. (July 30, 2015). "NASA Dryden Center Director Biography: Walter C. Williams". NASA. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
^ "NASA Center Redesignated for Neil Armstrong; Test Range for Hugh Dryden". NASA. January 17, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
^ Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1963: Report of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to the Committee on Science and Astronautics (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives, 89th Congress. 1963. p. 465.
^ "Alamogordo Hall of Fame Honors 5 Space-Flight Pioneers". El Paso Times. El Paso, Texas. September 2, 1997. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
Portals: Aviation Biography Spaceflight | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Williams_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"Edwards Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Project Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury"}],"text":"This article is about the NACA/NASA engineer and administrator. For other people named Walter Williams, see Walter Williams.Walter Charles Williams (July 30, 1919 – October 7, 1995) was an American engineer, leader of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) group at Edwards Air Force Base in the 1940s and 1950s, and a NASA deputy associate administrator during Project Mercury.","title":"Walter C. Williams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York_Times-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dryden-2"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"aeronautical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University"},{"link_name":"Glenn L. Martin Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_L._Martin_Company"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-3"},{"link_name":"National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"fighter aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Republic P-47 Thunderbolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt"},{"link_name":"North American P-51 Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"Grumman F6F Hellcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dryden-2"},{"link_name":"Bell X-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_X-1"},{"link_name":"Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Memorial_Aeronautical_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Hampton, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Muroc Army Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muroc_Army_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Mojave Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Desert"},{"link_name":"Dryden Flight Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryden_Flight_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dryden-2"},{"link_name":"Armstrong Flight Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)"},{"link_name":"Chuck Yeager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Yeager"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dryden-2"},{"link_name":"jet aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_D-558-2_Skyrocket"},{"link_name":"Bell X-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_X-5"},{"link_name":"variable-sweep wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing"},{"link_name":"Convair XF-92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_XF-92"},{"link_name":"delta wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_wing"},{"link_name":"Century Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Series"},{"link_name":"hypersonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic"},{"link_name":"North American X-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_X-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-3"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NacaE95-43116-7.jpg"},{"link_name":"Northrop X-4 Bantam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_X-4_Bantam"},{"link_name":"Brigadier General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Albert Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Boyd"},{"link_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-3"},{"link_name":"Langley, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Space Task Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Task_Group"},{"link_name":"Project Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Cape Canaveral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dryden-2"},{"link_name":"Alan Shepard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Shepard"},{"link_name":"Mercury-Redstone 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3"},{"link_name":"John Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glenn"},{"link_name":"Mercury-Atlas 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-3"},{"link_name":"The Aerospace Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aerospace_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Project Gemini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini"},{"link_name":"Titan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_II"},{"link_name":"Atlas-Agena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas-Agena"},{"link_name":"Titan III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_III"},{"link_name":"Manned Orbiting Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Test_Range"},{"link_name":"Western Test Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Test_Range"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dryden-2"},{"link_name":"NASA Distinguished Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dryden-2"},{"link_name":"John J. Montgomery Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Montgomery_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Astronautical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Astronautical_Society"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dryden-2"},{"link_name":"International Space Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep6-6"},{"link_name":"Tarzana, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzana,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York_Times-1"},{"link_name":"Kenneth J. Szalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_J._Szalai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-3"}],"text":"Walter Charles Williams was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, on July 30, 1919.[1][2] He received a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from Louisiana State University (LSU) in 1939, and worked for Glenn L. Martin Company in Baltimore, Maryland.[3] He joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), in August 1940. During World War II he served as a project engineer on projects to improve the performance and handling of fighter aircraft such as the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, North American P-51 Mustang and Grumman F6F Hellcat.[2]In September 1946 Williams became the NACA project engineer on the Bell X-1, a rocket-propelled research aircraft. He assembled a team which moved from NACA's Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory in Hampton, Virginia, to the Muroc Army Air Base in California's Mojave Desert. His detachment at Muroc became the Dryden Flight Research Center in 1976,[2] and the Armstrong Flight Research Center in 2014.[4] He was involved in the testing of the X-1, the aircraft in which United States Air Force (USAF) Captain Chuck Yeager carried out the first piloted supersonic flight at Muroc on October 14, 1947.[2]Williams went on to direct test programs for the new generation of jet aircraft, including Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket, the first aircraft to fly at twice the speed of sound; the Bell X-5, which pioneered the variable-sweep wing; the Convair XF-92, which pioneered the delta wing, and the Century Series of supersonic aircraft which were the fruits of his research in supersonic flight. In January 1958, he became chairman of the Flight Test Steering Committee for the hypersonic North American X-15.[3] He was the author of many NASA technical papers, including \"The Comparison of Flight Measurement of High-Speed Airplane Stability and Control Characteristics\", which he presented in Brussels in August 1956, and \"The X-15 Research Airplane Program\", which was presented at the American Rocket Society Space Exploration Regional Meeting in San Diego, California, in 1958.[3]Williams with a model of the Northrop X-4 Bantam with Brigadier General Albert Boyd in 1950Along with other NACA facilities, Williams' research station at Muroc was absorbed into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) when it was formed on October 1, 1958.[3] In September 1959, he returned to Langley, Virginia, as the Associate Director of the Space Task Group, which had been formed to carry out Project Mercury, the United States' first manned space program. He became the project Director of Operations at Cape Canaveral, and as such supervised all the Project Mercury missions,[2] including Alan Shepard's first American spaceflight, Mercury-Redstone 3 in 1961, and John Glenn's first American orbital flight, Mercury-Atlas 6 in 1962.[3]In 1963, Williams became deputy associate administrator in the Office of Manned Space Flight at NASA Headquarters. He left NASA in April 1964, and became vice president and general manager of the Vehicle Systems Division at The Aerospace Corporation, in which capacity he was responsible for systems engineering and technical direction of the Project Gemini Titan II launch and Atlas-Agena target vehicles, the Titan III launch vehicles, and the USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory, along with Aerospace Corporation activities at both the Eastern and Western Test Ranges. He returned to NASA Headquarters as chief engineer in 1975, a position he held until he retired in July 1982.[2]Williams was twice a recipient of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, and received the Sylvanus Albert Reed Award in 1962,[2] the John J. Montgomery Award in 1963.[5] Haley Astronautics Award in 1964, the American Astronautical Society Space Flight Award in 1978, and the Federal Engineer of the Year Award from the National Society of Professional Engineers in 1981. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree by LSU in 1963.[2] In 1997 he was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame.[6]Williams died at his home in Tarzana, California, on October 7, 1995. He was survived by his wife Helen Manning Williams; sons Charles M. Williams and Howard L. Williams; and daughter, Elizabeth Ann Powell.[1] On November 17, 1995, Kenneth J. Szalai, the director of the Dryden Flight Research Center renamed the Integrated Test Facility (ITF) there the Walter C. Williams Research Aircraft Integration Facility in his honor.[3]","title":"Biography"}] | [{"image_text":"Williams with a model of the Northrop X-4 Bantam with Brigadier General Albert Boyd in 1950","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/NacaE95-43116-7.jpg/220px-NacaE95-43116-7.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Saxon, Walter (October 14, 1995). \"Walter Williams, 76, a Pioneer In Rocket and Jet Engineering\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/17/us/walter-williams-76-a-pioneer-in-rocket-and-jet-engineering.html","url_text":"\"Walter Williams, 76, a Pioneer In Rocket and Jet Engineering\""}]},{"reference":"\"NASA Pioneer Walter C. Williams Dies\". NASA. October 10, 1995. Retrieved January 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/NewsReleases/1995/95-30_pf.html","url_text":"\"NASA Pioneer Walter C. Williams Dies\""}]},{"reference":"Gibbs, Yvonne, ed. (July 30, 2015). \"NASA Dryden Center Director Biography: Walter C. Williams\". NASA. Retrieved January 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/Biographies/Directors/williams.html","url_text":"\"NASA Dryden Center Director Biography: Walter C. Williams\""}]},{"reference":"\"NASA Center Redesignated for Neil Armstrong; Test Range for Hugh Dryden\". NASA. January 17, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/Features/nasa-dryden-to-be-renamed-for-neil-armstrong_1.html","url_text":"\"NASA Center Redesignated for Neil Armstrong; Test Range for Hugh Dryden\""}]},{"reference":"Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1963: Report of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to the Committee on Science and Astronautics (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives, 89th Congress. 1963. p. 465.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1963.pdf","url_text":"Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1963: Report of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to the Committee on Science and Astronautics"}]},{"reference":"\"Alamogordo Hall of Fame Honors 5 Space-Flight Pioneers\". El Paso Times. El Paso, Texas. September 2, 1997. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29990977/el_paso_times/","url_text":"\"Alamogordo Hall of Fame Honors 5 Space-Flight Pioneers\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/17/us/walter-williams-76-a-pioneer-in-rocket-and-jet-engineering.html","external_links_name":"\"Walter Williams, 76, a Pioneer In Rocket and Jet Engineering\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/NewsReleases/1995/95-30_pf.html","external_links_name":"\"NASA Pioneer Walter C. Williams Dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/Biographies/Directors/williams.html","external_links_name":"\"NASA Dryden Center Director Biography: Walter C. Williams\""},{"Link":"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/Features/nasa-dryden-to-be-renamed-for-neil-armstrong_1.html","external_links_name":"\"NASA Center Redesignated for Neil Armstrong; Test Range for Hugh Dryden\""},{"Link":"https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1963.pdf","external_links_name":"Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1963: Report of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to the Committee on Science and Astronautics"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29990977/el_paso_times/","external_links_name":"\"Alamogordo Hall of Fame Honors 5 Space-Flight Pioneers\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_(Martin_Solveig_song) | Hello (Martin Solveig and Dragonette song) | ["1 Music video","2 Cover versions","3 Track listings","4 Credits and personnel","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","6 Certifications","7 References"] | 2010 single by Martin Solveig and Dragonette
"Hello"Single by Martin Solveig and Dragonettefrom the album Smash Released6 September 2010 (2010-09-06)GenreElectro houseelectro rockLength4:42LabelMixture StereophonicMercurySpinnin'3BeatSongwriter(s)Martin SolveigMartina SorbaraProducer(s)Martin SolveigMartin Solveig singles chronology
"Boys & Girls" (2009)
"Hello" (2010)
"Ready 2 Go" (2011)
Dragonette singles chronology
"Fire in Your New Shoes"(2010)
"Hello"(2010)
"Animale"(2010)
Music video"Hello" short version on YouTube"Hello" long version on YouTube
"Hello" is a song performed by French DJ and record producer Martin Solveig and Canadian synth-pop band Dragonette, taken from Solveig's fifth studio album, Smash (2011). The song was released as the album's lead single on 6 September 2010 by Mercury Records.
It is Solveig's most successful single to date, peaking at number one in Austria, Belgium (Flanders), Czech Republic and the Netherlands, while charting within the top 10 in ten other countries. It also reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart in the United States. Additionally, the song became Solveig's and Dragonette's first appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 in April 2011, eventually peaking at number 46 in June. It has since been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of 1,000,000 units.
The song has been featured in 90210, The Vampire Diaries, Gossip Girl, Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked, Skins, Some Girls, and Ted Lasso. It was also featured in Tim Hortons' 2013 ad for their 'Roll up the Rim to Win' promotion. It also used as the intro theme to the TV series Cheer! on CMT. The song appears in the video game Dance Central 3.
Music video
The music video is a tennis match scene played on the grounds of the French Open tournament in Paris. There are two variants: a long version which is the first episode of a series of music videos called "Smash", and a short condensed version.
The long version of the music video is divided into two chapters. The first chapter is an introductory dialogue and backstory (by Nelson Monfort) involving two of the main characters, a tennis player named Martin Solveig (as himself) and his tennis coach or manager Lafaille (played by DJ Grégory Darsa).
In Chapter 2 the song plays over a tennis match, recorded live at the main stadium court of the Roland Garros complex, court Philippe Chatrier. The short version consists of a re-cut version of this chapter. In the tennis match, Martin Solveig faces fellow DJ Bob Sinclar. As the match progresses Solveig struggles to gain any points, and is unable to win a game. With the score at 6–0, 6–0, 5–0, Sinclar is about to serve for matchpoint when "She" (Solveig's love interest) enters the crowd, and Solveig decides he must win to impress her. He returns a serve but a lineswoman (Mathilde Johansson) calls the ball out, awarding the match to Sinclar. Novak Djokovic enters the arena and convinces the referee to overturn the call. Solveig makes a strong comeback, rallying to match point. However, Gaël Monfils comes into the stadium and kisses Solveig's love interest. Solveig sees this and decides to (literally) throw in the towel. In the long version only, the video ends with "to be continued" displayed on the screen. This portion of the music video was shot and recorded prior to the 2010 French Open commencing.
Cover versions
The song was covered by The Baseballs on their second studio album, Strings 'n' Stripes. The Chipettes also covered this song as an exclusive iTunes bonus track on the 2011 Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack album. A live performance by the Argentine electropop band Miranda! was also recorded, and later included on their double live-album, Luna Magistral (2012).
Track listings
French 12-inch vinyl
"Hello" (Club)
"Hello" (Dada Life Remix)
"Hello" (Bassjackers Remix)
"Hello" (Michael Woods Remix)
French digital download
"Hello" – 4:42
French CD single
"Hello" (single edit) – 4:41
"Hello" (club edit) – 5:33
"Hello" (Sidney Samson Remix) – 5:18
"Hello" (Bassjackers Remix) – 5:03
"Hello" (Michael Woods Remix) – 7:18
German CD single
"Hello" (radio edit) – 3:11
"Hello" (club edit) – 5:33
U.S. digital download
"Hello" – 4:41
U.S. digital EP
"Hello" (Sidney Samson Remix) – 5:18
"Hello" (Bassjackers Remix) – 5:03
"Hello" (Michael Woods Remix) – 7:16
"Hello" (Michael Woods Dub) – 7:18
"Hello" (Dada Life Remix) – 5:33
U.K. digital EP
"Hello" (UK radio edit) – 2:45
"Hello" (single edit) – 4:41
"Hello" (Michael Woods Remix) – 7:18
"Hello" (Michael Woods Dub) – 7:18
"Hello" (Sidney Samson Remix) – 5:18
"Hello" (Bassjacker Remix) – 5:03
"Hello" (Dada Life Remix) – 5:33
Summer 11 Remixes
"Hello" (Caveat Remix) – 6:53
"Hello" (Dead Battery Remix) – 5:39
"Hello" (Relanium Remix) – 6:38
"Hello" (Ken Loi Remix) – 6:15
"Hello" (Awiin Remix) – 5:47
"Hello" (MINE Remix) – 6:35
"Hello" (Singularity Remix) – 7:12
"Hello" (Pace Remix) – 4:11
"Hello" (Why Are We Whispering Remix) – 3:04
"Hello" (Jeremy Ebell Remix) – 2:56
Credits and personnel
Written by Martin Solveig and Martina Sorbara
Composed and produced by Martin Solveig
Published by Dragonette Inc. and Temps D'Avance
Lead vocals and backing vocals – Dragonette
Other instruments and programming – Martin Solveig
Guitar – Jean-Baptiste Gaudray
Mixed by Philippe Weiss at Red Room Studio, Suresnes
Mastered by Tom Coyne at Sterling Sound, New York City
Source:
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2010–2011)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
13
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)
2
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
8
Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)
1
Denmark (Tracklisten)
33
France (SNEP)
5
Germany (Official German Charts)
5
Hungary (Dance Top 40)
2
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
12
Ireland (IRMA)
6
Italy (FIMI)
7
Mexican Airplay Chart (Billboard International)
1
Mexico Top 20 Inglés (Monitor Latino)
1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
5
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)
4
Poland (Dance Top 50)
8
Poland (Polish Airplay New)
5
Romania (Romanian Top 100)
7
Scotland (OCC)
8
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)
3
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
17
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
31
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
10
UK Singles (OCC)
13
UK Dance (OCC)
2
US Billboard Hot 100
46
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
30
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)
1
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
19
Chart (2021)
Peakposition
US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)
11
Year-end charts
Chart (2010)
Position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
97
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)
93
France (SNEP)
74
Italy (FIMI)
74
Chart (2011)
Position
Australia (ARIA)
73
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
5
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
14
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)
24
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
11
France (SNEP)
72
Germany (Official German Charts)
24
Hungary (Dance Top 40)
8
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
65
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
12
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
4
Polish Dance Singles Chart
21
Romania (Romanian Top 100)
24
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
86
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
26
UK Singles (OCC)
52
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)
5
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
2× Platinum
140,000^
Belgium (BEA)
Platinum
30,000*
Canada (Music Canada)
2× Platinum
160,000*
Germany (BVMI)
3× Gold
450,000‡
Italy (FIMI)
Platinum
30,000*
Mexico (AMPROFON)
Platinum
60,000*
Netherlands (NVPI)
2× Platinum
40,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)
Gold
7,500*
Sweden (GLF)
2× Platinum
80,000‡
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)
Platinum
30,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)
Platinum
600,000‡
United States (RIAA)
Platinum
1,000,000‡
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
References
^ Diehl, Matt (16 August 2012). "Martin Solveig Braces for Stardom With U.S. Release of 'Smash'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
^ "90210 Music - Season 3, Episode 16". The CW. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
^ "The Vampire Diaries Music - Season 3 "The Birthday"". TV Fanatic. 11 August 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
^ "Gossip Girl Music - Season 5, Episode 3". The CW. October 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
^ "What are the songs in Ted Lasso season 2, episode 9?". Hidden Remote. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
^ Gainey, Tom (14 July 2010). "Novak Djokovic, Gael Monfils Make Cameos in Martin Solveig's "Hello" ". Tennis X. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
^ Hello (liner notes). Martin Solveig and Dragonette. 3 Beat Records. 2010. 3BEAT017.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "iTunes - Musique - Hello - Single par Martin Solveig & Dragonette". Itunes.apple.com. 6 September 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
^ Hello (liner notes). Martin Solveig and Dragonette. Mercury Records. 2010. 275674-4.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Hello (liner notes). Martin Solveig and Dragonette. Kontor Records. 2010. 1061350KON.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "iTunes - Music - Hello - Single by Martin Solveig & Dragonette". Itunes.apple.com. 7 December 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
^ "iTunes - Music - Hello - EP by Martin Solveig & Dragonette". Itunes.apple.com. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
^ "iTunes - Music - Hello (Remixes) by Martin Solveig & Dragonette". Itunes.apple.com. 26 December 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
^ "iTunes - Music - Hello (Summer 11 Remixes) by Dragonette & Martin Solveig". Itunes.apple.com. 7 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
^ Hello (liner notes). Martin Solveig and Dragonette. Mercury Records. 2011.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
^ "Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
^ "Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
^ "Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
^ "Martin Solveig Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Change the chart to CZ – RADIO – TOP 100 and insert 201112 into search. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
^ "Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello". Tracklisten. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
^ "Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
^ "Solveig,Martin & Dragonette – Hello" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Dance Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége.
^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Martin Solveig & Dragonette". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
^ "Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello". Top Digital Download.
^ "Mexico Airplay". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 1 October 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
^ "Siguen Los Tigres del Norte y Paulina Rubio "golpeando en el corazón"" (in Spanish). Mi Morelia. 25 July 2011. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 1, 2011" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
^ "Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
^ "Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Dance Top 50. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay New. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201113 into search.
^ "Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
^ "Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
^ "Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company.
^ "Martin Solveig Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
^ "Martin Solveig Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
^ "Martin Solveig Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
^ "Martin Solveig Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
^ "Martin Solveig Chart History (Hot Dance/Electronic Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
^ "Jaaroverzichten 2010". Ultratop. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
^ "Rapports Annuels 2010". Ultratop. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
^ "Top de l'année Top Singles 2010" (in French). SNEP. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
^ "FIMI - Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana - Benvenuto!". Fimi.it. 26 May 2014. Archived from the original on 21 January 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
^ "ARIA End of Year Singles Chart 2011". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
^ "Jahreshitparade 2011 - austriancharts.at". Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ "Jaaroverzichten 2011". Ultratop. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
^ "Rapports Annuels 2011". Ultratop. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
^ "Canadian Hot 100 – Year-End 2011". Billboard. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
^ "Top de l'année Top Singles 2011" (in French). SNEP. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
^ "2011 MTV EMA - News". MTV.de. Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
^ "Dance Top 100 - 2011". Mahasz. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
^ "MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2011" (in Hungarian). Mahasz. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2011". Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
^ "Jaaroverzichten - Single 2011". Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
^ ""Loca People" - Hit of the Year 2011 in Poland!". ZPAV. Dj Promotion. 2011. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
^ "Romanian Top 100 - Top of the Year 2011". Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
^ "Årslista Singlar – År 2011" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2011". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
^ "End Of Year Chart 2011" (PDF). Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
^ "Dance Club Songs – Year-End 2011". Billboard. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2012 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association.
^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 2011". Ultratop. Hung Medien.
^ "Canadian single certifications – Martin Solveig – Hello". Music Canada.
^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Martin Solveig & Dragonette; 'Hello')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
^ "Italian single certifications – Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Select "2011" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Select "Hello" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Singoli" under "Sezione".
^ "Certificaciones" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Retrieved 24 March 2015. Type Martin Solveig in the box under the ARTISTA column heading and Hello in the box under the TÍTULO column heading.
^ "Dutch single certifications – Martin Solveig – Hello" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved 14 October 2021. Enter Hello in the "Artiest of titel" box. Select 2013 in the drop-down menu saying "Alle jaargangen".
^ "New Zealand single certifications – Martin Solveig and Dragonette – Hello". Recorded Music NZ.
^ "Martin Solveig and Dragonette - Hello" (in Swedish). Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Hello')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien.
^ "British single certifications – Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
^ "American single certifications – Martin Solveig feat. Dragonette – Hello". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
vteMartin SolveigDiscographyStudio albums
Hedonist (2005)
C'est la Vie (2008)
Smash (2011)
Singles
"Madan"
"Rocking Music"
"I'm a Good Man"
"Everybody"
"Jealousy"
"Rejection"
"C'est la Vie"
"I Want You"
"One 2.3 Four"
"Boys & Girls"
"Hello"
"Ready 2 Go"
"Big in Japan"
"The Night Out"
"Hey Now"
"Blow"
"Intoxicated"
"+1"
"Do It Right"
"Places"
"All Stars"
"My Love"
"All Day and Night"
"Thing for You"
"Juliet & Romeo"
"Tequila"
Related articles
Jax Jones & Martin Solveig Present Europa
vteDragonette
Martina Sorbara
Dan Kurtz
Joel Stouffer
Studio albums
Galore
Fixin to Thrill
Bodyparts
Royal Blues
Compilation albums
Mixin to Thrill
EPs
Dragonette EP
Singles
"I Get Around"
"Take It Like a Man"
"Fixin to Thrill"
"Gone Too Far"
"Pick Up the Phone"
"Easy"
"Hello"
"Big in Japan"
"Let It Go"
"Live in This City"
"Outlines"
Featured singles
"Boys & Girls"
"Fire in Your New Shoes"
"Animale"
Promotional singles
"Come On Be Good"
Related articles
Songs
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Solveig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Solveig"},{"link_name":"synth-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth-pop"},{"link_name":"Dragonette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonette"},{"link_name":"Smash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_(Martin_Solveig_album)"},{"link_name":"Mercury Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Records"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90210_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Vampire Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vampire_Diaries"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gossip Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_Girl"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks:_Chipwrecked"},{"link_name":"Skins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skins_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Some Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Girls_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ted Lasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Lasso"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tim Hortons'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hortons"},{"link_name":"CMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Dance Central 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Central_3"}],"text":"\"Hello\" is a song performed by French DJ and record producer Martin Solveig and Canadian synth-pop band Dragonette, taken from Solveig's fifth studio album, Smash (2011). The song was released as the album's lead single on 6 September 2010 by Mercury Records.It is Solveig's most successful single to date, peaking at number one in Austria, Belgium (Flanders), Czech Republic and the Netherlands, while charting within the top 10 in ten other countries. It also reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart in the United States. Additionally, the song became Solveig's and Dragonette's first appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 in April 2011, eventually peaking at number 46 in June. It has since been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of 1,000,000 units.The song has been featured in 90210,[2] The Vampire Diaries,[3] Gossip Girl,[4] Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked, Skins, Some Girls, and Ted Lasso.[5] It was also featured in Tim Hortons' 2013 ad for their 'Roll up the Rim to Win' promotion. It also used as the intro theme to the TV series Cheer! on CMT. The song appears in the video game Dance Central 3.","title":"Hello (Martin Solveig and Dragonette song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Open"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Nelson Monfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Monfort"},{"link_name":"court Philippe Chatrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Roland_Garros#Court_Philippe_Chatrier"},{"link_name":"Bob Sinclar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Sinclar"},{"link_name":"Mathilde Johansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathilde_Johansson"},{"link_name":"Novak Djokovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novak_Djokovic"},{"link_name":"Gaël Monfils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Monfils"},{"link_name":"2010 French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_French_Open"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The music video is a tennis match scene played on the grounds of the French Open tournament in Paris. There are two variants: a long version which is the first episode of a series of music videos called \"Smash\", and a short condensed version.The long version of the music video is divided into two chapters. The first chapter is an introductory dialogue and backstory (by Nelson Monfort) involving two of the main characters, a tennis player named Martin Solveig (as himself) and his tennis coach or manager Lafaille (played by DJ Grégory Darsa).In Chapter 2 the song plays over a tennis match, recorded live at the main stadium court of the Roland Garros complex, court Philippe Chatrier. The short version consists of a re-cut version of this chapter. In the tennis match, Martin Solveig faces fellow DJ Bob Sinclar. As the match progresses Solveig struggles to gain any points, and is unable to win a game. With the score at 6–0, 6–0, 5–0, Sinclar is about to serve for matchpoint when \"She\" (Solveig's love interest) enters the crowd, and Solveig decides he must win to impress her. He returns a serve but a lineswoman (Mathilde Johansson) calls the ball out, awarding the match to Sinclar. Novak Djokovic enters the arena and convinces the referee to overturn the call. Solveig makes a strong comeback, rallying to match point. However, Gaël Monfils comes into the stadium and kisses Solveig's love interest. Solveig sees this and decides to (literally) throw in the towel. In the long version only, the video ends with \"to be continued\" displayed on the screen. This portion of the music video was shot and recorded prior to the 2010 French Open commencing.[6]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Baseballs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baseballs"},{"link_name":"Strings 'n' Stripes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strings_%27n%27_Stripes"},{"link_name":"The Chipettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chipettes"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked: Music from the Motion Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks:_Chipwrecked:_Music_from_the_Motion_Picture"},{"link_name":"electropop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropop"},{"link_name":"Miranda!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda!"}],"text":"The song was covered by The Baseballs on their second studio album, Strings 'n' Stripes. The Chipettes also covered this song as an exclusive iTunes bonus track on the 2011 Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack album. A live performance by the Argentine electropop band Miranda! was also recorded, and later included on their double live-album, Luna Magistral (2012).","title":"Cover versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sidney Samson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Samson"},{"link_name":"Bassjackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassjackers"},{"link_name":"Michael Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Woods_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Dada Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada_Life"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"French 12-inch vinyl[7]\n\"Hello\" (Club)\n\"Hello\" (Dada Life Remix)\n\"Hello\" (Bassjackers Remix)\n\"Hello\" (Michael Woods Remix)\nFrench digital download[8]\n\"Hello\" – 4:42\nFrench CD single [9]\n\"Hello\" (single edit) – 4:41\n\"Hello\" (club edit) – 5:33\n\"Hello\" (Sidney Samson Remix) – 5:18\n\"Hello\" (Bassjackers Remix) – 5:03\n\"Hello\" (Michael Woods Remix) – 7:18\nGerman CD single[10]\n\"Hello\" (radio edit) – 3:11\n\"Hello\" (club edit) – 5:33\nU.S. digital download[11]\n\"Hello\" – 4:41\nU.S. digital EP[12]\n\"Hello\" (Sidney Samson Remix) – 5:18\n\"Hello\" (Bassjackers Remix) – 5:03\n\"Hello\" (Michael Woods Remix) – 7:16\n\"Hello\" (Michael Woods Dub) – 7:18\n\"Hello\" (Dada Life Remix) – 5:33\n\n\nU.K. digital EP[13]\n\"Hello\" (UK radio edit) – 2:45\n\"Hello\" (single edit) – 4:41\n\"Hello\" (Michael Woods Remix) – 7:18\n\"Hello\" (Michael Woods Dub) – 7:18\n\"Hello\" (Sidney Samson Remix) – 5:18\n\"Hello\" (Bassjacker Remix) – 5:03\n\"Hello\" (Dada Life Remix) – 5:33\nSummer 11 Remixes[14]\n\"Hello\" (Caveat Remix) – 6:53\n\"Hello\" (Dead Battery Remix) – 5:39\n\"Hello\" (Relanium Remix) – 6:38\n\"Hello\" (Ken Loi Remix) – 6:15\n\"Hello\" (Awiin Remix) – 5:47\n\"Hello\" (MINE Remix) – 6:35\n\"Hello\" (Singularity Remix) – 7:12\n\"Hello\" (Pace Remix) – 4:11\n\"Hello\" (Why Are We Whispering Remix) – 3:04\n\"Hello\" (Jeremy Ebell Remix) – 2:56","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Solveig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Solveig"},{"link_name":"Martina Sorbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_Sorbara"},{"link_name":"Dragonette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonette"},{"link_name":"Suresnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suresnes"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Written by Martin Solveig and Martina Sorbara\nComposed and produced by Martin Solveig\nPublished by Dragonette Inc. and Temps D'Avance\nLead vocals and backing vocals – Dragonette\nOther instruments and programming – Martin Solveig\nGuitar – Jean-Baptiste Gaudray\nMixed by Philippe Weiss at Red Room Studio, Suresnes\nMastered by Tom Coyne at Sterling Sound, New York CitySource:[15]","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hello_(Martin_Solveig_and_Dragonette_song)&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_Martin_Solveig_&_Dragonette-16"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Martin_Solveig_&_Dragonette-17"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Martin_Solveig_&_Dragonette-18"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_Martin_Solveig_&_Dragonette-19"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canada_Martin_Solveig-20"},{"link_name":"Rádio – Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czech_Republic_Martin_Solveig_&_Dragonette-21"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Denmark_Martin_Solveig_&_Dragonette-22"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Martin_Solveig_&_Dragonette-23"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Solveig,Martin_&_Dragonette-24"},{"link_name":"Dance Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungarydance_Martin_Solveieg_&_Dragonette-25"},{"link_name":"Rádiós Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungary_Martin_Solveieg_&_Dragonette-26"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_Martin_Solveig_&_Dragonette-27"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Italy_Martin_Solveig_&_Dragonette-28"},{"link_name":"Billboard International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Monitor Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-31"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Martin_Solveig_&_Dragonette-32"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Martin_Solveig_&_Dragonette-33"},{"link_name":"Polish Airplay Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Poland_-34"},{"link_name":"Dance Top 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Polishdance_-35"},{"link_name":"Polish Airplay New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Music_Charts"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Romanian Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_Martin_Solveig_&_Dragonette-37"},{"link_name":"Rádio Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Slovakia)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakia_-38"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Spain_Martin_Solveig_&_Dragonette-39"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Martin_Solveig_&_Dragonette-40"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Martin_Solveig_&_Dragonette-41"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_Martin_Solveig_&_Dragonette-42"},{"link_name":"UK Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKdance_Martin_Solveig_&_Dragonette-43"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Martin_Solveig-44"},{"link_name":"Adult Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultpopsongs_Martin_Solveig-45"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceclubplay_Martin_Solveig-46"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardpopsongs_Martin_Solveig-47"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance/Electronic Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceelectronic_Martin_Solveig-48"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hello_(Martin_Solveig_and_Dragonette_song)&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Polish Dance Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Music_Charts"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2010–2011)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[16]\n\n13\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[17]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[18]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[19]\n\n2\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[20]\n\n8\n\n\nCzech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)[21]\n\n1\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[22]\n\n33\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[23]\n\n5\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[24]\n\n5\n\n\nHungary (Dance Top 40)[25]\n\n2\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[26]\n\n12\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[27]\n\n6\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[28]\n\n7\n\n\nMexican Airplay Chart (Billboard International)[29]\n\n1\n\n\nMexico Top 20 Inglés (Monitor Latino)[30]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[31]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[32]\n\n1\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[33]\n\n5\n\n\nPoland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[34]\n\n4\n\n\nPoland (Dance Top 50)[35]\n\n8\n\n\nPoland (Polish Airplay New)[36]\n\n5\n\n\nRomania (Romanian Top 100)\n\n7\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[37]\n\n8\n\n\nSlovakia (Rádio Top 100)[38]\n\n3\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[39]\n\n17\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[40]\n\n31\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[41]\n\n10\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[42]\n\n13\n\n\nUK Dance (OCC)[43]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[44]\n\n46\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[45]\n\n30\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[46]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[47]\n\n19\n\n\n\n\nChart (2021)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)[48]\n\n11\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2010)\n\nPosition\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[49]\n\n97\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[50]\n\n93\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[51]\n\n74\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[52]\n\n74\n\n\n\n\nChart (2011)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[53]\n\n73\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[54]\n\n5\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[55]\n\n14\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[56]\n\n24\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[57]\n\n11\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[58]\n\n72\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[59]\n\n24\n\n\nHungary (Dance Top 40)[60]\n\n8\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[61]\n\n65\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[62]\n\n12\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[63]\n\n4\n\n\nPolish Dance Singles Chart[64]\n\n21\n\n\nRomania (Romanian Top 100)[65]\n\n24\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[66]\n\n86\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[67]\n\n26\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[68]\n\n52\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[69]\n\n5","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Diehl, Matt (16 August 2012). \"Martin Solveig Braces for Stardom With U.S. Release of 'Smash'\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 10 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/martin-solveig-braces-for-stardom-with-u-s-release-of-smash-20120816","url_text":"\"Martin Solveig Braces for Stardom With U.S. Release of 'Smash'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"90210 Music - Season 3, Episode 16\". The CW. Retrieved 13 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwtv.com/music/90210/season-3/episode-316","url_text":"\"90210 Music - Season 3, Episode 16\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Vampire Diaries Music - Season 3 \"The Birthday\"\". TV Fanatic. 11 August 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvfanatic.com/music/shows/the-vampire-diaries/episodes/the-birthday.html","url_text":"\"The Vampire Diaries Music - Season 3 \"The Birthday\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gossip Girl Music - Season 5, Episode 3\". The CW. October 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwtv.com/music/gossip-girl/season-5/episode-503","url_text":"\"Gossip Girl Music - Season 5, Episode 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"What are the songs in Ted Lasso season 2, episode 9?\". Hidden Remote. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiddenremote.com/2021/09/17/all-the-songs-in-ted-lasso-season-2-episode-9-beard-after-hours","url_text":"\"What are the songs in Ted Lasso season 2, episode 9?\""}]},{"reference":"Gainey, Tom (14 July 2010). \"Novak Djokovic, Gael Monfils Make Cameos in Martin Solveig's \"Hello\" [Video]\". Tennis X. Retrieved 26 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennis-x.com/xblog/2010-07-14/4683.php","url_text":"\"Novak Djokovic, Gael Monfils Make Cameos in Martin Solveig's \"Hello\" [Video]\""}]},{"reference":"Hello (liner notes). Martin Solveig and Dragonette. 3 Beat Records. 2010. 3BEAT017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Solveig","url_text":"Martin Solveig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonette","url_text":"Dragonette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Beat_Records","url_text":"3 Beat Records"}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Musique - Hello - Single par Martin Solveig & Dragonette\". Itunes.apple.com. 6 September 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/hello-single/id389666048","url_text":"\"iTunes - Musique - Hello - Single par Martin Solveig & Dragonette\""}]},{"reference":"Hello (liner notes). Martin Solveig and Dragonette. Mercury Records. 2010. 275674-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Solveig","url_text":"Martin Solveig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonette","url_text":"Dragonette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Records","url_text":"Mercury Records"}]},{"reference":"Hello (liner notes). Martin Solveig and Dragonette. Kontor Records. 2010. 1061350KON.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Solveig","url_text":"Martin Solveig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonette","url_text":"Dragonette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontor_Records","url_text":"Kontor Records"}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - Hello - Single by Martin Solveig & Dragonette\". Itunes.apple.com. 7 December 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/hello-single/id405926181","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - Hello - Single by Martin Solveig & Dragonette\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - Hello - EP by Martin Solveig & Dragonette\". Itunes.apple.com. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/hello-ep/id417872189","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - Hello - EP by Martin Solveig & Dragonette\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - Hello (Remixes) by Martin Solveig & Dragonette\". Itunes.apple.com. 26 December 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/hello/id405974950","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - Hello (Remixes) by Martin Solveig & Dragonette\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - Hello (Summer 11 Remixes) by Dragonette & Martin Solveig\". Itunes.apple.com. 7 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/hello-ken-loi-remix/id459037763?i=459037771&ign-mpt=uo%3D4","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - Hello (Summer 11 Remixes) by Dragonette & Martin Solveig\""}]},{"reference":"Hello (liner notes). Martin Solveig and Dragonette. Mercury Records. 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_(Martin_Solveig_album)","url_text":"Hello"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Solveig","url_text":"Martin Solveig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonette","url_text":"Dragonette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Records","url_text":"Mercury Records"}]},{"reference":"\"Mexico Airplay\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 1 October 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/albums/12000717","url_text":"\"Mexico Airplay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Siguen Los Tigres del Norte y Paulina Rubio \"golpeando en el corazón\"\" (in Spanish). Mi Morelia. 25 July 2011. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130129032240/http://www.mimorelia.com/noticias/69063","url_text":"\"Siguen Los Tigres del Norte y Paulina Rubio \"golpeando en el corazón\"\""},{"url":"http://www.mimorelia.com/noticias/69063","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video\". Polish Airplay New. Retrieved 31 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/airplays/pozostale/archiwum.php?year=2010&typ=nowosci&idlisty=197#title","url_text":"\"Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Music_Charts","url_text":"Polish Airplay New"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2010\". Ultratop. Retrieved 2 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2010","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rapports Annuels 2010\". Ultratop. Retrieved 2 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2010","url_text":"\"Rapports Annuels 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top de l'année Top Singles 2010\" (in French). SNEP. Retrieved 25 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-lannee/top-singles-annee/?categorie=Top%20Single%20de%20l%E2%80%99ann%C3%A9e&annee=2010","url_text":"\"Top de l'année Top Singles 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIMI - Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana - Benvenuto!\". Fimi.it. 26 May 2014. Archived from the original on 21 January 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110121160735/http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=73","url_text":"\"FIMI - Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana - Benvenuto!\""},{"url":"http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=73","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA End of Year Singles Chart 2011\". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 14 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/2011/singles-chart","url_text":"\"ARIA End of Year Singles Chart 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jahreshitparade 2011 - austriancharts.at\". Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120209202155/http://austriancharts.at/2011_single.asp","url_text":"\"Jahreshitparade 2011 - austriancharts.at\""},{"url":"http://austriancharts.at/2011_single.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2011\". Ultratop. Retrieved 30 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2011&cat=s","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rapports Annuels 2011\". Ultratop. Retrieved 30 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2011&cat=s","url_text":"\"Rapports Annuels 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Hot 100 – Year-End 2011\". Billboard. Retrieved 14 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/canadian-hot-100","url_text":"\"Canadian Hot 100 – Year-End 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top de l'année Top Singles 2011\" (in French). SNEP. Retrieved 25 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-lannee/top-singles-annee/?categorie=Top%20Single%20de%20l%E2%80%99ann%C3%A9e&annee=2011","url_text":"\"Top de l'année Top Singles 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 MTV EMA - News\". MTV.de. Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120109011856/http://www.mtv.de/charts/Single_Jahrescharts_2011","url_text":"\"2011 MTV EMA - News\""},{"url":"http://www.mtv.de/charts/Single_Jahrescharts_2011","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Top 100 - 2011\". Mahasz. Retrieved 14 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/dance/2011","url_text":"\"Dance Top 100 - 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahasz","url_text":"Mahasz"}]},{"reference":"\"MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2011\" (in Hungarian). Mahasz. Retrieved 23 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=eves_osszesitett_listak&id=radios&ev=2011","url_text":"\"MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2011\". Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 30 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/2011","url_text":"\"Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten - Single 2011\". Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2011&cat=s","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten - Single 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Loca People\" - Hit of the Year 2011 in Poland!\". ZPAV. Dj Promotion. 2011. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151225171157/http://djpromotion.com.pl/articles/819/Loca-People---Hit-of-the-Year-2011-in-Poland-","url_text":"\"\"Loca People\" - Hit of the Year 2011 in Poland!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZPAV","url_text":"ZPAV"},{"url":"http://djpromotion.com.pl/articles/819/Loca-People---Hit-of-the-Year-2011-in-Poland-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Romanian Top 100 - Top of the Year 2011\". Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120112051650/http://andreea.fm/2012/01/01/romanian-top-100-clasamentul-anului-2011","url_text":"\"Romanian Top 100 - Top of the Year 2011\""},{"url":"http://andreea.fm/2012/01/01/romanian-top-100-clasamentul-anului-2011","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Årslista Singlar – År 2011\" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 30 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=2011&dspp=1","url_text":"\"Årslista Singlar – År 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2011\". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 14 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/2011","url_text":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"End Of Year Chart 2011\" (PDF). Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/UKChartsPlusEOY2011.pdf","url_text":"\"End Of Year Chart 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Club Songs – Year-End 2011\". Billboard. Retrieved 14 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/dance-club-songs","url_text":"\"Dance Club Songs – Year-End 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2012 Singles\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AACBYBePZLRMLmM96QFIFbFta/2012%20Accreds.pdf","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2012 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 2011\". Ultratop. Hung Medien.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/goud-platina/2011/singles","url_text":"\"Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop","url_text":"Ultratop"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian single certifications – Martin Solveig – Hello\". Music Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Hello%20Martin+Solveig&_gp_format=digital-download","url_text":"\"Canadian single certifications – Martin Solveig – Hello\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Martin Solveig & Dragonette; 'Hello')\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 7 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Hello&strInterpret=Martin+Solveig+%26+Dragonette&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","url_text":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Martin Solveig & Dragonette; 'Hello')\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie","url_text":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie"}]},{"reference":"\"Italian single certifications – Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/certificazioni/certificazioni.kl#/certifications","url_text":"\"Italian single certifications – Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana","url_text":"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana"}]},{"reference":"\"Certificaciones\" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://amprofon.com.mx/es/pages/certificaciones.php","url_text":"\"Certificaciones\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Mexicana_de_Productores_de_Fonogramas_y_Videogramas","url_text":"Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas"}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch single certifications – Martin Solveig – Hello\" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved 14 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nvpi.nl/nvpi-audio/marktinformatie/goud-platina-diamant/","url_text":"\"Dutch single certifications – Martin Solveig – Hello\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVPI","url_text":"Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand single certifications – Martin Solveig and Dragonette – Hello\". Recorded Music NZ.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=1626","url_text":"\"New Zealand single certifications – Martin Solveig and Dragonette – Hello\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"Martin Solveig and Dragonette - Hello\" (in Swedish). Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160913064144/http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/artdata?dfom=20110722&sart=415374","url_text":"\"Martin Solveig and Dragonette - Hello\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening"},{"url":"http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/artdata?dfom=20110722&sart=415374","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Hello')\". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Hello","url_text":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Hello')\""}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 18 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/2835-2622-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Martin Solveig feat. Dragonette – Hello\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 5 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Martin+Solveig+feat.+Dragonette&ti=Hello&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – Martin Solveig feat. Dragonette – Hello\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kK42LZqO0wA","external_links_name":"\"Hello\" short version"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uUL8ELhnp8","external_links_name":"\"Hello\" long version"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/martin-solveig-braces-for-stardom-with-u-s-release-of-smash-20120816","external_links_name":"\"Martin Solveig Braces for Stardom With U.S. Release of 'Smash'\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwtv.com/music/90210/season-3/episode-316","external_links_name":"\"90210 Music - Season 3, Episode 16\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvfanatic.com/music/shows/the-vampire-diaries/episodes/the-birthday.html","external_links_name":"\"The Vampire Diaries Music - Season 3 \"The Birthday\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwtv.com/music/gossip-girl/season-5/episode-503","external_links_name":"\"Gossip Girl Music - Season 5, Episode 3\""},{"Link":"https://hiddenremote.com/2021/09/17/all-the-songs-in-ted-lasso-season-2-episode-9-beard-after-hours","external_links_name":"\"What are the songs in Ted Lasso season 2, episode 9?\""},{"Link":"https://www.tennis-x.com/xblog/2010-07-14/4683.php","external_links_name":"\"Novak Djokovic, Gael Monfils Make Cameos in Martin Solveig's \"Hello\" [Video]\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/hello-single/id389666048","external_links_name":"\"iTunes - Musique - Hello - Single par Martin Solveig & Dragonette\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/hello-single/id405926181","external_links_name":"\"iTunes - Music - Hello - Single by Martin Solveig & Dragonette\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/hello-ep/id417872189","external_links_name":"\"iTunes - Music - Hello - EP by Martin Solveig & Dragonette\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/hello/id405974950","external_links_name":"\"iTunes - Music - Hello (Remixes) by Martin Solveig & Dragonette\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/hello-ken-loi-remix/id459037763?i=459037771&ign-mpt=uo%3D4","external_links_name":"\"iTunes - Music - Hello (Summer 11 Remixes) by Dragonette & Martin Solveig\""},{"Link":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Martin+Solveig+%26+Dragonette&titel=Hello&cat=s","external_links_name":"Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\""},{"Link":"https://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Martin+Solveig+%26+Dragonette&titel=Hello&cat=s","external_links_name":"Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Martin+Solveig+%26+Dragonette&titel=Hello&cat=s","external_links_name":"Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Martin+Solveig+%26+Dragonette&titel=Hello&cat=s","external_links_name":"Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Martin-Solveig/chart-history/CAN","external_links_name":"\"Martin Solveig Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"http://hitparada.ifpicr.cz/index.php?hitp=R","external_links_name":"ČNS IFPI\""},{"Link":"https://danishcharts.dk/showitem.asp?interpret=Martin+Solveig+%26+Dragonette&titel=Hello&cat=s","external_links_name":"Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\""},{"Link":"https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Martin+Solveig+%26+Dragonette&titel=Hello&cat=s","external_links_name":"Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-727954","external_links_name":"Solveig,Martin & Dragonette – Hello\""},{"Link":"https://slagerlistak.hu/dance-top-40-lista/2011/16","external_links_name":"Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ\""},{"Link":"https://slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2011/4","external_links_name":"Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ\""},{"Link":"http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=artist&placement=Martin+Solveig+%26+Dragonette","external_links_name":"The Irish Charts – Search Results – Martin Solveig & Dragonette\""},{"Link":"https://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Martin+Solveig+%26+Dragonette&titel=Hello&cat=s","external_links_name":"Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/albums/12000717","external_links_name":"\"Mexico Airplay\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130129032240/http://www.mimorelia.com/noticias/69063","external_links_name":"\"Siguen Los Tigres del Norte y Paulina Rubio \"golpeando en el corazón\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.mimorelia.com/noticias/69063","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.top40.nl/top40/2011/week-1","external_links_name":"Nederlandse Top 40 – week 1, 2011"},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Martin+Solveig+%26+Dragonette&titel=Hello&cat=s","external_links_name":"Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Martin+Solveig+%26+Dragonette&titel=Hello&cat=s","external_links_name":"Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\""},{"Link":"http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/airplays/top/archiwum.php?year=2011&idlisty=288#title","external_links_name":"Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video\""},{"Link":"http://ozz.zpav.pl/muzykawbiznesie/toplistyprzebojow.php?idtypu=11&idlisty=336","external_links_name":"Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video\""},{"Link":"http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/airplays/pozostale/archiwum.php?year=2010&typ=nowosci&idlisty=197#title","external_links_name":"\"Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20110205/41/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"http://hitparadask.ifpicr.cz/index.php","external_links_name":"ČNS IFPI\""},{"Link":"https://spanishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Martin+Solveig+%26+Dragonette&titel=Hello&cat=s","external_links_name":"Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\""},{"Link":"https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Martin+Solveig+%26+Dragonette&titel=Hello&cat=s","external_links_name":"Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\""},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Martin+Solveig+%26+Dragonette&titel=Hello&cat=s","external_links_name":"Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20110205/7501/","external_links_name":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/dance-singles-chart/20110205/104/","external_links_name":"\"Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Martin-Solveig/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"Martin Solveig Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Martin-Solveig/chart-history/ATF","external_links_name":"\"Martin Solveig Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Martin-Solveig/chart-history/DSI","external_links_name":"\"Martin Solveig Chart History (Dance Club Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Martin-Solveig/chart-history/TFM","external_links_name":"\"Martin Solveig Chart History (Pop Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Martin-Solveig/chart-history/DAN","external_links_name":"\"Martin Solveig Chart History (Hot Dance/Electronic Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2010","external_links_name":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2010","external_links_name":"\"Rapports Annuels 2010\""},{"Link":"https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-lannee/top-singles-annee/?categorie=Top%20Single%20de%20l%E2%80%99ann%C3%A9e&annee=2010","external_links_name":"\"Top de l'année Top Singles 2010\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110121160735/http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=73","external_links_name":"\"FIMI - Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana - Benvenuto!\""},{"Link":"http://www.fimi.it/dett_ddmercato.php?id=73","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/2011/singles-chart","external_links_name":"\"ARIA End of Year Singles Chart 2011\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120209202155/http://austriancharts.at/2011_single.asp","external_links_name":"\"Jahreshitparade 2011 - austriancharts.at\""},{"Link":"http://austriancharts.at/2011_single.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2011&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2011&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Rapports Annuels 2011\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/canadian-hot-100","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Hot 100 – Year-End 2011\""},{"Link":"https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-lannee/top-singles-annee/?categorie=Top%20Single%20de%20l%E2%80%99ann%C3%A9e&annee=2011","external_links_name":"\"Top de l'année Top Singles 2011\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120109011856/http://www.mtv.de/charts/Single_Jahrescharts_2011","external_links_name":"\"2011 MTV EMA - News\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.de/charts/Single_Jahrescharts_2011","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/dance/2011","external_links_name":"\"Dance Top 100 - 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=eves_osszesitett_listak&id=radios&ev=2011","external_links_name":"\"MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2011\""},{"Link":"https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/2011","external_links_name":"\"Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2011\""},{"Link":"http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2011&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"Jaaroverzichten - Single 2011\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151225171157/http://djpromotion.com.pl/articles/819/Loca-People---Hit-of-the-Year-2011-in-Poland-","external_links_name":"\"\"Loca People\" - Hit of the Year 2011 in Poland!\""},{"Link":"http://djpromotion.com.pl/articles/819/Loca-People---Hit-of-the-Year-2011-in-Poland-","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120112051650/http://andreea.fm/2012/01/01/romanian-top-100-clasamentul-anului-2011","external_links_name":"\"Romanian Top 100 - Top of the Year 2011\""},{"Link":"http://andreea.fm/2012/01/01/romanian-top-100-clasamentul-anului-2011","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=2011&dspp=1","external_links_name":"\"Årslista Singlar – År 2011\""},{"Link":"https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/2011","external_links_name":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/UKChartsPlusEOY2011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"End Of Year Chart 2011\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/dance-club-songs","external_links_name":"\"Dance Club Songs – Year-End 2011\""},{"Link":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AACBYBePZLRMLmM96QFIFbFta/2012%20Accreds.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2012 Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/goud-platina/2011/singles","external_links_name":"\"Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 2011\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Hello%20Martin+Solveig&_gp_format=digital-download","external_links_name":"\"Canadian single certifications – Martin Solveig – Hello\""},{"Link":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Hello&strInterpret=Martin+Solveig+%26+Dragonette&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","external_links_name":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Martin Solveig & Dragonette; 'Hello')\""},{"Link":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/certificazioni/certificazioni.kl#/certifications","external_links_name":"\"Italian single certifications – Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\""},{"Link":"https://amprofon.com.mx/es/pages/certificaciones.php","external_links_name":"\"Certificaciones\""},{"Link":"https://nvpi.nl/nvpi-audio/marktinformatie/goud-platina-diamant/","external_links_name":"\"Dutch single certifications – Martin Solveig – Hello\""},{"Link":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=1626","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand single certifications – Martin Solveig and Dragonette – Hello\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160913064144/http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/artdata?dfom=20110722&sart=415374","external_links_name":"\"Martin Solveig and Dragonette - Hello\""},{"Link":"http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/artdata?dfom=20110722&sart=415374","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Hello","external_links_name":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Hello')\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/2835-2622-1","external_links_name":"\"British single certifications – Martin Solveig & Dragonette – Hello\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Martin+Solveig+feat.+Dragonette&ti=Hello&format=Single&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American single certifications – Martin Solveig feat. Dragonette – Hello\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/04cfeef9-691c-40c6-9d32-0c8559a46c9f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/d4cf70ec-3f2a-3112-a8a7-6a52ace9e1b1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabby_La_La | Gabby La La | ["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","4 References","5 External links"] | Gabby La LaGabby La La performing at The XM Sonic Stage at Bonnaroo 2005Background informationBirth nameGabby LangAlso known asGabby La LaBorn (1979-05-23) May 23, 1979 (age 45)Petaluma, California, United StatesGenresExperimentalOccupation(s)Singer, songwriter, musicianInstrument(s)Vocals, sitar, accordion, ukulele, guitar, piano, theremin, omnichordYears active1992–presentLabelsPrawn Song RecordsWebsitegabbylala.comMusical artist
Gabby La La (born Gabriel Lang on May 23, 1979) is a vocalist and multi-instrumentalist (including sitar, ukulele, accordion, theremin and toy piano), signed to Prawn Song Records. Her music is self described as "fun, unique, crazy (and) kooky". La La's debut album, Be Careful What You Wish For..., is a collaboration with Les Claypool that though "peculiar... reveals gems of pop merriment."
Gabby La La is primarily a solo artist but, at times, she has been a member of Weapon of Choice, and she was a member of Les Claypool's Fancy Band.
Career
La La sings with a high pitched voice "like art singer Dagmar Krause on helium". She plays the electric guitar, ukulele, toy piano, sitar, theremin and accordion. She plays the sitar, which she is classically trained on, like she's playing a guitar. She also tap dances. She has been compared to Björk, Hello Kitty and Yoko Ono. Her live band occasionally consists of Les Claypool on bass. She generally wears brightly colored wigs when she performs. La La has been called Claypool's protégé and she performs in his Fancy Band. She has performed on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno with Snoop Dogg. La La has performed with Jane Wiedlin and The Coup. She has taught young girls how to play rock music through music classes at the Phoenix Theater. La La has been reviewed and featured in the SFist, Metroactive and The Aquarian Weekly. She has been a solo performer at Bonnaroo.
Personal life
La La was born in Petaluma, California. She has a sister, named Mimi. She has a child with Boots Riley.
Discography
Studio albums
Year
Album
2005
Be Careful What You Wish For...
2011
I Know You Know I Know
2020
Disorganized crime: Smuggler's daughter
As writer, arranger, and/or performer
2004 The Big Eyeball in the Sky by Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains (CD; Prawn Song)
2005 True & Livin' by Zion I (CD, 2×LP; LiveUp)
2006 Of Whales and Woe by Les Claypool (CD, LP 180 gr.; Prawn Song)
2007 Turn My Teeth Up! by Baby Elephant (CD; Godforsaken Music)
References
^ Prestianni, Sam (July 20, 2005). Gabby La La Be Careful What You Wish For... Archived 2014-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. SFweekly. Retrieved on June 18, 2011.
^ a b c Beck, Henry Cabot. "Gabby La La". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ a b c d O'rrific, Claire. "Les Claypool Presents Gabby La La: Hello Kitty Meets Yoko Ono (and it's Good)". SFist.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ Gearing, Brian (2 June 2005). "Be Careful What You Wish For – Gabby La La". Jambands.com. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ Moore, James. "Recordings Galore". Iowasource.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ a b Rothman, Robin. "Bonnaroo Kicks Out The Jams Thanks To Dave Matthews, John Mayer — And Bo Bice". Mtv.com. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ a b Koczan, JJ. "Gabby La La". Theaquarian.com. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ Barrymore, Cindy. "Les Claypool: Fancy". Ink19.com. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ Wiedlin, Jane. "Gabby La La". Janewiedlin.com. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ "Review: The Coup's 'Sorry to Bother You'". Californiareport.org. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ a b Johansen, Jackie. "Let There Be Rock". Metroactive.com. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ "It's like a hotwire, baby, when we put it together / When the sparks fly, we'll ignite the future forever". Genius.com. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ The Big Eyeball in the Sky at Discogs
^ True & Livin' at Discogs
^ Of Whales and Woe at Discogs
^ Turn My Teeth Up! at Discogs
External links
Official website
Gabby La La discography at Discogs
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multi-instrumentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-instrumentalist"},{"link_name":"sitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar"},{"link_name":"ukulele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulele"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"theremin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin"},{"link_name":"Prawn Song Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn_Song_Records"},{"link_name":"Be Careful What You Wish For...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Careful_What_You_Wish_For..."},{"link_name":"Les Claypool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Claypool"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prestianni-1"},{"link_name":"Weapon of Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_of_Choice_(band)"},{"link_name":"Les Claypool's Fancy Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Claypool%27s_Fancy_Band"}],"text":"Musical artistGabby La La (born Gabriel Lang on May 23, 1979) is a vocalist and multi-instrumentalist (including sitar, ukulele, accordion, theremin and toy piano), signed to Prawn Song Records. Her music is self described as \"fun, unique, crazy (and) kooky\". La La's debut album, Be Careful What You Wish For..., is a collaboration with Les Claypool that though \"peculiar... reveals gems of pop merriment.\"[1]Gabby La La is primarily a solo artist but, at times, she has been a member of Weapon of Choice, and she was a member of Les Claypool's Fancy Band.","title":"Gabby La La"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dagmar Krause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagmar_Krause"},{"link_name":"helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck-2"},{"link_name":"electric guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"ukulele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulele"},{"link_name":"toy piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_piano"},{"link_name":"sitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar"},{"link_name":"theremin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orrific-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gearing-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck-2"},{"link_name":"tap dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_dance"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moore-5"},{"link_name":"Hello Kitty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Kitty"},{"link_name":"Yoko Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Ono"},{"link_name":"Les Claypool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Claypool"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orrific-3"},{"link_name":"wigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wig"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rothman-6"},{"link_name":"protégé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koczan-7"},{"link_name":"Fancy Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Claypool%27s_Fancy_Band"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrymore-8"},{"link_name":"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno"},{"link_name":"Snoop Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck-2"},{"link_name":"Jane Wiedlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Wiedlin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wiedlin-9"},{"link_name":"The Coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coup"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KQED-10"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Theater"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johansen-11"},{"link_name":"SFist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFist"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orrific-3"},{"link_name":"Metroactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johansen-11"},{"link_name":"The Aquarian Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aquarian_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koczan-7"},{"link_name":"Bonnaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnaroo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rothman-6"}],"text":"La La sings with a high pitched voice \"like art singer Dagmar Krause on helium\".[2] She plays the electric guitar, ukulele, toy piano, sitar, theremin and accordion.[3] She plays the sitar, which she is classically trained on,[4] like she's playing a guitar.[2] She also tap dances. She has been compared to Björk,[5] Hello Kitty and Yoko Ono. Her live band occasionally consists of Les Claypool on bass.[3] She generally wears brightly colored wigs when she performs.[6] La La has been called Claypool's protégé[7] and she performs in his Fancy Band.[8] She has performed on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno with Snoop Dogg.[2] La La has performed with Jane Wiedlin[9] and The Coup.[10] She has taught young girls how to play rock music through music classes at the Phoenix Theater.[11] La La has been reviewed and featured in the SFist,[3] Metroactive[11] and The Aquarian Weekly.[7] She has been a solo performer at Bonnaroo.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petaluma, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaluma,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orrific-3"},{"link_name":"Boots Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boots_Riley"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"La La was born in Petaluma, California. She has a sister, named Mimi.[3] She has a child with Boots Riley.[12]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Big Eyeball in the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Eyeball_in_the_Sky"},{"link_name":"Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_Claypool%27s_Bucket_of_Bernie_Brains"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"True & Livin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_%26_Livin%27"},{"link_name":"Zion I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion_I"},{"link_name":"2×LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_album"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Of Whales and Woe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Whales_and_Woe"},{"link_name":"LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"As writer, arranger, and/or performer2004 The Big Eyeball in the Sky by Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains (CD; Prawn Song)[13]\n2005 True & Livin' by Zion I (CD, 2×LP; LiveUp)[14]\n2006 Of Whales and Woe by Les Claypool (CD, LP 180 gr.; Prawn Song)[15]\n2007 Turn My Teeth Up! by Baby Elephant (CD; Godforsaken Music)[16]","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Beck, Henry Cabot. \"Gabby La La\". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 31 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2005-06-23/music/gabby-la-la/full/","url_text":"\"Gabby La La\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_New_Times","url_text":"Phoenix New Times"}]},{"reference":"O'rrific, Claire. \"Les Claypool Presents Gabby La La: Hello Kitty Meets Yoko Ono (and it's Good)\". SFist.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160529175110/http://sfist.com/2005/03/15/les_claypool_presents_gabby_la_la_hello_kitty_meets_yoko_ono_and_its_good.php","url_text":"\"Les Claypool Presents Gabby La La: Hello Kitty Meets Yoko Ono (and it's Good)\""},{"url":"http://sfist.com/2005/03/15/les_claypool_presents_gabby_la_la_hello_kitty_meets_yoko_ono_and_its_good.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gearing, Brian (2 June 2005). \"Be Careful What You Wish For – Gabby La La\". Jambands.com. Retrieved 31 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jambands.com/reviews/cds/2005/06/02/be-careful-what-you-wish-for-gabby-la-la","url_text":"\"Be Careful What You Wish For – Gabby La La\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, James. \"Recordings Galore\". Iowasource.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035826/http://www.iowasource.com/arts/music_1005.html","url_text":"\"Recordings Galore\""},{"url":"http://www.iowasource.com/arts/music_1005.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rothman, Robin. \"Bonnaroo Kicks Out The Jams Thanks To Dave Matthews, John Mayer — And Bo Bice\". Mtv.com. Retrieved 31 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1504012/bonnaroo-kicks-out-the-jams-thanks-to-dave-matthews-john-mayer-and-bo-bice/","url_text":"\"Bonnaroo Kicks Out The Jams Thanks To Dave Matthews, John Mayer — And Bo Bice\""}]},{"reference":"Koczan, JJ. \"Gabby La La\". Theaquarian.com. Retrieved 31 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaquarian.com/2005/05/18/gabby-la-la-joes-pub/","url_text":"\"Gabby La La\""}]},{"reference":"Barrymore, Cindy. \"Les Claypool: Fancy\". Ink19.com. Retrieved 31 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ink19.com/issues/september2008/screenReviews/lesClaypool.html","url_text":"\"Les Claypool: Fancy\""}]},{"reference":"Wiedlin, Jane. \"Gabby La La\". Janewiedlin.com. Retrieved 31 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://janewiedlin.com/2011/02/05/gabby-la-la/","url_text":"\"Gabby La La\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review: The Coup's 'Sorry to Bother You'\". Californiareport.org. Retrieved 31 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201211021630/d","url_text":"\"Review: The Coup's 'Sorry to Bother You'\""}]},{"reference":"Johansen, Jackie. \"Let There Be Rock\". Metroactive.com. Retrieved 31 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metroactive.com/bohemian/07.01.09/music-phoenix-0926.html","url_text":"\"Let There Be Rock\""}]},{"reference":"\"It's like a hotwire, baby, when we put it together / When the sparks fly, we'll ignite the future forever\". Genius.com. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://genius.com/1855199/The-coup-the-magic-clap/Its-like-a-hotwire-baby-when-we-put-it-together-when-the-sparks-fly-well-ignite-the-future-forever","url_text":"\"It's like a hotwire, baby, when we put it together / When the sparks fly, we'll ignite the future forever\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://gabbylala.com/","external_links_name":"gabbylala.com"},{"Link":"http://www.sfweekly.com/2005-07-20/music/gabby-la-la/","external_links_name":"Gabby La La Be Careful What You Wish For..."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140424124709/http://www.sfweekly.com/2005-07-20/music/gabby-la-la/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2005-06-23/music/gabby-la-la/full/","external_links_name":"\"Gabby La La\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160529175110/http://sfist.com/2005/03/15/les_claypool_presents_gabby_la_la_hello_kitty_meets_yoko_ono_and_its_good.php","external_links_name":"\"Les Claypool Presents Gabby La La: Hello Kitty Meets Yoko Ono (and it's Good)\""},{"Link":"http://sfist.com/2005/03/15/les_claypool_presents_gabby_la_la_hello_kitty_meets_yoko_ono_and_its_good.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.jambands.com/reviews/cds/2005/06/02/be-careful-what-you-wish-for-gabby-la-la","external_links_name":"\"Be Careful What You Wish For – Gabby La La\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035826/http://www.iowasource.com/arts/music_1005.html","external_links_name":"\"Recordings Galore\""},{"Link":"http://www.iowasource.com/arts/music_1005.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1504012/bonnaroo-kicks-out-the-jams-thanks-to-dave-matthews-john-mayer-and-bo-bice/","external_links_name":"\"Bonnaroo Kicks Out The Jams Thanks To Dave Matthews, John Mayer — And Bo Bice\""},{"Link":"http://www.theaquarian.com/2005/05/18/gabby-la-la-joes-pub/","external_links_name":"\"Gabby La La\""},{"Link":"http://www.ink19.com/issues/september2008/screenReviews/lesClaypool.html","external_links_name":"\"Les Claypool: Fancy\""},{"Link":"http://janewiedlin.com/2011/02/05/gabby-la-la/","external_links_name":"\"Gabby La La\""},{"Link":"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201211021630/d","external_links_name":"\"Review: The Coup's 'Sorry to Bother You'\""},{"Link":"http://www.metroactive.com/bohemian/07.01.09/music-phoenix-0926.html","external_links_name":"\"Let There Be Rock\""},{"Link":"https://genius.com/1855199/The-coup-the-magic-clap/Its-like-a-hotwire-baby-when-we-put-it-together-when-the-sparks-fly-well-ignite-the-future-forever","external_links_name":"\"It's like a hotwire, baby, when we put it together / When the sparks fly, we'll ignite the future forever\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/421329","external_links_name":"The Big Eyeball in the Sky"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/450930","external_links_name":"True & Livin'"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/788573","external_links_name":"Of Whales and Woe"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/1315078","external_links_name":"Turn My Teeth Up!"},{"Link":"http://gabbylala.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/312438","external_links_name":"Gabby La La"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7b191cad-6d7f-44d6-aac3-e004981e3649","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallye_Aicha_des_Gazelles | Rallye Aicha des Gazelles | ["1 Mode","2 History","3 Environmental responsibility","4 Coeur de Gazelles (Heart of Gazelles)","5 Winners","5.1 2009","5.2 2010","5.3 2011","5.4 2012","5.5 2013","5.6 2016","6 References","7 External links"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rallye Aicha des Gazelles" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The route of the 2009 rally
2009 winner of the Quad category: Team 24 climbing the dunes
2009 winner of the 4x4 category: Team 138 jumping the dunes
2009 winner of the Crossover category: Team 307 with a Mercedes-Benz Viano
Winners of the 2009 rally
Winners of the 2011 rally at Essaouira
The Rallye Aïcha des Gazelles du Maroc is a rally which is held in the deserted parts of southern Morocco. The distinctive feature of the rally is that participation is restricted to women only.
In 2009, the 20th edition of the rally took place between March 18 and March 26 with the participation of 119 teams of women in the three categories: Quad/Motorbike, 4WD/Truck and Crossover. The rally started in Meknes with the finish-line in Essaouira on the Atlantic coast in southern Morocco.
Mode
The Rally consists of one prologue and six legs, all entirely off-road, two of which are marathon legs lasting two days. A total of 2,500 kilometers through dried-out river beds, shock absorber-busting stony plains and the sandy dunes of the western Sahara desert have to be covered by the teams with only a compass and a 1:100,000 scale map to plot their route between checkpoints. GPS, and any kind of binoculars and cell phones are forbidden items. The winner is not the fastest team but the one which has traveled the fewest kilometers on the onboard odometer between checkpoints within a given time frame (distance driven minus straight-line distance). Penalty kilometers are allocated for missed checkpoints and requests for technical assistance. For safety reasons, the teams are constantly monitored by a satellite tracking system.
History
Dominique Serra, head of the operating agency Maïenga, organized the first women’s rally in 1990. Initially planned as an image campaign and to dispel prejudices, today the Rallye Aïcha des Gazelles is one of the most important motor sport events in Morocco. The 2009 rally took place under the patronage of his Majesty, the Moroccan King Mohammed VI on the occasion of his tenth year of reign. For this reason the coat of arms of the Moroccan Royal Guard was exceptionally attributed to the event this year. King Mohammed VI had – much to the opposition of the fundamentalists and Islamist conservatives – reformed and liberalized family law in favour of women by creating a new family code, the Mudawana, during his 10 years of rulership.
Environmental responsibility
MAÏENGA and the Rallye Aicha des Gazelles are now officially certified ISO 14001:2004.
The Rallye Aïcha des gazelles is the only rally to obtain ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management Certification in 2010. This international standard guarantees that MAÏENGA has introduced an Environmental Management System (EMS) for integrating environmental policy into its actions and its global management strategy. MAÏENGA’s Environmental Management System was audited by VERITAS, accredited independent certification body, which also audited the Rallye itself, on location in Morocco, to verify the event’s conformity to the EMS. ISO 14001 certification is based on the identification of environmental impacts, possible solutions for improvement, and the introduction of suitable processes.
Coeur de Gazelles (Heart of Gazelles)
There is no prize money up for grabs for the participants. "The rally isn't just any other race – it's a commitment and dedication", says Dominique Serra. The money generated helps to finance teams of doctors providing medical care for the population in the remote regions of Morocco. Annually and with the infrastructure of the Rally, a medical caravan, including a mobile clinic with 8 doctors, cares for the rural population. This year 4,582 people received free medical care. In addition, aid for children's education has been set up as well as aid for an orphanage for children under six years of age.
Winners
2009
Categorie 4WD: Team 138 (Corentine Quiniou and Florence Migraine-Bourgnon), Toyota Land Cruiser
Categorie Crossover/SUV : Team 307 (Anne-Marie Ortola and Jeanette James, Mercedes-Benz Viano)
Categorie Quad: Team 24 (Isabelle Castel and Elizabeth Kraft, Polaris Sportsman 500)
2010
Categorie 4WD: Team 125, Christine Laloue and Claudine Amat on Land Rover Discovery
Categorie Crossover: Team 315, Isabelle Charles and Dounia Bennani on Dacia Duster
2011
Categorie 4WD: Team 124, Carole Montillet and Syndiely Wade on NissanSpringbok
Categorie Crossover/SUV : Team 319, Anneke Voss and Andrea Spielvogel on Mercedes-Benz Vito
Categorie Quad: Betty Kraft and Caroline Couet-Lannes on Polaris Sportsman 850 xps
2012
Categorie Quad bikes / Motorbikes: Team 20, Dorothée Langlois and France Cleves on Polaris Ranger RZR 800 S
Categorie 4x4 / Camions : Team 187, Carole Montillet and Julie Verdaguer on Buggy Jugand
Categorie CROSSOVER: Team 310, Sylvie Husson and Sophie Goset on Dacia Duster
2013
Categorie Quad bikes / Motorbikes: Team 22, Isabelle Charles and Betty Kraft on Polaris Scrambler 850
Categorie 4x4 / Camions : Team 188, Syndiely Wade and Florence Pham on Isuzu New D-Max
Categorie CROSSOVER: Team 317, Paulina Hachoud and Anne-Sophie Cally on Dacia Duster
2016
Categorie Quad bikes / Motorbikes: Team 27 – Betty KRAFT and Sonia BAUDOIN-GUERARD (POLARIS France)
Categorie 4x4 / Truck : Team 179 – Régine ZBINDEN and Ela STEINER (JEEP)
Categorie CROSSOVER: Team 318 – Viola HERMANN and Vanessa WAGNER (MERCEDES BENZ VANS)
Categorie Expert Class: Team 407 – Sylvie FRECHES and Carole MONTILLET (SAINT HONORE)
References
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rallye Aicha des Gazelles.
Web Site of the Rallye
Videos of the rally (French) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Track_Aicha.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quad_dune.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Team_138_dunes.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VianoD%C3%BCne.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winners_Rallye_Gazelles.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winning_teams_2011.JPG"},{"link_name":"rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallying"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Meknes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meknes"},{"link_name":"Essaouira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira"}],"text":"The route of the 2009 rally2009 winner of the Quad category: Team 24 climbing the dunes2009 winner of the 4x4 category: Team 138 jumping the dunes2009 winner of the Crossover category: Team 307 with a Mercedes-Benz VianoWinners of the 2009 rallyWinners of the 2011 rally at EssaouiraThe Rallye Aïcha des Gazelles du Maroc is a rally which is held in the deserted parts of southern Morocco. The distinctive feature of the rally is that participation is restricted to women only.In 2009, the 20th edition of the rally took place between March 18 and March 26 with the participation of 119 teams of women in the three categories: Quad/Motorbike, 4WD/Truck and Crossover. The rally started in Meknes with the finish-line in Essaouira on the Atlantic coast in southern Morocco.","title":"Rallye Aicha des Gazelles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS"},{"link_name":"binoculars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars"}],"text":"The Rally consists of one prologue and six legs, all entirely off-road, two of which are marathon legs lasting two days. A total of 2,500 kilometers through dried-out river beds, shock absorber-busting stony plains and the sandy dunes of the western Sahara desert have to be covered by the teams with only a compass and a 1:100,000 scale map to plot their route between checkpoints. GPS, and any kind of binoculars and cell phones are forbidden items. The winner is not the fastest team but the one which has traveled the fewest kilometers on the onboard odometer between checkpoints within a given time frame (distance driven minus straight-line distance). Penalty kilometers are allocated for missed checkpoints and requests for technical assistance. For safety reasons, the teams are constantly monitored by a satellite tracking system.","title":"Mode"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Mohammed VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Moroccan Royal Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_Royal_Guard"},{"link_name":"fundamentalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalists"},{"link_name":"Mudawana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudawana"}],"text":"Dominique Serra, head of the operating agency Maïenga, organized the first women’s rally in 1990. Initially planned as an image campaign and to dispel prejudices, today the Rallye Aïcha des Gazelles is one of the most important motor sport events in Morocco. The 2009 rally took place under the patronage of his Majesty, the Moroccan King Mohammed VI on the occasion of his tenth year of reign. For this reason the coat of arms of the Moroccan Royal Guard was exceptionally attributed to the event this year. King Mohammed VI had – much to the opposition of the fundamentalists and Islamist conservatives – reformed and liberalized family law in favour of women by creating a new family code, the Mudawana, during his 10 years of rulership.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MAÏENGA and the Rallye Aicha des Gazelles are now officially certified ISO 14001:2004.\nThe Rallye Aïcha des gazelles is the only rally to obtain ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management Certification in 2010. This international standard guarantees that MAÏENGA has introduced an Environmental Management System (EMS) for integrating environmental policy into its actions and its global management strategy. MAÏENGA’s Environmental Management System was audited by VERITAS, accredited independent certification body, which also audited the Rallye itself, on location in Morocco, to verify the event’s conformity to the EMS. ISO 14001 certification is based on the identification of environmental impacts, possible solutions for improvement, and the introduction of suitable processes.","title":"Environmental responsibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orphanage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphanage"}],"text":"There is no prize money up for grabs for the participants. \"The rally isn't just any other race – it's a commitment and dedication\", says Dominique Serra. The money generated helps to finance teams of doctors providing medical care for the population in the remote regions of Morocco. Annually and with the infrastructure of the Rally, a medical caravan, including a mobile clinic with 8 doctors, cares for the rural population. This year 4,582 people received free medical care. In addition, aid for children's education has been set up as well as aid for an orphanage for children under six years of age.","title":"Coeur de Gazelles (Heart of Gazelles)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corentine Quiniou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corentine_Quiniou"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"Land Cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz"},{"link_name":"Viano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Viano"}],"sub_title":"2009","text":"Categorie 4WD: Team 138 (Corentine Quiniou and Florence Migraine-Bourgnon), Toyota Land Cruiser\nCategorie Crossover/SUV : Team 307 (Anne-Marie Ortola and Jeanette James, Mercedes-Benz Viano)\nCategorie Quad: Team 24 (Isabelle Castel and Elizabeth Kraft, Polaris Sportsman 500)","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Land Rover Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Rover_Discovery"},{"link_name":"Dacia Duster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_Duster"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"Categorie 4WD: Team 125, Christine Laloue and Claudine Amat on Land Rover Discovery\nCategorie Crossover: Team 315, Isabelle Charles and Dounia Bennani on Dacia Duster","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz Vito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Vito"}],"sub_title":"2011","text":"Categorie 4WD: Team 124, Carole Montillet and Syndiely Wade on NissanSpringbok\nCategorie Crossover/SUV : Team 319, Anneke Voss and Andrea Spielvogel on Mercedes-Benz Vito\nCategorie Quad: Betty Kraft and Caroline Couet-Lannes on Polaris Sportsman 850 xps","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dacia Duster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_Duster"}],"sub_title":"2012","text":"Categorie Quad bikes / Motorbikes: Team 20, Dorothée Langlois and France Cleves on Polaris Ranger RZR 800 S\nCategorie 4x4 / Camions : Team 187, Carole Montillet and Julie Verdaguer on Buggy Jugand\nCategorie CROSSOVER: Team 310, Sylvie Husson and Sophie Goset on Dacia Duster","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isuzu New D-Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuzu_D-Max#Second_generation_(RT;_2011)"},{"link_name":"Dacia Duster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_Duster"}],"sub_title":"2013","text":"Categorie Quad bikes / Motorbikes: Team 22, Isabelle Charles and Betty Kraft on Polaris Scrambler 850\nCategorie 4x4 / Camions : Team 188, Syndiely Wade and Florence Pham on Isuzu New D-Max\nCategorie CROSSOVER: Team 317, Paulina Hachoud and Anne-Sophie Cally on Dacia Duster","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2016","text":"Categorie Quad bikes / Motorbikes: Team 27 – Betty KRAFT and Sonia BAUDOIN-GUERARD (POLARIS France)\nCategorie 4x4 / Truck : Team 179 – Régine ZBINDEN and Ela STEINER (JEEP)\nCategorie CROSSOVER: Team 318 – Viola HERMANN and Vanessa WAGNER (MERCEDES BENZ VANS)\nCategorie Expert Class: Team 407 – Sylvie FRECHES and Carole MONTILLET (SAINT HONORE)","title":"Winners"}] | [{"image_text":"The route of the 2009 rally","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Track_Aicha.jpg/220px-Track_Aicha.jpg"},{"image_text":"2009 winner of the Quad category: Team 24 climbing the dunes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Quad_dune.JPG/220px-Quad_dune.JPG"},{"image_text":"2009 winner of the 4x4 category: Team 138 jumping the dunes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Toyota_Team_138_dunes.JPG/220px-Toyota_Team_138_dunes.JPG"},{"image_text":"2009 winner of the Crossover category: Team 307 with a Mercedes-Benz Viano","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/VianoD%C3%BCne.jpg/220px-VianoD%C3%BCne.jpg"},{"image_text":"Winners of the 2009 rally","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Winners_Rallye_Gazelles.jpg/220px-Winners_Rallye_Gazelles.jpg"},{"image_text":"Winners of the 2011 rally at Essaouira","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Winning_teams_2011.JPG/220px-Winning_teams_2011.JPG"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rallye+Aicha+des+Gazelles%22","external_links_name":"\"Rallye Aicha des Gazelles\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rallye+Aicha+des+Gazelles%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rallye+Aicha+des+Gazelles%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rallye+Aicha+des+Gazelles%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rallye+Aicha+des+Gazelles%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rallye+Aicha+des+Gazelles%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.rallyeaichadesgazelles.com/","external_links_name":"Web Site of the Rallye"},{"Link":"http://www.2m.tv/rallyeaicha/videos.asp","external_links_name":"Videos of the rally (French)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pews | Pew | ["1 Overview","2 Pew rents","3 References","4 External links"] | Long bench seat
For other uses, see Pew (disambiguation).
Traditional solid oak church pews
A pew (/ˈpjuː/) is a long bench seat or enclosed box, used for seating members of a congregation or choir in a church, synagogue or sometimes a courtroom. Occasionally, they are also found in live performance venues (such as the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, which was formerly a church). In Christian churches of the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican traditions, kneelers are an essential part of the pew, that are used during various parts of the liturgy.
Overview
Box pews in St John the Baptist King's Norton, Leicestershire
Detail of pew 42, Old Ship Church, Hingham, Massachusetts, United States
Jacobean bench end carvings in St Kenelm's Church, Sapperton, Gloucestershire, England
The interior of a church in Gotland, Sweden (19th century)
The first backless stone benches began to appear in English churches in the thirteenth century, originally placed against the walls of the nave. Over time, they were brought into the centre of the room, first as moveable furniture and later fixed to the floor. Wooden benches replaced the stone ones from the fourteenth century and became common in the fifteenth.
Churches were not commonly furnished with permanent pews before the Protestant Reformation. The rise of the sermon as a central act of Christian worship, especially in Protestantism, made the pew a standard item of church furniture. Hence the use or avoidance of pews could be used as a test of the high or low character of a Protestant church: describing a mid-19th century conflict between Henry Edward Manning and Archdeacon Hare, Lytton Strachey remarks with characteristic irony, "Manning had been removing the high pews from the church in Brighton, and putting in open benches in their place. Everyone knew what that meant; everyone knew that the high pew was one of the bulwarks of Protestantism, and that an open bench had upon it the taint of Rome".
In some churches, pews were installed at the expense of the congregants, and were their personal property; there was no general public seating in the church itself. In these churches, pew deeds recorded title to the pews, and were used to convey them. Pews were originally purchased from the church by their owners under this system, and the purchase price of the pews went to the costs of building the church. When the pews were privately owned, their owners sometimes enclosed them in lockable pew boxes, and the ownership of pews was sometimes controversial, as in the case of B. T. Roberts: a notice that the pews were to be free in perpetuity was sometimes erected as a condition of building grants.
Certain areas of the church were considered to be more desirable than others, as they might offer a better view of services or, indeed, might make a certain family or person more prominent or visible to their neighbours during these services. During the late medieval and early modern period, attendance at church was legally compulsory, so the allocation of a church's pews offered a public visualisation of the social hierarchy within the whole parish. At this time many pews had been handed down through families from one generation to the next. Alternatively, wealthier inhabitants often expected more prestigious seating in reward for contribution to the material upkeep of the church, such as the erection of galleries. Disputes over pew ownership were not uncommon.
Pews are generally made of wood and arranged in rows facing the altar in the nave of a church. Usually a pathway is left between pews in the center to allow for a procession; some have benchlike cushioned seating, and hassocks or footrests, although more traditional, conservative churches usually have neither cushions nor footrests. Many pews have slots behind each pew to hold Bibles, prayer books, hymnals or other church literature. Sometimes the church may also provide stations on certain rows that allow the hearing-impaired to use headsets in order to hear the sermon. In many churches pews are permanently attached to the floor, or to a wooden platform.
In churches with a tradition of public kneeling prayer (such as the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican denominations), pews are often equipped with kneelers in front of the seating bench so members of the congregation can kneel on them instead of the floor. These kneelers essentially have long, usually padded boards which run lengthwise parallel to the seating bench of the pew. These kneeler boards may be 15 cm or so wide and elevated perhaps 10–15 cm above the floor, but dimensions can vary widely. Permanently attached kneelers are often made so they can be rotated or otherwise moved up out of the way when the congregation members are not kneeling.
Due to the prominence in European culture and usefulness, the usage of the pew has spread to many courtrooms in Europe and has additionally spread to Jewish synagogues due to trends of modelling synagogues similar to churches in Western Europe. In most old churches the family names are carved into the end of the pew to show who sat there but in some bigger cases the name of a village was carved into the end and only one person from every village came to mass every week.
Pew rents
Box pew in St Martin's church, Thompson, Norfolk
Until the early/mid twentieth century, it was common practice in Anglican, Catholic, and Presbyterian churches to rent pews in churches to families or individuals as a principal means of raising income. This was especially common in the United States where churches lacked government support through mandatory tithing. This enforced and demonstrated social standing within a parish.
"Churches as they were, and as they will be", illustration of church pews from Milford Malvoisin, or Pews and Pewholders (1842), by Francis Edward Paget
Pew rental emerged as a source of controversy in the 1840s and 1850s, especially in the Church of England. The legal status of pew rents was, in many cases, questionable. Further, it exacerbated a problem with a lack of accommodation in churches that had been noted already in the 1810s, especially in London, and in particular by Richard Yates in his pamphlet The Church in Danger (1815) with his estimate of over 950,000 people who could not afford to worship in a parish church. St Philip's Clerkenwell, a Commissioners' church, was the first London church to break with pew rents.
William James Conybeare commented on the pew system in his "Church Parties" article in the Edinburgh Review of 1853, stating that it was the Anglicans who had adopted the slogan "Equality within the House of God". The early 19th century Commissioners' churches were only required to offer 20% free seating. Attitudes changed from the 1840s, with the High Church party turning against paid pews. By the 1860s and 1870s that view had become quite orthodox, and was supported vocally by Frederic William Farrar.
Many Anglo-Catholic parishes were founded at this time as "free and open churches" characterized by their lack of pew rentals. In mid-century reforms, pews were on occasion removed from English churches to discourage rental practices. The Free and Open Church Association was founded in 1866 by Samuel Ralph Townshend Mayer.
References
^ a b Olson, Roger E. (26 May 2009). How to Be Evangelical without Being Conservative. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-29737-6. Worshipers will stand and sit and perhaps kneel in their pews (on a padded kneeling railing that pulls down from the pew in front).
^
Viola, Frank; Barna, George (2008). Pagan Christianity? Exploring the Roots of Our Church Practices. Tyndale House. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4143-4165-1. By the thirteenth century, backless benches were gradually introduced into English parish buildings. These benches were made of stone and placed against the walls. They were then moved into the body of the building (the area called the nave). At first, the benches were arranged in a semi-circle around the pulpit. Later they were fixed to the floor. on the other hand the modern pew was introduced in the fourteenth century, though it was not commonly found in churches until the fifteenth century. At that time, wooden benches supplanted the stone seats.
^ "On the Christian Life: On Chairs in Church". www.stnicholasstratford.org. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
^ "Pew - furniture". britannica.com. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
^ Lytton Strachey, 1918, Eminent Victorians; 1979 Folio Society edition p. 42.
^ E.g., Shedfield church, Hampshire.
^ A. Mather The Politics of Place: A Study of Church Seating in Essex, c.1580-1640, Friends of the Department of English Local History, Friends Papers No. 3, Leicester (1999)
^ C. Wright, The spatial ordering of community in English church seating, c.1550-1700 PhD thesis, University of Warwick (2002)
^ Nigel Scotland (15 August 2007). Squires in the Slums: Settlements and Missions in Late Victorian Britain. I.B.Tauris. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-84511-336-0. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
^ Nigel Scotland (2007). Squires in the Slums: Settlements and Missions in Late-Victorian London. I. B. Tauris. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-84511-336-0.
^ Sydney Smith (1853). Edinburgh Review, Or Critical Journal. A. and C. Black. p. 309. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
^ Chris Brooks (1995). The Victorian Church: Architecture and Society. Manchester University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7190-4020-7. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
^ "Church Pews, Their Origin and Legal Incidents, by John Coke Fowler (1844)". anglicanhistory.org. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
^ "Mayer, Samuel Ralph Townshend" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pews.
The West Parish History Corner: Pews, Pew Deeds, and Taxes
The History of the Church Pew
A floor plan of an Episcopal Church in Virginia in 1849, showing the cost of each pew
Authority control databases: National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pew (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICS_traditional_church_pews.jpg"},{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"/ˈpjuː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_(furniture)"},{"link_name":"seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat"},{"link_name":"members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_(local_church)"},{"link_name":"congregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(congregation)"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"courtroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtroom"},{"link_name":"Ryman Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_liturgy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olson2009-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Pew (disambiguation).Traditional solid oak church pewsA pew (/ˈpjuː/) is a long bench seat or enclosed box, used for seating members of a congregation or choir in a church, synagogue or sometimes a courtroom. Occasionally, they are also found in live performance venues (such as the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, which was formerly a church). In Christian churches of the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican traditions, kneelers are an essential part of the pew, that are used during various parts of the liturgy.[1]","title":"Pew"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KingsNortonInterior.jpg"},{"link_name":"Box pews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_pews"},{"link_name":"King's Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Norton,_Leicestershire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pew_detail_Old_Ship_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Old Ship Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Ship_Church"},{"link_name":"Hingham, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingham,_Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BenchendsSapperton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacobean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobean_era"},{"link_name":"Sapperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapperton,_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_interior,_Gotland,_Sweden_(3611185997).jpg"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"sermon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"high or low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_church"},{"link_name":"Henry Edward Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Edward_Manning"},{"link_name":"Lytton Strachey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytton_Strachey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_(legal_document)"},{"link_name":"pew boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_pews"},{"link_name":"B. T. Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._T._Roberts#Conflict_with_Methodist_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_service"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"galleries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_gallery"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"hassocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneeler"},{"link_name":"Bibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"prayer books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_book"},{"link_name":"hymnals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymnal"},{"link_name":"kneelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneeler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olson2009-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Box pews in St John the Baptist King's Norton, LeicestershireDetail of pew 42, Old Ship Church, Hingham, Massachusetts, United StatesJacobean bench end carvings in St Kenelm's Church, Sapperton, Gloucestershire, EnglandThe interior of a church in Gotland, Sweden (19th century)The first backless stone benches began to appear in English churches in the thirteenth century, originally placed against the walls of the nave. Over time, they were brought into the centre of the room, first as moveable furniture and later fixed to the floor. Wooden benches replaced the stone ones from the fourteenth century and became common in the fifteenth.[2]Churches were not commonly furnished with permanent pews before the Protestant Reformation.[3] The rise of the sermon as a central act of Christian worship, especially in Protestantism, made the pew a standard item of church furniture.[4] Hence the use or avoidance of pews could be used as a test of the high or low character of a Protestant church: describing a mid-19th century conflict between Henry Edward Manning and Archdeacon Hare, Lytton Strachey remarks with characteristic irony, \"Manning had been removing the high pews from the church in Brighton, and putting in open benches in their place. Everyone knew what that meant; everyone knew that the high pew was one of the bulwarks of Protestantism, and that an open bench had upon it the taint of Rome\".[5]In some churches, pews were installed at the expense of the congregants, and were their personal property; there was no general public seating in the church itself. In these churches, pew deeds recorded title to the pews, and were used to convey them. Pews were originally purchased from the church by their owners under this system, and the purchase price of the pews went to the costs of building the church. When the pews were privately owned, their owners sometimes enclosed them in lockable pew boxes, and the ownership of pews was sometimes controversial, as in the case of B. T. Roberts: a notice that the pews were to be free in perpetuity was sometimes erected as a condition of building grants.[6]Certain areas of the church were considered to be more desirable than others, as they might offer a better view of services or, indeed, might make a certain family or person more prominent or visible to their neighbours during these services. During the late medieval and early modern period, attendance at church was legally compulsory, so the allocation of a church's pews offered a public visualisation of the social hierarchy within the whole parish. At this time many pews had been handed down through families from one generation to the next. Alternatively, wealthier inhabitants often expected more prestigious seating in reward for contribution to the material upkeep of the church, such as the erection of galleries. Disputes over pew ownership were not uncommon.[7][8]Pews are generally made of wood and arranged in rows facing the altar in the nave of a church. Usually a pathway is left between pews in the center to allow for a procession; some have benchlike cushioned seating, and hassocks or footrests, although more traditional, conservative churches usually have neither cushions nor footrests. Many pews have slots behind each pew to hold Bibles, prayer books, hymnals or other church literature. Sometimes the church may also provide stations on certain rows that allow the hearing-impaired to use headsets in order to hear the sermon. In many churches pews are permanently attached to the floor, or to a wooden platform.In churches with a tradition of public kneeling prayer (such as the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican denominations), pews are often equipped with kneelers in front of the seating bench so members of the congregation can kneel on them instead of the floor.[1] These kneelers essentially have long, usually padded boards which run lengthwise parallel to the seating bench of the pew. These kneeler boards may be 15 cm or so wide and elevated perhaps 10–15 cm above the floor, but dimensions can vary widely. Permanently attached kneelers are often made so they can be rotated or otherwise moved up out of the way when the congregation members are not kneeling.Due to the prominence in European culture and usefulness, the usage of the pew has spread to many courtrooms in Europe and has additionally spread to Jewish synagogues due to trends of modelling synagogues similar to churches in Western Europe. In most old churches the family names are carved into the end of the pew to show who sat there but in some bigger cases the name of a village was carved into the end and only one person from every village came to mass every week.[citation needed]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Box_pew_in_St._Martin%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_720262.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thompson, Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson,_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"tithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milford_Malvoisin_pews.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francis Edward Paget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Edward_Paget"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Richard Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Yates_(antiquary)"},{"link_name":"Commissioners' church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioners%27_church"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"William James Conybeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_Conybeare"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Review"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"High Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Church"},{"link_name":"Frederic William Farrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_William_Farrar"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Samuel Ralph Townshend Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ralph_Townshend_Mayer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Box pew in St Martin's church, Thompson, NorfolkUntil the early/mid twentieth century, it was common practice in Anglican, Catholic, and Presbyterian churches to rent pews in churches to families or individuals as a principal means of raising income. This was especially common in the United States where churches lacked government support through mandatory tithing. This enforced and demonstrated social standing within a parish.\"Churches as they were, and as they will be\", illustration of church pews from Milford Malvoisin, or Pews and Pewholders (1842), by Francis Edward PagetPew rental emerged as a source of controversy in the 1840s and 1850s, especially in the Church of England. The legal status of pew rents was, in many cases, questionable.[9] Further, it exacerbated a problem with a lack of accommodation in churches that had been noted already in the 1810s, especially in London, and in particular by Richard Yates in his pamphlet The Church in Danger (1815) with his estimate of over 950,000 people who could not afford to worship in a parish church. St Philip's Clerkenwell, a Commissioners' church, was the first London church to break with pew rents.[10]William James Conybeare commented on the pew system in his \"Church Parties\" article in the Edinburgh Review of 1853, stating that it was the Anglicans who had adopted the slogan \"Equality within the House of God\".[11] The early 19th century Commissioners' churches were only required to offer 20% free seating. Attitudes changed from the 1840s, with the High Church party turning against paid pews. By the 1860s and 1870s that view had become quite orthodox, and was supported vocally by Frederic William Farrar.[12]Many Anglo-Catholic parishes were founded at this time as \"free and open churches\" characterized by their lack of pew rentals.[13] In mid-century reforms, pews were on occasion removed from English churches to discourage rental practices. The Free and Open Church Association was founded in 1866 by Samuel Ralph Townshend Mayer.[14]","title":"Pew rents"}] | [{"image_text":"Traditional solid oak church pews","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ICS_traditional_church_pews.jpg/220px-ICS_traditional_church_pews.jpg"},{"image_text":"Box pews in St John the Baptist King's Norton, Leicestershire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/KingsNortonInterior.jpg/220px-KingsNortonInterior.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of pew 42, Old Ship Church, Hingham, Massachusetts, United States","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pew_detail_Old_Ship_Church.jpg/220px-Pew_detail_Old_Ship_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jacobean bench end carvings in St Kenelm's Church, Sapperton, Gloucestershire, England","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BenchendsSapperton.jpg/220px-BenchendsSapperton.jpg"},{"image_text":"The interior of a church in Gotland, Sweden (19th century)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Church_interior%2C_Gotland%2C_Sweden_%283611185997%29.jpg/220px-Church_interior%2C_Gotland%2C_Sweden_%283611185997%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Box pew in St Martin's church, Thompson, Norfolk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Box_pew_in_St._Martin%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_720262.jpg/220px-Box_pew_in_St._Martin%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_720262.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Churches as they were, and as they will be\", illustration of church pews from Milford Malvoisin, or Pews and Pewholders (1842), by Francis Edward Paget","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Milford_Malvoisin_pews.jpg/220px-Milford_Malvoisin_pews.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Olson, Roger E. (26 May 2009). How to Be Evangelical without Being Conservative. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-29737-6. Worshipers will stand and sit and perhaps kneel in their pews (on a padded kneeling railing that pulls down from the pew in front).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-29737-6","url_text":"978-0-310-29737-6"}]},{"reference":"Viola, Frank; Barna, George (2008). Pagan Christianity? Exploring the Roots of Our Church Practices. Tyndale House. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4143-4165-1. By the thirteenth century, backless benches were gradually introduced into English parish buildings. These benches were made of stone and placed against the walls. They were then moved into the body of the building (the area called the nave). At first, the benches were arranged in a semi-circle around the pulpit. Later they were fixed to the floor. on the other hand the modern pew was introduced in the fourteenth century, though it was not commonly found in churches until the fifteenth century. At that time, wooden benches supplanted the stone seats.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Viola_(author)","url_text":"Viola, Frank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Barna","url_text":"Barna, George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndale_House","url_text":"Tyndale House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4143-4165-1","url_text":"978-1-4143-4165-1"}]},{"reference":"\"On the Christian Life: On Chairs in Church\". www.stnicholasstratford.org. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stnicholasstratford.org/article_feb2015_chairs.html","url_text":"\"On the Christian Life: On Chairs in Church\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170902013230/http://www.stnicholasstratford.org/article_feb2015_chairs.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pew - furniture\". britannica.com. Retrieved 7 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/454697/pew","url_text":"\"Pew - furniture\""}]},{"reference":"Nigel Scotland (15 August 2007). Squires in the Slums: Settlements and Missions in Late Victorian Britain. I.B.Tauris. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-84511-336-0. Retrieved 27 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b5zCBt5EuiEC&pg=PA4","url_text":"Squires in the Slums: Settlements and Missions in Late Victorian Britain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.B.Tauris","url_text":"I.B.Tauris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-336-0","url_text":"978-1-84511-336-0"}]},{"reference":"Nigel Scotland (2007). Squires in the Slums: Settlements and Missions in Late-Victorian London. I. B. Tauris. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-84511-336-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-336-0","url_text":"978-1-84511-336-0"}]},{"reference":"Sydney Smith (1853). Edinburgh Review, Or Critical Journal. A. and C. Black. p. 309. Retrieved 27 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VIVHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA309","url_text":"Edinburgh Review, Or Critical Journal"}]},{"reference":"Chris Brooks (1995). The Victorian Church: Architecture and Society. Manchester University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7190-4020-7. Retrieved 27 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8GO7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA41","url_text":"The Victorian Church: Architecture and Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4020-7","url_text":"978-0-7190-4020-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Church Pews, Their Origin and Legal Incidents, by John Coke Fowler (1844)\". anglicanhistory.org. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://anglicanhistory.org/misc/freechurch/fowler_pews1844.html","url_text":"\"Church Pews, Their Origin and Legal Incidents, by John Coke Fowler (1844)\""},{"url":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120828033217/http://anglicanhistory.org/misc/freechurch/fowler_pews1844.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayer, Samuel Ralph Townshend\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Mayer,_Samuel_Ralph_Townshend","url_text":"\"Mayer, Samuel Ralph Townshend\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.stnicholasstratford.org/article_feb2015_chairs.html","external_links_name":"\"On the Christian Life: On Chairs in Church\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170902013230/http://www.stnicholasstratford.org/article_feb2015_chairs.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/454697/pew","external_links_name":"\"Pew - furniture\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b5zCBt5EuiEC&pg=PA4","external_links_name":"Squires in the Slums: Settlements and Missions in Late Victorian Britain"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VIVHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA309","external_links_name":"Edinburgh Review, Or Critical Journal"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8GO7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA41","external_links_name":"The Victorian Church: Architecture and Society"},{"Link":"http://anglicanhistory.org/misc/freechurch/fowler_pews1844.html","external_links_name":"\"Church Pews, Their Origin and Legal Incidents, by John Coke Fowler (1844)\""},{"Link":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120828033217/http://anglicanhistory.org/misc/freechurch/fowler_pews1844.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Mayer,_Samuel_Ralph_Townshend","external_links_name":"\"Mayer, Samuel Ralph Townshend\""},{"Link":"http://www.westparish.org/history/pews_deeds_taxes.html","external_links_name":"The West Parish History Corner: Pews, Pew Deeds, and Taxes"},{"Link":"http://www.bornagainpews.com/history-of-the-church-pew/","external_links_name":"The History of the Church Pew"},{"Link":"http://www.stgeorgesepiscopal.net/share/A%20Brief%20History(1).pdf","external_links_name":"A floor plan of an Episcopal Church in Virginia in 1849, showing the cost of each pew"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120566-2","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsbauart | Kriegsbauart | ["1 Standard goods wagons","2 Standard goods wagons with steel-saving features","3 Special goods wagons","4 Identification markings and livery","4.1 Additional class districts","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | "R(r)(h) Stuttgart", "R(m)(r)s Stuttgart" with 8m axle base, after removal of stakes and waybill basket, finally used as a flatcar
Kriegsbauart (German, 'wartime class') refers to railway goods wagon classes that were developed during the Second World War for the Deutsche Reichsbahn. The start of the war was an arbitrary dividing line for the classification of goods wagons, and did not represent any technological change. In the period shortly before the war, goods wagons were already being designed from a military perspective. This was particularly true for the stake wagons of 1938, which are occasionally referred to as a 'pre-war class' (Vorkriegsbauart) of wagons.
The transition from the welded Austauschbauart goods wagons to the first Kriegsbauart classes was therefore defined, not so much by design changes, but far more by a concentration on fewer types of wagons and their construction in greater numbers. The cause of this was the rapid increase in transportation tasks, because the railways in German were sucked into the events of war as never before. The Deutsche Reichsbahn was seen as an indispensable partner of National Socialism, both for the transportation of vehicles, troops and supplies as well as the deportation of Jews to the Nazi concentration camps.
From 1954, the Deutsche Reichsbahn in East Germany put many goods wagons through its reconstruction programme. Some of these ''Reko'' goods wagons were in service until the start of the 1990s.
For consistency, the division of the goods wagons described in this article is based on that in the Austauschbauart article.
Standard goods wagons
Of the eight standard goods wagons that were built in significant quantities as Austauschbauart classes, there were only four types for which there was a further requirement in 1939: the two covered vans (G…s Oppeln and Gl…s Dresden), the stake wagons (Rs Stuttgart) and the open goods wagons (Om). Because the first three had been continuously developed during the 1930s, they still met wartime requirements and were built in very large batches during the early years of the war. They sometimes had so-called refinements that speeded up production and minimised the amount of steel used.
For the open wagons, by contrast, not only was a higher maximum load demanded, but also a greater loading volume. As a result, in 1937/38 the Omm wagon was designed from scratch with a maximum load of 24.5 tons and a loading length of 8.72 metres (28.6 ft) (as opposed to 7.72 m or 25.3 ft on Om wagons). Construction began in 1939. Notable external features are the axle base of 6 m (20 ft) and the three-dimensional strut frame that tapers downwards to a point. A total of 73,850 of these wagons appeared in three variants:
Class
Grouping
Side walls
Sole bar
Years of manufacture
Quantity
Ommr
Linz
1.00 m (3 ft 3 in) high and removable
inside, fish-belly girder reinforcement
1939−41
6130
outside
1941−43
18605
Ommru
Villach
1.55 m (5 ft 1 in) high and fixed
1939−45
49115
All Omm wagons were equipped with Hildebrandt-Knorr brakes as well as, in some cases, hand brakes. The Ommr Linz wagons were especially well-suited to carrying vehicles and had special securing equipment for that purposes.
Standard goods wagons with steel-saving features
During the war, the four standard goods wagons were sometimes redesigned with slightly different dimensions. They had to be
sparing in their use of steel, and faster and cheaper to manufacture. Sometimes design solutions were found that clearly streamlined goods wagon construction. These wagons, built from 1943 onwards, were lighter than their predecessors, but at the same time could carry more. However, the cost of using cheaper steel and thinner profiles was greater wear and tear and a permanent deformation from the outset. As a result, after a few years, extensive improvements were needed.
Class
Grouping
Groupingof predecessor wagon
Changes to dead weightc.f. predecessor wagon,Data for wagons with hand brake
Quantityfrom 1943to end of war
Quantityfrom end of war to 1950
Gmhs
Bremen
Oppeln
-20%
7200
6190
Glmhs
Leipzig
Dresden
-17%
4
French zone of occupation 250
Rmms
Ulm
Stuttgart
-16%
12647
Soviet zone of occupation ?
Ommru
Klagenfurt
Villach
-21%
22944
−
Special goods wagons
More special wagons appeared, albeit no longer in pre-war quantities. Several classes, which had already been developed before 1939, continued in production, sometimes modified. In order of production quantity they were:
Refrigerated vans (class Gkhs Berlin) in large batches
Eight-wheeled, saddle-bottomed wagons (OOt Saarbrücken), some with lids (KKt Saarbrücken)
Ballast hoppers (Otmm)
Bucket wagons (Ok Nürnberg) in small numbers.
Important new builds, in order of quantity, were:
Eight- and twelve-wheeled, heavy rail flats for tank transportation
Simple refrigerated vans based on the Gls van
Eight-wheeled, covered vans with a huge 51 ton maximum load (GGths Bromberg), that the DR in East Germany used as a prototype for its post-war models
Lidded wagons in small numbers with a design based on the Omm wagon (see above)
Several trial versions of eight-wheeled open goods wagons.
Identification markings and livery
From about 1942 almost all goods wagons of the Deutsche Reichsbahn were inscribed merely with the initials "DR", together with the name of a so-called "class district" (Gattungsbezirk), a wagon number ( Wagennummer) and category letters (Gattungszeichen). From 1940, the livery colours were changed again, for example, from December 1941 the iron roofs of covered wagons were painted black-brown (not a RAL colour) and, from, 1943, in a grey-black colour (RAL 7021).
Additional class districts
From 1921 all goods wagons with the same or similar functions were grouped into so-called class districts which were the names of German cities, mostly those in which there was a Reichsbahn divisional HQ. From 1942, the DRG introduced the following additional class districts:
Additional class districts of the Deutsche Reichsbahn from 1942
Class districts
Category letters
Wagon type
Design
Period
Bremen
Gmhs
Covered wagons
Kriegsbauart
from 1943
Graz
Ommuf
Open wagons for motor vehicle transport
Kriegsbauart - trial wagons
from 1943
Heilbronn
RRs; SSos
Four-axled stake and rail wagons
Kriegsbauart - trial wagons
from 1943
Klagenfurt
Ommu
Open wagons
Kriegsbauart
from 1942
Leipzig
Glmhs
Large-volume covered wagons
Kriegsbauart
from 1943
Marburg
Gu, O
Covered or open wagons
Yugoslavian design
from 1943
Riga
GG, OO
Four-axled wagons
Latvian design
from 1943
Ulm
Rmms
Stake wagons
Kriegsbauart
from 1942
See also:
Verbandsbauart#Class districts of the Deutsche Reichsbahn, class districts from 1921
Austauschbauart#Additional class districts, additional class districts from 1926
Geschweißten Bauart#Additional class districts, additional class districts from 1935
See also
Austauschbauart
Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft
German railway wagon classes
German State Railway Wagon Association
History of rail transport in Germany
Verbandsbauart
Goods wagons of welded construction
References
Carstens S et al. (2000). Güterwagen (Vols. 1 and 2), MIBA-Verlag, Nuremberg.
Carstens S et al. (2003). Güterwagen (Vols. 3 and 4), MIBA-Verlag, Nuremberg.
Carstens S (2008). Güterwagen (Vol. 5), MIBA-Verlag, Nuremberg.
External links
Kriegsbauart goods wagons in Epoch 2 (German)
German goods wagons from 1910 to 1945 (German) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"goods wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_wagon"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Reichsbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn"},{"link_name":"stake wagons of 1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austauschbauart#Stake_wagons_%22R(r)(h)_Stuttgart%22,_%22R(m)(r)s_Stuttgart%22"},{"link_name":"Austauschbauart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austauschbauart"},{"link_name":"National Socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"Nazi concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Reichsbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn_(East_Germany)"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"''Reko'' goods wagons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27%27Reko%27%27_goods_wagons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCterwagen_der_Deutschen_Reichsbahn_der_DDR"},{"link_name":"Austauschbauart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austauschbauart"}],"text":"Kriegsbauart (German, 'wartime class') refers to railway goods wagon classes that were developed during the Second World War for the Deutsche Reichsbahn. The start of the war was an arbitrary dividing line for the classification of goods wagons, and did not represent any technological change. In the period shortly before the war, goods wagons were already being designed from a military perspective. This was particularly true for the stake wagons of 1938, which are occasionally referred to as a 'pre-war class' (Vorkriegsbauart) of wagons.The transition from the welded Austauschbauart goods wagons to the first Kriegsbauart classes was therefore defined, not so much by design changes, but far more by a concentration on fewer types of wagons and their construction in greater numbers. The cause of this was the rapid increase in transportation tasks, because the railways in German were sucked into the events of war as never before. The Deutsche Reichsbahn was seen as an indispensable partner of National Socialism, both for the transportation of vehicles, troops and supplies as well as the deportation of Jews to the Nazi concentration camps.From 1954, the Deutsche Reichsbahn in East Germany put many goods wagons through its reconstruction programme. Some of these ''Reko'' goods wagons [de] were in service until the start of the 1990s.For consistency, the division of the goods wagons described in this article is based on that in the Austauschbauart article.","title":"Kriegsbauart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austauschbauart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austauschbauart"},{"link_name":"covered vans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxcar"},{"link_name":"G…s Oppeln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austauschbauart#Covered_vans_%22G(r)_Kassel%22,_%22G(r)(h)s_Oppeln%22"},{"link_name":"Gl…s Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austauschbauart#Large_volume_covered_vans_%22Gl(t)(r)(h)(s)_Dresden%22,_covered_vans_%22G(e)hs_Oppeln%22"},{"link_name":"stake wagons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatcar"},{"link_name":"Rs Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austauschbauart#Stake_wagons_%22R(r)(h)_Stuttgart%22,_%22R(m)(r)s_Stuttgart%22"},{"link_name":"open goods wagons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondola_(rail)"},{"link_name":"Om","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austauschbauart#Open_goods_wagons_%22Om_K%C3%B6nigsberg,_Breslau,_Essen%22"}],"text":"Of the eight standard goods wagons that were built in significant quantities as Austauschbauart classes, there were only four types for which there was a further requirement in 1939: the two covered vans (G…s Oppeln and Gl…s Dresden), the stake wagons (Rs Stuttgart) and the open goods wagons (Om). Because the first three had been continuously developed during the 1930s, they still met wartime requirements and were built in very large batches during the early years of the war. They sometimes had so-called refinements that speeded up production and minimised the amount of steel used.For the open wagons, by contrast, not only was a higher maximum load demanded, but also a greater loading volume. As a result, in 1937/38 the Omm wagon was designed from scratch with a maximum load of 24.5 tons and a loading length of 8.72 metres (28.6 ft) (as opposed to 7.72 m or 25.3 ft on Om wagons). Construction began in 1939. Notable external features are the axle base of 6 m (20 ft) and the three-dimensional strut frame that tapers downwards to a point. A total of 73,850 of these wagons appeared in three variants:All Omm wagons were equipped with Hildebrandt-Knorr brakes as well as, in some cases, hand brakes. The Ommr Linz wagons were especially well-suited to carrying vehicles and had special securing equipment for that purposes.","title":"Standard goods wagons"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"During the war, the four standard goods wagons were sometimes redesigned with slightly different dimensions. They had to be \nsparing in their use of steel, and faster and cheaper to manufacture. Sometimes design solutions were found that clearly streamlined goods wagon construction. These wagons, built from 1943 onwards, were lighter than their predecessors, but at the same time could carry more. However, the cost of using cheaper steel and thinner profiles was greater wear and tear and a permanent deformation from the outset. As a result, after a few years, extensive improvements were needed.","title":"Standard goods wagons with steel-saving features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Refrigerated vans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator_car"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_railway_wagon_classes"},{"link_name":"saddle-bottomed wagons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondola_(rail)"},{"link_name":"Ballast hoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopper_car"},{"link_name":"heavy rail flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatcar"},{"link_name":"covered vans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxcar"},{"link_name":"DR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn_(East_Germany)"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"see above","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Standard_Goods_Wagons"},{"link_name":"open goods wagons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondola_(rail)"}],"text":"More special wagons appeared, albeit no longer in pre-war quantities. Several classes, which had already been developed before 1939, continued in production, sometimes modified. In order of production quantity they were:Refrigerated vans (class Gkhs Berlin) in large batches\nEight-wheeled, saddle-bottomed wagons (OOt Saarbrücken), some with lids (KKt Saarbrücken)\nBallast hoppers (Otmm)\nBucket wagons (Ok Nürnberg) in small numbers.Important new builds, in order of quantity, were:Eight- and twelve-wheeled, heavy rail flats for tank transportation\nSimple refrigerated vans based on the Gls van\nEight-wheeled, covered vans with a huge 51 ton maximum load (GGths Bromberg), that the DR in East Germany used as a prototype for its post-war models\nLidded wagons in small numbers with a design based on the Omm wagon (see above)\nSeveral trial versions of eight-wheeled open goods wagons.","title":"Special goods wagons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"class district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_district"},{"link_name":"category letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_railway_goods_wagons"},{"link_name":"RAL colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAL_colour_system"}],"text":"From about 1942 almost all goods wagons of the Deutsche Reichsbahn were inscribed merely with the initials \"DR\", together with the name of a so-called \"class district\" (Gattungsbezirk), a wagon number ( Wagennummer) and category letters (Gattungszeichen). From 1940, the livery colours were changed again, for example, from December 1941 the iron roofs of covered wagons were painted black-brown (not a RAL colour) and, from, 1943, in a grey-black colour (RAL 7021).","title":"Identification markings and livery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"class districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_district"},{"link_name":"Reichsbahn divisional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenbahndirektion"},{"link_name":"DRG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft"},{"link_name":"Verbandsbauart#Class districts of the Deutsche Reichsbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbandsbauart#Class_districts_of_the_Deutsche_Reichsbahn"},{"link_name":"Austauschbauart#Additional class districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austauschbauart#Additional_class_districts"},{"link_name":"Geschweißten Bauart#Additional class districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschwei%C3%9Ften_Bauart#Additional_class_districts"}],"sub_title":"Additional class districts","text":"From 1921 all goods wagons with the same or similar functions were grouped into so-called class districts which were the names of German cities, mostly those in which there was a Reichsbahn divisional HQ. From 1942, the DRG introduced the following additional class districts:See also:Verbandsbauart#Class districts of the Deutsche Reichsbahn, class districts from 1921\nAustauschbauart#Additional class districts, additional class districts from 1926\nGeschweißten Bauart#Additional class districts, additional class districts from 1935","title":"Identification markings and livery"}] | [{"image_text":"\"R(r)(h) Stuttgart\", \"R(m)(r)s Stuttgart\" with 8m axle base, after removal of stakes and waybill basket, finally used as a flatcar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rungenwagen-Rms-Stuttgart-ohne-Rungen.jpg/220px-Rungenwagen-Rms-Stuttgart-ohne-Rungen.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Austauschbauart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austauschbauart"},{"title":"Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft"},{"title":"German railway wagon classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_railway_wagon_classes"},{"title":"German State Railway Wagon Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_State_Railway_Wagon_Association"},{"title":"History of rail transport in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Germany"},{"title":"Verbandsbauart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbandsbauart"},{"title":"Goods wagons of welded construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_wagons_of_welded_construction"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.hs-merseburg.de/~nosske/EpocheII/fg/e2f_gwkb.html","external_links_name":"Kriegsbauart goods wagons in Epoch 2 (German)"},{"Link":"http://www.hs-merseburg.de/~nosske/EpocheII/fg/e2f_gwix.html","external_links_name":"German goods wagons from 1910 to 1945 (German)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestroretsk_railway_station | Sestroretsk railway station | ["1 External links"] | Coordinates: 60°05′33″N 29°57′28″E / 60.0925°N 29.9578°E / 60.0925; 29.9578Railway station in Sestroretsk, Russia
For other uses, see Sestroretsk (disambiguation).
SestroretskСестрорецкRailway station in 2006General informationPlatforms2, lateralTracks2ConstructionStructure typeAt-gradeHistoryElectrified1952Services
Preceding station
Primorskaya Railway
Following station
Yermolovskayatowards Dyuny
Primorskaya Line
Tarkhovkatowards Primorsky
vteRZhD, OktZhD, SPbZhD, RussiaSaint Petersburg Finlyandsky–Beloostrov through Sestroretsk
Legend
Vyborg
Zelenogorsk
Solnechnoye
line
Sestroretsk spur line (1871-1873)
line
Miller's line (1873-1886)
To Sestroretsk
42.7
43.0
Beloostrov
Pesochny
Lanskaya
Finlyandsky Rail Term.
42.9
Novoye shosse Beloostrov
39.6
Sestra crossover Sestra
line
Sestroretsk spur line (1871-1873)
line
Miller's line (1873-1886)
39.4
Beloostrov (1871-1886)
39.1
Sestroretsk (1871-1886, 1916-1924)
line
Sestroretsk spur line (1871-1873)
line
Miller's line (1873-1886)
line
Zavodskaya line (1916-1924)
39.3
Old line of road M-10 Sestr.
Saint Petersburg
Vyborg
34.4
Dyuny crossover M10
Line
Sestroretsk line Primorskaya railway
Dyuny
Shkolnaya
38.1
Zavodskaya sestra cr. Z. s.
37.7
Kurort
36.4
Sestroretsky Kyrort
Miller's pier
36.3
Line Miller's line (1873-1886)
36.2
Sestroretsk
36.1
Yermolovsky prospect Sestroretsk
35.7
Sestroretsk armory
35.2
Voskov street Sestroretsk
Line
Dubki horse-iron road (1847-bf 1870)
Sestroretsk armory (1847-bf 1870)
Dubkovsky pier
35.1
Sestroretsk railway station
34.7
Liteyny bridge Vodoslivnoy channel
Vyborg
Saint Petersburg
34.4
Sestroretsky crossover M10 highway
33.3
Razliv
31.5
Tarkhovka
18.1
Tarkhovskaya street Tarkhovka
30.1
Alexandrovskaya
29.0
Gorskaya
28.9
Gorskaya crossover KAD
28.3
Export goods for Spb Dam
To
Kronshtadt before 1928
28.3
Lisy Nos, before 1928
25.3
Lisy Nos
21.8
Morskaya
1.5
2.3 North-West Thermal Power Plant
18.2
Olgino
18.1
Konnolakhtinsky prospect Olgino
17.1
Lakhta
17.1
Granichnaya street Lakhta
15.5
Lakhtinsky crossover Lakhtyinsky r.
13.0
Yakhtennaya
12.6
Planerny crossover Planernaya st.
Kirovskaya Small October railway
Sub
Staraya Derevnya Line 4
10,4
Staraya Derevnya
10.3
Torfyanaya doroga
9.4
Serebryakov pereulok
8.5
Akademik Shimansky street
8.3
Chyornaya rechka cr. Chyornaya R.
Severny factory
7.7
Novaya Derevnya Objects 1893
line
Ozerki line
Ozerki
Kolomuagi
Skachki
line
Tovarnaya line
Primorsky - goods
Primorsky Rail Terminal
7.5
7.5
Kolomyazsky prospect
7.4
line
Tovarnaya line
Serdobolsky stop
Finlyandsky Rail Terminal
7.2
Omskaya street
Vyborg
Beloostrov
Udelnaya
5.0
Lanskaya
St
Lanskaya station civil engineering works
To
Kushelevka
4.2
Zemledenchesky crossover Zemledench.
4.0
1st Murinsky crossover 1st Murinsky
To
Kushelevka
line
Tovarnaya line
Primorsky - goods
Primorsky Rail Terminal
Serdobolsky stop
3.0
Flyugov post (1924-1931)
line
Tovarnaya line
Finlyandsky Rail Terminal
Baburin post
3.5
Kantemirovsky crossover Kantem.
line
Tovarnaya line
Primorsky Rail Terminal
Flyugov post
3.2
3.1
A. Matrosov crossover A. Matr. st.
2.7
Lesnoy crossover Lesnoy prospect
1.7
Traction Depot
1.6
Locomotive Depot
1.6
Locomotivnoye Depot
Finlyandsky - Goods
Sub
Ploshchad Lenina Line 1
0.0
Finlyandsky Rail Terminal
Saint Petersburg
Distances in kilometers
vteLocal lines and fare zones from Finlyandsky Rail Terminal
Legend
Svetlogorsk
Lesogorsky
Prudy
Kamennogorsk
Hannilla
Mogino
Vozrozhdeniye
Borovinka
Gvardeyskoye
Krasny Sokol
Lenijarvi
Buslovskoye
Borodinskoye
Luzhaika
Sortavala
Vysotsk
Zhitkovo
Pikhtovoye
Veshchevo
Matrosovo
Perovo
Sokolinskoye
Kuznechnoye
16
14
Vyborg
152 km
Popovo
148 km (Kapeasalmi)
16
Sovetsky
Priozersk
15
Pribylovo
Sinevo
14
Bor
Myullyupelto
14
Primorsk
Otradnoye
13
Lazorevka
Volkhovstroy I
Verkhnecherkasovo
119 km
13
117 km
115 km
12
Lebedevka
Pupyshevo
Gavrilovo
106 km
Sukhodolye
Yermilovo
Gromovo
12
106 km
Losevo
11
Kuolemajarvi
Leypyasuo
Novy Byt
11
Kirillovskoye
Voybokalo
10
Tarasovskoye
86 km
Petjajarvi
10
Yappilya
78 km (79 km)
9
Mesterjarvi
Sosnovo
Zakhodskoye
Kanneljarvi
73 km
Zhikharevo
9
Gorkovskoye
Nazia
8
72 km
69 km
70 km
67 km
Privetenskoye
Orekhovo
8
Molodyozhnaya
7
63 km
Nevskaya Dubrovka
Roshchino
37 km
Teplobetonnaya
Ushkovo
Chernaya Rechka
Lembolovo
54 km
Apraksin
Vaskelovo
Mikhaylovskaya
7
47 km
Mga
6
Gruzino
45 km
Zelenogorsk
Gory
Pavlovo-na-Neve
Ladozhskoye ozero
Geroyskaya
44 km
Sady
Vaganovo
Petrokrerost
Borisova Griva
19 km
6
39 km
Irinovka
5
Peri
Rakhia
Oselki
Proba
Ostrovki
20 km
Manushkino
Komarovo
16 km
Repino
19 km
Solnechnoye
Dunay
Kurort
Radchenko
5
Sestroretsk
Kirpichny zavod
4
Razliv
Shcheglova
Tarkhovka
Kornevo
Alexandrovskaya
Romanovka
Gorskaya
Koltushi
Myaglova
Beloostrov
Kavgolovo
4
Toksovo
4
Kuzmololovo
7 km
3
Kapitolovo
5 km
Dibuny
Zanevsky post
Pesochnaya
Melnichny Ruchey
Levashovo
Vsevolozhskaya
Pargolovo
Berngardovka
Lisy Nos
Kovalevo
Olgino
Post Kovalevo
Lakhta
Lavriki
Yakhtennaya
Devyatkino
3
Staraya
Murino
2
Novaya Derevnya
Ruchyi
Shuvalovo
Rzhevka
Ozerki
Udelnaya
Piskaryevka
2
Lanskaya
Kushelevka
1
Saint Petersburg-
Finlyandsky
0
Farezone
Sestroretsk railway station (Russian: ста́нция Сестроре́цк, stantsiya Sestroretsk) is a railway station in Sestroretsk, Russia. It replaced the old Sestroretsk railway station, which closed in 1924.
Interior of station building with ceramic tiled stove(view as a 360° interactive panorama)
External links
Media related to Sestroretsk railway station at Wikimedia Commons
vtePlacename toponym SestraSestra River in Leningrad Oblast
Sestroretsk city
Sestroretsk kurort
Sestroretsk railway station
Sestroretsk railway station (closed)
60°05′33″N 29°57′28″E / 60.0925°N 29.9578°E / 60.0925; 29.9578
This article about a Russian railway station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sestroretsk (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestroretsk_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_station"},{"link_name":"Sestroretsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestroretsk"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"old Sestroretsk railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestroretsk_railway_station_(1871%E2%80%931924)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//panoviewer.toolforge.org/#Sestroretsk_railway_station_2016-07_1468671539.jpg"},{"link_name":"view as a 360° interactive panorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//panoviewer.toolforge.org/#Sestroretsk_railway_station_2016-07_1468671539.jpg"}],"text":"Railway station in Sestroretsk, RussiaFor other uses, see Sestroretsk (disambiguation).Sestroretsk railway station (Russian: ста́нция Сестроре́цк, stantsiya Sestroretsk) is a railway station in Sestroretsk, Russia. It replaced the old Sestroretsk railway station, which closed in 1924.Interior of station building with ceramic tiled stove(view as a 360° interactive panorama)","title":"Sestroretsk railway station"}] | [{"image_text":"Interior of station building with ceramic tiled stove(view as a 360° interactive panorama)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sestroretsk_railway_station_2016-07_1468671539.jpg/310px-Sestroretsk_railway_station_2016-07_1468671539.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sestroretsk_railway_station¶ms=60.0925_N_29.9578_E_source:kolossus-ruwiki","external_links_name":"60°05′33″N 29°57′28″E / 60.0925°N 29.9578°E / 60.0925; 29.9578"},{"Link":"https://panoviewer.toolforge.org/#Sestroretsk_railway_station_2016-07_1468671539.jpg","external_links_name":"view as a 360° interactive panorama"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sestroretsk_railway_station¶ms=60.0925_N_29.9578_E_source:kolossus-ruwiki","external_links_name":"60°05′33″N 29°57′28″E / 60.0925°N 29.9578°E / 60.0925; 29.9578"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sestroretsk_railway_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wackenhut | George Wackenhut | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"] | American detective, businessman, and political conservative
George WackenhutBornGeorge Russell Wackenhut(1919-09-03)September 3, 1919Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedDecember 31, 2004(2004-12-31) (aged 85)Vero Beach, Florida, U.S.Alma materWest Chester University of PennsylvaniaUniversity of HawaiʻiJohns Hopkins UniversityOccupationFounder of Wackenhut private security corporationSpouseRuthChildrenJanis Wackenhut-Ward, Richard R. WackenhutParent(s)William Wackenhut and Francis Hogan
George Russell Wackenhut, (September 3, 1919 – December 31, 2004) was the founder of the Wackenhut private security corporation.
Biography
George Russell Wackenhut was the son of William and Frances (Hogan) Wackenhut. He grew up in Upper Darby, outside Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and graduated from Upper Darby High School in 1937. He was inducted into the school's Wall of Fame in 2000. He served in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers during World War II and witnessed the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. He graduated from what is now known as West Chester University. He earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Hawaiʻi. and a master's degree in education from Johns Hopkins University, then taught classes in physical education and health.
In 1951, Wackenhut joined the FBI as a special agent in Indianapolis and Atlanta, handling counterfeit money and bad-check cases and tracking down Army deserters. He resigned in 1954 to launch Special Agent Investigations in Coral Gables, Florida, with three other former agents - William Stanton, A. Kenneth Altschul and Miami lawyer and FBI agent Ed Du Bois, Jr., Following an in-office fist fight with Du Bois in 1955, a professional split occurred and Du Bois went on to form his own company, Investigators, Inc., focusing on private investigations. In 1958, Wackenhut bought out his remaining partners, renamed the company after himself and expanded into the security guard field, then went public in 1965.
Even with a profit margin of only 2.5 percent, the company's earnings, inflated by massive overbilling, allowed Wackenhut to live lavishly in homes scattered throughout the country. Prior to his move to Vero Beach, Florida in 1995, his primary residence was his "Tyecliffe Castle", in Coral Gables, Florida. It was known in Miami as Castle Wackenhut. It was, in 1995, a $10 million turreted mansion complete with moat, decorated with firearms and medieval suits of armor. His house was wired with infrared and laser sensors, closed-circuit television monitors, photo-cell surveillance and had private radios for his family. The 18,000 sq ft, 57 room Tyecliffe Castle was sold to Ponzi schemer Allen Stanford and was demolished about 2008. In 1994, The Quiet American, an 800-page authorized biography of Wackenhut by John Minahan, was published.
George Wackenhut was known as a hard-line right-winger. He built up dossiers on Americans suspected of being Communists or left-leaning "subversives and sympathizers" and sold the information to interested parties. Frank Donner claimed in his book Age of Surveillance the Wackenhut Corporation maintained and updated its files even after the McCarthy hysteria had ebbed, adding the names of antiwar protesters and civil rights demonstrators to its list of "derogatory types." By 1965, Wackenhut was boasting to potential investors the company maintained files on 2.5 million suspected dissidents - one in 46 American adults then living. In 1966, after acquiring the private files of Karl Barslaag, a former staff member of the House Un-American Activities Committee, Wackenhut could claim, that with more than 4 million names, his company had the largest privately held file on suspected dissidents in America. In 1975, after the United States Congress investigated companies which had private files, Wackenhut gave its files to the now-defunct anti-Communist Church League of America of Wheaton, Illinois.
When he sold his company for $570 million in 2002 ($966 million today), he owned more than 50 percent of its stock. Wackenhut died on 31 December 2004 of heart failure, at his home in Vero Beach, Florida, at the age of 85.
References
^ a b Schudel, Matt (January 7, 2005). "George Wackenhut Dies; Security Pioneer". Washington Post. Washington, D.C.
^ a b Bayot, Jennifer (January 8, 2005). "George Wackenhut, 85, Dies; Founded Elite Security Firm". The New York Times.
^ a b "Ed Du Bois, Jr". investigators-inc.com. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
^ a b c Godfrey, Calvin (September 7, 2006). "A Cool $20 Million". Miami New Times. Miami, Florida.
^ Allison's Adam and Eve Salvage Company (January 2008). "Preservation Demolition of the Tyecliffe Castle (Press Release)". PR Web.
^ Minahan, John (1994). The Quiet American - A biography of George R. Wackenhut. Westport, Connecticut: International Pub. Group. ISBN 0-9639395-0-5. OCLC 31400220.
^ Donner, Frank (1980). Age of Surveillance. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-74771-2. OCLC 7459498.
External links
FBI file on George Wackenhut
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wackenhut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wackenhut"}],"text":"George Russell Wackenhut, (September 3, 1919 – December 31, 2004) was the founder of the Wackenhut private security corporation.","title":"George Wackenhut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upper Darby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Darby_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Upper Darby High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Darby_High_School"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"West Chester University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Chester_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAPO_Obit-1"},{"link_name":"University of Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Obit-2"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAPO_Obit-1"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Coral Gables, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Gables,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ed_Du_Bois,_Jr.-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-$20-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ed_Du_Bois,_Jr.-3"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-$20-4"},{"link_name":"Vero Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vero_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-$20-4"},{"link_name":"moat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moat"},{"link_name":"Ponzi schemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponzi_scheme"},{"link_name":"Allen Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Stanford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biography"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"right-winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_wing"},{"link_name":"Communists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communists"},{"link_name":"left-leaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_wing"},{"link_name":"Frank Donner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Donner_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism"},{"link_name":"antiwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiwar"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"House Un-American Activities Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Church League of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_League_of_America"},{"link_name":"Wheaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"heart failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Obit-2"}],"text":"George Russell Wackenhut was the son of William and Frances (Hogan) Wackenhut. He grew up in Upper Darby, outside Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and graduated from Upper Darby High School in 1937. He was inducted into the school's Wall of Fame in 2000. He served in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers during World War II and witnessed the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. He graduated from what is now known as West Chester University.[1] He earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Hawaiʻi.[2] and a master's degree in education from Johns Hopkins University, then taught classes in physical education and health.[1]In 1951, Wackenhut joined the FBI as a special agent in Indianapolis and Atlanta, handling counterfeit money and bad-check cases and tracking down Army deserters. He resigned in 1954 to launch Special Agent Investigations in Coral Gables, Florida, with three other former agents - William Stanton, A. Kenneth Altschul and Miami lawyer and FBI agent Ed Du Bois, Jr.,[3] Following an in-office fist fight[4] with Du Bois in 1955, a professional split occurred and Du Bois went on to form his own company, Investigators, Inc., focusing on private investigations.[3] In 1958, Wackenhut bought out his remaining partners, renamed the company after himself and expanded into the security guard field, then went public in 1965.Even with a profit margin of only 2.5 percent, the company's earnings, inflated by massive overbilling,[4] allowed Wackenhut to live lavishly in homes scattered throughout the country. Prior to his move to Vero Beach, Florida in 1995, his primary residence was his \"Tyecliffe Castle\", in Coral Gables, Florida. It was known in Miami as Castle Wackenhut.[4] It was, in 1995, a $10 million turreted mansion complete with moat, decorated with firearms and medieval suits of armor. His house was wired with infrared and laser sensors, closed-circuit television monitors, photo-cell surveillance and had private radios for his family. The 18,000 sq ft, 57 room Tyecliffe Castle was sold to Ponzi schemer Allen Stanford and was demolished about 2008.[5] In 1994, The Quiet American, an 800-page authorized biography of Wackenhut by John Minahan, was published.[6]George Wackenhut was known as a hard-line right-winger. He built up dossiers on Americans suspected of being Communists or left-leaning \"subversives and sympathizers\" and sold the information to interested parties. Frank Donner claimed in his book Age of Surveillance the Wackenhut Corporation maintained and updated its files even after the McCarthy hysteria had ebbed, adding the names of antiwar protesters and civil rights demonstrators to its list of \"derogatory types.\"[7] By 1965, Wackenhut was boasting to potential investors the company maintained files on 2.5 million suspected dissidents - one in 46 American adults then living. In 1966, after acquiring the private files of Karl Barslaag, a former staff member of the House Un-American Activities Committee, Wackenhut could claim, that with more than 4 million names, his company had the largest privately held file on suspected dissidents in America. In 1975, after the United States Congress investigated companies which had private files, Wackenhut gave its files to the now-defunct anti-Communist Church League of America of Wheaton, Illinois.[citation needed]When he sold his company for $570 million in 2002 ($966 million today), he owned more than 50 percent of its stock. Wackenhut died on 31 December 2004 of heart failure, at his home in Vero Beach, Florida, at the age of 85.[2]","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Schudel, Matt (January 7, 2005). \"George Wackenhut Dies; Security Pioneer\". Washington Post. Washington, D.C.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A54899-2005Jan6.html","url_text":"\"George Wackenhut Dies; Security Pioneer\""}]},{"reference":"Bayot, Jennifer (January 8, 2005). \"George Wackenhut, 85, Dies; Founded Elite Security Firm\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/08/business/08wackenhut.html","url_text":"\"George Wackenhut, 85, Dies; Founded Elite Security Firm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ed Du Bois, Jr\". investigators-inc.com. Retrieved 20 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://investigators-inc.com/content.aspx?id=78","url_text":"\"Ed Du Bois, Jr\""}]},{"reference":"Godfrey, Calvin (September 7, 2006). \"A Cool $20 Million\". Miami New Times. Miami, Florida.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2006-09-07/news/a-cool-20-million/full/","url_text":"\"A Cool $20 Million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_New_Times","url_text":"Miami New Times"}]},{"reference":"Allison's Adam and Eve Salvage Company (January 2008). \"Preservation Demolition of the Tyecliffe Castle (Press Release)\". PR Web.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prweb.com/releases/2008/01/prweb651811.htm","url_text":"\"Preservation Demolition of the Tyecliffe Castle (Press Release)\""}]},{"reference":"Minahan, John (1994). The Quiet American - A biography of George R. Wackenhut. Westport, Connecticut: International Pub. Group. ISBN 0-9639395-0-5. OCLC 31400220.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut","url_text":"Westport, Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9639395-0-5","url_text":"0-9639395-0-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31400220","url_text":"31400220"}]},{"reference":"Donner, Frank (1980). Age of Surveillance. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-74771-2. OCLC 7459498.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Donner_(lawyer)","url_text":"Donner, Frank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf","url_text":"Knopf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-74771-2","url_text":"0-394-74771-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7459498","url_text":"7459498"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A54899-2005Jan6.html","external_links_name":"\"George Wackenhut Dies; Security Pioneer\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/08/business/08wackenhut.html","external_links_name":"\"George Wackenhut, 85, Dies; Founded Elite Security Firm\""},{"Link":"http://investigators-inc.com/content.aspx?id=78","external_links_name":"\"Ed Du Bois, Jr\""},{"Link":"http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2006-09-07/news/a-cool-20-million/full/","external_links_name":"\"A Cool $20 Million\""},{"Link":"http://www.prweb.com/releases/2008/01/prweb651811.htm","external_links_name":"\"Preservation Demolition of the Tyecliffe Castle (Press Release)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31400220","external_links_name":"31400220"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7459498","external_links_name":"7459498"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/349019/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9084303","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpYqmWVrRYjCBbjVf4cyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94118474","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rm0ggx","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Markievicz | Casimir Markievicz | ["1 Early life and marriage","2 Artistic life","3 Return to Poland","4 Plays","5 References"] | Polish playwright, theatre director, and painter
Self-portrait of Casimir Markievicz.
Casimir Dunin Markievicz (Polish: Kazimierz Dunin-Markiewicz , 15 March 1874 – 2 December 1932), known as Count Markievicz, was a Polish playwright, theatre director, and painter, and the husband of the Irish revolutionary Constance Markievicz.
Early life and marriage
Coat of Arms of Markievicz
The Dunin Markievicz family held land in Malopolska Province (today Ukraine), and had an estate in a town of Zywotow (Polish: Żywotówka; now Zhyvotivka ) where Casimir grew up. Markievicz attended the State Gymnasium in Kherson, and studied law at the University in Kyiv which at that time still held a vast Polish minority. In 1895, he transferred to the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. While in Paris, he met and married Jadwiga Splawa-Neyman. They had two sons, Stanislas and Ryszard, but the marriage did not last. Jadwiga returned to Ukraine where she and Ryszard died in 1899. He met Constance Gore-Booth in 1899, and the two mixed in the bohemian Paris society of the time.
In Paris, Markievicz styled himself as "Count Markievicz". When Constance's family enquired as to the validity of the title, they were informed through Pyotr Rachkovsky of the Russian Secret Police that he had taken the title "without right", and that there had never been a "Count Markievicz" in Poland. However, the Department of Genealogy in Saint Petersburg said that he was entitled to claim to be a member of the Szlachta, of whom there were several hundred thousand in 1900. Markievicz and Gore-Booth married in London in 1900, and their daughter, Maeve, was born the following year. From 1902 the couple lived in Dublin. He continued to be known as "Count Markievicz" (and Constance as "Countess Markievicz"), and in the 1911 census gave his occupation as "Count (Russian nobility)". Stanislas later said in a letter that his father had not been a count.
Artistic life
Markievicz was part of the literary circle that centred on W. B. Yeats, Lady Gregory, J.M. Synge, and the Abbey Theatre. In 1910 he formed his own theatre company, the Independent Dramatic Company, which staged plays written by himself and starring his wife, Constance.
Return to Poland
In 1913, Markievicz moved back to Poland, and never returned to live in Ireland. However, he did correspond with his wife in Dublin and he was by her side when she died in 1927.
Towards the end of his life Markievicz was active in Warsaw, as well as a correspondent for British magazines, such as the Londoner Daily News. He also wrote the screenplay of a 1920 Polish film, Powrót, directed by Aleksander Hertz. His paintings included portraits, landscapes, and genre painting. The largest part of his art collection is held in Dublin, some remain in Poland (National Museum, Kraków, and in private collections). His talent lent itself particularly to the large oil portraits of two Polish statesmen: Marshal Piłsudski and Stanisław Wojciechowski. A catalogue for his works is still pending.
He died in Warsaw, Republic of Poland, in December 1932.
Plays
(Source: Productions of the Irish Theatre Movement, 1899-1916)
Seymour's Redemption, Abbey Theatre, 9 March 1908
The Dilettante, Abbey Theatre, 3 December 1908
Home Sweet Home (with Nora Fitzpatrick), Abbey Theatre, 3 December 1908
The Memory of the Dead, Abbey Theatre, 14 April 1910
Mary, Abbey Theatre, 14 April 1910
Rival Stars, Gaiety Theatre, 11 December 1911
References
^ a b Haverty, Anne (1988). Constance Markievicz: Irish Revolutionary. London: Pandora. p. 48. ISBN 0-86358-161-7.
^ Timothy Snyder. (2003). The Reconstruction of Nations. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 120-122
^ Michael F. Hamm. (1995). Kiev: A Portrait, 1800–1917. Princeton: Princeton University Press pp. 54-55
^ Ryan-Smolin, Wanda (1995). "Casimir Dunin Markievicz, Painter and Playwright". Irish Arts Review Yearbook. 11: 180–184. JSTOR 20492833.
^ Arrington, Lauren (2015). Revolutionary Lives: Constance and Casimir Markievicz. Princeton University Press. pp. 21–2. ISBN 978-1400874187.
^ Arrington (2015), p. 22 (footnote)
^ S. Pašeta, "Markievicz , Constance Georgine, Countess Markievicz in the Polish nobility (1868–1927)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 29 September 2007.
^ 1911 census return
^ Nevin, Donal (2005). James Connolly: "A Full Life". p. 589. ISBN 9780717139118.
^ Morash, Chris (2002). A History of Irish Theatre, 1601-2000. Cambridge University Press. p. 152. ISBN 0-521-66051-3.
^ a b Casimir Markievicz at IMDb.
^ "Portret Piłsudskiego już odnowiony". Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). 19 July 2002. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
^ Historia i społeczeństwo: Ojczysty panteon i ojczyste spory. Do nowej podstawy programowaj, liceum i technikum, podrecznik (in Polish). p. 186. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
^ O'Ceallaigh Ritschel, Nelson (2001). Productions of the Irish Theatre Movement, 1899-1916: A Checklist. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 39, 44, 58, 59, 67, 72, 74. ISBN 0-313-31744-5.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Poland
Artists
Musée d'Orsay
ULAN
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casimir_Markievicz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[kaˈʑimjɛʐ ˈduɲin marˈkʲɛvitʂ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"Constance Markievicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Markievicz"}],"text":"Self-portrait of Casimir Markievicz.Casimir Dunin Markievicz (Polish: Kazimierz Dunin-Markiewicz [kaˈʑimjɛʐ ˈduɲin marˈkʲɛvitʂ], 15 March 1874 – 2 December 1932), known as Count Markievicz, was a Polish playwright, theatre director, and painter, and the husband of the Irish revolutionary Constance Markievicz.","title":"Casimir Markievicz"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herb_%C5%81ab%C4%99d%C5%BA_1.svg"},{"link_name":"Malopolska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Province_of_the_Polish_Crown"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Zhyvotivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhyvotivka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haverty48-1"},{"link_name":"Kherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"University in Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haverty48-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snyder-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"École des Beaux-Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Constance Gore-Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Markievicz"},{"link_name":"Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Rachkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Rachkovsky"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Szlachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Coat of Arms of MarkieviczThe Dunin Markievicz family held land in Malopolska Province (today Ukraine), and had an estate in a town of Zywotow (Polish: Żywotówka; now Zhyvotivka [uk]) where Casimir grew up.[1] Markievicz attended the State Gymnasium in Kherson, and studied law at the University in Kyiv[1] which at that time still held a vast Polish minority.[2][3] In 1895, he transferred to the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. While in Paris, he met and married Jadwiga Splawa-Neyman. They had two sons, Stanislas and Ryszard, but the marriage did not last. Jadwiga returned to Ukraine where she and Ryszard died in 1899.[4] He met Constance Gore-Booth in 1899, and the two mixed in the bohemian Paris society of the time.In Paris, Markievicz styled himself as \"Count Markievicz\". When Constance's family enquired as to the validity of the title, they were informed through Pyotr Rachkovsky of the Russian Secret Police that he had taken the title \"without right\", and that there had never been a \"Count Markievicz\" in Poland.[5] However, the Department of Genealogy in Saint Petersburg said that he was entitled to claim to be a member of the Szlachta, of whom there were several hundred thousand in 1900.[6] Markievicz and Gore-Booth married in London in 1900, and their daughter, Maeve, was born the following year.[7] From 1902 the couple lived in Dublin. He continued to be known as \"Count Markievicz\" (and Constance as \"Countess Markievicz\"), and in the 1911 census gave his occupation as \"Count (Russian nobility)\".[8] Stanislas later said in a letter that his father had not been a count.[9]","title":"Early life and marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W. B. Yeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._Yeats"},{"link_name":"Lady Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gregory"},{"link_name":"J.M. Synge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.M._Synge"},{"link_name":"Abbey Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Markievicz was part of the literary circle that centred on W. B. Yeats, Lady Gregory, J.M. Synge, and the Abbey Theatre. In 1910 he formed his own theatre company, the Independent Dramatic Company, which staged plays written by himself and starring his wife, Constance.[10]","title":"Artistic life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Polish film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_films_before_1930"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Hertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Hertz"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-11"},{"link_name":"genre painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_painting"},{"link_name":"National Museum, Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum,_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint"},{"link_name":"Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Piłsudski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Wojciechowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wojciechowski"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-11"}],"text":"In 1913, Markievicz moved back to Poland, and never returned to live in Ireland. However, he did correspond with his wife in Dublin and he was by her side when she died in 1927.Towards the end of his life Markievicz was active in Warsaw, as well as a correspondent for British magazines, such as the Londoner Daily News. He also wrote the screenplay of a 1920 Polish film, Powrót, directed by Aleksander Hertz.[11] His paintings included portraits, landscapes, and genre painting. The largest part of his art collection is held in Dublin, some remain in Poland (National Museum, Kraków, and in private collections).[citation needed] His talent lent itself particularly to the large oil portraits of two Polish statesmen: Marshal Piłsudski[12] and Stanisław Wojciechowski.[13] A catalogue for his works is still pending.He died in Warsaw, Republic of Poland, in December 1932.[11]","title":"Return to Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Abbey Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Gaiety Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_Dublin"}],"text":"(Source: Productions of the Irish Theatre Movement, 1899-1916)[14]Seymour's Redemption, Abbey Theatre, 9 March 1908\nThe Dilettante, Abbey Theatre, 3 December 1908\nHome Sweet Home (with Nora Fitzpatrick), Abbey Theatre, 3 December 1908\nThe Memory of the Dead, Abbey Theatre, 14 April 1910\nMary, Abbey Theatre, 14 April 1910\nRival Stars, Gaiety Theatre, 11 December 1911","title":"Plays"}] | [{"image_text":"Self-portrait of Casimir Markievicz.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Casimir_Markievicz.jpg/180px-Casimir_Markievicz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of Markievicz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Herb_%C5%81ab%C4%99d%C5%BA_1.svg/120px-Herb_%C5%81ab%C4%99d%C5%BA_1.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Haverty, Anne (1988). Constance Markievicz: Irish Revolutionary. London: Pandora. p. 48. ISBN 0-86358-161-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Haverty","url_text":"Haverty, Anne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86358-161-7","url_text":"0-86358-161-7"}]},{"reference":"Ryan-Smolin, Wanda (1995). \"Casimir Dunin Markievicz, Painter and Playwright\". Irish Arts Review Yearbook. 11: 180–184. JSTOR 20492833.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20492833","url_text":"20492833"}]},{"reference":"Arrington, Lauren (2015). Revolutionary Lives: Constance and Casimir Markievicz. Princeton University Press. pp. 21–2. ISBN 978-1400874187.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzRJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21","url_text":"Revolutionary Lives: Constance and Casimir Markievicz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400874187","url_text":"978-1400874187"}]},{"reference":"Nevin, Donal (2005). James Connolly: \"A Full Life\". p. 589. ISBN 9780717139118.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2pNnAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"James Connolly: \"A Full Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780717139118","url_text":"9780717139118"}]},{"reference":"Morash, Chris (2002). A History of Irish Theatre, 1601-2000. Cambridge University Press. p. 152. ISBN 0-521-66051-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tBoSJFAnKbMC&pg=PA152","url_text":"A History of Irish Theatre, 1601-2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66051-3","url_text":"0-521-66051-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Portret Piłsudskiego już odnowiony\". Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). 19 July 2002. Retrieved 25 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://lublin.wyborcza.pl/lublin/1,35640,941551.html","url_text":"\"Portret Piłsudskiego już odnowiony\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza","url_text":"Gazeta Wyborcza"}]},{"reference":"Historia i społeczeństwo: Ojczysty panteon i ojczyste spory. Do nowej podstawy programowaj, liceum i technikum, podrecznik (in Polish). p. 186. Retrieved 25 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/bartek36/docs/ojczysty_panteon_i_ojczyste_spory","url_text":"Historia i społeczeństwo: Ojczysty panteon i ojczyste spory. Do nowej podstawy programowaj, liceum i technikum, podrecznik"}]},{"reference":"O'Ceallaigh Ritschel, Nelson (2001). Productions of the Irish Theatre Movement, 1899-1916: A Checklist. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 39, 44, 58, 59, 67, 72, 74. ISBN 0-313-31744-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q7JOt49_frgC&pg=PA39","url_text":"Productions of the Irish Theatre Movement, 1899-1916: A Checklist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31744-5","url_text":"0-313-31744-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20492833","external_links_name":"20492833"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzRJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21","external_links_name":"Revolutionary Lives: Constance and Casimir Markievicz"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37472","external_links_name":"\"Markievicz , Constance Georgine, Countess Markievicz in the Polish nobility (1868–1927)\""},{"Link":"http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/reels/nai000208710/","external_links_name":"1911 census return"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2pNnAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"James Connolly: \"A Full Life\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tBoSJFAnKbMC&pg=PA152","external_links_name":"A History of Irish Theatre, 1601-2000"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2454441/","external_links_name":"Casimir Markievicz"},{"Link":"http://lublin.wyborcza.pl/lublin/1,35640,941551.html","external_links_name":"\"Portret Piłsudskiego już odnowiony\""},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/bartek36/docs/ojczysty_panteon_i_ojczyste_spory","external_links_name":"Historia i społeczeństwo: Ojczysty panteon i ojczyste spory. Do nowej podstawy programowaj, liceum i technikum, podrecznik"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q7JOt49_frgC&pg=PA39","external_links_name":"Productions of the Irish Theatre Movement, 1899-1916: A Checklist"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1927196/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110000440","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/96113525","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpdRFcDWHwkhv8rHM9VYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1036329453","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007500823605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013007287","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub20221158665&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810556043505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/125642","external_links_name":"Musée d'Orsay"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500063388","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/227811690","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Payoff_(1935_film) | The Payoff (1935 film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 External links"] | 1935 American dramatic film directed by Robert Florey
For other uses, see The Payoff.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Payoff" 1935 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Payoff(L. to r.) Frankie Darro, James Dunn, and Joseph Crehan in a scene from the filmDirected byRobert FloreyCinematographyArthur L. ToddEdited byHarold McLernonDistributed byWarner BrothersRelease date
November 9, 1935 (1935-11-09)
Running time64 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
The Payoff is a 1935 American dramatic film directed by Robert Florey and starring James Dunn.
Plot
A newspaper reporter is promoted to the sports desk, but saddled with a wife whose spending habits drive her into a relationship with a blackmailing racketeer.
Cast
James Dunn as Joe McCoy
Claire Dodd as Maxine McCoy
Patricia Ellis as Connie Travers
Alan Dinehart as Marty Bleuler
Joseph Crehan as Harvey Morris
Frankie Darro as Jimmy Moore
Frank Sheridan as George Gorman
Al Hill as Mike
Paul Porcasi as Nick
George Chandler as Reporter
External links
The Payoff at IMDb
The Payoff at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
vteFilms directed by Robert Florey
One Hour of Love (1927)
The Romantic Age (1927)
Face Value (1927)
The Life and Death of 9413: a Hollywood Extra (1928)
The Hole in the Wall (1929)
The Cocoanuts (1929)
The Battle of Paris (1929)
Skyscraper Symphony (1929)
The Road Is Fine (1930)
My Wife's Teacher (1930)
Love Songs (1930)
Black and White (1931)
Murders in the Rue Morgue (1932)
The Man Called Back (1932)
Those We Love (1932)
Girl Missing (1933)
Ex-Lady (1933)
The House on 56th Street (1933)
Bedside (1934)
Registered Nurse (1934)
Smarty (1934)
I Sell Anything (1934)
I Am a Thief (1934)
The Woman in Red (1935)
The Florentine Dagger (1935)
Going Highbrow (1935)
Don't Bet on Blondes (1935)
Ship Cafe (1935)
The Payoff (1935)
The Preview Murder Mystery (1936)
Till We Meet Again (1936)
Hollywood Boulevard (1936)
Outcast (1937)
King of Gamblers (1937)
Mountain Music (1937)
This Way Please (1937)
Daughter of Shanghai (1937)
Dangerous to Know (1938)
King of Alcatraz (1938)
Disbarred (1939)
Hotel Imperial (1939)
The Magnificent Fraud (1939)
Death of a Champion (1939)
Parole Fixer (1940)
Women Without Names (1940)
The Face Behind the Mask (1941)
Meet Boston Blackie (1941)
Two in a Taxi (1941)
Dangerously They Live (1941)
Lady Gangster (1942)
The Desert Song (1943)
Roger Touhy, Gangster (1944)
Man from Frisco (1944)
God Is My Co-Pilot (1945)
Danger Signal (1945)
The Beast with Five Fingers (1946)
Tarzan and the Mermaids (1948)
Rogues' Regiment (1948)
Outpost in Morocco (1949)
The Crooked Way (1949)
The Vicious Years (1950)
Johnny One-Eye (1950)
Adventures of Captain Fabian (1951)
This 1930s drama film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Payoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Payoff_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Robert Florey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Florey"},{"link_name":"James Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(actor)"}],"text":"For other uses, see The Payoff.The Payoff is a 1935 American dramatic film directed by Robert Florey and starring James Dunn.","title":"The Payoff (1935 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A newspaper reporter is promoted to the sports desk, but saddled with a wife whose spending habits drive her into a relationship with a blackmailing racketeer.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Claire Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Dodd"},{"link_name":"Patricia Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Alan Dinehart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dinehart"},{"link_name":"Joseph Crehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Crehan"},{"link_name":"Frankie Darro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Darro"},{"link_name":"Frank Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sheridan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Al Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hill_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Paul Porcasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Porcasi"},{"link_name":"George Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Chandler"}],"text":"James Dunn as Joe McCoy\nClaire Dodd as Maxine McCoy\nPatricia Ellis as Connie Travers\nAlan Dinehart as Marty Bleuler\nJoseph Crehan as Harvey Morris\nFrankie Darro as Jimmy Moore\nFrank Sheridan as George Gorman\nAl Hill as Mike\nPaul Porcasi as Nick\nGeorge Chandler as Reporter","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Payoff%22+1935+film","external_links_name":"\"The Payoff\" 1935 film"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Payoff%22+1935+film+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Payoff%22+1935+film&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Payoff%22+1935+film+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Payoff%22+1935+film","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Payoff%22+1935+film&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0026856/","external_links_name":"The Payoff"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/7170","external_links_name":"The Payoff"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Payoff_(1935_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Neering | Rosemary Neering | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Canadian author and journalist
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Rosemary Neering" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Rosemary Neering (born 23 December 1945 in Croydon, England) is a Canadian author and journalist, focusing on non-fiction books. At the age of two Neering moved to Canada with her parents.
She worked for a number of magazines including the British Columbia Magazine.
Her 1992 book Down The Road won the Hubert Evans Non-Fiction Prize.
References
^ https://www.doullbooks.com/product/74162/Life-in-Acadia-NEERING-Rosemary-and-Stan-GARROD-Growth-of-a-Nation-Series-GARROD-Stan
^ "British Columbia Magazine » Blog Archive » Meet contributor Rosemary Neering". Beautifulbc.ca. 2008-12-04. Archived from the original on 2012-10-13. Retrieved 2012-07-14.
External links
Portrait on abcbookworld.com
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
This article about a Canadian writer of non-fiction literature is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"British Columbia Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hubert Evans Non-Fiction Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Evans_Non-Fiction_Prize"}],"text":"Rosemary Neering (born 23 December 1945[1] in Croydon, England) is a Canadian author and journalist, focusing on non-fiction books. At the age of two Neering moved to Canada with her parents.\nShe worked for a number of magazines including the British Columbia Magazine.[2]\nHer 1992 book Down The Road won the Hubert Evans Non-Fiction Prize.","title":"Rosemary Neering"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"British Columbia Magazine » Blog Archive » Meet contributor Rosemary Neering\". Beautifulbc.ca. 2008-12-04. Archived from the original on 2012-10-13. Retrieved 2012-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121013183508/http://www.beautifulbc.ca/blogs/2008/12/04/meet-contributor-rosemary-neering/","url_text":"\"British Columbia Magazine » Blog Archive » Meet contributor Rosemary Neering\""},{"url":"http://www.beautifulbc.ca/blogs/2008/12/04/meet-contributor-rosemary-neering","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rosemary+Neering%22","external_links_name":"\"Rosemary Neering\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rosemary+Neering%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rosemary+Neering%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rosemary+Neering%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rosemary+Neering%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rosemary+Neering%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.doullbooks.com/product/74162/Life-in-Acadia-NEERING-Rosemary-and-Stan-GARROD-Growth-of-a-Nation-Series-GARROD-Stan","external_links_name":"https://www.doullbooks.com/product/74162/Life-in-Acadia-NEERING-Rosemary-and-Stan-GARROD-Growth-of-a-Nation-Series-GARROD-Stan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121013183508/http://www.beautifulbc.ca/blogs/2008/12/04/meet-contributor-rosemary-neering/","external_links_name":"\"British Columbia Magazine » Blog Archive » Meet contributor Rosemary Neering\""},{"Link":"http://www.beautifulbc.ca/blogs/2008/12/04/meet-contributor-rosemary-neering","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.abcbookworld.com/view_author.php?id=1375","external_links_name":"Portrait on abcbookworld.com"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000073660879","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/54315793","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyCF7qtG8xqdF8Xft9dQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13577348d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13577348d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007445489505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50028396","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p317554530","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/146087704","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_Neering&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Metzer | Jacob Metzer | ["1 Biography","2 References"] | Israeli economic historian
Jacob (Kobi) Metzerיעקב (קובי) מצרBorn1942 (age 81–82)NationalityIsraeliAlma mater
Hebrew University of Jerusalem (undergraduate degree in economics and history, 1967)
University of Chicago (master's (1969) and doctorate (1972) in economics)
Occupationeconomic historianKnown for
Alexander Brody Emeritus Professor of Economic History in the Department of Economics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Eighth President of the Open University of Israel
Jacob (Kobi) Metzer (יעקב (קובי) מצר; born 1942) is an Israeli economic historian who is the Alexander Brody Emeritus Professor of Economic History in the Department of Economics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the eighth President of the Open University of Israel.
Biography
Metzer completed his undergraduate degree in economics and history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1967, and received his master's (1969) and doctorate (1972) in economics from the University of Chicago. Metzer is an economic historian and a substantial part of his research has been devoted to the economy of Mandatory Palestine and Israel, and to economic aspects of ethno-nationality and settler societies.
Metzer was the Alexander Brody Chair in Economic History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem from 1972 to 2010, Chair of the Department of Economics from 1994 to 2010, Dean of the Faculty of Sciences from 2009 to 2014, and since 2010 has been the Alexander Brody Emeritus Professor of Economic History in the Department of Economics.
In 2013 Metzer was appointed to serve as the eighth President of the Open University of Israel, replacing Professor Hagit Messer Yaron.
He was a Member of the Editorial Board of Explorations in Economic History from 1994 to 2004, and a Member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Economic History from 1995 to 1998. Metzer was a member of the Executive Committee of the International Economic History Association from 1998 to 2006.
Metzer's salary in 2017 was NIS 90,990 per month.
References
^ a b c d e "A New President for Open University of Israel: Prof. Yakov (Kobi) Metzer". www.openu.ac.il.
^ a b c "Jacob (Kobi) Metzer". www.openu.ac.il.
^ a b "Ariel Property Advisors Establishes Scholarship Program For Students Attending The Open University Of Israel". arielpa.nyc.
^ a b "Survey: 35% of Jewish Israeli teens have never interacted with Arab peers". The Jerusalem Post. 2 June 2015.
^ a b Lewis, Avi; Reback, Gedalyah (June 3, 2015). "Jewish Israeli teens lean right, many support 'price tag'". Times of Israel.
^ Lior, Gad (March 19, 2019). "Israel's highest-earning public servant makes 50 times minimum wage". Ynetnews.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Academics
CiNii
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economic historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_historian"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Open University of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_University_of_Israel"}],"text":"Jacob (Kobi) Metzer (יעקב (קובי) מצר; born 1942) is an Israeli economic historian who is the Alexander Brody Emeritus Professor of Economic History in the Department of Economics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the eighth President of the Open University of Israel.","title":"Jacob Metzer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-2"},{"link_name":"economic historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_historian"},{"link_name":"Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-1"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-5"},{"link_name":"Open University of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_University_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Hagit Messer Yaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagit_Messer_Yaron"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-5"},{"link_name":"Explorations in Economic History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorations_in_Economic_History"},{"link_name":"Journal of Economic History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_History"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-2"},{"link_name":"International Economic History Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Economic_History_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-2"},{"link_name":"NIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Metzer completed his undergraduate degree in economics and history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1967, and received his master's (1969) and doctorate (1972) in economics from the University of Chicago.[1][2] Metzer is an economic historian and a substantial part of his research has been devoted to the economy of Mandatory Palestine and Israel, and to economic aspects of ethno-nationality and settler societies.[1]Metzer was the Alexander Brody Chair in Economic History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem from 1972 to 2010, Chair of the Department of Economics from 1994 to 2010, Dean of the Faculty of Sciences from 2009 to 2014, and since 2010 has been the Alexander Brody Emeritus Professor of Economic History in the Department of Economics.[1][3][4][5]In 2013 Metzer was appointed to serve as the eighth President of the Open University of Israel, replacing Professor Hagit Messer Yaron.[1][3][4][5]He was a Member of the Editorial Board of Explorations in Economic History from 1994 to 2004, and a Member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Economic History from 1995 to 1998.[2] Metzer was a member of the Executive Committee of the International Economic History Association from 1998 to 2006.[1][2]Metzer's salary in 2017 was NIS 90,990 per month.[6]","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"A New President for Open University of Israel: Prof. Yakov (Kobi) Metzer\". www.openu.ac.il.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openu.ac.il/newsletter-eng/2013-1/new_president.html","url_text":"\"A New President for Open University of Israel: Prof. Yakov (Kobi) Metzer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jacob (Kobi) Metzer\". www.openu.ac.il.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openu.ac.il/en/personalsites/JacobKobiMetzer.aspx#ee","url_text":"\"Jacob (Kobi) Metzer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ariel Property Advisors Establishes Scholarship Program For Students Attending The Open University Of Israel\". arielpa.nyc.","urls":[{"url":"http://arielpa.nyc/press-release/ariel-property-advisors-establishes-scholarship-program-for-students-attending-the-open-university-of-israel","url_text":"\"Ariel Property Advisors Establishes Scholarship Program For Students Attending The Open University Of Israel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Survey: 35% of Jewish Israeli teens have never interacted with Arab peers\". The Jerusalem Post. 2 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Survey-35-percent-of-Jewish-Israeli-teens-have-never-interacted-with-Arab-peers-404831","url_text":"\"Survey: 35% of Jewish Israeli teens have never interacted with Arab peers\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Avi; Reback, Gedalyah (June 3, 2015). \"Jewish Israeli teens lean right, many support 'price tag'\". Times of Israel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-israeli-teens-lean-right-many-support-price-tag/","url_text":"\"Jewish Israeli teens lean right, many support 'price tag'\""}]},{"reference":"Lior, Gad (March 19, 2019). \"Israel's highest-earning public servant makes 50 times minimum wage\". Ynetnews.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5481092,00.html","url_text":"\"Israel's highest-earning public servant makes 50 times minimum wage\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.openu.ac.il/newsletter-eng/2013-1/new_president.html","external_links_name":"\"A New President for Open University of Israel: Prof. Yakov (Kobi) Metzer\""},{"Link":"https://www.openu.ac.il/en/personalsites/JacobKobiMetzer.aspx#ee","external_links_name":"\"Jacob (Kobi) Metzer\""},{"Link":"http://arielpa.nyc/press-release/ariel-property-advisors-establishes-scholarship-program-for-students-attending-the-open-university-of-israel","external_links_name":"\"Ariel Property Advisors Establishes Scholarship Program For Students Attending The Open University Of Israel\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Survey-35-percent-of-Jewish-Israeli-teens-have-never-interacted-with-Arab-peers-404831","external_links_name":"\"Survey: 35% of Jewish Israeli teens have never interacted with Arab peers\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-israeli-teens-lean-right-many-support-price-tag/","external_links_name":"\"Jewish Israeli teens lean right, many support 'price tag'\""},{"Link":"https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5481092,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Israel's highest-earning public servant makes 50 times minimum wage\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081961647","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/10068190","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqqqyrgDMvdYHBQDb9Yyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14439337c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14439337c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058510212406706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/120737507","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265490005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82247579","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p131733583","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11530174?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/058114432","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetroCity_AVM | MetroCity AVM | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°04′34″N 29°00′47″E / 41.07620°N 29.01305°E / 41.07620; 29.01305This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "MetroCity AVM" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
MetroCity AVM
Location
1. Levent, İstanbul, Turkey
Opening date
April 30, 2003; 21 years ago (April 30, 2003)
Developed by
Metrosite
Land area (m2)
24,178
Total enclosed area (m2)
52,000
Gross leasable area (m2)
31,980
Market (m2)
Migros (4,240)
Number of stores
140
Number of FF/Rest/Cafe
30
Anchor tenants (m2)
Boyner (6,981) Zara (1,344) Koton (1,367) Marks & Spencer (2,178) TeknoSA (1,027) Maxi Toys (1,065) Flo (1,000) Essporto (4,400)
Parking lot capacity
2,500
Homepage
www.metrocity.com.tr
Interior view
MetroCity AVM, opened on April 30, 2003, is a modern shopping mall on the Büyükdere Avenue in the finance and business quarter of 1. Levent in Istanbul, Turkey, with a direct connection to the Levent subway station.
The complex comprises a shopping mall and three towers which rise above it: a 27-floor office tower on Büyükdere Avenue (31 floors when counted from the Zincirlikuyu level at the opposite side), and two residential towers, each having 31 floors (35 floors from Zincirlikuyu level).
See also
List of shopping malls in Istanbul
References
^ Emporis: MetroCity Tower 1
^ Emporis: MetroCity Tower 2
^ Emporis: MetroCity Tower 3
External links
MetroCity Official Website
Emporis Buildings Database: MetroCity
vteŞişli, IstanbulNeighbourhoods
19 Mayıs
Bozkurt
Cumhuriyet
Duatepe
Ergenekon
Esentepe
Eskişehir
Feriköy
Fulya
Gülbahar
Halaskargazi
Halide Edip Adıvar
Halil Rıfat Paşa
Harbiye
İnönü
İzzet Paşa
Kaptanpaşa
Kuştepe
Mahmut Şevket Paşa
Mecidiyeköy
Meşrutiyet
Paşa
Şişli Merkez
Teşvikiye
Yayla
Quarters
Bomonti
Çağlayan
Çiftecevizler
Elmadağ
Gülbağ
Kurtuluş
Nişantaşı
Okmeydanı
Osmanbey
Pangaltı
Sıracevizler
Topağacı
Zincirlikuyu
Monuments
Atatürk Museum
Cemal Reşit Rey Concert Hall
Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre
Ihlamur Pavilion
Istanbul Cevahir
Istanbul Military Museum
Kanyon Shopping Mall
MetroCity AVM
Monument of Liberty
Profilo Shopping Center
Şişli Plaza
Teşvikiye Mosque
Closed
Ali Sami Yen Stadium
Metro Stations
Gayrettepe (part)
Levent (part)
Osmanbey
Şişli - Mecidiyeköy (part)
Turkey portal
Category
vte Shopping centres and retailers in TürkiyeShoppingcentresIstanbulMixed-use dev.
Akasya
Akmerkez
Galataport
Kanyon
Mall of Istanbul
MetroCity
Metropol
Özdilekpark
Piyalepaşa
Zorlu Center
Malls
Atirus
Capitol
Carousel
CarrefourSA Maltepe Park
Galleria Ataköy
Grand Pera
Istanbul Cevahir
İstinye Park
Olivium
Profilo
Tepe Nautilus
Bazaars
Grand Bazaar
Mahmutpasha Bazaar
Spice Bazaar
Areas
Bağdat Avenue
Eminönü
İstiklal Avenue
Nişantaşı
Other
ANKAmall (Ankara)
Özdilekpark Antalya
Özdilekpark Bursa
Sanko Park (Gaziantep)
Türkiye-basedretailgroups,chainsBeymen
Beymen
Beymen Classics
Beymen Club
Beymen Seasons
Divarese
NetWork Classics
Boyner
Boyner
Altınyıldız Classics
Beymen Business
Eroğlu
Colin's
Loft
MEXX
Other
Atelier Rebul
Bimeks†
DeFacto
FLO
Kiğılı
Koton
LC Waikiki
Özdilek
Paşabahçe
Ramsey
Vakko
†defunct
41°04′34″N 29°00′47″E / 41.07620°N 29.01305°E / 41.07620; 29.01305 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metrocity_Istanbul_3970_Nevit.JPG"},{"link_name":"shopping mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall"},{"link_name":"Büyükdere Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkdere_Avenue"},{"link_name":"1. Levent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levent"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Levent subway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levent_(Istanbul_Metro)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Interior viewMetroCity AVM, opened on April 30, 2003, is a modern shopping mall on the Büyükdere Avenue in the finance and business quarter of 1. Levent in Istanbul, Turkey, with a direct connection to the Levent subway station.The complex comprises a shopping mall and three towers which rise above it: a 27-floor office tower on Büyükdere Avenue (31 floors when counted from the Zincirlikuyu level at the opposite side),[1] and two residential towers, each having 31 floors (35 floors from Zincirlikuyu level).[2][3]","title":"MetroCity AVM"}] | [{"image_text":"Interior view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Metrocity_Istanbul_3970_Nevit.JPG/220px-Metrocity_Istanbul_3970_Nevit.JPG"}] | [{"title":"List of shopping malls in Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Istanbul"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=MetroCity_AVM¶ms=41.07620_N_29.01305_E_source:placeopedia","external_links_name":"41°04′34″N 29°00′47″E / 41.07620°N 29.01305°E / 41.07620; 29.01305"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22MetroCity+AVM%22","external_links_name":"\"MetroCity AVM\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22MetroCity+AVM%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22MetroCity+AVM%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22MetroCity+AVM%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22MetroCity+AVM%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22MetroCity+AVM%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.metrocity.com.tr/","external_links_name":"www.metrocity.com.tr"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131954/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=metrocitymillennium1-istanbul-turkey","external_links_name":"Emporis: MetroCity Tower 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070422010635/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=metrocitymillennium2-istanbul-turkey","external_links_name":"Emporis: MetroCity Tower 2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070422015411/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=metrocitymillennium3-istanbul-turkey","external_links_name":"Emporis: MetroCity Tower 3"},{"Link":"http://www.metrocity.com.tr/","external_links_name":"MetroCity Official Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070501024138/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/cx/?id=metrocity-istanbul","external_links_name":"Emporis Buildings Database: MetroCity"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=MetroCity_AVM¶ms=41.07620_N_29.01305_E_source:placeopedia","external_links_name":"41°04′34″N 29°00′47″E / 41.07620°N 29.01305°E / 41.07620; 29.01305"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina | Caridina | ["1 Taxonomy and species","2 Threats and Conservation","3 References","4 External links"] | Genus of crustaceans
Caridina
Caridina multidentata
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Malacostraca
Order:
Decapoda
Suborder:
Pleocyemata
Infraorder:
Caridea
Family:
Atyidae
Genus:
CaridinaH. Milne-Edwards, 1837
Species
Around 340, see text
Caridina is a genus of freshwater atyid shrimp. They are widely found in tropical or subtropical water in Asia, Oceania and Africa. They are filter-feeders and omnivorous scavengers. They range from 0.9 to 9.8 mm (C. cantonensis) to 1.2–7.4 mm (C. serrata) in carapace length.
Taxonomy and species
Caridina serratirostris, a widespread freshwater species from the Indo-Pacific region
Caridina dennerli, one of several species restricted to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi
Caridina cantonensis is widely kept in aquariums and several color forms have been achieved through selective breeding
There is evidence for hybridization between sympatric taxa, requiring care when interpreting molecular phylogenetic analyses that do not use a large number of specimens.
As of March 2022, the Integrated Taxonomic Information System lists the genus Caridina as having 340 species. These include the following species:
Caridina ablepsia Guo, Jiang & Zhang, 1992
Caridina acuta Liang, Chen & W.-X. Li, 2005
Caridina acutirostris Schenkel, 1902
Caridina africana Kingsley, 1883
Caridina alba J. Li & S. Li, 2010
Caridina alphonsi Bouvier, 1919
Caridina amnicolizambezi Richard & Clark, 2009
Caridina amoyensis Liang & Yan, 1977
Caridina angulata Bouvier, 1905
Caridina angustipes Guo & Liang, 2003
Caridina anislaq Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009
Caridina annandalei Kemp, 1918
Caridina apodosis Cai & N. K. Ng, 1999
Caridina appendiculata Jalihal & Shenoy, 1998
Caridina aruensis Roux, 1911
Caridina bakoensis Ng, 1995
Caridina bamaensis Liang & Yan, 1983
Caridina baojingensis Guo, He & Bai, 1992
Caridina barakoma de Mazancourt et al. 2020
Caridina batuan Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009
Caridina belazoniensis Richard & Clark, 2009
Caridina boehmei Klotz & von Rintelen, 2013
Caridina boholensis Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009
Caridina brachydactyla De Man, 1908
Caridina brevidactyla Roux, 1919
Caridina breviata N. K. Ng & Cai, 2000
Caridina brevicarpalis De Man, 1892
Caridina brevispina Liang & Yan, 1986
Caridina bruneiana Choy, 1992
Caridina buehleri Roux, 1934
Caridina buergersi Karge, von Rintelen & Klotz, 2010
Caridina buhi Cai & Shokita, 2006
Caridina bunyonyiensis Richard & Clark, 2005
Caridina burmensis Cai & Ng, 2000
Caridina butonensis Klotz & von Rintelen, 2013
Caridina caerulea von Rintelen & Cai, 2009
Caridina calmani Bouvier, 1919
Caridina camaro Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009
Caridina cantonensis Yü, 1938
Caridina caobangensis S.-Q. Li & Liang, 2002
Caridina carli Roux, 1931
Caridina cavalerieioides Liu & Liang in Liang, 2004
Caridina caverna Liang, Chen & W.-X. Li, 2005
Caridina cavernicola Liang & Zhou, 1993
Caridina cebuensis Cai & Shokita, 2006
Caridina celebensis De Man, 1892
Caridina celestinoi Blanco, 1939
Caridina chauhani Chopra & Tiwari, 1949
Caridina choiseul de Mazancourt et al. 2020
Caridina chishuiensis Cai & Yuan, 1996
Caridina clavipes Guo & Liang, 2003
Caridina clinata Cai, X. Q. Nguyên & Ng, 1999
Caridina cognata De Man, 1915
Caridina confusa Choy & Marshall, 1997
Caridina congoensis Richard & Clark, 2009
Caridina cornuta Liang & Yan, 1986
Caridina costai de Silva, 1982
Caridina crassipes Liang, 1993
Caridina crurispinata Gurney, 1984
Caridina cucphuongensis Đăng, 1980
Caridina curta Liang & Cai, 2000
Caridina demani Roux, 1911
Caridina demenica Cai & Li, 1997
Caridina dennerli von Rintelen & Cai, 2009
Caridina denticulata
Caridina dentifrons N. K. Ng & Cai, 2000
Caridina devaneyi Choy, 1991
Caridina dianchiensis Liang & Yan, 1985
Caridina disjuncta Cai & Liang, 1999
Caridina disparidentata Liang, Yan & Wang, 1984
Caridina ebuneus Richard & Clark, 2009
Caridina edulis Bouvier, 1904
Caridina elisabethae Karge, von Rintelen & Klotz, 2010
Caridina elliptica Cai & Yuan, 1996
Caridina elongapoda Liang & Yan, 1977
Caridina endehensis De Man, 1892
Caridina ensifera Schenkel, 1902
Caridina evae Richard & Clark, 2009
Caridina excavata Kemp, 1913
Caridina excavatoides Johnson, 1961
Caridina fasciata Hung, Chan & Yu, 1993
Caridina fecunda Roux, 1911
Caridina feixiana Cai & Liang, 1999
Caridina fernandoi Arudpragasam & Costa, 1962
Caridina fijiana Choy, 1983
Caridina flavilineata Đăng, 1975
Caridina formosae Hung, Chan & Yu, 1993
Caridina fossarum Heller, 1862
Caridina fusca Klotz, Wowor & von Rintelen, 2021
Caridina gabonensis Roux, 1927
Caridina ghanensis Richard & Clark, 2009
Caridina glaubrechti von Rintelen & Cai, 2009
Caridina glossopoda Liang, Guo & Gao, 1993
Caridina gordonae Richard & Clark, 2005
Caridina gortio Cai & Anker, 2004
Caridina gracilipes De Man, 1892
Caridina gracilirostris De Man, 1892
Caridina gracillima Lanchester, 1901
Caridina grandirostris Stimpson, 1860
Caridina guangxiensis Liang & Zhou, 1993
Caridina gueryi Marquet, Keith & Kalfatak, 2009
Caridina guiyangensis Liang, 2002
Caridina gurneyi Jalihal, Shenoy & Sankolli, 1984
Caridina hainanensis Liang & Yan, 1983
Caridina hanshanensis Tan, 1990
Caridina harmandi Bouvier, 1906
Caridina hodgarti Kemp, 1913
Caridina holthuisi von Rintelen & Cai, 2009
Caridina hongyanensis Cai & Yuan, 1996
Caridina hova Nobili, 1905
Caridina huananensis Liang, 2004
Caridina hubeiensis Liang & S.-Q. Li, 1993
Caridina hunanensis Liang, Guo & Gao, 1993
Caridina imitatrix Holthuis, 1970
Caridina intermedia de Mazancourt et al. 2020
Caridina jalihali Mariappan & Richard, 2006
Caridina jeani Cai, 2010
Caridina jiangxiensis Liang & Zheng, 1985
Caridina johnsoni Cai, Ng & Choy, 2007
Caridina kaombeflutilis Richard & Clark, 2010
Caridina kempi Jalihal, Shenoy & Sankolli, 1984
Caridina kilimae Hilgendorf, 1898
Caridina kunmingensis Z.-Z. Wang & Liang, 2001
Caridina kunnathurensis Richard & Chandran, 1994
Caridina laevis Heller, 1862
Caridina lamiana Holthuis, 1965
Caridina lanceifrons Yu, 1936
Caridina lanceolata Woltereck, 1937
Caridina lanzana Holthuis, 1980
Caridina laoagensis Blanco, 1939
Caridina laroeha Klotz & von Rintelen, 2013
Caridina leclerci Cai & Ng, 2009
Caridina leucosticta Stimpson, 1860
Caridina leytensis Blanco, 1939
Caridina liangi Jiang, Guo & Zhang, 2002
Caridina liaoi Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009
Caridina lilianae Klotz, Wowor & von Rintelen, 2021
Caridina lima Liang, Guo & Gao, 1993
Caridina linduensis Roux, 1904
Caridina lineorostris Richard & Clark, 2009
Caridina lingkonae Woltereck, 1937
Caridina lipalmaria Richard & Clark, 2010
Caridina liui Liang & Yan, 1986
Caridina lobocensis Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009
Caridina loehae Woltereck, 1937
Caridina longa Liang & Yan, 1985
Caridina longiacuta Guo & Wang, 2005
Caridina longicarpus Roux, 1926
Caridina longidigita Cai & Wowor, 2007
Caridina longifrons Cai & Ng, 2007
Caridina longirostris H. Milne-Edwards, 1837
Caridina lovoensis Roth-Woltereck, 1955
Caridina lufengensis Cai & Duan, 1998
Caridina lumilympha Richard & Clark, 2010
Caridina macrodentata Cai & Shokita, 2006
Caridina macrophora Kemp, 1918
Caridina maculata L. Wang, Liang & F. Li, 2008
Caridina maeana de Mazancourt et al. 2020
Caridina mahalona Cai, Wowor & Choy, 2009
Caridina malawensis Richard & Clark, 2009
Caridina malayensis Cai, Ng & Choy, 2007
Caridina mariae Klotz & von Rintelen, 2014
Caridina marlenae Klotz, Wowor & von Rintelen, 2021
Caridina masapi Woltereck, 1937
Caridina mathiassi Silas & Jayachandran, 2010
Caridina mauritii Bouvier, 1912
Caridina mayamareenae Klotz, Wowor & von Rintelen, 2021
Caridina mccullochi Roux, 1926
Caridina medifolia Cai & Yuan, 1996
Caridina mengae Liang, 1993
Caridina mengaeoides Guo & Suzuki, 1996
Caridina menghaiensis Cai & Dai, 1999
Caridina meridionalis L. Wang, Liang & F. Li, 2008
Caridina mertoni Roux, 1911
Caridina mesofluminis Richard & Clark, 2009
Caridina mindanao Cai & Shokita, 2006
Caridina minidentata Cai & Anker, 2004
Caridina minnanica Liang, 2002
Caridina modiglianii Nobili, 1900
Caridina moeri Roth-Woltereck, 1984
Caridina mongziensis Liang, Yan & Z.-Z. Wang, 1987
Caridina multidentata Stimpson, 1860
Caridina nana de Mazancourt et al. 2020
Caridina nanaoensis Cai & N. K. Ng, 1999
Caridina natalensis Bouvier, 1925
Caridina natarajani Tiwari & R. S. Pillai, 1968
Caridina neglecta Cai & Ng, 2007
Caridina nguyeni S.-Q. Li & Liang, 2002
Caridina nilotica (Roux, 1833)
Caridina norvestica Holthuis, 1965
Caridina novaecaledoniae Roux, 1926
Caridina nudirostris Choy, 1984
Caridina okiamnis Richard & Clark, 2009
Caridina okinawa Cai & Shokita, 2006
Caridina oligospina Liang, Guo & Tang, 1999
Caridina opaensis Roux, 1904
Caridina palawanensis Cai & Shokita, 2006
Caridina panikkari Jalihal, Shenoy & Sankolli, 1984
Caridina papuana Nobili, 1905
Caridina paracornuta Cai & Yuan, 1996
Caridina pareparensis De Man, 1892
Caridina paratypus de Mazancourt et al. 2020
Caridina parvidentata Roux, 1904
Caridina parvirostris De Man, 1892
Caridina parvocula Gurney, 1984
Caridina parvula von Rintelen & Cai, 2009
Caridina paucidentata Wang & Liang, 2005
Caridina paucidentata L.-Q. Wang & Liang, 2005
Caridina pedicultrata Guo & Choy, 1994
Caridina peninsularis Kemp, 1918
Caridina petiti Roux, 1929
Caridina pingi Yü, 1938
Caridina pingioides Yü, 1938
Caridina piokerai de Mazancourt et al. 2020
Caridina pisuku de Mazancourt et al. 2020
Caridina plicata Liang, 2004
Caridina poarae de Mazancourt et al. 2020
Caridina poso Klotz, Wowor & von Rintelen, 2021
Caridina prashadi Tiwari & R. S. Pillai, 1971
Caridina pristis Roux, 1931
Caridina profundicola von Rintelen & Cai, 2009
Caridina propinqua De Man, 1908
Caridina pseudodenticulata Hung, Chan & Yu, 1993
Caridina pseudonilotica Richard & Clark, 2005
Caridina pseudoserrata Đăng & Ðỗ, 2007
Caridina qingyuanensis Guo & He, 2007
Caridina rajadhari Bouvier, 1918
Caridina rangoona Cai & Ng, 2000
Caridina rapaensis Edmondson, 1935
Caridina richtersi Thallwitz, 1892
Caridina roubaudi Bouvier, 1925
Caridina rouxi De Man, 1915
Caridina rubella Fujino & Shokita, 1975
Caridina rubropunctata Đăng & Ðỗ, 2007
Caridina samar Cai & Anker, 2004
Caridina sarasinorum Schenkel, 1902
Caridina schenkeli von Rintelen & Cai, 2009
Caridina semiblepsia Guo, Choy & Gui, 1996
Caridina serrata Stimpson, 1860
Caridina serratirostris De Man, 1892
Caridina shenoyi Jalihal & Sankolli in Jalihal, Shenoy & Sankolli, 1984
Caridina sikipozo de Mazancourt et al. 2020
Caridina shilinica Liang & Cai, 2000
Caridina similis Bouvier, 1904
Caridina simoni Bouvier, 1904
Caridina sinanensis Xu, Li, Zheng & Guo, 2020
Caridina sodenensis Richard & Clark, 2009
Caridina solearipes Guo & De Grave, 1997
Caridina songtaoensis Liang, 2004
Caridina spathulirostris Richters, 1880
Caridina spelunca Choy, 1996
Caridina sphyrapoda Liang & Zhou, 1993
Caridina spinalifrons Guo & De Grave, 1997
Caridina spinata Woltereck, 1937
Caridina spinipoda Liang, Hong & Yang, 1990
Caridina spinosipes Liang, Guo & Tang, 1999
Caridina spinula Choy & Marshall, 1997
Caridina spongicola Zitzler & Cai, 2006
Caridina steineri Cai, 2005
Caridina striata von Rintelen & Cai, 2009
Caridina subventralis Richard & Clark, 2005
Caridina sulawesi Cai & Ng, 2009
Caridina sumatianica Cai & Yuan, 1996
Caridina sumatrensis De Man, 1892
Caridina sundanella Holthuis, 1978
Caridina susuruflabra Richard & Clark, 2009
Caridina temasek Choy & Ng, 1991
Caridina tenuirostris Woltereck, 1937
Caridina tetrazona Chen, Chen, & Guo, 2020
Caridina thambipillai Johnson, 1961
Caridina thermophila Riek, 1953
Caridina thomasi von Rintelen, Karge & Klotz, 2008
Caridina timorensis De Man, 1893
Caridina togoensis Hilgendorf, 1893
Caridina tonkinensis Bouvier, 1919
Caridina trifasciata Yam & Cai, 2003
Caridina troglodytes Holthuis, 1978
Caridina troglophila Holthuis, 1965
Caridina tumida L. Wang, Liang & F. Li, 2008
Caridina tupaia de Mazancourt, Marquet & Keith, 2019
Caridina turipi de Mazancourt et al. 2020
Caridina typus H. Milne-Edwards, 1837
Caridina uminensis Đăng & Ðỗ, 2007
Caridina umtatensis Richard & Clark, 2009
Caridina unca Gurney, 1984
Caridina valencia Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009
Caridina venusta L. Wang, Liang & F. Li, 2008
Caridina vietriensis Đăng & Ðỗ, 2007
Caridina villadolidi Blanco, 1939
Caridina vitiensis Borradaile, 1899
Caridina weberi De Man, 1892
Caridina williamsi Cai & Ng, 2000
Caridina woltereckae Cai, Wowor & Choy, 2009
Caridina wumingensis Cai & N. K. Ng, 1999
Caridina wyckii (Hickson, 1888)
Caridina xiangnanensis X.-Y. Liu, Guo & Yu, 2006
Caridina xiphias Bouvier, 1925
Caridina yilong Cai & Liang, 1999
Caridina yulinica Cai & N. K. Ng, 1999
Caridina yunnanensis Yü, 1938
Caridina zebra Short, 1993
Caridina zeylanica Arudpragasam & Costa, 1962
Caridina zhejiangensis Liang & Zheng, 1985
Caridina zhongshanica Liang, 2004
A number of phylogenetic studies have questioned the monophyly of Caridina.
Threats and Conservation
As of March 2023, the IUCN Red List lists 56 Caridina species as threatened, with 18 listed as critically endangered, 5 listed as endangered, and 33 listed as vulnerable.
Of these, two (Caridina apodosis and Caridina yilong) are listed as possibly extinct and one (Caridina dennerli) is listed as possibly extinct in the wild.
References
^ Milne Edwards, Henri (1837). "Genre CARIDINE. — Caridina". Histoire naturelle des crustacés. Vol. 2. Paris: Libraire encyclopédique de Roret. pp. 362–363.
^ "Caridina". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
^ Kristina von Rintelen, Thomas von Rintelen & Matthias Glaubrecht (2007). "Molecular phylogeny and diversification of freshwater shrimps (Decapoda, Atyidae, Caridina) from ancient Lake Poso (Sulawesi, Indonesia) – the importance of being colourful" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (3): 1033–1041. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.002. PMID 17702608.
^ "Caridina". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
^ Charles Fransen (2011). "Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 ". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
^ Xu, Da-Jian; Li, Deng-Xu; Zheng, Xiao-Zhuang; Guo, Zhao-Liang (2020-12-31). "Caridina sinanensis, a new species of stygobiotic atyid shrimp (Decapoda, Caridea, Atyidae) from a karst cave in the Guizhou Province, southwestern China". ZooKeys (1008): 17–35. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1008.54190. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 7790810. PMID 33505186.
^ Klotz, Werner, et al. "Lake Poso's shrimp fauna revisited: the description of five new species of the genus Caridina (Crustacea, Decapoda, Atyidae) more than doubles the number of endemic lacustrine species." ZooKeys 1009 (2021): 81.
^ de Mazancourt, Valentin; Boseto, David; Marquet, Gerard; Keith, Philippe (2020). "Solomon's Gold Mine: Description or redescription of 24 species of Caridina (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) freshwater shrimps from the Solomon Islands, including 11 new species". European Journal of Taxonomy (696). doi:10.5852/ejt.2020.696. S2CID 225426844.
^ Klotz, Werner; Von Rintelen, Kristina (2013). "Three new species of Caridina (Decapoda: Atyidae) from Central Sulawesi and Buton Island, Indonesia, and a checklist of the islands' endemic species". Zootaxa. 3664 (4): 554–570. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3664.4.8. PMID 26266319. Retrieved 28 Feb 2022.
^ Milne Edwards, Henri (1837). "Caridine longirostre. — C. longirostris". Histoire naturelle des crustacés. Vol. 2. Paris: Libraire encyclopédique de Roret. p. 363.
^ Milne Edwards, Henri (1837). "Caridine type. — C. typus". Histoire naturelle des crustacés. Vol. 2. Paris: Libraire encyclopédique de Roret. p. 363.
^ von Rintelen, Kristina; Page, Timothy J.; Cai, Yixiong; Roe, Kevin; Stelbrink, Björn; Kuhajda, Bernard R.; Iliffe, Thomas M.; Hughes, Jane; von Rintelen, Thomas (2012). "Drawn to the dark side: A molecular phylogeny of freshwater shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae) reveals frequent cave invasions and challenges current taxonomic hypotheses". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (1): 82–96. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.015. PMID 22209861. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
^ "IUCN Red List Advanced Search". www.iucnredlist.org. IUCN. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caridina.
Red bee shrimp (aka crystal red shrimp)
Bee shrimp breeder
Taxon identifiersCaridina
Wikidata: Q133303
Wikispecies: Caridina
ADW: Caridina
AFD: Caridina
BioLib: 32903
BOLD: 153092
CoL: 8V57Q
EoL: 39238
Fauna Europaea: 123408
GBIF: 2223051
iNaturalist: 349773
ITIS: 97253
NCBI: 96236
Open Tree of Life: 76861
Paleobiology Database: 215163
Plazi: FE3A8794-9C1A-FFE8-FF2F-FE16C82566FC
WoRMS: 240672
Authority control databases: National
Israel | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"atyid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atyidae"},{"link_name":"shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridea"},{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical"},{"link_name":"subtropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"filter-feeders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_feeding"},{"link_name":"omnivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivorous"},{"link_name":"scavengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenger"},{"link_name":"C. cantonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_cantonensis"},{"link_name":"C. serrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_serrata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"carapace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carapace"}],"text":"Caridina is a genus of freshwater atyid shrimp. They are widely found in tropical or subtropical water in Asia, Oceania and Africa. They are filter-feeders and omnivorous scavengers. They range from 0.9 to 9.8 mm (C. cantonensis) to 1.2–7.4 mm (C. serrata) in carapace length.","title":"Caridina"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Himenuma070731.jpg"},{"link_name":"Caridina serratirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_serratirostris"},{"link_name":"Indo-Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caridina-dennerli.jpg"},{"link_name":"Caridina dennerli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_dennerli"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caridina-cf-cantonensis-red-bee.jpg"},{"link_name":"Caridina cantonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_cantonensis"},{"link_name":"selective breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding"},{"link_name":"hybridization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"sympatric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympatric"},{"link_name":"taxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon"},{"link_name":"molecular phylogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rintelen-3"},{"link_name":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Caridina ablepsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_ablepsia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina acuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_acuta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina acutirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_acutirostris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina africana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_africana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_alba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina alphonsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_alphonsi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina amnicolizambezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_amnicolizambezi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina amoyensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_amoyensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina angulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_angulata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina angustipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_angustipes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina anislaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_anislaq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina annandalei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_annandalei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina apodosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_apodosis"},{"link_name":"Caridina appendiculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_appendiculata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina aruensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_aruensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina bakoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_bakoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina bamaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_bamaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina baojingensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_baojingensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina barakoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_barakoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina batuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_batuan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina belazoniensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_belazoniensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina boehmei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_boehmei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina boholensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_boholensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina brachydactyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_brachydactyla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina brevidactyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_brevidactyla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina breviata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_breviata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina brevicarpalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_brevicarpalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina brevispina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_brevispina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina bruneiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_bruneiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina buehleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_buehleri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina buergersi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_buergersi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina buhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_buhi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina bunyonyiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_bunyonyiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina burmensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_burmensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina butonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_butonensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina caerulea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_caerulea"},{"link_name":"Caridina calmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_calmani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina camaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_camaro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina cantonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_cantonensis"},{"link_name":"Caridina caobangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_caobangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina carli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_carli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina cavalerieioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_cavalerieioides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina caverna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_caverna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina cavernicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_cavernicola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina cebuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_cebuensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina celebensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_celebensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina celestinoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_celestinoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina chauhani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_chauhani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina choiseul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_choiseul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina chishuiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_chishuiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina clavipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_clavipes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina clinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_clinata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina cognata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_cognata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina confusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_confusa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina congoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_congoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina cornuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_cornuta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina costai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_costai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina crassipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_crassipes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina crurispinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_crurispinata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina cucphuongensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_cucphuongensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina curta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_curta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina demani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_demani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina demenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_demenica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina dennerli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_dennerli"},{"link_name":"Caridina denticulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_denticulata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina dentifrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_dentifrons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina devaneyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_devaneyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina dianchiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_dianchiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina disjuncta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_disjuncta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina disparidentata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_disparidentata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina ebuneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_ebuneus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina edulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_edulis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina elisabethae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_elisabethae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina elliptica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_elliptica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina elongapoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_elongapoda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina endehensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_endehensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina ensifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_ensifera"},{"link_name":"Caridina evae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_evae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina excavata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_excavata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina excavatoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_excavatoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina fasciata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_fasciata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina fecunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_fecunda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina feixiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_feixiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina fernandoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_fernandoi"},{"link_name":"Caridina fijiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_fijiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina flavilineata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_flavilineata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina formosae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_formosae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina fossarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_fossarum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina fusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_fusca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina gabonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_gabonensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina ghanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_ghanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina glaubrechti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_glaubrechti"},{"link_name":"Caridina glossopoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_glossopoda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina gordonae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_gordonae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina gortio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_gortio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina gracilipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_gracilipes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina gracilirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_gracilirostris"},{"link_name":"Caridina gracillima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_gracillima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina grandirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_grandirostris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina guangxiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_guangxiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina gueryi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_gueryi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina guiyangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_guiyangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina gurneyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_gurneyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina hainanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_hainanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina hanshanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_hanshanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina harmandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_harmandi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina hodgarti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_hodgarti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina holthuisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_holthuisi"},{"link_name":"Caridina hongyanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_hongyanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina hova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_hova&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina huananensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_huananensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina hubeiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_hubeiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina hunanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_hunanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina imitatrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_imitatrix&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina intermedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_intermedia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina jalihali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_jalihali&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina jeani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_jeani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina jiangxiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_jiangxiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina johnsoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_johnsoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina kaombeflutilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_kaombeflutilis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina kempi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_kempi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina kilimae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_kilimae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina kunmingensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_kunmingensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina kunnathurensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_kunnathurensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina laevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_laevis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina lamiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_lamiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina lanceifrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_lanceifrons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina lanceolata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_lanceolata"},{"link_name":"Caridina lanzana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_lanzana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina laoagensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_laoagensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina laroeha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_laroeha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina leclerci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_leclerci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina leucosticta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_leucosticta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina leytensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_leytensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina liangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_liangi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina liaoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_liaoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina lilianae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_lilianae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_lima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina linduensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_linduensis"},{"link_name":"Caridina lineorostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_lineorostris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina lingkonae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_lingkonae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina lipalmaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_lipalmaria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina liui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_liui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina lobocensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_lobocensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina loehae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_loehae"},{"link_name":"Caridina longa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_longa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina longiacuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_longiacuta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina longicarpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_longicarpus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina longidigita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_longidigita"},{"link_name":"Caridina longifrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_longifrons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina longirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_longirostris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Caridina lovoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_lovoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina lufengensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_lufengensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina lumilympha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_lumilympha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina macrodentata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_macrodentata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina macrophora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_macrophora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina maculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_maculata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina maeana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_maeana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina mahalona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_mahalona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina malawensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_malawensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina malayensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_malayensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina mariae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_mariae"},{"link_name":"Caridina marlenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_marlenae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina masapi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_masapi"},{"link_name":"Caridina mathiassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_mathiassi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina mauritii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_mauritii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina mayamareenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_mayamareenae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina mccullochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_mccullochi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina medifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_medifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina mengae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_mengae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina mengaeoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_mengaeoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina menghaiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_menghaiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina meridionalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_meridionalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina mertoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_mertoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina mesofluminis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_mesofluminis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_mindanao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina minidentata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_minidentata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina minnanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_minnanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina modiglianii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_modiglianii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina moeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_moeri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina mongziensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_mongziensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina multidentata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_multidentata"},{"link_name":"Caridina nana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_nana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina nanaoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_nanaoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina natalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_natalensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina natarajani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_natarajani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina neglecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_neglecta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina nguyeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_nguyeni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina nilotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_nilotica"},{"link_name":"Caridina norvestica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_norvestica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina novaecaledoniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_novaecaledoniae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina nudirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_nudirostris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina okiamnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_okiamnis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_okinawa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina oligospina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_oligospina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina opaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_opaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina palawanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_palawanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina panikkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_panikkari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina papuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_papuana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina paracornuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_paracornuta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina pareparensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_pareparensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina paratypus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_paratypus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina parvidentata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_parvidentata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina parvirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_parvirostris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina parvocula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_parvocula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina parvula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_parvula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina paucidentata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_paucidentata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina paucidentata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_paucidentata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina pedicultrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_pedicultrata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina peninsularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_peninsularis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina petiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_petiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina pingi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_pingi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina pingioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_pingioides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina piokerai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_piokerai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina pisuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_pisuku&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina plicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_plicata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina poarae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_poarae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina poso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_poso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina prashadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_prashadi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina pristis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_pristis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina profundicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_profundicola"},{"link_name":"Caridina propinqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_propinqua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina pseudodenticulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_pseudodenticulata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina pseudonilotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_pseudonilotica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina pseudoserrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_pseudoserrata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina qingyuanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_qingyuanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina rajadhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_rajadhari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina rangoona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_rangoona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina rapaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_rapaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina richtersi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_richtersi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina roubaudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_roubaudi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina rouxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_rouxi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina rubella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_rubella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina rubropunctata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_rubropunctata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina samar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_samar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina sarasinorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_sarasinorum"},{"link_name":"Caridina schenkeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_schenkeli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina semiblepsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_semiblepsia"},{"link_name":"Caridina serrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_serrata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina serratirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_serratirostris"},{"link_name":"Caridina shenoyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_shenoyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina sikipozo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_sikipozo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina shilinica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_shilinica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina similis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_similis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina simoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_simoni"},{"link_name":"Caridina sinanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_sinanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina sodenensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_sodenensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina solearipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_solearipes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina songtaoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_songtaoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina spathulirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_spathulirostris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina spelunca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_spelunca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina sphyrapoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_sphyrapoda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina spinalifrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_spinalifrons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina spinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_spinata"},{"link_name":"Caridina spinipoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_spinipoda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina spinosipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_spinosipes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina spinula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_spinula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina spongicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_spongicola"},{"link_name":"Caridina steineri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_steineri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina striata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_striata"},{"link_name":"Caridina subventralis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_subventralis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_sulawesi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina sumatianica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_sumatianica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina sumatrensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_sumatrensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina sundanella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_sundanella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina susuruflabra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_susuruflabra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina temasek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_temasek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina tenuirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_tenuirostris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina tetrazona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_tetrazona"},{"link_name":"Caridina thambipillai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_thambipillai"},{"link_name":"Caridina thermophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_thermophila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina thomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_thomasi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina timorensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_timorensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina togoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_togoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina tonkinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_tonkinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina trifasciata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_trifasciata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina troglodytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_troglodytes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina troglophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_troglophila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina tumida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_tumida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina tupaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_tupaia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina turipi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_turipi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina typus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_typus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Caridina uminensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_uminensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina umtatensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_umtatensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina unca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_unca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_valencia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina venusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_venusta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina vietriensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_vietriensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina villadolidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_villadolidi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina vitiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_vitiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina weberi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_weberi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina williamsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_williamsi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina woltereckae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_woltereckae"},{"link_name":"Caridina wumingensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_wumingensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina wyckii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_wyckii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina xiangnanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_xiangnanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina xiphias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_xiphias&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina yilong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_yilong"},{"link_name":"Caridina yulinica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_yulinica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina yunnanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_yunnanensis"},{"link_name":"Caridina zebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_zebra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina zeylanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_zeylanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina zhejiangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_zhejiangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caridina zhongshanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridina_zhongshanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic"},{"link_name":"monophyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyly"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Caridina serratirostris, a widespread freshwater species from the Indo-Pacific regionCaridina dennerli, one of several species restricted to the Indonesian island of SulawesiCaridina cantonensis is widely kept in aquariums and several color forms have been achieved through selective breedingThere is evidence for hybridization between sympatric taxa, requiring care when interpreting molecular phylogenetic analyses that do not use a large number of specimens.[3]As of March 2022, the Integrated Taxonomic Information System lists the genus Caridina as having 340 species.[4] These include the following species:[5][6][7][8][9]Caridina ablepsia Guo, Jiang & Zhang, 1992\nCaridina acuta Liang, Chen & W.-X. Li, 2005\nCaridina acutirostris Schenkel, 1902\nCaridina africana Kingsley, 1883\nCaridina alba J. Li & S. Li, 2010\nCaridina alphonsi Bouvier, 1919\nCaridina amnicolizambezi Richard & Clark, 2009\nCaridina amoyensis Liang & Yan, 1977\nCaridina angulata Bouvier, 1905\nCaridina angustipes Guo & Liang, 2003\nCaridina anislaq Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009\nCaridina annandalei Kemp, 1918\nCaridina apodosis Cai & N. K. Ng, 1999\nCaridina appendiculata Jalihal & Shenoy, 1998\nCaridina aruensis Roux, 1911\nCaridina bakoensis Ng, 1995\nCaridina bamaensis Liang & Yan, 1983\nCaridina baojingensis Guo, He & Bai, 1992\nCaridina barakoma de Mazancourt et al. 2020\nCaridina batuan Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009\nCaridina belazoniensis Richard & Clark, 2009\nCaridina boehmei Klotz & von Rintelen, 2013\nCaridina boholensis Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009\nCaridina brachydactyla De Man, 1908\nCaridina brevidactyla Roux, 1919\nCaridina breviata N. K. Ng & Cai, 2000\nCaridina brevicarpalis De Man, 1892\nCaridina brevispina Liang & Yan, 1986\nCaridina bruneiana Choy, 1992\nCaridina buehleri Roux, 1934\nCaridina buergersi Karge, von Rintelen & Klotz, 2010\nCaridina buhi Cai & Shokita, 2006\nCaridina bunyonyiensis Richard & Clark, 2005\nCaridina burmensis Cai & Ng, 2000\nCaridina butonensis Klotz & von Rintelen, 2013\nCaridina caerulea von Rintelen & Cai, 2009\nCaridina calmani Bouvier, 1919\nCaridina camaro Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009\nCaridina cantonensis Yü, 1938\nCaridina caobangensis S.-Q. Li & Liang, 2002\nCaridina carli Roux, 1931\nCaridina cavalerieioides Liu & Liang in Liang, 2004\nCaridina caverna Liang, Chen & W.-X. Li, 2005\nCaridina cavernicola Liang & Zhou, 1993\nCaridina cebuensis Cai & Shokita, 2006\nCaridina celebensis De Man, 1892\nCaridina celestinoi Blanco, 1939\nCaridina chauhani Chopra & Tiwari, 1949\nCaridina choiseul de Mazancourt et al. 2020\nCaridina chishuiensis Cai & Yuan, 1996\nCaridina clavipes Guo & Liang, 2003\nCaridina clinata Cai, X. Q. Nguyên & Ng, 1999\nCaridina cognata De Man, 1915\nCaridina confusa Choy & Marshall, 1997\nCaridina congoensis Richard & Clark, 2009\nCaridina cornuta Liang & Yan, 1986\nCaridina costai de Silva, 1982\nCaridina crassipes Liang, 1993\nCaridina crurispinata Gurney, 1984\nCaridina cucphuongensis Đăng, 1980\nCaridina curta Liang & Cai, 2000\nCaridina demani Roux, 1911\nCaridina demenica Cai & Li, 1997\nCaridina dennerli von Rintelen & Cai, 2009\nCaridina denticulata\nCaridina dentifrons N. K. Ng & Cai, 2000\nCaridina devaneyi Choy, 1991\nCaridina dianchiensis Liang & Yan, 1985\nCaridina disjuncta Cai & Liang, 1999\nCaridina disparidentata Liang, Yan & Wang, 1984\nCaridina ebuneus Richard & Clark, 2009\nCaridina edulis Bouvier, 1904\nCaridina elisabethae Karge, von Rintelen & Klotz, 2010\nCaridina elliptica Cai & Yuan, 1996\nCaridina elongapoda Liang & Yan, 1977\nCaridina endehensis De Man, 1892\nCaridina ensifera Schenkel, 1902\nCaridina evae Richard & Clark, 2009\nCaridina excavata Kemp, 1913\nCaridina excavatoides Johnson, 1961\nCaridina fasciata Hung, Chan & Yu, 1993\nCaridina fecunda Roux, 1911\nCaridina feixiana Cai & Liang, 1999\nCaridina fernandoi Arudpragasam & Costa, 1962\nCaridina fijiana Choy, 1983\nCaridina flavilineata Đăng, 1975\nCaridina formosae Hung, Chan & Yu, 1993\nCaridina fossarum Heller, 1862\nCaridina fusca Klotz, Wowor & von Rintelen, 2021\nCaridina gabonensis Roux, 1927\nCaridina ghanensis Richard & Clark, 2009\nCaridina glaubrechti von Rintelen & Cai, 2009\nCaridina glossopoda Liang, Guo & Gao, 1993\nCaridina gordonae Richard & Clark, 2005\nCaridina gortio Cai & Anker, 2004\nCaridina gracilipes De Man, 1892\nCaridina gracilirostris De Man, 1892\nCaridina gracillima Lanchester, 1901\nCaridina grandirostris Stimpson, 1860\nCaridina guangxiensis Liang & Zhou, 1993\nCaridina gueryi Marquet, Keith & Kalfatak, 2009\nCaridina guiyangensis Liang, 2002\nCaridina gurneyi Jalihal, Shenoy & Sankolli, 1984\nCaridina hainanensis Liang & Yan, 1983\nCaridina hanshanensis Tan, 1990\nCaridina harmandi Bouvier, 1906\nCaridina hodgarti Kemp, 1913\nCaridina holthuisi von Rintelen & Cai, 2009\nCaridina hongyanensis Cai & Yuan, 1996\nCaridina hova Nobili, 1905\nCaridina huananensis Liang, 2004\nCaridina hubeiensis Liang & S.-Q. Li, 1993\nCaridina hunanensis Liang, Guo & Gao, 1993\nCaridina imitatrix Holthuis, 1970\nCaridina intermedia de Mazancourt et al. 2020\nCaridina jalihali Mariappan & Richard, 2006\nCaridina jeani Cai, 2010\nCaridina jiangxiensis Liang & Zheng, 1985\nCaridina johnsoni Cai, Ng & Choy, 2007\nCaridina kaombeflutilis Richard & Clark, 2010\nCaridina kempi Jalihal, Shenoy & Sankolli, 1984\nCaridina kilimae Hilgendorf, 1898\nCaridina kunmingensis Z.-Z. Wang & Liang, 2001\nCaridina kunnathurensis Richard & Chandran, 1994\nCaridina laevis Heller, 1862\nCaridina lamiana Holthuis, 1965\nCaridina lanceifrons Yu, 1936\nCaridina lanceolata Woltereck, 1937\nCaridina lanzana Holthuis, 1980\nCaridina laoagensis Blanco, 1939\nCaridina laroeha Klotz & von Rintelen, 2013\nCaridina leclerci Cai & Ng, 2009\nCaridina leucosticta Stimpson, 1860\nCaridina leytensis Blanco, 1939\nCaridina liangi Jiang, Guo & Zhang, 2002\nCaridina liaoi Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009\nCaridina lilianae Klotz, Wowor & von Rintelen, 2021\nCaridina lima Liang, Guo & Gao, 1993\nCaridina linduensis Roux, 1904\nCaridina lineorostris Richard & Clark, 2009\nCaridina lingkonae Woltereck, 1937\nCaridina lipalmaria Richard & Clark, 2010\nCaridina liui Liang & Yan, 1986\nCaridina lobocensis Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009\nCaridina loehae Woltereck, 1937\nCaridina longa Liang & Yan, 1985\nCaridina longiacuta Guo & Wang, 2005\nCaridina longicarpus Roux, 1926\nCaridina longidigita Cai & Wowor, 2007\nCaridina longifrons Cai & Ng, 2007\nCaridina longirostris H. Milne-Edwards, 1837[10]\nCaridina lovoensis Roth-Woltereck, 1955\nCaridina lufengensis Cai & Duan, 1998\nCaridina lumilympha Richard & Clark, 2010\nCaridina macrodentata Cai & Shokita, 2006\nCaridina macrophora Kemp, 1918\nCaridina maculata L. Wang, Liang & F. Li, 2008\nCaridina maeana de Mazancourt et al. 2020\nCaridina mahalona Cai, Wowor & Choy, 2009\nCaridina malawensis Richard & Clark, 2009\nCaridina malayensis Cai, Ng & Choy, 2007\nCaridina mariae Klotz & von Rintelen, 2014\nCaridina marlenae Klotz, Wowor & von Rintelen, 2021\nCaridina masapi Woltereck, 1937\nCaridina mathiassi Silas & Jayachandran, 2010\nCaridina mauritii Bouvier, 1912\nCaridina mayamareenae Klotz, Wowor & von Rintelen, 2021\nCaridina mccullochi Roux, 1926\nCaridina medifolia Cai & Yuan, 1996\nCaridina mengae Liang, 1993\nCaridina mengaeoides Guo & Suzuki, 1996\nCaridina menghaiensis Cai & Dai, 1999\nCaridina meridionalis L. Wang, Liang & F. Li, 2008\nCaridina mertoni Roux, 1911\nCaridina mesofluminis Richard & Clark, 2009\nCaridina mindanao Cai & Shokita, 2006\nCaridina minidentata Cai & Anker, 2004\nCaridina minnanica Liang, 2002\nCaridina modiglianii Nobili, 1900\nCaridina moeri Roth-Woltereck, 1984\nCaridina mongziensis Liang, Yan & Z.-Z. Wang, 1987\nCaridina multidentata Stimpson, 1860\nCaridina nana de Mazancourt et al. 2020\nCaridina nanaoensis Cai & N. K. Ng, 1999\nCaridina natalensis Bouvier, 1925\nCaridina natarajani Tiwari & R. S. Pillai, 1968\nCaridina neglecta Cai & Ng, 2007\nCaridina nguyeni S.-Q. Li & Liang, 2002\nCaridina nilotica (Roux, 1833)\nCaridina norvestica Holthuis, 1965\nCaridina novaecaledoniae Roux, 1926\nCaridina nudirostris Choy, 1984\nCaridina okiamnis Richard & Clark, 2009\nCaridina okinawa Cai & Shokita, 2006\nCaridina oligospina Liang, Guo & Tang, 1999\nCaridina opaensis Roux, 1904\nCaridina palawanensis Cai & Shokita, 2006\nCaridina panikkari Jalihal, Shenoy & Sankolli, 1984\nCaridina papuana Nobili, 1905\nCaridina paracornuta Cai & Yuan, 1996\nCaridina pareparensis De Man, 1892\nCaridina paratypus de Mazancourt et al. 2020\nCaridina parvidentata Roux, 1904\nCaridina parvirostris De Man, 1892\nCaridina parvocula Gurney, 1984\nCaridina parvula von Rintelen & Cai, 2009\nCaridina paucidentata Wang & Liang, 2005\nCaridina paucidentata L.-Q. Wang & Liang, 2005\nCaridina pedicultrata Guo & Choy, 1994\nCaridina peninsularis Kemp, 1918\nCaridina petiti Roux, 1929\nCaridina pingi Yü, 1938\nCaridina pingioides Yü, 1938\nCaridina piokerai de Mazancourt et al. 2020\nCaridina pisuku de Mazancourt et al. 2020\nCaridina plicata Liang, 2004\nCaridina poarae de Mazancourt et al. 2020\nCaridina poso Klotz, Wowor & von Rintelen, 2021\nCaridina prashadi Tiwari & R. S. Pillai, 1971\nCaridina pristis Roux, 1931\nCaridina profundicola von Rintelen & Cai, 2009\nCaridina propinqua De Man, 1908\nCaridina pseudodenticulata Hung, Chan & Yu, 1993\nCaridina pseudonilotica Richard & Clark, 2005\nCaridina pseudoserrata Đăng & Ðỗ, 2007\nCaridina qingyuanensis Guo & He, 2007\nCaridina rajadhari Bouvier, 1918\nCaridina rangoona Cai & Ng, 2000\nCaridina rapaensis Edmondson, 1935\nCaridina richtersi Thallwitz, 1892\nCaridina roubaudi Bouvier, 1925\nCaridina rouxi De Man, 1915\nCaridina rubella Fujino & Shokita, 1975\nCaridina rubropunctata Đăng & Ðỗ, 2007\nCaridina samar Cai & Anker, 2004\nCaridina sarasinorum Schenkel, 1902\nCaridina schenkeli von Rintelen & Cai, 2009\nCaridina semiblepsia Guo, Choy & Gui, 1996\nCaridina serrata Stimpson, 1860\nCaridina serratirostris De Man, 1892\nCaridina shenoyi Jalihal & Sankolli in Jalihal, Shenoy & Sankolli, 1984\nCaridina sikipozo de Mazancourt et al. 2020\nCaridina shilinica Liang & Cai, 2000\nCaridina similis Bouvier, 1904\nCaridina simoni Bouvier, 1904\nCaridina sinanensis Xu, Li, Zheng & Guo, 2020\nCaridina sodenensis Richard & Clark, 2009\nCaridina solearipes Guo & De Grave, 1997\nCaridina songtaoensis Liang, 2004\nCaridina spathulirostris Richters, 1880\nCaridina spelunca Choy, 1996\nCaridina sphyrapoda Liang & Zhou, 1993\nCaridina spinalifrons Guo & De Grave, 1997\nCaridina spinata Woltereck, 1937\nCaridina spinipoda Liang, Hong & Yang, 1990\nCaridina spinosipes Liang, Guo & Tang, 1999\nCaridina spinula Choy & Marshall, 1997\nCaridina spongicola Zitzler & Cai, 2006\nCaridina steineri Cai, 2005\nCaridina striata von Rintelen & Cai, 2009\nCaridina subventralis Richard & Clark, 2005\nCaridina sulawesi Cai & Ng, 2009\nCaridina sumatianica Cai & Yuan, 1996\nCaridina sumatrensis De Man, 1892\nCaridina sundanella Holthuis, 1978\nCaridina susuruflabra Richard & Clark, 2009\nCaridina temasek Choy & Ng, 1991\nCaridina tenuirostris Woltereck, 1937\nCaridina tetrazona Chen, Chen, & Guo, 2020\nCaridina thambipillai Johnson, 1961\nCaridina thermophila Riek, 1953\nCaridina thomasi von Rintelen, Karge & Klotz, 2008\nCaridina timorensis De Man, 1893\nCaridina togoensis Hilgendorf, 1893\nCaridina tonkinensis Bouvier, 1919\nCaridina trifasciata Yam & Cai, 2003\nCaridina troglodytes Holthuis, 1978\nCaridina troglophila Holthuis, 1965\nCaridina tumida L. Wang, Liang & F. Li, 2008\nCaridina tupaia de Mazancourt, Marquet & Keith, 2019\nCaridina turipi de Mazancourt et al. 2020\nCaridina typus H. Milne-Edwards, 1837[11]\nCaridina uminensis Đăng & Ðỗ, 2007\nCaridina umtatensis Richard & Clark, 2009\nCaridina unca Gurney, 1984\nCaridina valencia Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009\nCaridina venusta L. Wang, Liang & F. Li, 2008\nCaridina vietriensis Đăng & Ðỗ, 2007\nCaridina villadolidi Blanco, 1939\nCaridina vitiensis Borradaile, 1899\nCaridina weberi De Man, 1892\nCaridina williamsi Cai & Ng, 2000\nCaridina woltereckae Cai, Wowor & Choy, 2009\nCaridina wumingensis Cai & N. K. Ng, 1999\nCaridina wyckii (Hickson, 1888)\nCaridina xiangnanensis X.-Y. Liu, Guo & Yu, 2006\nCaridina xiphias Bouvier, 1925\nCaridina yilong Cai & Liang, 1999\nCaridina yulinica Cai & N. K. Ng, 1999\nCaridina yunnanensis Yü, 1938\nCaridina zebra Short, 1993\nCaridina zeylanica Arudpragasam & Costa, 1962\nCaridina zhejiangensis Liang & Zheng, 1985\nCaridina zhongshanica Liang, 2004A number of phylogenetic studies have questioned the monophyly of Caridina.[12]","title":"Taxonomy and species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Caridina apodosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_apodosis"},{"link_name":"Caridina yilong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_yilong"},{"link_name":"Caridina dennerli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridina_dennerli"}],"text":"As of March 2023, the IUCN Red List lists 56 Caridina species as threatened, with 18 listed as critically endangered, 5 listed as endangered, and 33 listed as vulnerable.[13]\nOf these, two (Caridina apodosis and Caridina yilong) are listed as possibly extinct and one (Caridina dennerli) is listed as possibly extinct in the wild.","title":"Threats and Conservation"}] | [{"image_text":"Caridina serratirostris, a widespread freshwater species from the Indo-Pacific region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Himenuma070731.jpg/220px-Himenuma070731.jpg"},{"image_text":"Caridina dennerli, one of several species restricted to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Caridina-dennerli.jpg/220px-Caridina-dennerli.jpg"},{"image_text":"Caridina cantonensis is widely kept in aquariums and several color forms have been achieved through selective breeding","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Caridina-cf-cantonensis-red-bee.jpg/220px-Caridina-cf-cantonensis-red-bee.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Milne Edwards, Henri (1837). \"Genre CARIDINE. — Caridina\". Histoire naturelle des crustacés. Vol. 2. Paris: Libraire encyclopédique de Roret. pp. 362–363.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5554410","url_text":"\"Genre CARIDINE. — Caridina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caridina\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 9 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=97253","url_text":"\"Caridina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System","url_text":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System"}]},{"reference":"Kristina von Rintelen, Thomas von Rintelen & Matthias Glaubrecht (2007). \"Molecular phylogeny and diversification of freshwater shrimps (Decapoda, Atyidae, Caridina) from ancient Lake Poso (Sulawesi, Indonesia) – the importance of being colourful\" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (3): 1033–1041. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.002. PMID 17702608.","urls":[{"url":"http://download.naturkundemuseum-berlin.de/thomas.rintelen/Rintelen%20et%20al%202007%203.pdf","url_text":"\"Molecular phylogeny and diversification of freshwater shrimps (Decapoda, Atyidae, Caridina) from ancient Lake Poso (Sulawesi, Indonesia) – the importance of being colourful\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution","url_text":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2007.07.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17702608","url_text":"17702608"}]},{"reference":"\"Caridina\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 9 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=97253","url_text":"\"Caridina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System","url_text":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System"}]},{"reference":"Charles Fransen (2011). \"Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 [in H. Milne Edwards, 1834-1840]\". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved December 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=240672","url_text":"\"Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 [in H. Milne Edwards, 1834-1840]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species","url_text":"World Register of Marine Species"}]},{"reference":"Xu, Da-Jian; Li, Deng-Xu; Zheng, Xiao-Zhuang; Guo, Zhao-Liang (2020-12-31). \"Caridina sinanensis, a new species of stygobiotic atyid shrimp (Decapoda, Caridea, Atyidae) from a karst cave in the Guizhou Province, southwestern China\". ZooKeys (1008): 17–35. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1008.54190. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 7790810. PMID 33505186.","urls":[{"url":"https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/54190/","url_text":"\"Caridina sinanensis, a new species of stygobiotic atyid shrimp (Decapoda, Caridea, Atyidae) from a karst cave in the Guizhou Province, southwestern China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.1008.54190","url_text":"10.3897/zookeys.1008.54190"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1313-2970","url_text":"1313-2970"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7790810","url_text":"7790810"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33505186","url_text":"33505186"}]},{"reference":"de Mazancourt, Valentin; Boseto, David; Marquet, Gerard; Keith, Philippe (2020). \"Solomon's Gold Mine: Description or redescription of 24 species of Caridina (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) freshwater shrimps from the Solomon Islands, including 11 new species\". European Journal of Taxonomy (696). doi:10.5852/ejt.2020.696. S2CID 225426844.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5852%2Fejt.2020.696","url_text":"\"Solomon's Gold Mine: Description or redescription of 24 species of Caridina (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) freshwater shrimps from the Solomon Islands, including 11 new species\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5852%2Fejt.2020.696","url_text":"10.5852/ejt.2020.696"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225426844","url_text":"225426844"}]},{"reference":"Klotz, Werner; Von Rintelen, Kristina (2013). \"Three new species of Caridina (Decapoda: Atyidae) from Central Sulawesi and Buton Island, Indonesia, and a checklist of the islands' endemic species\". Zootaxa. 3664 (4): 554–570. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3664.4.8. PMID 26266319. Retrieved 28 Feb 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3664.4.8","url_text":"\"Three new species of Caridina (Decapoda: Atyidae) from Central Sulawesi and Buton Island, Indonesia, and a checklist of the islands' endemic species\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3664.4.8","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.3664.4.8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26266319","url_text":"26266319"}]},{"reference":"Milne Edwards, Henri (1837). \"Caridine longirostre. — C. longirostris\". Histoire naturelle des crustacés. Vol. 2. Paris: Libraire encyclopédique de Roret. p. 363.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5554411","url_text":"\"Caridine longirostre. — C. longirostris\""}]},{"reference":"Milne Edwards, Henri (1837). \"Caridine type. — C. typus\". Histoire naturelle des crustacés. Vol. 2. Paris: Libraire encyclopédique de Roret. p. 363.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5554411","url_text":"\"Caridine type. — C. typus\""}]},{"reference":"von Rintelen, Kristina; Page, Timothy J.; Cai, Yixiong; Roe, Kevin; Stelbrink, Björn; Kuhajda, Bernard R.; Iliffe, Thomas M.; Hughes, Jane; von Rintelen, Thomas (2012). \"Drawn to the dark side: A molecular phylogeny of freshwater shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae) reveals frequent cave invasions and challenges current taxonomic hypotheses\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (1): 82–96. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.015. PMID 22209861. Retrieved 9 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=04a20738d72d2ff223b1e795c5f20dab60d629ce","url_text":"\"Drawn to the dark side: A molecular phylogeny of freshwater shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae) reveals frequent cave invasions and challenges current taxonomic hypotheses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2011.12.015","url_text":"10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22209861","url_text":"22209861"}]},{"reference":"\"IUCN Red List Advanced Search\". www.iucnredlist.org. IUCN. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?taxonomies=197519&searchType=species","url_text":"\"IUCN Red List Advanced Search\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5554410","external_links_name":"\"Genre CARIDINE. — Caridina\""},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=97253","external_links_name":"\"Caridina\""},{"Link":"http://download.naturkundemuseum-berlin.de/thomas.rintelen/Rintelen%20et%20al%202007%203.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Molecular phylogeny and diversification of freshwater shrimps (Decapoda, Atyidae, Caridina) from ancient Lake Poso (Sulawesi, Indonesia) – the importance of being colourful\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2007.07.002","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.002"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17702608","external_links_name":"17702608"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=97253","external_links_name":"\"Caridina\""},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=240672","external_links_name":"\"Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 [in H. Milne Edwards, 1834-1840]\""},{"Link":"https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/54190/","external_links_name":"\"Caridina sinanensis, a new species of stygobiotic atyid shrimp (Decapoda, Caridea, Atyidae) from a karst cave in the Guizhou Province, southwestern China\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.1008.54190","external_links_name":"10.3897/zookeys.1008.54190"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1313-2970","external_links_name":"1313-2970"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7790810","external_links_name":"7790810"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33505186","external_links_name":"33505186"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5852%2Fejt.2020.696","external_links_name":"\"Solomon's Gold Mine: Description or redescription of 24 species of Caridina (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) freshwater shrimps from the Solomon Islands, including 11 new species\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5852%2Fejt.2020.696","external_links_name":"10.5852/ejt.2020.696"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225426844","external_links_name":"225426844"},{"Link":"https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3664.4.8","external_links_name":"\"Three new species of Caridina (Decapoda: Atyidae) from Central Sulawesi and Buton Island, Indonesia, and a checklist of the islands' endemic species\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3664.4.8","external_links_name":"10.11646/zootaxa.3664.4.8"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26266319","external_links_name":"26266319"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5554411","external_links_name":"\"Caridine longirostre. — C. longirostris\""},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5554411","external_links_name":"\"Caridine type. — C. typus\""},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=04a20738d72d2ff223b1e795c5f20dab60d629ce","external_links_name":"\"Drawn to the dark side: A molecular phylogeny of freshwater shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae) reveals frequent cave invasions and challenges current taxonomic hypotheses\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2011.12.015","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.015"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22209861","external_links_name":"22209861"},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?taxonomies=197519&searchType=species","external_links_name":"\"IUCN Red List Advanced Search\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060507141309/http://www.fishyou.com/shrimp-crs.php","external_links_name":"Red bee shrimp (aka crystal red shrimp)"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/shrimpahoy","external_links_name":"Bee shrimp breeder"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Caridina/","external_links_name":"Caridina"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Caridina","external_links_name":"Caridina"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id32903","external_links_name":"32903"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=153092","external_links_name":"153092"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8V57Q","external_links_name":"8V57Q"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/39238","external_links_name":"39238"},{"Link":"http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:123408","external_links_name":"123408"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2223051","external_links_name":"2223051"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/349773","external_links_name":"349773"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=97253","external_links_name":"97253"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=96236","external_links_name":"96236"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=76861","external_links_name":"76861"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=215163","external_links_name":"215163"},{"Link":"https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FE3A8794-9C1A-FFE8-FF2F-FE16C82566FC","external_links_name":"FE3A8794-9C1A-FFE8-FF2F-FE16C82566FC"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=240672","external_links_name":"240672"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546536405171","external_links_name":"Israel"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Henry_Darling | Charles Henry Darling | ["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | British Army officer and Australian politician
For the British lawyer, politician, and High Court Justice, see Charles Darling, 1st Baron Darling.
The Right HonourableSir Charles DarlingKCB3rd Governor of VictoriaIn office11 September 1863 – 7 May 1866MonarchVictoriaPreceded bySir Henry BarklySucceeded byJohn Manners-Sutton, 3rd Viscount Canterbury
Personal detailsBorn19 February 1809Nova Scotia, CanadaDied25 January 1870 (aged 60)Lansdown Crescent, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England
Sir Charles Henry Darling KCB (19 February 1809 – 25 January 1870) was a British colonial governor.
Biography
He was born at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, the son of Major-General Henry Darling and nephew of General Sir Ralph Darling.
He was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and served in the garrisons of Barbados, the Windward Islands, and Jamaica, with the 57th Foot. He went to New South Wales in 1827 with this regiment, and served as assistant private secretary to the Governor of New South Wales, to his uncle Ralph Darling. He served in the British West Indies from 1833 until he retired from the army in 1841 and settled in Jamaica.
He started his colonial service while in Jamaica, during which time he often clashed with leaders of the free people of color who were elected to the island's Assembly, such as Robert Osborn (Jamaica). He became Lieutenant-Governor of St. Lucia in 1847, and he became Lieutenant-Governor of the Cape Colony in South Africa in 1851. A town in South Africa, on the West Coast of the country was named after Darling. He became Governor of Newfoundland in 1855.
Darling supported the British suggestions granting the French more fishing rights in waters of Newfoundland between Cape St. John and Cape Ray to the total disagreement of the Newfoundland government which ultimately led to the end of his term in office.
Darling became governor and captain-chief of Jamaica in 1857 then governor of Victoria, Australia from 1863 to 1866.
His first marriage was on 2 May 1835 to Anne Wilhelmina Dalzell (18 July 1813 – 16 October 1837). They had a son who died in infancy. Anne came from a wealthy family, who owned a plantation in Barbados. Through Anne's will, Darling would have received some money, although she died before her mother who had owned the slaves.
He was then married, at Christ Church, Barbados, on 14 December 1839 to Mary Ann Nurse (who died of yellow fever in St Lucia on 6 November 1848). His third marriage, at Ilfracombe, North Devon, was on 10 December 1851 to Elizabeth Isabella Caroline Salter (c. 1820 – 10 December 1900).
Charles Henry Darling died at Lansdown Crescent, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, aged 60.
Legacy
Darling Street in the Ballarat south suburb of Redan is named for him.
See also
Governors of Newfoundland
List of people of Newfoundland and Labrador
Governor of Victoria
References
^ a b Crowley, F. K. (1972). "Darling, Sir Charles Henry (1809–1870)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 4 (MUP ed.). Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
^ "Ann Wilhelmina Darling (née Dalzell) - Profile & Legacies Summary". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. University College London.
^ Coventry, C.J. (2019). "Links in the Chain: British slavery, Victoria and South Australia". Before/Now. 1 (1). doi:10.17613/d8ht-p058.
^ City of Ballarat, 5 January 2012. Roads and Open Space Index, pg.14, Ballarat: City of Ballarat
External links
Biography at Government House The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
Biography at Saint Lucia Government House
Family tree
Government offices
Preceded bySir Evan John Murray MacGregor
Governor of Barbados and the Windward Islands 1841
Succeeded bySir Charles Edward Grey
Preceded byArthur Wellesley Torrens
Lieutenant-Governor of St. Lucia 1848–1852
Succeeded byHenry Clermont Cobbe
Preceded bySir George Cathcart
Governor of the Cape Colony, acting 1854
Succeeded bySir George Grey
Preceded byKer Baillie Hamilton
Governor of Newfoundland 1855–1857
Succeeded bySir Alexander Bannerman
Preceded byEdward Wells Bell
Governor of Jamaica 1857–1863
Succeeded byEdward John Eyre
Preceded bySir Henry Barkly
Governor of Victoria 1863–1866
Succeeded bySir John Manners-Sutton
vte Lieutenant-Governors and Governors of Newfoundland Proprietary Governors(1610–1660)
Guy
Mason
Hayman
Whitbourne
Tanfield
Wynne
Aston
Calvert
Baltimore
Hill
Kirke
Treworgie
French Governors of Plaisance(1655–1713)
de Kéréon
Gargot
Du Perron
Bellot
Palme
Pioppe
Parat
Louis de Pastour de Costebelle
de Brouillan
de Monic
de Subercase
Philippe Pastour de Costebelle
Lieutenant-governors of Placentia(1713–1770)
Moody
Purcell
Gledhill
Cope
Hamilton
Goreham
Commodore-Governors(1729–1825)
Osborn
Clinton
Falkingham
Muskerry
Lee
Vanbrugh
Medley
Smith
Byng
Smith
Hardy
Edwards
Douglas
Watson
Rodney
Drake
Bonfoy
Dorrill
Edwards
Webb
Graves
Palliser
Byron
Shuldham
Duff
Montagu
Edwards
Campbell
Elliot
Milbanke
King
Wallace
Waldegrave
Pole
Gambier
Gower
Holloway
Duckworth
Keats
Pickmore
Hamilton
Civil Governors(1825–1855)
Cochrane
Prescott
Harvey
Law
Le Marchant
Hamilton
Colonial Governors(1855–1907)
Darling
Bannerman
Musgrave
Hill
Glover
Maxse
Glover
Des Vœux
Blake
O'Brien
Murray
McCallum
Boyle
MacGregor
Dominion Governors(1907–1934)
MacGregor
Williams
Davidson
Harris
Allardyce
Middleton
Anderson
Commission Governors(1934–1949)
Anderson
Walwyn
Macdonald
Lieutenant Governors(1949–present)
Walsh
Outerbridge
Macpherson
O'Dea
Harnum
Winter
Paddon
McGrath
Russell
House
Roberts
Crosbie
Fagan
Foote
Aylward
vteGovernors of VictoriaBefore Federation
Hotham
Barkly
Darling
Viscount Canterbury
Bowen
Marquess of Normanby
Loch
Earl of Hopetoun
Baron Brassey
Clarke
After Federation
Talbot
Gibson-Carmichael
Fuller
Stanley
Earl of Stradbroke
Baron Somers
Baron Huntingfield
Dugan
Brooks
Delacombe
Winneke
Murray
McCaughey
McGarvie
Gobbo
Landy
de Kretser
Chernov
Dessau
Gardner
vte Governors of the Cape ColonyBritish occupation1806–1814
David Baird
Henry George Grey
Du Pre Alexander
Henry George Grey
John Cradock
Robert Meade
British colony1814–1910
Charles Somerset
Rufane Shaw Donkin
Richard Bourke
Galbraith Lowry Cole
Thomas Francis Wade
Benjamin D'Urban
George Thomas Napier
Peregrine Maitland
Henry Pottinger
Harry Smith
George Cathcart
Charles Henry Darling
George Grey
Robert Wynyard
Philip Wodehouse
Charles Craufurd Hay
Henry Barkly
Henry Bartle Frere
Henry Hugh Clifford
George Strahan
Hercules Robinson
Leicester Smyth
Henry Torrens
Henry Augustus Smyth
Henry Loch
William Gordon Cameron
Hercules Robinson
William Howley Goodenough
Alfred Milner
William Butler
Walter Hely-Hutchinson
Harry Scobell
Those in italics were Acting Governors
State President of the South African Republic
State President of the Orange Free State
Prime Minister of the Cape Colony
Prime Minister of Natal
vteGovernors of BarbadosBarbados (1627–1833)
H. Powell
W. Deane
C. Wolferstone
J. Powell
R. Wheatley*
W. Tufton
Henry Hawley
Richard Peers*
William Hawley*
Henry Huncks
Philip Bell
Francis Willoughby
George Ayscue
Daniel Searle*
Thomas Modyford*
Humphrey Walrond*
Francis Willoughby
Henry Willoughby*
William Willoughby*
Samuel Barwick*
Henry Hawley*
William Willoughby
Christopher Codrington*
Peter Colleton*
Jonathan Atkins*
John Witham*
Richard Dutton
Edwyn Stede*
James Kendall
Francis Russell
Francis Bond*
Ralph Grey
John Farmer*
Bevil Granville
Mitford Crow
George Lillington*
Robert Lowther
William Sharpe*
John Frere*
Samuel Cox*
Henry Worsley
Thomas Catesby Paget
James Dotin*
Walter Chetwynd
Emanuel Howe
James Dotin*
Orlando Bridgeman
Humphrey Howarth
Thomas Gage
Robert Byng
James Dotin*
Thomas Robinson
Henry Grenville
Charles Pinfold
Samuel Rous*
William Spry
Samuel Rous*
Edward Hay*
John Dotin*
James Cunninghame
John Dotin*
David Parry
William Bishop*
George Poyntz Ricketts
William Bishop*
Francis Mackenzie
John Spooner*
George Beckwith
James Leith
John Foster Alleyne*
Stapleton Cotton
John Skeete*
Samuel Hinds*
Henry Warde
James Frederick Lyon
Barbados and the Windward Islands (1833–1885)
Lionel Smith
Evan MacGregor
Charles Henry Darling
Charles Grey
William Reid
William Colebrooke
Francis Hincks
James Walker
Rawson W. Rawson
Sanford Freeling*
John Hennessy
George Strahan
D. J. Gamble*
William Robinson
Barbados (1885–1966)
Charles Lees
Walter Sendall
James Hay
Frederick Hodgson
Gilbert Carter
Leslie Probyn
Charles O'Brien
William Robertson
Harry Newlands
Mark Young
Eubule Waddington
Henry Bushe
Hilary Blood
Alfred Savage
Robert Arundell
John Stow
Related
Government House
* Served as Acting Governor of Barbados.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Artists
Australian Artists
People
Australia
Trove
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Darling, 1st Baron Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darling,_1st_Baron_Darling"},{"link_name":"KCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"}],"text":"For the British lawyer, politician, and High Court Justice, see Charles Darling, 1st Baron Darling.Sir Charles Henry Darling KCB (19 February 1809 – 25 January 1870) was a British colonial governor.","title":"Charles Henry Darling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annapolis Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis_Royal"},{"link_name":"Henry Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Darling"},{"link_name":"Ralph Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Darling"},{"link_name":"Royal Military College, Sandhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"Windward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windward_Islands"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"57th Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Foot"},{"link_name":"Governor of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Ralph Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Darling"},{"link_name":"British West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_West_Indies"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AuDB-1"},{"link_name":"free people of color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_people_of_color"},{"link_name":"Robert Osborn (Jamaica)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Osborn_(Jamaica)"},{"link_name":"St. Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lucia"},{"link_name":"Cape Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Cape_Colony"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Cape St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_St._John"},{"link_name":"Cape Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Ray"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AuDB-1"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coventry-3"},{"link_name":"Ilfracombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilfracombe"},{"link_name":"Lansdown Crescent, Cheltenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansdown_Crescent,_Cheltenham"}],"text":"He was born at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, the son of Major-General Henry Darling and nephew of General Sir Ralph Darling.He was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and served in the garrisons of Barbados, the Windward Islands, and Jamaica, with the 57th Foot. He went to New South Wales in 1827 with this regiment, and served as assistant private secretary to the Governor of New South Wales, to his uncle Ralph Darling. He served in the British West Indies from 1833 until he retired from the army in 1841 and settled in Jamaica.[1]He started his colonial service while in Jamaica, during which time he often clashed with leaders of the free people of color who were elected to the island's Assembly, such as Robert Osborn (Jamaica). He became Lieutenant-Governor of St. Lucia in 1847, and he became Lieutenant-Governor of the Cape Colony in South Africa in 1851. A town in South Africa, on the West Coast of the country was named after Darling. He became Governor of Newfoundland in 1855.Darling supported the British suggestions granting the French more fishing rights in waters of Newfoundland between Cape St. John and Cape Ray to the total disagreement of the Newfoundland government which ultimately led to the end of his term in office.Darling became governor and captain-chief of Jamaica in 1857 then governor of Victoria, Australia from 1863 to 1866.His first marriage was on 2 May 1835 to Anne Wilhelmina Dalzell (18 July 1813 – 16 October 1837).[1] They had a son who died in infancy. Anne came from a wealthy family, who owned a plantation in Barbados. Through Anne's will, Darling would have received some money, although she died before her mother who had owned the slaves.[2][3]He was then married, at Christ Church, Barbados, on 14 December 1839 to Mary Ann Nurse (who died of yellow fever in St Lucia on 6 November 1848). His third marriage, at Ilfracombe, North Devon, was on 10 December 1851 to Elizabeth Isabella Caroline Salter (c. 1820 – 10 December 1900).Charles Henry Darling died at Lansdown Crescent, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, aged 60.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ballarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat"},{"link_name":"Redan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redan,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosi-4"}],"text":"Darling Street in the Ballarat south suburb of Redan is named for him.[4]","title":"Legacy"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Barbados_%281870%E2%80%931966%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Barbados_%281870%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Governors of Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_lieutenant-governors"},{"title":"List of people of Newfoundland and Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"title":"Governor of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Victoria"}] | [{"reference":"Crowley, F. K. (1972). \"Darling, Sir Charles Henry (1809–1870)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 4 (MUP ed.). Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 9 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/darling-sir-charles-henry-3367","url_text":"\"Darling, Sir Charles Henry (1809–1870)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7","url_text":"978-0-522-84459-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","url_text":"1833-7538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","url_text":"70677943"}]},{"reference":"\"Ann[e] Wilhelmina Darling (née Dalzell) - Profile & Legacies Summary\". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. University College London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146652311","url_text":"\"Ann[e] Wilhelmina Darling (née Dalzell) - Profile & Legacies Summary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London","url_text":"University College London"}]},{"reference":"Coventry, C.J. (2019). \"Links in the Chain: British slavery, Victoria and South Australia\". Before/Now. 1 (1). doi:10.17613/d8ht-p058.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17613%2Fd8ht-p058","url_text":"10.17613/d8ht-p058"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/darling-sir-charles-henry-3367","external_links_name":"\"Darling, Sir Charles Henry (1809–1870)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","external_links_name":"1833-7538"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","external_links_name":"70677943"},{"Link":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146652311","external_links_name":"\"Ann[e] Wilhelmina Darling (née Dalzell) - Profile & Legacies Summary\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.17613%2Fd8ht-p058","external_links_name":"10.17613/d8ht-p058"},{"Link":"http://www.heritage.nf.ca/govhouse/governors/g47.html","external_links_name":"Biography at Government House The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador"},{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=4386","external_links_name":"Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online"},{"Link":"http://www.stluciagovernmenthouse.com/page_11.html","external_links_name":"Biography at Saint Lucia Government House"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060615060538/http://www.kittybrewster.com/ancestry/darling.htm","external_links_name":"Family tree"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1528714/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000064291848","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/36817517","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtCyQf9ThWB7xpTWypdcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr96024710","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.daao.org.au/bio/sir-charles-henry-darling","external_links_name":"Australian Artists"},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/darling-sir-charles-henry-3367","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/547529","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62c25tt","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTA_Flight_141 | UTA Flight 141 | ["1 Background","2 Aircraft","3 Flight","3.1 Search and rescue","4 Passengers and crews","5 Investigation","5.1 Weight and balance","5.2 Failure to take-off","5.3 The operator","5.4 Oversight failure","5.5 Conclusion","6 Aftermath","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 6°20′48.9″N 2°22′16.9″E / 6.346917°N 2.371361°E / 6.346917; 2.3713612003 aviation accident in Benin
UTA Flight 141The aircraft involved when still operated by American Airlines in 1998.AccidentDate25 December 2003SummaryFailure to take off due to aircraft overload as a result of poor managementSiteCotonou Airport, Cotonou, Benin 6°20′48.9″N 2°22′16.9″E / 6.346917°N 2.371361°E / 6.346917; 2.371361Total fatalities141Total injuries23AircraftAircraft typeBoeing 727-223OperatorUnion des Transports Africains de Guinée (UTA)ICAO flight No.GIH141Call signGULF INDIA HOTEL 141Registration3X-GDOFlight originConakry International Airport, Conakry, Guinea1st stopoverCotonou Airport, Cotonou, Benin2nd stopoverKufra Airport, Kufra, LibyaLast stopoverBeirut International Airport, Beirut, LebanonDestinationDubai International Airport, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesPassengers150Crew10Fatalities138Injuries22Survivors22Ground casualtiesGround fatalities3Ground injuries1
UTA Flight 141 was a scheduled international passenger flight operated by Guinean regional airline Union des Transports Africains de Guinée, flying from Conakry to Dubai with stopovers in Benin, Libya and Lebanon. On 25 December 2003, the Boeing 727–223 operating the flight struck a building and crashed into the Bight of Benin while rolling for take off from Cotonou, killing 141 people. The crash of Flight 141 was the deadliest crash in Benin's aviation history.
The investigation concluded that the crash was primarily caused by overloading. However, it also subsequently revealed massive incompetence within the airline, particularly on its dangerous safety culture. The issue had gone unnoticed following lapses between authorities and further incompetence in management oversight led to the aircraft's overloaded state. Multiple factors, including the short runway at Cotonou and the high demand of passengers for the route, had also contributed to the crash.
In regards to the result of the investigation, the Guinean government was urged to create reforms and regulations on the civil aviation authorities in the country. The BEA, the commission responsible for the investigation, had also urged ICAO to examine provisions related to safety oversight and the FAA and the European EASA were asked to support the creation of an autonomous weight and balance calculation system on board every airliner.
Background
In the 20th century, most countries in West Africa did not have the capability to create and maintain a national airline. For decades, flight routes in West Africa were mainly served by Air Afrique, a transnational airline for Francophone West and Central Africa. It was once considered one of the largest airlines in Africa and one of the most reputable. However, after reports of mismanagement, corruption and the fallout of the aviation industry following the September 11 attacks, Air Afrique declared bankruptcy in 2002.
In the aftermath of Air Afrique's demise, there were no more routes connecting major cities in West Africa and to other regions. The bankruptcy of Air Afrique caused isolation between the countries, despite their close geographical location. While Air Afrique's routes were immediately taken over by Air France, most of the flights were perceived as inconvenient. Such an example was a flight from Conakry to Cotonou, in which passengers had to fly to Paris first before they could continue to Cotonou. Immediately, there were high demands for new airlines to open more direct routes.
In an attempt to fill the void left by Air Afrique, multiple existing small airlines began to offer services to these major routes. Among them was Union des Transports Africains de Guinée (also known as UTA), a regional airliner that was operated by Lebanese people in Guinea.
For years, the Lebanese diaspora was part of the backbone of the economic activity in multiple West African countries. Many Lebanese businessmen had forged robust relationships with government officials to sign contracts within West Africa's public infrastructure sectors. An example was cited on a CIA document from 1988, with the following quote explaining the economic situation in one of the West African countries:
In Sierra Leone, the Lebanese have continued to dominate the country's destitute economy . Throughout the 1970s and 1980s Jamil helped prop up the regime of then President Stevens by obtaining rice and oil . In return, Stevens turned a blind eye to Jamil's wide-scale business activities, allowing him to exercise relatively unchecked control over the lucrative diamond and fishing industries— CIA, "The Lebanese in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Intelligence Assessment (1988)"
However, the lack of direct flights to Lebanon caused dozens of Lebanese to board transit flights between multiple cities in West Africa. Lebanon's flag carrier, Middle East Airlines, previously had operated flight routes in West Africa and later decided to terminate the service.
On 23 July 2003, the government of Benin granted temporary authorization for UTA to operate charter flights for Conakry – Cotonou – Beirut – Cotonou – Conakry route. The airline later requested clearance to operate another extension flight to Dubai, known for its duty-free shopping, possibly to amplify profitability. The request was granted in November 2003.
Aircraft
The aircraft was a Boeing 727-223. Manufactured in 1977 with a serial number of 21370, it was equipped with three Pratt & Whitney JT8D-9A engines. The aircraft was registered as N865AA and was delivered to American Airlines.: 14–16
Throughout its operational history, the aircraft had been operated by multiple operators. From June 1977 to January 2003, the aircraft was owned by American Airlines. However, in October 2001 the aircraft was stored in California's Mojave Desert. It subsequently became the property of Wells Fargo Bank Northwest in October 2002.: 14–16
In January 2003, the aircraft was sold to a Miami-based leasing company Financial Advisory Group (FAG). The aircraft was then delivered to Ariana Afghan Airlines following FAA authorization to operate a ferry flight to Kabul under a new registration of YA-FAK. The first leasing contract was signed by Swaziland's Alpha and Omega Airways and the aircraft subsequently changed its registration to 3D-FAK in June 2003. In October 2003, the aircraft was subleased by Alpha and Omega Airways to UTA and the aircraft was registered under Guinean registration of 3X-GDO.: 14–16
The aircraft had undergone a total of 40,452 flight cycles. The last major C check, the highest category for an aircraft maintenance, was carried out in January 2001 by American Airlines. There were insufficient documents on modifications that had been made on the aircraft. It was described as "materially impossible" to obtain the appropriate documents of the aircraft during its operation with UTA.: 14–16
Flight
Flight 141 was a chartered passenger flight from the Guinean capital of Conakry, Benin's largest city of Cotonou and the Lebanese capital of Beirut with the final destination in Dubai. A stopover was included in the flight plan with the Libyan town of Kufra as a refueling stop. It was a weekly scheduled flight with one round trip flight per week.: 8
The aircraft had been chartered by 2 Lebanese men. Many of those on board were Lebanese diaspora who had been living in multiple West African countries for years. As it was Christmas Day, many of those on board were travelling home to spend the holidays with families. Dozens of passengers could be seen carrying hand baggage filled with Christmas gifts. The situation was chaotic as the check-in staff at the airport had not allocated seats for the passengers. A boarding pass was also not needed at the airport. Passengers could sell their respective seats at last-minute to someone else who were not booked on the flight as their names were not written on the boarding pass.: 32, 35
The aircraft was full with passengers. A total of 86 people had boarded the aircraft in Conakry and 9 people had disembarked in Cotonou. The aircraft had also received another 10 passengers from an aircraft that had flown from Togo. The boarding was disorderly. Many passengers tried to sit beside their friends and even occupied the cabin jump seats and the cabin crew were overwhelmed. Meanwhile, the flight crew were involved in an argument inside the cockpit as they had not received the basic information on the aircraft's load.: 8
13:37:38
First Officer
The sheets they gave us don't have the load. What is that? Come on come on (...).
13:37:45
First Officer
The sheets they gave us don't have the weight, only passengers.
13:37:47
Captain
Don't worry, We have the passengers manifest, without weight.
While the cockpit crew were engaged in an argument on the weight and balance, the ground baggage handler was loading the baggage at the aft of the aircraft. One of UTA's agents then asked the handler to load the baggage at the forward hold, which was already filled with baggage. Subsequently, the forward hold was full with baggage. Back in the cockpit, the crew continued to discuss the weight of the baggage. They became more frustrated as there were no information regarding the number of passengers that had boarded the aircraft in Cotonou. It was a tense situation as all the flight crew were unable to determine the exact weight of the baggage of each passengers.: 8
13:39:28
Unknown
How many passengers on board?. Do you know how many passengers we (*)?
13:39:40
Captain
They didn't give us anything... fifty-five? Sixty five? How many?
13:40:02
Flight engineer
Fourteen. Up to us now to complete (*).
13:40:02
First Officer
But but but... that each of them is bringing on board the airplane a two hundred kilo suitcase.. two hundred kilos (that's not possible).. get them to unload them and weigh them! Then we will know, then there is no problem, then we can know where we are (*).
As the Captain decided to discuss the matter with the flight engineer, the First Officer became angry and yelled at the Directorate General of UTA, who was sitting at the cockpit jump seat across him, due to the absence of information. The UTA executive, however, tried to reason with the First Officer on the matter.: 77
13:46:17
First Officer
You'll see (on this side) by the window. You will see when it takes off. We will see when the airplane takes off if we take off. (in angry tone)
13:46:17
First Officer
If we manage to take off... the people ... I tell you! It will be quite a performance if we manage to take off today! You will see if we manage to take off today, because at least let them put the exact weight so that we know it! Let them put the exact weight so that we can calculate it!
13:46:44
UTA executive
But the weight is indicated here!
13:46:45
First Officer
There is no weight... each passenger came on board with a twenty kilo bag. It's impossible you have an airplane with a hundred passengers!
13:46:45
First Officer
If this airplane takes off today, you will see, if this airplane takes off..(otherwise) we're going to ... we're going to drop into the sea.
13:46:50
First Officer
You will see when the aircraft will take off or we will crash on the sea.
The UTA executive immediately apologized to the crew. He stated that he would tell the management off as soon as the aircraft arrive in Beirut, later added that he would send messages to not allow anymore baggage or luggage weighing more than 30 kilograms. By this time, all passengers had already boarded the aircraft. Fuel was added to both tanks and the flight plan had been filed by the captain. The Captain then configured the aircraft with flaps at 25 degrees. The elevator was set at 63⁄4 and full power with brakes on would be applied for the take-off, followed by a three-degree maximum for take-off climb. The First Officer was the pilot flying.: 8
The air conditioner was shut down. The weather was hot and dry. Weather report stated that there were cirrus clouds covering the sky and that there were some stratocumulus at an altitude of 1,500 feet (460 m). The visibility was about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi; 4.3 nmi) and the humidity was at 75%.: 17
As everything was set, the crew began the take-off roll. However, several passengers were still reluctant to sit down and decided to stand near their friends. This led the chief flight attendant to inform the cockpit crew on the situation. Order was finally restored after the Directorate General of UTA had called for order and the passengers finally decided to sit down on the floor.: 8
13:58:18
Captain
Let it off as if (*) take off your feet.
13:58:20
Captain
Take off your feet.
13:58:21
Captain
OK.
13:58:23
Captain
Bismillah el Rahman el Rahim (In the name of God, the most merciful and the most beneficial)
At 13:58 local time, the flight crew applied take-off thrust. A few seconds later, the brakes were released. The First Officer was pushing the nose down and the captain was observing the airspeed. The aircraft then reached V1 and subsequently reached its VR speed. An input from 5-degree nose down to 10-degree nose up was made by the First Officer in a span of two seconds. The nose of the aircraft, however, remained constant and the speed continued to increase.: 21
The Captain became anxious as the aircraft's wheel had not lifted off the runway. He then called for rotation at least twice. The First Officer then pulled the yoke even harder so the aircraft could take-off. The angle of attack then changed from −1.2-degree to a maximum of +9-degree, at a speed of 1 degree per second.: 22
The aircraft finally managed to lift off at 13:59:07 for a negligible altitude. Realizing that they were going to run out of runway, the captain urged the first officer to pull harder.: 22
13:59:02
Captain
Rotate! Rotate!
13:59:02
Commentary
Noise followed by vibrations until impact
13:59:03
Captain
Rotate!
13:59:06
Captain
More! More!
13:59:09
Captain
Pull! (11x)
13:59:11
Commentary
Noise of impact
13:59:14
Commentary
End of recording
At 13:59:11, the aircraft struck the localizer antennas at the end of the runway. The aircraft's main landing gears then impacted the localizer building, causing the roof to fly for approximately 9 meters from the point of impact. The right main landing gear then detached. The impact subsequently caused small parts of the tail and the aircraft's stair to detach as well. The aircraft then impacted the airport's concrete boundary fence, scraping the lower part of the fuselage and caused some parts of the flaps to separate from the wings.: 23–26
The aircraft then slid and struck a rainwater drainage canal located right after the perimeter fence. The collision damaged the aircraft's landing gears and parts of its wings. The leading edge and the outer aileron from the right wing then separated from the airframe. A survivor who was seated at the rear of the aircraft stated that people flew off their seats and, at the moment of impact, "fly around the cabin". According to testimonies, some passengers had not attached their seatbelts.: 26–27, 32
After it had struck the drainage canal, the aircraft broke up into three parts; the cockpit section, the fuselage, and the tail of the aircraft, all of which ended up in the sea. Majority of the fuselage managed to stay intact. However, the fuselage became upside down due to the impact, drowning the occupants inside. Those who were seated near the breaks were able to get out of the sinking wreckage.: 28
Search and rescue
The crash was loud enough to be noticed by the two controllers in the tower. The fire brigade immediately arrived at the destroyed localizer building and later confirmed that a technician inside the building was seriously injured by the collision.: 9 Members of the fire brigade then went down to the beach and found that the situation was already chaotic. Nearby beachgoers and residents had immediately flocked to the site. While some passengers managed to escape from the sinking wreckage, several others were still trapped inside the fuselage. According to CNN, several onlookers screamed as dead bodies washed on the beach. Several relatives of those on board even tried to recover the bodies of their next of kin by jumping into the sea.
The first hour of the rescue operation was difficult as the situation was hampered by thousands of onlookers on the crash site. Emergency crew could not execute their duties effectively. Some emergency vehicles even became stuck in the sand. Lack of coordination between rescue organizations further aggravated the situation.: 32 The police had to use belts to push back onlookers.
Benin's Health Minister Celine Segnon stated that at least 90 people had died due to the crash, while 18 people had survived. Among them were the cockpit occupants. All except one of the people who were in the cockpit had managed to survive the crash. The First Officer was killed after his head had struck the right side of the cockpit during the impact. The search and rescue operation continued through the night as rescuers tried to recover more bodies and survivors. The nation's navy divers, army and Red Cross had been dispatched to assist in the rescue operation. Beninese President Mathieu Kérékou personally visited the crash site to observe the rescue operation.
On 26 December, a Middle East Airlines plane carrying Lebanese Foreign Minister Jean Obeid and five army divers had arrived in Benin to assist with the rescue operation. Rescuers, however, stated that it was unlikely to find anymore survivors from the crash site. Rescuers attempted to recover the wreckage by using chains that were tied onto tractors. Meanwhile, both black boxes were recovered from the wreckage on 27 December.
A total of 141 bodies had been recovered by the rescuers, 12 of whom could not be identified. Initially, there were 27 survivors at the crash site but 5 people later succumbed to their injuries. Additionally, the report listed 7 missing people.: 9
Passengers and crews
According to Lebanese Foreign Minister Jean Obeid, over a hundred of those on board were Lebanese. There were also people from Togo, Guinea, Kenya, Libya, Sierra Leone, Palestine, Peru, Syria, Nigeria, and also a youth wrestler from Iran. Among the passengers were 15 Bangladeshi UN peacekeepers returning from their duties in Sierra Leone and Liberia. A congressional report from the United States Senate indicated that there were officials related to Hezbollah's West Africa operation on board Flight 141.
The manifest indicated that a total of 86 people, including 4 children and 3 babies, boarded the aircraft while it was in Conakry. Among the 86 passengers were 45 passengers from Sierra Leone, including the Bangladeshi peacekeepers who had boarded without transit checks. In Cotonou, a total of 9 passengers disembarked from the aircraft and 63 people, including 3 children and 2 babies, boarded the aircraft. The aircraft also received 10 passengers, including a child and a baby, from a transit flight that had originated from Togo. Based on the written manifest, the total number of passengers were 150, consisted of 138 adults, 8 children and 6 babies. The exact number of passengers on board, however, were impossible to determine, as more passengers were thought to be aboard than were listed on the manifest.: 7, 35
At the time of the accident, the aircraft was configured with 12 first-class seats, 138 economy seats, and 6 seats for flight attendants. There were five seats in the cockpit and 4 jump seats for the cabin crew.: 12
All three flight crew members had previously flown for Libyan Arab Airlines, and had their first flight with the airline on 8 December 2003. All of the crew members were provided by Financial Advisory Group (FAG) as the owner of the aircraft. The captain was 49-year-old Najib al-Barouni with 11,000 flight hours, including 8,000 hours on the Boeing 727. His commercial pilot license was issued by the United Kingdom in 1977. He later obtained the Boeing 727 flying license in 1988 and joined FAG in March 2003. Prior to his work with UTA, he had flown for Royal Jordanian Airlines for 3 months and Trans Air Benin for 6 months. The first officer was 49-year-old Ahmad al-Herayzi, whose flight information was not stated in the accident report. He had obtained his commercial pilot license in 1979, issued by the United Kingdom. The flight engineer, 45-year-old Miftah , had 14,000 flight hours, all on the Boeing 727.: 10–12
There were 7 other crew members on board the aircraft, consisted of four flight attendants, two Peruvian ground mechanics and one transporter. There were also two UTA executives, including the Director General of UTA, aboard the aircraft. They were both seated at the cabin crew jump seats.: 8, 12–13
Investigation
The crash was the deadliest civil airliner crash in the history of Benin. It was also the first major aircraft accident in the country. Thus, the country didn't have the experience to investigate the crash. While the government had set up a special commission to investigate the cause of the crash, the government requested the French BEA to carry out the probe. The investigation also invited representatives from Boeing and the FAA.: 2, 37
According to the final report, the investigation team faced great difficulties during their attempts to obtain adequate data and documentations from UTA.
The team had to rely to direct testimonies from the surviving crew members, reasonings, and calculations made from the available recorded parameters.: 34
Weight and balance
Testimonies gathered from surviving passengers and crew members revealed that the crash might have been caused by the presence of a weight and balance problem. While investigators tried to examine this theory, they couldn't retrieve the supposed weight and balance data from UTA. There were no documents on the weight of the aircraft and the loading plan for the flight between Conakry and Cotonou. Investigators could only retrieve the passenger manifest and the weight of the hold baggage. The weight and balance sheets, all of which were from the previous owner Alpha Omega Airlines, were later provided by the Lebanese investigators.: 33
The basic operating weight of the aircraft, the actual weight of the aircraft and its equipment without the weight of the fuel, was determined to be at around 43.5 to 47.17 tonnes (43,500 to 47,170 kg; 95,900 to 104,000 lb), with the latter being the most likely. The real weight of the passengers, however, was unknown. The weight of the baggage was also difficult to determine as UTA's check-in staffs had never limited the weight of the baggage to a specific weight. UTA's standard allowed weight per adult passenger was 75 kilograms (165 lb), although prior flights revealed weight variations between 75–84 kilograms (165–185 lb). The weight of the passengers and the baggage was later determined to be between 10,480 and 11,704 kilograms (23,104 and 25,803 lb).: 34
Calculation made by BEA, in addition with the aircraft's fuel and other loads, concluded that the take-off weight of Flight 141 was somewhere between 81,355 and 86,249 kilograms (179,357 and 190,146 lb). A simulation was then conducted, with an aircraft setting of flaps at 25-degree, stabilizer at 63⁄4 and a declared weight of 78 tonnes (78,000 kg; 172,000 lb). The simulation revealed that the aircraft's centre of gravity was still stable and balanced as the allowed centre of gravity was 19%. According to investigators, the aircraft would have managed to fly safely from the airport and shouldn't have crashed onto the localizer building at the end of the runway.: 36–37
Failure to take-off
The calculation was inconsistent with testimonies that had been gathered from survivors of the crash, in which overloading had caused the crash of Flight 141. Further confirmation based on the recorded parameter was later conducted by Boeing and investigators. The calculation later revealed that the aircraft was actually 85.5 tonnes (85,500 kg; 188,000 lb) with a centre of gravity at 14%, much forward than the previous calculation. According to Boeing, with said calculation the aircraft would have required a much more rigorous and rapid input from the crew to pass the localizer building at the end of the runway.: 38
An illustration of how centre of gravity works in an aircraft. A shift of centre of gravity would have diminished the aircraft's ability to fly properly.
The centre of gravity had significantly shifted to the front due to the improper loading by the baggage handler, later revealed that he never had a formal training, who had decided to load the already baggage-filled forward hold with more baggage rather than distributing the weight of the load properly. This was consistent with the recorded parameter, which showed the very slow response of the nose when the crew had tried to apply nose up input to the elevator.: 37
With the centre of gravity value of 14%, the aircraft would have also required a greater setting of the stabilizer, which was at 73⁄4 rather than 63⁄4, for a much more effective take-off. By selecting the latter configuration, the aircraft would have taken off from the runway at a slower pace. The decision to select such configuration was caused by the crew's reliance over their past experience. As UTA had not provided the required data for the crew, they had to rely to the configuration that they had used in prior flights and thus assumed that the configuration of 63⁄4 for the stabilizer was sufficient enough for take-off, as it was usual to use the declared weight of 78 ton and the centre of gravity of 19% for the take-off calculation.: 60
As the crew selected the configuration, the aircraft would have needed a longer distance to take-off from Cotonou. The situation was worsened by the fact that the scheduled time for take-off was at noon, in which temperature was at its peak. Available weather data showed that the temperature at the time was at 32 °C (90 °F). The hot temperature at the time would have caused air density to decrease, inhibiting the aircraft's ability to take-off. The shifted centre of gravity to the forward hold, combined with the insufficient configuration, the short runway and the hot temperature at the airport, caused the aircraft's failure to take-off from Cotonou.: 38, 60
The operator
Prior to the operation of the Cotonou – Beirut route, UTA had been operating smaller routes in West Africa for years. The airline itself was a small regional airliner that was based in Guinea. It had relocated from its previous base in Sierra Leone from 1995 under the name West Coast. Before UTA managed to obtain Boeing 727, the airline had operated a Let L-410 Turbolet and an Antonov An-24 through a leasing contract. The Let L-410 was used for routes between multiple West African cities such as Freetown, Banjul and Abidjan, while the Antonov An-24 was used for mining companies and air ambulance.: 44
The investigation revealed that all management posts in the airline had been filled with members of the same family with no knowledge whatsoever in aviation. The only non-family members in the airline was the technical director, who was responsible for the training, and the chief pilot, who was tasked on quality control, the latter was not competent enough for high capacity aircraft as he had not obtained the aircraft rating for Boeing 727.: 46
UTA didn't possess sufficient documents of its own fleet. The first Boeing 727 that had been acquired by the airline was lacking in proper documentations which prompted the Lebanese investigators to not allow the aircraft to be operated under Lebanese registration as its essential documents somehow belonged to other foreign airlines. To rectify the problem, UTA bought another Boeing 727, the accident aircraft, from Alpha and Omega Airways. UTA also could not provide the maintenance and inspection manual to investigators. They also could not provide the operation manual. The manual had to be provided by the Guinean authorities. Further examination revealed that the manual had been copy-pasted from numerous foreign airlines. For example, some of the wordings had been copy-pasted from aircraft activities in Jordan and Gaza.: 46–47
The following findings were also noted: the absence of work time limit for the flight crew, absence of details relating to loading, weight and balance of an aircraft, non-existent structure of the airline and even non-existent departments within the airline. UTA was also not able to provide, according to the final report, the slightest data on the flights that had been performed, flying hours and periods of service of the crew.: 47
Investigator also noted the following declaration, found within UTA's document:: 47
Safety is the most important rule for all airlines. This is an essential ingredient for any evaluation of success. This is the responsibility of all. Our objective is the effective mastery of disaster with zero accidents. The mastery of disasters means the prevention of injuries or accidents to persons or goods. With UTA, safety is the priority. Try to make it your attitude and rule of life
Oversight failure
Guinean authorities should have prevented the creation of UTA following the airline's blatant disregard to the required regulations that it should have followed. The decision to let UTA to operate flights in the region raised questions on the oversight. Furthermore, Guinean authorities somehow managed to immediately pass multiple controversial decisions made by UTA, such as the copy-pasted manual and the extension flight to Dubai, without proper examinations. The same issue could be applied to authorities in Swaziland.: 57–58
Failing in oversights could be attributed to the environment of the country, in which adherence to regulations was often overlooked. The final report, however, stressed that multiple factors should also be considered, such as economic reasons and other variety of reasons, rather than blaming the authorities in Swaziland and Guinea. West Africa had been suffering endless conflicts and political instability for years. An immediate punishment on the struggling region over its non-compliance with the supposed regulations would have caused a negative feedback. Even though Guinean authorities had ratified the Chicago Convention, the implementation of it basically didn't exist. The international body that supervised the convention, ICAO, even stated in its 2001 report that Guinea had not established a regulatory mechanism on the country's aviation industry.: 57–58
The final report revealed the unequal ability of countries to conduct evaluation on another country's adherence to the Chicago Convention. In response, ICAO was asked to actively help countries that were incapable of implementing aviation safety regulations to eventually develop a working system. A better transparency between countries that had ratified the convention was also ordered.: 57–58
Conclusion
The final report was published in 2004. The crash was mainly caused by overloading and the improper baggage loading of the Boeing 727. However, the investigation team also listed the structural causes that eventually enabled the overloading condition of the aircraft. The BEA listed the cause as the following:: 62
The accident resulted from a direct cause:
The difficulty that the flight crew encountered in performing the rotation with an overloaded airplane whose forward center of gravity was unknown to them;
and two structural causes:
The operator’s serious lack of competence, organization and regulatory documentation, which made it impossible for it both to organize the operation of the route correctly and to check the loading of the airplane;
The inadequacy of the supervision exercised by the Guinean civil aviation authorities and, previously, by the authorities in Swaziland, in the context of safety oversight.— BEA
Following the accident, BEA issued recommendations to multiple international aviation bodies for better oversight of airliners within their scope of operation. The report also asked the United States FAA and Europe EASA to create an autonomous system for measuring weight and balance. Subsequently, all aircraft should be retrofitted with said system.: 63–65
Aftermath
In response to the crash, the government of Benin declared three-days of national mourning. The then United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan expressed his condolences to the relatives of the crash, particularly to the families of the 15 UN peacekeepers. United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) later sent 11 members of a coordination team to Cotonou for the repatriation. On 28 December, a repatriation ceremony was held in Cotonou for 77 Lebanese victims and 2 Iranians. A French military aircraft had been ordered to carry the coffins to Beirut. The aircraft arrived in Beirut on the next day and another repatriation ceremony was held, attended by Lebanese President Émile Lahoud, Prime Minister Rafic Hariri, Speaker of the House Nabih Berri and Muslim clerics.
The crash of Flight 141 revealed another source of influx of cash for Hezbollah, a prominent Lebanese Shiite militant group, from countries in West Africa. Among the passengers was a Hezbollah official carrying US$2 million that had been raised by supporters of Hezbollah in West Africa. A report made by United States Congress revealed a vast network of wealthy Lebanese nationals in multiple West African countries who had supported Hezbollah campaigns and provided funds to the organization. The report further accused Hezbollah of blood diamond trade and other illicit activities with local drug traffickers in the region, which was already known for its notorious drug trafficking alliances.
In October 2010, a Lebanese court sentenced the captain of the flight, Najib al-Barouni, to 20 years in prison after being found guilty of neglect. The court also sentenced Imad Saba, a Palestinian-American owner of the aircraft, UTA general manager Ahmed Khazem and UTA operations chief Mohammed Khazem to prison with serving time ranging from 3 months to 3 years. All of them were ordered to provide compensations with a total of US$930,000 to the relatives of the victims.
See also
Arrow Air Flight 1285
Air Midwest Flight 5481
Notes
^ According to the final report, a total of 138 people on board and 3 people on the ground were killed. The report, however, stated that there were doubts on the exact number.
References
^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-223 3X-GDO Cotonou Airport (COO)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ Ranter, Harro. "Benin air safety profile". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay "Final report Accident on 25 December 2003 at Cotonou Cadjèhoun aerodrome (Benin) to the Boeing 727-223 registered 3X-GDO operated by UTA (Union des Transports Africains)" (PDF). www.bea.aero. Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
^ French, Howard W. (17 December 1995). "In Africa, Many National Airlines Fly on a Wing and a Prayer". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 21 June 2014.
^ Levy, Dan (12 March 2013). Hezbollah's Fundraising Activity in Africa Focus on the Democratic Republic of Congo (PDF). International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
^ The Lebanese in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Intelligence Assessment. Directorate of Intelligence Agency. January 1988.
^ "Plane crash in Benin kills at least 111". CBC News. CBC. 26 December 2003. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ Ahissou, Virgile. "More Than 60 Die in W. Africa Plane Crash". Associated Press. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "Airliner crash kills 135 in Benin". BBC News. BBC. 26 December 2003. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "Benin plane crash toll rises to 113". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ a b "Plane crashes on coast of Benin". CNN. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ Karouny, Mariam (27 December 2003). "Rescuers Struggle To Find Bodies In Benin Plane Crash". Arab News. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "At least 90 dead in Cotonou plane crash, 31 survivors". The New Humanitarian. 26 December 2003. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "At least 24 survive plane crash in Africa". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "Lebanese Divers Search Sea for Victims of Benin Plane Crash". The New York Times. Agence France-Presse. 27 December 2003. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "Benin plane crash toll hits 135". UPI. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "Search goes on for Benin air crash survivors". The Guardian. 26 December 2003. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "African plane crash kills 90". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 December 2003. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "Black box from Benin plane crash found". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 December 2003. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "Divers drag bodies from plane crash". independent.ie. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "Survivors of Benin crash arrive home". ABC. 27 December 2003.
^ "UN troops killed in Benin crash, nearly 140 killed". China Daily. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "Benin air crash dead flown home". BBC News. BBC. 29 December 2003.
^ "15 BD troops killed in plane crash". Dawn. 28 December 2003. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ a b Confronting Drug Trafficking in West Africa: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on African Affairs of the Committee of Foreign Relations. The University of Michigan Documents Center: United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. 2009.
^ Nasser, Cilina (9 January 2004). "Crashes raise doubts about airline safety". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
^ Qabisi, Kamal (5 January 2004). "The lessor of the ill-fated Lebanese airplane in Benin speaks to Asharq al-Awsat from Sharjah". Asharq al-Awsat (in Arabic).
^ Shams, Duha (7 January 2004). "الصندوق الأسود لطائرة كوتونو يفتح اليوم" . As-Safir (in Arabic). p. 4.
^ "بعد حادث تحطم الطائرة في كوتونو ليما تبحث عن إثنين من البيروفيين فقدا" . Elaph (in Arabic). 31 December 2003.
^ "Huge cargo blamed for Benin crash". BBC. 27 March 2004. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
^ "Bodies of Benin Plane Crash Victims Returned Home to Lebanon". VOA News. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "Annan Mourns Those Killed in Benin Air Crash, including Bangladeshi Peacekeepers". UN News. 29 December 2003. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "15 UNAMSIL peacekeepers die in plane crash in Benin Republic". reliefweb. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "Lebanese victims of Benin plane crash arrive home". CNN. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "Pilot, Airline Official Get 20 Years in Jail over Fatal Cotonou Crash". Naharnet. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
External links
Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network (Summary of the French accident investigation)
Cockpit Voice Recorder transcript and accident summary
Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety
"Accident d'un Boeing 727 à Cotonou le 25 décembre 2003." (in French) (Archive)
Summary of the English translation of investigation (Archive)
Full English report (Archive)
Original French report (in French) (HTML) (Archive)
PDF version of the French report (in French) (Archive)
Pictures of the crash by BBC
Photo of the accident aircraft by Aviation Safety Network
vteAviation accidents and incidents in 2003 (2003)
Jan 8 Turkish Airlines Flight 634Jan 8 Air Midwest Flight 5481Jan 9 TANS Perú Flight 222Feb 19 Iran Ilyushin Il-76 crashMar 6 Air Algérie Flight 6289Mar 15 Air China Flight 112May 8 Congo air disasterMay 25 Boeing 727-223 disappearanceMay 26 Ukrainian-Mediterranean Airlines Flight 4230May 29 QantasLink Flight 1737Jun 22 Brit Air Flight 5672Jul 8 Sudan Airways Flight 139Aug 24 Tropical Airways Flight 1301Aug 26 Colgan Air Flight 9446Nov 22 Baghdad DHL attempted shootdownDec 4 Polish Air Force Mil Mi-8 crashDec 18 FedEx Express Flight 647Dec 25 UTA Flight 141
2002 ◄
► 2004
Portals: Africa Guinea Lebanon Aviation France | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_flight"},{"link_name":"regional airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_airline"},{"link_name":"Union des Transports Africains de Guinée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_des_Transports_Africains_de_Guin%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Conakry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conakry"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727"},{"link_name":"Bight of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bight_of_Benin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"Guinean government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Guinea"},{"link_name":"BEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Enquiry_and_Analysis_for_Civil_Aviation_Safety"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"EASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"}],"text":"2003 aviation accident in BeninUTA Flight 141 was a scheduled international passenger flight operated by Guinean regional airline Union des Transports Africains de Guinée, flying from Conakry to Dubai with stopovers in Benin, Libya and Lebanon. On 25 December 2003, the Boeing 727–223 operating the flight struck a building and crashed into the Bight of Benin while rolling for take off from Cotonou, killing 141 people. The crash of Flight 141 was the deadliest crash in Benin's aviation history.[1][2]The investigation concluded that the crash was primarily caused by overloading. However, it also subsequently revealed massive incompetence within the airline, particularly on its dangerous safety culture. The issue had gone unnoticed following lapses between authorities and further incompetence in management oversight led to the aircraft's overloaded state. Multiple factors, including the short runway at Cotonou and the high demand of passengers for the route, had also contributed to the crash.[3]In regards to the result of the investigation, the Guinean government was urged to create reforms and regulations on the civil aviation authorities in the country. The BEA, the commission responsible for the investigation, had also urged ICAO to examine provisions related to safety oversight and the FAA and the European EASA were asked to support the creation of an autonomous weight and balance calculation system on board every airliner.[3]","title":"UTA Flight 141"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_carrier"},{"link_name":"Air Afrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Afrique"},{"link_name":"transnational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnationalism"},{"link_name":"Francophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophone"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-In_Africa,_Many_National_Airlines_Fly_on_a_Wing_and_a_Prayer-5"},{"link_name":"the fallout of the aviation industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"Air France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"Union des Transports Africains de Guinée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_des_Transports_Africains_de_Guin%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Lebanese people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"Lebanese diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_diaspora"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"President Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siaka_Stevens"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Middle East Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"government of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Benin"},{"link_name":"duty-free shopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty-free_shop"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"}],"text":"In the 20th century, most countries in West Africa did not have the capability to create and maintain a national airline. For decades, flight routes in West Africa were mainly served by Air Afrique, a transnational airline for Francophone West and Central Africa. It was once considered one of the largest airlines in Africa and one of the most reputable.[4] However, after reports of mismanagement, corruption and the fallout of the aviation industry following the September 11 attacks, Air Afrique declared bankruptcy in 2002.[3]In the aftermath of Air Afrique's demise, there were no more routes connecting major cities in West Africa and to other regions. The bankruptcy of Air Afrique caused isolation between the countries, despite their close geographical location. While Air Afrique's routes were immediately taken over by Air France, most of the flights were perceived as inconvenient. Such an example was a flight from Conakry to Cotonou, in which passengers had to fly to Paris first before they could continue to Cotonou. Immediately, there were high demands for new airlines to open more direct routes.[3]In an attempt to fill the void left by Air Afrique, multiple existing small airlines began to offer services to these major routes. Among them was Union des Transports Africains de Guinée (also known as UTA), a regional airliner that was operated by Lebanese people in Guinea.[3]For years, the Lebanese diaspora was part of the backbone of the economic activity in multiple West African countries. Many Lebanese businessmen had forged robust relationships with government officials to sign contracts within West Africa's public infrastructure sectors. An example was cited on a CIA document from 1988, with the following quote explaining the economic situation in one of the West African countries:[5]In Sierra Leone, the Lebanese have continued to dominate the country's destitute economy [...]. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s Jamil [Muhammad] helped prop up the regime of then President Stevens by obtaining rice and oil [...]. In return, Stevens turned a blind eye to Jamil's wide-scale business activities, allowing him to exercise relatively unchecked control over the lucrative diamond and fishing industries— CIA, \"The Lebanese in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Intelligence Assessment (1988)\"[6]However, the lack of direct flights to Lebanon caused dozens of Lebanese to board transit flights between multiple cities in West Africa. Lebanon's flag carrier, Middle East Airlines, previously had operated flight routes in West Africa and later decided to terminate the service.[3]On 23 July 2003, the government of Benin granted temporary authorization for UTA to operate charter flights for Conakry – Cotonou – Beirut – Cotonou – Conakry route. The airline later requested clearance to operate another extension flight to Dubai, known for its duty-free shopping, possibly to amplify profitability. The request was granted in November 2003.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"Mojave Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Desert"},{"link_name":"Wells Fargo Bank Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Fargo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"Ariana Afghan Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Afghan_Airlines"},{"link_name":"ferry flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_flight"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Swaziland's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"}],"text":"The aircraft was a Boeing 727-223. Manufactured in 1977 with a serial number of 21370, it was equipped with three Pratt & Whitney JT8D-9A engines. The aircraft was registered as N865AA and was delivered to American Airlines.[3]: 14–16Throughout its operational history, the aircraft had been operated by multiple operators. From June 1977 to January 2003, the aircraft was owned by American Airlines. However, in October 2001 the aircraft was stored in California's Mojave Desert. It subsequently became the property of Wells Fargo Bank Northwest in October 2002.[3]: 14–16In January 2003, the aircraft was sold to a Miami-based leasing company Financial Advisory Group (FAG). The aircraft was then delivered to Ariana Afghan Airlines following FAA authorization to operate a ferry flight to Kabul under a new registration of YA-FAK. The first leasing contract was signed by Swaziland's Alpha and Omega Airways and the aircraft subsequently changed its registration to 3D-FAK in June 2003. In October 2003, the aircraft was subleased by Alpha and Omega Airways to UTA and the aircraft was registered under Guinean registration of 3X-GDO.[3]: 14–16The aircraft had undergone a total of 40,452 flight cycles. The last major C check, the highest category for an aircraft maintenance, was carried out in January 2001 by American Airlines. There were insufficient documents on modifications that had been made on the aircraft. It was described as \"materially impossible\" to obtain the appropriate documents of the aircraft during its operation with UTA.[3]: 14–16","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"cirrus clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrus_cloud"},{"link_name":"stratocumulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"V1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds"},{"link_name":"VR speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"localizer antennas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_landing_system_localizer"},{"link_name":"concrete boundary fence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimeter_fence"},{"link_name":"flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"leading edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge"},{"link_name":"outer aileron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron"},{"link_name":"airframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airframe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"fuselage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselage"},{"link_name":"tail of the aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empennage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"}],"text":"Flight 141 was a chartered passenger flight from the Guinean capital of Conakry, Benin's largest city of Cotonou and the Lebanese capital of Beirut with the final destination in Dubai. A stopover was included in the flight plan with the Libyan town of Kufra as a refueling stop. It was a weekly scheduled flight with one round trip flight per week.[3]: 8The aircraft had been chartered by 2 Lebanese men.[7] Many of those on board were Lebanese diaspora who had been living in multiple West African countries for years. As it was Christmas Day, many of those on board were travelling home to spend the holidays with families.[8][9] Dozens of passengers could be seen carrying hand baggage filled with Christmas gifts. The situation was chaotic as the check-in staff at the airport had not allocated seats for the passengers. A boarding pass was also not needed at the airport. Passengers could sell their respective seats at last-minute to someone else who were not booked on the flight as their names were not written on the boarding pass.[3]: 32, 35The aircraft was full with passengers. A total of 86 people had boarded the aircraft in Conakry and 9 people had disembarked in Cotonou. The aircraft had also received another 10 passengers from an aircraft that had flown from Togo. The boarding was disorderly. Many passengers tried to sit beside their friends and even occupied the cabin jump seats and the cabin crew were overwhelmed. Meanwhile, the flight crew were involved in an argument inside the cockpit as they had not received the basic information on the aircraft's load.[3]: 8While the cockpit crew were engaged in an argument on the weight and balance, the ground baggage handler was loading the baggage at the aft of the aircraft. One of UTA's agents then asked the handler to load the baggage at the forward hold, which was already filled with baggage. Subsequently, the forward hold was full with baggage. Back in the cockpit, the crew continued to discuss the weight of the baggage. They became more frustrated as there were no information regarding the number of passengers that had boarded the aircraft in Cotonou. It was a tense situation as all the flight crew were unable to determine the exact weight of the baggage of each passengers.[3]: 8As the Captain decided to discuss the matter with the flight engineer, the First Officer became angry and yelled at the Directorate General of UTA, who was sitting at the cockpit jump seat across him, due to the absence of information. The UTA executive, however, tried to reason with the First Officer on the matter.[3]: 77The UTA executive immediately apologized to the crew. He stated that he would tell the management off as soon as the aircraft arrive in Beirut, later added that he would send messages to not allow anymore baggage or luggage weighing more than 30 kilograms. By this time, all passengers had already boarded the aircraft. Fuel was added to both tanks and the flight plan had been filed by the captain. The Captain then configured the aircraft with flaps at 25 degrees. The elevator was set at 63⁄4 and full power with brakes on would be applied for the take-off, followed by a three-degree maximum for take-off climb. The First Officer was the pilot flying.[3]: 8The air conditioner was shut down. The weather was hot and dry. Weather report stated that there were cirrus clouds covering the sky and that there were some stratocumulus at an altitude of 1,500 feet (460 m). The visibility was about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi; 4.3 nmi) and the humidity was at 75%.[3]: 17As everything was set, the crew began the take-off roll. However, several passengers were still reluctant to sit down and decided to stand near their friends. This led the chief flight attendant to inform the cockpit crew on the situation. Order was finally restored after the Directorate General of UTA had called for order and the passengers finally decided to sit down on the floor.[3]: 8At 13:58 local time, the flight crew applied take-off thrust. A few seconds later, the brakes were released. The First Officer was pushing the nose down and the captain was observing the airspeed. The aircraft then reached V1 and subsequently reached its VR speed. An input from 5-degree nose down to 10-degree nose up was made by the First Officer in a span of two seconds. The nose of the aircraft, however, remained constant and the speed continued to increase.[3]: 21The Captain became anxious as the aircraft's wheel had not lifted off the runway. He then called for rotation at least twice. The First Officer then pulled the yoke even harder so the aircraft could take-off. The angle of attack then changed from −1.2-degree to a maximum of +9-degree, at a speed of 1 degree per second.[3]: 22The aircraft finally managed to lift off at 13:59:07 for a negligible altitude. Realizing that they were going to run out of runway, the captain urged the first officer to pull harder.[3]: 22At 13:59:11, the aircraft struck the localizer antennas at the end of the runway. The aircraft's main landing gears then impacted the localizer building, causing the roof to fly for approximately 9 meters from the point of impact. The right main landing gear then detached. The impact subsequently caused small parts of the tail and the aircraft's stair to detach as well. The aircraft then impacted the airport's concrete boundary fence, scraping the lower part of the fuselage and caused some parts of the flaps to separate from the wings.[3]: 23–26The aircraft then slid and struck a rainwater drainage canal located right after the perimeter fence. The collision damaged the aircraft's landing gears and parts of its wings. The leading edge and the outer aileron from the right wing then separated from the airframe. A survivor who was seated at the rear of the aircraft stated that people flew off their seats and, at the moment of impact, \"fly around the cabin\". According to testimonies, some passengers had not attached their seatbelts.[3]: 26–27, 32After it had struck the drainage canal, the aircraft broke up into three parts; the cockpit section, the fuselage, and the tail of the aircraft, all of which ended up in the sea. Majority of the fuselage managed to stay intact. However, the fuselage became upside down due to the impact, drowning the occupants inside. Those who were seated near the breaks were able to get out of the sinking wreckage.[3]: 28","title":"Flight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plane-12"},{"link_name":"thousands of onlookers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubbernecking"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mathieu Kérékou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plane-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jean Obeid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Obeid"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Divers-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"}],"sub_title":"Search and rescue","text":"The crash was loud enough to be noticed by the two controllers in the tower. The fire brigade immediately arrived at the destroyed localizer building and later confirmed that a technician inside the building was seriously injured by the collision.[3]: 9 Members of the fire brigade then went down to the beach and found that the situation was already chaotic. Nearby beachgoers and residents had immediately flocked to the site. While some passengers managed to escape from the sinking wreckage, several others were still trapped inside the fuselage. According to CNN, several onlookers screamed as dead bodies washed on the beach. Several relatives of those on board even tried to recover the bodies of their next of kin by jumping into the sea.[10][11]The first hour of the rescue operation was difficult as the situation was hampered by thousands of onlookers on the crash site. Emergency crew could not execute their duties effectively. Some emergency vehicles even became stuck in the sand. Lack of coordination between rescue organizations further aggravated the situation.[3]: 32 The police had to use belts to push back onlookers.[12]Benin's Health Minister Celine Segnon stated that at least 90 people had died due to the crash, while 18 people had survived.[13] Among them were the cockpit occupants. All except one of the people who were in the cockpit had managed to survive the crash. The First Officer was killed after his head had struck the right side of the cockpit during the impact. The search and rescue operation continued through the night as rescuers tried to recover more bodies and survivors. The nation's navy divers, army and Red Cross had been dispatched to assist in the rescue operation. Beninese President Mathieu Kérékou personally visited the crash site to observe the rescue operation.[11][14]On 26 December, a Middle East Airlines plane carrying Lebanese Foreign Minister Jean Obeid and five army divers had arrived in Benin to assist with the rescue operation.[15][16] Rescuers, however, stated that it was unlikely to find anymore survivors from the crash site. Rescuers attempted to recover the wreckage by using chains that were tied onto tractors.[17] Meanwhile, both black boxes were recovered from the wreckage on 27 December.[18][19]A total of 141 bodies had been recovered by the rescuers, 12 of whom could not be identified. Initially, there were 27 survivors at the crash site but 5 people later succumbed to their injuries. Additionally, the report listed 7 missing people.[20][3]: 9","title":"Flight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lebanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_people"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestler"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"UN peacekeepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_peacekeeper"},{"link_name":"duties in Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Liberia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Confronting-26"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"Libyan Arab Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Royal Jordanian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Jordanian_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Trans Air Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_Air_Benin"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-28"},{"link_name":"flight engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_engineer"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"}],"text":"According to Lebanese Foreign Minister Jean Obeid, over a hundred of those on board were Lebanese. There were also people from Togo, Guinea, Kenya, Libya, Sierra Leone, Palestine, Peru, Syria, Nigeria, and also a youth wrestler from Iran.[21][22] Among the passengers were 15 Bangladeshi UN peacekeepers returning from their duties in Sierra Leone and Liberia.[23][24] A congressional report from the United States Senate indicated that there were officials related to Hezbollah's West Africa operation on board Flight 141.[25]The manifest indicated that a total of 86 people, including 4 children and 3 babies, boarded the aircraft while it was in Conakry. Among the 86 passengers were 45 passengers from Sierra Leone, including the Bangladeshi peacekeepers who had boarded without transit checks. In Cotonou, a total of 9 passengers disembarked from the aircraft and 63 people, including 3 children and 2 babies, boarded the aircraft. The aircraft also received 10 passengers, including a child and a baby, from a transit flight that had originated from Togo. Based on the written manifest, the total number of passengers were 150, consisted of 138 adults, 8 children and 6 babies. The exact number of passengers on board, however, were impossible to determine, as more passengers were thought to be aboard than were listed on the manifest.[3]: 7, 35At the time of the accident, the aircraft was configured with 12 first-class seats, 138 economy seats, and 6 seats for flight attendants. There were five seats in the cockpit and 4 jump seats for the cabin crew.[3]: 12All three flight crew members had previously flown for Libyan Arab Airlines, and had their first flight with the airline on 8 December 2003. All of the crew members were provided by Financial Advisory Group (FAG) as the owner of the aircraft. The captain was 49-year-old Najib al-Barouni[26] with 11,000 flight hours, including 8,000 hours on the Boeing 727. His commercial pilot license was issued by the United Kingdom in 1977. He later obtained the Boeing 727 flying license in 1988 and joined FAG in March 2003. Prior to his work with UTA, he had flown for Royal Jordanian Airlines for 3 months and Trans Air Benin for 6 months. The first officer was 49-year-old Ahmad al-Herayzi,[27] whose flight information was not stated in the accident report. He had obtained his commercial pilot license in 1979, issued by the United Kingdom. The flight engineer, 45-year-old Miftah [LNU],[28] had 14,000 flight hours, all on the Boeing 727.[3]: 10–12There were 7 other crew members on board the aircraft, consisted of four flight attendants, two Peruvian ground mechanics[29] and one transporter. There were also two UTA executives, including the Director General of UTA, aboard the aircraft. They were both seated at the cabin crew jump seats.[3]: 8, 12–13","title":"Passengers and crews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"}],"text":"The crash was the deadliest civil airliner crash in the history of Benin. It was also the first major aircraft accident in the country. Thus, the country didn't have the experience to investigate the crash. While the government had set up a special commission to investigate the cause of the crash, the government requested the French BEA to carry out the probe. The investigation also invited representatives from Boeing and the FAA.[3]: 2, 37According to the final report, the investigation team faced great difficulties during their attempts to obtain adequate data and documentations from UTA.\nThe team had to rely to direct testimonies from the surviving crew members, reasonings, and calculations made from the available recorded parameters.[3]: 34","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"}],"sub_title":"Weight and balance","text":"Testimonies gathered from surviving passengers and crew members revealed that the crash might have been caused by the presence of a weight and balance problem. While investigators tried to examine this theory, they couldn't retrieve the supposed weight and balance data from UTA. There were no documents on the weight of the aircraft and the loading plan for the flight between Conakry and Cotonou. Investigators could only retrieve the passenger manifest and the weight of the hold baggage. The weight and balance sheets, all of which were from the previous owner Alpha Omega Airlines, were later provided by the Lebanese investigators.[3]: 33The basic operating weight of the aircraft, the actual weight of the aircraft and its equipment without the weight of the fuel, was determined to be at around 43.5 to 47.17 tonnes (43,500 to 47,170 kg; 95,900 to 104,000 lb), with the latter being the most likely. The real weight of the passengers, however, was unknown. The weight of the baggage was also difficult to determine as UTA's check-in staffs had never limited the weight of the baggage to a specific weight. UTA's standard allowed weight per adult passenger was 75 kilograms (165 lb), although prior flights revealed weight variations between 75–84 kilograms (165–185 lb). The weight of the passengers and the baggage was later determined to be between 10,480 and 11,704 kilograms (23,104 and 25,803 lb).[3]: 34Calculation made by BEA, in addition with the aircraft's fuel and other loads, concluded that the take-off weight of Flight 141 was somewhere between 81,355 and 86,249 kilograms (179,357 and 190,146 lb). A simulation was then conducted, with an aircraft setting of flaps at 25-degree, stabilizer at 63⁄4 and a declared weight of 78 tonnes (78,000 kg; 172,000 lb). The simulation revealed that the aircraft's centre of gravity was still stable and balanced as the allowed centre of gravity was 19%. According to investigators, the aircraft would have managed to fly safely from the airport and shouldn't have crashed onto the localizer building at the end of the runway.[3]: 36–37","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Longitudinal_aircraft_stability_13.svg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"the scheduled time for take-off was at noon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_and_high"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"}],"sub_title":"Failure to take-off","text":"The calculation was inconsistent with testimonies that had been gathered from survivors of the crash, in which overloading had caused the crash of Flight 141. Further confirmation based on the recorded parameter was later conducted by Boeing and investigators. The calculation later revealed that the aircraft was actually 85.5 tonnes (85,500 kg; 188,000 lb) with a centre of gravity at 14%, much forward than the previous calculation. According to Boeing, with said calculation the aircraft would have required a much more rigorous and rapid input from the crew to pass the localizer building at the end of the runway.[3]: 38An illustration of how centre of gravity works in an aircraft. A shift of centre of gravity would have diminished the aircraft's ability to fly properly.The centre of gravity had significantly shifted to the front due to the improper loading by the baggage handler, later revealed that he never had a formal training, who had decided to load the already baggage-filled forward hold with more baggage rather than distributing the weight of the load properly. This was consistent with the recorded parameter, which showed the very slow response of the nose when the crew had tried to apply nose up input to the elevator.[3]: 37With the centre of gravity value of 14%, the aircraft would have also required a greater setting of the stabilizer, which was at 73⁄4 rather than 63⁄4, for a much more effective take-off. By selecting the latter configuration, the aircraft would have taken off from the runway at a slower pace. The decision to select such configuration was caused by the crew's reliance over their past experience. As UTA had not provided the required data for the crew, they had to rely to the configuration that they had used in prior flights and thus assumed that the configuration of 63⁄4 for the stabilizer was sufficient enough for take-off, as it was usual to use the declared weight of 78 ton and the centre of gravity of 19% for the take-off calculation.[3]: 60As the crew selected the configuration, the aircraft would have needed a longer distance to take-off from Cotonou. The situation was worsened by the fact that the scheduled time for take-off was at noon, in which temperature was at its peak. Available weather data showed that the temperature at the time was at 32 °C (90 °F). The hot temperature at the time would have caused air density to decrease, inhibiting the aircraft's ability to take-off. The shifted centre of gravity to the forward hold, combined with the insufficient configuration, the short runway and the hot temperature at the airport, caused the aircraft's failure to take-off from Cotonou.[3]: 38, 60","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Let L-410 Turbolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_L-410_Turbolet"},{"link_name":"Antonov An-24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-24"},{"link_name":"Freetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freetown"},{"link_name":"Banjul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjul"},{"link_name":"Abidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan"},{"link_name":"air ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_ambulance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"}],"sub_title":"The operator","text":"Prior to the operation of the Cotonou – Beirut route, UTA had been operating smaller routes in West Africa for years. The airline itself was a small regional airliner that was based in Guinea. It had relocated from its previous base in Sierra Leone from 1995 under the name West Coast. Before UTA managed to obtain Boeing 727, the airline had operated a Let L-410 Turbolet and an Antonov An-24 through a leasing contract. The Let L-410 was used for routes between multiple West African cities such as Freetown, Banjul and Abidjan, while the Antonov An-24 was used for mining companies and air ambulance.[3]: 44The investigation revealed that all management posts in the airline had been filled with members of the same family with no knowledge whatsoever in aviation. The only non-family members in the airline was the technical director, who was responsible for the training, and the chief pilot, who was tasked on quality control, the latter was not competent enough for high capacity aircraft as he had not obtained the aircraft rating for Boeing 727.[3]: 46UTA didn't possess sufficient documents of its own fleet. The first Boeing 727 that had been acquired by the airline was lacking in proper documentations which prompted the Lebanese investigators to not allow the aircraft to be operated under Lebanese registration as its essential documents somehow belonged to other foreign airlines. To rectify the problem, UTA bought another Boeing 727, the accident aircraft, from Alpha and Omega Airways. UTA also could not provide the maintenance and inspection manual to investigators. They also could not provide the operation manual. The manual had to be provided by the Guinean authorities. Further examination revealed that the manual had been copy-pasted from numerous foreign airlines. For example, some of the wordings had been copy-pasted from aircraft activities in Jordan and Gaza.[3]: 46–47The following findings were also noted: the absence of work time limit for the flight crew, absence of details relating to loading, weight and balance of an aircraft, non-existent structure of the airline and even non-existent departments within the airline. UTA was also not able to provide, according to the final report, the slightest data on the flights that had been performed, flying hours and periods of service of the crew.[3]: 47Investigator also noted the following declaration, found within UTA's document:[3]: 47Safety is the most important rule for all airlines. This is an essential ingredient for any evaluation of success. This is the responsibility of all. Our objective is the effective mastery of disaster with zero accidents. The mastery of disasters means the prevention of injuries or accidents to persons or goods. With UTA, safety is the priority. Try to make it your attitude and rule of life","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"Chicago Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"}],"sub_title":"Oversight failure","text":"Guinean authorities should have prevented the creation of UTA following the airline's blatant disregard to the required regulations that it should have followed. The decision to let UTA to operate flights in the region raised questions on the oversight. Furthermore, Guinean authorities somehow managed to immediately pass multiple controversial decisions made by UTA, such as the copy-pasted manual and the extension flight to Dubai, without proper examinations. The same issue could be applied to authorities in Swaziland.[3]: 57–58Failing in oversights could be attributed to the environment of the country, in which adherence to regulations was often overlooked. The final report, however, stressed that multiple factors should also be considered, such as economic reasons and other variety of reasons, rather than blaming the authorities in Swaziland and Guinea. West Africa had been suffering endless conflicts and political instability for years. An immediate punishment on the struggling region over its non-compliance with the supposed regulations would have caused a negative feedback. Even though Guinean authorities had ratified the Chicago Convention, the implementation of it basically didn't exist. The international body that supervised the convention, ICAO, even stated in its 2001 report that Guinea had not established a regulatory mechanism on the country's aviation industry.[3]: 57–58The final report revealed the unequal ability of countries to conduct evaluation on another country's adherence to the Chicago Convention. In response, ICAO was asked to actively help countries that were incapable of implementing aviation safety regulations to eventually develop a working system. A better transparency between countries that had ratified the convention was also ordered.[3]: 57–58","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frenchrep-4"}],"sub_title":"Conclusion","text":"The final report was published in 2004.[30] The crash was mainly caused by overloading and the improper baggage loading of the Boeing 727. However, the investigation team also listed the structural causes that eventually enabled the overloading condition of the aircraft. The BEA listed the cause as the following:[3]: 62The accident resulted from a direct cause: \nThe difficulty that the flight crew encountered in performing the rotation with an overloaded airplane whose forward center of gravity was unknown to them;\nand two structural causes: \n\nThe operator’s serious lack of competence, organization and regulatory documentation, which made it impossible for it both to organize the operation of the route correctly and to check the loading of the airplane;\nThe inadequacy of the supervision exercised by the Guinean civil aviation authorities and, previously, by the authorities in Swaziland, in the context of safety oversight.— BEAFollowing the accident, BEA issued recommendations to multiple international aviation bodies for better oversight of airliners within their scope of operation. The report also asked the United States FAA and Europe EASA to create an autonomous system for measuring weight and balance. Subsequently, all aircraft should be retrofitted with said system.[3]: 63–65","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national mourning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_day_of_mourning"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"repatriation ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation"},{"link_name":"Émile Lahoud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Lahoud"},{"link_name":"Rafic Hariri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafic_Hariri"},{"link_name":"Nabih Berri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabih_Berri"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"Shiite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia"},{"link_name":"militant group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militant"},{"link_name":"blood diamond trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_diamond"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Confronting-26"},{"link_name":"Palestinian-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Americans"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"In response to the crash, the government of Benin declared three-days of national mourning.[31] The then United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan expressed his condolences to the relatives of the crash, particularly to the families of the 15 UN peacekeepers.[32] United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) later sent 11 members of a coordination team to Cotonou for the repatriation.[33] On 28 December, a repatriation ceremony was held in Cotonou for 77 Lebanese victims and 2 Iranians. A French military aircraft had been ordered to carry the coffins to Beirut. The aircraft arrived in Beirut on the next day and another repatriation ceremony was held, attended by Lebanese President Émile Lahoud, Prime Minister Rafic Hariri, Speaker of the House Nabih Berri and Muslim clerics.[34]The crash of Flight 141 revealed another source of influx of cash for Hezbollah, a prominent Lebanese Shiite militant group, from countries in West Africa. Among the passengers was a Hezbollah official carrying US$2 million that had been raised by supporters of Hezbollah in West Africa. A report made by United States Congress revealed a vast network of wealthy Lebanese nationals in multiple West African countries who had supported Hezbollah campaigns and provided funds to the organization. The report further accused Hezbollah of blood diamond trade and other illicit activities with local drug traffickers in the region, which was already known for its notorious drug trafficking alliances.[25]In October 2010, a Lebanese court sentenced the captain of the flight, Najib al-Barouni, to 20 years in prison after being found guilty of neglect. The court also sentenced Imad Saba, a Palestinian-American owner of the aircraft, UTA general manager Ahmed Khazem and UTA operations chief Mohammed Khazem to prison with serving time ranging from 3 months to 3 years. All of them were ordered to provide compensations with a total of US$930,000 to the relatives of the victims.[35]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ According to the final report, a total of 138 people on board and 3 people on the ground were killed. The report, however, stated that there were doubts on the exact number.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"An illustration of how centre of gravity works in an aircraft. A shift of centre of gravity would have diminished the aircraft's ability to fly properly.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Longitudinal_aircraft_stability_13.svg/220px-Longitudinal_aircraft_stability_13.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Arrow Air Flight 1285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Air_Flight_1285"},{"title":"Air Midwest Flight 5481","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Midwest_Flight_5481"}] | [{"reference":"BEA","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ranter, Harro. \"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-223 3X-GDO Cotonou Airport (COO)\". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 17 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20031225-0","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-223 3X-GDO Cotonou Airport (COO)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network","url_text":"Aviation Safety Network"}]},{"reference":"Ranter, Harro. \"Benin air safety profile\". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 17 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/country/country.php?id=TY","url_text":"\"Benin air safety profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final report Accident on 25 December 2003 at Cotonou Cadjèhoun aerodrome (Benin) to the Boeing 727-223 registered 3X-GDO operated by UTA (Union des Transports Africains)\" (PDF). www.bea.aero. Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2003/3x-o031225a/pdf/3x-o031225a.pdf","url_text":"\"Final report Accident on 25 December 2003 at Cotonou Cadjèhoun aerodrome (Benin) to the Boeing 727-223 registered 3X-GDO operated by UTA (Union des Transports Africains)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Enquiry_and_Analysis_for_Civil_Aviation_Safety","url_text":"Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721063823/http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2003/3x-o031225a/pdf/3x-o031225a.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"French, Howard W. (17 December 1995). \"In Africa, Many National Airlines Fly on a Wing and a Prayer\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 21 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140621132111/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/17/world/in-africa-many-national-airlines-fly-on-a-wing-and-a-prayer.html","url_text":"\"In Africa, Many National Airlines Fly on a Wing and a Prayer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/17/world/in-africa-many-national-airlines-fly-on-a-wing-and-a-prayer.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Levy, Dan (12 March 2013). Hezbollah's Fundraising Activity in Africa Focus on the Democratic Republic of Congo (PDF). International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Retrieved 22 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ict.org.il/UserFiles/ICTWPS%20-%20Dan%20Levy%20-%2012.pdf","url_text":"Hezbollah's Fundraising Activity in Africa Focus on the Democratic Republic of Congo"}]},{"reference":"The Lebanese in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Intelligence Assessment. Directorate of Intelligence Agency. January 1988.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Plane crash in Benin kills at least 111\". CBC News. CBC. 26 December 2003. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/plane-crash-in-benin-kills-at-least-111-1.399093","url_text":"\"Plane crash in Benin kills at least 111\""}]},{"reference":"Ahissou, Virgile. \"More Than 60 Die in W. Africa Plane Crash\". Associated Press. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/9d2dc0f4fa11d59ca53472b71c59d727","url_text":"\"More Than 60 Die in W. Africa Plane Crash\""}]},{"reference":"\"Airliner crash kills 135 in Benin\". BBC News. BBC. 26 December 2003. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3348109.stm","url_text":"\"Airliner crash kills 135 in Benin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benin plane crash toll rises to 113\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/12/26/benin-plane-crash-toll-rises-to-113","url_text":"\"Benin plane crash toll rises to 113\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plane crashes on coast of Benin\". CNN. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/12/25/benin.crash.reut/","url_text":"\"Plane crashes on coast of Benin\""}]},{"reference":"Karouny, Mariam (27 December 2003). \"Rescuers Struggle To Find Bodies In Benin Plane Crash\". Arab News. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arabnews.com/node/242172","url_text":"\"Rescuers Struggle To Find Bodies In Benin Plane Crash\""}]},{"reference":"\"At least 90 dead in Cotonou plane crash, 31 survivors\". The New Humanitarian. 26 December 2003. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/47810/benin-least-90-dead-cotonou-plane-crash-31-survivors","url_text":"\"At least 90 dead in Cotonou plane crash, 31 survivors\""}]},{"reference":"\"At least 24 survive plane crash in Africa\". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2003/12/26/at-least-24-survive-plane-crash-in-africa/","url_text":"\"At least 24 survive plane crash in Africa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lebanese Divers Search Sea for Victims of Benin Plane Crash\". The New York Times. Agence France-Presse. 27 December 2003. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/27/world/lebanese-divers-search-sea-for-victims-of-benin-plane-crash.html","url_text":"\"Lebanese Divers Search Sea for Victims of Benin Plane Crash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Benin plane crash toll hits 135\". UPI. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/2003/12/26/Benin-plane-crash-toll-hits-135/5701072414800/","url_text":"\"Benin plane crash toll hits 135\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search goes on for Benin air crash survivors\". The Guardian. 26 December 2003. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/dec/26/1","url_text":"\"Search goes on for Benin air crash survivors\""}]},{"reference":"\"African plane crash kills 90\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 December 2003. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2003-12-26/african-plane-crash-kills-90/110960","url_text":"\"African plane crash kills 90\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black box from Benin plane crash found\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 December 2003. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2003-12-27/black-box-from-benin-plane-crash-found/111122","url_text":"\"Black box from Benin plane crash found\""}]},{"reference":"\"Divers drag bodies from plane crash\". independent.ie. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/divers-drag-bodies-from-plane-crash-25919990.html","url_text":"\"Divers drag bodies from plane crash\""}]},{"reference":"\"Survivors of Benin crash arrive home\". ABC. 27 December 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2003-12-27/survivors-of-benin-crash-arrive-home/111334","url_text":"\"Survivors of Benin crash arrive home\""}]},{"reference":"\"UN troops killed in Benin crash, nearly 140 killed\". China Daily. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-12/28/content_293944.htm","url_text":"\"UN troops killed in Benin crash, nearly 140 killed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benin air crash dead flown home\". BBC News. BBC. 29 December 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3353551.stm","url_text":"\"Benin air crash dead flown home\""}]},{"reference":"\"15 BD troops killed in plane crash\". Dawn. 28 December 2003. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/131282/15-bd-troops-killed-in-plane-crash","url_text":"\"15 BD troops killed in plane crash\""}]},{"reference":"Confronting Drug Trafficking in West Africa: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on African Affairs of the Committee of Foreign Relations. The University of Michigan Documents Center: United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. 2009.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nasser, Cilina (9 January 2004). \"Crashes raise doubts about airline safety\". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210112015259/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/ArticlePrint.aspx?id=91798&mode=print","url_text":"\"Crashes raise doubts about airline safety\""},{"url":"http://www.dailystar.com.lb/ArticlePrint.aspx?id=91798&mode=print","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Qabisi, Kamal (5 January 2004). \"The lessor of the ill-fated Lebanese airplane in Benin speaks to Asharq al-Awsat from Sharjah\". Asharq al-Awsat (in Arabic).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shams, Duha (7 January 2004). \"الصندوق الأسود لطائرة كوتونو يفتح اليوم\" [The Cotonou airplane’s black box to be opened today]. As-Safir (in Arabic). p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"بعد حادث تحطم الطائرة في كوتونو ليما تبحث عن إثنين من البيروفيين فقدا\" [After the Cotonou plane crash, Lima searches for two missing Peruvians]. Elaph (in Arabic). 31 December 2003.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Huge cargo blamed for Benin crash\". BBC. 27 March 2004. Retrieved 28 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3574915.stm","url_text":"\"Huge cargo blamed for Benin crash\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bodies of Benin Plane Crash Victims Returned Home to Lebanon\". VOA News. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-12-28-14-bodies/297813.html","url_text":"\"Bodies of Benin Plane Crash Victims Returned Home to Lebanon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annan Mourns Those Killed in Benin Air Crash, including Bangladeshi Peacekeepers\". UN News. 29 December 2003. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.un.org/en/story/2003/12/89952-annan-mourns-those-killed-benin-aircrash-including-bangladeshi-peacekeepers","url_text":"\"Annan Mourns Those Killed in Benin Air Crash, including Bangladeshi Peacekeepers\""}]},{"reference":"\"15 UNAMSIL peacekeepers die in plane crash in Benin Republic\". reliefweb. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://reliefweb.int/report/sierra-leone/15-unamsil-peacekeepers-die-plane-crash-benin-republic","url_text":"\"15 UNAMSIL peacekeepers die in plane crash in Benin Republic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lebanese victims of Benin plane crash arrive home\". CNN. Retrieved 24 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/12/28/benin.crash.reut/","url_text":"\"Lebanese victims of Benin plane crash arrive home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pilot, Airline Official Get 20 Years in Jail over Fatal Cotonou Crash\". Naharnet. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/628-pilot-airline-official-get-20-years-in-jail-over-fatal-cotonou-crash","url_text":"\"Pilot, Airline Official Get 20 Years in Jail over Fatal Cotonou Crash\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=UTA_Flight_141¶ms=6_20_48.9_N_2_22_16.9_E_source:kolossus-plwiki","external_links_name":"6°20′48.9″N 2°22′16.9″E / 6.346917°N 2.371361°E / 6.346917; 2.371361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=UTA_Flight_141¶ms=6_20_48.9_N_2_22_16.9_E_source:kolossus-plwiki","external_links_name":"6°20′48.9″N 2°22′16.9″E / 6.346917°N 2.371361°E / 6.346917; 2.371361"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20031225-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-223 3X-GDO Cotonou Airport (COO)\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/country/country.php?id=TY","external_links_name":"\"Benin air safety profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2003/3x-o031225a/pdf/3x-o031225a.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Final report Accident on 25 December 2003 at Cotonou Cadjèhoun aerodrome (Benin) to the Boeing 727-223 registered 3X-GDO operated by UTA (Union des Transports Africains)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721063823/http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2003/3x-o031225a/pdf/3x-o031225a.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140621132111/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/17/world/in-africa-many-national-airlines-fly-on-a-wing-and-a-prayer.html","external_links_name":"\"In Africa, Many National Airlines Fly on a Wing and a Prayer\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/17/world/in-africa-many-national-airlines-fly-on-a-wing-and-a-prayer.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ict.org.il/UserFiles/ICTWPS%20-%20Dan%20Levy%20-%2012.pdf","external_links_name":"Hezbollah's Fundraising Activity in Africa Focus on the Democratic Republic of Congo"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/plane-crash-in-benin-kills-at-least-111-1.399093","external_links_name":"\"Plane crash in Benin kills at least 111\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/9d2dc0f4fa11d59ca53472b71c59d727","external_links_name":"\"More Than 60 Die in W. Africa Plane Crash\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3348109.stm","external_links_name":"\"Airliner crash kills 135 in Benin\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/12/26/benin-plane-crash-toll-rises-to-113","external_links_name":"\"Benin plane crash toll rises to 113\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/12/25/benin.crash.reut/","external_links_name":"\"Plane crashes on coast of Benin\""},{"Link":"https://www.arabnews.com/node/242172","external_links_name":"\"Rescuers Struggle To Find Bodies In Benin Plane Crash\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/47810/benin-least-90-dead-cotonou-plane-crash-31-survivors","external_links_name":"\"At least 90 dead in Cotonou plane crash, 31 survivors\""},{"Link":"https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2003/12/26/at-least-24-survive-plane-crash-in-africa/","external_links_name":"\"At least 24 survive plane crash in Africa\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/27/world/lebanese-divers-search-sea-for-victims-of-benin-plane-crash.html","external_links_name":"\"Lebanese Divers Search Sea for Victims of Benin Plane Crash\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/2003/12/26/Benin-plane-crash-toll-hits-135/5701072414800/","external_links_name":"\"Benin plane crash toll hits 135\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/dec/26/1","external_links_name":"\"Search goes on for Benin air crash survivors\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2003-12-26/african-plane-crash-kills-90/110960","external_links_name":"\"African plane crash kills 90\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2003-12-27/black-box-from-benin-plane-crash-found/111122","external_links_name":"\"Black box from Benin plane crash found\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/divers-drag-bodies-from-plane-crash-25919990.html","external_links_name":"\"Divers drag bodies from plane crash\""},{"Link":"https://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2003-12-27/survivors-of-benin-crash-arrive-home/111334","external_links_name":"\"Survivors of Benin crash arrive home\""},{"Link":"https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-12/28/content_293944.htm","external_links_name":"\"UN troops killed in Benin crash, nearly 140 killed\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3353551.stm","external_links_name":"\"Benin air crash dead flown home\""},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/131282/15-bd-troops-killed-in-plane-crash","external_links_name":"\"15 BD troops killed in plane crash\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210112015259/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/ArticlePrint.aspx?id=91798&mode=print","external_links_name":"\"Crashes raise doubts about airline safety\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailystar.com.lb/ArticlePrint.aspx?id=91798&mode=print","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3574915.stm","external_links_name":"\"Huge cargo blamed for Benin crash\""},{"Link":"https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-12-28-14-bodies/297813.html","external_links_name":"\"Bodies of Benin Plane Crash Victims Returned Home to Lebanon\""},{"Link":"https://news.un.org/en/story/2003/12/89952-annan-mourns-those-killed-benin-aircrash-including-bangladeshi-peacekeepers","external_links_name":"\"Annan Mourns Those Killed in Benin Air Crash, including Bangladeshi Peacekeepers\""},{"Link":"https://reliefweb.int/report/sierra-leone/15-unamsil-peacekeepers-die-plane-crash-benin-republic","external_links_name":"\"15 UNAMSIL peacekeepers die in plane crash in Benin Republic\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/12/28/benin.crash.reut/","external_links_name":"\"Lebanese victims of Benin plane crash arrive home\""},{"Link":"https://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/628-pilot-airline-official-get-20-years-in-jail-over-fatal-cotonou-crash","external_links_name":"\"Pilot, Airline Official Get 20 Years in Jail over Fatal Cotonou Crash\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20031225-0","external_links_name":"Accident description"},{"Link":"http://www.tailstrike.com/251203.html","external_links_name":"Cockpit Voice Recorder transcript and accident summary"},{"Link":"http://www.bea.aero/francais/actualite/actu.htm","external_links_name":"Accident d'un Boeing 727 à Cotonou le 25 décembre 2003"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20040408064423/http://www.bea.aero/francais/actualite/actu.htm","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"https://www.bea.aero/docspa/2003/3x-o031225a/htm/3x-o031225a.html","external_links_name":"Summary of the English translation of investigation"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130818180932/http://www.bea-fr.org/docspa/2003/3x-o031225a/htm/3x-o031225a.html","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2003/3x-o031225a/pdf/3x-o031225a.pdf","external_links_name":"Full English report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721063823/http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2003/3x-o031225a/pdf/3x-o031225a.pdf","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2003/3x-o031225/htm/3x-o031225.html","external_links_name":"Original French report"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130818180941/http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2003/3x-o031225/htm/3x-o031225.html","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2003/3x-o031225/pdf/3x-o031225.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF version of the French report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721063937/http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2003/3x-o031225/pdf/3x-o031225.pdf","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/photo_gallery/3348445.stm","external_links_name":"Pictures of the crash"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/photo/2127/Boeing-727-223-3X-GDO","external_links_name":"Photo of the accident aircraft"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crockford%27s_clerical_directory | Crockford's Clerical Directory | ["1 Previous publishers","2 Frequency of publication","3 Scope of the directory","4 Prefaces","5 Locating previous issues","6 Crockford references in fiction","7 Notes","8 References","8.1 Citations","8.2 Sources","9 External links","9.1 Free downloads of some past directories"] | Directory of the UK Anglican Communion
Crockford's Clerical Directory (Crockford) is the authoritative directory of Anglican clergy and churches in the United Kingdom and Ireland, containing details of English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish benefices and churches, and biographies of around 26,000 clergy in those countries as well as the Church of England Diocese in Europe in other countries. It was first issued in 1858 by John Crockford, a London printer and publisher.
Crockford is currently compiled and published for the Archbishops' Council by Church House Publishing. It covers in detail the whole of the Church of England (including the Diocese in Europe), the Church in Wales, the Scottish Episcopal Church, and the Church of Ireland, and it also gives some information – now more limited – about the world-wide Anglican Communion.
Previous publishers
Crockford's Clerical Directory 1868, published by Horace Cox, London
The title of the first edition was simply The Clerical Directory, but a footnote showed that it was published by John Crockford, 29 Essex Street, the Strand. The original publisher died suddenly in 1865, shortly before the appearance of the third edition of what had by then become Crockford's Clerical Directory. For many subsequent issues the volumes were anonymously edited, but they were published under the imprint of Horace Cox – the nephew of John Crockford's closest business associate, solicitor and publisher Edward William Cox (1809Ω–1879). (His family was probably quite unrelated to the Charles Cox who coincidentally was the publisher of Crockford's chief rival, the Clergy List.) Horace Cox died in 1918 and the title was subsequently sold in 1921 to the Oxford University Press, who continued as publishers until the early 1980s. For the 1985/86 issue, publication was transferred to the Church Commissioners and their Central Board of Finance (who worked from their own administrative lists and databases). The publication is now collated by Church House Publishing.
Frequency of publication
The first four issues came out in 1858, 1860 (with a supplement in 1861), 1865 and 1868. Crockford then reappeared biennially until 1876, when it began being published annually until 1917. The next issue was a delayed 1918/19 edition, which had for the first time incorporated its main rival publication, the Clergy List. Further issues appeared for 1920 and 1921/22; then between 1923 and 1927 and 1929–1940 the directory reappeared annually, followed by more late issues in 1941 and 1947/48. Since that time Crockford has generally appeared every two years, although gradually worsening delays meant that the 87th and 88th editions were dated 1977/79 and 1980/82, and the book failed to appear at all during 1983/84. Biennial publication was once again resumed in 1985/86, although the volume issued late in 1997 was designated the 1998/99 edition. The 100th edition – eventually published for 2008/09 – included within its hardback version a few facsimile pages from the first edition, together with an extended historical note describing some of the earlier volumes.
The 1858 edition was later described as seemingly "assembled in a very haphazard fashion, with names added 'as fast as they could be obtained', out of alphabetical order and with an unreliable index". But nevertheless the 1860 directory "had become a very much more useful work of reference". However, the original volume was actually a consolidation of what in 1857 had been conceived as a mere series of supplements to an entirely different publication, the Clerical Journal. The editors explained in the preface that they wished it to be understood that it was "but the foundation of a great work which, with the Cordial aid of the clergy, we shall hope to make more and more perfect every year".
Scope of the directory
Crockford, 1910: a biographical page in an older edition would typically include many abbreviations, including clergy academic backgrounds, and their dates ordained deacon and priest (the presiding bishop being indicated). Diocesan coats of arms were shown alongside episcopal entries; any publications were listed, and parish incomes and patrons were mentioned. Many overseas clergy would be covered.
The 1858 issue was based on postal returns from the clergy in England and Wales, involving an outlay – as the preface pointed out – of "more than Five Hundred Pounds for Postage Stamps alone". Simpler lists for the Scottish Episcopal Church and for a number of colonial clergy – obtained from alternative sources – had been added by the 1865 edition, whilst details of Irish clergy had also been extracted from Alexander Thom's Irish Almanack and Official Directory. From the 1870s onwards the scope was progressively extended to all parts of the Anglican communion with the notable exception of the Episcopal Church (United States). The 1870 edition contained 940 pages, but this had increased to over 2,100 pages by 1892.
The earliest editions had also gradually added some details of diocesan office holders and administrators, together with the theological colleges, and the royal chapels. They also acquired much fuller indexes – along with outline maps of dioceses, and increasingly complete lists of bishops, dating right back to the earliest years of their sees. They further offered to all clergy an opportunity to list their publications, although these lists eventually had to be cut back as their overall length started to increase dramatically.
By the early 1980s severe economies had become necessary and 1985/86 edition had to be restricted to the "home" churches of England, Scotland and Wales. Retired clergy were temporarily restricted to just a few details of their final appointment, although it became possible to restore the Irish clergy in time for the 1987/88 edition. Later editions saw a further return of the retired clergy, together with details of those overseas clergy who had originally been licensed or trained in the UK, or who occupied senior positions within their respective church hierarchies. Details which had also become obtainable from the Church of England Yearbook or from similar sources were generally excluded. For a time too clergy who made their livings though secular jobs were excluded from the biographies section, with the abbreviation NQ (Non-Qualifying Position) being used to cover such periods when clerics returned to parish work and were again eligible for inclusion. In that many such clergy retained diocesan licences or episcopal "Permissions to Officiate" during their periods of secular employment, this approach may have caused a degree of difficulty for clerics who needed to prove their clerical status.
By 1985/86 the first women deacons were being included (although women priests ordained in Hong Kong were included even in the 1970s) while other more recent innovations – from the 1990s onwards – have included optional email addresses, together with lists of those clergy who have died since the previous edition. Notes on "How to Address the Clergy" have been retained. A small number of clergy have been excluded at their own request, or have allowed their biographies to appear minus a contact address. The Church Commissioners soon replaced the traditional black hardback bindings in favour of red and also introduced a separate softback alternative version.
Since 2004 there has also been a frequently updated Internet edition of Crockford, which is available by subscription. More recently the directory has also joined in with social networking, operating a Twitter account since 2012.
An alternative to the main work, Crockford's Shorter Directory, focused almost entirely on the Church of England and omitting all past biographical details, was issued as a single edition in 1953–54.
Prefaces
The well-known tradition of having an extensive but anonymous preface offering a general review of events within the Anglican Communion – together with some occasionally sharp and controversial commentary – evolved gradually during the early part of the 20th century. Previous prefaces had tended to be much briefer and they had often been limited merely to explaining the directory's in-house policies. After the events following the publication of the 1987/88 edition, which had ended with the death by suicide of the Revd Gareth Bennett, this tradition of the anonymous preface was discontinued.
An anthology, Crockford Prefaces: The Editor Looks Back, anonymously edited by Richard Henry Malden and covering the previous 25 years, was published by the Oxford University Press in 1947.
Locating previous issues
County libraries each have their own policies, but there are good collections in a number of major academic and ecclesiastical libraries, including the Bodleian Library, Cambridge University Library, Lambeth Palace Library, Canterbury Cathedral Library, Palace Green Library, Durham, York Minster Library, the Guildhall Library and the Society of Genealogists.
Besides the 1865 reprint, a small number of early editions have been reissued in CD format by various publishers, including Archive CD Books. Scanned copies of other early editions have also begun to appear on the World Wide Web.
Crockford references in fiction
Crockford is referenced in Dorothy Sayers's 1927 detective novel Unnatural Death (chapter XI) where Lord Peter Wimsey uses "this valuable work of reference" in trying to trace a clergyman who is important for solving the book's mystery.
Another fictional character holding Crockford on his bookshelves was Sherlock Holmes, who during one of his final short stories ("The Adventure of the Retired Colourman"), consulted his copy before dispatching his colleague Dr Watson, together with another companion, to a distant part of Essex. There they interviewed "a big solemn rather pompous clergyman" who received them angrily in his study.
Holmes also describes to Mary Russell that he used Crockford to research the preacher Margery Childe, in Laurie R. King's A Monstrous Regiment of Women.
The character Dulcie Mainwaring prefers Crockford's format to Who's Who while reflecting on researching in the Public Record Office in London in Barbara Pym's No Fond Return of Love.
In a chapter entitled "The Visitor in the Night" by Freeman Wills Crofts of the book The Floating Admiral, Inspector Rudge looks up the background of Reverend Mount in a Crockford's.
Notes
^ A two-part article "Shop-talk and mordant wit" by Christopher Currie & Glyn Paflin describes the background to the directory's first hundred editions,
^ Horace Cox's very brief obituary in The Times, 11 October 1918; p. 5, states that he had retired in 1912 and had ceased to take an active part in his business, which also produced The Field, The Queen and The Law Times
^ The 1861 supplement, experimentally issued when a switch to biennial publication was being contemplated, may be downloaded free of charge from Google Play
^ The 1865 edition was reprinted in a 1995 facsimile limited edition of 100 copies by Peter Bell (bookseller), Edinburgh. It can also now be downloaded free of charge from Google play
^ There was no issue in 1928, for what the editor called "technical reasons". Production difficulties in 1941/42, 1943 and 1944 meant that it was only possible to issue short supplements to the 1941 edition. Crockford Prefaces: The Editor Looks Back (Oxford, 1947), pp. i, 257, 272, 283.
^ Quoted by Brenda Hough in her biographical note on John Crockford, published in the 1998/99 Crockford and reprinted (with minor modifications) in all subsequent editions; also on the official Crockford's website.
^ The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography article on Edward William Cox states that he, together with John Crockford, had founded the Clerical Journal in 1853.
References
Citations
^ Hough & Matthew 2004.
^ "Crockford's Clerical Directory". The Church of England. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
^ a b c d Currie & Paflin & 7 December 2007.
^ a b Bell 1995.
^ Hough, Brenda. "About John Crockford". Crockford's clerical Directory - online. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
^ Crockford's Clerical Directory 1987/88. pp. 47–48.
^ "How to address the clergy". Crockford's Clerical Directory. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
^ "Welcome to the Crockford web site...". Crockford's Clerical Directory. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
^ Anon 1947.
Sources
Hough, Brenda; Matthew, H. C. G. (2004). "Crockford, John (1824/5–1865)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37324. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Currie, Christopher; Paflin, Glyn (7 December 2007). "Shop-talk and mordant wit". The Church Times. Archived from the original on 2012-04-07. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
Bell, Peter (1995). Crockford's Clerical Directory for 1865: Being a Biographical and Statistical Book of Reference for Facts Relating to the Clergy and the Church. Oxford and Edinburgh: Horace Cox in 1865, republished by Peter Bell in 1995. ISBN 978-1-871538-21-2.
Anon (1947). Crockford prefaces: the editor looks back. Oxford Univ. Press.
Church of England; Central Board of Finance; Church Commissioners (1865). Crockford's Clerical Directory. Oxford University Press.
External links
Official website
Church House Publishing, official C of E publisher
Free downloads of some past directories
1865 version in Google Play
1868 version at archive.org
1949/50 version at archive.org
1961/62 version at archive.org
1967/68 version at archive.org
1980/82 version at archive.org | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Diocese in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"John Crockford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crockford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoughMatthew2004-1"},{"link_name":"Archbishops' Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishops%27_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Church in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"Scottish Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Anglican Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion"}],"text":"Crockford's Clerical Directory (Crockford) is the authoritative directory of Anglican clergy and churches in the United Kingdom and Ireland, containing details of English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish benefices and churches, and biographies of around 26,000 clergy in those countries as well as the Church of England Diocese in Europe in other countries. It was first issued in 1858 by John Crockford,[1] a London printer and publisher.Crockford is currently compiled and published for the Archbishops' Council by Church House Publishing.[2] It covers in detail the whole of the Church of England (including the Diocese in Europe), the Church in Wales, the Scottish Episcopal Church, and the Church of Ireland, and it also gives some information – now more limited – about the world-wide Anglican Communion.","title":"Crockford's Clerical Directory"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crockford1868-titlepage.jpg"},{"link_name":"the Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand,_London"},{"link_name":"Edward William Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_William_Cox"},{"link_name":"Clergy List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_List"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrie_&_Paflin7_December_2007-3"},{"link_name":"Church Commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Commissioners"}],"text":"Crockford's Clerical Directory 1868, published by Horace Cox, LondonThe title of the first edition was simply The Clerical Directory, but a footnote showed that it was published by John Crockford, 29 Essex Street, the Strand. The original publisher died suddenly in 1865, shortly before the appearance of the third edition of what had by then become Crockford's Clerical Directory. For many subsequent issues the volumes were anonymously edited, but they were published under the imprint of Horace Cox – the nephew of John Crockford's closest business associate, solicitor and publisher Edward William Cox (1809Ω–1879). (His family was probably quite unrelated to the Charles Cox who coincidentally was the publisher of Crockford's chief rival, the Clergy List.[note 1]) Horace Cox died in 1918[note 2] and the title was subsequently sold in 1921 to the Oxford University Press,[3] who continued as publishers until the early 1980s. For the 1985/86 issue, publication was transferred to the Church Commissioners and their Central Board of Finance (who worked from their own administrative lists and databases). The publication is now collated by Church House Publishing.","title":"Previous publishers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Clergy List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_List"},{"link_name":"[note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[note 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[note 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The first four issues came out in 1858, 1860 (with a supplement in 1861),[note 3] 1865 [note 4] and 1868. Crockford then reappeared biennially until 1876, when it began being published annually until 1917. The next issue was a delayed 1918/19 edition, which had for the first time incorporated its main rival publication, the Clergy List. Further issues appeared for 1920 and 1921/22; then between 1923 and 1927[note 5] and 1929–1940 the directory reappeared annually, followed by more late issues in 1941 and 1947/48. Since that time Crockford has generally appeared every two years, although gradually worsening delays meant that the 87th and 88th editions were dated 1977/79 and 1980/82, and the book failed to appear at all during 1983/84. Biennial publication was once again resumed in 1985/86, although the volume issued late in 1997 was designated the 1998/99 edition. The 100th edition – eventually published for 2008/09 – included within its hardback version a few facsimile pages from the first edition, together with an extended historical note describing some of the earlier volumes.The 1858 edition was later described as seemingly \"assembled in a very haphazard fashion, with names added 'as fast as they could be obtained', out of alphabetical order and with an unreliable index\". But nevertheless the 1860 directory \"had become a very much more useful work of reference\".[note 6] However, the original volume was actually a consolidation of what in 1857 had been conceived as a mere series of supplements to an entirely different publication, the Clerical Journal.[note 7] The editors explained in the preface that they wished it to be understood that it was \"but the foundation of a great work which, with the Cordial aid of the clergy, we shall hope to make more and more perfect every year\".","title":"Frequency of publication"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crockford1910BpLichfield.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scottish Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"Alexander Thom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Thom_(almanac_editor)"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Church of England Yearbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_England_Yearbook&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"women priests ordained in Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sheng_Kung_Hui#Social_issues"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"social networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"}],"text":"Crockford, 1910: a biographical page in an older edition would typically include many abbreviations, including clergy academic backgrounds, and their dates ordained deacon [d] and priest [p] (the presiding bishop being indicated). Diocesan coats of arms were shown alongside episcopal entries; any publications were listed, and parish incomes and patrons were mentioned. Many overseas clergy would be covered.The 1858 issue was based on postal returns from the clergy in England and Wales, involving an outlay – as the preface pointed out – of \"more than Five Hundred Pounds for Postage Stamps alone\". Simpler lists for the Scottish Episcopal Church and for a number of colonial clergy – obtained from alternative sources – had been added by the 1865 edition, whilst details of Irish clergy had also been extracted from Alexander Thom's Irish Almanack and Official Directory. From the 1870s onwards the scope was progressively extended to all parts of the Anglican communion with the notable exception of the Episcopal Church (United States). The 1870 edition contained 940 pages, but this had increased to over 2,100 pages by 1892.The earliest editions had also gradually added some details of diocesan office holders and administrators, together with the theological colleges, and the royal chapels. They also acquired much fuller indexes – along with outline maps of dioceses, and increasingly complete lists of bishops, dating right back to the earliest years of their sees. They further offered to all clergy an opportunity to list their publications, although these lists eventually had to be cut back as their overall length started to increase dramatically.By the early 1980s severe economies had become necessary and 1985/86 edition had to be restricted to the \"home\" churches of England, Scotland and Wales.[6] Retired clergy were temporarily restricted to just a few details of their final appointment, although it became possible to restore the Irish clergy in time for the 1987/88 edition. Later editions saw a further return of the retired clergy, together with details of those overseas clergy who had originally been licensed or trained in the UK, or who occupied senior positions within their respective church hierarchies. Details which had also become obtainable from the Church of England Yearbook or from similar sources were generally excluded. For a time too clergy who made their livings though secular jobs were excluded from the biographies section, with the abbreviation NQ (Non-Qualifying Position) being used to cover such periods when clerics returned to parish work and were again eligible for inclusion. In that many such clergy retained diocesan licences or episcopal \"Permissions to Officiate\" during their periods of secular employment, this approach may have caused a degree of difficulty for clerics who needed to prove their clerical status.By 1985/86 the first women deacons were being included (although women priests ordained in Hong Kong were included even in the 1970s) while other more recent innovations – from the 1990s onwards – have included optional email addresses, together with lists of those clergy who have died since the previous edition. Notes on \"How to Address the Clergy\"[7] have been retained. A small number of clergy have been excluded at their own request, or have allowed their biographies to appear minus a contact address. The Church Commissioners soon replaced the traditional black hardback bindings in favour of red and also introduced a separate softback alternative version.Since 2004 there has also been a frequently updated Internet edition of Crockford, which is available by subscription.[8] More recently the directory has also joined in with social networking, operating a Twitter account since 2012.An alternative to the main work, Crockford's Shorter Directory, focused almost entirely on the Church of England and omitting all past biographical details, was issued as a single edition in 1953–54.","title":"Scope of the directory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrie_&_Paflin7_December_2007-3"},{"link_name":"Gareth Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Bennett_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Richard Henry Malden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Malden"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrie_&_Paflin7_December_2007-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1947-16"}],"text":"The well-known tradition of having an extensive but anonymous preface offering a general review of events within the Anglican Communion – together with some occasionally sharp and controversial commentary – evolved gradually during the early part of the 20th century.[3] Previous prefaces had tended to be much briefer and they had often been limited merely to explaining the directory's in-house policies. After the events following the publication of the 1987/88 edition, which had ended with the death by suicide of the Revd Gareth Bennett, this tradition of the anonymous preface was discontinued.An anthology, Crockford Prefaces: The Editor Looks Back, anonymously edited by Richard Henry Malden[3] and covering the previous 25 years, was published by the Oxford University Press in 1947.[9]","title":"Prefaces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bodleian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Library"},{"link_name":"Lambeth Palace Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_Palace_Library"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Palace Green Library, Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosin%27s_Library"},{"link_name":"York Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Minster"},{"link_name":"Guildhall Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall_Library"},{"link_name":"Society of Genealogists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Genealogists"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1995-7"},{"link_name":"Archive CD Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archive_CD_Books&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"County libraries each have their own policies, but there are good collections in a number of major academic and ecclesiastical libraries, including the Bodleian Library, Cambridge University Library, Lambeth Palace Library, Canterbury Cathedral Library, Palace Green Library, Durham, York Minster Library, the Guildhall Library and the Society of Genealogists.Besides the 1865 reprint,[4] a small number of early editions have been reissued in CD format by various publishers, including Archive CD Books. Scanned copies of other early editions have also begun to appear on the World Wide Web.","title":"Locating previous issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dorothy Sayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Sayers"},{"link_name":"Unnatural Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnatural_Death"},{"link_name":"Lord Peter Wimsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Peter_Wimsey"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Mary Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Russell_(character)"},{"link_name":"Laurie R. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_R._King"},{"link_name":"A Monstrous Regiment of Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Monstrous_Regiment_of_Women"},{"link_name":"Who's Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who"},{"link_name":"Public Record Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Record_Office"},{"link_name":"Barbara Pym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Pym"},{"link_name":"No Fond Return of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Fond_Return_of_Love"},{"link_name":"Freeman Wills Crofts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Wills_Crofts"},{"link_name":"The Floating Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Floating_Admiral"}],"text":"Crockford is referenced in Dorothy Sayers's 1927 detective novel Unnatural Death (chapter XI) where Lord Peter Wimsey uses \"this valuable work of reference\" in trying to trace a clergyman who is important for solving the book's mystery.Another fictional character holding Crockford on his bookshelves was Sherlock Holmes, who during one of his final short stories (\"The Adventure of the Retired Colourman\"), consulted his copy before dispatching his colleague Dr Watson, together with another companion, to a distant part of Essex. There they interviewed \"a big solemn rather pompous clergyman\" who received them angrily in his study.Holmes also describes to Mary Russell that he used Crockford to research the preacher Margery Childe, in Laurie R. King's A Monstrous Regiment of Women.The character Dulcie Mainwaring prefers Crockford's format to Who's Who while reflecting on researching in the Public Record Office in London in Barbara Pym's No Fond Return of Love.In a chapter entitled \"The Visitor in the Night\" by Freeman Wills Crofts of the book The Floating Admiral, Inspector Rudge looks up the background of Reverend Mount in a Crockford's.","title":"Crockford references in fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrie_&_Paflin7_December_2007-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1995-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"}],"text":"^ A two-part article \"Shop-talk and mordant wit\" by Christopher Currie & Glyn Paflin describes the background to the directory's first hundred editions, [3]\n\n^ Horace Cox's very brief obituary in The Times, 11 October 1918; p. 5, states that he had retired in 1912 and had ceased to take an active part in his business, which also produced The Field, The Queen and The Law Times\n\n^ The 1861 supplement, experimentally issued when a switch to biennial publication was being contemplated, may be downloaded free of charge from Google Play\n\n^ The 1865 edition was reprinted in a 1995 facsimile limited edition of 100 copies by Peter Bell (bookseller), Edinburgh.[4] It can also now be downloaded free of charge from Google play\n\n^ There was no issue in 1928, for what the editor called \"technical reasons\". Production difficulties in 1941/42, 1943 and 1944 meant that it was only possible to issue short supplements to the 1941 edition. Crockford Prefaces: The Editor Looks Back (Oxford, 1947), pp. i, 257, 272, 283.\n\n^ Quoted by Brenda Hough in her biographical note on John Crockford, published in the 1998/99 Crockford and reprinted (with minor modifications) in all subsequent editions; also on the official Crockford's website.[5]\n\n^ The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography article on Edward William Cox states that he, together with John Crockford, had founded the Clerical Journal in 1853.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Crockford's Clerical Directory 1868, published by Horace Cox, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Crockford1868-titlepage.jpg/220px-Crockford1868-titlepage.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crockford, 1910: a biographical page in an older edition would typically include many abbreviations, including clergy academic backgrounds, and their dates ordained deacon [d] and priest [p] (the presiding bishop being indicated). Diocesan coats of arms were shown alongside episcopal entries; any publications were listed, and parish incomes and patrons were mentioned. Many overseas clergy would be covered.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Crockford1910BpLichfield.jpg/220px-Crockford1910BpLichfield.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Crockford's Clerical Directory\". The Church of England. Retrieved 2022-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchofengland.org/resources/clergy-resources/crockfords-clerical-directory","url_text":"\"Crockford's Clerical Directory\""}]},{"reference":"Hough, Brenda. \"About John Crockford\". Crockford's clerical Directory - online. Retrieved 2014-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crockford.org.uk/standard.asp?id=126","url_text":"\"About John Crockford\""}]},{"reference":"Crockford's Clerical Directory 1987/88. pp. 47–48.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"How to address the clergy\". Crockford's Clerical Directory. Retrieved 2014-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crockford.org.uk/standard.asp?id=116","url_text":"\"How to address the clergy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the Crockford web site...\". Crockford's Clerical Directory. Retrieved 2014-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crockford.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Welcome to the Crockford web site...\""}]},{"reference":"Hough, Brenda; Matthew, H. C. G. (2004). \"Crockford, John (1824/5–1865)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37324.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F37324","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/37324"}]},{"reference":"Currie, Christopher; Paflin, Glyn (7 December 2007). \"Shop-talk and mordant wit\". The Church Times. Archived from the original on 2012-04-07. Retrieved 2014-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120407024756/http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/content.asp?id=48255","url_text":"\"Shop-talk and mordant wit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Times","url_text":"Church Times"},{"url":"http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/content.asp?id=48255","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Peter (1995). Crockford's Clerical Directory for 1865: Being a Biographical and Statistical Book of Reference for Facts Relating to the Clergy and the Church. Oxford and Edinburgh: Horace Cox in 1865, republished by Peter Bell in 1995. ISBN 978-1-871538-21-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oSqjAQAACAAJ","url_text":"Crockford's Clerical Directory for 1865: Being a Biographical and Statistical Book of Reference for Facts Relating to the Clergy and the Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871538-21-2","url_text":"978-1-871538-21-2"}]},{"reference":"Anon (1947). Crockford prefaces: the editor looks back. Oxford Univ. Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Malden","url_text":"Anon"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rItbAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Crockford prefaces: the editor looks back"}]},{"reference":"Church of England; Central Board of Finance; Church Commissioners (1865). Crockford's Clerical Directory. Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BzkFAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Crockford's Clerical Directory"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.churchofengland.org/resources/clergy-resources/crockfords-clerical-directory","external_links_name":"\"Crockford's Clerical Directory\""},{"Link":"http://www.crockford.org.uk/standard.asp?id=126","external_links_name":"\"About John Crockford\""},{"Link":"http://www.crockford.org.uk/standard.asp?id=116","external_links_name":"\"How to address the clergy\""},{"Link":"http://www.crockford.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to the Crockford web site...\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F37324","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/37324"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120407024756/http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/content.asp?id=48255","external_links_name":"\"Shop-talk and mordant wit\""},{"Link":"http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/content.asp?id=48255","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oSqjAQAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Crockford's Clerical Directory for 1865: Being a Biographical and Statistical Book of Reference for Facts Relating to the Clergy and the Church"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rItbAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Crockford prefaces: the editor looks back"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BzkFAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Crockford's Clerical Directory"},{"Link":"http://www.crockford.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.chpublishing.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Church House Publishing"},{"Link":"https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Church_of_England_Crockford_s_Clerical_Directory?id=BzkFAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"1865 version"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/crockfordscleri00commgoog","external_links_name":"1868 version"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/crockfordscleric0000unse_d6k8/page/n49/mode/2up","external_links_name":"1949/50 version"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/crockfordscleric0000unse_n2i9/page/n63/mode/2up?view=theater","external_links_name":"1961/62 version"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/crockfordscleric0000unse_p6e0/page/n63/mode/2up?view=theater","external_links_name":"1967/68 version"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/crockfordscleric0000unse_v9v8/page/n43/mode/2up?view=theater","external_links_name":"1980/82 version"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Patch | Dan Patch | ["1 Background","1.1 Ownership","2 Racing career","2.1 1900: Indiana county fairs","2.2 1901: the Grand Circuit","2.3 1902: new ownership","2.4 1903: \"champion harness horse of the world\"","2.5 1904: on the road","2.6 1905: the Black Whirlwind","2.7 1906-1909: celebrity","3 Records set","4 Retirement","5 Memorials","6 Cultural references","7 Pedigree","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | American Standardbred racehorse
Dan PatchDan Patch in harnessBreedStandardbredGaitPace
SireJoe PatchenGrandsirePatchen WilkesDamZelicaDamsireWilkesberrySexStallionFoaledApril 29, 1896DiedJuly 11, 1916CountryUnited StatesColorDark bayBreederDaniel Messner Jr.OwnerDaniel Messner Jr.Manley E. Sturges (1902)Marion Willis Savage (1902-1916)RecordundefeatedDriverJohn Wattles (1900)Myron McHenry (1901-1903)Harry Hersey (1904-1909)Mile record1:551⁄4 unofficially 1:55
HonorsHarness Racing Hall of Fame Immortal (1953)Last updated on January 2017
Dan Patch (April 29, 1896 – July 11, 1916) was a noted American Standardbred pacer. At a time when harness racing was one of the largest sports in the nation, Dan Patch was a major celebrity. He was undefeated in open competition, and was so dominant on the racetrack that other owners eventually refused to enter their horses against him. Instead, he ended his racing career performing time trials, and traveled extensively on exhibition, earning millions of dollars in purses, attendance gate receipts, and product endorsements. Dan Patch broke world speed records at least 14 times in the early 1900s. In 1905, he set a world's record for the fastest mile by a harness horse (1:551⁄4 – 1 minute, 55+1⁄4 seconds) that stood unmatched for over 30 years. Unofficially, Dan Patch broke this record in 1906 with a clocking of 1:55. He died on July 11, 1916. His owner, Marion Willis Savage, died just one day later.
Dan Patch was inducted into the Harness Racing Museum & Hall of Fame in 1953 and the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame in 2019.
Background
Dan Patch was a mahogany bay Standardbred stallion bred by Daniel (Dan) Messner Jr., a prosperous dry goods merchant from Oxford, Indiana. In late 1894, Messner purchased a three-year-old filly named Zelica for $255 (equal to $8,980 today), planning to use her as a buggy horse. Zelica had gone lame in her only start and was later estimated to be worth under $100 at the time. In 1895, Messner paid a $150 stud fee to breed her to Joe Patchen, a top-quality racehorse, but untried as a sire. The resulting colt was foaled on April 29, 1896, at the livery stable in Oxford. His legs were so crooked that he could not at first stand on his own, leading many of the locals to call him "Messner's Folly". Some even suggested he be put down. Instead, Messner and his friends held the colt so he could ingest the colostrum (first milk) from Zelica. The foal's legs gradually grew straighter, although he still had crooked hocks, especially on his left hind leg. The colt developed an alert, cheerful personality and was noted for his intelligence.
In 1897, Messner applied to the American Trotting Association for the name Dan Patchen, based on his own first name and the last name of the colt's sire, with Dan P. as an alternative. Both names were taken, so the Trotting Association assigned a similar name, Dan Patch.
Zelica continued to be used as a buggy horse with her colt running freely alongside until he was weaned around five or six months. At first, the young horse showed little promise. "The only redeemable feature about the little fellow was that he was friendly and cute," recalled Messner. "I honestly thought the colt's future would be confined to hauling a delivery wagon." However, a close friend named John Wattles, the owner of the livery stable in which Dan Patch was foaled, saw potential in the colt. Wattles received permission from Messner to train Dan Patch and gradually developed the horse's abilities. By late 1898, Messner was able to use Dan Patch as his buggy horse, since Zelica was again in foal, and even hooked the horse up to his sleigh over the winter. The locals were increasingly impressed by the almost black colt, who loved to move fast, but was biddable enough to pull young boys behind him on the sleigh.
At maturity, Dan Patch stood 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm) tall at the withers and weighed a "hefty" 1,165 pounds. His hindquarters were notably higher than his front. He had a short body and long legs, a combination that would have been problematic for a trotter, as the hind legs would have risked striking the front leg in full stride (known as firing). As a pacer, the risk of firing is nonexistent, as the front and hind legs on a given side move back and forth together. However, because of the crooked hock on his left hind, Dan Patch would initially "cross fire", meaning his left hind leg would sometimes hit his right fore. A special horseshoe was used on his left hind to stabilize the leg, resulting in a smooth, rhythmical stride. The left leg would still sometimes "paddle" wide though, striking the wheel of the training cart. Wattles resolved this problem by designing a wider sulky.
Ownership
Messner was the owner of a dry-goods store in Oxford and traveled extensively as a buyer of clothing and fabrics and other items for his growing business. During these trips, he frequently went to the harness races and probably made small bets with his friends. Despite his long-standing interest in the sport, Zelica was the first horse he ever owned.
In 1902, Messner sold Dan Patch to Manley E. Sturges (sometimes spelled Sturgis) of New York, for a record $20,000. Sturges first became interested in Dan Patch in 1901 when he placed a large bet on the horse in a race at Brighton Beach. Sturges was the part owner and operator of an illegal, but highly profitable, casino in Manhattan, the Victoria Club. Although the casino was frequently raided, Sturges was never arrested and maintained a low profile. He made his first offer for Dan Patch in the summer of 1901, and was finally successful in February 1902. At that time, Messner cited many reasons for the sale, including the record price and the pressure of running his store. Years later, however, Messner said that he had felt threatened by Sturges. A two-year-old daughter of Dan Patch died suddenly in February 1902, apparently from poisoning, and Messner believed that Sturges was responsible.
In turn, Sturges sold Dan Patch in December 1902 to Marion Willis Savage, a resident of Hamilton (later Savage) Minnesota, for the then unheard of price of $60,000 (equivalent to $2,110,000 in 2023). Savage was the owner of the International Stock Food Company, which specialized in feed supplements for animals, and used the horse to advertise the business. Savage took great pride in his champion and was reported as saying he loved Dan Patch like a son. When not on exhibition, Dan Patch lived in Minnesota, either in the stable of Savage's Minneapolis mansion or at Savage's sprawling farm in Hamilton in an extravagant stable known as the "Taj Mahal".
Racing career
Dan Patch made his first start as a four-year-old in 1900. At the time, harness races consisted of multiple heats – a horse had to win a majority of heats (usually three out of a possible five heats) to be declared the race winner. During his career, Dan Patch never lost a race and lost only two heats. The first of those two losses occurred in his second start against what was termed "real competition" at the Lafayette Fair. In that heat, Dan Patch was last at the beginning of the homestretch and despite closing rapidly, lost by a nose. The other loss occurred in 1901 at Brighton Beach in a heat where the judges determined that the driver was "not driving to win", much to the fury of the crowd.
1900: Indiana county fairs
Wattles began training Dan Patch in earnest at a half-mile track (0.8 km) in Templeton in 1899. Before his first start in August 1900, Dan Patch impressed Messner and Wattles with a timed mile of 2:14, a promising performance for an unprompted horse who did not seem to be working hard. On August 30, they entered him at the Boswell county fair with a purse of $250 against 2:35 horses, meaning their fastest official time was no better than the next level of 2:20. Attendance at the fair that day exceeded 8,000, boosted by a large contingent from Oxford, who wanted to see the local favorite. Dan Patch did not disappoint, winning in three straight heats in times of 2:241⁄2, 2:241⁄4 and 2:241⁄2. Wattles had not pushed the colt, wanting to be able to stay at the 2:35 level and perhaps to improve his odds in potential side bets in his upcoming races.
With only five days of rest, Dan Patch made his next start at the Lafayette Fair for a purse of $300. Although the race was still at the 2:35 level, the competition was much stiffer. With a field of nine horses, five or six horses started in the first tier, while Dan Patch started in the second tier. Dan Patch was jostled and trapped at the back of the field until Wattles finally found racing room as they entered the homestretch. Dan Patch closed rapidly but just missed in a heat timed at 2:181⁄2. Although some blamed Wattles for the loss (either due to inexperience or in an effort to drive up the odds), Wattles himself blamed it on a new harness. Regardless, Dan Patch proved his superiority by winning the next three heats, the fastest of which was completed in 2:16.
On September 12, Dan Patch took the winner's share of another purse worth $300 at the fair in Crawfordsville in three straight heats in times of 2:193⁄4, 2:203⁄4 and 2:201⁄2. The following week, the horse was asked for a little more effort in a $400 race at the Brazil fair. He responded with times of 2:163⁄4, 2:191⁄4 and 2:171⁄4. Messner had hoped to end the year at the Terre Haute fair but heavy rains forced the cancellation of the race. Dan Patch ended the year with four wins and earnings of $625.
1901: the Grand Circuit
Dan Patch in 1901 with Myron McHenry. Published in the New York Daily Tribune on October 16, 1901
In 1901, Messner decided to test Dan Patch against the best horses in the country on the Grand Circuit, a series of valuable races around the north-eastern United States. Accordingly, he hired Myron McHenry to be Dan Patch's new trainer and driver. Though McHenry was reputed to be difficult to work with, his ability with horses was such that he was called "America's greatest reinsman". On May 13, Dan Patch left Oxford on a train bound for Cleveland so that McHenry could try him out. In their first drive together, Dan Patch did not appear to be working hard but the stopwatch showed he had been moving fast. McHenry reportedly said to the horse, "You're either the world's biggest counterfeit, or you're the fastest horse in the world."
McHenry worked with Dan Patch for two months before the start of the Grand Circuit season. Although he had been trained well by Wattles, he still had some gaiting issues associated with his conformation. McHenry had the toe of Dan Patch's feet trimmed short while using a shoe that was raised in the back, a combination that some observers said made the horse look like he was wearing high heels. Despite the odd appearance, the shoeing improved on the earlier changes made by Wattles to keep Dan Patch's hind legs from interfering with his front legs while reducing the wide action that led to him sometimes striking the wheels of the sulky. Always a natural pacer who required no hobbles or special equipment to keep him on stride, Dan Patch soon attracted interest from observers of the training sessions.
He made his first start with McHenry at the racetrack in Windsor, Ontario, on July 10 in a race for 2:15 level pacers. With a purse of $600, the race was meant to serve as a modest test for a horse whose official best time was 2:16. Dan Patch won in three straight heats, the fastest of which was completed in 2:071⁄2.
On July 17 in Detroit, he made his first start on the Grand Circuit at the Grosse Pointe racetrack. Although he faced some steep competition, he again won easily in straight heats. The Grand Circuit continued in Cleveland, Columbus, and Buffalo with Dan Patch continuing to build his reputation with one win after the other. In the Buffalo race, McHenry took Dan Patch to the back of the field in one of the heats, then unleashed him in the stretch. He responded with a final quarter mile in 30 seconds, a noteworthy fraction at a time when only one pacer had ever broken the two-minute barrier for the mile. McHenry told reporters, "Dan Patch is the best pacer I've ever drawn a rein over."
Dan Patch made his next start on August 16 at the Brighton Beach racetrack in New York City, known as a gambling hotbed. He was the heavy favorite to win the race, but his odds to win the first heat drifted up from 3/5 to 5/4, attracting a "mad scramble" from bettors looking to cash in. The start of the first heat was delayed by over an hour due to an equipment malfunction. When the race began, Dan Patch went to the early lead but was then eased back. In the homestretch, he was given "modest" encouragement but failed to close enough ground, finishing fourth. Bettors were incensed, believing McHenry did not drive to win, possibly after having tipped the bookmakers given the way the odds changed before the race. The time for the heat was 2:09, two seconds slower than Dan Patch's best time to date. McHenry stated that he had held back because he had heard that the winner was fast and he wanted to see how things sorted out. Some reports say the judges paid no attention to the "improbable" result. However, the Boston Globe reported that the judges were "very displeased" and others reported on a heated meeting of the officials and a near riot by the fans.
In the second heat, Dan Patch won in a time of 2:041⁄2, a new personal best. Because of the delay in the start of the first heat and another delay due to protests over its result, the third heat was not run until the next day. Dan Patch again won easily, this time in 2:071⁄4 before winning the fourth and final heat in 2:053⁄4.
His next start was at the Readville racetrack in Boston on August 22. The Globe reporter noted that Dan Patch was clearly superior to the field while the race result would be "as close as McHenry cares to draw the finishes." No betting was allowed, and Dan Patch won easily in straight heats. Following the race, he developed a cough but still raced on August 30 at the Narragansett Trotting Park in Cranston, Rhode Island on August 30. Pushed in the first heat to a time of 2:041⁄2, he won the next two heats and was reported to have made a deep bow to the crowd after the race.
Dan Patch followed up with routine wins in Hartford, Cincinnati, Lexington, and Memphis. All told, he won 12 races in 1901. He was supposed to finish the season at the Terre Haute meet, but no one would enter against him. Instead, he returned home on November 2. On November 14, Oxford held the first "Dan Patch Day", in which the horse was led around town to the tune of the newly written "Dan Patch Two Step".
1902: new ownership
Dan Patch started 1902 in Indiana with his backers speculating just how fast he could go, as he had thus far only paced as hard as needed to win. The Oxford Tribune wrote, "It does not seem possible to those of our town who see this beautiful stallion, as gentle as a Newfoundland dog, driven about every fine day for exercise, that they are looking at the pacing king of the world." Townsfolk hoped that "Daniel" would be able to attend the upcoming Fourth of July celebrations.
In a surprising development, Dan Patch was sold to Manley Sturges in February, and was relocated to New York with McHenry remaining as his driver. His first start of the year was in Windsor, Ontario, in a match race against Canadian pacer Harold H., followed by races in Grosse Pointe and Cleveland on the Grand Circuit. In these wins, he was so dominant that subsequently either owners refused to race their horses against him or tracks were unwilling to allow betting. Sturges's only alternative was to have Dan Patch compete against the clock in exhibition races. Dan Patch paced his first public time trial on August 2 in Columbus and made headlines by surpassing the mark of his sire with a time of 2:003⁄4. This was second only to Star Pointer's world record of 1:591⁄4, a time that now looked achievable.
Over the summer and fall, interest in Dan Patch continued to grow, with racetracks negotiating with McHenry to have the horse appear. Dan Patch paced a mile in 2:003⁄4 at Brighton Beach despite high winds, then lowered his personal best to 2:001⁄2 at Readville. On August 29, Dan Patch just missed the world record with a time of 1:591⁄2 at Providence. After strong attempts in Philadelphia, Syracuse and Empire City, Dan Patch finally tied Star Pointer's world record on September 29 at Readville. He rounded out the year with exhibitions before enormous crowds at Cincinnati, Terre Haute, Davenport and Memphis.
Marion Savage became one of Dan Patch's biggest fans and made multiple offers to Sturges for the horse. Savage finally succeeded in December with an offer of $60,000, then a staggering amount.
1903: "champion harness horse of the world"
Savage was known for his advertising skills and soon capitalized on Dan Patch's growing fame. Rather than charging an exhibition fee, Savage received a proportion of the gate receipts for crowds that grew to between 40 and 50 thousand. In most of his exhibition races, Dan Patch started behind galloping horses who were hooked up to a sulky, which gave Dan Patch a target to beat and also acted as a wind breaker. The pace makers would eventually swing wide, leaving Dan Patch alone against the clock.
Not long after buying Dan Patch, Savage entered him in the Minneapolis Riding and Driving Club's winter horse show held on January 29, 1903. The "champion harness horse of the world" was given the chance to show his paces on a snowy Park avenue. Savage scheduled other special appearances for Dan Patch throughout the spring before finally handing him over to McHenry for serious training in June. Dan Patch made his first major appearance of 1903 in a time trial at Columbus on July 17. Despite being short of conditioning and pacing into a headwind, Dan Patch tied Prince Alert's world record for the half mile of 573⁄4 seconds. Although far less famous, Prince Alert was the only other active horse to have broken the two minute barrier for the mile and might have given Dan Patch a serious battle had the two ever met head to head. Instead, the two tried to outdo each other racing against the clock.
Dan Patch's next notable achievement was on August 19 at Brighton Beach, where he broke the world record by pacing a mile in 1:59 despite cold and windy conditions. This was the first time the race format had used galloping Thoroughbreds to prompt the pace, with one running beside Dan Patch at the start and the other behind. The effort was nearly derailed when Dan Patch came close to clipping the rail when moving into the first turn, while his running mates swept wide and were left behind. Dan Patch completed the half-mile in :591⁄4 before one of the pacemakers caught up, then moved in front. His time for the three-quarters was 1:291⁄4, just off of world record pace. McHenry urged Dan Patch hard down the homestretch and he responded with a final quarter mile in under 30 seconds to set the record.
Dan Patch next tackled the record for one mile on a half-mile track. Because the horse must negotiate more and tighter turns on a smaller track, the half-mile track record is slower than the time on a one-mile track. Even today, separate records are kept in harness racing depending on the track dimensions. On September 7 at the half-mile track in Lima, Ohio, Dan Patch paced a world record of 2:04, only to have the record broken by Prince Alert a few weeks later. Prince Alert then lowered the world record on a one-mile track to an astonishing 1:57, thanks in part to perfect weather conditions but also aided by a large canvas sail carried between the galloping horses who set the pace. Critics pointed out that the sail, later referred to as a wind shield, lessened the wind resistance that a horse faced (similar to drafting in cycling or motor racing). Although the usage of wind shields was eventually disallowed by the American Trotting Register, in the short term it meant that Dan Patch was no longer the fastest harness horse in the world.
Dan Patch responded to the challenge by setting a flurry of records. In Lexington, he broke the existing record for pacing while attached to a wagon, instead of the lighter, more aerodynamic sulky, by over two seconds. A week later in Memphis, he regained the one mile world from Prince Alert with a time of 1:561⁄4, an accomplishment that made the first page of the New York Times. Dan Patch maintained a steady pace, completing the first quarter mile in 29 seconds, the first half in 58 seconds and the three-quarters in 1:371⁄4. McHenry had used only a small canvas strip between the wheels of his pacemaker's sulky that McHenry called a dust shield, compared to the much larger wind shield carried between two pacemakers used by Prince Alert.
On October 27 while still in Memphis, he set two world records within 45 minutes of each other. In the first trial, he lowered the record for the half mile from 571⁄2 seconds to 56 seconds flat. In the second, he lowered his own record for a mile pacing to wagon from 1:591⁄4 to 1:571⁄4.
Dan Patch made two further appearances in 1903. At Birmingham, Alabama on November 10, he lowered the record for a mile on a half mile track to 2:031⁄4, even though his pacemaker had moved too far ahead to act as a proper windshield. The conditions in Macon, Georgia on November 30 were cold and windy but Dan Patch still set two world records within an hour of each other. In the first, he was attached to an old-fashioned high-wheeled sulky and lowered the existing record by 1+1⁄4 seconds. In the second, he paced two miles in 4:17, lowering the existing record by two seconds.
1904: on the road
Dan Patch before his private rail car, circa 1904
In 1904, Savage split company with McHenry, who had been Dan Patch's trainer and driver since 1901. A variety of reasons were cited, including McHenry's drinking and his complaints that Savage was treating Dan Patch like a circus act. Savage replaced McHenry with Harry Hersey, who had been the manager of Savage's farm in Minnesota but had little race-driving experience. Savage had no inclination to test Dan Patch in competitive formats, where even the fastest horse can lose due to a variety of factors. Instead, Savage used Dan Patch to promote the horse feed supplements his company produced and, in the model of Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West Show, turned each appearance by Dan Patch into a major event. Dan Patch was shipped in a custom built rail-car, with half of the space reserved for Dan Patch and the other half for his grooms and the horses used as prompters. Savage estimated that Dan Patch traveled roughly 10,000 miles in 1904 alone.
Dan Patch did not make his seasonal debut for 1904 until August 11 in Indianapolis and his first performances were considered disappointing, well off his personal best. Despite this, the crowds though continued to grow, reaching 40,000 in Des Moines and 50,000 in Milwaukee. He was then scheduled to make an appearance in Topeka on the September 14 and arrived in town a few days early. After a workout on the 12th, he cooled out normally but later started to show signs of distress. The condition quickly deteriorated and a respected veterinarian diagnosed a strangulated hernia, which had a very high fatality rate at the time since abdominal surgery on horses was not then an option. Hersey sent two telegraphs on hearing the news: one to Savage and the other to the Minneapolis Journal. While Savage rushed to Dan Patch's side, news went out across America that the horse was dying.
On his arrival in Kansas on the 13th, Savage called in other veterinarians, one of whom felt that the condition was actually an impacted bowel – still serious but much more survivable. For the next few days, newspapers updated on Dan Patch's slowly improving condition until the horse was finally pronounced out of danger on September 29. Savage had administered triple doses of "International Colic Cure", one of his company's feed supplements, and later said this helped Dan Patch's recovery, though he did not claim that it actually cured the colic. Some skeptics wondered if Savage had manufactured the crisis for the resulting publicity, though this seems unlikely since he was not present when the horse first became ill. Dan Patch made a brief appearance before the crowd in Topeka before being shipped home to Minnesota. He was given a brief time off before attending a previously scheduled event on October 7 at the Illinois State Fair, where 50,000 people turned out to see the "national pet".
His next scheduled appearance was in Memphis, Tennessee, where little was expected of him due to the recent illness. On October 24, he paced a mile without prompters in 2:001⁄4, the fastest time paced that year despite appearing "dull and weak" to his old owner Manley Sturges. Just two days later though, Dan Patch returned in much better condition. Behind his galloping prompter, he paced the first quarter mile in 29 seconds and completed the first half in 571⁄2 seconds. He seemed to falter around the far turn, but still completed the three-quarters in 1:261⁄2. In the stretch, he recovered his best stride and completed the mile in a new world record of 1:56. He was greeted with an ovation and Hersey was carried from the sulky on the way back to the stands.
Dan Patch finished the year with appearances in St. Louis, Oklahoma City and Dallas. At Oklahoma City, he broke his own record for one mile on a half-mile track with a time of 2:03, despite "dreadful" track conditions that caused Dan Patch to nearly fall. Hersey said, "It was the most wonderful mile ever paced by a horse." The crowd concurred – according to a reporter, "Canes, hats, and coats filled the air."
1905: the Black Whirlwind
Dan Patch celebrated his ninth birthday in 1905, an age at which racehorses are considered past their prime. From this point onward, the expectation that he would set a new record on any given trial was lower, but the horse's popularity remained intact. Dan Patch made his first appearance of the year in September at the Minnesota State Fair before a crowd of 98,000, followed by a crowd of 55,000 at Indianapolis and more than 100,000 in Allentown. He then shipped to Lexington, where he tied his own world record of 1:56 while surrounded by a cloud of dust, leading the New York Times to call him the "Black Whirlwind". Two days later, Dan Patch outdid himself, setting his official record of 1:551⁄4, a time that would remain a record for over 30 years.
Savage then decided to tackle the record for an unprompted mile, which still stood at 1:591⁄4. The harness racing community was becoming increasingly concerned about the use of prompters and wind shields, so Savage wished to establish that Dan Patch could break Star Pointer's old record without assistance. After several attempts that were close to or matched that time, Dan Patch finally shattered the "in the open" record with a time of 1:58 at Memphis on November 11.
1906-1909: celebrity
Dan Patch 1:55, an advertisement from Breeder and Sportsman (1911)
In 1906, the National Trotting Association banned the use of wind shields, although they did allow Dan Patch's 1905 records to stand. Thus, his official best mile is 1:551⁄4. Unofficially, his best time was 1:55, paced in September 1906 at the Minnesota State Fair. Savage was so indignant about the 1:55 mark not being recognized that he renamed his International Stock Food Farm to the International 1:55 Stock Food Farm. Savage later used Dan Patch and his offspring in ads for the farm, with the 1:55 time clearly included. The 1:55 mark was equaled in following years but was not broken until 1960, 54 years after Dan Patch's run, when Adios Butler paced the first sub-1:55 mile in 1:54:3.
Although Dan Patch continued to make public appearances and posted some excellent times, he was never able to achieve that level again. The closest he came was on October 11, 1908, at Lexington, when he paced the first three-quarters of a mile in an exceptional 1:251⁄2 before his prompter started bleeding and slowed down. Dan Patch was forced to check but still finished the mile in 1:561⁄4. Savage advertised that Dan Patch would otherwise have finished in 1:54, which "the Horse Papers and all Horsemen admit was the Fastest and Greatest Performance in the life of the World Famous Harness Horse King."
Dan Patch's achievements made him a sports celebrity, possibly the most famous athlete in America until Babe Ruth. His name and likeness were used to sell a vast array of merchandise including whiskey bottles, shot glasses, cigars, coffee, billiard cues, sheet music, chewing tobacco, toothpicks, playing cards, liniments, stable disinfectants, knives, washing machines, sewing machines, and manicure spreaders. At the height of his fame, he earned more than $1 million a year for his owner and was billed as "kindhearted, generous, and a staunch Methodist who never performed on a Sunday."
Among the hundreds of thousands of people who turned out for a glimpse of the horse over his career was Dwight Eisenhower, who lined up with his parents at the 1904 Kansas State Fair. Harry Truman recalled that as a boy he had written a fan letter to the horse.
Records set
Date
Location
Distance
Format
Time
Reference
Sep 29, 1902
Readville
1 mile
Time trial (unprompted)
1:591⁄4tied Star Pointer's world record
Jul 17, 1903
Columbus
1⁄2 mile
Time trial
:573⁄4tied Prince Alert's world record
Aug 19, 1903
Brighton Beach
1 mile
Time trial
1:59
Sep 7, 1903
Lima, Ohio
1 mile on half-mile track
Time trial
2:04
Oct 1903
Lexington
1 mile
Pacing to wagon
1:591⁄4
Oct 1903
Memphis
1 mile
Time trial
1:561⁄4
Oct 29, 1903
Memphis
1⁄2 mile
Time trial
:56 flat
Oct 29, 1903
Memphis
1 mile
Pacing to wagon
1:571⁄4
Nov 10, 1903
Birmingham
1 mile on half-mile track
Time trial
2:031⁄4
Nov 30, 1903
Macon
1 mile
High-wheeled sulky
2:043⁄4
Nov 30, 1903
Macon
2 miles
Time trial
4:19
Oct 26, 1904
Memphis
1 mile
Time trial
1:56
Nov 1904
Oklahoma City
1 mile on half-mile track
Time trial
2:03 flat
Oct 5, 1905
Lexington
1 mile
Time trial
1:56 tied own world record
Oct 7, 1905
Lexington
1 mile
Time Trial
1:551⁄4
Nov 11, 1905
Memphis
1 mile
Time Trial (unprompted)
1:58
Sep 8, 1906
Minnesota State Fair
1 mile
Time Trial
1:55 (unofficial)
Retirement
The tombstone memorial of Dan Patch in Oxford, Indiana.
Dan Patch retired undefeated in 1909 as the holder of nine world records, and spent much of his later life attending exhibitions. Even during his racing career, he was used for stallion duty with a stud fee of between $300 and $500, though he was never exposed to the best mares. He had a moderately successful stud career but never sired a horse close to his ability. He sired 38 trotters who met the 2m:30s standard with 1 breaking 2:10. He also sired 138 pacers who met the standard, 5 of whom broke the 2:05 barrier. Dazzle Patch was his most successful son but died young and left only a few foals behind. Dan Patch's name is rare in modern pedigrees. His most famous descendant is Hall of Famer Jate Lobell, who traces to Dan Patch's daughter Theda Patch in the female line.
In July 1916, Savage went into the hospital for minor hemorrhoid surgery. At the same time, Dan Patch suffered an attack of colic, from which he soon seemed to recover. However, at 10:00 AM on July 11, Dan Patch collapsed, thrashed his legs in a pacing motion and then died of a massive heart attack. Savage was notified and indicated that he wished to have Dan Patch stuffed and mounted. Before this could be done, Savage died on July 12 of a pulmonary embolism.
Memorials
Banners commemorating Dan Patch on lampposts in Savage, Minnesota
Dan Patch is believed to be buried somewhere on the "Taj Mahal" property in an unmarked grave – the tombstone in Oxford is just a memorial. Dan Patch's home town of Oxford continues to honor the horse at its annual "Dan Patch Days" festival, a festival that is scheduled for the weekend following Labor Day each year. Savage, Minnesota, also holds a celebration called "Dan Patch Days" annually in June.
Today, the land in Savage formerly occupied by the Taj Mahal stables and racetracks is vacant, though the outline of a track is visible from the air, near the intersection of State Highway 13 and Vernon Avenue. The land is posted "no trespassing" and no historical marker documents that anything of significance ever stood there.
In 1953, Dan Patch was inducted in the new Harness Racing Museum & Hall of Fame.
The City of Savage, Minnesota, was renamed for Dan Patch's owner, Marion Willis Savage, in 1904. Dan Patch Avenue on the Minnesota State Fair grounds is named for the horse. Dan Patch Drive and Dan Patch Lane in Savage, Minnesota, are also named after Dan Patch.
In 1992, the Dan Patch Historical Society was formed to "collect, preserve and disseminate information about the horse". In 1997, it helped set up a Heritage Room in the Savage Public Library, which contains two display cases of Dan Patch memorabilia and extensive records.
In 2004, Prior Lake High School, located in Savage, named its new stadium after the horse.
In 2019, Dan Patch was named into the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame.
In a display on the exterior of the Indiana State Museum, Benton County (where Dan Patch's hometown of Oxford is located) is represented by a wire sculpture of Dan Patch. The road into Oxford is named the Dan Patch highway and there are several tributes to the horse including an historical marker showing his birthplace.
Cultural references
The brass era automobile maker Dan Patch was founded in Minneapolis in 1911. The company was owned by Savage and was one of 16 manufacturers in Minnesota at the time. This operation came to an end when the Ford Motor Company began its assembly operations in St. Paul.
A Dan Patch Railway train, circa 1915.
The proposed Dan Patch Corridor commuter rail line in southern Minnesota runs along the tracks of the former Dan Patch line, created in 1907 by Marion W. Savage. Passenger service on the Dan Patch line began the summer of 1910, with travel from Bloomington, Minnesota to Minneapolis. Savage's plan of running rail through to Iowa never materialized as the citizens of Faribault, Minnesota would have nothing to do with it. The railroad was declared bankrupt in 1917 and purchased a year later. Savage's track however would spur growth along all the cities it lay and service industries like Ford, John Deere and Thermo King.
Dan Patch Toastmasters, Club 1280 of Toastmasters International, was founded in 1954, and continues to meet on Wednesday evenings in Richfield, Minnesota.
The song "Ya Got Trouble", from the Broadway musical and film The Music Man, makes a reference to the horse in expounding upon the "degradation" of jockeys sitting on the horse during a race, when Harold Hill (Robert Preston) states:
Not a wholesome trottin' race, No, but a race where they set down right on the horse!
Like to see some stuck-up jockey boy sittin' on Dan Patch?
Make your blood boil?
Well, I should say!
Dan Patch was the subject of the 1949 motion picture The Great Dan Patch starring Dennis O'Keefe and Gail Russell.
The Disney movie So Dear to My Heart begins with Dan Patch's train pulling into a small town. Jeremiah's black lamb, Danny, is named for the horse and serves as his inspiration.
Pedigree
Hambletonian 10, a founding sire of the Standardbred
In 1879, the harness racing community established "The Standard", which stated that a Standardbred was a horse who either: (a) could trot a mile in 2:30, or (b) was the offspring of such a horse. Both Dan Patch's parents were Standardbreds but further back in his pedigree are a significant number of Morgan horses. Even further back can be found Thoroughbreds (most notably Messenger, the great-grandfather of Hambletonian) and a wide variety of harness horse breeds including the Narragansett Pacer, Canadian Pacer, Norfolk Trotter and Hackney.
Dan Patch was from the first crop of Joe Patchen, one of the fastest pacers of his time. Joe Patchen's main rival was Star Pointer, the first Standardbred to break the two minute barrier. Joe Patchen was a great-grandson of Standardbred foundation sire Hambletonian (known more fully as Hambletonian 10 or Rysdyk's Hambletonian to distinguish him from the Thoroughbred of the same name). Hambletonian sired 40 trotters who met the standard, with several going on to be influential sires. His son George Wilkes raced for twelve years, winning 29 of 67 races. Known for his ill temper, he was initially greeted with indifference at stud but soon became one of the greatest sires of his age. One of George Wilkes's less distinguished sons was Patchen Wilkes, who barely met the standard with a best time of 2:291⁄4. Patchen Wilkes's only important offspring was a colt produced by the half Morgan, half Standardbred mare Josephine Young and named Joe Patchen after his parents. Though mixed, Joe Patchen was a great pacer with a career best of 2:011⁄4. This likely had a great deal to do with Josephine Young's sire being trotter Joe Young (2:18), a successful racing horse from Peabody, Kansas. Other than Dan Patch, Joe Patchen was not a great success at stud.
Dan Patch's dam Zelica was sired by Wilkesberry, also a grandson of George Wilkes through one of his best sons, Young Jim. Wilkesberry was a talented horse who died young and left only a few foals. Zelica's dam Abdallah Belle descended from Alexander's Abdallah, a son of Hambletonian who also died young and left few survivors due to the Civil War. Zelica produced several foals after Dan Patch but they were fairly undistinguished.
Pedigree of Dan Patch, bay horse, Standardbred, 1896
SireJoe Patchen 1889
Patchen Wilkes 1882
George Wilkes
Hambletonian 10
Dolly Spanker
Kitty Patchen
Mambrino Patchen
Betty Brown
Josephine Young 1885
Joe Young
Star of the West
Lady Gregory
Kate Moody‡
Morgan Henry‡
Nell‡
DamZelica 1891
Wilkesberry 1888
Young Jim
George Wilkes
Lear Mare
Madam Adams
American Clay
Lady Adams‡
Adballah Belle 1873
Pacing Abdallah
Alexander's Abdallah
Lydia Talbot
Fanny‡
Wells Yellow Jacket‡
not recorded
‡ Morgan horse
Dan Patch is inbred 3x4 to George Wilkes, meaning George Wilkes appears once in the third generation of the pedigree and once in the fourth generation. Dan Patch is also inbred 4x5x5 to Hambletonian through his sons George Wilkes and Alexander's Abdallah.
See also
List of racehorses
References
^ a b c d Smith, Sharon B. (2012). "Chapter 12: Finish Line". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.
^ a b Smith, Sharon B. (2012). "Chapter 2: The Shopkeeper of Oxford, Indiana". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.
^ a b c d e McCarr, Ken (June 29, 1966). "From This Came a Champion" (PDF). danpatch.com (reprint from The Harness Horse). Retrieved January 5, 2017.
^ "Hoosiers banned betting on horses despite Dan Patch". nwitimes.com. 2 November 2003. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
^ a b c d Smith, Sharon B. (2012). "Chapter 4: Messner's Folly". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.
^ "Dan Patch - Bio". Harness Horse Racing News. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
^ a b c "Dan Patch - Bio". Dan Patch Historical Society. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i Waite, Gerald. "Dan Patch". Indiana Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
^ a b c d Smith, Sharon B. (2012). "Chapter 5: A Racehorse After All". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.
^ a b c d e Smith, Sharon B. (2012). "Chapter 8: The Big Stage". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.
^ a b c d e Smith, Sharon B. (2012). "Chapter 9: A Gambler Takes a Chance". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.
^ a b c d e f g h i Smith, Sharon B. (20 June 2012). "Chapter 10: Racing Against Time". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.
^ a b "M. W. Savage, Noted Horseman, Is Dead". news.google.com. July 13, 1916. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
^ a b c d "DAN PATCH biography". Harness Museum. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
^ a b Smith, Sharon B. (2012). "Chapter 6: On the Wings of the Wind". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.
^ a b c Smith, Sharon B. (2012). "Chapter 7: A Star Is Born". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.
^ "The Pacing King". news.google.com. January 21, 1902. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
^ "The Big Poultry Show - Hendricks Pioneer - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
^ "DAN PATCH BEAT RECORD; Great Pacer Lowered World's Mile Time to 1:59 at Brighton. With Conditions of Track and Weather Against Him the Unconquered Horse Cut Star Pointer's Figures". The New York Times. 20 August 1903. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
^ "World Records". www.standardbredcanada.ca. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
^ "DAN PATCH AGAIN KING OF PACERS; Makes New World's Mile Record at Memphis in 1:56 1-4. Had the Aid of a Runner, but No Wind Shield Used -- Enthusiasm on the Track". The New York Times. 23 October 1903. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
^ "Dan Patch SMASHES 2 world records in 45 minutes" (PDF). danpatch.com (reprint from the Philadelphia Inquirer). October 28, 1903. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
^ a b c d "Dan Patch Breaks Two More -- Robinson Constitution - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Robinson Constitution. November 11, 1903. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
^ a b "DAN PATCH BEAT RECORD; Great Pacer Lowered World's Mile Time to 1:59 at Brighton. With Conditions of Track and Weather Against Him the Unconquered Horse Cut Star Pointer's Figures". The New York Times. 20 August 1903. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
^ a b c "NEW RECORDS FOR DAN PATCH.; Champion Pacer, at Macon, Ga., Lowered Two World's Marks Under Unfavorable Conditions". The New York Times. 1 December 1903. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Smith, Sharon B. (20 June 2012). "Chapter 11: Fame and Fortune". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.
^ "DAN PATCH SICK.; Noted Pacer Has Strangulated Hernia, but Will Recover". The New York Times. 14 September 1904. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
^ "Dan Patch Victor". news.google.com. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ a b "Dan Patch Victor; Paced Fastest Mile Ever Made by Horse". Meriden Morning Record - Google News Archive Search. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
^ "Season's Records of Dan Patch". news.google.com. December 3, 1905. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
^ a b "Dan Has Broken World Records 14 Times". The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture - Google News Archive Search. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
^ "Dan Patch 1908 (advertisement)". news.google.com. February 1, 1909. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
^ a b Doyel, Gregg. "Doyel: Can a famous horse save a fading Indiana town?". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ a b "The Kansas City Times 11 May 1982, page 18". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
^ "Remembering Dan Patch". Standardbred Canada. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ "Jate Lobell Standardbred Pedigree". www.allbreedpedigree.com. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
^ "Google Maps".
^ "History of the Historical Society". Dan Patch Historical Society. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
^ "Heritage Room (Museum)". Dan Patch Historical Society. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
^ "PLHS Stadium Named After Dan Patch" (PDF). danpatch.com. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
^ "Dan Patch". Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
^ "Dan Patch, the first superstar racehorse". hoosierhistorylive.org. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.158.
^ a b Dan Patch Historical Society Newsletter, Fall 2010 Archived 2012-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
^ "So Dear to My Heart - 1948". www.thedisneyfilms.com. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
^ Sampson, Wade (4 August 2010). "So Dear to My Heart: The Secrets Behind the Film". Mouse Planet. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
^ "The Standardbred - Horse breed, Horse breeding, types and breeds from Equiworld". www.equi.net. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
^ a b Smith, Sharon B. (2012). "Chapter 3: Mr. Messner's Buggy Horse". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.
^ "The Golden Age of the Trotting Horse | International Museum of the Horse". www.imh.org. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
^ a b "Dan Patch Standardbred". www.allbreedpedigree.com. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ The Little Brown Jug is a modern example of a multiple heat race.
^ The current standard is 2:20 for a two-year-old and 2:15 for a three-year-old.
External links
History of Savage
Dan Patch Days
Dan Patch Toastmasters club website.
Dan Patch, MNopedia.
Dan Patch Race Poster, Minnesota Reflections.
Dan Patch biography, images and link to newsreel footage
Leerhsen, Charles, Crazy Good: The True Story of Dan Patch, the Most Famous Horse in America, 2008, New York: Simon & Schuster.
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Standardbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardbred"},{"link_name":"pacer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_(horse_gait)"},{"link_name":"harness racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harness_racing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter12-1"},{"link_name":"Harness Racing Museum & Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harness_Racing_Museum_%26_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Horse_Racing_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"Dan Patch (April 29, 1896 – July 11, 1916) was a noted American Standardbred pacer. At a time when harness racing was one of the largest sports in the nation, Dan Patch was a major celebrity. He was undefeated in open competition, and was so dominant on the racetrack that other owners eventually refused to enter their horses against him. Instead, he ended his racing career performing time trials, and traveled extensively on exhibition, earning millions of dollars in purses, attendance gate receipts, and product endorsements. Dan Patch broke world speed records at least 14 times in the early 1900s. In 1905, he set a world's record for the fastest mile by a harness horse (1:551⁄4 – 1 minute, 55+1⁄4 seconds) that stood unmatched for over 30 years. Unofficially, Dan Patch broke this record in 1906 with a clocking of 1:55. He died on July 11, 1916. His owner, Marion Willis Savage, died just one day later.[1]Dan Patch was inducted into the Harness Racing Museum & Hall of Fame in 1953 and the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame in 2019.","title":"Dan Patch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Standardbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardbred_horse"},{"link_name":"dry goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_goods"},{"link_name":"Oxford, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"buggy horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_and_buggy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter2-2"},{"link_name":"stud fee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_fee"},{"link_name":"Joe Patchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Patchen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FromThis-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWITimes-4"},{"link_name":"colt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_(horse)"},{"link_name":"livery stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery_stable"},{"link_name":"put down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_euthanasia"},{"link_name":"colostrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colostrum#Colostrum_use_in_animal_husbandry"},{"link_name":"hocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hock_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter4-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarnessRacingNews-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter4-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DPHistoricalBio-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter4-5"},{"link_name":"hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndianaHistoryBio-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter4-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter5-9"}],"text":"Dan Patch was a mahogany bay Standardbred stallion bred by Daniel (Dan) Messner Jr., a prosperous dry goods merchant from Oxford, Indiana. In late 1894, Messner purchased a three-year-old filly named Zelica for $255 (equal to $8,980 today), planning to use her as a buggy horse. Zelica had gone lame in her only start[2] and was later estimated to be worth under $100 at the time. In 1895, Messner paid a $150 stud fee to breed her to Joe Patchen, a top-quality racehorse, but untried as a sire.[3][4] The resulting colt was foaled on April 29, 1896, at the livery stable in Oxford. His legs were so crooked that he could not at first stand on his own, leading many of the locals to call him \"Messner's Folly\". Some even suggested he be put down. Instead, Messner and his friends held the colt so he could ingest the colostrum (first milk) from Zelica. The foal's legs gradually grew straighter, although he still had crooked hocks, especially on his left hind leg. The colt developed an alert, cheerful personality and was noted for his intelligence.[5][6]In 1897, Messner applied to the American Trotting Association for the name Dan Patchen, based on his own first name and the last name of the colt's sire, with Dan P. as an alternative. Both names were taken, so the Trotting Association assigned a similar name, Dan Patch.[5]Zelica continued to be used as a buggy horse with her colt running freely alongside until he was weaned around five or six months. At first, the young horse showed little promise. \"The only redeemable feature about the little fellow was that he was friendly and cute,\" recalled Messner. \"I honestly thought the colt's future would be confined to hauling a delivery wagon.\" However, a close friend named John Wattles, the owner of the livery stable in which Dan Patch was foaled, saw potential in the colt. Wattles received permission from Messner to train Dan Patch and gradually developed the horse's abilities.[7] By late 1898, Messner was able to use Dan Patch as his buggy horse, since Zelica was again in foal, and even hooked the horse up to his sleigh over the winter. The locals were increasingly impressed by the almost black colt, who loved to move fast, but was biddable enough to pull young boys behind him on the sleigh.[5]At maturity, Dan Patch stood 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm) tall at the withers and weighed a \"hefty\" 1,165 pounds.[8] His hindquarters were notably higher than his front. He had a short body and long legs, a combination that would have been problematic for a trotter, as the hind legs would have risked striking the front leg in full stride (known as firing). As a pacer, the risk of firing is nonexistent, as the front and hind legs on a given side move back and forth together. However, because of the crooked hock on his left hind, Dan Patch would initially \"cross fire\", meaning his left hind leg would sometimes hit his right fore. A special horseshoe was used on his left hind to stabilize the leg, resulting in a smooth, rhythmical stride.[5] The left leg would still sometimes \"paddle\" wide though, striking the wheel of the training cart. Wattles resolved this problem by designing a wider sulky.[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"buyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyer_(fashion)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter2-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DPHistoricalBio-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter8-10"},{"link_name":"casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter9-11"},{"link_name":"Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter10-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SavageDead-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DPHistoricalBio-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter10-12"}],"sub_title":"Ownership","text":"Messner was the owner of a dry-goods store in Oxford and traveled extensively as a buyer of clothing and fabrics and other items for his growing business. During these trips, he frequently went to the harness races and probably made small bets with his friends. Despite his long-standing interest in the sport, Zelica was the first horse he ever owned.[2]In 1902, Messner sold Dan Patch to Manley E. Sturges (sometimes spelled Sturgis) of New York, for a record $20,000.[7] Sturges first became interested in Dan Patch in 1901 when he placed a large bet on the horse in a race at Brighton Beach.[10] Sturges was the part owner and operator of an illegal, but highly profitable, casino in Manhattan, the Victoria Club. Although the casino was frequently raided, Sturges was never arrested and maintained a low profile. He made his first offer for Dan Patch in the summer of 1901, and was finally successful in February 1902. At that time, Messner cited many reasons for the sale, including the record price and the pressure of running his store. Years later, however, Messner said that he had felt threatened by Sturges. A two-year-old daughter of Dan Patch died suddenly in February 1902, apparently from poisoning, and Messner believed that Sturges was responsible.[11]In turn, Sturges sold Dan Patch in December 1902 to Marion Willis Savage, a resident of Hamilton (later Savage) Minnesota, for the then unheard of price of $60,000 (equivalent to $2,110,000 in 2023). Savage was the owner of the International Stock Food Company, which specialized in feed supplements for animals, and used the horse to advertise the business.[12] Savage took great pride in his champion and was reported as saying he loved Dan Patch like a son.[13] When not on exhibition, Dan Patch lived in Minnesota, either in the stable of Savage's Minneapolis mansion or at Savage's sprawling farm in Hamilton in an extravagant stable known as the \"Taj Mahal\".[7][12]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndianaHistoryBio-8"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museum-15"},{"link_name":"Lafayette Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndianaHistoryBio-8"}],"text":"Dan Patch made his first start as a four-year-old in 1900. At the time, harness races consisted of multiple heats – a horse had to win a majority of heats (usually three out of a possible five heats) to be declared the race winner.[8][a] During his career, Dan Patch never lost a race and lost only two heats.[14] The first of those two losses occurred in his second start against what was termed \"real competition\" at the Lafayette Fair. In that heat, Dan Patch was last at the beginning of the homestretch and despite closing rapidly, lost by a nose. The other loss occurred in 1901 at Brighton Beach in a heat where the judges determined that the driver was \"not driving to win\", much to the fury of the crowd.[8]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Templeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templeton,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Boswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boswell,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter5-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter5-9"},{"link_name":"Crawfordsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawfordsville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter5-9"}],"sub_title":"1900: Indiana county fairs","text":"Wattles began training Dan Patch in earnest at a half-mile track (0.8 km) in Templeton in 1899. Before his first start in August 1900, Dan Patch impressed Messner and Wattles with a timed mile of 2:14, a promising performance for an unprompted horse who did not seem to be working hard. On August 30, they entered him at the Boswell county fair with a purse of $250 against 2:35 horses, meaning their fastest official time was no better than the next level of 2:20. Attendance at the fair that day exceeded 8,000, boosted by a large contingent from Oxford, who wanted to see the local favorite. Dan Patch did not disappoint, winning in three straight heats in times of 2:241⁄2, 2:241⁄4 and 2:241⁄2. Wattles had not pushed the colt, wanting to be able to stay at the 2:35 level and perhaps to improve his odds in potential side bets in his upcoming races.[9]With only five days of rest, Dan Patch made his next start at the Lafayette Fair for a purse of $300. Although the race was still at the 2:35 level, the competition was much stiffer. With a field of nine horses, five or six horses started in the first tier, while Dan Patch started in the second tier. Dan Patch was jostled and trapped at the back of the field until Wattles finally found racing room as they entered the homestretch. Dan Patch closed rapidly but just missed in a heat timed at 2:181⁄2. Although some blamed Wattles for the loss (either due to inexperience or in an effort to drive up the odds), Wattles himself blamed it on a new harness. Regardless, Dan Patch proved his superiority by winning the next three heats, the fastest of which was completed in 2:16.[9]On September 12, Dan Patch took the winner's share of another purse worth $300 at the fair in Crawfordsville in three straight heats in times of 2:193⁄4, 2:203⁄4 and 2:201⁄2. The following week, the horse was asked for a little more effort in a $400 race at the Brazil fair. He responded with times of 2:163⁄4, 2:191⁄4 and 2:171⁄4. Messner had hoped to end the year at the Terre Haute fair but heavy rains forced the cancellation of the race. Dan Patch ended the year with four wins and earnings of $625.[9]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DanPatch1901.png"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter6-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter6-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter7-17"},{"link_name":"Windsor, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter7-17"},{"link_name":"Grosse Pointe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosse_Pointe,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter7-17"},{"link_name":"Brighton Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Beach"},{"link_name":"bookmakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookmakers"},{"link_name":"Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter8-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter8-10"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Cranston, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranston,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter8-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter8-10"},{"link_name":"Terre Haute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndianaHistoryBio-8"}],"sub_title":"1901: the Grand Circuit","text":"Dan Patch in 1901 with Myron McHenry. Published in the New York Daily Tribune on October 16, 1901In 1901, Messner decided to test Dan Patch against the best horses in the country on the Grand Circuit, a series of valuable races around the north-eastern United States. Accordingly, he hired Myron McHenry to be Dan Patch's new trainer and driver. Though McHenry was reputed to be difficult to work with, his ability with horses was such that he was called \"America's greatest reinsman\". On May 13, Dan Patch left Oxford on a train bound for Cleveland so that McHenry could try him out. In their first drive together, Dan Patch did not appear to be working hard but the stopwatch showed he had been moving fast. McHenry reportedly said to the horse, \"You're either the world's biggest counterfeit, or you're the fastest horse in the world.\"[15]McHenry worked with Dan Patch for two months before the start of the Grand Circuit season. Although he had been trained well by Wattles, he still had some gaiting issues associated with his conformation. McHenry had the toe of Dan Patch's feet trimmed short while using a shoe that was raised in the back, a combination that some observers said made the horse look like he was wearing high heels. Despite the odd appearance, the shoeing improved on the earlier changes made by Wattles to keep Dan Patch's hind legs from interfering with his front legs while reducing the wide action that led to him sometimes striking the wheels of the sulky.[15] Always a natural pacer who required no hobbles or special equipment to keep him on stride, Dan Patch soon attracted interest from observers of the training sessions.[16]He made his first start with McHenry at the racetrack in Windsor, Ontario, on July 10 in a race for 2:15 level pacers. With a purse of $600, the race was meant to serve as a modest test for a horse whose official best time was 2:16. Dan Patch won in three straight heats, the fastest of which was completed in 2:071⁄2.[16]On July 17 in Detroit, he made his first start on the Grand Circuit at the Grosse Pointe racetrack. Although he faced some steep competition, he again won easily in straight heats. The Grand Circuit continued in Cleveland, Columbus, and Buffalo with Dan Patch continuing to build his reputation with one win after the other. In the Buffalo race, McHenry took Dan Patch to the back of the field in one of the heats, then unleashed him in the stretch. He responded with a final quarter mile in 30 seconds, a noteworthy fraction at a time when only one pacer had ever broken the two-minute barrier for the mile. McHenry told reporters, \"Dan Patch is the best pacer I've ever drawn a rein over.\"[16]Dan Patch made his next start on August 16 at the Brighton Beach racetrack in New York City, known as a gambling hotbed. He was the heavy favorite to win the race, but his odds to win the first heat drifted up from 3/5 to 5/4, attracting a \"mad scramble\" from bettors looking to cash in. The start of the first heat was delayed by over an hour due to an equipment malfunction. When the race began, Dan Patch went to the early lead but was then eased back. In the homestretch, he was given \"modest\" encouragement but failed to close enough ground, finishing fourth. Bettors were incensed, believing McHenry did not drive to win, possibly after having tipped the bookmakers given the way the odds changed before the race. The time for the heat was 2:09, two seconds slower than Dan Patch's best time to date. McHenry stated that he had held back because he had heard that the winner was fast and he wanted to see how things sorted out. Some reports say the judges paid no attention to the \"improbable\" result. However, the Boston Globe reported that the judges were \"very displeased\" and others reported on a heated meeting of the officials and a near riot by the fans.[10]In the second heat, Dan Patch won in a time of 2:041⁄2, a new personal best. Because of the delay in the start of the first heat and another delay due to protests over its result, the third heat was not run until the next day. Dan Patch again won easily, this time in 2:071⁄4 before winning the fourth and final heat in 2:053⁄4.[10]His next start was at the Readville racetrack in Boston on August 22. The Globe reporter noted that Dan Patch was clearly superior to the field while the race result would be \"as close as McHenry cares to draw the finishes.\" No betting was allowed, and Dan Patch won easily in straight heats. Following the race, he developed a cough but still raced on August 30 at the Narragansett Trotting Park in Cranston, Rhode Island on August 30. Pushed in the first heat to a time of 2:041⁄2, he won the next two heats and was reported to have made a deep bow to the crowd after the race.[10]Dan Patch followed up with routine wins in Hartford, Cincinnati, Lexington, and Memphis.[10] All told, he won 12 races in 1901. He was supposed to finish the season at the Terre Haute meet, but no one would enter against him. Instead, he returned home on November 2. On November 14, Oxford held the first \"Dan Patch Day\", in which the horse was led around town to the tune of the newly written \"Dan Patch Two Step\".[8]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(dog)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter9-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndianaHistoryBio-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter9-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter9-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndianaHistoryBio-8"}],"sub_title":"1902: new ownership","text":"Dan Patch started 1902 in Indiana with his backers speculating just how fast he could go, as he had thus far only paced as hard as needed to win. The Oxford Tribune wrote, \"It does not seem possible to those of our town who see this beautiful stallion, as gentle as a Newfoundland dog, driven about every fine day for exercise, that they are looking at the pacing king of the world.\" Townsfolk hoped that \"Daniel\" would be able to attend the upcoming Fourth of July celebrations.[17]In a surprising development, Dan Patch was sold to Manley Sturges in February, and was relocated to New York with McHenry remaining as his driver. His first start of the year was in Windsor, Ontario, in a match race against Canadian pacer Harold H., followed by races in Grosse Pointe and Cleveland on the Grand Circuit.[11] In these wins, he was so dominant that subsequently either owners refused to race their horses against him or tracks were unwilling to allow betting. Sturges's only alternative was to have Dan Patch compete against the clock in exhibition races.[8] Dan Patch paced his first public time trial on August 2 in Columbus and made headlines by surpassing the mark of his sire with a time of 2:003⁄4. This was second only to Star Pointer's world record of 1:591⁄4, a time that now looked achievable.[11]Over the summer and fall, interest in Dan Patch continued to grow, with racetracks negotiating with McHenry to have the horse appear. Dan Patch paced a mile in 2:003⁄4 at Brighton Beach despite high winds, then lowered his personal best to 2:001⁄2 at Readville. On August 29, Dan Patch just missed the world record with a time of 1:591⁄2 at Providence. After strong attempts in Philadelphia, Syracuse and Empire City, Dan Patch finally tied Star Pointer's world record on September 29 at Readville. He rounded out the year with exhibitions before enormous crowds at Cincinnati, Terre Haute, Davenport and Memphis.[11]Marion Savage became one of Dan Patch's biggest fans and made multiple offers to Sturges for the horse. Savage finally succeeded in December with an offer of $60,000, then a staggering amount.[8]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndianaHistoryBio-8"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter10-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"drafting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drafting_(aerodynamics)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter10-12"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BreaksTwoMore-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19031110-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19031201-26"}],"sub_title":"1903: \"champion harness horse of the world\"","text":"Savage was known for his advertising skills and soon capitalized on Dan Patch's growing fame. Rather than charging an exhibition fee, Savage received a proportion of the gate receipts for crowds that grew to between 40 and 50 thousand. In most of his exhibition races, Dan Patch started behind galloping horses who were hooked up to a sulky, which gave Dan Patch a target to beat and also acted as a wind breaker. The pace makers would eventually swing wide, leaving Dan Patch alone against the clock.[8]Not long after buying Dan Patch, Savage entered him in the Minneapolis Riding and Driving Club's winter horse show held on January 29, 1903. The \"champion harness horse of the world\" was given the chance to show his paces on a snowy Park avenue.[18] Savage scheduled other special appearances for Dan Patch throughout the spring before finally handing him over to McHenry for serious training in June. Dan Patch made his first major appearance of 1903 in a time trial at Columbus on July 17. Despite being short of conditioning and pacing into a headwind, Dan Patch tied Prince Alert's world record for the half mile of 573⁄4 seconds. Although far less famous, Prince Alert was the only other active horse to have broken the two minute barrier for the mile and might have given Dan Patch a serious battle had the two ever met head to head. Instead, the two tried to outdo each other racing against the clock.[12]Dan Patch's next notable achievement was on August 19 at Brighton Beach, where he broke the world record by pacing a mile in 1:59 despite cold and windy conditions. This was the first time the race format had used galloping Thoroughbreds to prompt the pace, with one running beside Dan Patch at the start and the other behind. The effort was nearly derailed when Dan Patch came close to clipping the rail when moving into the first turn, while his running mates swept wide and were left behind. Dan Patch completed the half-mile in :591⁄4 before one of the pacemakers caught up, then moved in front. His time for the three-quarters was 1:291⁄4, just off of world record pace. McHenry urged Dan Patch hard down the homestretch and he responded with a final quarter mile in under 30 seconds to set the record.[19]Dan Patch next tackled the record for one mile on a half-mile track. Because the horse must negotiate more and tighter turns on a smaller track, the half-mile track record is slower than the time on a one-mile track. Even today, separate records are kept in harness racing depending on the track dimensions.[20] On September 7 at the half-mile track in Lima, Ohio, Dan Patch paced a world record of 2:04, only to have the record broken by Prince Alert a few weeks later. Prince Alert then lowered the world record on a one-mile track to an astonishing 1:57, thanks in part to perfect weather conditions but also aided by a large canvas sail carried between the galloping horses who set the pace. Critics pointed out that the sail, later referred to as a wind shield, lessened the wind resistance that a horse faced (similar to drafting in cycling or motor racing). Although the usage of wind shields was eventually disallowed by the American Trotting Register, in the short term it meant that Dan Patch was no longer the fastest harness horse in the world.[12]Dan Patch responded to the challenge by setting a flurry of records. In Lexington, he broke the existing record for pacing while attached to a wagon, instead of the lighter, more aerodynamic sulky, by over two seconds. A week later in Memphis, he regained the one mile world from Prince Alert with a time of 1:561⁄4, an accomplishment that made the first page of the New York Times. Dan Patch maintained a steady pace, completing the first quarter mile in 29 seconds, the first half in 58 seconds and the three-quarters in 1:371⁄4. McHenry had used only a small canvas strip between the wheels of his pacemaker's sulky that McHenry called a dust shield, compared to the much larger wind shield carried between two pacemakers used by Prince Alert.[21]On October 27 while still in Memphis, he set two world records within 45 minutes of each other. In the first trial, he lowered the record for the half mile from 571⁄2 seconds to 56 seconds flat. In the second, he lowered his own record for a mile pacing to wagon from 1:591⁄4 to 1:571⁄4.[22][23]Dan Patch made two further appearances in 1903. At Birmingham, Alabama on November 10, he lowered the record for a mile on a half mile track to 2:031⁄4, even though his pacemaker had moved too far ahead to act as a proper windshield.[24] The conditions in Macon, Georgia on November 30 were cold and windy but Dan Patch still set two world records within an hour of each other. In the first, he was attached to an old-fashioned high-wheeled sulky and lowered the existing record by 1+1⁄4 seconds. In the second, he paced two miles in 4:17, lowering the existing record by two seconds.[25]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dan-Patch-railcar-1904.png"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bill Cody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bill_Cody"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter11-27"},{"link_name":"strangulated hernia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangulated_hernia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter11-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"impacted bowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impacted_bowel"},{"link_name":"Illinois State Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_State_Fair"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter11-27"},{"link_name":"Memphis, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter11-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Memphis1904-30"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter11-27"}],"sub_title":"1904: on the road","text":"Dan Patch before his private rail car, circa 1904In 1904, Savage split company with McHenry, who had been Dan Patch's trainer and driver since 1901. A variety of reasons were cited, including McHenry's drinking and his complaints that Savage was treating Dan Patch like a circus act. Savage replaced McHenry with Harry Hersey, who had been the manager of Savage's farm in Minnesota but had little race-driving experience. Savage had no inclination to test Dan Patch in competitive formats, where even the fastest horse can lose due to a variety of factors. Instead, Savage used Dan Patch to promote the horse feed supplements his company produced and, in the model of Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West Show, turned each appearance by Dan Patch into a major event. Dan Patch was shipped in a custom built rail-car, with half of the space reserved for Dan Patch and the other half for his grooms and the horses used as prompters. Savage estimated that Dan Patch traveled roughly 10,000 miles in 1904 alone.[26]Dan Patch did not make his seasonal debut for 1904 until August 11 in Indianapolis and his first performances were considered disappointing, well off his personal best. Despite this, the crowds though continued to grow, reaching 40,000 in Des Moines and 50,000 in Milwaukee. He was then scheduled to make an appearance in Topeka on the September 14 and arrived in town a few days early. After a workout on the 12th, he cooled out normally but later started to show signs of distress. The condition quickly deteriorated and a respected veterinarian diagnosed a strangulated hernia, which had a very high fatality rate at the time since abdominal surgery on horses was not then an option. Hersey sent two telegraphs on hearing the news: one to Savage and the other to the Minneapolis Journal. While Savage rushed to Dan Patch's side, news went out across America that the horse was dying.[26][27]On his arrival in Kansas on the 13th, Savage called in other veterinarians, one of whom felt that the condition was actually an impacted bowel – still serious but much more survivable. For the next few days, newspapers updated on Dan Patch's slowly improving condition until the horse was finally pronounced out of danger on September 29. Savage had administered triple doses of \"International Colic Cure\", one of his company's feed supplements, and later said this helped Dan Patch's recovery, though he did not claim that it actually cured the colic. Some skeptics wondered if Savage had manufactured the crisis for the resulting publicity, though this seems unlikely since he was not present when the horse first became ill. Dan Patch made a brief appearance before the crowd in Topeka before being shipped home to Minnesota. He was given a brief time off before attending a previously scheduled event on October 7 at the Illinois State Fair, where 50,000 people turned out to see the \"national pet\".[26]His next scheduled appearance was in Memphis, Tennessee, where little was expected of him due to the recent illness. On October 24, he paced a mile without prompters in 2:001⁄4, the fastest time paced that year despite appearing \"dull and weak\" to his old owner Manley Sturges.[26] Just two days later though, Dan Patch returned in much better condition. Behind his galloping prompter, he paced the first quarter mile in 29 seconds and completed the first half in 571⁄2 seconds. He seemed to falter around the far turn, but still completed the three-quarters in 1:261⁄2. In the stretch, he recovered his best stride and completed the mile in a new world record of 1:56. He was greeted with an ovation and Hersey was carried from the sulky on the way back to the stands.[28][29]Dan Patch finished the year with appearances in St. Louis, Oklahoma City and Dallas. At Oklahoma City, he broke his own record for one mile on a half-mile track with a time of 2:03, despite \"dreadful\" track conditions that caused Dan Patch to nearly fall. Hersey said, \"It was the most wonderful mile ever paced by a horse.\" The crowd concurred – according to a reporter, \"Canes, hats, and coats filled the air.\"[26]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnesota State Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Fair"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter11-27"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museum-15"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter11-27"}],"sub_title":"1905: the Black Whirlwind","text":"Dan Patch celebrated his ninth birthday in 1905, an age at which racehorses are considered past their prime. From this point onward, the expectation that he would set a new record on any given trial was lower, but the horse's popularity remained intact. Dan Patch made his first appearance of the year in September at the Minnesota State Fair before a crowd of 98,000, followed by a crowd of 55,000 at Indianapolis and more than 100,000 in Allentown. He then shipped to Lexington, where he tied his own world record of 1:56 while surrounded by a cloud of dust, leading the New York Times to call him the \"Black Whirlwind\".[26] Two days later, Dan Patch outdid himself, setting his official record of 1:551⁄4, a time that would remain a record for over 30 years.[14]Savage then decided to tackle the record for an unprompted mile, which still stood at 1:591⁄4. The harness racing community was becoming increasingly concerned about the use of prompters and wind shields,[30] so Savage wished to establish that Dan Patch could break Star Pointer's old record without assistance. After several attempts that were close to or matched that time, Dan Patch finally shattered the \"in the open\" record with a time of 1:58 at Memphis on November 11.[26]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Breeder_and_sportsman_(1911)_(20224936489).jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Record1906-32"},{"link_name":"Adios Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adios_Butler"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doyel-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndianaHistoryBio-8"},{"link_name":"Dwight Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Kansas State Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_Fair"},{"link_name":"Harry Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"1906-1909: celebrity","text":"Dan Patch 1:55, an advertisement from Breeder and Sportsman (1911)In 1906, the National Trotting Association banned the use of wind shields, although they did allow Dan Patch's 1905 records to stand. Thus, his official best mile is 1:551⁄4. Unofficially, his best time was 1:55, paced in September 1906 at the Minnesota State Fair. Savage was so indignant about the 1:55 mark not being recognized that he renamed his International Stock Food Farm to the International 1:55 Stock Food Farm. Savage later used Dan Patch and his offspring in ads for the farm, with the 1:55 time clearly included.[31] The 1:55 mark was equaled in following years but was not broken until 1960, 54 years after Dan Patch's run, when Adios Butler paced the first sub-1:55 mile in 1:54:3.Although Dan Patch continued to make public appearances and posted some excellent times, he was never able to achieve that level again. The closest he came was on October 11, 1908, at Lexington, when he paced the first three-quarters of a mile in an exceptional 1:251⁄2 before his prompter started bleeding and slowed down. Dan Patch was forced to check but still finished the mile in 1:561⁄4. Savage advertised that Dan Patch would otherwise have finished in 1:54, which \"the Horse Papers and all Horsemen admit was the Fastest and Greatest Performance in the life of the World Famous Harness Horse King.\"[32]Dan Patch's achievements made him a sports celebrity, possibly the most famous athlete in America until Babe Ruth. His name and likeness were used to sell a vast array of merchandise including whiskey bottles, shot glasses, cigars, coffee, billiard cues, sheet music,[33] chewing tobacco, toothpicks, playing cards, liniments, stable disinfectants, knives, washing machines, sewing machines, and manicure spreaders.[34] At the height of his fame, he earned more than $1 million a year for his owner and was billed as \"kindhearted, generous, and a staunch Methodist who never performed on a Sunday.\"[8]Among the hundreds of thousands of people who turned out for a glimpse of the horse over his career was Dwight Eisenhower, who lined up with his parents at the 1904 Kansas State Fair. Harry Truman recalled that as a boy he had written a fan letter to the horse.[35]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Records set"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dan_Patch_tombstone.png"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndianaHistoryBio-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter10-12"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter11-27"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FromThis-3"},{"link_name":"Jate Lobell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jate_Lobell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter12-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter12-1"},{"link_name":"stuffed and mounted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxidermy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SavageDead-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter12-1"}],"text":"The tombstone memorial of Dan Patch in Oxford, Indiana.Dan Patch retired undefeated in 1909 as the holder of nine world records, and spent much of his later life attending exhibitions.[8] Even during his racing career, he was used for stallion duty with a stud fee of between $300 and $500,[12][26] though he was never exposed to the best mares. He had a moderately successful stud career but never sired a horse close to his ability. He sired 38 trotters who met the 2m:30s standard with 1 breaking 2:10. He also sired 138 pacers who met the standard, 5 of whom broke the 2:05 barrier. Dazzle Patch was his most successful son but died young and left only a few foals behind. Dan Patch's name is rare in modern pedigrees.[3] His most famous descendant is Hall of Famer Jate Lobell, who traces to Dan Patch's daughter Theda Patch in the female line.[36][1]In July 1916, Savage went into the hospital for minor hemorrhoid surgery. At the same time, Dan Patch suffered an attack of colic, from which he soon seemed to recover. However, at 10:00 AM on July 11, Dan Patch collapsed, thrashed his legs in a pacing motion and then died of a massive heart attack.[1] Savage was notified and indicated that he wished to have Dan Patch stuffed and mounted.[13] Before this could be done, Savage died on July 12 of a pulmonary embolism.[1]","title":"Retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dan_Patch_Banners_Savage_MN.jpg"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Harness Racing Museum & Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harness_Racing_Museum_%26_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museum-15"},{"link_name":"Minnesota State Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Fair"},{"link_name":"Savage, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Horse_Racing_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doyel-34"}],"text":"Banners commemorating Dan Patch on lampposts in Savage, MinnesotaDan Patch is believed to be buried somewhere on the \"Taj Mahal\" property in an unmarked grave – the tombstone in Oxford is just a memorial. Dan Patch's home town of Oxford continues to honor the horse at its annual \"Dan Patch Days\" festival, a festival that is scheduled for the weekend following Labor Day each year. Savage, Minnesota, also holds a celebration called \"Dan Patch Days\" annually in June.Today, the land in Savage formerly occupied by the Taj Mahal stables and racetracks is vacant, though the outline of a track is visible from the air,[37] near the intersection of State Highway 13 and Vernon Avenue. The land is posted \"no trespassing\" and no historical marker documents that anything of significance ever stood there.In 1953, Dan Patch was inducted in the new Harness Racing Museum & Hall of Fame.[14]The City of Savage, Minnesota, was renamed for Dan Patch's owner, Marion Willis Savage, in 1904. Dan Patch Avenue on the Minnesota State Fair grounds is named for the horse. Dan Patch Drive and Dan Patch Lane in Savage, Minnesota, are also named after Dan Patch.In 1992, the Dan Patch Historical Society was formed to \"collect, preserve and disseminate information about the horse\".[38] In 1997, it helped set up a Heritage Room in the Savage Public Library, which contains two display cases of Dan Patch memorabilia and extensive records.[39]In 2004, Prior Lake High School, located in Savage, named its new stadium after the horse.[40]In 2019, Dan Patch was named into the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame.[41]In a display on the exterior of the Indiana State Museum, Benton County (where Dan Patch's hometown of Oxford is located) is represented by a wire sculpture of Dan Patch.[42] The road into Oxford is named the Dan Patch highway and there are several tributes to the horse including an historical marker showing his birthplace.[33]","title":"Memorials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brass era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_era"},{"link_name":"automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile"},{"link_name":"Dan Patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Patch_(automobile_company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-danpatch.com-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dan_Patch_electric_rail_line_1915.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dan Patch Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Patch_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Bloomington, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Faribault, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faribault,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"John Deere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deere"},{"link_name":"Thermo King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermo_King"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-danpatch.com-45"},{"link_name":"Toastmasters International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toastmasters_International"},{"link_name":"Richfield, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richfield,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Ya Got Trouble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya_Got_Trouble"},{"link_name":"Broadway musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_musical"},{"link_name":"The Music Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_Man"},{"link_name":"motion picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture"},{"link_name":"The Great Dan Patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Dan_Patch"},{"link_name":"Dennis O'Keefe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_O%27Keefe"},{"link_name":"Gail Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Russell"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"So Dear to My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Dear_to_My_Heart"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"The brass era automobile maker Dan Patch was founded in Minneapolis in 1911. The company was owned by Savage and was one of 16 manufacturers in Minnesota at the time. This operation came to an end when the Ford Motor Company began its assembly operations in St. Paul.[43][44]A Dan Patch Railway train, circa 1915.The proposed Dan Patch Corridor commuter rail line in southern Minnesota runs along the tracks of the former Dan Patch line, created in 1907 by Marion W. Savage. Passenger service on the Dan Patch line began the summer of 1910, with travel from Bloomington, Minnesota to Minneapolis. Savage's plan of running rail through to Iowa never materialized as the citizens of Faribault, Minnesota would have nothing to do with it. The railroad was declared bankrupt in 1917 and purchased a year later. Savage's track however would spur growth along all the cities it lay and service industries like Ford, John Deere and Thermo King.[44]Dan Patch Toastmasters, Club 1280 of Toastmasters International, was founded in 1954, and continues to meet on Wednesday evenings in Richfield, Minnesota.The song \"Ya Got Trouble\", from the Broadway musical and film The Music Man, makes a reference to the horse in expounding upon the \"degradation\" of jockeys sitting on the horse during a race, when Harold Hill (Robert Preston) states:Not a wholesome trottin' race, No, but a race where they set down right on the horse!\nLike to see some stuck-up jockey boy sittin' on Dan Patch?\nMake your blood boil?\n\nWell, I should say!Dan Patch was the subject of the 1949 motion picture The Great Dan Patch starring Dennis O'Keefe and Gail Russell.The Disney movie So Dear to My Heart begins with Dan Patch's train pulling into a small town. Jeremiah's black lamb, Danny, is named for the horse and serves as his inspiration.[45][46]","title":"Cultural references"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hambletonian10.jpg"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Morgan horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_horse"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbreds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"Messenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Hambletonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambletonian_10"},{"link_name":"Narragansett Pacer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narragansett_Pacer"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacer"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Trotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Trotter"},{"link_name":"Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_horse"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter3-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestChapter3-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FromThis-3"},{"link_name":"Joe Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Young_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FromThis-3"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FromThis-3"},{"link_name":"Morgan horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_horse"},{"link_name":"inbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbred"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pedigree-52"}],"text":"Hambletonian 10, a founding sire of the StandardbredIn 1879, the harness racing community established \"The Standard\", which stated that a Standardbred was a horse who either: (a) could trot a mile in 2:30,[b] or (b) was the offspring of such a horse. Both Dan Patch's parents were Standardbreds but further back in his pedigree are a significant number of Morgan horses. Even further back can be found Thoroughbreds (most notably Messenger, the great-grandfather of Hambletonian) and a wide variety of harness horse breeds including the Narragansett Pacer, Canadian Pacer, Norfolk Trotter and Hackney.[48]Dan Patch was from the first crop of Joe Patchen, one of the fastest pacers of his time. Joe Patchen's main rival was Star Pointer, the first Standardbred to break the two minute barrier.[48] Joe Patchen was a great-grandson of Standardbred foundation sire Hambletonian (known more fully as Hambletonian 10 or Rysdyk's Hambletonian to distinguish him from the Thoroughbred of the same name). Hambletonian sired 40 trotters who met the standard, with several going on to be influential sires.[49] His son George Wilkes raced for twelve years, winning 29 of 67 races. Known for his ill temper, he was initially greeted with indifference at stud but soon became one of the greatest sires of his age. One of George Wilkes's less distinguished sons was Patchen Wilkes, who barely met the standard with a best time of 2:291⁄4. Patchen Wilkes's only important offspring was a colt produced by the half Morgan,[3] half Standardbred mare Josephine Young and named Joe Patchen after his parents. Though mixed, Joe Patchen was a great pacer with a career best of 2:011⁄4. This likely had a great deal to do with Josephine Young's sire being trotter Joe Young (2:18), a successful racing horse from Peabody, Kansas.[34] Other than Dan Patch, Joe Patchen was not a great success at stud.[3]Dan Patch's dam Zelica was sired by Wilkesberry, also a grandson of George Wilkes through one of his best sons, Young Jim. Wilkesberry was a talented horse who died young and left only a few foals. Zelica's dam Abdallah Belle descended from Alexander's Abdallah, a son of Hambletonian who also died young and left few survivors due to the Civil War. Zelica produced several foals after Dan Patch but they were fairly undistinguished.[3]‡ Morgan horseDan Patch is inbred 3x4 to George Wilkes, meaning George Wilkes appears once in the third generation of the pedigree and once in the fourth generation. Dan Patch is also inbred 4x5x5 to Hambletonian through his sons George Wilkes and Alexander's Abdallah.[50]","title":"Pedigree"}] | [{"image_text":"Dan Patch in 1901 with Myron McHenry. Published in the New York Daily Tribune on October 16, 1901","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/DanPatch1901.png/220px-DanPatch1901.png"},{"image_text":"Dan Patch before his private rail car, circa 1904","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dan-Patch-railcar-1904.png/220px-Dan-Patch-railcar-1904.png"},{"image_text":"Dan Patch 1:55, an advertisement from Breeder and Sportsman (1911)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Breeder_and_sportsman_%281911%29_%2820224936489%29.jpg/220px-Breeder_and_sportsman_%281911%29_%2820224936489%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The tombstone memorial of Dan Patch in Oxford, Indiana.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Dan_Patch_tombstone.png/250px-Dan_Patch_tombstone.png"},{"image_text":"Banners commemorating Dan Patch on lampposts in Savage, Minnesota","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dan_Patch_Banners_Savage_MN.jpg/200px-Dan_Patch_Banners_Savage_MN.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Dan Patch Railway train, circa 1915.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dan_Patch_electric_rail_line_1915.JPG/220px-Dan_Patch_electric_rail_line_1915.JPG"},{"image_text":"Hambletonian 10, a founding sire of the Standardbred","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hambletonian10.jpg/220px-Hambletonian10.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of racehorses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_racehorses"}] | [{"reference":"Smith, Sharon B. (2012). \"Chapter 12: Finish Line\". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhorse_Pub.","url_text":"Skyhorse Pub."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616085858","url_text":"978-1616085858"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Sharon B. (2012). \"Chapter 2: The Shopkeeper of Oxford, Indiana\". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhorse_Pub.","url_text":"Skyhorse Pub."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616085858","url_text":"978-1616085858"}]},{"reference":"McCarr, Ken (June 29, 1966). \"From This Came a Champion\" (PDF). danpatch.com (reprint from The Harness Horse). Retrieved January 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.danpatch.com/uploads/5/0/7/9/50796679/062966_from_this_came_a_champion,_%E2%80%9Cthe_background_of_dan_patch.pdf","url_text":"\"From This Came a Champion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hoosiers banned betting on horses despite Dan Patch\". nwitimes.com. 2 November 2003. Retrieved 5 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/hoosiers-banned-betting-on-horses-despite-dan-patch/article_10e283ba-d01f-57c7-bbbd-5be4ae49399f.html","url_text":"\"Hoosiers banned betting on horses despite Dan Patch\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Sharon B. (2012). \"Chapter 4: Messner's Folly\". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhorse_Pub.","url_text":"Skyhorse Pub."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616085858","url_text":"978-1616085858"}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Patch - Bio\". Harness Horse Racing News. Retrieved 5 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.harnessracing.ws/Dan-Patch.htm","url_text":"\"Dan Patch - Bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Patch - Bio\". Dan Patch Historical Society. Retrieved January 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.danpatch.com/dan-patch.html","url_text":"\"Dan Patch - Bio\""}]},{"reference":"Waite, Gerald. \"Dan Patch\". Indiana Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161128092747/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/reference/notable-hoosiers/dan-patch","url_text":"\"Dan Patch\""},{"url":"http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/reference/notable-hoosiers/dan-patch","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Sharon B. (2012). \"Chapter 5: A Racehorse After All\". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhorse_Pub.","url_text":"Skyhorse Pub."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616085858","url_text":"978-1616085858"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Sharon B. (2012). \"Chapter 8: The Big Stage\". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhorse_Pub.","url_text":"Skyhorse Pub."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616085858","url_text":"978-1616085858"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Sharon B. (2012). \"Chapter 9: A Gambler Takes a Chance\". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhorse_Pub.","url_text":"Skyhorse Pub."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616085858","url_text":"978-1616085858"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Sharon B. (20 June 2012). \"Chapter 10: Racing Against Time\". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhorse_Pub.","url_text":"Skyhorse Pub."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616085858","url_text":"978-1616085858"}]},{"reference":"\"M. W. Savage, Noted Horseman, Is Dead\". news.google.com. July 13, 1916. Retrieved 1 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1908&dat=19160713&id=VgcxAAAAIBAJ&pg=3214,305990","url_text":"\"M. W. Savage, Noted Horseman, Is Dead\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAN PATCH biography\". Harness Museum. Retrieved 5 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harnessmuseum.com/content/dan-patch","url_text":"\"DAN PATCH biography\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Sharon B. (2012). \"Chapter 6: On the Wings of the Wind\". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhorse_Pub.","url_text":"Skyhorse Pub."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616085858","url_text":"978-1616085858"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Sharon B. (2012). \"Chapter 7: A Star Is Born\". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhorse_Pub.","url_text":"Skyhorse Pub."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616085858","url_text":"978-1616085858"}]},{"reference":"\"The Pacing King\". news.google.com. January 21, 1902. Retrieved 27 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2303&dat=19020121&id=ZZMnAAAAIBAJ&pg=4818,722476","url_text":"\"The Pacing King\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Big Poultry Show - Hendricks Pioneer - Google News Archive Search\". news.google.com. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=967&dat=19030205&id=bFhlAAAAIBAJ&pg=486,611742","url_text":"\"The Big Poultry Show - Hendricks Pioneer - Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAN PATCH BEAT RECORD; Great Pacer Lowered World's Mile Time to 1:59 at Brighton. With Conditions of Track and Weather Against Him the Unconquered Horse Cut Star Pointer's Figures\". The New York Times. 20 August 1903. Retrieved 30 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1903/08/20/archives/dan-patch-beat-record-great-pacer-lowered-worlds-mile-time-to-159.html","url_text":"\"DAN PATCH BEAT RECORD; Great Pacer Lowered World's Mile Time to 1:59 at Brighton. With Conditions of Track and Weather Against Him the Unconquered Horse Cut Star Pointer's Figures\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Records\". www.standardbredcanada.ca. Retrieved 1 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.standardbredcanada.ca/content/stats/world-records.html","url_text":"\"World Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAN PATCH AGAIN KING OF PACERS; Makes New World's Mile Record at Memphis in 1:56 1-4. Had the Aid of a Runner, but No Wind Shield Used -- Enthusiasm on the Track\". The New York Times. 23 October 1903. Retrieved 30 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1903/10/23/archives/dan-patch-again-king-of-pacers-makes-new-worlds-mile-record-at.html","url_text":"\"DAN PATCH AGAIN KING OF PACERS; Makes New World's Mile Record at Memphis in 1:56 1-4. Had the Aid of a Runner, but No Wind Shield Used -- Enthusiasm on the Track\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Patch SMASHES 2 world records in 45 minutes\" (PDF). danpatch.com (reprint from the Philadelphia Inquirer). October 28, 1903. Retrieved 5 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.danpatch.com/uploads/5/0/7/9/50796679/10281903_dan_patch_smashes_2_world_records_in_45_minutes.pdf","url_text":"\"Dan Patch SMASHES 2 world records in 45 minutes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Patch Breaks Two More -- Robinson Constitution - Google News Archive Search\". news.google.com. Robinson Constitution. November 11, 1903. Retrieved January 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2332&dat=19031111&id=nbIoAAAAIBAJ&pg=948,4618397","url_text":"\"Dan Patch Breaks Two More -- Robinson Constitution - Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAN PATCH BEAT RECORD; Great Pacer Lowered World's Mile Time to 1:59 at Brighton. With Conditions of Track and Weather Against Him the Unconquered Horse Cut Star Pointer's Figures\". The New York Times. 20 August 1903. Retrieved 30 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1903/08/20/archives/dan-patch-beat-record-great-pacer-lowered-worlds-mile-time-to-159.html","url_text":"\"DAN PATCH BEAT RECORD; Great Pacer Lowered World's Mile Time to 1:59 at Brighton. With Conditions of Track and Weather Against Him the Unconquered Horse Cut Star Pointer's Figures\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEW RECORDS FOR DAN PATCH.; Champion Pacer, at Macon, Ga., Lowered Two World's Marks Under Unfavorable Conditions\". The New York Times. 1 December 1903. Retrieved 30 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1903/12/01/archives/new-records-for-dan-patch-champion-pacer-at-macon-ga-lowered-two.html","url_text":"\"NEW RECORDS FOR DAN PATCH.; Champion Pacer, at Macon, Ga., Lowered Two World's Marks Under Unfavorable Conditions\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Sharon B. (20 June 2012). \"Chapter 11: Fame and Fortune\". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhorse_Pub.","url_text":"Skyhorse Pub."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616085858","url_text":"978-1616085858"}]},{"reference":"\"DAN PATCH SICK.; Noted Pacer Has Strangulated Hernia, but Will Recover\". The New York Times. 14 September 1904. Retrieved 30 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1904/09/14/archives/dan-patch-sick-noted-pacer-has-strangulated-hernia-but-will-recover.html","url_text":"\"DAN PATCH SICK.; Noted Pacer Has Strangulated Hernia, but Will Recover\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Patch Victor\". news.google.com. Retrieved 3 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2513&dat=19041027&id=oHFHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4187,4771901","url_text":"\"Dan Patch Victor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Patch Victor; Paced Fastest Mile Ever Made by Horse\". Meriden Morning Record - Google News Archive Search. Retrieved 6 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2513&dat=19041027&id=oHFHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4187,4771901","url_text":"\"Dan Patch Victor; Paced Fastest Mile Ever Made by Horse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Season's Records of Dan Patch\". news.google.com. December 3, 1905. Retrieved 7 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19051203&id=yywrAAAAIBAJ&pg=3628,279055","url_text":"\"Season's Records of Dan Patch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Has Broken World Records 14 Times\". The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture - Google News Archive Search. Retrieved 6 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=385&dat=19090201&id=PakaAAAAIBAJ&pg=2225,6660892","url_text":"\"Dan Has Broken World Records 14 Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Patch 1908 (advertisement)\". news.google.com. February 1, 1909. Retrieved 7 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=385&dat=19090201&id=PakaAAAAIBAJ&pg=2225,6660892","url_text":"\"Dan Patch 1908 (advertisement)\""}]},{"reference":"Doyel, Gregg. \"Doyel: Can a famous horse save a fading Indiana town?\". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved 3 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indystar.com/story/sports/columnists/gregg-doyel/2015/07/11/gregg-doyel-dan-patch/30008143/","url_text":"\"Doyel: Can a famous horse save a fading Indiana town?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Kansas City Times 11 May 1982, page 18\". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2022-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/678481873/","url_text":"\"The Kansas City Times 11 May 1982, page 18\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering Dan Patch\". Standardbred Canada. Retrieved 3 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.standardbredcanada.ca/news/7-11-16/remembering-dan-patch.html","url_text":"\"Remembering Dan Patch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jate Lobell Standardbred Pedigree\". www.allbreedpedigree.com. Retrieved 7 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allbreedpedigree.com/jate+lobell","url_text":"\"Jate Lobell Standardbred Pedigree\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google Maps\".","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&om=1&z=16&ll=44.784226,-93.343363&spn=0.009245,0.013497&t=h","url_text":"\"Google Maps\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Historical Society\". Dan Patch Historical Society. Retrieved 3 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.danpatch.com/history-of-the-historical-society.html","url_text":"\"History of the Historical Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heritage Room (Museum)\". Dan Patch Historical Society. Retrieved 5 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.danpatch.com/heritage-room-museum.html","url_text":"\"Heritage Room (Museum)\""}]},{"reference":"\"PLHS Stadium Named After Dan Patch\" (PDF). danpatch.com. Retrieved 3 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.danpatch.com/uploads/5/0/7/9/50796679/121404_plhs_stadium_named_for_dan_patch.pdf","url_text":"\"PLHS Stadium Named After Dan Patch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Patch\". Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame. Retrieved 25 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadianhorseracinghalloffame.com/2019/04/11/dan-patch/","url_text":"\"Dan Patch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Patch, the first superstar racehorse\". hoosierhistorylive.org. Retrieved 3 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hoosierhistorylive.org/mail/2012-04-07.html","url_text":"\"Dan Patch, the first superstar racehorse\""}]},{"reference":"\"So Dear to My Heart - 1948\". www.thedisneyfilms.com. Retrieved 5 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedisneyfilms.com/2009/12/so-dear-to-my-heart-1948.html","url_text":"\"So Dear to My Heart - 1948\""}]},{"reference":"Sampson, Wade (4 August 2010). \"So Dear to My Heart: The Secrets Behind the Film\". Mouse Planet. Retrieved 5 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mouseplanet.com/9333/So_Dear_to_My_Heart_The_Secrets_Behind_the_Film","url_text":"\"So Dear to My Heart: The Secrets Behind the Film\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Standardbred - Horse breed, Horse breeding, types and breeds from Equiworld\". www.equi.net. Retrieved 9 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equi.net/breeds/standardbred/index.htm","url_text":"\"The Standardbred - Horse breed, Horse breeding, types and breeds from Equiworld\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Sharon B. (2012). \"Chapter 3: Mr. Messner's Buggy Horse\". The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. ISBN 978-1616085858.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhorse_Pub.","url_text":"Skyhorse Pub."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616085858","url_text":"978-1616085858"}]},{"reference":"\"The Golden Age of the Trotting Horse | International Museum of the Horse\". www.imh.org. Retrieved 9 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.imh.org/exhibits/online/golden-age-trotting-horse","url_text":"\"The Golden Age of the Trotting Horse | International Museum of the Horse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Patch Standardbred\". www.allbreedpedigree.com. Retrieved 7 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allbreedpedigree.com/dan+patch2","url_text":"\"Dan Patch Standardbred\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"Link":"http://www.danpatch.com/uploads/5/0/7/9/50796679/062966_from_this_came_a_champion,_%E2%80%9Cthe_background_of_dan_patch.pdf","external_links_name":"\"From This Came a Champion\""},{"Link":"http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/hoosiers-banned-betting-on-horses-despite-dan-patch/article_10e283ba-d01f-57c7-bbbd-5be4ae49399f.html","external_links_name":"\"Hoosiers banned betting on horses despite Dan Patch\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"Link":"http://www.harnessracing.ws/Dan-Patch.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dan Patch - Bio\""},{"Link":"http://www.danpatch.com/dan-patch.html","external_links_name":"\"Dan Patch - Bio\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161128092747/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/reference/notable-hoosiers/dan-patch","external_links_name":"\"Dan Patch\""},{"Link":"http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/reference/notable-hoosiers/dan-patch","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1908&dat=19160713&id=VgcxAAAAIBAJ&pg=3214,305990","external_links_name":"\"M. W. Savage, Noted Horseman, Is Dead\""},{"Link":"https://www.harnessmuseum.com/content/dan-patch","external_links_name":"\"DAN PATCH biography\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2303&dat=19020121&id=ZZMnAAAAIBAJ&pg=4818,722476","external_links_name":"\"The Pacing King\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=967&dat=19030205&id=bFhlAAAAIBAJ&pg=486,611742","external_links_name":"\"The Big Poultry Show - Hendricks Pioneer - Google News Archive Search\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1903/08/20/archives/dan-patch-beat-record-great-pacer-lowered-worlds-mile-time-to-159.html","external_links_name":"\"DAN PATCH BEAT RECORD; Great Pacer Lowered World's Mile Time to 1:59 at Brighton. With Conditions of Track and Weather Against Him the Unconquered Horse Cut Star Pointer's Figures\""},{"Link":"http://www.standardbredcanada.ca/content/stats/world-records.html","external_links_name":"\"World Records\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1903/10/23/archives/dan-patch-again-king-of-pacers-makes-new-worlds-mile-record-at.html","external_links_name":"\"DAN PATCH AGAIN KING OF PACERS; Makes New World's Mile Record at Memphis in 1:56 1-4. Had the Aid of a Runner, but No Wind Shield Used -- Enthusiasm on the Track\""},{"Link":"http://www.danpatch.com/uploads/5/0/7/9/50796679/10281903_dan_patch_smashes_2_world_records_in_45_minutes.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Dan Patch SMASHES 2 world records in 45 minutes\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2332&dat=19031111&id=nbIoAAAAIBAJ&pg=948,4618397","external_links_name":"\"Dan Patch Breaks Two More -- Robinson Constitution - Google News Archive Search\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1903/08/20/archives/dan-patch-beat-record-great-pacer-lowered-worlds-mile-time-to-159.html","external_links_name":"\"DAN PATCH BEAT RECORD; Great Pacer Lowered World's Mile Time to 1:59 at Brighton. With Conditions of Track and Weather Against Him the Unconquered Horse Cut Star Pointer's Figures\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1903/12/01/archives/new-records-for-dan-patch-champion-pacer-at-macon-ga-lowered-two.html","external_links_name":"\"NEW RECORDS FOR DAN PATCH.; Champion Pacer, at Macon, Ga., Lowered Two World's Marks Under Unfavorable Conditions\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1904/09/14/archives/dan-patch-sick-noted-pacer-has-strangulated-hernia-but-will-recover.html","external_links_name":"\"DAN PATCH SICK.; Noted Pacer Has Strangulated Hernia, but Will Recover\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2513&dat=19041027&id=oHFHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4187,4771901","external_links_name":"\"Dan Patch Victor\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2513&dat=19041027&id=oHFHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4187,4771901","external_links_name":"\"Dan Patch Victor; Paced Fastest Mile Ever Made by Horse\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19051203&id=yywrAAAAIBAJ&pg=3628,279055","external_links_name":"\"Season's Records of Dan Patch\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=385&dat=19090201&id=PakaAAAAIBAJ&pg=2225,6660892","external_links_name":"\"Dan Has Broken World Records 14 Times\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=385&dat=19090201&id=PakaAAAAIBAJ&pg=2225,6660892","external_links_name":"\"Dan Patch 1908 (advertisement)\""},{"Link":"http://www.indystar.com/story/sports/columnists/gregg-doyel/2015/07/11/gregg-doyel-dan-patch/30008143/","external_links_name":"\"Doyel: Can a famous horse save a fading Indiana town?\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/678481873/","external_links_name":"\"The Kansas City Times 11 May 1982, page 18\""},{"Link":"http://www.standardbredcanada.ca/news/7-11-16/remembering-dan-patch.html","external_links_name":"\"Remembering Dan Patch\""},{"Link":"http://www.allbreedpedigree.com/jate+lobell","external_links_name":"\"Jate Lobell Standardbred Pedigree\""},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&om=1&z=16&ll=44.784226,-93.343363&spn=0.009245,0.013497&t=h","external_links_name":"\"Google Maps\""},{"Link":"http://www.danpatch.com/history-of-the-historical-society.html","external_links_name":"\"History of the Historical Society\""},{"Link":"http://www.danpatch.com/heritage-room-museum.html","external_links_name":"\"Heritage Room (Museum)\""},{"Link":"http://www.danpatch.com/uploads/5/0/7/9/50796679/121404_plhs_stadium_named_for_dan_patch.pdf","external_links_name":"\"PLHS Stadium Named After Dan Patch\""},{"Link":"https://www.canadianhorseracinghalloffame.com/2019/04/11/dan-patch/","external_links_name":"\"Dan Patch\""},{"Link":"http://www.hoosierhistorylive.org/mail/2012-04-07.html","external_links_name":"\"Dan Patch, the first superstar racehorse\""},{"Link":"http://www.danpatch.com/dphs/images/File/Newsletter/DP%20Newsletter%20Fall%2010.pdf","external_links_name":"Dan Patch Historical Society Newsletter, Fall 2010"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120725032915/http://www.danpatch.com/dphs/images/File/Newsletter/DP%20Newsletter%20Fall%2010.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thedisneyfilms.com/2009/12/so-dear-to-my-heart-1948.html","external_links_name":"\"So Dear to My Heart - 1948\""},{"Link":"https://www.mouseplanet.com/9333/So_Dear_to_My_Heart_The_Secrets_Behind_the_Film","external_links_name":"\"So Dear to My Heart: The Secrets Behind the Film\""},{"Link":"http://www.equi.net/breeds/standardbred/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Standardbred - Horse breed, Horse breeding, types and breeds from Equiworld\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZfBgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The best there ever was : Dan Patch and the dawn of the American century"},{"Link":"http://www.imh.org/exhibits/online/golden-age-trotting-horse","external_links_name":"\"The Golden Age of the Trotting Horse | International Museum of the Horse\""},{"Link":"http://www.allbreedpedigree.com/dan+patch2","external_links_name":"\"Dan Patch Standardbred\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060617214110/http://www.ci.savage.mn.us/CommunityProfile/History/index.html","external_links_name":"History of Savage"},{"Link":"http://www.danpatchdays.org/","external_links_name":"Dan Patch Days"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726064911/http://danpatch.freetoasthost.org/","external_links_name":"Dan Patch Toastmasters"},{"Link":"http://www.mnopedia.org/thing/dan-patch","external_links_name":"Dan Patch"},{"Link":"http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/mpls/id/10650/rec/5","external_links_name":"Dan Patch Race Poster"},{"Link":"http://www.harnessracing.ws/Dan-Patch.htm","external_links_name":"Dan Patch"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007540864905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85035622","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinh_ph%E1%BB%A5_ng%C3%A2m | Chinh phụ ngâm | ["1 References","2 External links"] | The Chinh phụ ngâm ("Lament of the soldier's wife", 征婦吟) is a poem in classical Chinese written by the Vietnamese author Đặng Trần Côn (1710–1745). It is also called the Chinh phụ ngâm khúc (征婦吟曲), with the additional -khúc ("tune", 曲) emphasizing that it can be performed as a musical piece not just read as a plain "lament" (ngâm, 吟).
The Chinese-language poem was translated into vernacular chữ Nôm by several translators including Phan Huy Ích and Đoàn Thị Điểm. It was also translated into Japanese, English, French and Korean languages. The first eight lines of the poem along with the music composed by Professor Võ Văn Lúa were adopted as the national anthem of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina from 1946 to 1949.
Vietnamese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Chinh phụ ngâm
Classical Chinese + Sino-Vietnamese
Vietnamese (Nôm + alphabet)
天Thiên地địa風phong塵trần天 地 風 塵Thiên địa phong trần
𣋾Thuở𡗶trời𡐙đất浽nổi𩂀cơn𩙋gió𡏧bụi𣋾 𡗶 𡐙 浽 𩂀 𩙋 𡏧Thuở trời đất nổi cơn gió bụi
紅Hồng顏nhan多đa屯truân紅 顏 多 屯Hồng nhan đa truân
客Khách𦟐má紅hồng𡗉nhiều餒nỗi迍truân邅chuyên客 𦟐 紅 𡗉 餒 迍 邅Khách má hồng nhiều nỗi truân chuyên
悠Du悠du彼bỉ蒼thương兮hề誰thuỳ造tạo因nhân悠 悠 彼 蒼 兮 誰 造 因Du du bỉ thương hề thuỳ tạo nhân
撑Xanh箕kia深thăm瀋thẳm層tầng𨕭trên撑 箕 深 瀋 層 𨕭Xanh kia thăm thẳm tầng trên
為Vì埃ai𨠳gây𥩯dựng朱cho𢧚nên餒nỗi尼này為 埃 𨠳 𥩯 朱 𢧚 餒 尼Vì ai gây dựng cho nên nỗi này
鼓Cổ鼙bề聲thanh動động長Trường城Thành月nguyệt鼓 鼙 聲 動 長 城 月Cổ bề thanh động Trường Thành nguyệt
𪔠Trống長Trường城Thành𢲣lung𢯦lay𩃳bóng月nguyệt𪔠 長 城 𢲣 𢯦 𩃳 月Trống Trường Thành lung lay bóng nguyệt
烽Phong火hỏa影ảnh照chiếu甘Cam泉Tuyền雲vân烽 火 影 照 甘 泉 雲Phong hỏa ảnh chiếu Cam Tuyền vân
𤌋Khói甘Cam泉Tuyền𥊚mờ𣋻mịt式thức𩄲mây𤌋 甘 泉 𥊚 𣋻 式 𩄲Khói Cam Tuyền mờ mịt thức mây
九Cửu重trùng按án劍kiếm起khởi當đương席tịch九 重 按 劍 起 當 席Cửu trùng án kiếm khởi đương tịch
𠃩Chín層tầng鎌gươm寶báu搔trao𢬣tay𠃩 層 鎌 寶 搔 𢬣Chín tầng gươm báu trao tay
半Bán夜dạ飛phi檄hịch傳truyền將tướng軍quân半 夜 飛 檄 傳 將 軍Bán dạ phi hịch truyền tướng quân
𡛤Nửa𣎀đêm傳truyền檄hịch定định𣈗ngày出xuất征chinh𡛤 𣎀 傳 檄 定 𣈗 出 征Nửa đêm truyền hịch định ngày xuất chinh
清Thanh平bình三tam百bách年niên天thiên下hạ清 平 三 百 年 天 下Thanh bình tam bách niên thiên hạ
渃Nước清thanh平bình𠀧ba𤾓trăm𢆥năm𡳵cũ渃 清 平 𠀧 𤾓 𢆥 𡳵Nước thanh bình ba trăm năm cũ
Vietnamese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Chinh phụ ngâm (Đoàn Thị Điểm dịch)
References
^ Laurence C. Thompson. A Vietnamese Reference Grammar. Page 73. 1987. "An adopted child, for example, typically adds the family name of his new family to his own surname (the new name preceding): Dang Tran Con, a famous eighteenth-century author, was the adopted son of a family named Dang; his original ..."
^ Patricia M. Pelley. Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past. Page 268. 2002. "The celebrated works of Nguyễn Trãi include Bình Ngô đại cáo, Quân trung từ mệnh tập, Ức Trai thi tập, and Quốc âm thi tập. The Vietnamese title for the poem written by Đoàn Thị Điểm is Chinh phụ ngâm.
^ David G. Marr. Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945. Page 195. 1984. "Dang Tran Con, in his eighteenth-century Chinh Phu Ngam , criticized the endless warfare of the period, yet also idealized the women who stayed home faithfully to pine for their husbands and attend to the..."
^ S. Takeuchi. 征婦吟曲-Chinh Phụ Ngâm Khúc.
^ Chinh phụ ngâm – The Song of a Soldier's Wife in English by Huỳnh Sanh Thông
^ Chinh phụ ngâm – Femme de guerrier in French
^ (in Vietnamese) Xuất bản Chinh phụ ngâm bằng tiếng Hàn by Be Yang Xu
^ Nguyễn Ngọc Huy. "Quốc Kỳ và Quốc Ca Việt Nam". Archived from the original on 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
This article related to a poem is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
External links
Chinh phụ ngâm – Lament Song of a Soldier's Wife – annotated, side-by-side translation by Vương Thanh | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chữ Nôm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m"},{"link_name":"Phan Huy Ích","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_Huy_%C3%8Dch"},{"link_name":"Đoàn Thị Điểm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90o%C3%A0n_Th%E1%BB%8B_%C4%90i%E1%BB%83m"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Chinh phụ ngâm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/vi:Chinh_ph%E1%BB%A5_ng%C3%A2m"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Chinh phụ ngâm (Đoàn Thị Điểm dịch)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/vi:Chinh_ph%E1%BB%A5_ng%C3%A2m_(%C4%90o%C3%A0n_Th%E1%BB%8B_%C4%90i%E1%BB%83m_d%E1%BB%8Bch)"}],"text":"The Chinese-language poem was translated into vernacular chữ Nôm by several translators including Phan Huy Ích and Đoàn Thị Điểm.[2][3] It was also translated into Japanese,[4] English,[5] French[6] and Korean languages.[7] The first eight lines of the poem along with the music composed by Professor Võ Văn Lúa were adopted as the national anthem of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina from 1946 to 1949.[8]Vietnamese Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nChinh phụ ngâmVietnamese Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nChinh phụ ngâm (Đoàn Thị Điểm dịch)","title":"Chinh phụ ngâm"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"S. Takeuchi. 征婦吟曲-Chinh Phụ Ngâm Khúc.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nguyễn Ngọc Huy. \"Quốc Kỳ và Quốc Ca Việt Nam\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2021-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090224212042/http://doanket.tripod.com/tongquat/quocky.html","url_text":"\"Quốc Kỳ và Quốc Ca Việt Nam\""},{"url":"http://doanket.tripod.com/tongquat/quocky.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030812053614/http://www.viethoc.org/eholdings/TheSongofaSoldier-01A.pdf","external_links_name":"Chinh phụ ngâm – The Song of a Soldier's Wife"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19734630","external_links_name":"Chinh phụ ngâm – Femme de guerrier"},{"Link":"http://tuoitre.vn/Van-hoa-Giai-tri/Van-hoc/2559/Xuat-ban-EMChinh-phu-ngamEM-bang-tieng-Han%C2%A0.html","external_links_name":"Xuất bản Chinh phụ ngâm bằng tiếng Hàn"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090224212042/http://doanket.tripod.com/tongquat/quocky.html","external_links_name":"\"Quốc Kỳ và Quốc Ca Việt Nam\""},{"Link":"http://doanket.tripod.com/tongquat/quocky.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinh_ph%E1%BB%A5_ng%C3%A2m&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://quangduc.com/images/file/WkRoX_BQ3AgQAPki/chinh-phu-ngam-khuc-doan-thi-diem-ban-dich-cua-dich-gia-vuong-thanh.pdf","external_links_name":"Chinh phụ ngâm – Lament Song of a Soldier's Wife"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vance_Randolph | Vance Randolph | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Honors","4 Personal life","5 Death","6 Works","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | American folklorist (1892–1980)
Vance RandolphBorn(1892-02-23)February 23, 1892Pittsburg, KansasDiedNovember 1, 1980(1980-11-01) (aged 88)Resting placeFayetteville National CemeteryOccupationWriter, folkloristNationalityAmericanPeriod1927–80Genrefolklore
Vance Randolph (February 23, 1892 – November 1, 1980) was a folklorist who studied the folklore of the Ozarks in particular. He wrote a number of books on the Ozarks, as well as Little Blue Books and juvenile fiction.
Early life
Randolph was born in Pittsburg, Kansas in 1892, the son of a lawyer and a teacher. Despite being born in a privileged home, Randolph dropped out of high school to work on left-leaning publications. This did not stop him from attending college and he graduated from what is now Pittsburg State University in 1914. He pursued graduate work at Clark University and received a Master of Arts degree in psychology. He later dedicated his book Ozark Superstitions (1947) to the memory of his Clark mentor G. Stanley Hall. In 1917 he was drafted into the U.S. Army, and served until the next year when he was given a disability discharge never serving overseas.
Career
In 1927, Randolph had his first article published in the Journal of American Folklore, based on work on Ozark dialect and folk beliefs. The dialect work led to multiple publications throughout the 1920s and 1930s in American Speech and Dialect Notes.
He moved to Pineville, McDonald County, Missouri in 1919. He never moved away from the Ozarks and remained in the Ozark Mountains from 1920 until his death. He made a living by writing for sporting and outdoor publications. While writing, Randolph used pseudonyms, but never for his work on the Ozark culture.
Randolph also wrote about non-folklore aspects of Ozark society, such as music. His Ozark Mountain Folks (1932) describes the creation of a distinctive church choir singing style created by a corps of uncredentialled, itinerant choral instructors.
Pissing in the Snow and Other Ozark Folktales (1976) was a national bestseller. He published over a dozen works on Ozark folklore. In 1949 he and the poet John Gould Fletcher founded the Ozark Folklore Society.
Honors
In 1951 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Arkansas. A longtime member of The Missouri Folklore Society, he was elected a Fellow of the American Folklore Society in 1978.
Personal life
He met his first wife in McDonald County, Marie Wardlaw Wilbur and married in 1919. He married his second wife, Mary Celestia Parler in 1962.
Death
Randolph died in 1980 in Fayetteville, Arkansas aged 88.
Works
The Ozarks: An American Survival of primitive society (Vanguard Press, 1931)
Ozark Mountain Folks (1932)
A Reporter in the Ozarks: A Close-Up of a Picturesque and Unique Phase of American Life (Haldeman-Julius Publications, 1944)
Ozark Superstitions (Columbia University Press, 1947); reissued as Ozark Magic and Folklore (Dover, 1964) ISBN 0-486-21181-9
Ozark Folk Songs (four-volume anthology, 1946–50; 1980) ISBN 0-8262-0298-5
We Always Lie to Strangers (Columbia University Press, 1951)
Who Blowed up the Church House? (Columbia University Press, 1952)
Down in the Holler: A Gallery of Ozark Folk Speech by Vance Randolph and George P. Wilson (University of Oklahoma Press, 1953)
The Devil's Pretty Daughter (Columbia University Press, 1955)
The Talking Turtle (Columbia University Press, 1957)
Sticks in the Knapsack and Other Ozark Folk Tales (Columbia University Press, 1958)
Hot Springs and Hell and Other Folk Jests and Anecdotes from the Ozarks (Folklore Associates, Inc., 1965)
Pissing in the Snow and Other Ozark Folktales (University of Illinois Press, 1976; reissued 1997) ISBN 0-252-01364-6
(with Gordon McCann) Ozark Folklore: An Annotated Bibliography (University of Missouri, 1987)
Vance Randolph in the Ozarks (Branson, MO: Ozarks Mountaineer, 1991)
Roll Me in Your Arms: "Unprintable" Ozark Folksongs and Folklore : Volume I Folk Songs and Music (1992) ISBN 1-55728-231-5
Blow the Candle Out: "Unprintable" Ozark Folksongs and Folklore : Volume II Folk Rhymes and Other Lore (1992) ISBN 1-55728-237-4
Stiff As a Poker: A Collection of Ozark Folk Tales (Federal Way, WA: Agora Books, 1993) (Originally published as The Devil's Pretty Daughter)
References
^ "State Historical Society of Missouri". Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
^ https://shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/r/randolph/
^ Randolph, Vance (1931). "The Ozarks: An American Survival of Primitive Society".
^ Re-issued, new edition: The Ozarks: An American Survival of Primitive Society. By Vance Randolf. Edited by Robert Cochran. 2017. Fayetteville: The University of Arkansas Press. 225 pages. ISBN 978-1-68226-026-5
Further reading
Cochran, Robert. Vance Randolph: An Ozark Life. University of Illinois Press, 1985.
External links
Children's literature portal
US Library of Congress Vance Randolph Collection in Archive of Folk Culture
Vance Randolph bio
Review of Ozark Folk Songs CD
Vance Randolph Collection at University of Arkansas
Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture entry on Vance Randolph
Works by Vance Randolph at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Netherlands
People
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"folklorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"Ozarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozarks"},{"link_name":"Little Blue Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Blue_Books"}],"text":"Vance Randolph (February 23, 1892 – November 1, 1980) was a folklorist who studied the folklore of the Ozarks in particular. He wrote a number of books on the Ozarks, as well as Little Blue Books and juvenile fiction.","title":"Vance Randolph"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburg, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Pittsburg State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg_State_University"},{"link_name":"Clark University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_University"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"G. Stanley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Randolph was born in Pittsburg, Kansas in 1892, the son of a lawyer and a teacher. Despite being born in a privileged home, Randolph dropped out of high school to work on left-leaning publications. This did not stop him from attending college and he graduated from what is now Pittsburg State University in 1914. He pursued graduate work at Clark University and received a Master of Arts degree in psychology. He later dedicated his book Ozark Superstitions (1947) to the memory of his Clark mentor G. Stanley Hall. In 1917 he was drafted into the U.S. Army, and served until the next year when he was given a disability discharge never serving overseas.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pineville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"McDonald County, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"church choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_choir"},{"link_name":"John Gould Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gould_Fletcher"}],"text":"In 1927, Randolph had his first article published in the Journal of American Folklore, based on work on Ozark dialect and folk beliefs. The dialect work led to multiple publications throughout the 1920s and 1930s in American Speech and Dialect Notes.He moved to Pineville, McDonald County, Missouri in 1919. He never moved away from the Ozarks and remained in the Ozark Mountains from 1920 until his death. He made a living by writing for sporting and outdoor publications. While writing, Randolph used pseudonyms, but never for his work on the Ozark culture.Randolph also wrote about non-folklore aspects of Ozark society, such as music. His Ozark Mountain Folks (1932) describes the creation of a distinctive church choir singing style created by a corps of uncredentialled, itinerant choral instructors.Pissing in the Snow and Other Ozark Folktales (1976) was a national bestseller. He published over a dozen works on Ozark folklore. In 1949 he and the poet John Gould Fletcher founded the Ozark Folklore Society.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"The Missouri Folklore Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Missouri_Folklore_Society"},{"link_name":"American Folklore Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Folklore_Society"}],"text":"In 1951 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Arkansas. A longtime member of The Missouri Folklore Society, he was elected a Fellow of the American Folklore Society in 1978.","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Celestia Parler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celestia_Parler"}],"text":"He met his first wife in McDonald County, Marie Wardlaw Wilbur and married in 1919. He married his second wife, Mary Celestia Parler in 1962.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fayetteville, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Arkansas"}],"text":"Randolph died in 1980 in Fayetteville, Arkansas aged 88.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primitive society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgesellschaft"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-486-21181-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21181-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8262-0298-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-0298-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-252-01364-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-01364-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55728-231-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55728-231-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55728-237-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55728-237-4"}],"text":"The Ozarks: An American Survival of primitive society (Vanguard Press, 1931)[3][4]\nOzark Mountain Folks (1932)\nA Reporter in the Ozarks: A Close-Up of a Picturesque and Unique Phase of American Life (Haldeman-Julius Publications, 1944)\nOzark Superstitions (Columbia University Press, 1947); reissued as Ozark Magic and Folklore (Dover, 1964) ISBN 0-486-21181-9\nOzark Folk Songs (four-volume anthology, 1946–50; 1980) ISBN 0-8262-0298-5\nWe Always Lie to Strangers (Columbia University Press, 1951)\nWho Blowed up the Church House? (Columbia University Press, 1952)\nDown in the Holler: A Gallery of Ozark Folk Speech by Vance Randolph and George P. Wilson (University of Oklahoma Press, 1953)\nThe Devil's Pretty Daughter (Columbia University Press, 1955)\nThe Talking Turtle (Columbia University Press, 1957)\nSticks in the Knapsack and Other Ozark Folk Tales (Columbia University Press, 1958)\nHot Springs and Hell and Other Folk Jests and Anecdotes from the Ozarks (Folklore Associates, Inc., 1965)\nPissing in the Snow and Other Ozark Folktales (University of Illinois Press, 1976; reissued 1997) ISBN 0-252-01364-6\n(with Gordon McCann) Ozark Folklore: An Annotated Bibliography (University of Missouri, 1987)\nVance Randolph in the Ozarks (Branson, MO: Ozarks Mountaineer, 1991)\nRoll Me in Your Arms: \"Unprintable\" Ozark Folksongs and Folklore : Volume I Folk Songs and Music (1992) ISBN 1-55728-231-5\nBlow the Candle Out: \"Unprintable\" Ozark Folksongs and Folklore : Volume II Folk Rhymes and Other Lore (1992) ISBN 1-55728-237-4\nStiff As a Poker: A Collection of Ozark Folk Tales (Federal Way, WA: Agora Books, 1993) (Originally published as The Devil's Pretty Daughter)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Cochran, Robert. Vance Randolph: An Ozark Life. University of Illinois Press, 1985. [ISBN missing]","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"State Historical Society of Missouri\". Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181010171723/https://shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/r/randolph/index.html","url_text":"\"State Historical Society of Missouri\""},{"url":"https://shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/r/randolph/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Randolph, Vance (1931). \"The Ozarks: An American Survival of Primitive Society\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L7MCAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"The Ozarks: An American Survival of Primitive Society\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181010171723/https://shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/r/randolph/index.html","external_links_name":"\"State Historical Society of Missouri\""},{"Link":"https://shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/r/randolph/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/r/randolph/","external_links_name":"https://shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/r/randolph/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180521104658/https://shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/r/randolph/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L7MCAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"The Ozarks: An American Survival of Primitive Society\""},{"Link":"http://memory.loc.gov/service/afc/eadxmlafc/eadpdfafc/2000/af000001.pdf","external_links_name":"US Library of Congress Vance Randolph Collection in Archive of Folk Culture"},{"Link":"http://libinfo.uark.edu/specialcollections/manuscripts/Folklore/Randolph.asp","external_links_name":"Vance Randolph bio"},{"Link":"http://www.mustrad.org.uk/reviews/ozark4.htm","external_links_name":"Review of Ozark Folk Songs CD"},{"Link":"http://libinfo.uark.edu/specialcollections/findingaids/randolph1.html","external_links_name":"Vance Randolph Collection at University of Arkansas"},{"Link":"http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2265","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture entry on Vance Randolph"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/author/16708","external_links_name":"Works by Vance Randolph"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1436610/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081804203","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/112860418","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmXKMdD4pDw4Gx7krmw4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13561167g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13561167g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/13283328X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266801105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14246370","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n77013971","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072787740","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/954081","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gh9px4","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/071343075","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Baty | Patrick Baty | ["1 Early years","2 Recent career","3 Projects","4 Work with colour","5 Personal life","6 Lecturing and writing","7 Select Bibliography","8 References","9 External links"] | This biography of a living person relies too much on references to primary sources. Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful.Find sources: "Patrick Baty" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Patrick Baty FRSA (born 1956) is a British historian of architectural paint and colour, who works as a consultant in the decoration of historic buildings.
Early years
He was educated at St Benedict's School, in London, and after a short period as a private soldier in the Parachute Regiment attended the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst being commissioned into the 9th/12th Royal Lancers in 1976. He resigned his commission in 1980 when his newly posted commanding officer opposed his secondment to the Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces. Reverting to the rank of Trooper he undertook Selection for the Artists Rifles leaving as a captain some ten years later.
After a brief spell with the Anthony d'Offay gallery he joined his family paint business Papers and Paints. Having always had an interest in historic buildings he began a study of the methods and materials employed in their decoration. In 1993 he completed a part-time degree in the subject at the University of East London.
Recent career
Patrick Baty has acted as a consultant on many major restoration projects in the United Kingdom. He was a long-standing committee member of the Georgian Group and a Fellow of both the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland and the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce. Baty is a founding member of both the Traditional Paint Forum and the Architectural Paint Group.
Projects
Projects have ranged from King Henry VIII's heraldic Beasts; Baroque churches; country houses; wartime RAF stations and London housing estates to structures such as Tower Bridge and Holborn Viaduct. He also works in the USA.
Work with colour
In the 1980s Patrick Baty produced a range of paint colours based on those offered by a Scottish house-painter in 1807, this sparked off the present wave of historically-themed paint ranges which are still seen today. In April 2000, Homes & Gardens described him as being "Undoubtedly the most influential of our (paint) experts…whose breadth and depth of knowledge is unrivalled". In recent years, on two separate occasions, he has been employed by ICI (Dulux) and The Little Greene to develop ranges of traditional paint colours for English Heritage. Colour ranges have also been produced for the French and German markets. The colours traditionally employed on the exteriors of buildings in Bath, Edinburgh, Penzance and in Gloucester have been investigated for the local planning authorities and guidelines produced for them. The colours used on the exteriors of Chelsea houses in the 19th century have also been identified and an article published for the Chelsea Society. He has recently finished work on a range of exterior colours based on regional use in France. A similar project looking at regional colour in the United Kingdom is in progress.
In 2007 his company, Papers and Paints, was awarded a Royal Warrant for his work with colour.
Personal life
He is married with a daughter and two sons.
Patrick Baty is the great grandson of the artists Robert Polhill Bevan and his wife, Stanisława de Karłowska. His direct ancestors also include Silvanus Bevan (The Banker), and his wife, Louise Kendall Bevan, Timothy Bevan and his wife, Elizabeth Barclay Bevan, David Bevan and his wife, Favell Bourke Lee Bevan, Robert Cooper Lee Bevan, and his wife, Lady Agneta Elizabeth Yorke Bevan, Robert Barclay (The Quaker Apologist), David Barclay) among several others.
Sir Philip Hendy, Director of the National Gallery (1946–1967), commented that the aforementioned Robert Polhill
Bevan was perhaps the first Englishman to use pure colour in the 20th Century.
Lecturing and writing
Baty lectures often on the general subject of paint and colour of the 18th and 19th centuries. The audiences range widely from the staff of the national amenity organisations, to preservation enthusiasts. He has been a frequent lecturer on graduate and postgraduate courses at several universities, to architects on Continuing Professional Development courses, and to conservation officers. He has spoken at a number of international symposia in Europe, and lectured and run courses along the East coast of the United States.
His published works are listed here and he has also contributed to and edited various other books on the subject of paint and colour; Robert Bevan and also on The Artists Rifles.
Select Bibliography
"Palette of Historic Paints." Country Life, 20 Feb. 1992: 56–57.
"Palette of the Past." Country Life, 3 Sep. 1992: 44–47.
House Decoration, by Paul Hasluck. An introduction to the facsimile edition. Donhead Publishing, Dorset. 2001.
"Inspired by the Past?" In John Fowler: The Invention of the Country-House Style. Donhead Publishing, Dorset. 2005. This paper follows the English Heritage/Traditional Paint Forum conference Inspired by the Past that took place in London on 4 July 2001.
"The Colours of Chelsea." The Chelsea Society Report, 2003.
"The Colours of Calke." The World of Interiors, December 2007: 139–143.
"Exterior Colour on the Smaller Town House" in Materials & Skills for Historic Building Conservation. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. 2008.
"Straws from Cumberland Market" in the catalogue for an exhibition of works of art at Southampton City Art Gallery entitled "A Countryman in Town: Robert Bevan and the Cumberland Market Group”. 26 September to 14 December 2008.
"The Colourful Past of the Royal Festival Hall" in Architectural Finishes in the Built Environment. Archetype Books, London. 2009.
"Paint Colour and Paintwork" in Interior Finishes & Fittings for Historic Building Conservation. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. 2012.
(Contribution to) Metals. English Heritage Practical Building Conservation. Ashgate Publishing. 2012.
"Family Colours". Tate Magazine (issue 27: Spring 2013): 27–29.
The Anatomy of Colour. Thames & Hudson. 2017.
References
^ "THE METHODS AND MATERIALSOF THE HOUSE-PAINTER IN ENGLAND". Retrieved 5 November 2015 – via Scribd.
^ "Architectural Paint and Colour". Retrieved 5 November 2015 – via Scribd.
^ "Info Nantes - Toute l'info de votre rĂŠgion" (in French). Nantes.maville.com. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
^ "Papers and Paints - Welcome to Papers and Paints". Papers-paints.co.uk. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
^
^ Preface to the 1961 Bevan retrospective exhibition at Colnaghi.
^ Archived 7 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Architectural Paint and Colour Consultant
Patrick Baty's published work
Patrick Baty's website
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Artists
ULAN
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRSA"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"architectural paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_paint"},{"link_name":"colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour"},{"link_name":"consultant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consultant"},{"link_name":"decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_decoration"},{"link_name":"historic buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_buildings"}],"text":"Patrick Baty FRSA (born 1956) is a British historian of architectural paint and colour, who works as a consultant in the decoration of historic buildings.","title":"Patrick Baty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Benedict's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Benedict%27s_School,_Ealing"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Parachute Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute_Regiment_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy Sandhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"9th/12th Royal Lancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th/12th_Royal_Lancers"},{"link_name":"resigned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resign"},{"link_name":"commanding officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_officer"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman%27s_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Trooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trooper_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Special_Forces_Selection"},{"link_name":"Artists Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_Rifles"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(land)"},{"link_name":"Anthony d'Offay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_d%27Offay"},{"link_name":"paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint"},{"link_name":"historic buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_buildings"},{"link_name":"University of East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"He was educated at St Benedict's School, in London, and after a short period as a private soldier in the Parachute Regiment attended the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst being commissioned into the 9th/12th Royal Lancers in 1976. He resigned his commission in 1980 when his newly posted commanding officer opposed his secondment to the Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces. Reverting to the rank of Trooper he undertook Selection for the Artists Rifles leaving as a captain some ten years later.After a brief spell with the Anthony d'Offay gallery he joined his family paint business Papers and Paints. Having always had an interest in historic buildings he began a study of the methods and materials employed in their decoration. In 1993 he completed a part-time degree in the subject at the University of East London.[1]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Georgian Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Group"},{"link_name":"Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"Society of Antiquaries of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_encouragement_of_Arts,_Manufactures_%26_Commerce"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Patrick Baty has acted as a consultant on many major restoration projects in the United Kingdom. He was a long-standing committee member of the Georgian Group and a Fellow of both the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland and the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce. Baty is a founding member of both the Traditional Paint Forum and the Architectural Paint Group.[2]","title":"Recent career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Projects have ranged from King Henry VIII's heraldic Beasts; Baroque churches; country houses; wartime RAF stations and London housing estates to structures such as Tower Bridge and Holborn Viaduct. He also works in the USA.","title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homes & Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homes_%26_Gardens"},{"link_name":"ICI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries"},{"link_name":"Dulux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulux"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Penzance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penzance"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Society"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Warrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom)"}],"text":"In the 1980s Patrick Baty produced a range of paint colours based on those offered by a Scottish house-painter in 1807, this sparked off the present wave of historically-themed paint ranges which are still seen today. In April 2000, Homes & Gardens described him as being \"Undoubtedly the most influential of our (paint) experts…whose breadth and depth of knowledge is unrivalled\". In recent years, on two separate occasions, he has been employed by ICI (Dulux) and The Little Greene to develop ranges of traditional paint colours for English Heritage. Colour ranges have also been produced for the French and German markets.[3] The colours traditionally employed on the exteriors of buildings in Bath, Edinburgh, Penzance and in Gloucester have been investigated for the local planning authorities and guidelines produced for them. The colours used on the exteriors of Chelsea houses in the 19th century have also been identified and an article published for the Chelsea Society. He has recently finished work on a range of exterior colours based on regional use in France. A similar project looking at regional colour in the United Kingdom is in progress.[4]In 2007 his company, Papers and Paints, was awarded a Royal Warrant for his work with colour.","title":"Work with colour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Polhill Bevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Polhill_Bevan"},{"link_name":"Stanisława de Karłowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82awa_de_Kar%C5%82owska"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Philip Hendy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hendy"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery,_London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"He is married with a daughter and two sons.Patrick Baty is the great grandson of the artists Robert Polhill Bevan and his wife, Stanisława de Karłowska.[5] His direct ancestors also include Silvanus Bevan (The Banker), and his wife, Louise Kendall Bevan, Timothy Bevan and his wife, Elizabeth Barclay Bevan, David Bevan and his wife, Favell Bourke Lee Bevan, Robert Cooper Lee Bevan, and his wife, Lady Agneta Elizabeth Yorke Bevan, Robert Barclay (The Quaker Apologist), David Barclay) among several others.\nSir Philip Hendy, Director of the National Gallery (1946–1967), commented that the aforementioned Robert Polhill\nBevan was perhaps the first Englishman to use pure colour in the 20th Century.[6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservation"},{"link_name":"graduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduation"},{"link_name":"postgraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate"},{"link_name":"Continuing Professional Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_Professional_Development"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Robert Bevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bevan"},{"link_name":"Artists Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_Rifles"}],"text":"Baty lectures often on the general subject of paint and colour of the 18th and 19th centuries. The audiences range widely from the staff of the national amenity organisations, to preservation enthusiasts. He has been a frequent lecturer on graduate and postgraduate courses at several universities, to architects on Continuing Professional Development courses, and to conservation officers. He has spoken at a number of international symposia in Europe, and lectured and run courses along the East coast of the United States.[7]His published works are listed here and he has also contributed to and edited various other books on the subject of paint and colour; Robert Bevan and also on The Artists Rifles.","title":"Lecturing and writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Palette of Historic Paints.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scribd.com/full/11351908?access_key=key-28086grdf8xu72y6pxy2/"},{"link_name":"Country Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"\"Palette of the Past.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scribd.com/full/11352331?access_key=key-4js9b0k6aqv1hn5zikh/"},{"link_name":"Country Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"\"Inspired by the Past?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scribd.com/full/11350451?access_key=key-1ewmqzoew1sr9c6wws7t/"},{"link_name":"John Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beresford_Fowler"},{"link_name":"\"The Colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scribd.com/full/11349303?access_key=key-2hn2znn4yyekfvfj4wfu/"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"\"The Colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scribd.com/full/12346517?access_key=key-rmef6libsvhow4t7jei/"},{"link_name":"Calke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calke_Abbey"},{"link_name":"\"Straws from Cumberland Market\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scribd.com/doc/26145832/Straws-From-Cumberland-Market/"},{"link_name":"Robert Bevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bevan"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Market Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Market_Group"},{"link_name":"The Anatomy of Colour.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//thamesandhudson.com/the-anatomy-of-colour-9780500519332"}],"text":"\"Palette of Historic Paints.\" Country Life, 20 Feb. 1992: 56–57.\n\"Palette of the Past.\" Country Life, 3 Sep. 1992: 44–47.\nHouse Decoration, by Paul Hasluck. An introduction to the facsimile edition. Donhead Publishing, Dorset. 2001.\n\"Inspired by the Past?\" In John Fowler: The Invention of the Country-House Style. Donhead Publishing, Dorset. 2005. This paper follows the English Heritage/Traditional Paint Forum conference Inspired by the Past that took place in London on 4 July 2001.\n\"The Colours of Chelsea.\" The Chelsea Society Report, 2003.\n\"The Colours of Calke.\" The World of Interiors, December 2007: 139–143.\n\"Exterior Colour on the Smaller Town House\" in Materials & Skills for Historic Building Conservation. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. 2008.\n\"Straws from Cumberland Market\" in the catalogue for an exhibition of works of art at Southampton City Art Gallery entitled \"A Countryman in Town: Robert Bevan and the Cumberland Market Group”. 26 September to 14 December 2008.\n\"The Colourful Past of the Royal Festival Hall\" in Architectural Finishes in the Built Environment. Archetype Books, London. 2009.\n\"Paint Colour and Paintwork\" in Interior Finishes & Fittings for Historic Building Conservation. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. 2012.\n(Contribution to) Metals. English Heritage Practical Building Conservation. Ashgate Publishing. 2012.\n\"Family Colours\". Tate Magazine (issue 27: Spring 2013): 27–29.\nThe Anatomy of Colour. Thames & Hudson. 2017.","title":"Select Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"THE METHODS AND MATERIALSOF THE HOUSE-PAINTER IN ENGLAND\". Retrieved 5 November 2015 – via Scribd.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/full/12201385?access_key=key-2jrryy7vmc9ygwpuql1a","url_text":"\"THE METHODS AND MATERIALSOF THE HOUSE-PAINTER IN ENGLAND\""}]},{"reference":"\"Architectural Paint and Colour\". Retrieved 5 November 2015 – via Scribd.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/full/10929200?access_key=key-11w61qum0bnrpy4xb822","url_text":"\"Architectural Paint and Colour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Info Nantes - Toute l'info de votre rĂŠgion\" (in French). Nantes.maville.com. Retrieved 5 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nantes.maville.com/actualite/2003/04/16/nantes/la-peinture-se-ressource-ressource-vient-d-ouvrir-son-premier-magasin-52356004.html","url_text":"\"Info Nantes - Toute l'info de votre rĂŠgion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Papers and Paints - Welcome to Papers and Paints\". Papers-paints.co.uk. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.papers-paints.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Papers and Paints - Welcome to Papers and Paints\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Patrick+Baty%22","external_links_name":"\"Patrick Baty\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Patrick+Baty%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Patrick+Baty%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Patrick+Baty%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Patrick+Baty%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Patrick+Baty%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/full/11351908?access_key=key-28086grdf8xu72y6pxy2/","external_links_name":"\"Palette of Historic Paints.\""},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/full/11352331?access_key=key-4js9b0k6aqv1hn5zikh/","external_links_name":"\"Palette of the Past.\""},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/full/11350451?access_key=key-1ewmqzoew1sr9c6wws7t/","external_links_name":"\"Inspired by the Past?\""},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/full/11349303?access_key=key-2hn2znn4yyekfvfj4wfu/","external_links_name":"\"The Colours"},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/full/12346517?access_key=key-rmef6libsvhow4t7jei/","external_links_name":"\"The Colours"},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/26145832/Straws-From-Cumberland-Market/","external_links_name":"\"Straws from Cumberland Market\""},{"Link":"https://thamesandhudson.com/the-anatomy-of-colour-9780500519332","external_links_name":"The Anatomy of Colour."},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/full/12201385?access_key=key-2jrryy7vmc9ygwpuql1a","external_links_name":"\"THE METHODS AND MATERIALSOF THE HOUSE-PAINTER IN ENGLAND\""},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/full/10929200?access_key=key-11w61qum0bnrpy4xb822","external_links_name":"\"Architectural Paint and Colour\""},{"Link":"http://www.nantes.maville.com/actualite/2003/04/16/nantes/la-peinture-se-ressource-ressource-vient-d-ouvrir-son-premier-magasin-52356004.html","external_links_name":"\"Info Nantes - Toute l'info de votre rĂŠgion\""},{"Link":"http://www.papers-paints.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Papers and Paints - Welcome to Papers and Paints\""},{"Link":"http://www.spectator.co.uk/print/the-magazine/arts/3077391/forgotten-gems.thtml","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.papers-paints.co.uk/consultancy_lec.asp","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080907084457/http://www.papers-paints.co.uk/consultancy_lec.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/full/10929200?access_key=key-11w61qum0bnrpy4xb822","external_links_name":"Architectural Paint and Colour Consultant"},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/colourman","external_links_name":"Patrick Baty's published work"},{"Link":"http://www.patrickbaty.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Patrick Baty's website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/84150170585900011253","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjv7vGFx8w7tPBpwDmxCPP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1139848046","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2017106779","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500244384","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/252391802","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_in_Norway | Open access in Norway | ["1 Repositories","2 Timeline","3 Notes","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | Overview of the culture and regulation of open access in Norway
Open access scholarly communication of Norway can be searched via the Norwegian Open Research Archive (NORA). "A national repository consortium, BIBSYS Brage, operates shared electronic publishing system on behalf of 56 institutions." Cappelen Damm Akademisk , Nordic Open Access Scholarly Publishing , University of Tromsø, and Universitetsforlaget belong to the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association. Norwegian signatories to the international "Open Access 2020" campaign, launched in 2016, include CRIStin, Norsk institutt for bioøkonomi (Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO), Norwegian Institute of Palaeography and Historical Philology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, University of Tromsø, University of Bergen, University of Oslo, and Wikimedia Norge .
Repositories
There are a number of collections of scholarship in Norway housed in digital open access repositories.
Timeline
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018)
Key events in the development of open access in Norway include the following:
2001
26 November: Norwegian Wikipedia, an open educational resource, begins publication.
2003
Norsk Institutt for Palaeografi og Historisk Filologi signs the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities.
2006
Munin Conference on Scholarly Publishing begins in Tromsø.
2007
May: OpenAccess.no website launched.
27 June: Ministry of Education and Research State Secretary Lisbet Rugtvedt endorses open access.
November: National policy adopted "requiring government agencies to provide open access to any geodata they gather or produce."
2009
Research Council of Norway signs the Berlin Declaration.
2010
CRIStin (Current Research Information System in Norway) launched.
2011
18 February: University of Tromsø creates fund to cover author fees.
2013
Research Council of Norway pays for 40 open access journals.
Norwegian University of Science and Technology creates fund to cover author fees.
2017
Comparative Research Programme on Poverty (CROP), a government agency, begins providing "open access to two of its publications: the CROP Series in International Poverty Poverty Studies and Global Challenges - Working Paper Series."
2019
Used title of ISSC Comparative Research Programme on Poverty (CROP). Transitioned into a new programme of University of Norway and A-XM6956 - International Science Council (ISC).
Notes
^ "The country’s total scholarly publication output is registered in Ceres , formerly CRIStin, the Current Research Information System in Norway."
References
^ Mikki, Susanne (2017). "Scholarly publications beyond pay-walls: increased citation advantage for open publishing". Scientometrics. 113 (3): 1529–1538. doi:10.1007/s11192-017-2554-0. hdl:1956/16779. S2CID 25674258. ( Preprint version)
^ "OA in Norway". Open Access in Practice: EU Member States. OpenAIRE. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
^ "Members". Oaspa.org. The Hague: Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
^ "OA2020 Expression of Interest: List of Signatories". Oa2020.org. Münich: Max Planck Digital Library. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
^ "Norway". Directory of Open Access Repositories. UK: University of Nottingham. Archived from the original on 6 February 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
^ a b "Berlin Declaration: Signatories", Openaccess.mpg.de, Munich: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, retrieved 26 April 2018
^ "About the conference". Munin Conference on Scholarly Publishing. UiT The Arctic University of Norway. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
^ a b c Nancy Pontika (ed.). "Timeline 2007". Open Access Directory. US: Simmons School of Library and Information Science. OCLC 757073363. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
^ Birgit Schmidt; Iryna Kuchma (2012). Implementing Open Access Mandates in Europe: OpenAIRE Study on the Development of Open Access Repository Communities in Europe. Universitätsverlag Göttingen. ISBN 978-3-86395-095-8 – via Open Access Publishing in European Networks (OAPEN). (+ via Google Books)
^ a b Nancy Pontika (ed.). "OA publication funds". Open Access Directory. US: Simmons School of Library and Information Science. OCLC 757073363. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
^ Caroline Sutton (4 February 2014), Carrots, Sticks and Open Access Publishing in Norway – via Google+
^ Nancy Pontika (ed.). "Publishers of OA books". Open Access Directory. US: Simmons School of Library and Information Science. OCLC 757073363. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
^ "GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY DATABASE - Comparative Research Programme on Poverty (CROP)".
Further reading
Aneta Laskowska; Karen Marie Øvern; Klaus J. Tollan (eds.), Open Access (in Norwegian) – via Blogspot. 2007-2011
Greater access to Norwegian scientific publications (PDF), Norwegian Association of Higher Education Institutions, 2009
Boavida, Clara; Serafinavičiūtė, Brigita (2015), Institutional Policy Implementation at UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PASTEUR4OA Case Study, doi:10.5281/zenodo.44311
Eelco Ferwerda; Frances Pinter; Niels Stern (2017), "Country Study: Norway", Landscape Study on Open Access and Monographs: Policies, Funding and Publishing in Eight European Countries, Knowledge Exchange, doi:10.5281/zenodo.815932
Walt Crawford (2018). "Norway". Gold Open Access by Country 2012-2017. US: Cites & Insights Books.
External links
"Norway". Global Open Access Portal. UNESCO.
"Browse by Country: Europe: Norway". Registry of Open Access Repositories. UK.
"(Search: Country of Publisher: Norway)". Directory of Open Access Journals. United Kingdom: Infrastructure Services for Open Access.
"Tag "oa.norway"". Open Access Tracking Project. Harvard University. OCLC 1040261573.
"Browse by Country: Norway". ROARMAP: Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies. United Kingdom: University of Southampton.
"Our members: Norway". Sparceurope.org. Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition.
Pål M. Lykkja (ed.), Åpen Vitenskap (in Norwegian) – via Blogspot
Open Access in Norway, DRIVER: Digital Repository Infrastructure Vision for European Research, archived from the original on 23 August 2011
vteOpen access
History
Timeline
Concepts
Gratis versus libre
Subscription business model
Subscribe to Open
Paywall
Copyright transfer agreement
Academic journal
Scientific journal
Manuscript
Preprint
Postprint
Article processing charge
Predatory publishing
Statements
Budapest Open Access Initiative
Berlin Declaration
Bethesda Statement
DORA
Durham Statement
Geneva Declaration
NIH Public Access Policy
Research Works Act
Strategies
Self-archiving
Open-access mandate
Open-access repository
Hybrid open-access journal
Delayed open-access journal
Projects andorganizations
The Cost of Knowledge
Creative Commons
Directory of Open Access Books
Directory of Open Access Journals
Initiative for Open Citations
Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association
OpenAIRE
Open Archives Initiative
Open Knowledge Foundation
Open Society Foundations
Plan S
Public Library of Science
Public Knowledge Project
Registry of Open Access Repositories
Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
Sci-Hub
By country
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
India
Republic of Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Russia
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Ukraine
Other
Access to Knowledge movement
Access2Research
List of open-access journals
Open content
Open data
Open education
Open government
Open hardware
Open knowledge
Open science
Open source
vteNorway articlesHistory
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Petty kingdoms
Viking Age
Unification
High Middle Ages
Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)
Hereditary Kingdom of Norway
Kalmar Union
Denmark–Norway
Kingdom of Norway (1814)
Sweden–Norway
End of the union
World War II
Reichskommissariat
Quisling regime
Norwegian government-in-exile
1945–2000
21st century
Geography
Climate
Districts
Extreme points
Islands
Lakes
Mammals
Mountains
Municipalities
Cities
Protected areas
Rivers
World Heritage Sites
Politics
Administrative divisions
National budget
Constitution
Correctional Service
Courts
Elections
Foreign relations
Governments
Incarceration
LGBT rights
Military
Monarchy
Parliament
Police
Political parties
Prime Minister
Membership of International organizations
Economy
Energy
Fisheries
Government Pension Fund
Industry
Mining
Natural gas
Krone (currency)
National bank
Nordic model
Norwegian paradox
Oil
Renewable energy
Stock Exchange
Taxation
Telecommunications
Tourism
Trade unions
Transport
Whaling
Society
Climate change
Crime
Demographics
Education
Ethnic groups
Health
Immigration
Incarceration
Irreligion
Languages
language conflict
Norwegians
Pensions
Poverty
Religion
Women
Culture
Architecture
Art
Bunad (clothing)
Christmas (season)
Cinema
Cuisine
Jante law
Music
Norwegian language
Literature
Media
Prostitution
Public holidays
Sport
Nationalism
Romantic nationalism
Symbols
Anthem
Coat of arms
Flags
national flag
Mottos
Name of Norway
Outline
Category
Portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Open access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"repository","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_repository"},{"link_name":"BIBSYS Brage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIBSYS_Brage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cappelen Damm Akademisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cappelen_Damm_Akademisk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappelen_Damm_Akademisk"},{"link_name":"Nordic Open Access Scholarly Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nordic_Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishing"},{"link_name":"University of Tromsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Troms%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Universitetsforlaget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitetsforlaget"},{"link_name":"Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishers_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"CRIStin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRIStin"},{"link_name":"Norsk institutt for bioøkonomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norsk_institutt_for_bio%C3%B8konomi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_institutt_for_bio%C3%B8konomi"},{"link_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_and_Akershus_University_College_of_Applied_Sciences"},{"link_name":"University of Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bergen"},{"link_name":"University of Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oslo"},{"link_name":"Wikimedia Norge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Norge"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Norge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Open access scholarly communication of Norway can be searched via the Norwegian Open Research Archive (NORA).[note 1] \"A national repository consortium, BIBSYS Brage, operates shared electronic publishing system on behalf of 56 institutions.\"[2] Cappelen Damm Akademisk [no], Nordic Open Access Scholarly Publishing [no], University of Tromsø, and Universitetsforlaget belong to the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association.[3] Norwegian signatories to the international \"Open Access 2020\" campaign, launched in 2016, include CRIStin, Norsk institutt for bioøkonomi [no] (Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO), Norwegian Institute of Palaeography and Historical Philology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, \nOslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, University of Tromsø, University of Bergen, University of Oslo, and Wikimedia Norge [no].[4]","title":"Open access in Norway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open access repositories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_repositories"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opendoar-6"}],"text":"There are a number of collections of scholarship in Norway housed in digital open access repositories.[5]","title":"Repositories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"open educational resource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_educational_resource"},{"link_name":"Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berlin-7"},{"link_name":"Tromsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simmons2007-9"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education and Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Ministry_of_Education_and_Research"},{"link_name":"State Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Secretary_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Lisbet Rugtvedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbet_Rugtvedt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simmons2007-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simmons2007-9"},{"link_name":"Research Council of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Council_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berlin-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmidt2012-10"},{"link_name":"University of Tromsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Troms%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"author fees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_processing_charge"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funds-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funds-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Key events in the development of open access in Norway include the following:2001\n26 November: Norwegian Wikipedia, an open educational resource, begins publication.\n2003\nNorsk Institutt for Palaeografi og Historisk Filologi signs the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities.[6]\n2006\nMunin Conference on Scholarly Publishing begins in Tromsø.[7]\n2007\nMay: OpenAccess.no website launched.[8]\n27 June: Ministry of Education and Research State Secretary Lisbet Rugtvedt endorses open access.[8]\nNovember: National policy adopted \"requiring government agencies to provide open access to any geodata they gather or produce.\"[8]\n2009\nResearch Council of Norway signs the Berlin Declaration.[6]\n2010\nCRIStin (Current Research Information System in Norway) launched.[9]\n2011\n18 February: University of Tromsø creates fund to cover author fees.[10]\n2013\nResearch Council of Norway pays for 40 open access journals.[11]\nNorwegian University of Science and Technology creates fund to cover author fees.[10]\n2017\nComparative Research Programme on Poverty (CROP), a government agency, begins providing \"open access to two of its publications: the CROP Series in International Poverty Poverty Studies and Global Challenges - Working Paper Series.\"[12]\n2019\nUsed title of ISSC Comparative Research Programme on Poverty (CROP). Transitioned into a new programme of University of Norway and A-XM6956 - International Science Council (ISC).[13]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Ceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CERES_-_Nasjonalt_senter_for_felles_systemer_og_tjenester_for_forskning_og_studier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERES_-_Nasjonalt_senter_for_felles_systemer_og_tjenester_for_forskning_og_studier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"^ \"The country’s total scholarly publication output is registered in Ceres [no], formerly CRIStin, the Current Research Information System in Norway.\"[1]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Open Access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//publisering.blogspot.com"},{"link_name":"Greater access to Norwegian scientific publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uhr.no/documents/Short_Version_UHR_ReportEnglish.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.44311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.44311"},{"link_name":"Frances Pinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Pinter"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.815932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.815932"},{"link_name":"Walt Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Gold Open Access by Country 2012-2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//waltcrawford.name/goaj.html"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access#Free_access"}],"text":"Aneta Laskowska; Karen Marie Øvern; Klaus J. Tollan (eds.), Open Access (in Norwegian) – via Blogspot. 2007-2011\nGreater access to Norwegian scientific publications (PDF), Norwegian Association of Higher Education Institutions, 2009\nBoavida, Clara; Serafinavičiūtė, Brigita (2015), Institutional Policy Implementation at UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PASTEUR4OA Case Study, doi:10.5281/zenodo.44311\nEelco Ferwerda; Frances Pinter; Niels Stern (2017), \"Country Study: Norway\", Landscape Study on Open Access and Monographs: Policies, Funding and Publishing in Eight European Countries, Knowledge Exchange, doi:10.5281/zenodo.815932\nWalt Crawford (2018). \"Norway\". Gold Open Access by Country 2012-2017. US: Cites & Insights Books.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Mikki, Susanne (2017). \"Scholarly publications beyond pay-walls: increased citation advantage for open publishing\". Scientometrics. 113 (3): 1529–1538. doi:10.1007/s11192-017-2554-0. hdl:1956/16779. S2CID 25674258.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientometrics_(journal)","url_text":"Scientometrics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11192-017-2554-0","url_text":"10.1007/s11192-017-2554-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1956%2F16779","url_text":"1956/16779"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25674258","url_text":"25674258"}]},{"reference":"\"OA in Norway\". Open Access in Practice: EU Member States. OpenAIRE. Retrieved 23 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openaire.eu/oa-norway","url_text":"\"OA in Norway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAIRE","url_text":"OpenAIRE"}]},{"reference":"\"Members\". Oaspa.org. The Hague: Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association. Retrieved 7 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://oaspa.org/membership/members/","url_text":"\"Members\""}]},{"reference":"\"OA2020 Expression of Interest: List of Signatories\". Oa2020.org. Münich: Max Planck Digital Library. Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://oa2020.org/mission/#eois","url_text":"\"OA2020 Expression of Interest: List of Signatories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Digital_Library","url_text":"Max Planck Digital Library"}]},{"reference":"\"Norway\". Directory of Open Access Repositories. UK: University of Nottingham. Archived from the original on 6 February 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090206084105/http://www.opendoar.org/countrylist.php?cContinent=Europe#Norway","url_text":"\"Norway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Repositories","url_text":"Directory of Open Access Repositories"},{"url":"http://www.opendoar.org/countrylist.php?cContinent=Europe#Norway","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Berlin Declaration: Signatories\", Openaccess.mpg.de, Munich: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, retrieved 26 April 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://openaccess.mpg.de/319790/Signatories","url_text":"\"Berlin Declaration: Signatories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-Planck-Gesellschaft","url_text":"Max-Planck-Gesellschaft"}]},{"reference":"\"About the conference\". Munin Conference on Scholarly Publishing. UiT The Arctic University of Norway. Retrieved 7 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://site.uit.no/muninconf/?page_id=15","url_text":"\"About the conference\""}]},{"reference":"Nancy Pontika (ed.). \"Timeline 2007\". Open Access Directory. US: Simmons School of Library and Information Science. OCLC 757073363. Retrieved 26 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Timeline_2007","url_text":"\"Timeline 2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_Access_Directory&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Open Access Directory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons_School_of_Library_and_Information_Science","url_text":"Simmons School of Library and Information Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/757073363","url_text":"757073363"}]},{"reference":"Birgit Schmidt; Iryna Kuchma (2012). Implementing Open Access Mandates in Europe: OpenAIRE Study on the Development of Open Access Repository Communities in Europe. Universitätsverlag Göttingen. ISBN 978-3-86395-095-8 – via Open Access Publishing in European Networks (OAPEN).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oapen.org/search?identifier=610312","url_text":"Implementing Open Access Mandates in Europe: OpenAIRE Study on the Development of Open Access Repository Communities in Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86395-095-8","url_text":"978-3-86395-095-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Access_Publishing_in_European_Networks","url_text":"Open Access Publishing in European Networks"}]},{"reference":"Nancy Pontika (ed.). \"OA publication funds\". Open Access Directory. US: Simmons School of Library and Information Science. OCLC 757073363. Retrieved 26 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/OA_publication_funds","url_text":"\"OA publication funds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/757073363","url_text":"757073363"}]},{"reference":"Caroline Sutton (4 February 2014), Carrots, Sticks and Open Access Publishing in Norway – via Google+","urls":[{"url":"https://plus.google.com/u/0/+PeterSuber/posts/j6txz3r1Uir","url_text":"Carrots, Sticks and Open Access Publishing in Norway"}]},{"reference":"Nancy Pontika (ed.). \"Publishers of OA books\". Open Access Directory. US: Simmons School of Library and Information Science. OCLC 757073363. Retrieved 26 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Publishers_of_OA_books","url_text":"\"Publishers of OA books\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/757073363","url_text":"757073363"}]},{"reference":"\"GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY DATABASE - Comparative Research Programme on Poverty (CROP)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100032934","url_text":"\"GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY DATABASE - Comparative Research Programme on Poverty (CROP)\""}]},{"reference":"Aneta Laskowska; Karen Marie Øvern; Klaus J. Tollan (eds.), Open Access (in Norwegian) – via Blogspot","urls":[{"url":"http://publisering.blogspot.com/","url_text":"Open Access"}]},{"reference":"Greater access to Norwegian scientific publications (PDF), Norwegian Association of Higher Education Institutions, 2009","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uhr.no/documents/Short_Version_UHR_ReportEnglish.pdf","url_text":"Greater access to Norwegian scientific publications"}]},{"reference":"Boavida, Clara; Serafinavičiūtė, Brigita (2015), Institutional Policy Implementation at UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PASTEUR4OA Case Study, doi:10.5281/zenodo.44311","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.44311","url_text":"10.5281/zenodo.44311"}]},{"reference":"Eelco Ferwerda; Frances Pinter; Niels Stern (2017), \"Country Study: Norway\", Landscape Study on Open Access and Monographs: Policies, Funding and Publishing in Eight European Countries, Knowledge Exchange, doi:10.5281/zenodo.815932","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Pinter","url_text":"Frances Pinter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.815932","url_text":"10.5281/zenodo.815932"}]},{"reference":"Walt Crawford (2018). \"Norway\". Gold Open Access by Country 2012-2017. US: Cites & Insights Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Crawford","url_text":"Walt Crawford"},{"url":"https://waltcrawford.name/goaj.html","url_text":"Gold Open Access by Country 2012-2017"}]},{"reference":"\"Norway\". Global Open Access Portal. UNESCO.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-platforms/goap/access-by-region/","url_text":"\"Norway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO","url_text":"UNESCO"}]},{"reference":"\"Browse by Country: Europe: Norway\". Registry of Open Access Repositories. UK.","urls":[{"url":"http://roar.eprints.org/view/geoname/geoname.html","url_text":"\"Browse by Country: Europe: Norway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories","url_text":"Registry of Open Access Repositories"}]},{"reference":"\"(Search: Country of Publisher: Norway)\". Directory of Open Access Journals. United Kingdom: Infrastructure Services for Open Access.","urls":[{"url":"http://doaj.org/","url_text":"\"(Search: Country of Publisher: Norway)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals","url_text":"Directory of Open Access Journals"}]},{"reference":"\"Tag \"oa.norway\"\". Open Access Tracking Project. Harvard University. OCLC 1040261573.","urls":[{"url":"https://tagteam.harvard.edu/hubs/oatp/tag/oa.norway","url_text":"\"Tag \"oa.norway\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Access_Tracking_Project","url_text":"Open Access Tracking Project"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1040261573","url_text":"1040261573"}]},{"reference":"\"Browse by Country: Norway\". ROARMAP: Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies. United Kingdom: University of Southampton.","urls":[{"url":"http://roarmap.eprints.org/view/country/","url_text":"\"Browse by Country: Norway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROARMAP","url_text":"ROARMAP"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southampton","url_text":"University of Southampton"}]},{"reference":"\"Our members: Norway\". Sparceurope.org. Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition.","urls":[{"url":"https://sparceurope.org/membership/members/","url_text":"\"Our members: Norway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC_Europe","url_text":"Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition"}]},{"reference":"Pål M. Lykkja (ed.), Åpen Vitenskap [Open Science] (in Norwegian) – via Blogspot","urls":[{"url":"http://openvitskap.blogspot.com/","url_text":"Åpen Vitenskap"}]},{"reference":"Open Access in Norway, DRIVER: Digital Repository Infrastructure Vision for European Research, archived from the original on 23 August 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110823134834/http://www.driver-support.eu/pmwiki/index.php?n=Main.Norway","url_text":"Open Access in Norway"},{"url":"http://www.driver-support.eu/pmwiki/index.php?n=Main.Norway","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_access_in_Norway&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11192-017-2554-0","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11192-017-2554-0"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1956%2F16779","external_links_name":"1956/16779"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25674258","external_links_name":"25674258"},{"Link":"http://hdl.handle.net/1956/16779","external_links_name":"Preprint version"},{"Link":"https://www.openaire.eu/oa-norway","external_links_name":"\"OA in Norway\""},{"Link":"http://oaspa.org/membership/members/","external_links_name":"\"Members\""},{"Link":"https://oa2020.org/mission/#eois","external_links_name":"\"OA2020 Expression of Interest: List of Signatories\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090206084105/http://www.opendoar.org/countrylist.php?cContinent=Europe#Norway","external_links_name":"\"Norway\""},{"Link":"http://www.opendoar.org/countrylist.php?cContinent=Europe#Norway","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://openaccess.mpg.de/319790/Signatories","external_links_name":"\"Berlin Declaration: Signatories\""},{"Link":"http://site.uit.no/muninconf/?page_id=15","external_links_name":"\"About the conference\""},{"Link":"http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Timeline_2007","external_links_name":"\"Timeline 2007\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/757073363","external_links_name":"757073363"},{"Link":"http://www.oapen.org/search?identifier=610312","external_links_name":"Implementing Open Access Mandates in Europe: OpenAIRE Study on the Development of Open Access Repository Communities in Europe"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-NXQvDjy_RUC","external_links_name":"Google Books"},{"Link":"http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/OA_publication_funds","external_links_name":"\"OA publication funds\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/757073363","external_links_name":"757073363"},{"Link":"https://plus.google.com/u/0/+PeterSuber/posts/j6txz3r1Uir","external_links_name":"Carrots, Sticks and Open Access Publishing in Norway"},{"Link":"http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Publishers_of_OA_books","external_links_name":"\"Publishers of OA books\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/757073363","external_links_name":"757073363"},{"Link":"https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100032934","external_links_name":"\"GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY DATABASE - Comparative Research Programme on Poverty (CROP)\""},{"Link":"http://publisering.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Open Access"},{"Link":"http://www.uhr.no/documents/Short_Version_UHR_ReportEnglish.pdf","external_links_name":"Greater access to Norwegian scientific publications"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.44311","external_links_name":"10.5281/zenodo.44311"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.815932","external_links_name":"10.5281/zenodo.815932"},{"Link":"https://waltcrawford.name/goaj.html","external_links_name":"Gold Open Access by Country 2012-2017"},{"Link":"http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-platforms/goap/access-by-region/","external_links_name":"\"Norway\""},{"Link":"http://roar.eprints.org/view/geoname/geoname.html","external_links_name":"\"Browse by Country: Europe: Norway\""},{"Link":"http://doaj.org/","external_links_name":"\"(Search: Country of Publisher: Norway)\""},{"Link":"https://tagteam.harvard.edu/hubs/oatp/tag/oa.norway","external_links_name":"\"Tag \"oa.norway\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1040261573","external_links_name":"1040261573"},{"Link":"http://roarmap.eprints.org/view/country/","external_links_name":"\"Browse by Country: Norway\""},{"Link":"https://sparceurope.org/membership/members/","external_links_name":"\"Our members: Norway\""},{"Link":"http://openvitskap.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Åpen Vitenskap"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110823134834/http://www.driver-support.eu/pmwiki/index.php?n=Main.Norway","external_links_name":"Open Access in Norway"},{"Link":"http://www.driver-support.eu/pmwiki/index.php?n=Main.Norway","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_R100_series | Radeon R100 series | ["1 Development","1.1 Architecture","1.2 R100's pixel shaders","2 Implementations","2.1 R100","2.2 RV100","2.3 RV200","3 Radeon Feature Matrix","4 Models","5 Competing chipsets","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Series of video cards
ATI Radeon 7000 series
Radeon 7500 LE card (Creative Labs Branded)Release dateApril 1, 2000; 24 years ago (April 1, 2000)CodenameRage 6CArchitectureRadeon R100Transistors30M 180 nm (R100)30M 180 nm (RV100)CardsEntry-level7000, VE, LEMid-range7200 DDR, 7200 SDRHigh-endVIVO, VIVO SE7500 LEEnthusiast7500API supportDirectXDirect3D 7.0OpenGLOpenGL 1.3 (T&L) HistoryPredecessorRage seriesSuccessorRadeon 8000 seriesSupport statusUnsupported
Radeon R100-based chipsetsCPU supportedMobile Athlon XP (320M IGP)Mobile Duron (320M IGP)Pentium 4-M and mobile Pentium 4 (340M IGP, 7000 IGP)Socket supportedSocket A, Socket 563 (AMD)Socket 478 (Intel)Desktop / mobile chipsetsPerformance segment7000 IGPMainstream segment320 IGP, 320M IGP340 IGP, 340M IGPValue segment320 IGP, 320M IGP (AMD)340 IGP, 340M IGP (Intel)MiscellaneousRelease date(s)March 13, 2002 (300/300M IGP)March 13, 2003 (7000 IGP)SuccessorRadeon R200 series
The Radeon R100 is the first generation of Radeon graphics chips from ATI Technologies. The line features 3D acceleration based upon Direct3D 7.0 and OpenGL 1.3, and all but the entry-level versions offloading host geometry calculations to a hardware transform and lighting (T&L) engine, a major improvement in features and performance compared to the preceding Rage design. The processors also include 2D GUI acceleration, video acceleration, and multiple display outputs. "R100" refers to the development codename of the initially released GPU of the generation. It is the basis for a variety of other succeeding products.
Development
Architecture
The first-generation Radeon GPU was launched in 2000, and was initially code-named Rage 6 (later R100), as the successor to ATI's aging Rage 128 Pro which was unable to compete with the GeForce 256. The card also had been described as Radeon 256 in the months leading up to its launch, possibly to draw comparisons with the competing Nvidia card, although the moniker was dropped with the launch of the final product.
The R100 was built on a 180 nm semiconductor manufacturing process. Like the GeForce, the Radeon R100 featured a hardware transform and lighting (T&L) engine to perform geometry calculations, freeing up the host computer's CPU. In 3D rendering the processor can write 2 pixels to the framebuffer and sample 3 texture maps per pixel per clock. This is commonly referred to as a 2×3 configuration, or a dual-pipeline design with 3 TMUs per pipe. As for Radeon's competitors, the GeForce 256 is 4×1, GeForce2 GTS is 4×2 and 3dfx Voodoo 5 5500 is a 2×1+2×1 SLI design. Unfortunately, the third texture unit did not get much use in games during the card's lifetime because software was not frequently performing more than dual texturing.
In terms of rendering, its "Pixel Tapestry" architecture allowed for Environment Mapped Bump Mapping (EMBM) and Dot Product (Dot3) Bump Mapping support, offering the most complete Bump Mapping support at the time along with the older Emboss method. Radeon also introduced a new memory bandwidth optimization and overdraw reduction technology called HyperZ. It basically improves the overall efficiency of the 3D rendering processes. Consisting of 3 different functions, it allows the Radeon to perform very competitively compared to competing designs with higher fillrates and bandwidth on paper.
ATI produced a real-time demo for their new card, to showcase its new features. The Radeon's Ark demo presents a science-fiction environment with heavy use of features such as multiple texture layers for image effects and detail. Among the effects are environment-mapped bump mapping, detail textures, glass reflections, mirrors, realistic water simulation, light maps, texture compression, planar reflective surfaces, and portal-based visibility.
In terms of performance, Radeon scores lower than the GeForce2 in most benchmarks, even with HyperZ activated. The performance difference was especially noticeable in 16-bit color, where both the GeForce2 GTS and Voodoo 5 5500 were far ahead. However, the Radeon could close the gap and occasionally outperform its fastest competitor, the GeForce2 GTS, in 32-bit color.
Aside from the new 3D hardware, Radeon also introduced per-pixel video-deinterlacing to ATI's HDTV-capable MPEG-2 engine.
R100's pixel shaders
R100-based GPUs have forward-looking programmable shading capability in their pipelines; however, the chips are not flexible enough to support the Microsoft Direct3D specification for Pixel Shader 1.1. A forum post by an ATI engineer in 2001 clarified this:
...prior to the final release of DirectX 8.0, Microsoft decided that it was better to expose the RADEON's and GeForce{2}'s extended multitexture capabilities via the extensions to SetTextureStageState() instead of via the pixel shader interface. There are various practical technical reasons for this. Much of the same math that can be done with pixel shaders can be done via SetTextureStageState(), especially with the enhancements to SetTextureStageState() in DirectX 8.0. At the end of the day, this means that DirectX 8.0 exposes 99% of what the RADEON can do in its pixel pipe without adding the complexity of a "0.5" pixel shader interface.
Additionally, you have to understand that the phrase "shader" is an incredibly ambiguous graphics term. Basically, we hardware manufacturers started using the word "shader" a lot once we were able to do per-pixel dot products (i.e. the RADEON / GF generation of chips). Even earlier than that, "ATI_shader_op" was our multitexture OpenGL extension on Rage 128 (which was replaced by the multivendor EXT_texture_env_combine extension). Quake III has ".shader" files it uses to describe how materials are lit. These are just a few examples of the use of the word shader in the game industry (nevermind the movie production industry which uses many different types of shaders, including those used by Pixar's RenderMan).
With the final release of DirectX 8.0, the term "shader" has become more crystallized in that it is actually used in the interface that developers use to write their programs rather than just general "industry lingo." In DirectX 8.0, there are two versions of pixel shaders: 1.0 and 1.1. (Future releases of DirectX will have 2.0 shaders, 3.0 shaders and so on.) Because of what I stated earlier, RADEON doesn't support either of the pixel shader versions in DirectX 8.0. Some of you have tweaked the registry and gotten the driver to export a 1.0 pixel shader version number to 3DMark2001. This causes 3DMark2001 to think it can run certain tests. Surely, we shouldn't crash when you do this, but you are forcing the (leaked and/or unsupported) driver down a path it isn't intended to ever go. The chip doesn't support 1.0 or 1.1 pixel shaders, therefore you won't see correct rendering even if we don't crash. The fact that that registry key exists indicates that we did some experiments in the driver, not that we are half way done implementing pixel shaders on RADEON. DirectX 8.0's 1.0 and 1.1 pixel shaders are not supported by RADEON and never will be. The silicon just can't do what is required to support 1.0 or 1.1 shaders. This is also true of GeForce and GeForce2.
Implementations
Radeon DDR box (R100)
Die shot of the R100
Radeon 7500 (RV200)
Radeon RV100 DDR
Die shot of the RV100
R100
The first versions of the Radeon (R100) were the Radeon DDR, available in Spring 2000 with 32 MB or 64 MB configurations; the 64 MB card had a slightly faster clock speed and added VIVO (video-in video-out) capability. The core speed was 183Mhz and the 5.5 ns DDR SDRAM memory clock speed was 183 MHz DDR (366 MHz effective).
The R100 introduced HyperZ, an early culling technology (maybe inspired by the Tile Rendering present in St Microelectronics PowerVR chips) that became the way to go in graphic evolution and generation by generation rendering optimization, and can be considerend the first non tile rendering-based (and so DX7 compatible) card to use a Z-Buffer optimization.
These cards were produced until mid-2001, when they were essentially replaced by the Radeon 7500 (RV200).
A slower and short-lived Radeon SDR (with 32 MB SDRAM memory) was added in mid-2000 to compete with the GeForce2 MX.
Also in 2000, an OEM-only Radeon LE 32MB DDR arrived. Compared to the regular Radeon DDR from ATI, the LE is produced by Athlon Micro from Radeon GPUs that did not meet spec and originally intended for the Asian OEM market. The card runs at a lower 143 MHz clock rate for both RAM and GPU, and its Hyper Z functionality has been disabled. Despite these handicaps, the Radeon LE was competitive with other contemporaries such as the GeForce 2 MX and Radeon SDR. Unlike its rivals, however, the LE has considerable performance potential, as is possible to enable HyperZ through a system registry alteration, plus there is considerable overclocking room. Later drivers do not differentiate the Radeon LE from other Radeon R100 cards and the HyperZ hardware is enabled by default, though there may be visual anomalies on cards with HyperZ hardware that is defective.
In 2001, a short-lived Radeon R100 with 64 MB SDR was released as the Radeon 7200. After this and all older R100 Radeon cards were discontinued, the R100 series was subsequently known as the Radeon 7200, in keeping with ATI's new naming scheme.
RV100
A budget variant of the R100 hardware was created and called the Radeon VE, later known as the Radeon 7000 in 2001 when ATI re-branded its products.
RV100 has only one pixel-pipeline, no hardware T&L, a 64-bit memory bus, and no HyperZ. But it did add HydraVision dual-monitor support and integrated a second RAMDAC into the core (for Hydravision).
From the 3D performance standpoint, the Radeon VE did not fare well against the GeForce2 MX of the same era, though its multi-display support was clearly superior to the GeForce2 MX, however. The Matrox G450 has the best dual-display support out of the GPUs but the slowest 3D performance.
RV100 was the basis for the Mobility Radeon notebook solution.
RV200
The Radeon 7500 (RV200) is basically a die-shrink of the R100 in a new 150 nm manufacturing process. The increased density and various tweaks to the architecture allowed the GPU to function at higher clock speeds. It also allowed the card to operate with asynchronous clock operation, whereas the original R100 was always clocked synchronously with the RAM. It was ATI's first Direct3D 7-compliant GPU to include dual-monitor support (Hydravision).
The Radeon 7500 launched in the second half of 2001 alongside the Radeon 8500 (R200). It used an accelerated graphics port (AGP) 4x interface. Around the time that the Radeon 8500 and 7500 were announced, rival Nvidia released its GeForce 3 Ti500 and Ti200, the 8500 and Ti500 are direct competitors but the 7500 and Ti200 are not.
The desktop Radeon 7500 board frequently came clocked at 290 MHz core and 230 MHz RAM. It competed with the GeForce2 Ti and later on, the GeForce4 MX440.
Radeon Feature Matrix
The following table shows features of AMD/ATI's GPUs (see also: List of AMD graphics processing units).
viewtalkedit
Name of GPU series
Wonder
Mach
3D Rage
Rage Pro
Rage 128
R100
R200
R300
R400
R500
R600
RV670
R700
Evergreen
NorthernIslands
SouthernIslands
SeaIslands
VolcanicIslands
ArcticIslands/Polaris
Vega
Navi 1x
Navi 2x
Navi 3x
Released
1986
1991
Apr1996
Mar1997
Aug1998
Apr2000
Aug2001
Sep2002
May2004
Oct2005
May2007
Nov2007
Jun2008
Sep2009
Oct2010
Jan2012
Sep2013
Jun2015
Jun 2016, Apr 2017, Aug 2019
Jun 2017, Feb 2019
Jul2019
Nov2020
Dec2022
Marketing Name
Wonder
Mach
3DRage
RagePro
Rage128
Radeon7000
Radeon8000
Radeon9000
RadeonX700/X800
RadeonX1000
RadeonHD 2000
RadeonHD 3000
RadeonHD 4000
RadeonHD 5000
RadeonHD 6000
RadeonHD 7000
Radeon200
Radeon300
Radeon400/500/600
RadeonRX Vega, Radeon VII
RadeonRX 5000
RadeonRX 6000
RadeonRX 7000
AMD support
Kind
2D
3D
Instruction set architecture
Not publicly known
TeraScale instruction set
GCN instruction set
RDNA instruction set
Microarchitecture
TeraScale 1(VLIW)
TeraScale 2(VLIW5)
TeraScale 2(VLIW5) up to 68xx
TeraScale 3(VLIW4) in 69xx
GCN 1stgen
GCN 2ndgen
GCN 3rdgen
GCN 4thgen
GCN 5thgen
RDNA
RDNA 2
RDNA 3
Type
Fixed pipeline
Programmable pixel & vertex pipelines
Unified shader model
Direct3D
—
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.1
9.011 (9_2)
9.0b11 (9_2)
9.0c11 (9_3)
10.011 (10_0)
10.111 (10_1)
11 (11_0)
11 (11_1)12 (11_1)
11 (12_0)12 (12_0)
11 (12_1)12 (12_1)
11 (12_1)12 (12_2)
Shader model
—
1.4
2.0+
2.0b
3.0
4.0
4.1
5.0
5.1
5.16.5
6.7
OpenGL
—
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.1
3.3
4.5 (on Linux: 4.5 (Mesa 3D 21.0))
4.6 (on Linux: 4.6 (Mesa 3D 20.0))
Vulkan
—
1.0(Win 7+ or Mesa 17+)
1.2 (Adrenalin 20.1.2, Linux Mesa 3D 20.0)
1.3 (Adrenalin 22.1.2, Mesa 22.0)
OpenCL
—
Close to Metal
1.1 (no Mesa 3D support)
1.2+ (on Linux: 1.1+ (no Image support on clover, with by rustiCL) with Mesa 3D, 1.2+ on GCN 1.Gen)
2.0+ (Adrenalin driver on Win7+)(on Linux ROCM, Linux Mesa 3D 1.2+ (no Image support in clover, but in rustiCL with Mesa 3D, 2.0+ and 3.0 with AMD drivers or AMD ROCm), 5th gen: 2.2 win 10+ and Linux RocM 5.0+
2.2+ and 3.0 windows 8.1+ and Linux ROCM 5.0+ (Mesa 3D rustiCL 1.2+ and 3.0 (2.1+ and 2.2+ wip))
HSA / ROCm
—
?
Video decoding ASIC
—
Avivo/UVD
UVD+
UVD 2
UVD 2.2
UVD 3
UVD 4
UVD 4.2
UVD 5.0 or 6.0
UVD 6.3
UVD 7
VCN 2.0
VCN 3.0
VCN 4.0
Video encoding ASIC
—
VCE 1.0
VCE 2.0
VCE 3.0 or 3.1
VCE 3.4
VCE 4.0
Fluid Motion
?
Power saving
?
PowerPlay
PowerTune
PowerTune & ZeroCore Power
?
TrueAudio
—
Via dedicated DSP
Via shaders
FreeSync
—
12
HDCP
?
1.4
2.2
2.3
PlayReady
—
3.0
3.0
Supported displays
1–2
2
2–6
?
Max. resolution
?
2–6 ×2560×1600
2–6 ×4096×2160 @ 30 Hz
2–6 ×5120×2880 @ 60 Hz
3 ×7680×4320 @ 60 Hz
7680×4320 @ 60 Hz PowerColor
7680x4320
@165 HZ
/drm/radeon
—
/drm/amdgpu
—
Experimental
Optional
^ The Radeon 100 Series has programmable pixel shaders, but do not fully comply with DirectX 8 or Pixel Shader 1.0. See article on R100's pixel shaders.
^ R300, R400 and R500 based cards do not fully comply with OpenGL 2+ as the hardware does not support all types of non-power of two (NPOT) textures.
^ OpenGL 4+ compliance requires supporting FP64 shaders and these are emulated on some TeraScale chips using 32-bit hardware.
^ a b c The UVD and VCE were replaced by the Video Core Next (VCN) ASIC in the Raven Ridge APU implementation of Vega.
^ Video processing for video frame rate interpolation technique. In Windows it works as a DirectShow filter in your player. In Linux, there is no support on the part of drivers and / or community.
^ a b To play protected video content, it also requires card, operating system, driver, and application support. A compatible HDCP display is also needed for this. HDCP is mandatory for the output of certain audio formats, placing additional constraints on the multimedia setup.
^ More displays may be supported with native DisplayPort connections, or splitting the maximum resolution between multiple monitors with active converters.
^ a b DRM (Direct Rendering Manager) is a component of the Linux kernel. AMDgpu is the Linux kernel module. Support in this table refers to the most current version.
Models
Main article: Comparison of ATI Graphics Processing Units
Competing chipsets
NVIDIA GeForce 256 and GeForce2
PowerVR Series 3
3dfx Voodoo 5
S3 Savage 2000
See also
Comparison of ATI Chipsets
List of AMD graphics processing units
References
^ "Mesamatrix". mesamatrix.net. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
^ "RadeonFeature". X.Org Foundation. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
^ "Pixel Tapestry Architecture - ATI Radeon 256 Preview".
^ "Alex Vlachos - Computer Graphics".
^ "ATI Radeon LE 32MB DDR".
^ "OC3D Forums".
^ "AMD Radeon HD 6900 (AMD Cayman) series graphics cards". HWlab. hw-lab.com. December 19, 2010. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022. New VLIW4 architecture of stream processors allowed to save area of each SIMD by 10%, while performing the same compared to previous VLIW5 architecture
^ "GPU Specs Database". TechPowerUp. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
^ "NPOT Texture (OpenGL Wiki)". Khronos Group. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
^ "AMD Radeon Software Crimson Edition Beta". AMD. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
^ "Mesamatrix". mesamatrix.net. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
^ "RadeonFeature". X.Org Foundation. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
^ "AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT Specs". TechPowerUp. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
^ "AMD Launches The Radeon PRO W7500/W7600 RDNA3 GPUs". Phoronix. 3 August 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
^ "AMD Radeon Pro 5600M Grafikkarte". TopCPU.net (in German). Retrieved 4 September 2023.
^ a b c Killian, Zak (March 22, 2017). "AMD publishes patches for Vega support on Linux". Tech Report. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ Larabel, Michael (September 15, 2020). "AMD Radeon Navi 2 / VCN 3.0 Supports AV1 Video Decoding". Phoronix. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
^ Edmonds, Rich (February 4, 2022). "ASUS Dual RX 6600 GPU review: Rock-solid 1080p gaming with impressive thermals". Windows Central. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
^ "Radeon's next-generation Vega architecture" (PDF). Radeon Technologies Group (AMD). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 6, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
^ Larabel, Michael (December 7, 2016). "The Best Features of the Linux 4.9 Kernel". Phoronix. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
^ "AMDGPU". Retrieved December 29, 2023.
"ATI Radeon 256 Preview" by Anand Lal Shimpi, AnandTech.com, April 25, 2000, retrieved January 17, 2006
"ATI Radeon 32MB SDR" by Anand Lal Shimpi, AnandTech.com, October 13, 2000, retrieved January 17, 2006
"ATI Radeon 64MB DDR" by Matthew Witheiler, AnandTech.com, July 17, 2000, retrieved January 17, 2006
"Beyond3D 3D Tables" Beyond3D.com, retrieved January 17, 2006
Vlachos, Alex. Radeon's Ark demo, 2000.
External links
techPowerUp! GPU Database
vteAMD graphicsRadeon-brandList of GPUs (GPU features template) and List of APUs (APU features template)Fixed pipeline
Wonder
Mach
Rage
All-in-Wonder (before 2000)
Vertex and fragment shaders
R100
R200
R300
R400
R500
All-in-Wonder (after 1999)
Unified shadersTeraScale
HD 2000
HD 3000
HD 4000
HD 5000
HD 6000
Unified shaders & memoryGCN
HD 7000
HD 8000
200
300
400
500
RX Vega
600
RDNA
RX 5000
RX 6000
RX 7000
Current technologies and softwareAudio/Video acceleration
Unified Video Decoder (UVD)
Video Coding Engine (VCE)
Video Core Next (VCN)
TrueAudio
GPU technologies
Eyefinity
FreeSync
PowerTune
CrossFire
Hybrid Graphics
HyperMemory
HyperZ
HSA
SoftwareCurrent
AMD Radeon Software
HD3D
ROCm
AMDGPU
GPU PerfStudio
GPUOpen
TressFX
HLSL2GLSL
Obsolete
AMD APP SDK
Catalyst
Close to Metal
CodeAnalyst
Mantle
CodeXL
Other brands and productsWorkstations & supercomputersCurrent
Radeon Pro
Radeon Instinct
Obsolete
FireGL/FirePro
FireMV
FireStream
Consoles& handheld PCs
Flipper (GameCube)
Xenos (Xbox 360)
Hollywood (Wii)
Liverpool (PlayStation 4)
Durango (Xbox One)
Neo (PlayStation 4 Pro)
Scorpio (Xbox One X)
Atari VCS (2021)
PlayStation 5
Xbox Series X/S
Steam Deck | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon"},{"link_name":"ATI Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATI_Technologies"},{"link_name":"3D acceleration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"Direct3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct3D"},{"link_name":"OpenGL 1.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL"},{"link_name":"hardware transform and lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform_and_lighting"},{"link_name":"Rage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATI_Rage"},{"link_name":"2D GUI acceleration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2d_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video"}],"text":"The Radeon R100 is the first generation of Radeon graphics chips from ATI Technologies. The line features 3D acceleration based upon Direct3D 7.0 and OpenGL 1.3, and all but the entry-level versions offloading host geometry calculations to a hardware transform and lighting (T&L) engine, a major improvement in features and performance compared to the preceding Rage design. The processors also include 2D GUI acceleration, video acceleration, and multiple display outputs. \"R100\" refers to the development codename of the initially released GPU of the generation. It is the basis for a variety of other succeeding products.","title":"Radeon R100 series"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon"},{"link_name":"Rage 128 Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATI_Rage"},{"link_name":"GeForce 256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce_256"},{"link_name":"nm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre"},{"link_name":"transform and lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform_and_lighting"},{"link_name":"GeForce 256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce_256"},{"link_name":"GeForce2 GTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce_2_Series"},{"link_name":"3dfx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3dfx_Interactive"},{"link_name":"Voodoo 5 5500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"HyperZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperZ"},{"link_name":"bump mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_mapping"},{"link_name":"texture compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_compression"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"16-bit color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-bit_color"},{"link_name":"32-bit color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_depth"},{"link_name":"deinterlacing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinterlacing"},{"link_name":"HDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"MPEG-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2"}],"sub_title":"Architecture","text":"The first-generation Radeon GPU was launched in 2000, and was initially code-named Rage 6 (later R100), as the successor to ATI's aging Rage 128 Pro which was unable to compete with the GeForce 256. The card also had been described as Radeon 256 in the months leading up to its launch, possibly to draw comparisons with the competing Nvidia card, although the moniker was dropped with the launch of the final product.The R100 was built on a 180 nm semiconductor manufacturing process. Like the GeForce, the Radeon R100 featured a hardware transform and lighting (T&L) engine to perform geometry calculations, freeing up the host computer's CPU. In 3D rendering the processor can write 2 pixels to the framebuffer and sample 3 texture maps per pixel per clock. This is commonly referred to as a 2×3 configuration, or a dual-pipeline design with 3 TMUs per pipe. As for Radeon's competitors, the GeForce 256 is 4×1, GeForce2 GTS is 4×2 and 3dfx Voodoo 5 5500 is a 2×1+2×1 SLI design. Unfortunately, the third texture unit did not get much use in games during the card's lifetime because software was not frequently performing more than dual texturing.In terms of rendering, its \"Pixel Tapestry\" architecture allowed for Environment Mapped Bump Mapping (EMBM) and Dot Product (Dot3) Bump Mapping support, offering the most complete Bump Mapping support at the time along with the older Emboss method.[3] Radeon also introduced a new memory bandwidth optimization and overdraw reduction technology called HyperZ. It basically improves the overall efficiency of the 3D rendering processes. Consisting of 3 different functions, it allows the Radeon to perform very competitively compared to competing designs with higher fillrates and bandwidth on paper.ATI produced a real-time demo for their new card, to showcase its new features. The Radeon's Ark demo presents a science-fiction environment with heavy use of features such as multiple texture layers for image effects and detail. Among the effects are environment-mapped bump mapping, detail textures, glass reflections, mirrors, realistic water simulation, light maps, texture compression, planar reflective surfaces, and portal-based visibility.[4]In terms of performance, Radeon scores lower than the GeForce2 in most benchmarks, even with HyperZ activated. The performance difference was especially noticeable in 16-bit color, where both the GeForce2 GTS and Voodoo 5 5500 were far ahead. However, the Radeon could close the gap and occasionally outperform its fastest competitor, the GeForce2 GTS, in 32-bit color.Aside from the new 3D hardware, Radeon also introduced per-pixel video-deinterlacing to ATI's HDTV-capable MPEG-2 engine.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Direct3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct3D"},{"link_name":"forum post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rage3d.com/board/showthread.php?s=&postid=79609&highlight=radeon+pixel+shader#post79609"},{"link_name":"Rage 128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_128"},{"link_name":"Quake III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quake_III_Arena"},{"link_name":"Pixar's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar"},{"link_name":"RenderMan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar_RenderMan"},{"link_name":"3DMark2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3DMark"}],"sub_title":"R100's pixel shaders","text":"R100-based GPUs have forward-looking programmable shading capability in their pipelines; however, the chips are not flexible enough to support the Microsoft Direct3D specification for Pixel Shader 1.1. A forum post by an ATI engineer in 2001 clarified this:...prior to the final release of DirectX 8.0, Microsoft decided that it was better to expose the RADEON's and GeForce{2}'s extended multitexture capabilities via the extensions to SetTextureStageState() instead of via the pixel shader interface. There are various practical technical reasons for this. Much of the same math that can be done with pixel shaders can be done via SetTextureStageState(), especially with the enhancements to SetTextureStageState() in DirectX 8.0. At the end of the day, this means that DirectX 8.0 exposes 99% of what the RADEON can do in its pixel pipe without adding the complexity of a \"0.5\" pixel shader interface.\nAdditionally, you have to understand that the phrase \"shader\" is an incredibly ambiguous graphics term. Basically, we hardware manufacturers started using the word \"shader\" a lot once we were able to do per-pixel dot products (i.e. the RADEON / GF generation of chips). Even earlier than that, \"ATI_shader_op\" was our multitexture OpenGL extension on Rage 128 (which was replaced by the multivendor EXT_texture_env_combine extension). Quake III has \".shader\" files it uses to describe how materials are lit. These are just a few examples of the use of the word shader in the game industry (nevermind the movie production industry which uses many different types of shaders, including those used by Pixar's RenderMan).\n\nWith the final release of DirectX 8.0, the term \"shader\" has become more crystallized in that it is actually used in the interface that developers use to write their programs rather than just general \"industry lingo.\" In DirectX 8.0, there are two versions of pixel shaders: 1.0 and 1.1. (Future releases of DirectX will have 2.0 shaders, 3.0 shaders and so on.) Because of what I stated earlier, RADEON doesn't support either of the pixel shader versions in DirectX 8.0. Some of you have tweaked the registry and gotten the driver to export a 1.0 pixel shader version number to 3DMark2001. This causes 3DMark2001 to think it can run certain tests. Surely, we shouldn't crash when you do this, but you are forcing the (leaked and/or unsupported) driver down a path it isn't intended to ever go. The chip doesn't support 1.0 or 1.1 pixel shaders, therefore you won't see correct rendering even if we don't crash. The fact that that registry key exists indicates that we did some experiments in the driver, not that we are half way done implementing pixel shaders on RADEON. DirectX 8.0's 1.0 and 1.1 pixel shaders are not supported by RADEON and never will be. The silicon just can't do what is required to support 1.0 or 1.1 shaders. This is also true of GeForce and GeForce2.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R100box.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATI@180nm@Fixed-pipeline@R100@Radeon_7200@215R6WBGA13_G03124.1_0048AA_Taiwan_Stack-DSC06206-DSC06241_-_ZS-DMap-1_(32113734476).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radeon7500agp.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radeon_RV100_DDR.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATI@180nm@Fixed-pipeline@RV100@Radeon_7000@215R6LAEA12_S29977.1_0344AA_Taiwan_Stack-DSC06056-DSC06083_-_ZS-DMap-1_(31984036132).jpg"}],"text":"Radeon DDR box (R100)Die shot of the R100Radeon 7500 (RV200)Radeon RV100 DDRDie shot of the RV100","title":"Implementations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR_SDRAM"},{"link_name":"HyperZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperZ"},{"link_name":"Tile Rendering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiled_rendering"},{"link_name":"PowerVR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerVR"},{"link_name":"DX7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirectX"},{"link_name":"Z-Buffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-buffering"},{"link_name":"SDRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_dynamic_random_access_memory"},{"link_name":"GeForce2 MX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce_2_Series"},{"link_name":"OEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OEM"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"R100","text":"The first versions of the Radeon (R100) were the Radeon DDR, available in Spring 2000 with 32 MB or 64 MB configurations; the 64 MB card had a slightly faster clock speed and added VIVO (video-in video-out) capability. The core speed was 183Mhz and the 5.5 ns DDR SDRAM memory clock speed was 183 MHz DDR (366 MHz effective).\nThe R100 introduced HyperZ, an early culling technology (maybe inspired by the Tile Rendering present in St Microelectronics PowerVR chips) that became the way to go in graphic evolution and generation by generation rendering optimization, and can be considerend the first non tile rendering-based (and so DX7 compatible) card to use a Z-Buffer optimization.\nThese cards were produced until mid-2001, when they were essentially replaced by the Radeon 7500 (RV200).A slower and short-lived Radeon SDR (with 32 MB SDRAM memory) was added in mid-2000 to compete with the GeForce2 MX.Also in 2000, an OEM-only Radeon LE 32MB DDR arrived. Compared to the regular Radeon DDR from ATI, the LE is produced by Athlon Micro from Radeon GPUs that did not meet spec and originally intended for the Asian OEM market. The card runs at a lower 143 MHz clock rate for both RAM and GPU, and its Hyper Z functionality has been disabled. Despite these handicaps, the Radeon LE was competitive with other contemporaries such as the GeForce 2 MX and Radeon SDR. Unlike its rivals, however, the LE has considerable performance potential, as is possible to enable HyperZ through a system registry alteration, plus there is considerable overclocking room. Later drivers do not differentiate the Radeon LE from other Radeon R100 cards and the HyperZ hardware is enabled by default, though there may be visual anomalies on cards with HyperZ hardware that is defective.[5]In 2001, a short-lived Radeon R100 with 64 MB SDR was released as the Radeon 7200. After this and all older R100 Radeon cards were discontinued, the R100 series was subsequently known as the Radeon 7200, in keeping with ATI's new naming scheme.","title":"Implementations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T&L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform_and_lighting"},{"link_name":"HyperZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperZ"},{"link_name":"HydraVision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATI_HydraVision"},{"link_name":"RAMDAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMDAC"},{"link_name":"Matrox G450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrox_G400#Matrox_G450"}],"sub_title":"RV100","text":"A budget variant of the R100 hardware was created and called the Radeon VE, later known as the Radeon 7000 in 2001 when ATI re-branded its products.RV100 has only one pixel-pipeline, no hardware T&L, a 64-bit memory bus, and no HyperZ. But it did add HydraVision dual-monitor support and integrated a second RAMDAC into the core (for Hydravision).From the 3D performance standpoint, the Radeon VE did not fare well against the GeForce2 MX of the same era, though its multi-display support was clearly superior to the GeForce2 MX, however. The Matrox G450 has the best dual-display support out of the GPUs but the slowest 3D performance.RV100 was the basis for the Mobility Radeon notebook solution.","title":"Implementations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Radeon 8500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_R200"},{"link_name":"accelerated graphics port (AGP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port"}],"sub_title":"RV200","text":"The Radeon 7500 (RV200) is basically a die-shrink of the R100 in a new 150 nm manufacturing process. The increased density and various tweaks to the architecture allowed the GPU to function at higher clock speeds. It also allowed the card to operate with asynchronous clock operation, whereas the original R100 was always clocked synchronously with the RAM. It was ATI's first Direct3D 7-compliant GPU to include dual-monitor support (Hydravision).[6]The Radeon 7500 launched in the second half of 2001 alongside the Radeon 8500 (R200). It used an accelerated graphics port (AGP) 4x interface. Around the time that the Radeon 8500 and 7500 were announced, rival Nvidia released its GeForce 3 Ti500 and Ti200, the 8500 and Ti500 are direct competitors but the 7500 and Ti200 are not.The desktop Radeon 7500 board frequently came clocked at 290 MHz core and 230 MHz RAM. It competed with the GeForce2 Ti and later on, the GeForce4 MX440.","title":"Implementations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices"},{"link_name":"ATI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATI_Technologies"},{"link_name":"GPUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"List of AMD graphics processing units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units"},{"link_name":"VisualEditor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:AMD_GPU_features&veaction=edit"},{"link_name":"view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:AMD_GPU_features"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:AMD_GPU_features"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AMD_GPU_features"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-r100_shader_9-0"},{"link_name":"R100's pixel shaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R100's_pixel_shaders"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nonpot_10-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nofp64_15-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vcn_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vcn_20-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vcn_20-2"},{"link_name":"Raven Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryzen#Raven_Ridge"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FliudMotion_22-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DRM_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DRM_23-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-max_displays_25-0"},{"link_name":"DisplayPort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DisplayPort"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-drm_27-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-drm_27-1"},{"link_name":"Direct Rendering Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager"},{"link_name":"AMDgpu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMDgpu_(Linux_kernel_module)"}],"text":"The following table shows features of AMD/ATI's GPUs (see also: List of AMD graphics processing units).[ VisualEditor ] viewtalkedit^ The Radeon 100 Series has programmable pixel shaders, but do not fully comply with DirectX 8 or Pixel Shader 1.0. See article on R100's pixel shaders.\n\n^ R300, R400 and R500 based cards do not fully comply with OpenGL 2+ as the hardware does not support all types of non-power of two (NPOT) textures.\n\n^ OpenGL 4+ compliance requires supporting FP64 shaders and these are emulated on some TeraScale chips using 32-bit hardware.\n\n^ a b c The UVD and VCE were replaced by the Video Core Next (VCN) ASIC in the Raven Ridge APU implementation of Vega.\n\n^ Video processing for video frame rate interpolation technique. In Windows it works as a DirectShow filter in your player. In Linux, there is no support on the part of drivers and / or community.\n\n^ a b To play protected video content, it also requires card, operating system, driver, and application support. A compatible HDCP display is also needed for this. HDCP is mandatory for the output of certain audio formats, placing additional constraints on the multimedia setup.\n\n^ More displays may be supported with native DisplayPort connections, or splitting the maximum resolution between multiple monitors with active converters.\n\n^ a b DRM (Direct Rendering Manager) is a component of the Linux kernel. AMDgpu is the Linux kernel module. Support in this table refers to the most current version.","title":"Radeon Feature Matrix"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NVIDIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVIDIA"},{"link_name":"GeForce 256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce_256"},{"link_name":"GeForce2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce_2_Series"},{"link_name":"PowerVR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerVR"},{"link_name":"3dfx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3dfx"},{"link_name":"Voodoo 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_5"},{"link_name":"S3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S3_Graphics"},{"link_name":"Savage 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage_2000"}],"text":"NVIDIA GeForce 256 and GeForce2\nPowerVR Series 3\n3dfx Voodoo 5\nS3 Savage 2000","title":"Competing chipsets"}] | [{"image_text":"Radeon DDR box (R100)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/R100box.jpg/220px-R100box.jpg"},{"image_text":"Die shot of the R100","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/ATI%40180nm%40Fixed-pipeline%40R100%40Radeon_7200%40215R6WBGA13_G03124.1_0048AA_Taiwan_Stack-DSC06206-DSC06241_-_ZS-DMap-1_%2832113734476%29.jpg/220px-ATI%40180nm%40Fixed-pipeline%40R100%40Radeon_7200%40215R6WBGA13_G03124.1_0048AA_Taiwan_Stack-DSC06206-DSC06241_-_ZS-DMap-1_%2832113734476%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Radeon 7500 (RV200)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Radeon7500agp.jpg/220px-Radeon7500agp.jpg"},{"image_text":"Radeon RV100 DDR","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Radeon_RV100_DDR.JPG/220px-Radeon_RV100_DDR.JPG"},{"image_text":"Die shot of the RV100","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ATI%40180nm%40Fixed-pipeline%40RV100%40Radeon_7000%40215R6LAEA12_S29977.1_0344AA_Taiwan_Stack-DSC06056-DSC06083_-_ZS-DMap-1_%2831984036132%29.jpg/220px-ATI%40180nm%40Fixed-pipeline%40RV100%40Radeon_7000%40215R6LAEA12_S29977.1_0344AA_Taiwan_Stack-DSC06056-DSC06083_-_ZS-DMap-1_%2831984036132%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Comparison of ATI Chipsets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_ATI_Chipsets"},{"title":"List of AMD graphics processing units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units"}] | [{"reference":"\"Mesamatrix\". mesamatrix.net. Retrieved 2018-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://mesamatrix.net/","url_text":"\"Mesamatrix\""}]},{"reference":"\"RadeonFeature\". X.Org Foundation. Retrieved 2018-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.x.org/wiki/RadeonFeature/","url_text":"\"RadeonFeature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.Org_Foundation","url_text":"X.Org Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"Pixel Tapestry Architecture - ATI Radeon 256 Preview\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/536/6","url_text":"\"Pixel Tapestry Architecture - ATI Radeon 256 Preview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alex Vlachos - Computer Graphics\".","urls":[{"url":"http://alex.vlachos.com/graphics/","url_text":"\"Alex Vlachos - Computer Graphics\""}]},{"reference":"\"ATI Radeon LE 32MB DDR\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anandtech.com/show/770","url_text":"\"ATI Radeon LE 32MB DDR\""}]},{"reference":"\"OC3D Forums\".","urls":[{"url":"http://forum.overclock3d.net/index.php?/topic/434-history-of-the-ati-gpu/","url_text":"\"OC3D Forums\""}]},{"reference":"\"AMD Radeon HD 6900 (AMD Cayman) series graphics cards\". HWlab. hw-lab.com. December 19, 2010. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022. New VLIW4 architecture of stream processors allowed to save area of each SIMD by 10%, while performing the same compared to previous VLIW5 architecture","urls":[{"url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20220823180458/https://hw-lab.com/amd-radeon-hd-6900-series-amd-cayman.html/4","url_text":"\"AMD Radeon HD 6900 (AMD Cayman) series graphics cards\""},{"url":"https://hw-lab.com/amd-radeon-hd-6900-series-amd-cayman.html/4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GPU Specs Database\". TechPowerUp. Retrieved August 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/?generation=Northern%20Islands&architecture=TeraScale%203&sort=generation","url_text":"\"GPU Specs Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"NPOT Texture (OpenGL Wiki)\". Khronos Group. Retrieved February 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.khronos.org/opengl/wiki/NPOT_Texture","url_text":"\"NPOT Texture (OpenGL Wiki)\""}]},{"reference":"\"AMD Radeon Software Crimson Edition Beta\". AMD. Retrieved 2018-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://support.amd.com/en-us/kb-articles/pages/amd-radeon-software-crimson-edition-beta.aspx","url_text":"\"AMD Radeon Software Crimson Edition Beta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices","url_text":"AMD"}]},{"reference":"\"Mesamatrix\". mesamatrix.net. Retrieved 2018-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://mesamatrix.net/","url_text":"\"Mesamatrix\""}]},{"reference":"\"RadeonFeature\". X.Org Foundation. Retrieved 2018-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.x.org/wiki/RadeonFeature/","url_text":"\"RadeonFeature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.Org_Foundation","url_text":"X.Org Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT Specs\". TechPowerUp. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/radeon-rx-6800-xt.c3694","url_text":"\"AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT Specs\""}]},{"reference":"\"AMD Launches The Radeon PRO W7500/W7600 RDNA3 GPUs\". Phoronix. 3 August 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phoronix.com/news/AMD-Radeon-PRO-W7500-W7600","url_text":"\"AMD Launches The Radeon PRO W7500/W7600 RDNA3 GPUs\""}]},{"reference":"\"AMD Radeon Pro 5600M Grafikkarte\". TopCPU.net (in German). Retrieved 4 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topcpu.net/de/cpu/Radeon-Pro-5600M","url_text":"\"AMD Radeon Pro 5600M Grafikkarte\""}]},{"reference":"Killian, Zak (March 22, 2017). \"AMD publishes patches for Vega support on Linux\". Tech Report. Retrieved March 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://techreport.com/news/31627/amd-publishes-patches-for-vega-support-on-linux","url_text":"\"AMD publishes patches for Vega support on Linux\""}]},{"reference":"Larabel, Michael (September 15, 2020). \"AMD Radeon Navi 2 / VCN 3.0 Supports AV1 Video Decoding\". Phoronix. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=AV1-Decode-For-AMD-VCN-3.0","url_text":"\"AMD Radeon Navi 2 / VCN 3.0 Supports AV1 Video Decoding\""}]},{"reference":"Edmonds, Rich (February 4, 2022). \"ASUS Dual RX 6600 GPU review: Rock-solid 1080p gaming with impressive thermals\". Windows Central. Retrieved November 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.windowscentral.com/asus-dual-rx-6600-gpu-review","url_text":"\"ASUS Dual RX 6600 GPU review: Rock-solid 1080p gaming with impressive thermals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radeon's next-generation Vega architecture\" (PDF). Radeon Technologies Group (AMD). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 6, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124605/http://radeon.com/_downloads/vega-whitepaper-11.6.17.pdf","url_text":"\"Radeon's next-generation Vega architecture\""},{"url":"http://radeon.com/_downloads/vega-whitepaper-11.6.17.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Larabel, Michael (December 7, 2016). \"The Best Features of the Linux 4.9 Kernel\". Phoronix. Retrieved December 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.9-Kernel-Highlights","url_text":"\"The Best Features of the Linux 4.9 Kernel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoronix","url_text":"Phoronix"}]},{"reference":"\"AMDGPU\". Retrieved December 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/AMDGPU","url_text":"\"AMDGPU\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.rage3d.com/board/showthread.php?s=&postid=79609&highlight=radeon+pixel+shader#post79609","external_links_name":"forum post"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:AMD_GPU_features&veaction=edit","external_links_name":"VisualEditor"},{"Link":"https://www.powercolor.com/product?id=1623918640#spe","external_links_name":"PowerColor"},{"Link":"https://mesamatrix.net/","external_links_name":"\"Mesamatrix\""},{"Link":"https://www.x.org/wiki/RadeonFeature/","external_links_name":"\"RadeonFeature\""},{"Link":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/536/6","external_links_name":"\"Pixel Tapestry Architecture - ATI Radeon 256 Preview\""},{"Link":"http://alex.vlachos.com/graphics/","external_links_name":"\"Alex Vlachos - Computer Graphics\""},{"Link":"http://www.anandtech.com/show/770","external_links_name":"\"ATI Radeon LE 32MB DDR\""},{"Link":"http://forum.overclock3d.net/index.php?/topic/434-history-of-the-ati-gpu/","external_links_name":"\"OC3D Forums\""},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20220823180458/https://hw-lab.com/amd-radeon-hd-6900-series-amd-cayman.html/4","external_links_name":"\"AMD Radeon HD 6900 (AMD Cayman) series graphics cards\""},{"Link":"https://hw-lab.com/amd-radeon-hd-6900-series-amd-cayman.html/4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/?generation=Northern%20Islands&architecture=TeraScale%203&sort=generation","external_links_name":"\"GPU Specs Database\""},{"Link":"https://www.khronos.org/opengl/wiki/NPOT_Texture","external_links_name":"\"NPOT Texture (OpenGL Wiki)\""},{"Link":"https://support.amd.com/en-us/kb-articles/pages/amd-radeon-software-crimson-edition-beta.aspx","external_links_name":"\"AMD Radeon Software Crimson Edition Beta\""},{"Link":"https://mesamatrix.net/","external_links_name":"\"Mesamatrix\""},{"Link":"https://www.x.org/wiki/RadeonFeature/","external_links_name":"\"RadeonFeature\""},{"Link":"https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/radeon-rx-6800-xt.c3694","external_links_name":"\"AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT Specs\""},{"Link":"https://www.phoronix.com/news/AMD-Radeon-PRO-W7500-W7600","external_links_name":"\"AMD Launches The Radeon PRO W7500/W7600 RDNA3 GPUs\""},{"Link":"https://www.topcpu.net/de/cpu/Radeon-Pro-5600M","external_links_name":"\"AMD Radeon Pro 5600M Grafikkarte\""},{"Link":"https://techreport.com/news/31627/amd-publishes-patches-for-vega-support-on-linux","external_links_name":"\"AMD publishes patches for Vega support on Linux\""},{"Link":"https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=AV1-Decode-For-AMD-VCN-3.0","external_links_name":"\"AMD Radeon Navi 2 / VCN 3.0 Supports AV1 Video Decoding\""},{"Link":"https://www.windowscentral.com/asus-dual-rx-6600-gpu-review","external_links_name":"\"ASUS Dual RX 6600 GPU review: Rock-solid 1080p gaming with impressive thermals\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124605/http://radeon.com/_downloads/vega-whitepaper-11.6.17.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Radeon's next-generation Vega architecture\""},{"Link":"http://radeon.com/_downloads/vega-whitepaper-11.6.17.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.9-Kernel-Highlights","external_links_name":"\"The Best Features of the Linux 4.9 Kernel\""},{"Link":"https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/AMDGPU","external_links_name":"\"AMDGPU\""},{"Link":"http://www.anandtech.com/showdoc.aspx?i=1230","external_links_name":"\"ATI Radeon 256 Preview\""},{"Link":"http://www.anandtech.com/showdoc.aspx?i=1334","external_links_name":"\"ATI Radeon 32MB SDR\""},{"Link":"http://www.anandtech.com/showdoc.aspx?i=1281","external_links_name":"\"ATI Radeon 64MB DDR\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060118025659/http://www.beyond3d.com/misc/chipcomp/","external_links_name":"\"Beyond3D 3D Tables\""},{"Link":"http://alex.vlachos.com/graphics/","external_links_name":"Radeon's Ark demo"},{"Link":"http://www.techpowerup.com/gpudb","external_links_name":"techPowerUp! GPU Database"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noelle_Murray | Noelle Murray | ["1 Club career","1.1 Early career","1.2 Raheny United","1.3 Shelbourne Ladies","1.4 Glasgow City","1.5 Shelbourne Ladies","2 International career","3 Honours","4 References"] | Irish footballer
Not to be confused with Joelle Murray.
Noelle MurrayPersonal informationFull name
Noelle MurrayDate of birth
(1989-12-25) 25 December 1989 (age 34)Place of birth
Ireland,Position(s)
ForwardTeam informationCurrent team
ShelbourneNumber
10Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)
Raheny United
0
(0)2011
St Catherine's
0
(0)2011–2012
Shamrock Rovers
0
(0)2012–2015
Raheny United
2015–2017
Shelbourne
2017
Glasgow City
2018–
Shelbourne
0
(10)International career2007–
Republic of Ireland
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Noelle Murray (born 25 December 1989) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Irish club Shelbourne and the Republic of Ireland national team. Between 2011 and 2016 Murray played in six successive FAI Women's Cup finals with three clubs - St Catherine's, Raheny United and Shelbourne Ladies.
Club career
Early career
On 14 October 2007 at Dalymount Park, together with Niamh Reid Burke and Olivia O'Toole, Murray was a member of the Raheny United team that lost 1–0 to the Galway Ladies League in the FAI Women's Cup final. Murray scored twice for St Catherine's in the 2011 FAI Women's Cup final played at Turners Cross. St Catherine's claimed the cup with a dramatic 3-1 victory over Wilton United. Mary Waldron scored the opening goal in the 43rd minute before Murray doubled the score in the 77th minute with an astonishing volley. However, Wilton hit back in the closing moments of the game through Denise O'Sullivan but their late comeback was short lived as Murray ended the contest with another impressive strike in the 89th minute. Together with Nicola Sinnott, Murray was a member of Shamrock Rovers squad during the inaugural 2011–12 Women's National League season.
Raheny United
The 2012–13 season saw Murray return to Raheny United. Over the next three seasons, together with Niamh Reid Burke, Siobhán Killeen, Clare Shine and Katie McCabe, Murray was a prominent member of the successful United team that won two Women's National League titles and three FAI Women's Cup finals. In the 2012 final United clinched the cup with a 90th-minute winner from Murray. Murray also scored three goals for Raheny United in their 2013–14 and 2014–15 UEFA Women's Champions League campaigns.
Shelbourne Ladies
During the 2015–16 season Murray played for Shelbourne Ladies, helping them finish as runners-up in the FAI Women's Cup, the WNL Shield and the Women's National League. Murray's goals also helped Shelbourne Ladies win the WNL Cup. In the semi-final she scored a hat-trick in a 4–2 win over Wexford Youths. In the final she scored twice in a 3–2 win over UCD Waves at Richmond Park. In the 2016 FAI Women's Cup, Murray scored again as she helped Shelbourne to a 5–0 win over Wexford Youths.
Glasgow City
Murray left Shelbourne in January 2017, signing her first professional contract with Scottish Women's Premier League champions Glasgow City.
Shelbourne Ladies
In March 2018, Noelle re-joined Shelbourne Ladies.
International career
Murray has represented the Republic of Ireland at under 17, under 19 and senior level. In a UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship qualifier on 26 April 2008, Murray came on as a substitute for Julie-Ann Russell in the 72nd minute against Serbia and scored twice in a 7–0 win. Murray made her senior international debut on 9 March 2007 when she came on as a substitute in a 2007 Algarve Cup game against Iceland. She also played against Portugal and Italy in the same tournament. Murray was also a member of the Republic of Ireland squads for the 2008 Algarve Cup, the UEFA Women's Euro 2009 qualifying campaign and the 2013 Cyprus Cup.
Honours
Raheny United
Women's National League: 2012–13, 2013–14
FAI Women's Cup: 2012, 2013, 2014
Runners-up: 2007
WNL Cup: 2015
Shelbourne
FAI Women's Cup: 2016
Runners-up: 2015
WNL Cup: 2016
St Catherine's
FAI Women's Cup: 2011
Glasgow City
Scottish Women's Premier League: 2017
References
^ "Galway League 1–0 Raheny United". RTÉ. 14 October 2007. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
^ "St. Catherine's claim FAI Umbro Women's Senior Cup". www.fai.ie. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
^ "Wilton United, Cork v St Catherine's LFC, Dublin - FAI Umbro Women's Senior Challenge Cup Final 2011 Photos". www.sportsfile.com. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
^ a b "2011/12 Womens Team Squad Details". www.shamrockrovers.ie. 8 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
^ "Noelle Murray (Raheny United FC)". www.uefa.com. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
^ "Noelle Murray - Shelbourne Ladies FC". www.extratime.ie. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
^ "Raheny United 2-1 Peamount United". RTE Sport. 14 October 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^ Fallon, John (4 November 2013). "Raheny triumph in Women's FAI Cup final report". The Irish Times. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^ Maher, Gareth (2 November 2014). "Raheny retain FAI Continental Tyres Women's Cup". Football Association of Ireland. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^ "Wexford win first ever FAI Women's Cup final on penalties". www.irishtimes.com. 8 November 2015.
^ "Wexford edge Shels in WNL Shield Final". wnl.fai.ie. 30 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
^ "WNL Play-Off Report: Shelbourne Ladies 1–2 Wexford Youths Women". www.extratime.ie. 22 May 2016.
^ "WNL Cup Round-Up: Shels, UCD advance". wnl.fai.ie. 28 April 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
^ "Shelbourne Ladies win Continental Tyres WNL Cup". www.fai.ie. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
^ "Five-star Shelbourne turn on the style to win FAI Women's Cup". www.independent.ie. 6 November 2016.
^ Bailey, Ryan (13 January 2017). "Irish striker Murray signs first professional contract after prolific season with Shels". The42. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ "McEvoy signs on the dotted line for Shelbourne Ladies FC". Irish Independent. 10 March 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
^ "Noelle Murray". www.fai.ie. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
^ "Serbia 0-7 Republic of Ireland". www.rte.ie. 26 April 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
^ "Noelle Murray". www.soccerscene.ie. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
^ "Noel King names women's squad for Italian showdown". www.irishsportscouncil.ie. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
^ "Ronan names squad for Cyprus Cup". www.fai.ie. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
vteShelbourne F.C. (women) – current squad
1 Budden
2 Gargan
3 Stapleton
4 Slattery (c)
5 Fox
6 Kavanagh
7 O'Reilly
8 Graham
9 Larkin
10 Murray
11 Smyth-Lynch
12 Keenan
13 Doyle
14 Glennon
15 Quinn
16 O'Leary
17 White
18 Kelly
19 O'Dowd
21 Starr
22 Riley
30 Keane
38 Maguire
Head Coach: King
vteWomen's National League (Ireland) Player of the Season
2011–12: Lawlor
2012–13: Lawlor
2013–14: Russell
2014–15: O'Gorman
2015–16: Duggan
2016: Murray
2017: Barrett
2018: Jarrett
2019: Jarrett
2020: Duggan
2021: Murphy
2022: Corbet
2023: Doyle | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joelle Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joelle_Murray"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Shelbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbourne_F.C._(women)"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"FAI Women's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAI_Women%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"St Catherine's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Catherine%27s_L.F.C."},{"link_name":"Raheny United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raheny_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Shelbourne Ladies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbourne_Ladies_F.C."}],"text":"Not to be confused with Joelle Murray.Noelle Murray (born 25 December 1989) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Irish club Shelbourne and the Republic of Ireland national team. Between 2011 and 2016 Murray played in six successive FAI Women's Cup finals with three clubs - St Catherine's, Raheny United and Shelbourne Ladies.","title":"Noelle Murray"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dalymount Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalymount_Park"},{"link_name":"Niamh Reid Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamh_Reid_Burke"},{"link_name":"Olivia O'Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_O%27Toole"},{"link_name":"Raheny United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raheny_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Galway Ladies League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_W.F.C."},{"link_name":"FAI Women's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAI_Women%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"St Catherine's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Catherine%27s_L.F.C."},{"link_name":"Turners Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turners_Cross_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"Mary Waldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Waldron"},{"link_name":"Denise O'Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_O%27Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sportsfile-3"},{"link_name":"Nicola Sinnott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sinnott"},{"link_name":"Shamrock Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_Ladies_F.C."},{"link_name":"2011–12 Women's National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Women%27s_National_League_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rovers-4"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"On 14 October 2007 at Dalymount Park, together with Niamh Reid Burke and Olivia O'Toole, Murray was a member of the Raheny United team that lost 1–0 to the Galway Ladies League in the FAI Women's Cup final.[1] Murray scored twice for St Catherine's in the 2011 FAI Women's Cup final played at Turners Cross. St Catherine's claimed the cup with a dramatic 3-1 victory over Wilton United. Mary Waldron scored the opening goal in the 43rd minute before Murray doubled the score in the 77th minute with an astonishing volley. However, Wilton hit back in the closing moments of the game through Denise O'Sullivan but their late comeback was short lived as Murray ended the contest with another impressive strike in the 89th minute.[2][3] Together with Nicola Sinnott, Murray was a member of Shamrock Rovers squad during the inaugural 2011–12 Women's National League season.[4]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Women%27s_National_League_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Raheny United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raheny_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Niamh Reid Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamh_Reid_Burke"},{"link_name":"Siobhán Killeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siobh%C3%A1n_Killeen"},{"link_name":"Clare Shine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Shine"},{"link_name":"Katie McCabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_McCabe"},{"link_name":"Women's National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_National_League_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2014–15 UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uefa-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-extratime-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Raheny United","text":"The 2012–13 season saw Murray return to Raheny United. Over the next three seasons, together with Niamh Reid Burke, Siobhán Killeen, Clare Shine and Katie McCabe, Murray was a prominent member of the successful United team that won two Women's National League titles and three FAI Women's Cup finals. In the 2012 final United clinched the cup with a 90th-minute winner from Murray. Murray also scored three goals for Raheny United in their 2013–14 and 2014–15 UEFA Women's Champions League campaigns.[5][6][7][8][9]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Women%27s_National_League_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Shelbourne Ladies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbourne_Ladies_F.C."},{"link_name":"FAI Women's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAI_Women%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"WNL Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNL_Shield"},{"link_name":"Women's National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_National_League_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irishtimes-110815-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wnl3032016-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wnl2252016-12"},{"link_name":"WNL Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNL_Cup"},{"link_name":"Wexford Youths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford_Youths_W.F.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201516wnlcupsf-13"},{"link_name":"UCD Waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCD_Waves"},{"link_name":"Richmond Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Park_(football_ground)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wnl1552016-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent2016-15"}],"sub_title":"Shelbourne Ladies","text":"During the 2015–16 season Murray played for Shelbourne Ladies, helping them finish as runners-up in the FAI Women's Cup, the WNL Shield and the Women's National League.[10][11][12] Murray's goals also helped Shelbourne Ladies win the WNL Cup. In the semi-final she scored a hat-trick in a 4–2 win over Wexford Youths.[13] In the final she scored twice in a 3–2 win over UCD Waves at Richmond Park.[14] In the 2016 FAI Women's Cup, Murray scored again as she helped Shelbourne to a 5–0 win over Wexford Youths.[15]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Women's Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Women%27s_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Glasgow City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Glasgow City","text":"Murray left Shelbourne in January 2017, signing her first professional contract with Scottish Women's Premier League champions Glasgow City.[16]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shelbourne Ladies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbourne_Ladies_F.C."},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Shelbourne Ladies","text":"In March 2018, Noelle re-joined Shelbourne Ladies.[17]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"under 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_women%27s_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"under 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_women%27s_national_under-19_football_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rovers-4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faiie-18"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_UEFA_Women%27s_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Julie-Ann Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie-Ann_Russell"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rte-19"},{"link_name":"2007 Algarve Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Algarve_Cup"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2008 Algarve Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Algarve_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Euro 2009 qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2009_qualifying"},{"link_name":"2013 Cyprus Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Cyprus_Cup"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soccerscene-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Murray has represented the Republic of Ireland at under 17, under 19 and senior level.[4][18] In a UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship qualifier on 26 April 2008, Murray came on as a substitute for Julie-Ann Russell in the 72nd minute against Serbia and scored twice in a 7–0 win.[19] Murray made her senior international debut on 9 March 2007 when she came on as a substitute in a 2007 Algarve Cup game against Iceland. She also played against Portugal and Italy in the same tournament. Murray was also a member of the Republic of Ireland squads for the 2008 Algarve Cup, the UEFA Women's Euro 2009 qualifying campaign and the 2013 Cyprus Cup.[20][21][22]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women's National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_National_League_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Women%27s_National_League_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Women%27s_National_League_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"FAI Women's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAI_Women%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"WNL Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNL_Cup"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Women%27s_National_League_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"FAI Women's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAI_Women%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"WNL Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNL_Cup"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Women%27s_National_League_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"FAI Women's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAI_Women%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"Scottish Women's Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Women%27s_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Women%27s_Premier_League"}],"text":"Raheny UnitedWomen's National League: 2012–13, 2013–14\nFAI Women's Cup: 2012, 2013, 2014\nRunners-up: 2007\nWNL Cup: 2015ShelbourneFAI Women's Cup: 2016\nRunners-up: 2015\nWNL Cup: 2016St Catherine'sFAI Women's Cup: 2011Glasgow CityScottish Women's Premier League: 2017","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Galway League 1–0 Raheny United\". RTÉ. 14 October 2007. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204063137/http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2007/1014/ladiesfaicup.html","url_text":"\"Galway League 1–0 Raheny United\""},{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2007/1014/ladiesfaicup.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Catherine's claim FAI Umbro Women's Senior Cup\". www.fai.ie. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fai.ie/domestic/news/st-catherine%E2%80%99s-claim-fai-umbro-women%E2%80%99s-senior-cup","url_text":"\"St. Catherine's claim FAI Umbro Women's Senior Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wilton United, Cork v St Catherine's LFC, Dublin - FAI Umbro Women's Senior Challenge Cup Final 2011 Photos\". www.sportsfile.com. Retrieved 17 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportsfile.com/more-images/1108079/","url_text":"\"Wilton United, Cork v St Catherine's LFC, Dublin - FAI Umbro Women's Senior Challenge Cup Final 2011 Photos\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011/12 Womens Team Squad Details\". www.shamrockrovers.ie. 8 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005939/http://www.shamrockrovers.ie/news/37-articles/2469-201112-womens-squad-details-new","url_text":"\"2011/12 Womens Team Squad Details\""},{"url":"http://www.shamrockrovers.ie/news/37-articles/2469-201112-womens-squad-details-new","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Noelle Murray (Raheny United FC)\". www.uefa.com. Retrieved 9 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/photos/photoid=1980761.html","url_text":"\"Noelle Murray (Raheny United FC)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noelle Murray - Shelbourne Ladies FC\". www.extratime.ie. Retrieved 9 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.extratime.ie/player/11113282/noelle_murray/","url_text":"\"Noelle Murray - Shelbourne Ladies FC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raheny United 2-1 Peamount United\". RTE Sport. 14 October 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2012/1014/341651-raheny-land-first-fai-womens-cup/","url_text":"\"Raheny United 2-1 Peamount United\""}]},{"reference":"Fallon, John (4 November 2013). \"Raheny triumph in Women's FAI Cup final report\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 24 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/raheny-triumph-in-women-s-fai-cup-final-report-1.1582649","url_text":"\"Raheny triumph in Women's FAI Cup final report\""}]},{"reference":"Maher, Gareth (2 November 2014). \"Raheny retain FAI Continental Tyres Women's Cup\". Football Association of Ireland. Retrieved 24 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fai.ie/domestic/news/raheny-retain-fai-continental-tyres-women%E2%80%99s-cup","url_text":"\"Raheny retain FAI Continental Tyres Women's Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wexford win first ever FAI Women's Cup final on penalties\". www.irishtimes.com. 8 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/national-league/wexford-win-first-ever-fai-women-s-cup-final-on-penalties-1.2421919","url_text":"\"Wexford win first ever FAI Women's Cup final on penalties\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wexford edge Shels in WNL Shield Final\". wnl.fai.ie. 30 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://wnl.fai.ie/news/569-wexford-edge-shels-in-wnl-shield-final.html","url_text":"\"Wexford edge Shels in WNL Shield Final\""}]},{"reference":"\"WNL Play-Off Report: Shelbourne Ladies 1–2 Wexford Youths Women\". www.extratime.ie. 22 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.extratime.ie/newsdesk/articles/16686/wnl-play-off-report-shelbourne-ladies-1---2-wexford-youths-women/","url_text":"\"WNL Play-Off Report: Shelbourne Ladies 1–2 Wexford Youths Women\""}]},{"reference":"\"WNL Cup Round-Up: Shels, UCD advance\". wnl.fai.ie. 28 April 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://wnl.fai.ie/news/584-wnl-cup-round-up-shels-ucd-advance.html","url_text":"\"WNL Cup Round-Up: Shels, UCD advance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shelbourne Ladies win Continental Tyres WNL Cup\". www.fai.ie. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fai.ie/domestic/news/shelbourne-ladies-win-continental-tyres-wnl-cup","url_text":"\"Shelbourne Ladies win Continental Tyres WNL Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five-star Shelbourne turn on the style to win FAI Women's Cup\". www.independent.ie. 6 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/fivestar-shelbourne-turn-on-the-style-to-win-fai-womens-cup-35192478.html","url_text":"\"Five-star Shelbourne turn on the style to win FAI Women's Cup\""}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Ryan (13 January 2017). \"Irish striker Murray signs first professional contract after prolific season with Shels\". The42. Retrieved 10 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the42.ie/noelle-murray-glasgow-city-ladies-3186190-Jan2017/","url_text":"\"Irish striker Murray signs first professional contract after prolific season with Shels\""}]},{"reference":"\"McEvoy signs on the dotted line for Shelbourne Ladies FC\". Irish Independent. 10 March 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/regionals/braypeople/sport/mcevoy-signs-on-the-dotted-line-for-shelbourne-ladies-fc-36677037.html","url_text":"\"McEvoy signs on the dotted line for Shelbourne Ladies FC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noelle Murray\". www.fai.ie. Retrieved 9 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fai.ie/ireland/player/102199","url_text":"\"Noelle Murray\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serbia 0-7 Republic of Ireland\". www.rte.ie. 26 April 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/international/2008/0426/231049-ireland/","url_text":"\"Serbia 0-7 Republic of Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noelle Murray\". www.soccerscene.ie. Retrieved 9 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerscene.ie/ss_gen/player.php?id=213&level=sswsenior","url_text":"\"Noelle Murray\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel King names women's squad for Italian showdown\". www.irishsportscouncil.ie. Retrieved 9 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishsportscouncil.ie/Media/Latest_News/2008/February/SOCCER_Noel_King_names_women_s_squad_for_Italian_showdown.html","url_text":"\"Noel King names women's squad for Italian showdown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ronan names squad for Cyprus Cup\". www.fai.ie. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fai.ie/ireland/news/ronan-names-squad-for-cyprus-cup","url_text":"\"Ronan names squad for Cyprus Cup\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204063137/http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2007/1014/ladiesfaicup.html","external_links_name":"\"Galway League 1–0 Raheny United\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2007/1014/ladiesfaicup.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fai.ie/domestic/news/st-catherine%E2%80%99s-claim-fai-umbro-women%E2%80%99s-senior-cup","external_links_name":"\"St. Catherine's claim FAI Umbro Women's Senior Cup\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportsfile.com/more-images/1108079/","external_links_name":"\"Wilton United, Cork v St Catherine's LFC, Dublin - FAI Umbro Women's Senior Challenge Cup Final 2011 Photos\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005939/http://www.shamrockrovers.ie/news/37-articles/2469-201112-womens-squad-details-new","external_links_name":"\"2011/12 Womens Team Squad Details\""},{"Link":"http://www.shamrockrovers.ie/news/37-articles/2469-201112-womens-squad-details-new","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/photos/photoid=1980761.html","external_links_name":"\"Noelle Murray (Raheny United FC)\""},{"Link":"http://www.extratime.ie/player/11113282/noelle_murray/","external_links_name":"\"Noelle Murray - Shelbourne Ladies FC\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2012/1014/341651-raheny-land-first-fai-womens-cup/","external_links_name":"\"Raheny United 2-1 Peamount United\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/raheny-triumph-in-women-s-fai-cup-final-report-1.1582649","external_links_name":"\"Raheny triumph in Women's FAI Cup final report\""},{"Link":"http://www.fai.ie/domestic/news/raheny-retain-fai-continental-tyres-women%E2%80%99s-cup","external_links_name":"\"Raheny retain FAI Continental Tyres Women's Cup\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/national-league/wexford-win-first-ever-fai-women-s-cup-final-on-penalties-1.2421919","external_links_name":"\"Wexford win first ever FAI Women's Cup final on penalties\""},{"Link":"http://wnl.fai.ie/news/569-wexford-edge-shels-in-wnl-shield-final.html","external_links_name":"\"Wexford edge Shels in WNL Shield Final\""},{"Link":"http://www.extratime.ie/newsdesk/articles/16686/wnl-play-off-report-shelbourne-ladies-1---2-wexford-youths-women/","external_links_name":"\"WNL Play-Off Report: Shelbourne Ladies 1–2 Wexford Youths Women\""},{"Link":"https://wnl.fai.ie/news/584-wnl-cup-round-up-shels-ucd-advance.html","external_links_name":"\"WNL Cup Round-Up: Shels, UCD advance\""},{"Link":"http://www.fai.ie/domestic/news/shelbourne-ladies-win-continental-tyres-wnl-cup","external_links_name":"\"Shelbourne Ladies win Continental Tyres WNL Cup\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/fivestar-shelbourne-turn-on-the-style-to-win-fai-womens-cup-35192478.html","external_links_name":"\"Five-star Shelbourne turn on the style to win FAI Women's Cup\""},{"Link":"http://www.the42.ie/noelle-murray-glasgow-city-ladies-3186190-Jan2017/","external_links_name":"\"Irish striker Murray signs first professional contract after prolific season with Shels\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/regionals/braypeople/sport/mcevoy-signs-on-the-dotted-line-for-shelbourne-ladies-fc-36677037.html","external_links_name":"\"McEvoy signs on the dotted line for Shelbourne Ladies FC\""},{"Link":"http://www.fai.ie/ireland/player/102199","external_links_name":"\"Noelle Murray\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/international/2008/0426/231049-ireland/","external_links_name":"\"Serbia 0-7 Republic of Ireland\""},{"Link":"http://www.soccerscene.ie/ss_gen/player.php?id=213&level=sswsenior","external_links_name":"\"Noelle Murray\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishsportscouncil.ie/Media/Latest_News/2008/February/SOCCER_Noel_King_names_women_s_squad_for_Italian_showdown.html","external_links_name":"\"Noel King names women's squad for Italian showdown\""},{"Link":"http://www.fai.ie/ireland/news/ronan-names-squad-for-cyprus-cup","external_links_name":"\"Ronan names squad for Cyprus Cup\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataliya_Grygoryeva_(hurdler) | Nataliya Grygoryeva (hurdler) | ["1 Career","2 Achievements","3 References","4 External links"] | Nataliya Grygoryeva
Medal record
Women's athletics
Representing Soviet Union
World Championships
1991 Tokyo
100 m hurdles
Nataliya Grigoryeva (Ukrainian: Наталія Григорьєва, née Dorofeyeva, born 3 December 1962) is a retired athlete who specialized in the 100 metres hurdles. She represented the Soviet Union and Ukraine, and holds the Ukrainian record.
Career
Grigoryeva was born in Ishimbay in today's Bashkortostan, and represented the club Spartak in Kharkiv. She finished fourth at the 1988 Olympic Games, won the gold medal at the 1990 Goodwill Games, and won the bronze medal at the 1991 World Championships. She was caught for doping around this point in her career.
She also competed at the 1990 European Championships,
the 1996 Olympic Games and the 1997 World Indoor Championships without reaching the final.
Her personal best time was 12.39 seconds, achieved in July 1991 in Kiev. This is the current Ukrainian record, even though she achieved it whilst representing the Soviet Union. As of 2015, this time still ranks her in the top 10 on the world all-time list. In the 60 metres hurdles she had a personal best time of 7.85 seconds, achieved in February 1990 in Chelyabinsk.
Achievements
Year
Competition
Venue
Position
Event
Notes
Representing Soviet Union
1986
European Championships
Stuttgart, West Germany
7th
100 m hurdls
12.96
1988
Olympic Games
Seoul, South Korea
4th
100 m hurdles
12.79
1990
Goodwill Games
Seattle, United States
1st
100 m hurdles
12.70
European Championships
Split, Yugoslavia
semi-final
100 m hurdles
12.98
1991
World Championships
Tokyo, Japan
3rd
100 m hurdles
12.69
Representing Ukraine
1996
Olympic Games
Atlanta, United States
quarter-final
100 m hurdles
12.96
References
^ a b Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Nataliya Hrygor'ieva". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 December 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
^ a b c d e Natalya Grigoryeva at World Athletics
^ "Goodwill Games". GBR Athletics. Athletics Weekly. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
^ Janofsky, Michael (19 July 1992). "Sophisticated Doping Begets More Testing". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
^ "Women 100m Hurdles European Championships 1990 Split (YUG)". Todor Krastev. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
^ "100 Metres Hurdles All Time". IAAF. 15 October 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
^ "National records/Women's 100 m H" (PDF). IAAF Statistics Handbook, Berlin 2009. IAAF. p. 602 (p. 258 in this pdf). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
External links
Natalya Grigoryeva at Olympics.com
Nataliya Hrygor'ieva at Olympedia
Authority control databases: People
World Athletics
This biographical article relating to Soviet athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article relating to Ukrainian athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Nataliya Grygoryeva (hurdler)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ishimbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishimbay"},{"link_name":"Bashkortostan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkortostan"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sref-1"},{"link_name":"1988 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics_-_Women%27s_100_metre_hurdles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Goodwill Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwill_Games"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1991 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metres_hurdles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"caught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_doping_cases_in_sport"},{"link_name":"doping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1990 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_European_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metre_hurdles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1996 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_-_Women%27s_100_metre_hurdles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sref-1"},{"link_name":"1997 World Indoor Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"60 metres hurdles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_metres_hurdles"},{"link_name":"Chelyabinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelyabinsk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"}],"text":"Grigoryeva was born in Ishimbay in today's Bashkortostan, and represented the club Spartak in Kharkiv.[1] She finished fourth at the 1988 Olympic Games,[2] won the gold medal at the 1990 Goodwill Games,[3] and won the bronze medal at the 1991 World Championships.[2] She was caught for doping around this point in her career.[4]She also competed at the 1990 European Championships,\n[5] the 1996 Olympic Games[1] and the 1997 World Indoor Championships without reaching the final.[2]Her personal best time was 12.39 seconds, achieved in July 1991 in Kiev.[2] This is the current Ukrainian record, even though she achieved it whilst representing the Soviet Union.[6][7] As of 2015, this time still ranks her in the top 10 on the world all-time list. In the 60 metres hurdles she had a personal best time of 7.85 seconds, achieved in February 1990 in Chelyabinsk.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Nataliya Hrygor'ieva\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 December 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121217053359/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hr/nataliya-hrygorieva-1.html","url_text":"\"Nataliya Hrygor'ieva\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hr/nataliya-hrygorieva-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Goodwill Games\". GBR Athletics. Athletics Weekly. Retrieved 26 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/gg.htm","url_text":"\"Goodwill Games\""}]},{"reference":"Janofsky, Michael (19 July 1992). \"Sophisticated Doping Begets More Testing\". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/19/sports/olympics-sophisticated-doping-begets-more-testing.html?sec=health","url_text":"\"Sophisticated Doping Begets More Testing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women 100m Hurdles European Championships 1990 Split (YUG)\". Todor Krastev. Retrieved 26 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.todor66.com/athletics/europe/1990/Women_100m_Hurdles.html","url_text":"\"Women 100m Hurdles European Championships 1990 Split (YUG)\""}]},{"reference":"\"100 Metres Hurdles All Time\". IAAF. 15 October 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=0/sex=W/all=y/legal=A/disc=100H/detail.html","url_text":"\"100 Metres Hurdles All Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF","url_text":"IAAF"}]},{"reference":"\"National records/Women's 100 m H\" (PDF). IAAF Statistics Handbook, Berlin 2009. IAAF. p. 602 (p. 258 in this pdf). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090806172743/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/document/competitions/competition/05/15/63/20090706014834_httppostedfile_p345-688_11303.pdf","url_text":"\"National records/Women's 100 m H\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF","url_text":"IAAF"},{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/mm/document/competitions/competition/05/15/63/20090706014834_httppostedfile_p345-688_11303.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121217053359/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hr/nataliya-hrygorieva-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Nataliya Hrygor'ieva\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hr/nataliya-hrygorieva-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14303615","external_links_name":"Natalya Grigoryeva"},{"Link":"http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/gg.htm","external_links_name":"\"Goodwill Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/19/sports/olympics-sophisticated-doping-begets-more-testing.html?sec=health","external_links_name":"\"Sophisticated Doping Begets More Testing\""},{"Link":"http://www.todor66.com/athletics/europe/1990/Women_100m_Hurdles.html","external_links_name":"\"Women 100m Hurdles European Championships 1990 Split (YUG)\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=0/sex=W/all=y/legal=A/disc=100H/detail.html","external_links_name":"\"100 Metres Hurdles All Time\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090806172743/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/document/competitions/competition/05/15/63/20090706014834_httppostedfile_p345-688_11303.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National records/Women's 100 m H\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/mm/document/competitions/competition/05/15/63/20090706014834_httppostedfile_p345-688_11303.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/natalya-grigoryeva","external_links_name":"Natalya Grigoryeva"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/77104","external_links_name":"Nataliya Hrygor'ieva"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14303615","external_links_name":"World Athletics"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nataliya_Grygoryeva_(hurdler)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nataliya_Grygoryeva_(hurdler)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Thrasher | Neil Thrasher | ["1 Biography","2 List of singles composed by Neil Thrasher","3 References"] | American songwriter and singer
Neil ThrasherBirth nameJoe Neil Thrasher Jr.Born (1965-07-13) July 13, 1965 (age 58)OriginBirmingham, Alabama, U.S.GenresCountryOccupation(s)Singer, songwriterInstrument(s)Vocals, guitarYears active1994–presentFormerly ofThrasher ShiverMusical artist
Joe Neil Thrasher Jr. (born July 13, 1965) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Between 1995 and 1997, he and Kelly Shiver comprised the duo Thrasher Shiver, which recorded a studio album for Asylum Records in 1996 and charted two singles on the Billboard country charts in early 1997.
Although Thrasher Shiver has not been active since 1997, Thrasher has written several singles for other country music artists, such as Jason Aldean, Rascal Flatts, Kenny Chesney, Diamond Rio, and Montgomery Gentry. Thrasher has also received an ASCAP Songwriter of the Year award in 2004.
Biography
Neil Thrasher was born in 1965 in Birmingham, Alabama. His father was a member of a gospel music band known as the Thrasher Brothers. The Thrasher Brothers were inducted into the Alabama music Hall of fame in 2005.
Although he had originally planned to play college football, he later switched his focus to singing and songwriting. In 1992 he met his future wife, Lana, who was running Major Bob Music publishing company that also managed Garth Brooks. Thrasher sang backing vocals on Brooks' 1990 album No Fences and wrote a single for Ricky Lynn Gregg in 1994. Eventually, the company's owner, Bob Doyle, introduced Thrasher to another singer-songwriter named Kelly Shiver. The two soon formed the duo Thrasher Shiver, which released one album in 1996 on Asylum Records. In addition, Thrasher co-wrote Diamond Rio's 1996 single "That's What I Get for Lovin' You" and Rhett Akins' 1997 single "Better Than It Used to Be".
Although Thrasher Shiver split up in 1997, both members continued to write songs, with Thrasher being the more prolific of the two. In 1999, Reba McEntire released "What Do You Say", one of Thrasher's compositions. The song reached Top 5 on the Billboard country music charts. Thrasher had minor success as a songwriter throughout the early 2000s, including low-charting singles for 3 of Hearts and Meredith Edwards, as well as Kenny Chesney's "I Lost It" and Jeff Carson's "Real Life (I Never Was the Same Again)."
Thrasher became more prolific in the mid-2000s, with Rascal Flatts releasing four of his songs as singles, including the Number One hits "Fast Cars and Freedom" and "Take Me There". The latter was co-written by Chesney, who also topped the country charts in late 2003-early 2004 with "There Goes My Life", another Thrasher co-write.
List of singles composed by Neil Thrasher
This list of songs or music-related items is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (October 2021)
3 of Hearts – "Love Is Enough"
Rhett Akins – "Better Than It Used to Be"
Jason Aldean – "Tattoos on This Town", "Fly Over States", "Night Train", "Rearview Town", "Try That in a Small Town"
Bryan Austin – "Is It Just Me"
Lee Brice – "She Ain't Right"
Chris Cagle – "Never Ever Gone"
Jeff Carson – "Real Life (I Never Was the Same Again)"
Kenny Chesney – "I Lost It," "There Goes My Life"
Kristy Lee Cook – "Wherever Love Goes"
Billy Ray Cyrus – "Somebody Said a Prayer"
Diamond Rio – "That's What I Get for Lovin' You," "Sweet Summer," "Wrinkles"
Ronnie Dunn – "Ain't No Trucks in Texas"
Meredith Edwards – "The Bird Song"
Rascal Flatts – "I Melt," "Fast Cars and Freedom," "Take Me There," "Bob That Head," "Why Wait", "Banjo", "Changed"
Ricky Lynn Gregg – "Get a Little Closer"
Andy Griggs – "How Cool Is That," "This I Gotta See"
Randy Houser – "How Country Feels", "Wherever Love Goes"
Jackie Lee – "She Does"
Brice Long – "It's Only Monday"
Reba McEntire – "What Do You Say"," "Strange"
Montgomery Gentry – "Some People Change"
Marty Raybon – "Cracker Jack Diamond"
Collin Raye – "Quitters"
Thrasher Shiver – "Going Going Gone"
References
^ a b c Doerschuk, Robert L. (November 1, 2006). "News: CMA Close UP : Neil Thrasher's Continuing Education". GAC.com. Retrieved December 7, 2007.
^ "Biography".
^ a b "Major Bob Music > Catalog Writers : Neil Thrasher". MajorBob.com. Archived from the original on November 26, 2007. Retrieved December 7, 2007.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Thrasher Shiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrasher_Shiver"},{"link_name":"Asylum Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_Records"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Jason Aldean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Aldean"},{"link_name":"Rascal Flatts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rascal_Flatts"},{"link_name":"Kenny Chesney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Chesney"},{"link_name":"Diamond Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Rio"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Gentry"},{"link_name":"ASCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCAP"}],"text":"American songwriter and singerMusical artistJoe Neil Thrasher Jr. (born July 13, 1965) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Between 1995 and 1997, he and Kelly Shiver comprised the duo Thrasher Shiver, which recorded a studio album for Asylum Records in 1996 and charted two singles on the Billboard country charts in early 1997.Although Thrasher Shiver has not been active since 1997, Thrasher has written several singles for other country music artists, such as Jason Aldean, Rascal Flatts, Kenny Chesney, Diamond Rio, and Montgomery Gentry. Thrasher has also received an ASCAP Songwriter of the Year award in 2004.","title":"Neil Thrasher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gac-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gac-1"},{"link_name":"Garth Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Brooks"},{"link_name":"No Fences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Fences"},{"link_name":"Ricky Lynn Gregg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Lynn_Gregg"},{"link_name":"Thrasher Shiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrasher_Shiver"},{"link_name":"Asylum Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_Records"},{"link_name":"Diamond Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Rio"},{"link_name":"Rhett Akins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhett_Akins"},{"link_name":"Reba McEntire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reba_McEntire"},{"link_name":"3 of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_of_Hearts_(band)"},{"link_name":"Meredith Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Edwards_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Kenny Chesney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Chesney"},{"link_name":"I Lost It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Lost_It"},{"link_name":"Jeff Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Carson"},{"link_name":"Real Life (I Never Was the Same Again)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Life_(I_Never_Was_the_Same_Again)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bob-3"},{"link_name":"Rascal Flatts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rascal_Flatts"},{"link_name":"Fast Cars and Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Cars_and_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Take Me There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Me_There_(Rascal_Flatts_song)"},{"link_name":"There Goes My Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_Goes_My_Life"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gac-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bob-3"}],"text":"Neil Thrasher was born in 1965 in Birmingham, Alabama. His father was a member of a gospel music band known as the Thrasher Brothers.[1] The Thrasher Brothers were inducted into the Alabama music Hall of fame in 2005.[2]Although he had originally planned to play college football, he later switched his focus to singing and songwriting.[1] In 1992 he met his future wife, Lana, who was running Major Bob Music publishing company that also managed Garth Brooks. Thrasher sang backing vocals on Brooks' 1990 album No Fences and wrote a single for Ricky Lynn Gregg in 1994. Eventually, the company's owner, Bob Doyle, introduced Thrasher to another singer-songwriter named Kelly Shiver. The two soon formed the duo Thrasher Shiver, which released one album in 1996 on Asylum Records. In addition, Thrasher co-wrote Diamond Rio's 1996 single \"That's What I Get for Lovin' You\" and Rhett Akins' 1997 single \"Better Than It Used to Be\".Although Thrasher Shiver split up in 1997, both members continued to write songs, with Thrasher being the more prolific of the two. In 1999, Reba McEntire released \"What Do You Say\", one of Thrasher's compositions. The song reached Top 5 on the Billboard country music charts. Thrasher had minor success as a songwriter throughout the early 2000s, including low-charting singles for 3 of Hearts and Meredith Edwards, as well as Kenny Chesney's \"I Lost It\" and Jeff Carson's \"Real Life (I Never Was the Same Again).\"[3]Thrasher became more prolific in the mid-2000s, with Rascal Flatts releasing four of his songs as singles, including the Number One hits \"Fast Cars and Freedom\" and \"Take Me There\". The latter was co-written by Chesney, who also topped the country charts in late 2003-early 2004 with \"There Goes My Life\", another Thrasher co-write.[1][3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3 of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_of_Hearts_(band)"},{"link_name":"Rhett Akins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhett_Akins"},{"link_name":"Jason Aldean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Aldean"},{"link_name":"Tattoos on This Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoos_on_This_Town"},{"link_name":"Fly Over States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Over_States"},{"link_name":"Night Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Train_(Jason_Aldean_song)"},{"link_name":"Rearview Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rearview_Town_(song)"},{"link_name":"Try That in a Small Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Try_That_in_a_Small_Town"},{"link_name":"Bryan Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Austin"},{"link_name":"Lee Brice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Brice"},{"link_name":"Chris Cagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cagle"},{"link_name":"Jeff Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Carson"},{"link_name":"Real Life (I Never Was the Same Again)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Life_(I_Never_Was_the_Same_Again)"},{"link_name":"Kenny Chesney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Chesney"},{"link_name":"I Lost It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Lost_It"},{"link_name":"There Goes My Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_Goes_My_Life"},{"link_name":"Kristy Lee Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristy_Lee_Cook"},{"link_name":"Billy Ray Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Ray_Cyrus"},{"link_name":"Somebody Said a Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_Said_a_Prayer"},{"link_name":"Diamond Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Rio"},{"link_name":"That's What I Get for Lovin' You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_What_I_Get_for_Lovin%27_You"},{"link_name":"Sweet Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Summer"},{"link_name":"Wrinkles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrinkles_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Dunn"},{"link_name":"Meredith Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Edwards_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Rascal Flatts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rascal_Flatts"},{"link_name":"I Melt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Melt"},{"link_name":"Fast Cars and Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Cars_and_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Take Me There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Me_There_(Rascal_Flatts_song)"},{"link_name":"Bob That Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_That_Head"},{"link_name":"Why Wait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Wait_(song)"},{"link_name":"Banjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo_(song)"},{"link_name":"Changed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changed_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ricky Lynn Gregg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Lynn_Gregg"},{"link_name":"Andy Griggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Griggs"},{"link_name":"Randy Houser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Houser"},{"link_name":"How Country Feels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Country_Feels_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jackie Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Lee_(country_singer)"},{"link_name":"Brice Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brice_Long"},{"link_name":"Reba McEntire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reba_McEntire"},{"link_name":"What Do You Say","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Do_You_Say_(Reba_McEntire_song)"},{"link_name":"Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_(Reba_McEntire_song)"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Gentry"},{"link_name":"Some People Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_People_Change_(song)"},{"link_name":"Marty Raybon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Raybon"},{"link_name":"Collin Raye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_Raye"},{"link_name":"Thrasher Shiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrasher_Shiver"}],"text":"3 of Hearts – \"Love Is Enough\"\nRhett Akins – \"Better Than It Used to Be\"\nJason Aldean – \"Tattoos on This Town\", \"Fly Over States\", \"Night Train\", \"Rearview Town\", \"Try That in a Small Town\"\nBryan Austin – \"Is It Just Me\"\nLee Brice – \"She Ain't Right\"\nChris Cagle – \"Never Ever Gone\"\nJeff Carson – \"Real Life (I Never Was the Same Again)\"\nKenny Chesney – \"I Lost It,\" \"There Goes My Life\"\nKristy Lee Cook – \"Wherever Love Goes\"\nBilly Ray Cyrus – \"Somebody Said a Prayer\"\nDiamond Rio – \"That's What I Get for Lovin' You,\" \"Sweet Summer,\" \"Wrinkles\"\nRonnie Dunn – \"Ain't No Trucks in Texas\"\nMeredith Edwards – \"The Bird Song\"\nRascal Flatts – \"I Melt,\" \"Fast Cars and Freedom,\" \"Take Me There,\" \"Bob That Head,\" \"Why Wait\", \"Banjo\", \"Changed\"\nRicky Lynn Gregg – \"Get a Little Closer\"\nAndy Griggs – \"How Cool Is That,\" \"This I Gotta See\"\nRandy Houser – \"How Country Feels\", \"Wherever Love Goes\"\nJackie Lee – \"She Does\"\nBrice Long – \"It's Only Monday\"\nReba McEntire – \"What Do You Say\",\" \"Strange\"\nMontgomery Gentry – \"Some People Change\"\nMarty Raybon – \"Cracker Jack Diamond\"\nCollin Raye – \"Quitters\"\nThrasher Shiver – \"Going Going Gone\"","title":"List of singles composed by Neil Thrasher"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Doerschuk, Robert L. (November 1, 2006). \"News: CMA Close UP : Neil Thrasher's Continuing Education\". GAC.com. Retrieved December 7, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gactv.com/gac/nw_cma_close_up/article/0,,GAC_26068_5147071,00.html","url_text":"\"News: CMA Close UP : Neil Thrasher's Continuing Education\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Country","url_text":"GAC.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alamhof.org/thrasherbrothers","url_text":"\"Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major Bob Music > Catalog Writers : Neil Thrasher\". MajorBob.com. Archived from the original on November 26, 2007. Retrieved December 7, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071126080740/http://www.majorbob.com/writers/current/thrasher.htm","url_text":"\"Major Bob Music > Catalog Writers : Neil Thrasher\""},{"url":"http://www.majorbob.com/writers/current/thrasher.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Thrasher&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"http://www.gactv.com/gac/nw_cma_close_up/article/0,,GAC_26068_5147071,00.html","external_links_name":"\"News: CMA Close UP : Neil Thrasher's Continuing Education\""},{"Link":"https://www.alamhof.org/thrasherbrothers","external_links_name":"\"Biography\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071126080740/http://www.majorbob.com/writers/current/thrasher.htm","external_links_name":"\"Major Bob Music > Catalog Writers : Neil Thrasher\""},{"Link":"http://www.majorbob.com/writers/current/thrasher.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1353154260595824480001","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b3ddbf06-392d-41f8-b1d3-080edee320af","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.